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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fb5437 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54639 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54639) diff --git a/old/54639-0.txt b/old/54639-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c8d1bfb..0000000 --- a/old/54639-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6586 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 (of 5), by -E. Donovan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 (of 5) - or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History: etc. etc. - -Author: E. Donovan - -Release Date: May 1, 2017 [EBook #54639] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURALIST'S REPOSITORY, VOLUME 1 *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, ellinora and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - Transcriber Notes - - ● Obvious typos and punctuation errors corrected. Spelling of names - Lamarck and Bruguière standardized, otherwise variations in - spelling, capitalization and hyphenation retained. - ● “var” is sometimes italicized, other times not. It has been kept as - printed. - ● Corrections printed in the text as a note to THE BINDER have been - made. In addition, plates 19 and 20 were reversed in the original. - These plates have been swapped so that the correct image precedes - the chapter that discusses it. - ● Missing title text “PLATE VI” added at the start of its chapter. - ● Missing entry for Plate 36 in the Index has been added. “Polita, - Nerita, var; Pink-Banded Variety of the Thick Polished Nerit 36” - ● There are entries in the Index that don’t seem to correspond to - specific text in the related plate chapter, but may refer to a - plant that is in the plate background. - ● The author uses asterisks in varying numbers in front of some - descriptive text at the beginning of plate chapters. There are also - a couple of asterisks within the text that appear similar to - footnote indicators, but a corresponding footnote does not seem to - exist. These asterisks have been left in the text in their original - location. - ● Footnotes have been moved to the end of their respective chapters. - ● Italics are indicated by underscores surrounding the _italic text_. - ● Small capitals have been converted to ALL CAPS. - ● Superscript text is represented by a ^ preceding it, e.g. 1.^{st}. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - THE - NATURALIST’S REPOSITORY, - OR - Monthly Miscellany - OF - EXOTIC NATURAL HISTORY: - - CONSISTING OF - - ELEGANTLY COLOURED PLATES WITH APPROPRIATE SCIENTIFIC - AND GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS - - OF THE MOST CURIOUS, SCARCE, AND BEAUTIFUL - - PRODUCTIONS OF NATURE - - THAT HAVE BEEN RECENTLY DISCOVERED - - IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD; - - AND MORE ESPECIALLY SUCH - - NOVELTIES - - As from their extreme Rarity remain entirely undescribed, or which have - not been duly noticed by any preceding Naturalists. - - THE WHOLE COMPOSED ACCORDING TO - THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF - - The Science, - - AND FORMING COLLECTIVELY A TRULY VALUABLE - COMPENDIUM OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES - OF - QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS, SHELLS, - MARINE PRODUCTIONS, - - AND EVERY OTHER INTERESTING OBJECT OF NATURAL HISTORY, - THE PRODUCE OF FOREIGN CLIMATES. - - - BY E. DONOVAN, F.L.S. W.S. &c. - - - VOL. I. - - - London: - - PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND W. SIMPKIN AND R. MARSHALL, - STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LUDGATE STREET. - - 1823. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Plummer and Brewis, Printers, - Love Lane, Eastcheap. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ADVERTISEMENT. - - -The Twelfth Number of this work is now respectfully submitted to the -attention of the public. This number, accompanied by the Title Page and -Index, renders the first volume complete. The Subscribers, therefore, -are now enabled to form a correct idea of the nature and object of the -undertaking: and from the style in which it has been so far conducted, -to form some conclusion of that in which it is likely for the future to -be continued. - -The general approbation that has been bestowed already upon this -publication can be best appreciated from the extent of sale, which, to -say the least, has been respectable from the commencement, -notwithstanding that the undertaking was began under the manifest -disadvantage of being little known, and the very knowledge of its -existence being still in no small degree circumscribed. It is not, -therefore, without a sense of grateful feeling that the author has -observed that besides the incidental sale of the different detached or -monthly parts selected by purchasers desirous of the plates and -descriptions of some particular object of rarity, that the number of -regular subscribers, instead of diminishing, has rapidly advanced with -the publication of each number in succession, and as it seems to appear -in proportion as the public became better acquainted with its merits, -and the more assured of its uninterrupted continuance. While this -testimony of approbation prevails, the author of this undertaking will -be duly stimulated to exert his best means of rendering it deserving of -their consideration. Nor has he any hesitation in believing that it will -be in his power, under the auspices of public favour, to produce a work -of much elegance, and no mean utility, either as a work of taste for the -library of the general reader, or the admirer of nature; the folios of -the amateur, or the professed Study of the experienced Naturalist. - -The commencement of this work was necessarily preceded by a few -observations upon the nature and object of the undertaking: those -observations are no less appropriate on the present occasion than the -former, and for this reason we shall again advert to them in restating -the intention the author has in view. The NATURALIST’S REPOSITORY, or -MONTHLY MISCELLANY OF EXOTIC NATURAL HISTORY, is designed to comprehend -in the most commodious form, a miscellaneous assemblage of elegantly -coloured plates, with appropriate scientific and general descriptions of -the most curious, scarce, and beautiful productions of nature that have -been recently discovered in various parts of the world or may hereafter -occur to the notice of the author; and more especially of such novelties -as from their extreme rarity remain entirely undescribed, or which have -not been duly noticed by any preceding Naturalist. - -Most readers, it is presumed, will be aware that the labours of the -authors life, during a course of many years have been directed to the -pursuits of natural science: labours not confined to any one particular -branch or department of the varied face of nature, but extending -generally to the whole. The endeavours of the author to elucidate the -Natural History of the British Isles are sufficiently known from the -various extensive works which have been produced by him during the -course of the last thirty years, and the magnitude which those works -have at length acquired in the progressive course of publication that -had been adopted, is the best criterion of the approbation that has -attended them. But it is not within the views of the author in this -place to expatiate upon a subject which might be deemed irrelevant, the -works alluded to being devoted solely to the productions of our native -country, while the avowed object of the present undertaking is to -comprehend a selection of those only which are peculiar to foreign, and -with few exceptions, to extra European climates. The chief motive of the -author in adverting to those works, is to point out a style and mode of -execution for the present undertaking, which, from the very extensive -patronage those former labours of the author have experienced, may be -considered applicable in a very peculiar degree to every purpose of -correct elucidation, and as one most likely to ensure by its elegance -and perfection that same proportion of general approbation which the -other productions of the author have obtained. - -With respect to the means within the author’s power of rendering this -work deserving of the public notice, either as to the novelty, variety, -rarity, or beauty of the various objects it is destined to embrace, the -author must rather trust to the favourable opinion which the world may -entertain in its behalf, from the examples now submitted to -consideration, than to any preliminary observations he can offer: he -shall only presume respectfully that they are adequate to the purpose, -and calculated to answer every moderate expectation his preliminary -observations may have excited. - -It will be readily conceived that the opportunities of the author’s -life, so assiduously devoted to the Science of Nature, must have enabled -him to enrich his _port feuilles_ with a collection of DRAWINGS, -MANUSCRIPTS, and MEMORANDA of no mean importance in all its branches. -This is perfectly correct. His own Museum confined chiefly, but not -exclusively, to the productions of Great Britain, have afforded many -rarities, the offspring of foreign climates, which could not elsewhere -be procured. But independently of those resources which his own -collection has afforded, his other means have been amply extensive. -Through the kindness of his scientific friends, he has had unlimited -access to many other collections of acknowledged moment, for the purpose -of enriching his Collectanea with drawings and descriptions of the more -interesting rarities which those cabinets respectively contained. Some -of those collections exist no longer and are probably now forgotten, but -the memory of others, even among the number of those which have passed -away, will ever be cherished with regret in the mind of every man of -science by whom their merits were understood. The preservation even of -the memorials of some minor portion of the rarities which those -collections once embodied can scarcely fail to prove of interest at the -present day, while their total loss to the rising generation will be in -some degree appreciated from the memoranda and occasional references -that will appear respecting them in the progress of the present work: to -enumerate the many collections of private individuals, the rarities of -which have contributed to render this collection of the author’s -drawings important, would extend our advertisement far beyond our -intended limits. It may be sufficient to observe that the late Leverian -Museum, rich in every branch of Natural History, has tended in an -eminent degree to this effect; the author having been favoured with -unreserved permission to take drawings and memoranda of whatever he -deemed important, besides having subsequently enriched his own Museum -with a very ample portion of that fine collection, by public purchase, -at the time of its dispersion; particularly in the different tribes of -the Mammiferous animals, in Ornithology, Ichthyology, and various -others; and also with every object materially important among the -extraneous fossils which that splendid museum originally contained. It -will be also seen from many of our pages that through the kindness of -the late worthy President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, the -rich and truly scientific collection of that munificent patron of the -sciences was ever open to us for the furtherance of our pursuits in -Natural History; and of the object of the present work among others. The -collections of Mr. Drury, and also that of Mr. Francillon, in the -particular branches of Entomology, are too considerable to be passed -slightly over: the rarities of both these collections have in an eminent -degree improved our means of rendering this work important. And lastly -we may mention among other scientific acquisitions the Collectanea of -drawings formed by the pencil of the late Mr. Jones of Chelsea, together -with the manuscripts of Fabricius in elucidation, as a treasure which -cannot be too highly appreciated when we recollect the importance of the -Fabrician writings on the continent, and remember also that those -drawings afford the only illustration of the most splendid portion of -the insect race which that author exclusively describes, and by which -very many of the species can alone be now determined. - -In conclusion of these remarks it may be observed, however, that while -in our elucidation of those rarities which the collections and museums -above adverted to have so amply afforded, we render a deserved tribute -of record to the liberality of those whose services in the cause of -Natural History have so amply contributed to its advancement in former -days, the author will not remain unmindful of those advantages which the -many valuable collections of the present period offer. It will appear as -this work proceeds that he is in no small degree indebted to the favor -of many eminent scientific characters of our time, as well as those who -have preceded them, for their permission to take drawings and -descriptions of such rarities in their collections as really appear -worthy of distinct consideration. And it may be added finally that he -shall at all times avail himself with pleasure, and acknowledge with -thanks, any further advantages of the same kind which the favours of -others may be induced to allow for the purpose of enriching the present -undertaking. - - LAMBETH, - _March 1st, 1823_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Table of Contents. - - ALPHABETICAL INDEX - TO - VOL. I. - - - Plate. Fig. - - Acamas, Papilio; Acamas’s Butterfly 18 - - Agave, Papilio; Agave’s Butterfly 6 2 - - Ageæa, Papilio; Ageæa’s Butterfly 12 - - Alliacea, Peteveria, America 24 1 - - Ammiralis, Conus, _var_ Amboinensis; 1 1 - Three-Banded High-Spired Admiral Shell - - Ammiralis, Conus, _var_; Six-Banded 1 2 - High-Spired Admiral Shell - - Ammiralis, Conus, _var_ Cedonulli; 1 3 - Olive-Banded Nonpareil Cone - - Ammiralis, Conus, _var_ Fulvous 1 4 - Nonpareil Cone - - Aurantiaea, Jacquinia, Sandwich Isles 25 - - Aurora, Cypræa; Aurora, Morning Dawn, or 32 - Orange Cowry - - Belladonna, Papilio; Belladonna’s 35 - Butterfly - - Bengalus, Fringilla, Blue-Bellied Finch 10 - - Camara Lantana, West Indies 18 - - Cayana, Ampelis, Purple-Throated 14 - Chatterer - - Ciris, Emberiza, Painted Bunting 7 - - Codomannus, Papilio, Codomannus’s 3 1, 1 - Butterfly - - Dimas, Papilio, Dimas’s Butterfly 27 2 - - Foliatus, Murex, Tri-Foliated Murex, or 15 - Rock Shell - - Galgulus, Psittacus, Sapphire Crowned 17 - Parrakeet - - Harpa, Buccinum var testudo, 8 - Tortoise-Shell Harp - - Hippodamia, Papilio; Hippodamia’s 31 - Butterfly - - Homerus, Papilio; Homer’s Butterfly 19 - - Imperialis, Trochus var Roseus; Roseate 11 - Imperial Sun Trochus - - Maculatus Psittacus; Spotted-Breasted 33 - Parrakeet - - Marcellina, Papilio; Marcellina’s 6 1, 1 - Butterfly - - Melanopterus, Psittacus; Black-Winged 30 - Parrakeet - - Ornatus, Trochilus; Tufted-Necked 25 - Humming Bird - - Ovata, Goodenia; Ovate-Leaved Goodenia 20 - - Palustre, Sedum, North America 29 - - Parmentaria, Erica 35 - - Pella, Trochilus, Topaz Humming Bird 5 - - Polita, Nerita, var; Pink-Banded Variety 36 - of the Thick Polished Nerit - - Psamethe, Papilio, Psamethe’s Butterfly 9 - - Punctata, Pipra, Punctata, or Speckled 20 - Manakin - - Pylades, Papilio, Pylades’s Butterfly 13 - - Pyramus, Papilio, Pyramus’s Butterfly 3 2, 2 - - Pyrum, Voluta, Pear Volute, Front View 21 1 - - ---- Reversed Ditto, or Sacred Chank 21 2 - Shell, Front View - - Pyrum, Voluta, Pear Volute, Back View 22 1 - - ---- Reversed Ditto, or Sacred Chank 22 2 - Shell, Back View - - Sanguinea, Terebratulo, Sanguineous Lamp 34 - Anomia, or Lamp Cockle - - Scalaris, Turbo (Scalaria Pretiosa) 26 - Scarce Wentletrap - - Scapha, Volute var Nobilis, Noble 4 - Chinese Volute - - Scorpio, Murex, var Minor; Least Stag’s 16 - Horn Murex - - Thersites, Papilio, Thersites Butterfly 24 - - Tricolor, Tanagra β, Tricoloured Tanager 23 - - Tros, Papilio, Tros’s Butterfly 29 - - Viridis, Trogon, Yellow-Bellied Green 2 - Trogon or Curucui - - Vulgaris, Malleus, Hound’s Tongue Hammer 28 - Shell - - Zacynthus, Papilio, Zacynthus’s 27 1 - Butterfly - - ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ - - THE BINDER - - Is requested to observe that the Numbers have been transposed by - mistake upon the Three following Plates. - - For Plate 27 _read_ 25. - Plate 25 _read_ 26. - Plate 26 _read_ 27. - -And place the plates with their respective descriptions according to -this correction. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _1_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan as the Act - directs April, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - THE - - NATURALIST’S REPOSITORY. - - _&c. &c. &c._ - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE I. - - - FIGURE I. - - CONUS AMMIRALIS var AMBOINENSIS. - - THREE-BANDED AMBOYNA HIGH-SPIRED - ADMIRAL SHELL. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute and turbinate. Aperture -effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base: pillar -smooth. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - - Shell with rough punctures at the base. - -CONUS AMMIRALIS: testa basi punctato scabra. - -CONUS AMMIRALIS: testa basi punctato. _Linn. Syst. Nat. 10 p. 714. n. - 257._—_Mus. Lud. Ulr. 553. n. 157. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3378. - 10._ - -CONUS AMMIRALIS _var_ AMBOINENSIS. α. Spire high and tapering; shell -pyriform, glossy, smooth, pale yellowish with two broad bands of -testaceous marked with large subsaggitate oval spots of white, and a -narrow band between composed of white spots and intermediate testaceous -dots. - - * * * * * - -Were it within the contemplation of our present views to enter into the -ancient history of the science of Conchology, we should be under little -difficulty in demonstrating upon the authority of the best informed -historians as well as ancient classics that it has a claim to very -remote antiquity. The study of Shells prevailed, at least to some -extent, in those early times when the generality of mankind believe the -world to have been buried in the depths of ignorance. At periods, even -when some among those of better information may be inclined to imagine -that the ancients could have had no very accurate conceptions of the -nature of these bodies, or of their classification, natural or -artificial, and even when it might be supposed from the warlike temper -of the age the collecting of shells would have been deemed an unworthy -occupation, we discover sufficient indications to prove that their -leisure hours were so employed. The productions of the sea were -delineated in their manuscripts; Pliny speaks of the delight the artist -took in painting the asterias, or sea stars. The spontaneous offerings -of the ocean were depicted in their natural colours upon the walls of -their dwellings, abundant evidence of which appears among the ancient -paintings of Herculaneum and Pompeii; and that the shells themselves -were sometimes collected by the ancients is placed beyond a doubt from -those remains which have been found, at various times, among the relics -of those celebrated ruins, and also among the ruins of the Roman town, -perhaps no less ancient, denominated La Scava. - -It is declared by Pliny, in the ninth book of his Natural History, that -the Romans of his time were better acquainted with the productions of -the sea than the animals of the land, a circumstance he attributes, and -unquestionably with sufficient reason, to the extravagant excess to -which the luxurious taste of those times was carried. This will excite -the less surprise when we recollect the various useful results deduced -from this investigation. Of these we have several very memorable -examples; the exquisite dyes of green, the scarlet, and the imperial -purple, which they possessed and prized so eminently, were all the -produce of testaceous bodies. And so likewise the pearls gathered from -the various perlaceous bivalve shells; and pearls we are assured were in -those days valued at Rome, as in Egypt, at a price infinitely beyond -that of gold and gems, the diamond alone excepted. - -Pliny tells us, that, in his time, after the diamonds of India and -Arabia, pearls were esteemed most precious, and that we may be under no -error as to the application of the text to the pearls found in shells, -he further adds, that he had before spoken of these pearls in his book -that treats upon the productions of the sea[1]. The diamonds in those -times were so scarce, and esteemed so highly, as to be little known, -except among princes, the smaller and most inferior kinds alone -excepted. The pearls were the most costly jewels employed in the -ornaments for the ears, the neck, and fingers of the fair sex, and the -shells themselves were converted into various articles of finery for -their wardrobe and furniture. - -But it is not, as before observed, within our province in this place, to -enter into any such latitude of explanation as an ample illustration of -these remarks may be conceived to merit. It is our object only to -express ourselves in general terms: it may be sufficient therefore to -observe, that among the luxuries of the great in the times of Pliny, -Oppian, and Juvenal, it is certain they indulged their peculiar taste in -the study of these productions of the deep. They not only amassed -together the more curious among those shells whose beauty attracted -their regard, they entered also to some extent into their history and -manners, and were sufficiently informed as to their natural properties -to render them subservient to the general purposes of luxury and life. -They knew the distinctions between the land, the fresh-water, and the -marine tribes of shells, and they proceeded with minuteness and -sometimes fully into their history. No classic reader of the Halieutics -of Oppian will doubt the general acquaintance of the ancients with those -beings in their native element, nor will any one imagine, who is -conversant with the lives of the philosophers of the infant ages of the -world, that the study of Conchology, even as a science, was unknown. So -many writings of the ancients, even of the classic ages of Greece and -Rome, have disappeared, that it may be now impossible to form any very -accurate conclusions, at the same time that enough remains to justify -our persuasion that it was far from inconsiderable. Among others, the -works of Aristotle, the preceptor of the Macedonian conqueror Alexander, -have survived the ravages of time, and very happily, for the history of -human knowledge unfolds to us the views which the ancients had then -taken of natural science, and among the rest of the science of -Conchology; and there is, moreover, every reason to believe that in the -classification of the testaceous tribes, or shells, which the writings -of this philosopher present us, we, in reality, possess the arrangement -of the shells composing the Conchological collection of that most potent -monarch, the conqueror of the world:—the classical distribution of the -shells of the great Alexander, as they were disposed by the most -celebrated naturalist of his age, and at a period more remote than three -centuries before the commencement of the Christian æra. - -The Science of Conchology, like that of all other branches of nature, -has undergone its mutations at various periods. Generally, it has held a -rank of some eminence, a circumstance attributable no doubt to the -peculiar beauty of this interesting tribe. In speaking of the latter -times, the period of the last and preceding centuries, it would be -difficult to determine in which country of civilized Europe the science -of Conchology has been most esteemed; at one time, the virtuosi of -Holland, at another of France, and latterly of Britain, have endeavoured -to produce the most extensive and costly cabinets of Conchology, and -each in consequence may perhaps have excelled alternately; nor were -other countries of Europe in this respect less emulous, or materially -deficient in the number and excellence of their collections in this -department of nature, during the same periods. - -We have been unavoidably led into this train of digression and remark -from a due consideration of the very interesting history connected with -the shells which form the subject of the annexed Plate, the particulars -of which, it is presumed, will be found to justify the general tendency -of these observations, and these remarks may be considered also as a -prelude to the introduction of many others among the number of those -rarities which it is within our contemplation to produce progressively -in the course of the present work; shells, to which the prevalence of -general taste has assigned a value and importance scarcely less -considerable than the nonpareil cones, or the eminently celebrated cedo -nulli. - -The first shell in the plate before us that invites attention from its -magnitude is that superb cone delineated at figure I. This shell, which -once held a distinguished place in the Leverian Museum, is two inches -and six-eighths in length, its greatest breadth one inch and -three-eighths. The general colour pale yellowish, with two bands of -chesnut, marked with irregular arrow-headed spots of white, and an -intermediate narrow band composed of white spots of the same form, each -connected by means of an intervening dot of chesnut, which, together, -form a catenated band of peculiar elegance. When very closely examined -with the aid of a magnifier, the whole surface of the shell appears -finely reticulated with yellow. - -This shell was sold in one of the latter day’s sale of the Leverian -Museum for the sum of five guineas and a half. - - - FIGURE II. - - CONUS AMMIRALIS var AMBOINENSIS β. - - SIX-BANDED AMBOYNA HIGH-SPIRED - ADMIRAL SHELL. - -Spire high and tapering; shell subpyriform; smooth, pale yellowish, -sprinkled with fulvous; body-wreath with six bands, the three uppermost -linear, and composed of alternate white and chesnut-coloured dots, the -three lower of two broad castaneous bands, marked with subsaggitate oval -spots, and an intermediate narrow belt of alternate brown and white -dots. - - * * * * * - -This shell, like the former, (fig. I) constituted part of the Leverian -collection of exotic shells. Its length is an inch and half, its -greatest breadth exceeding five-eighths of an inch. - -Notwithstanding the inferiority of its size, this very elegant and -curious shell is not less interesting than the preceding. The general -tints in both are nearly the same, but in the present shell are rather -deeper, the dots of fulvous brighter and more thickly sprinkled, and the -bands more numerous. Like the former shell it has two broad bands of -brown, checquered with subovate spots of white, and an intermediate -dotted line, but these are placed rather nearer towards the narrower end -of the shell, and the intervening space between the spire and the larger -band, encompassed or girt round with two other linear bands, composed of -white and brown dots, besides another still more conspicuous, and -composed of larger spots along the base or body-wreath, contiguous to -the spire or turban. - -This little shell may be considered as affording an excellent type of -one of the rarer kinds of Conus Ammiralis, the variety denominated the -Six-banded high-spired Admiral Cone. During a period of some years that -have now elapsed since the dispersion of that collection, no other -example of this variety has occurred to our observation more perfect and -characteristic in all its markings. - - - FIGURE III. - - CONUS AMMIRALIS var CEDO NULLI α. - - OLIVE-BANDED NONPAREIL CONE. - -Spire high and tapering; marbled white, fulvous, and dusky; body-wreath -with three subolivaceous bands, the broadest towards the spire, with -four belts of whitish dots; the two others towards the narrow end each -with a single row of dots. - - * * * * * - -If in the preceding instances we have produced some novelties worthy of -particular attention, the present shell, in point of value as well as -beauty, must also lay a distinguished claim to our consideration. This -is one of those rare varieties of Conus Ammiralis denominated the CEDO -NULLI, or CEDO NULLI _pretiossissimus_, in allusion to the incomparable -value affixed to the varieties of this peculiar species. The importance -attached to the shells of this kind may indeed be best conceived by -stating that some of its varieties have been valued at twenty, fifty, -and one hundred guineas; one, in almost every respect resembling that -delineated at figure 4, the celebrated Cedo Nulli of Lyonet’s cabinet, -was valued by Lyonet himself, about the year 1732, at three hundred -guineas; and either this shell, or another very similar to it, actually -realized a sum of 1200 florins. - -As the shells of this kind may very justly be presumed to be of the -first rarity, every trait of information that may appear calculated to -elucidate their history, it is presumed, will not only be permitted but -be deemed acceptable, and under this impression the ensuing observations -are submitted. - -Much about the æra of the first explosion of the French Revolution of -1789, and within the space of a few years after, it is perfectly well -known that many of the choicest cabinets and collections of rarities -that had before been the pride of France and Holland were consigned to -this country for the sake of safety, and being in some instances -afterwards dispersed, had tended, in no small degree, to enrich the -cabinets of our own country. It was at this period that many very rare -shells occurred to our observation which have since disappeared, and -among others, several of those varieties of Cedo nulli which had been -before held in other parts of Europe in considerable estimation. In the -year 1797 we saw no less than five specimens of this rare shell, all -varying a little from each other, in the cabinet of the French Minister -of State, M. de Calonne; in one, the colour was pale, in another deeper, -one was lineated, and another distinguished by having three distinct -bands. - -At the dispersion of the Calonnian Museum, which took place by public -sale rather more than twenty years ago, the series of these valuable -shells passed into the fine collection of the present Earl Tankerville, -a collection his lordship was then forming for the pleasure of an -amiable and beloved daughter since deceased, and these shells are still -considered among the more choice rarities of that valuable cabinet. - -The shell, however, more immediately under our consideration, the -variety, delineated at figure 3, is from another source; it was among -the spoils of rarities sent over to this country from Holland, at the -time of the insurrection connected with the first inroads of the French -into that country. The shell passed into the hands of a merchant of -curiosities in London, and being afterwards sold, its destination is -uncertain; the price affixed was twenty guineas. - -This shell corresponded very nearly with the variety denominated Seba’s -Cedo nulli, having once formed a part of the museum of the celebrated -Seba, but it could not be the same, because the entire collection of -Seba, which at the period of the French invasion constituted part of the -Royal Museum of the Stadtholder, was carried into France and its -contents distributed among the other objects of natural history in the -French Museum[2]. The description which Favanne has left us of the CEDO -NULLI DE SEBA is in the following words, and will be found on a near -comparison to accord pretty accurately with our present shell:—“_Le Cedo -nulli_ de Seba, à large bande citron foncé, chargée de quatre -cordelettes de grains inégaux, blancs, bleus, rouges et orangés. Le -reste de sa robe est fascié et marbré d’orangé-brun, de jaune, de rouge -et bleu-pâle sur un fond blanc avec deux bandes grenues vers le bas.” - - FAVANNE, t. ii. p. 422. - - - FIGURE IV. - - CONUS AMMIRALIS var CEDO NULLI β. - - FULVOUS NONPAREIL CONE. - -Spire high and tapering, fulvous reddish and orange, varied and marbled -with white; two orange bands, each with four belts of white dots, and a -single series near the tip. - - * * * * * - -The shell from which this drawing is taken fell also into the possession -of the same individual as the last, and much about same period. This -rarity was disposed of, as I have been informed, at a price exceeding -that of the former, and passed shortly after, I believe, into the -Imperial cabinet, at Vienna, or otherwise into one of the continental -cabinets in the north of Europe, a circumstance we have not, at this -distant period, any means whatever of determining. - -The accordance between this shell and the celebrated Cedo nulli of -Lyonet’s cabinet, which, as before intimated, was estimated at the value -of three hundred guineas, will not escape the remark those who are -acquainted with the description of Lyonet’s shell. According to Favanne -there were two or more varieties of the Cedo nulli, in his time, in -France, that bore a very near resemblance to the shell of Lyonet; he -speaks of one in the cabinet of Madame La Presidente de Bandeville, -which differed in its marbling of white: in being larger and more -prolonged upon the top of the first whorl, ather larger, and interrupted -with veins of orange, and the last of the two belts of white spots which -follows this zone near the bottom of the first whorl, composed of rather -larger spots; with these exceptions the two shells were precisely the -same. - -The Cedo nulli of Lyonet is described as being of a yellowish colour, -divided into bands, the lower one and that in the middle marbled with -white, the other two marked, the one with four little belts with white -dots, the second with only three[3]. - -I ought not to close these remarks without observing, that these shells -vary so considerably that no two specimens have yet occurred that agree -precisely with each other. Some approach also, but are clouded instead -of banded; these are the French Cedo nulli graphique, Conus mappa of -Solander, and being held in less esteem from having their colours -disposed in clouds instead of bands, have obtained the name of the false -Cedo nulli. The transitions of these shells, it must be confessed are so -various as to render it extremely difficult, if not unsafe, to determine -where one species ends and another commences, the difference in the -colours affords no sufficient data, neither is the form of the shell, -nor the height of the spire so uniformly certain as to constitute a -precise criterion. - -Linnæus, in his description of the conchological cabinet of her majesty -_Ludovica Ulrica_, the Queen of Sweden*, speaks of three different -varieties of Conus Ammiralis α _Ammiralis summus_, β _Ammiralis -ordinarius_, γ _Ammiralis occidentalis_, and these are again recited in -his Systema Natura. But it will be seen from the last edition of that -work, by Professor Gmelin, that the varieties discovered subsequently to -the age of that inestimable naturalist are very considerable, amounting -to no less than thirty different kinds, and these do not include the -whole at present known. Gmelin, it should be added, admits only two or -three kinds as the true CEDO NULLI, which he characterizes essentially -as being encompassed with dotted articulated belts, Cedo nulli cingulis -punctato-articulatis; one he describes as being yellow, painted with -red, and marked with eleven distinct belts of milk white; another, -orange with crouded elevated interrupted chesnut lines. - -These shells inhabit chiefly the South American Seas; the true Cedo -nulli, as it is called, has been found at Grenada. Some of the varieties -of Conus Ammiralis, are not very uncommon, and are in infinitely less -esteem than others; for, as it has already appeared, it is in proportion -to their rarity in addition to some peculiarity in the colours and -markings, and most especially in their disposition into the form of -bands, that taste and fancy has affixed a value so considerable as that -which these shells are sometimes known to bear. - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - (Adamas.) “Proximum apud nos Indicis Arabicisque margaritis pretium - est, de quibus in nono diximus volumine inter res marinas.” _Plin. - Hist. Nat. lib 37. cap. 4._ - -Footnote 2: - - Vide _Annales du Museum National_. _An._ xi. (1802) _Premier Cahier_. - -Footnote 3: - - Le Cedo Nulli à bandes, ou dont la robe jaunâtre se partage en quatre - bandes, l’inférieure et celle du milieu sont comparties de marbrures - blanches, les deux autres sont remplies, l’une de quatre cordelettes à - point blancs, la seconde de trois seulement. _Tom._ 1, p. 442. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - 2 - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Simpkin & - Marshall. April 1.^{st} 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE II. - - TROGON VIRIDIS. - - YELLOW-BELLIED GREEN TROGON, - - OR - - CURUCUI. - - ORDER - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill shorter than the head, sharp edged, hooked margin of the mandibles -serrated: feet scansorial or formed for climbing. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Green gold, beneath luteous; chin black; on the breast a green gold -band. - -TROGON VIRIDIS: viridi-aureus, subtus luteis, gula nigra, fascia - pectorali viridi-aurea. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 404. n. 3._ - -TROGON VIRIDIS, _Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. 12. 1. p. 167. 3._ - -Trogon Cayanensis viridis. _Briss. av. 4. p. 168. n. 2 t. 17._ - -Couroucou à ventre jaune. _Buff. Ois. 6. p. 291. Pl. Enl. 195._ - -TROGON VIRIDIS: viridi-aureus subtus luteis, gula nigra, retricibus - utrinque tribus extimis oblique et dentatim albis. _Lath. Ind. - Orn. t. 1. p. 199. 2._ - -Yellow-bellied Curucui. _Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. p. 488. 2._ - - * * * * * - -This curious and very elegant bird is about twelve inches in length; the -bill an inch long and of a pale cinereous or ashen hue, and, like most -other species of this remarkable genus, serrated along the margin. The -legs are feathered to the toes, and with the toes and claws are of a -pale brown. - -The colour of the head and neck of this species is black, very richly -glossed with blue, which appears, in different directions of the light, -highly splendid upon its surface. Upon the crown of the head the blue -verges into violet and purple, and in descending towards the neck -becomes changeable into a fine green, glossed with gold; these brilliant -hues appear also on the sides of the neck, and passing round as a kind -of pectorial band forms in particular a rich zone of golden green upon -the breast. - -The pale ashen hue of the bill is singularly contrasted with the deep -black and violet of the head and neck, and the sudden transition of the -colours of the body is no less remarkable, the plumage in this part -becoming abruptly of a fine yellow from the breast down to the thighs; -these latter are black, but the vent feathers beyond are of a fine -yellow, like the colour of the abdomen. The upper parts of the body are -green glossed with yellowish and partaking of a golden lustre. The upper -wing coverts and scapulars are dark fuscous, mottled with greyish; the -quill feathers dark brown, quills from the base to the middle white. The -tail is cuneated or wedge-formed, the middle feathers being longer than -the outer ones. These feathers are most singularly contrasted with the -rest, being of a fine dark green, glossed with gold, and at the tip -black, while the three outer feathers on the contrary are white, and -from the base downwards nearly to the tip very elegantly marked with -oblique indented bars of black, leaving the tip of each feather -immaculate; the inner one of these three exterior feathers are the same -length as the dark ones, but the next outer feather is shorter, and the -extreme exterior feather on each side shorter than the latter. - -There is a variety of this bird in which the belly, instead of being -yellow, is white; the whole bird is a trifle smaller than the example -now before us, and may possibly prove hereafter to be the same species, -in a less mature state of plumage. Buffon calls it _Le Couroucou verd_. - -All the birds of this tribe at present known are inhabitants of the -warmer climates of South America and India. Our present subject is a -native of Cayenne, where it lives in damp and retired woods, building -upon the lower branches of trees and feeding chiefly upon insects, with -which the trees and herbage in those countries abound. - -This truly interesting and very beautiful species is already known in -our language by the epithet of the yellow-bellied Trogon or Curucui. -There is, however, another bird of the same genus, which has the belly -yellow, as in the present bird; we allude to the Rufous Curucui, the -better therefore to define our species we have denominated it the -yellow-bellied Green Trogon, or Curucui, as the least attention to the -difference in the general colour of the plumage will thus enable the -most cursory observer to discriminate the two species with facility and -accuracy. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _3_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan, as the Act - directs April 1.^{st} 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE III. - - - FIGURE I, I. - - PAPILIO CODOMANNUS. - - CODOMANNUS BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings entire, deep black with sanguineous bands: posterior ones beneath -with annular yellow lines and dots of blue. - - * DANAI FESTIVI _Fabr._ - -PAPILIO CODOMANNUS: alis integerrimis atris sanguineo fasciatis: - posticis subtus lineis annularibus flavis punctisque cœruleis. - _Fabr. Spec. Ins. t. 2. p. 57. n. 253._—_Mant. Ins. 2. p. 28. n. - 292._—_Ent. Syst. t. 3. p. 1. p. 53. n. 165._ - -Alae anticæ supra atrae basi fasciaque, quæ margines haud attingit, -sanguineis. Punctum fulvum transversum versus apicem et margo apicis -albo punctatus. Subtus fere concolores fascia tantum flava et striga -cœrulea apicis. Posticæ supra atræ vitta abbreviata fulva, subtus atræ -lineis annularibus flavis punctisque cœrulescentibus. Pectus albo -punctatum. _Fabr._ - -PAPILIO CODOMANNUS alis integerrimis atris sanguineo fasciatis: - posterioribus subtus lineis annularibus flavis punctisque - cœruleis. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. t. 1. p. 5. 2280. n. 473._ - - * * * * * - -The delineations of the very beautiful butterfly that appears in the -annexed plate, are copied from a specimen in the cabinet of the late -worthy president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks. - -Fabricius had previously observed and made known throughout Europe the -description of this species with many others of the Banksian Cabinet, -but the figures of it now submitted to the amateur are the first that -have appeared.—When we consider the celebrity which the entomological -writings of Fabricius have acquired it may be satisfactory to learn that -the delineation now before us is copied from the individual specimen -which Fabricius had described, and that no other figure of this very -interesting Papilio is extant. - -The upper surface of the butterfly is of a dark brown colour of peculiar -richness, crossed by stripes of deep scarlet. The insect with expanded -wings displayed in a flying position in the lower part of the plate -exemplifies this aspect of the upper surface. The lower surface is much -more beautiful; the marks and colours on the anterior pair possess -nearly the same character as those of the upper surface; the posterior -pair are very different, being marked with large annular bands of bright -yellow upon a fuscous ground, and inclosing a number of distinct spots -of cœrulean blue, which in beauty emulate the brilliancy of the finest -ultra marine: three of these blue spots are placed in the dark ground -upon the disk, the remainder are disposed in a semi-circle upon a band -of black towards the posterior extremity of the wings. This appearance -is best perceived when the insect appears in a resting position as it is -seen on one of the branches of the mimosa in the upper part of the -plate. - -This insect is a native of Brazil. - - - FIGURE II. - - PAPILIO PYRAMUS. - PYRAMUS BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob; -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings entire, fuscous glossed with blue, and marked with a fulvous spot; -lower wings beneath grey. - - PLEBEJI RURALES, _Fabr. Sp. Ins._ - - HESPERIA RURALES, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ - -PAPILIO PYRAMUS: alis integerrimis fuscis cœruleo micantibus, macula - fulva, posticis subtus griseis. _Fabr. Spec. Ins. 2 p. 130. n. - 590._—_Mant. Ins. 2 p. 83. n. 755._ - -HESPERIA PYRAMUS: _Fabr. Ent. Syst. t. 3. p. 1. 323. n. 223._ Alæ omnes - fuscæ, cœruleo micantibus: macula magna, in medio fulva. Anticæ, - subtus concolores, posticæ griseæ sive cinereo fuscoque variæ. - _Fabr._ - - * * * * * - -Fabricius describes Papilio Pyramus as a new species of the genus from -the drawings of the late Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, a gentleman of fortune -who had long devoted his attention to this peculiar tribe of insects, -the Papiliones, and whose labours tended in a very eminent degree to aid -those of Fabricius. In return for this assistance, Fabricius affixed to -each of those insects the names under which they were destined -afterwards to appear before the world, a circumstance that may explain -sufficiently the frequent references of the Fabrician writings to those -drawings, first in his _Species Insectorum_, and subsequently in his -_Entomologia Systematica_. It may be further added, that the whole of -these drawings, together with the manuscripts in the hand-writing of -Fabricius were long in our own possession, during the life-time of the -very amiable proprietor, Mr. Jones, for the very liberal purpose of -copying and making known to the public whatever might appear likely to -us to promote the interest and advantage of the Science of Nature; and -that the insect now before us is one of those very rare species copied -for this purpose. - -The specimen from which the painting of Mr. Jones was taken formed -originally part of the collection of the lamented Mr. Yates, the -ingenious author of an English translation of the Linnæan Fundamenta -Entomologia, that appeared about forty years ago, and who lost his life -by bathing in the river some short time afterwards. - -There was a variety of this insect, pretty nearly but not exactly -according with this in the collection of an old and well-known -entomologist, the late Mr. Drury, a figure of which appeared shortly -after the publication of the Fabrician writings as the true Papilio -Pyramus. It was not precisely the same as it appeared to us from an -inspection of the specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Drury. This insect is -to be found represented in the 23rd plate of the third volume of the -Exotic Insects of that author, published in the year 1782. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _4_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan, May 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE IV. - - VOLUTA SCAPHA var NOBILIS, - NOBLE CHINESE VOLUTE. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Animal a limax. Shell uniocellar, spiral; aperture without a beak and -sub-effuse: pillar twisted or plaited: generally without lips or -perforation. - -* Ventricose, spire papillary at the tip, or terminating in an obtuse -rounded eminence. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -_Var_ NOBLE CHINESE VOLUTE: Shell smooth clouded with zig-zag brown - lines, pillar blueish and four plaited: lip subulate. - -VOLUTA SCAPHA (var, NOBILIS) testa lævi nebulosa; lineis angularibus - fuscis columella caerulescente quadruplicata, labro subulato. - -VOLUTA SCAPHA: testa rudi nebulosa: lineis angularibus fuscis columella - cærulescente quadruplicata, labro subulato.—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. - Nat. t. 1. p. 6. 3468. 121._ _Hist. Conch. t. 799. f. 6._ - _Kircher 3. f. 10._ _Bonanni, c. 3. 113. f. 10._ _Klein Ostr. t. - 5. f. 94._ - - * * * * * - -The fine example from which our figure of this rare and interesting -Volute is taken, once held a distinguished place in the Conchological -department of the celebrated museum of Sir Ashton Lever. The length of -this shell is four inches and one eighth, its greatest breadth two -inches and three eighths; the colour a kind of buff with an olivaceous -tint, and the whole surface traversed with a number of irregularly -undulated or zig-zag lines of dark brown, disposed longitudinally -throughout: the peculiar character of which will be conceived more -readily from the delineation than from any explanation that can be -conveyed by words. These longitudinal lines are numerous upon the back -or superior surface of the first wreath of the shell, and extends also -on the lower surface as far as the dilated space of the columella or -pillar lip; which latter is of a pure white and destitute of any -markings. The mouth or aperture with the interior of the shell is also -white, and the plaits of the pillar, which constitutes one of the most -essential characters of the genus Volute, are prominent and well -defined. - -This species of Voluta has long retained its reputation as a shell of -distinguished rarity; it was very rare in the time of Kircher and -Bonanni, and it has continued scarce even to the present period. At the -sale of the Leverian collection, the example of which the delineation is -now before us, produced the sum of five guineas and a half: since that -time other specimens of the same species have occurred occasionally to -observation, but which have still maintained an equal price in -proportion to their excellence or perfection. The Leverian shell was a -most select example, and has not been surpassed in point of beauty by -any of the specimens we have since seen. At the dissolution of that -inestimable museum, which happened in the year 1806, this admirable -shell passed into the possession of the worthy secretary of the Linnæan -Society, A. Mc. Leay, Esq. and it still constitutes a part of the fine -Conchological collection of that very eminent naturalist. - -The late Dr. Solander, as it appears from his manuscripts preserved in -the library of the late worthy President of the Royal Society, Sir -Joseph Banks, Bart. had designated this kind of Voluta by the name of -Nobilis; it is a fine shell and not unworthy of that distinguished -appellation. It is however certain, that it is no other than a variety -of Voluta Scapha of the Linnæan school[4], and as the changing and -transposition of names that are sufficiently explicit and well -understood can only tend to create confusion instead of aiding the -pursuits of science, we can have no hesitation in retaining it under its -former designation. As a variety, we admit this shell to be distinct and -well defined, and to be so far prominent as to merit a definitive -appellation; and it is under this persuasion the term Nobilis, assigned -but by Dr. Solander, is subjoined to the specific name Voluta Scapha. - -This very rare kind of Voluta Scapha is from China, the variety more -coarse in its general appearance that constitutes the type of this -species, is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. - -Among the older definitions by which this shell was known among the -early writers, we may mention that of the learned Kircher, whose museum -of curiosities, extant in the beginning of the last century, contained a -shell of this kind, which Bonanni thus describes:—“_Conchylium ea parte -latius qua in turbinem desinit sine aculeis, et tuberculis, foramen non -rotundum, ut in Purpura et Buccina, sed longum._” Musaei Kircheriani. -classis iii. 10. 450. et Bonan. 113. - -It may not be amiss to observe, in conclusion, that amidst all the -improvements which modern naturalists have made in the science of -Conchology, Voluta Scapha still remains a Volute among the most approved -writers of the present day, while most of those species considered by -Linnæus as appertaining to the same genus are removed to other -newly-constituted genera. - -The character of the true Volute, as it is at present laid down, -consists in the shell being of an oval form, more or less ventricose, or -swollen, the summit obtuse and ending in a kind of papilla, or teat, the -base of the shell cut off or somewhat truncated: without canal, and the -pillar charged with plaits or folds, of which the inferior ones are the -largest and longest. The precise contrary of this is observable in the -new genus MITRA, of which _Voluta Episcopalis_ is considered as the -type. In this last mentioned shell, the body instead of being ventricose -is subfusiform, the spire pointed at the summit, and the lower plaits -upon the pillar smaller instead of larger. The contrast between these -two tribes will, it is conceived, sufficiently illustrate the -characteristic peculiarities of the genus Volute, as it is at present -constituted. - ------ - -Footnote 4: - - This shell, though sufficiently intelligible among the figures of - Kircher’s shells, engraved and published by Bonanni, and also in the - works of Lister and some others, escaped the notice of Linnæus. So - late as the tenth edition of Systema Natura it does not appear. Gmelin - describes this shell with much accuracy in his edition of the last - mentioned work, under the specific name of Scapha. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _5_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, May 1.^{st} 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE V. - - TROCHILUS PELLA, - TOPAZ HUMMING-BIRD. - - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill subulate or awl-shaped; filiform, tubular at the tip and longer -than the head; upper mandible forming a sheath for the lower. Tongue -filiform, the two threads coalescing, and tubular feet formed for -walking; tail composed of ten feathers, in general. - - * Bill incurvate. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Red; middle tail feathers very long; body red; head brown; throat golden -green; rump green. - -TROCHILUS PELLA: ruber rectricibus intermediis longissimis, capite - fusca, gula aurata uropygioque viridi.—_Linn. Syst. 1. p. 189. - 2._ _Gmel. t. 1. p. 1. 485. 2._ - -TROCHILUS PELLA: curvirostris ruber, rectricibus intermediis - longissimis, corpore rubro, capite fusco, gula aurata - uropygioque viridi. _Lath. Orn. 1. p. 302. 2._ - -Polytmus Surinamensis longicaudus ruber.—_Briss. 3. p. 690. 15._ - -Falcinellus gutture viridi.—_Klein, Av. p. 108. 15._ - -Le Colibri topaze.—_Buff. 6. p. 46._—_Pl. Ent. 599._ - -TOPAZ HUMMING-BIRD.—_Lath Syn. 2. p. 746. 2._ - - * * * * * - -There is not, throughout the very ample range of the creation which the -feathered tribes present to our consideration, a race of beings more -deservedly admired for their beauty than the Humming-Birds. Natives of -the warmer climates of the globe: of countries where the fervour of a -tropic sun calls forth the spontaneous productions of the earth bedecked -in gaiety unexampled in other regions of the earth, these little beings -seem to participate in all its genial influence. With forms the most -pleasing for symmetry and elegance they combine a brilliancy of colours -the most splendid; their golden hues, their sapphirine tints, the lustre -of the emerald, the ruby, garnet, amethyst, and topaz, with which their -plumage is adorned, is not surpassed in brightness by the valued gems -whose hues they borrow, and whose splendours emulate; as though, in this -much-favoured race we beheld the richest gems of earth inspired with -life, and endowed with powers of activity and will. The flowers whose -nectareous juices afford them sustenance, are moreover the liveliest and -most luxuriant among those that adorn the surface of the teeming -earth:—in a word, the Humming-Birds, poised and fluttering upon the -wing, or flitting from flower to flower, in search of food beneath the -fervid illumination of a cloudless tropic sun, present a spectacle of -the works of nature upon a scale of miniature the most pleasing and most -brilliant. - -Owing to the slender structure of the bill, the Humming-Birds have some -difficulty in obtaining their support; the luxuriant fruits of the -tropic world afford them no repast: their bills are much too feeble to -penetrate their rind to derive subsistence from their fluids. It is the -rich juices of the flowers and not the fruits that afford them food; the -fluids which they find secreted in the nectaria of flowers, the nectaria -of those plants in particular which have the flowers long and tubular, -and in which those repositories of mellifluous fluid lie in the bottom -of the corolla are the favourite objects of their resort. About the -flowers of this kind the Humming-Birds are seen hovering like bees, and -like those industrious creatures extracting at the same time those -juices of the flowers by means of their elongated tongue. The -construction of the tongue in this tribe of birds is singular and -deserving of explicit mention; it consists of two tubular filiform -threads, which coalesce throughout their whole length, excepting at the -tips, where they are divided, or bifid; this organ, which is remarkable -for its extreme length, it inserts deeply down into the corolla of the -flowers, and is thus enabled to obtain the nectar nearly in the same -manner as the insects of the sphinx genus. The Humming-Birds, when on -the wing, are observed to emit a humming noise, like that of the bee, -and it is apparently from this circumstance that this class of the -feathered race have derived the appellation of Humming-Birds. - -As the different species of the Humming-Bird, though uniformly small, -vary much in magnitude, from the bigness indeed of the wren and others -of our smaller warblers to a size more diminutive than several of the -larger kinds of the bee tribe, the nests of these birds, as may be -conceived, are found to vary materially according to the size of the -species to which they appertain. These little local habitations of the -infant brood are all comparatively small, are usually of a roundish -form, lined with the softest downy leaves, and each in general contains -two little eggs, scarcely exceeding the size of peas, and of a pure -white colour without any spots. - -The slenderness of the bill and weakness of the legs in this tribe of -birds sufficiently demonstrate that they are inadequate to any contests -with other kinds of the feathered race; they are nevertheless observed -among themselves to be rather of a pugnaceous disposition. Their usual -contests are for their mates or for the possession of some favourite -flower, and are observed to take place while on the wing. Their mode of -attack is by striking with violence against each other, for they never -attempt to assault each other with their bill and their feet are much -too small and feeble for conflict. - -The species of Humming-Bird now before us is one of the larger kinds, -its length being about six inches from the tip of the bill to the -extremity of the tail, exclusive of the two elongated feathers which -extend beyond the true tail about two inches; the bill is long, slender, -and slightly incurvated, and of a whitish colour with the tip black. The -most characteristic peculiarity is the large space of topazine or golden -green immediately beneath the chin, and which expands over the whole -surface of the throat. The head is blackish purple, and the same colour -descending along the sides of the neck passes in a kind of crescent -round the breast, thus constituting an abrupt separation between the -vivid green space of the chin and throat, and the vivid lustre of the -abdomen, which is a fine crimson or ruby colour from the breast nearly -to the vent, where it becomes interspersed with a few white feathers; -the feathers of the thigh are white also. The back and wing coverts are -brown with tints and shades of greenish, and glosses of a golden yellow. -The greater quill feathers are fuscous, the tail coverts are fine green; -the tail orange, except the two remarkable elongated candal feathers, -which are black. The legs pale. - -Notwithstanding the very decisive character which this species of -Humming-Bird displays, and which considered individually can leave us -little reason to distrust its identity as a species, we are not to -overlook the very near approximation of this kind with some others that -are described as specifically different, such as the Sapphire -Humming-Bird, and that distinguished by the appellation of the Sapphire -and Emerald Humming-Bird. The near approach of these and some others to -the species now before us appears to be sufficiently obvious to induce a -persuasion that in a less mature state one kind may sometimes have been -mistaken for another, and this becomes the more probable when we -recollect that the Humming-Birds in general, like many of the larger -tribes of the feathered race, do not arrive at their full perfection of -plumage till the second and more commonly till the third year. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _6_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, May 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE VI. - - - FIGURE I, I. - - PAPILIO MARCELLINA. - MARCELLINA’S BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * DANAI CAND. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings entire, rounded, yellow, each of them beneath with a geminous or -double silver spot. - -PAPILIO MARCELLINA: alis integris rotundatis flavis: singalis subtus - puncto gemino argenteo.—_Fabr. Spec. Ins. 2. 49. n. 214._—_Ent. - Syst. t. 3. p. 1. 209. 654._—_Cram. 14. t. 165._ - - * * * * * - -Papilio Marcellina is a butterfly of peculiar simplicity and beauty in -its general effect. The upper surface is of a fine yellow with a -singular subocellate spot or stigma of a reddish brown in the centre of -the anterior wings, and a series of double spots of the same colour, -disposed towards the exterior margin both of the anterior and the -posterior pair. The lower surface, as we perceive from the Butterfly at -rest, with the wings erect in the upper part of the plate, is rather -more of an orange or fulvous hue, and instead of having the disk -immaculate like the upper surface, except the stigma in the anterior -wings, are sprinkled with reddish brown. The centre of the wings, as -well the posterior as the anterior pair, are marked with two silver -spots, and which, from their near approximation, may be denominated, -according to the language of Fabricius, a geminous or double spot of -silver. - -This elegant insect is figured from a specimen in the collection of the -celebrated Dr. Hunter, the individual example described and referred to -by Fabricius in his _Species Insectorum_ and _Entomologia Systematica_ -as expressed among the synonyms above recited. - -The Papilio Marcellina has appeared already in the costly work of -Cramer, upon the Papiliones tribe, we are nevertheless induced to -present a figure of the species to our readers, in order to point out -the very close affinity that prevails between this insect and another -much more frequent species named Papilio Sennæ. This latter mentioned -Butterfly is figured by Sloane, Merian, and Seba; Papilio Marcellina by -Cramer only. These insects resemble each other, but are nevertheless -distinct; the specific character of Papilio Sennæ consists chiefly, -according to Linnæus, in having the double spot in the centre of each -wing of a ferruginous colour, while in Papilio Marcellina that -characteristic mark has the exact appearance of two approximating spots -of molten silver. The tips of the wings in Papilio Sennæ are sometimes -spotted as in Marcellina and are sometimes destitute of spots. - -Both these analogous species are natives of Surinam; Sloane describes -Papilio Sennæ, in his Natural History of Jamaica, as an inhabitant of -that island. - - - FIGURE II. - - PAPILIO AGAVE. - AGAVE BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob; -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * DANAI CAND. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings entire rounded yellow; anterior pair at the tip black above, -beneath sanguineous brown. - -PAPILIO AGAVE: alis integerrimis rotundatis flavis: anticis apice supra - nigris, subtus brunneis.—_Fabr. Ent. Syst. t. 3. p. 1. 193. n. - 599._ - - * * * * * - -This very scarce and pretty species of the Papilio tribe is an -inhabitant of Cayenne, and may possibly occur also in other parts of -South America. It was unknown to Fabricius when he published the work -entitled _Species Insectorum_; he afterwards observed a species of it in -the cabinet of Von Rohr, and inserted a description of it between the -two species P. Hecabe and P. Cardamines in his subsequent production -_Entomologia Systematica_. - -The upper surface of this Butterfly is entirely yellow, without any -marks, excepting only the apex of the anterior wings, which are black in -that portion of the tip which appears red on the lower surface, or as -Fabricius terms it, somewhat erroneously brown. - -This fly, so uniformly simple in the aspect of its superior surface, -appears to peculiar advantage when in a resting position as it is -depicted in the lower part of the plate. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _7_ - - _London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. - Donovan, Simpkin & Marshall. June 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE VII. - - EMBERIZA CIRIS - PAINTED BUNTING. - - ORDER - PASSERES. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill conic: mandibles receding from each other from the base downwards, -the lower with the sides narrowed in; a hard knob within the upper -mandible. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Head blue, abdomen fulvous, back green, feathers green brown. - -EMBERIZA CIRIS: capite cæruleo, abdomine fulvo, dorso-viridi, pennis - viridi-fuscis _Act. Stockh. 1750 p. 278 t. 7. f. 1._—_Linn. - Syst. Nat. 1. 179._—_Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 885._ - -Friagilla Tricolor, _Catesby Car. 1. p. 44. t. 44_. _Klein. Av. p. 97. - 7._ - -Chloris ludoviciana, Papa, _Briss. 3. p. 200. 58. t. 8. f. 3_. - -Fringilla Mariposa, _Scop. Ann. 1. No. 222_. - -Le Pepe _Buff. 4. p. 176. t. 9_.—_Pl. Enl. 139. f. 1._ - -China Bulfinch, _Albin. 3. t. 68_. - -PAINTED BUNTING, _Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. p. 206. 54_.—_Supp. p. 159. Ind. - Orn. T. 1. p. 416. 61._ - - * * * * * - -The varieties of the very beautiful species now before us are rather -numerous, as may be imagined from its moulting twice in a year, and not -arriving, as it is pretty generally believed, at its full state of -plumage till nearly the third year. These are the progressive changes of -the male bird, and it may be also added, that the female undergoes -several mutations of the same kind, as well as the male bird. - -When its plumage has attained its full perfection, there are few birds -of more striking beauty than the male of this species. Its size is -scarcely inferior to that of our common Hedge Sparrow, the length -between five and six inches. The head and neck of a fine blue purple, -with a circle of red round the eyes. The whole of the underside, -including the chin, throat, breast, and abdomen, is a fulvous, or rather -a vivid scarlet; the back green, below which is a space of yellow, and -the rump scarlet, like the abdomen. The wings are greenish, being shaded -with brown, and having the edges of the feathers of a delicate green: -the greater wing coverts in our specimen are of a pale rose colour, and -which in the general conformation of the plumage constitutes a roseate -band across the wings. The tail, like the wings, are brownish, having -the edges of each feather green; the bill and legs dark. - -In some of the varieties of this bird, occasioned as before observed, -through the moulting of the feathers, the blue purple of the head and -neck is more generally extended along the back, and sometimes appears in -patches upon other parts of the plumage. Sometimes, also, the dark spots -that appear upon the scarlet space of the chin, throat, breast, and -abdomen, are more diffused, and in other states of moulting the abdomen -becomes yellow or yellowish. The abdomen has also, in some instances, -been known to change white, leaving only a rounded spot of red upon the -breast. - -Catesby describes this species as a native of Carolina. It is an -inhabitant of all the warmer parts of America, extending from Mexico and -Peru, as far as Canada, in the milder seasons of the year. It is rather -a hardy bird, insomuch, that some attempts have been made by the Dutch -to naturalize the species in Europe, like the Canary; but not, however, -with the same success, although they may be kept alive for some time -after being brought into the less genial climates of the Continent of -Europe. - -The celebrated Marmaduke Tunstall, Esq. a most indefatigable Naturalist, -who lived towards the latter part of the preceding century, has stated, -that two pair of these birds made their nests and laid eggs in the -orange trees of a Menagery at Holderness, in Yorkshire, but observes at -the same time, the eggs were unproductive. Mr. Tunstall, as a Collector, -was the great rival of Sir Ashton Lever, and of authority -unquestionable, and this circumstance tends to shew that it might be yet -possible to rear these very beautiful birds in this country. Some -authors have presumed upon the authority of Albin, that this species -extends to China. There can be very little doubt that the figure in the -third volume of Albin’s plate, denominated the China Bulfinch, is -intended for this bird. Albin assures us that he saw the bird he figured -in the possession of a curious gentlemen, who told him he had received -it from China. - -In the warmer parts of America, which these birds, as before observed, -inhabit, they occur sometimes in vast flocks; it does not appear that -they are of a shy or timid disposition, yet it is said they are seldom -seen near habitable places, and never in any considerable numbers -together. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _8_ - - _London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. - Donovan, June 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE VIII. - - BUCCINUM HARPA - var TESTUDO - TORTOISESHELL HARP BUCCINUM. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell spiral, gibbous: aperture ovate, (generally) terminating in a -short canal, leaning to the right, with a retuse beak or projection: -pillar lip expanded. - - * _Detrita_, pillar lip apparently worn flat. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell with equal longitudinal and distinct mucronate ribs: pillar lip -smooth. - -BUCCINUM HARPA: testa costis æquilibus longitudinalibus distinctis - mucronatis, columella lævigata. _Linn. Syst. Nat. 10. p. 7. 38. - n. 400._—_Mus. Lud. Ulr. 609. n. 261._ - -BUCCINUM HARPA: testa varicibus[5] æqualibus longitudinalibus distinctis - mucronatis: columella lævigata. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. - 6. 3482. n. 47._ - -BUCCINUM TESTUDO. _Soland. MSS._ - -HARPA. _Rumpf. Must. 32. f. K. L. M._ - -HARPA NOBILIS _Argenv. Conch. t. 17. f. D._ - - * * * * * - -This superb shell, admitted to be the finest example of its kind, at -present known, once constituted part of the Conchological Collection of -Sir Ashton Lever; and continued to be a distinguished ornament of that -Museum after it passed into the hands of Mr. Parkinson. At the -dissolution of that Museum, which took place in the month of May, June, -and the beginning of July, in the year 1806, the specimen became the -property of a very celebrated amateur, the late Mr. Jennings: he -purchased it at the sale for the sum of seven pounds.[6] Mr. Jennings is -since dead, and his collection being, like the former, dispersed by -public sale: we are no longer certain in whose possession this very -beautiful rarity now remains. - -Besides that this shell excels in magnitude every other known example of -its kind, the formation of the shell itself is extremely fine, its -perfection exquisite, the colouring of the richest and most decided -hues, and the marks and lines throughout, which so eminently -characterize the shell, definitely distinct; we shall dwell no further -on the peculiar beauty of this shell, from a persuasion that the drawing -will be found so explicit and so satisfactory, as to render a minute -description needless: it was taken with peculiar care, by permission of -its proprietor, while it remained in the Leverian Museum, and will not, -we are convinced, be found defective in point of accuracy, upon the most -attentive comparison with the original, should that ever be produced in -competition with it. - -In the Linnæan arrangement of Conchology, the shells of this kind -constitute a species of the Genus Buccinum, the Buccinum Harpa of that -author. Previous to the time of Linnæus, the best Conchologists had -considered those particular shells that possess the essential characters -of the Common Harp Shell, as a distinct genus. Rumpfius so adopts it -under the name of Harpa; and Argenville subsequently regarding that -particular kind called Buccinum Harpa, by Linnæus, as the type of the -genus, denominates it, by way of eminence, Harpa Nobilis. By some -inconceivable error it has been asserted that Lamarck was the first -author who separated the family of Harps from the genus Buccinum; this -is evidently a mistake, as we perceive from Rumpfius and Argenville, and -as we are now proceeding to shew from the “_Catalogue Systématique et -Raisonné_,” of the once celebrated cabinet of M. de Davilla; besides -which, some others might be added, were it material to notice them. - -As we have introduced the subject of Davilla’s Cabinet, it will, -perhaps, afford some pleasure to many of our readers if we mention a few -of those very beautiful varieties of this natural family of the Harps, -which were once concentrated in that costly collection. These, -collectively, appear to have presented a series of the most choice and -interesting of the varieties at that time known. The distinctions are -taken from the number of the prominent ridges with which these shells -are longitudinally traversed, and these, it hence appears, varied from -thirteen to fourteen and fifteen in number. One of these, a very fine -shell, and deemed the type of the _Harpe_ tribe, was the Harpa Nobilis -of D’Argenville: it had fifteen ribs, was very regularly marked with -alternate zic-zac lines of brown and white, or rather of brown lines -disposed upon a white ground, with a small intermediate incurvate line -of grey traversing the middle of each of the white lines, in the same, -direction as those of brown; a disposition of marking, very similar to -the zic-zac lineations upon the shell represented in the annexed plate. -There were two other Harps, in which the number of ribs, or ridges, -amounted to no more than fourteen, so that the sides were larger; and -they were also more inclined than in the preceding. These were marbled, -and marked with streaks and dashes of rose colour, yellow, white, and -chesnut, a large intermediate and rather deeper coloured zone, or band, -passed round the middle of the shell, and two large spots of brown -appeared on the under surface of the shell. There were yet two other -Harps, which differed in their colours and markings from the preceding; -one of these had only twelve ribs, or ridges, the other thirteen. The -colours in one of these were paler, in the other the zic-zac lines, were -more contiguous, or placed closer, and the longitudinal striæ less -distinct or prominent. And besides these, there were several others, all -which differed in some peculiarities of inferior moment, principally in -the paleness or intensity of their colours, and variations in the -disposition of the dark and paler spaces with which the shells were -marbled. - -The above series of Davila presents us with a pretty ample elucidation -of the presumed varieties of that beautiful species the Linnæan Buccinum -Harpa. We say, only the presumed varieties, because in the present state -of the Conchological Science there appears to be a very strong -propensity among collectors to increase the number of the species, by -considering every trivial variation, or accidental circumstance in the -growth of shells, as so many characteristic indications of new species; -a disposition that the best Conchologists cannot but disapprove. -Experience teaches us that there is no class of beings in the creation, -in which nature is more sportive, than the testaceous tribes; none in -which a greater caution is required in the precise determination of what -are species and what varieties only: and among other local causes the -influence of climates in different regions are not the least powerful in -producing those variations. With the best experience, and the advantage -of many years assiduous application, the Conchologist may be sometimes -in doubt, and hence it is not likely that a slight acquaintance, only, -with the subject will be found sufficient to enable him to pronounce -with definitive satisfaction the exact distinction between approximating -species and the sportive varieties into which they sometimes divaricate. -These remarks cannot be more forcibly exemplified than in the series of -the presumed varieties of the Buccinum Harpa. Some of these are indeed -so very dissimilar as to justify a persuasion that they may be -specifically distinct, and yet again, these are blended so intimately -with others, which are confessedly varieties, that it demands the utmost -caution in pronouncing which are species, and which varieties or -transitions only. This is the impression under which the best informed -Conchologists have ever ventured to define the shells which constitute -the natural family of the Harps, and may serve to afford us a sufficient -explanation of the causes of those differences in opinion which so -manifestly prevail among them. - -It may not be very generally known, excepting only among Naturalists, -that the late Dr. Solander had devoted much attention to this intricate -science: his arrangement of shells was designed as an amendment upon -that of Linnæus. This arrangement was never made public; it remained in -manuscript in the library of the late Sir Joseph Banks. From a perusal -of these MSS. it appears that Dr. Solander had conceived the necessity -of a new disposition of the shells comprised in general as varieties of -this species. Some he allows to remain varieties, while others -constitute, in his ideas, species nearly analogous, but nevertheless -distinct. He does not propose the formation of an independant genus of -the Harp family, nor the removal of those shells from the genus -Buccinum, in which Linnæus places the species Harpa: he proposes only to -assemble together the least equivocal varieties of that shell, together -with that which he considers as the type of the Linnæan species, the -true Harpa Nobilis of preceding authors; and to allow the others to -remain as species distinct from the Linnæan shell. It will be hence -perceived that Dr. Solander’s constitutes several distinct species among -the number of those Harps, which other writers, and Gmelin among the -rest, regard as varieties only of the common kind. In the manuscripts of -Dr. Solander the very beautiful Harp shell now before us stands as a -distinct species from Buccinum Harpa, under the name of _Buccinum -testudo_. Some of the French Naturalists have called it _Harpa -testudinaria_: it was placed under that name, and its synonymous -appellation _L’ecaille de Tortue_ in the once celebrated Museum of Mons. -de Colonne, the French Minister of State, under Louis the XVI: the -definitive English name of Tortoiseshell Harp was assigned to it by Mr. -George Humphrey, and from his known authority in the study of shells, -this variety has been since distinguished among collectors in our -country by that appropriate appellation. All these names, it will be -scarcely necessary to add, are devised in allusion to that resemblance -which its peculiarly beautiful variegations of colour are conceived to -bear, to those of tortoiseshell, when transparent and exposed to light. - -We have been at some pains in our endeavours to reconcile our mind to -the idea of introducing this Tortoiseshell Harp as a species distinct -from the Buccinum Harpa, in conformity with the opinion of Dr. Solander. -We have compared our shell with the acknowledged type of the Linnæan -species, with every attention, and are compelled, in truth, to allow, -that however distinct it may appear upon the first glance of inspection, -we cannot implicitly accede to the persuasion of its being specifically -distinct. Placing this remarkable variety with that particular shell, -the true Buccinum Harpa, the less informed Conchologist would assume as -certain that the difference existing between the two removed them -sufficiently from each other. Arrange these, however, with those -varieties and transitions of the Common Harp that approach the nearest -in appearance to both kinds, and we shall then perceive such a close -analogy, such an intermediate catenation, as will induce a pause, and -certainly under the impression with which we view them, an idea that -these variations arise only from local causes, and are not specifical -distinctions. As a marked and well distinguished variety we have -retained the term _testudo_, which Dr. Solander had assigned to it; but -as a distinctive appellation of it as a variety, and not as a shell -altogether distinct. - -That it may not be imagined we feel any disposition to object against -those changes in the Science of Conchology, which the more advanced -state of our present knowledge may demand, we have no hesitation in -adding that in our own opinion the _Harpa_ family should constitute a -very distinct tribe from the other Buccini; we believe, also, that had -Linnæus lived to reconsider them, he would have comprehended them -together as a genus. The French writers have long since done so. De -Monfort advances that Lamarck was the first who separated the Harps from -the Linnæan Buccinum. This we have already shewn to be an error. -Lamarck’s example in proposing them as a genus in his _Système des -Animaux sans Vertèbres_, published in the year 1801, and his subsequent -observations in other writings, has tended to establish them as a genus; -he was not its first proposer. - -It may not be amiss, in conclusion, to observe, that Lamarck has taken -for the type of his genus, the variety figured by Lister, in his -Conchology, _tab._ 992 f. 55, the shell which he denominates Harpa -Ventricosa. The leading character of his genus consists in the shell -being of an oval form, ventricose or swollen, and having the surface -furnished or beset with longitudinal, parallel, and sharp or acutely -edged ribs. The opening or mouth, oblong, ample, abbreviated or cut off -below, and without canal. The pillar, or inner lip, smooth, or without -plaits or tubercles, and terminating in a point at the base. The absence -of a canal is one material character by which the Harpa genus, as thus -laid down, is to be distinguished from the new genus Trophon, to which, -in some respects, at least, it bears a general resemblance. The -definition of the genus by De Montfort is rather different from that of -Lamarck: according to De Montfort the shells of this family are globose; -the first whorl very far surpassing the rest in size, and the spire -obtuse. The mouth is very open. The pillar or inner lip smooth and -rounded. The outer lip bordered by an acutely edged rib or ridge, -running paralled to those with which the shell is traversed externally, -and the base cut off. The spire in the true Harpa, according to this -writer, forms a kind of little domes, one surmounting the other, and the -spire, instead of ending in an acute point, terminates in a small -mammillated knob. - -All the known varieties of this natural family are inhabitants of the -deep waters of the sea, and the animal inhabitants appear to have -remained hitherto undescribed. They are confined chiefly to the Indian -Seas. The variety known by the name of Nobilis is a native of Japan; -there is another found in China, distinguished by the name of Chinensis: -both these are considered by Dr. Solander as the Buccinum Harpa of -Linnæus: there is one kind found at Ceylon, and another at Madagascar, -which are to be esteemed distinct species. The sanguineous Harp, from -the Coast of Guinea, is the Buccinum pandura of Solander. The Harp, -distinguished by having a far greater number of elevated ribs than any -of the preceding, is from the seas of the Phillippine Isles, and is -certainly a distinct species. The very fine variety which constitutes -the more immediate object of our present illustration, the Tortoiseshell -Harp, is a native of Madagascar: its length is four inches, and its -greatest breadth two inches and a half. - ------ - -Footnote 5: - - “Testa _varicibus_ æqualibus longitudinalibus, &c.” is an incorrect - reading of Professor Gmelin. If we examine the Linnæan description of - the Museum of the Queen of Sweden, _Mus. Lud. Ulr._ to which Gmelin - refers, we shall find it to be as might be naturally expected, “testa - _costis_ æqualibus;” for it is the ribs, and not for veins that - Linnæus intended. Linnæus refers to the 10th edition of his Systema - Naturæ, which is not mentioned by Gmelin, and here we again meet with - the same reading “testa _costis_ æqualibus, &c.” We have been the more - explicit in pointing out this error, because we observe that one - Conchologist, not long since, in the absence, doubtlessly, of the - moment, has translated literally the Gmelinian text in describing - Buccinum Harpa. - -Footnote 6: - - Lot 75 of the 60th day. July 2nd, 1806. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _9_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan, Simpkins & - Marshall, June 1.^{st} 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE IX. - - PAPILIO PSAMATHE. - PSAMATHE BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ elevated or thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating -in a knob. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * Danai Cand. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings entire, white; tip of the anterior pair black spotted with white, -lower ones beneath greenish with two darker bands, the anterior one -incurvate. - -PAPILIO PSAMATHE: alis rotundatis integerrimis albis: anticis apice - nigris albo maculatis; posticis subtus virescentibus; fasciis - duabus obscurioribus; anteriore incurva. _Fabr. Spec. Ins. T. 3. - p. 1. 207._ - - * * * * * - -A native of America and nearly allied to Papilio Phronima, represented -in plate 153 of the work of Cramer. It differs in having only the tip, -and not both the base and tip, black, as in Phronima. Our present -species is also distinguished further by having two white spots on the -black tip of the anterior wings, in the apex of the anterior wings being -destitute of any black spot beneath, and in the anterior band on the -lower wings beneath being incurvate. - -This species has not been represented by any author. Fabricius described -it from the drawings of the late Mr. Jones, and it is from that -matchless series of designs and MSS. that the present figures are -copied. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _10_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan, & Mess.^{rs} Simpkins & Marshall, July 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE X. - - FRINGILLA BENGALUS - BLUE BELLIED FINCH. - - ORDER - PASSERES. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Bill conic, straight and pointed. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - - Pale blue; head and back grey: sides of the head purple. - -FRINGILLA BENGALUS: dilute cærulea, capite dorsoque griseis, lateribus - capitis purpureis. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 920._ - -FRINGILLA BENGHALUS: _Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 323. 32._ (mas.) - -FRINGILLA ANGOLENSIS: _Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 323. 31._ (fem.) - -FRINGILLA BENGHALUS: dilute cærulea, capite dorsoque griseis, lateribus - capitis purpureis. _Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 461. 91._—_Lath. Syn. - 111. p. 310. 81._ - -Le Bengali. _Briss. Orn. 111. p. 303. 60. pl. 10. f. 1._—_Buff. Ois. iv. - p. 92._—_Pl. Enl. 115. f. 1._ - -Blue Bellied Finch. _Edw. pl. 131._ (female) - - * * * * * - -A pretty species of the Fringilla tribe, about the size of our smaller -Linnets. The bill and legs of this bird are of a pale flesh colour: the -body above, together with the wings, of a greyish brown: the lower part -of the back, rump, and whole of the underside, of a delicate azure blue; -the tail blue, of a somewhat deeper tint, and rather cuneated or -wedge-formed. This is the general appearance of the plumage in both -sexes, excepting, only, that the colours are usually somewhat brighter -in the male than the female bird; and that the male bird is -distinguished further by having a dark red spot on each side of the -head, beneath the eyes, a character altogether wanting in the female. - -It should be observed that these birds vary occasionally in the colours -of their plumage, particularly in the cærulean tints of the under -surface, which sometimes inclines to a pale rufous grey, or to blue -intermixed with rufous grey; and in some instances when the state of -plumage is less mature, the latter colour predominates so entirely on -the lower surface, that only a transition tint of the azure appears upon -the breast and abdomen. - -Linnæus was induced to imagine that the two sexes of this bird were -distinct species, the male he denominated _Fringilla Bengalus_, the -female _Fringilla Angolensis_; the male bird, which he happened to -describe, having been received from Bengal, the female from Angola. The -truth is, that this widely diffused species inhabits both these places -in common, with many others in Asia and Africa: in Angola, in -particular, they appear to be very common. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _11_ - - _London. Published, as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan, July 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XI. - - TROCHUS IMPERIALIS - var α ROSEUS - PINK, OR ROSEATE, IMPERIAL SUN TROCHUS. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell spiral, more or less conic: aperture sub angular, or rounded, the -upper side transverse and contracted: pillar placed obliquely. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell conic, olive, covered with rows of arched violet scales: whorls -inflated, with a spinous radiate margin: perforation funnel-shaped and -white. - - * Variety, pink or rose-coloured. - -TROCHUS IMPERIALIS: testa conica olivacea, squamis violaceis seriatis - fornicatis tecta: anfractibus inflatis margine spinoso radiatis, - umbilico infundibuliformi albo. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3576. - 63._—Var OLIVACEUS. - -TROCHUS IMPERATOR _Chemn. T. 5. 173. 174._—Var OLIVACEUS α PINK SUN -TROCHUS _Lev. Mus._ - - * * * * * - -We cannot for a moment hesitate to believe that in announcing to our -readers the introduction of the Pink, or Roseate Imperial Sun Trochus: -the significant appellation under which the present rarity has been for -many years distinguished, we shall awaken the attention of every -Conchologist and amateur of the science. The shell so named, formerly -constituted an object, no less conspicuous than beautiful, among the -Conchological productions treasured together in the once celebrated -Leverian Museum. And, as we possessed, through the immediate favour of -the proprietor of that Museum, John Parkinson, Esq. an unreserved access -to every article in the Museum, for the purpose of delineating the -figures, or taking the descriptions of whatever we conceived worthy of -such observation, it will be naturally imagined the Pink, or Roseate -Imperial Sun Trochus, would be esteemed of too much importance to escape -our very particular attention. The dispersion of that once celebrated -Repository of Natural History has long since removed, and probably for -ever, this exquisite rarity from the eye of public curiosity; nor indeed -is its present destination correctly known; a circumstance, it is -presumed, that cannot fail to enhance the value of a drawing, which we -have every reason for believing to be the only memorial of this kind the -pencil of the Arts have consecrated to the commemoration of the shell: -the only figure, we are assured, the proprietor ever permitted to be -taken from it.—Having premised so far, it will not be deemed superfluous -to add, that the outline of the specimen is precisely a fac-simile of -the shell itself, having been traced round its contour while lying upon -the paper, and being afterwards finished in colours upon the outlines so -struck, with every attention an object so estimable was presumed to -merit. - -The history of this curious variety of the Imperial Sun Trochus is -altogether interesting, and deserves explicit mention; it is one among -the number of those rare shells which were discovered by that -distinguished navigator, Captain Cook, in his voyage round the world. It -was fished up in the Straits that divide the Island of New Zealand, now -distinguished after him, by the appellation of Cook’s Straits. Upon the -return of Captain Cook to England, he presented Sir Ashton Lever, among -other articles of great curiosity, with this particular shell, the only -one of its kind he had found. The Imperial Sun Trochus, of an olivaceous -violet hue, the shell which constitutes the type of this species, though -very scarce, occurred occasionally, but this Pink variety only in the -solitary instance before adverted to: it was drawn up, adhering to the -cable of the ship, from the depth, as it appeared, of sixty fathoms -water.[7] - -In the general computation of the value of the various articles in the -Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever, submitted to government, previous -to the grant of the Lottery which transferred the possession of that -Museum from its original founder to the hands of Mr. Parkinson, this -shell was estimated at the value of _one hundred guineas_: and as this -valuation was arbitrary, that sum was considered as the worth of the -shell while it remained in the Museum. At the final dissolution of this -Museum, which took place in the months of May, June, and July of the -year 1806, this shell, like the rest, was submitted to the chance of -taste or caprice: it was sold on the last day of the sale, for the sum -of twenty three guineas, an amount considerably below its former -valuation, but sufficient, nevertheless, to shew that its attractions -were still great in the mind of the connoisseur. - -The purchaser of this shell was at that time unknown, subsequently, -however, the specimen appeared among the property sold at the residence -of the Duke de Bourbon, immediately after the departure of that noblemen -for France, in the beginning of the year 1815.[8] Dr. Leach has since -that time informed us that he had given instructions for the purchase of -this shell for the British Museum: the shell does not, however, appear -in that collection, and the lamented illness of our ingenious friend, is -likely, for the present, to preclude all further inquiry respecting its -final destination. - -It does not appear that this very curious variety of the Imperial Sun -Trochus is known in any of the continental cabinets: the olivaceous -kind, which as before observed, is to be regarded as the type of the -species, though esteemed scarce, is to be found in every continental -cabinet of importance. Indeed, the olive kind maintained a very high -reputation and price for many years after the time of Captain Cook, who -brought several of them to England; from whence those continental -cabinets were, in the first instances, supplied. Since that time the -same seas have been attentively explored by Admiral Bligh, in the ships -of his Majesty under his command; and through his researches, this -shell, which was once considered of such unusual rarity, has become -rather more common. The Pink, or Roseate variety, the immediate object -of our present illustration, has hitherto, however, escaped all -research, and it still remains as it was esteemed originally, after a -lapse of nearly fifty years, not merely scarce, but perfectly unique. - -An ingenious French writer of the present day, Denys de Montfort, in -describing the olivaceous kind, the type, as before remarked, of the -present species, has paid an appropriate tribute of applause to the -memory of its original discoverers. “It is,” says he, “to the Voyages of -the celebrated Captain Cook, and to the researches of the indefatigable -Naturalists who accompanied him, that we owe the knowledge of this fine -and magnificent shell.” “This shell,” he adds, “appears to be exposed to -such a swarm of aggressors, that his Mollusca (or animal) must lead a -life of activity and war: his shelly covering is ploughed, or furrowed, -and pierced by a host of enemies, and he must necessarily employ almost -the whole of life in repressing their attacks, and in constantly -repairing the breaches and perforations they occasion, by the exudation -of the nacrous molecules, or fluid, with which nature has furnished him, -in order to preserve the inner coating of his shelly habitation entire.” -Such is really the appearance of this shell in general; we have seen it -so completely despoiled of its exterior coating by these attacks, as to -render it impossible to form any tolerable conception of the shell when -perfect; even an approach towards perfection in its outer coating is -very rare. The most complete of its kind in the collection of the late -Admiral Bligh, and probably selected as the best he ever met with, was -perfect in this respect than might be expected. By one of those rare -chances which sometimes happen, the Roseate variety, which forms the -subject of our present illustration, had entirely escaped every accident -of this nature, insomuch, that its figure may be regarded as that of a -very perfect shell. - -The earliest figures of the common, or olivaceous kind, occurs in the -work of Chemnitz, and among the plates of Martin. Gmelin quotes the -former, and describes the shell under the name of Trochus Imperialis. It -is truly a Trochus of the Linnæan classification, but not, it appears, -of any later writer, excepting those of the Linnæan school. Sometimes it -has been generically classed as a species of SOLARIUM, a name assigned -by Lamarck to the Trochi possessing the character of the Linnæan -_Trochus Perspectivus_, and which he renders into his own language as a -generical epithet, by the name _Cadran_ (Sun dial). To accord exactly -with the genus Solarium, as laid down by Lamarck himself, the general -figure of the shell should be that of a depressed cone, having at the -base an umblical opening, crenulated upon the inner edge of all the -spires; as may be perceived in looking down the umbilical opening of -Trochus perspectivus; and finally, the opening of the mouth should be -almost quadrangular. This is the character of SOLARIUM, as proposed by -Lamarck, and which does not agree exactly with the shell before us.[9] -Denys de Montfort constitutes another genus of this shell, which he -denominates IMPERATOR (_Conchyliologie Systematique T. 2. p. 199_) in -the French, L’EMPEREUR. The olivaceous kind he calls Imperator -aureolatus, l’Empereur couronné. The character of this new genus, -Imperator, consists in the shell having a regular spire: in being -imbricated, or covered with scales, like tiling upon the roof of a -house: the carina of the whorls armed; the armament, for example, in the -shell before us, consisting of a kind of frieze or curled foliage-like -plates which succeed each other with great regularity: it has an -umbilicus, which, in the present shell is large and deep; the mouth of -the shell angular and entire; pillar lip spreading somewhat like a fan; -and the exterior lip cut off. We have deemed it requisite to advert to -these new genera, but as the shell itself is so clearly a Trochus, we -have not thought it necessary to remove it from the place in the Linnæan -System to which Gmelin had assigned. - ------ - -Footnote 7: - - This article is thus described in the last day’s sale, lot 81, “An - elegant and unique pink variety of the imperial sun, drawn up with the - anchor of a ship, from the depth of sixty fathoms, in Cook’s Straits, - New Zealand.” Sold for £24 3s. - -Footnote 8: - - In Orchard-street, Portman-square, Thursday, April 13th, 1815. _Vide_ - lot 84. - -Footnote 9: - - _Système des animaux sans vertèbres, p. 86._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _12_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkins & Marshall July 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XII. - - PAPILIO EGÆA - EGÆA’S BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * NYMPH. GEMM. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented: above black, with a common white band: posterior pair -with two ocellar spots beneath. - -PAPILIO EGÆA: alis dentatis supra nigris: fascia communi alba, posticis - subtus ocellis duobus. _Fabr. Syst. Ent. 496. 231._—_Spec. Ins. - T. 2. 79. 351._—_Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 100. 309._ - -Parvus. Alæ omnes supra nigræ, basi cyaneo nitentes, in medio fascia -communi anteriorum interrupta, alba. Maculæ duæ parvæ, albæ versus -apicem alæ anterioris; subtus anticæ fuscæ maculis albis lunulaque -media, ferruginea. Posticæ basi fasciis albis fuscisque alternis disco -niveo, macula biloba, fusca, et in hac ocelli duo atri, iride ferruginea -pupillaque magna, cyanea. Margo posticus flavescens. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. -T. 3. p. 1. 309._ - - * * * * * - -We have much pleasure in assuring our readers that the present figures -of this very elegant and rare Papilio, are the first that have appeared -in illustration of the species. This becomes the more incumbent to -observe, because those figures afford an elucidation of some moment at -least, to the writings of an Entomologist of acknowledged eminence, the -late Professor Fabricius: he had described the species in his several -works as above adverted to, under the name of Papilio Egæa, but these -descriptions have remained before the learned world for nearly half a -century without any pictorial illustration. The existence of such a -species is therefore well known, but from description only, and this -circumstance, it is presumed, will tend to confer more real interest -upon the figures now produced, than if it had been entirely undescribed, -because, heretofore, a deficiency has been in this respect perceived; -and that deficiency is now supplied by the figures submitted to our -readers in the annexed plate. - -The first description of this species, as already intimated, to be found -among authors, is that given by Fabricius in his _Systematica -Entomologia_: subsequently it appeared in his work entitled _Species -Insectorum_, and lastly in his _Entomologia Systematica_, as inserted -among our synonyms. It is these authorities that have supplied Gmelin -with the description of the species as we find introduced by him, into -the last edition of the Linnæan Systema Naturæ. - -The Fabrician description of this insect was taken in the first -instance, _Syst. Ent._ from a specimen in the Hunterian collection: the -same description occurs again in _Spec. Ins._ and lastly, in far more -copious detail in _Ent. Syst._ This latter description given by -Fabricius, though by some oversight of its author, not identified by any -reference with the drawings of Mr. Jones, was certainly derived from -that source of authority; a point we have been enabled to ascertain, -both upon the kind information of our late worthy friend Mr. Jones -himself, and also from the manuscripts in the hand-writing of Fabricius, -which Mr. Jones was pleased to place in our hands, in order to assure -us, there could be no uncertainty in this respect from any lapse of -memory. Fabricius refers for his Papilio Egæa to the Hunterian cabinet. -There was a specimen of this insect in that collection, but it may not -be improper to observe that the specimen from which the drawing of this -species, Papilio Egæa, by Mr. Jones, was taken, as it appeared from -these MSS. was one preserved in the cabinet of Mr. Drury, the venerable -author of a well known work on Exotic insects, published towards the -close of the last century. We may also add, that this insect, with many -others which Mr. Jones had figured, and Fabricius had described, from -that extensive and valuable cabinet, devolved into our hands after the -death of its proprietor, the whole collection having been dispersed by -public sale in the month of May, 1805. - -We have been thus minute in the production of authorities, in order to -demonstrate that we have not ventured upon the hazard of conjecture to -submit the present figures as those of the true Papilio Egæa of -Fabricius; and, consequently, of all later writers who have relied upon -his evidence. In stating this, it may not be amiss to add still further -for the information, as well as the gratification of the Naturalist, not -of this country alone, but of Europe generally; and indeed of every -portion of the world to which the light of science may extend, that we -are in possession of the like authorities for the whole series of those -Papiliones which Fabricius has described from the drawings of Mr. Jones, -and which, in most instances, are the only unequivocal authorities now -remaining. Possessing this means, it shall become the great object of -our care to rescue from obscurity and doubt that ample portion of the -scientific writings of Fabricius, by similar illustrations of the more -beautiful and rare species, of which no figures are extant, as often as -we conceive the requisite variety of our a miscellany will permit[10] -their introduction. - -Papilio Egæa is a native of America; it is a species of that family -which is distinguished by the name of _Nymphales Gemmati_, having eyes, -or ocellated spots upon all the wings; it is represented in the annexed -plate in a flying posture, as well as in its resting position. - ------ - -Footnote 10: - - We have lately understood that the editors of _Encyclopædie - Methodique_, now publishing in Paris, intend giving figures of the - Papiliones of the Equites family, which Fabricius has described. This - endeavour to illustrate Fabricius is under the direction of Mons. - Latreille, a Member of the National Institute, an Entomologist - himself, of acknowledged talent, and one to whose great ability, as - well as personal urbanity, we are happy to bear our testimony of - praise. In the absence of more conclusive authority, the conjectures - of Mons. Latreille would be, unquestionably, useful; but we shall, - ourselves, tread the same path, and as we trust, may assist also, in - no small degree to dispel the darkness which at present overshadows - this fair portion of the science. As we are, ourselves, possessed of - the authentic evidences, by means of which, the species of Fabricius - can be immediately identified, we have no occasion to wander into the - labyrinths of conjecture: we at once arrive at the certainty of truth. - The annunciation of this design, on the part of the French editors, - leads to a conclusion of the importance attached to this endeavour: it - need be only stated on our part, that the illustrations we shall - subjoin to such of the Fabrician species as may pass under our own - observations, will be precisely taken from the individual objects - which Fabricius has described. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _13_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkins & Marshall, Aug.^{st} 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XIII. - - PAPILIO PYLADES - PYLADES BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES ACHIVI. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented, snowy: border black with white dots: ocellar spot in the -anal angle of the posterior wings rufous. - -PAPILIO PYLADES: alis dentatis niveis: limbo atro albo punctato, ocello - anguli ani rufo. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 100. 34._ - - _Jon. pict. T. 1._ - -Alæ omnes supra atræ, albo punctatæ disco omni albo, immaculato. Angulus -ani ocello rufo. Subtus pallide flavescentes, albo punctatæ discoque -albo. Linea rubra a basi ad medium costæ. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. -34._ - - * * * * * - -The Entomologist of the present day must naturally remain under some -uncertainty as to the identity of the Fabrician Papilio Pylades, since -no figure whatever has hitherto appeared in elucidation of this rare -Papilio; and in this instance, as in almost every other, whatever -advantage we may be able to derive from the very accurate and elaborate -descriptions of our author, it would be absurd to deny that a faithful -delineation of the insect described, is not essentially requisite, in -order to determine with perfect satisfaction, the precise species -Fabricius had intended. - -But, besides the want of a correct delineation, there is yet another -circumstance, not, perhaps, at present known, which might have tended -also to perpetuate this ambiguity, had it not been in our power to -explain it: the intimation of which, it is presumed, will be considered -useful by the scientific Entomologist. Previous to the time of Fabricius -this elegant species had been unnoticed by any author. Fabricius -describes it in his Entomologia Systematica, and refers for the specimen -so described to the Cabinet of Mr. Francillon. That the insect, to which -he adverts, was included in that celebrated cabinet, we are well assured -from our own inspection, but it stood there unaccompanied by any -indication of its being a specimen described by Fabricius, or even a -Fabrician species. The truth is, that Professor Fabricius, upon this -occasion, as in some others, took his description, not from the specimen -itself, but from the drawings of Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, which had been -copied from the specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Francillon, and it was to -the drawing therefore of Mr. Jones, and not to the specimen of Mr. -Francillon’s cabinet that Fabricius annexed the name of Pylades. Those -drawings must for this reason be now considered as the only positive -memorial of the identity of the Fabrician species, Papilio Pylades, that -remains extant at this time. The figures, it may be added, which are -submitted in the annexed plate, are faithful copies from the original -drawings of Mr. Jones, so inscribed in the hand writing of Fabricius, a -circumstance that must remove every shade of doubt as to the individual -object to which Fabricius had assigned that appellation. - -Papilio Pylades is a species of the Butterfly tribe, of moderate size, -in comparison with the generality of those which appertain to the same -family, the _Equites Achivi_ of Fabricius. The upper surface exhibits an -appearance of much simplicity and elegance: the disk is white, and the -broad black limb, or border, by which it is surrounded, is marked with a -number of spots and semilunar marks of white disposed with much -regularity. The disk of the lower surface is also white, but surrounded -with a pale brown, or fulvous limb, and marked with white spots in the -same manner as the broad black border on the upper surface. A few of the -white spots on this fulvous border are surrounded by black lines and -spaces. There is also a red band marked with black and blueish spots, -that extends along the main or anterior rib of the upper wings, from the -base, as far as the middle of the wing, and a spot of red at the base of -the posterior pair. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _14_ - - _London. Pub^d. as the Act directs by E. Donovan - & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall Aug.^{st} 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XIV. - - AMPELIS CAYANA - PURPLE-THROATED CHATTERER. - - PASSERES. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill straight, convex, slightly incurvate: mandibles notched: nostrils -covered with bristles: tongue acute, cartilaginous, bifid: middle toe -connected at the base to the outer one. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Cærulean blue: neck beneath violet: quill and tail feathers black, edged -with blue. - -AMPELIS CAYANA: nitida cærulea, collo subtus violaceo. _Linn. Syst. 1. - p. 298. 6._—_Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 840._ - -AMPELIS CAYANA: nitida cærulea, collo subtus violaceo remigibus - rectricibusque nigris cæruleo marginatis. _Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. - 365. 3._ - -Cotinga Cayanensis. _Briss. 2. p. 344. 32. t. 34. f. 3._ - -Lanius Ococolin. _Klein. av. p. 54. 6._—_Seba. ii. p. 102. t. 96. f. 3._ - -Cotinga de Cayenne, Quereiva. _Buff. 4. p. 444._—_Pl. Enl. 624._ - -Purple-Throated Chatterer. _Lath. Syn. 3. p. 95. 3._ - - * * * * * - -The Purple-Throated Chatterer is assuredly one of the most beautiful of -the feathered race, at present known; the general colour of the plumage, -a blue of most transcendant brightness, and highly changeable, varying -from a fine cærulean, or azure, to a green of equal delicacy and beauty. -There is an intermixture of black disposed in spots throughout; one half -of each feather, from the base, being black, and only the tips blue, so -that the plumage appears more or less spotted with black, as the -feathers are ruffled or misplaced from their natural position. The -region of the chin and throat is of a beautiful crimson purple, whence -its name of Purple-Throated Chatterer. The greater wing coverts are -black, varied and spotted with blue: the quills and tail black with blue -margins: the bill black with the lower mandible rather paler: the legs -black. - -This brilliant species of the Ampelis tribe has been sometimes -denominated the Ultramarine Thrush, and not unfrequently the Ultramarine -Starling: its size resembles that of the Starling, and there is also a -general similitude in its form and manners, but it is, nevertheless -generically distinct. - -Inhabits Cayenne, and probably some other parts of South America. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _15_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall Aug.^{st} 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XV. - - MUREX FOLIATUS - FOLIATED MUREX - OR, FOLIATED ROCK SHELL. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell spiral, rough with membranaceous sutures: aperture oval, ending in -an entire straight or slightly ascending canal. - -* Sutures expanding into crisped foliations: beak abbreviated PURPURA -_Gmel._ - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - - Three rows of foliations: aperture one-toothed. - -MUREX FOLIATUS: testa trifariam frondosa: apertura unidentata. _Gmel. - Linn. Syst. T. 1. p. 6. 3529. 174._—_Martyn Conch. 2. t. 66._ - -MUREX Purpura alata, testa triangulari, transversim costata trifariam -frondosa, frondibus alatis membranaceis instructa cauda recta clausa, -labro latissimo, labio adnato, apertura subovata, fauce alba. _Chemn. -Conch. 10. f. 1538._ - - * * * * * - -This is a shell far more remarkable for the singularity of its growth, -than for any elegance or beauty of its colouring. The peculiarity of its -character consists in the large, erect, and longitudinal foliations, -which are disposed in three distinct, and nearly equi-distant series -throughout the whole length of the shell: for they appear in continuity -upon every whorl, from the base to the apex. It is from this peculiarity -that the species has obtained the very appropriate appellation of -foliatus, or Foliated Rock Shell. - -In point of colour, as before observed, the Murex foliatus is not -particularly conspicuous, and they are of a texture so delicate that it -almost constantly occurs in a bleached or depauperated state; it is also -a very fragile shell, and from this cause very liable to be broken. When -in fine condition, as in the example selected, for the representation -now before us, the general hue is a lacteal white; the body of the -shell, externally, a deep tawny, with the foliations whitish, and the -opening, or mouth of the shell, very delicately tinted with a violaceous -hue. Sometimes the foliations have the appearance of fine white -porcelain. - -This is esteemed a scarce shell, and very rarely occurs perfect, or in a -living state. Found on the sea coast of North America. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _16_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin, & Marshall, Sept. 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XVI. - - MUREX SCORPIO - var MINOR - LEAST STAG’S HORN MUREX. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell spiral, rough with membranaceous sutures: aperture oval, ending in -an entire straight, or slightly ascending canal. - -* _Sutures expanding into crisped foliations: beak abbreviated._ PURPURA -_Gmel._ - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - - Shell with four rows of foliations: spire capitate: beak truncated. - -MUREX SCORPIO: testa quadrifariam frondosa: spira capitata, cauda - truncata. _Mus. Lud. Ulr. 628. n. 296._—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. T. 1. - p. 6. 3529. 14._—_Rumpf. Mus. t. 26. f. D._—_Seba. Mus. 3. tab. - 77. fig. 13. 16._ - -Cochlis volutata muricata parva sex duplici laciniarum serie horrida, -spiris quatuor capitatis faucibus, quasi Scorpionum forficulis armatis. -_Purpura_ quæ SCORPIO Auctorum. _Chemn._ - - * * * * * - -The extraordinary form of this very rare and singular kind of Murex -cannot fail to interest the curious observer. The shell is of the spiral -kind, with an oval aperture; the head of the spire large or tumid, and -the first or body whorl beset with four distinct longitudinal rows or -series of elongated foliations or processes. These last mentioned -appendages are flat and somewhat cylindrical from the base nearly to -their summits, where they become cleft or furcate, expanding most -commonly into two, sometimes three, or rarely four distinct little -lobes, and the radiation of these process by which the exterior margin -of the aperture is encircled, have a groove or canal extending from the -margin of the lip to the cleft or lobate summits. - -The learned Seba, to whom this very remarkable shell, it appears, was -known, has well observed in speaking of the Murices, which he describes, -that this kind is more particularly distinguished by the greater -disproportion of those advanced processes in comparison with the size of -the body of the shell than any other of his species; so that their -superior length in this respect was, in his opinion, to be considered -truly characteristic of the species.* It is from these processes it may -be also added, that this curious shell has been variously and not -unfrequently fantastically designated by appellations that cannot very -readily be reconciled in our ideas with any object they have been -supposed to resemble, even admitting that latitude of fancy which may be -tolerated when we are entirely aware that the assimilation is remote. -Thus this shell has obtained in various languages names according with -those of the Ragged Spike Whelk, the Stag’s Horn Whelk, the Skeleton, -Water Trough, and others of no less vague import. The Least Ragged Whelk -is a name assigned to it by our countryman Petiver: the Scorpion Shell -is a very old name for it among the early collectors, it is the Murex -Scorpio of Rumpfius. In France it was distinguished formerly by the name -of _Patte de Crapaud_, (the Toad’s Foot) because, says the author of -Davila’s Catalogue, besides the spires on the body, the exterior edge of -the lip is bordered with others that are very large and flat at the -extremity, and no doubt, for the same reason it is called by Seba -_Bufonis Pedes_. It was known at that time also among the collectors in -Holland by the name of the Stag’s Horn,[11] from a remote similitude -which these processes are supposed to bear to the horns of that -quadruped. And lastly, in conclusion it may be added, that for nearly -half a century past it has been distinguished among the collectors of -this country by a title not less whimsical, namely, the “Water Wheel,” -from a fancied similitude the contour of the shell and its -verticillation of processes bear to the circle and lamellar appendages -or sweeps of a water wheel. - -Not one of any of those various appellations, it must be confessed, -appear so applicable and well chosen as to supersede the propriety of -introducing any other that might be deemed tolerably appropriate, but -upon the whole the species and varieties which it embraces have been so -long known by the name of the Scorpion Shell, that there can be no great -impropriety in allowing it to remain under that name: we have for our -example the authority of Rumpfius, and the sanction of Linnæus -throughout all his works; and in the Gmelinian System it also stands -under the name of Murex Scorpio. The appellation of the Stag’s Horn -Murex, in conformity with the epithet assigned to it by the old French -writers “_bois de cerf_,” is not altogether inappropriate, the elongated -processes have much the appearance of the antlers of the stag, in the -first stages of their growth; or considered in the aggregate, the shell -presents a number of ramose processes like the horns of the Stag or the -Rein Deer, and some other quadrupeds of the Cervine tribe; a -characteristic feature that may perhaps justify the appellation. - -There are several varieties of this remarkable shell, some of which -might at the first view be considered as distinct species, and in -reality have been occasionally arranged as such by collectors. These -upon the most attentive comparison do not, however, appear to differ -specifically, notwithstanding the differences in point of colour are -very striking. One variety rather exceeds the rest in size, and is of a -deep testaceous or tawny brown colour, or rather inclining to a chesnut -hue: we have seen it of a tawny tint with darker splashes upon the -transverse ribs, particularly on the body and the tumid whorl of the -spire. Occasionally this shell also occurs of a deep or Ethiopian -blackness; this kind is extremely rare. The white variety occurs more -frequently, but is, nevertheless, uncommon in comparison with the brown -or testaceous kind: two examples of the white variety, clouded with -yellow, appears to have occurred in the celebrated cabinet of the French -collector Davilla, about the year 1776. He distinguishes them by the -title of “deux petites _epineuses_,” and tells us they have six -longitudinal sides like the “_rameuses_,” which are also named “Pattes -de crapaud,” an epithet by which we are well aware the Linnæan Murex -Scorpio was discriminated, and which therefore leads to a conclusion -that the “epineuses” of a white colour, clouded with yellow, which that -cabinet contained, were not specifically distinct from the shell at -present under our consideration. When extremely fine the white variety -of this shell is usually very delicately tinged with violet in all its -shades and transitions of light. - -All these varieties, as before observed, are very easily reconciled to -the same species; nor is it ourselves alone that are inclined to this -opinion. Seba, to whom the larger brown and white variety, were known, -admits them as the same without any hesitation.[12] The expression -“_Testa alba aut fusca_,” the Linnæan description of this shell in the -cabinet of the Queen of Sweden, implies the like persuasion, and the -authority of Chemnitz may be adduced still further in support of this -opinion: Some modern writers have thought differently, but we must -confess the distinctions they assign are by no means satisfactory to us. -The larger shell is usually of a brown colour, but we have seen one of -the white variety rather larger than any of the brown colour that have -occurred to our notice. - -The shell we have selected for the figures in the annexed plate is -chosen rather for its extreme perfection than the superiority of size; -we have observed it larger by nearly one half, but have not in any -instance met with one more entirely perfect: it is delineated from the -example of this very curious species in the late Leverian Museum. - -This species which for a century past or more has maintained its -reputation as a rare production is still held in much esteem, and bears -a price proportionately considerable: it inhabits the shores of Southern -Asia. Gmelin has the expression “_Habitat pretiosus et rarus in_ mari, -Asiam australem _alluente_, _&c._” and describes the species as being -either white, brown, or black. - ------ - -Footnote 11: - - “Cornua cervina—_bois de cerf_.”—Seba. - -Footnote 12: - - “Horum processus admodum producti sunt; ut ideo Cornua cervina - appellentur ob qualemcunque similitudinem. Corpus tamen Cochleæ - semper pro ratione ramorum minus est, quam in Muricibus - superioribus.”[12a]—_Seba T. 3. tab. 77. p. 172._ - -Footnote 12a: - - As _Murex ramosus_, of which several varieties are given in the plates - Seba, _Murex Saxatilis_, &c. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _17_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Sept.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY - - PLATE XVII. - - PSITTACUS GALGULUS - SAPPHIRE CROWNED PARRAKEET. - - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable, and in general covered with a -cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue fleshy, -obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Green: rump and breast scarlet: crown of the male blue. - -PSITTACUS GALGULUS: viridis, uropygio pectoreque coccineis, vertice - (maris) cæruleo.—_Linn. Amoen. ac. 4. p. 286._—_Mus. Ad. Fr. ii. - p. 16._—_Osbeck. it. 101._ - -PSITTACUS GALGULUS: viridis, uropygio pectoreque coccineis, vertice - cæruleo, lunula cervicis lutea, tectricibus caudæ rubris.—_Lath. - Ind. Orn. T. 1. 148. p. 131._ - -Perruche à tête bleue. _Buff. hist. nat. des. ois. 6. p. 163._ - -Petite perruche de Pérou. _Buff. pl. enlum. n. 190. f. 2._ - -Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon. _Sonner, it. p. 76. t. 33._ - -Sapphire-Crowned Parrakeet. _Edw. glean. t. 293. f. 2._ - - * * * * * - -This gay little creature is one of the smaller kind of the Psittacus or -Parrot tribe, and of that family which is distinguished by having the -tail short and equal at the end. Its size is rather less than that of -our common house sparrow. The prevailing colour of the plumage a rich -vernal green, deepest in its hues on the back and wings, and rather -paler or more delicate in its tint beneath; the breast and rump scarlet; -the feathers of the latter elongated and extending far over the tail, -which is green; the crown of the head a beautiful Sapphirine blue. This -appears to be the male bird. That which is considered as the female has -a yellow spot upon the throat: it is destitute of any scarlet spot upon -the breast, and the Sapphirine colour on the crown of the head is also -wanting. - -These are the characteristic distinctions observable generally in the -species; besides which there are other less material particulars in -which these birds are known to differ. - -In some birds we find a yellow transverse stripe on the hind part of the -neck, varying in colour from luteous to orange, and which is more or -less conspicuous in different individuals. Others have a somewhat -similar band of yellow, but which is situated at the back of the head -instead of the neck. The first of these is distinguished by the name of -the Sapphire Crowned Parrakeet, the other by that of the Phillippine -Parrakeet. Dr. Latham has endeavoured to establish the characteristic -distinctions of these two kinds in his _Index Ornithologicus_: he -considers them as permanent varieties, but we must confess we regard -them rather as accidental than permanent. The characteristic band of -yellow by which they are to be discriminated chiefly, appears to be more -or less developed in different birds at different periods of their -growth; and in the absence of this character from the back of the head -in the Phillippine Parrakeet, or the hind part of the neck in the -Sapphire Crowned Parrakeet, the resemblance is so very near as to afford -no certain means of distinguishing one from the other. - -This bird has been long known in Europe. It appeared in the work of -Edwards, the ingenious English Ornithologist, who lived about the middle -of the last century. Linnæus describes the species with much critical -minuteness in the fourth volume of his _Amoenitates Academicæ_, as -PSITTACUS GALGULUS, _brachiurus viridis pectore uropygioque coccineis, -vertice cæruleo_; and this description accords so exactly with the bird -before us, that no doubt whatever can remain of its being exactly the -variety which that eminent Naturalist has described. - -Edwards informs us that this bird is a native of Sumatra; Osbeck met -with it in Java, where he tells us it is known by the name of Parkicki. -The title of Perruche de Pérou which it bears in _Pdl. Enl._ might -induce a persuasion of its being an inhabitant of South America, which, -however, is not believed among Ornithologists. We have already mentioned -that it occurs in the Phillippine Islands, and that from this locality, -the particular variety found there has obtained the appellation of the -Phillippine Parrakeet. - -We are indebted to Osbeck for a concise description of the manners of -this interesting species when in a state of captivity, “if put into a -cage,” observes this traveller, “it whistles very seldom and commonly -grows quite sullen: it hangs itself with its feet so that the back is -turned towards the earth, and seldom changes this situation: it is fed -with boiled rice; in which manner, in the year 1752, one was brought to -Gottenburgh.” It is probably this information to which Linnæus alludes -in his Academic paper, delivered in 1760, where in speaking of the -manners of this bird, he tells us it sleeps on trees, suspended by one -foot with its head downwards, in order to escape the observation of the -rapacious birds of night. The nest of these birds are described by -Toreen. “We observed,” says this writer, “that their nests were -remarkable for their exceeding fine texture, but we did not see the -birds. If these nests were differently constructed, the monkies would be -very mischievous to them; but now, before they can get to the opening, -the lowest part, as the weakest, breaks into pieces, and the visitor -falls to the ground without danger to the young birds.” - -This bird is observed to be very partial to the fresh juice of the cocoa -tree, which flows from the ends of the branches when the fruit has been -fresh cut off; and which before it undergoes fermentation is said in -taste to resemble new-made cyder. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _18_ - - _London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. - Donovan, & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin, & Marshall, Sept. 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XVIII. - - PAPILIO ACAMAS - ACAMAS BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES TROJANI. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented, caudated, or ending in a tail; brown, above and beneath -the same colour; anterior wings with a yellow band, posterior wings with -red, blue and yellow lunules. - -PAPILIO ACAMAS: alis dentato caudatis concoloribus fuscis: anticis - fascia flava, posticis lunulis rubris cæruleis flavisque.—_Fabr. - Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 8. 22._—_Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 72._ - - * * * * * - -Papilio Acamas is one among the number of those Papiliones, which, from -their magnitude, as well as beauty, constitute the more attractive -species of the first family of this interesting tribe, the _Equites -Trojani_ of the Fabrician system. Papilio Acamas is scarcely surpassed -in size by any other of the Papilio genus, and when it is added, as it -may be with confidence, that the figure now presented to the reader is -the first that has appeared in elucidation of such a noble species, we -cannot doubt that its introduction will be received with pleasure by -every Naturalist in this country and throughout Europe. - -This fine and very striking species has been long since known by repute -to Entomologists; but from the description only which Fabricius had left -us in his _Entomologia Systematica_. Those conversant with this work of -our author, will be aware, that Papilio Acamas constitutes one of those -many species for which Fabricius refers only to the drawings of the late -Mr. Jones: the present figure is a faithful copy of that original -drawing referred to and described by Fabricius, and as such cannot fail -to prove acceptable to every Entomologist. It is certainly the only -figure extant by means of which the Fabrician species P. Acamas can be -ascertained. - -The identity of this species, it will hence appear, does not rest upon -opinion or conjecture, and this circumstance must be deemed of no small -importance in an enquiry of this nature. In the present instance it may -be also added that this identity is essentially material to be -considered, because there is another insect of the same tribe, the -Papilio Laodocus of the same author, which assimilates so closely with -it, that without due attention, the one might readily be confounded with -the other. These two butterflies, however, although they appear so -nearly allied, present characters which considered accurately, -demonstrate very clearly that Fabricius was right in separating them. -Fabricius adverting to this close affinity, observes, that in size and -appearance Papilio Acamas agrees with Papilio Laodocus. The predominant -colour of P. Acamas, he observes, is a dark or fuscous brown, much less -inclining to black than P. Laodocus. The anterior wings in both species -have a yellow transverse band: this band in P. Acamas extends from the -anterior margin almost close to the posterior margin, and touches the -posterior rib; in P. Laodocus this yellow band is abbreviated or -shorter, of greater breadth, and placed more immediately towards the -middle of the wing, the band in P. Acamas being situated rather nearer -towards the exterior end of the wing. There is also a marginal series of -yellow spots at the extremity of the anterior wings, the form of which -is very singular, and affords a striking distinctive character of P. -Acamas. There is also a characteristic difference observable in the -markings of the posterior wings: in both species, on the upper as well -as lower surface, those wings are elegantly marked with a distinct arch -of red lunules, posterior to which is another of blue; beyond these in -P. Acamas is a third series of lunules, rather larger than either of the -former, the colour of which is bright yellow. There is a final or -posterior arch of lunules in P. Laodocus, behind the two series of red -and blue lunules, similar to those of P. Acamas, but they are smaller, -and instead of yellow are white. And lastly, the body in P. Acamas is -dark brown above and pale beneath: in P. Laodocus, on the contrary, the -body beneath as well as above is black, with a longitudinal line each -side the body. - -We have been thus minute in pointing out precisely the differences that -prevail between these two Papiliones, from a persuasion that they might -perhaps be otherwise confounded together, either as the same species, or -as varieties of each other. There is assuredly a general approximation -in the appearance of those two insects, although they prove so very -distinct upon a close and attentive comparison. - -Papilio Acamas is a native of Jamaica: Papilio Laodocus of South -America. A figure of P. Laodocus occurs in the work of Cramer, under the -name of Papilio Glaucus. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _19_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XIX. - - PAPILIO HOMERUS - HOMER’S BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES ACHIVI. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings caudated or terminating in tails, black with a yellow band; lower -ones yellowish beneath, with seven ocellar spots: - -PAPILIO HOMERUS: alis caudatis nigris: fascia flava posticis subtus - flavescentibus: maculis ocellaribus septem.—_Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. - 3, p. 1. 29. 85._ - -PAPILIO HOMERUS: _Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 8._ - -Corpus magnum nigrum. Alæ anticæ supra nigræ fascia maculari maculisque -apicis flavis. Subtus anticæ concolores, at macula apicis tantum unica, -marginalis, albida posticæ fuscæ, fascia media pallida maculis septem -ocellaribus, atris iride rufa. - - * * * * * - -In the present instance, as in many others that will occur during the -progress of this undertaking, we have the pleasure of introducing to the -attention of the Naturalist, a species of the Papilio tribe, no less -distinguished for its beauty than its rarity; and one, moreover, that -has never been before depicted in the work of any author. - -This magnificent Papilio, for to this appellation it is entitled truly, -was one among the number of those rarities of the insect race which -Fabricius met with in the Entomological Cabinets of the English -Naturalists, when he paid a visit to this country about the year 1792, -and the descriptions of which constitute a most invaluable and extensive -portion of the work which he published subsequently upon the continent, -under the title of _Entomologia Systematica_. Fabricius saw the drawing -of this insect in the Collectanea of Paintings formed by the ingenious -hand of that indefatigable and liberal Naturalist the late William -Jones, Esq. of Chelsea, and was so delighted with its grandeur, as an -insect altogether undescribed, that he determined upon assigning to it -some name of pre-eminent distinction. The tribe of insects to which it -naturally appertains in systematic classification, is that of the -_Equites Achivi_; all the species of which are named after the Greeks, -and more especially of those commemorated in the Iliad and the Odyssey: -the heroes of the Trojan war. This rule determined his choice, and we -may readily conceive his admiration of the species from the name -selected upon this occasion, _Papilio Homerus_. If Homer had no claim to -be considered as a Greek, he had sang the achievements of the Grecian -heroes, and had mourned the fall of Troy; and Fabricius disposed alike -to compliment the immortal bard, and define the species by an -appellation more than usually superlative, has consecrated it to the -memory of that ancient poet. - -If we advert to the writings of Fabricius, it will be found that this -author refers for a figure of this fine Papilio solely to the Paintings -of Mr. Jones. The reference is to the eighth drawing of the first volume -of his collectanea. This is perfectly correct, the figure occurs in that -collection of paintings as Fabricius states, and in the part described. -We have not only seen it there with the name assigned to it in -_Entomologia Systematica_ PAPILIO HOMERUS inscribed in the hand-writing -of Fabricius, but are at this time in possession of an exact copy of -that drawing, taken by the express permission of its former very worthy -proprietor; and it is from this copy of the original drawing so -inscribed by Fabricius himself, that the very beautiful figure is taken -which accompanies the present description. - -Notwithstanding the general accuracy with which Fabricius has related -the local circumstances connected with the history of the insects which -he describes, there are occasionally errors in this respect it must be -satisfactory to many of our readers to have corrected: errors, which, -owing to the lapse of time and death of those distinguished Naturalists -which Fabricius had the happiness of meeting with in England, we may -venture to presume, without vanity, can be now corrected only through -the medium of our assistance. The celebrity of Fabricius throughout -Europe as one of the best informed Entomologists of the last century, -renders it even of no small importance to correct the most trivial -oversights he has committed; and this consideration will, we trust, -afford us some apology for that minuteness, if not prolixity with which -it may be requisite occasionally to relate particulars of a local -nature, in order to correct such errors. An instance of this kind occurs -in the note annexed to the Fabrician description of the Papilio now -before us; in stating the local circumstances connected with its -history, Fabricius says _Habitat in America_. _Dom Latham._ There is -obviously an oversight in this passage, for we well know that the -Fabrician description of this species was taken from the figure in the -series of drawings painted by Mr. Jones, which has been already -mentioned; the original of the figure now presented by us to the -attention of our readers; and that the specimen of the insect itself -from which that painting was taken was preserved at the time Fabricius -described it in the celebrated collection of the late Mr. Dru Drury. As -we had the pleasure of Mr. Drury’s acquaintance, as well as that of Mr. -Jones, and had an unreserved access to the information and cabinets of -both, we are enabled to speak upon this circumstance with confidence. -The example of Papilio Homerus in the cabinet of Mr. Drury was perfectly -familiar to us, it was ourselves who wrote the name _Homerus_, annexed -to this insect in that cabinet; and so far as our recollection serves at -the distant period of five and twenty years, Mr. Drury stated to us that -he had received this individual specimen from the Island of Jamaica. We -are in possession of the Entomological manuscripts of this venerable -author, but among those we have in vain sought for any positive -confirmation of this distant recollection. It appears certain that Mr. -Drury had not entered it under the name of _Homerus_ in his catalogue -after we had communicated that name to him; and which we did upon the -authority of the Fabrician manuscripts annexed to the drawings of Mr. -Jones. At the time Mr. Drury received this insect from his correspondent -it was assuredly a nameless species, and was probably entered as such, -with a number only; such omissions in the nomenclature being, of course, -usual when the species proved to be undescribed, till proper names could -be assigned to them. A gentleman of the name of Keuchan, and another of -the name of Whiting, appear from these entries to be the only -correspondents who furnished Mr. Drury with Papiliones of Jamaica; it -was probably from the former that he obtained this majestic species; and -that Mr. Drury obtained it about the year 1777. This _habitat_ would -justify Fabricius in describing the insect as a native of America, -although if the conclusion be correct, it might have been stated more -distinctly as a native of that island. - -At the dissolution of the fine collection of that indefatigable -Entomologist, Mr. Drury, which took place by public sale in the month of -May, 1805, this beautiful insect was purchased by another very eminent -collector, Mr. John Francillon, at the price of _four pounds -sterling_,[13] and subsequently at the death of this last mentioned -individual, which happened in the year 1817, it passed with many others -of the more costly rarities into the cabinet of Alexander Mc’Leay, Esq. -S.L.S. &c. - -With respect to the Fabrician reference to the cabinet of Dr. Latham, -for it is to the cabinet of the venerable Ornithologist of that name the -reference applies, we believe it is also in our power to explain its -origin, having occasionally, through the kindness of its proprietor, -consulted that cabinet, and finally, in conformity with his permission, -written a catalogue of its contents. In that cabinet we certainly -observed a Papilio allied to P. Homerus, but yet so far remote from it, -that we could not venture to pronounce it the same; it may be a variety -of the species, but is assuredly not the insect painted by Mr. Jones to -which the synonyms of Fabricius allude. - -Papilio Homerus is represented in its natural size in the annexed plate. -Its colours are various and very beautifully disposed: the ground or -prevailing colour is a deep or dark brown with a broad stripe of a -yellowish hue across the middle of each wing, forming very nearly a band -of that peculiar kind distinguished among Naturalists by the appellation -of a common band. There is also a large and somewhat quadrangular spot -of the same flavous colour upon the disk within and contiguous to the -band, and beyond, towards the apex, a small sub-angular band composed of -smaller flavous spots. Behind the yellow band, across the disk of the -posterior wings, are a series of blue spots composed of many little -shining points, which in the aggregate form a distinct spot of an ovate -form, most brilliant towards the centre and paler towards the edge. And -finally, there are three distinct sublunate spots of red on each -posterior wing, one at the anal angle, and the other two at the -posterior margin, one of which is situated on each side near the base of -the tail. Beneath, the anterior wings are uniformly dark with a single -pale or whitish marginal spot at the tip; the lower wings of a fuscous -colour with seven ocellar spots of black, the iris of which are rufous. - ------ - -Footnote 13: - - Lot 305, third day, Saturday, May 25th, 1805. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _20_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan, & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XX. - - PIPRA PUNCTATA - DOTTED OR SPECKLED MANAKIN. - - PASSERES. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill shorter than the head, strong, hard, nearly triangular at the base -and slightly incurvate at the tip: nostrils naked. Feet gressorial: tail -short. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Cinereous brown, beneath yellow: head, wings, and tail black with white -dots: tail coverts red. - -PIPRA PUNCTATA: griseo fusca, subtus flava, capite alis caudaque nigris - albo punctatis, tectricibus caudæ rubris. - -PIPRA PUNCTATA. Greyish brown, waved with dusky: top of the head and - wings black speckled with white; tail coverts red. SPECKLED - MANAKIN, _Nat. Miscell. 111._ - -PARDALOTUS (punctatus) _Vieillot. Ornith. Elem. p. 31._ - - * * * * * - -This pretty little species of Manakin is one among the number of those -numerous acquisitions in the science of Natural History, for which the -Naturalist is indebted to the prolific regions of Australasia. The very -close affinity which it bears to the Gmelinian Pipra Nævia, a species -described originally by Buffon under the title of _Fourmilier tacheté de -Cayenne_, may possibly have occasioned some confusion among authors -respecting this individual species, but there are still, if we mistake -not, sufficient indications of the two birds being specifically -distinct. This was the opinion of the late Dr. Shaw: he constituted a -new species of the bird before us under the name of PIPRA PUNCTATA, and -the english trivial of SPECKLED MANAKIN, and we are induced to follow -that example from a persuasion that his conclusion was correct. Pipra -Nævia, to which it is so nearly allied, has the throat and chin black, -and the breast spotted with black: Pipra Punctata, on the contrary, has -the throat and breast yellow, without any black spots. These differences -afford a conspicuous distinction of the two birds, besides which, there -are some others of less consideration that will appear upon an attentive -comparison. - -As a new species, it appears, therefore, pretty certain that we have to -acknowledge the late Dr. Shaw as the first author by whom this -interesting bird was introduced to the knowledge of the learned world: -he describes it, as before observed, under the name of Pipra punctata. -M. Vieillot is consequently in an error when he refers to authority of -Dr. Latham for this name. The bird was so designated in the first -instance, in the work entitled the _Naturalist’s Miscellany_, written by -Dr. Shaw; nor was the species mentioned by Dr. Latham either in his -Synopsis or his Index Ornithologicus. In a final or second supplement -published by Dr. Latham long after the Synopsis, we find the bird -mentioned under the name of the _Speckled Manakin_, but only upon the -authority of the Naturalist’s Miscellany of Shaw, and a drawing of the -bird by General Davies, for at that late period even, the bird appears -to be unknown to Dr. Latham, except upon those two authorities. This -observation is the more material since the Ornithologist M. Vieillot in -dividing the Linnæan Genus Pipra into two Genera, Pardalotus and Pipra, -assigns for the type of his genus PARDALOTUS the “_Pipra punctata_” of -Latham, at the same time, as we have already shewn, the works of Dr. -Latham affords us no such name. The present species was described under -the appellation of _Pipra punctata_ only by Dr. Shaw. Dr. Latham does -not adopt this name, he records the species only under the trivial -english name of the Speckled Manakin, which name had also been assigned -before by Dr. Shaw. If, therefore, the name of Pipra punctata had -occurred to M. Vieillot, it must have been in the work of Dr. Shaw, and -not of Dr. Latham. Perhaps Vieillot had inadvertently imagined this -Speckled Manakin to be the same as the Spotted Manakin of Dr. Latham’s -Synopsis. If this be really the source of error, it may be added, that -this latter bird appears to have been described by Dr. Latham upon the -authority only of Planches Enluminées, and is no other than Pipra Nævia -of Gmelin, as Dr. Latham has himself pointed out in his Index -Ornithologicus. - -The description of this bird, as it occurs in the first instance, in the -works of Dr. Shaw, is to this effect. PIPRA PUNCTATA (SPECKLED MANAKIN) -_grisea_, _fusco undulata_, _vertice alisque nigris_, _albo punctatis -tectricibus caudæ rubris_. The notice of the species as before-mentioned -in Dr. Latham’s second Supplement is subsequent to this, and appears -only under the trivial name of the Speckled Manakin. - -In adverting to the separation of the Pipra genus as it occurs in the -work of M. Vieillot, it will not be amiss to point out precisely those -distinctions, which, according to his mode of classification, constitute -the characters of those two genera into which he has divided them. The -first of these genera denominated PARDALOTUS comprehends those species -of the Pipra genus in which the form of the bill is very short in -proportion to its length, a little robust or stout, the base dilated -upon the edges, entire, conoid, thick at the point, the upper mandible a -little bent, and the lower one convex beneath. Those birds which are -allowed to remain in the Pipra genus have the bill conoid, trigonal at -the base, compressed at the sides near the end, cut off and curved at -the point, the lower mandible turning up at the extremity; and the -exterior toes connected rather beyond the middle. It may be added, -finally, that Cuvier, on the contrary, in his _Règne Animal_, allows the -Manakins (Pipra of Linnæus) to remain united as before. He does not -adopt the genus Pardalotus, and this circumstance is the more worthy of -note since we have seen the species arranged in our Museums with the -synonymous appellation of “PARDALOTUS PUNCTATUS _Cuvier_,” and have -observed it designated as the type of Cuvier’s New Genus Pardalotus. - -This interesting little creature being represented in its natural size -in the plate annexed, it will be perceived to be one of the smaller -tribes of the feathered race: we have even few birds in England more -diminutive, for in point of magnitude it does not exceed that of our -common willow-wren, its length being only about four inches. The -elegance of its plumage, is, however, in a peculiar degree attractive, -and more than amply compensates for this inferiority in size. The -general colour above is cinereous brown, varying to a cinereous purple; -the throat and breast a delicate fulvous yellow; the crown of the head -black spotted with white; the wings, except the coverts, which are the -same colour as the back, are black, and the tip of each of these black -feathers are marked with a spot of white. The rump coverts are -testaceous, becoming gradually redder towards the end: the tail itself -is black, having the base of a fine crimson with some intermixture of -yellow; and in general, though not invariably, there is a white dot at -the tip of each of the tail feathers; sometimes it is only the outer -feather on each side the tail that is marked with a white dot. Beneath, -the throat and breast is of a delicate yellow colour; the bill black, -and legs brown. - -In the plate that accompanies this description, this elegant little bird -appears perched upon a sprig of the _ovate leaved Goodenia_, GOODENIA -OVATA, a vegetable production of the Australasian regions, that flowered -in the month of July, during the present year, in the Royal Gardens, -Kew. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _21_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXI. - - VOLUTA PYRUM - PEAR VOLUTE. - - _Front View._ - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse; pillar twisted or -plaited, generally without lips or perforation. - - **** FUSIFORM. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell obovate and slightly tailed with striated whorls on the spire: tip -produced and glabrous: pillar with three plaits. - -VOLUTA PYRUM: testa obovata subcaudati; spiræ anfractibus striatis; - apice producto glaberrimo, columella triplicata.—_Gmel. Linn. - Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. 3463. 102._—_List. Conch, t. 815. f. - 25._—_Bonann. recr et Mus. Kircher. 3. f. 194._—_Knorr. Vergn. - 6. f. 39. f. 1._—_Gualt. test. t. 46. f. C._—_Martini. Conch. 3. - t. 95. f. 916. 917._—(B.) _List. Conch. t. 816. f. - 26._—_Martini. Conch. 3. t. 95. f. 918. 919._—_Knorr. Vergn. 6. - t. 27. f. 2._—(D.) _Chemn. Conch. 9. t. 104. f. 884. 885._—(8.) - _Chemn. Conch. 9. t. 104. f. 886. 887._ - - * * * * * - -The animal inhabitant of this shell, according to the generical -definition of Linnæus, is a kind of Limax; the Limax is one of the -Mollusca Tribe, or animals furnished with limbs; the mouth is placed -before, it has a lateral perforation, the feelers are four in number, -and the vent common with the lateral pore. This is the Linnæan character -of the animal inhabitant of the Voluta Genus, and consequently of the -species now before us. - -It is not to be disputed that the discoveries which have taken place -among the vermes of those testaceous bodies since the time of Linnæus, -have introduced us to a far more extensive acquaintance with the beings -of this nature than Linnæus could have possessed. The term Limax, which -Linnæus applied not only to the animal inhabitants of the Voluta family, -but also to the Buccinum, the Strombus, the Murex, the Trochus, the -Turbo, in short to almost every genus of the Univalves, and some even of -the Bivalves could not fail to excite remark. It could scarcely be -conceived that in the very ample range of the creation which those -genera embraced, such uniformity could prevail, and the subsequent -observations of various Naturalists have tended fully to assure us that -the Linnæan character of the animal inhabitants of the testaceous tribes -was much too vague and comprehensive. There are indeed, it must be -confessed, a considerable number of those testaceous bodies, the animals -of which are still unknown, and may possibly so remain, but forming our -conclusions, from the great multitude that has been recently discovered, -and the number of those which have been examined with anatomical -attention, we may presume, with safety, that the Linnæan Limaces ought -properly to be divided into several distinct genera. How far a -methodical distribution of the shells themselves, founded upon the -zoological distinctions of the animal inhabitants, may be admissible in -our cabinets appears less certain. The greater number of those shells, -of which the animals are totally unknown, present insuperable -objections; and the attention of collectors in the formation of the -Conchological Cabinet, so rarely extend beyond the more obvious -characters which the structure of the shells present, that we can -scarcely deem it practicable. - -The animal of the shell before us, Voluta pyrum, has been ascertained -and well described by Lamarck, De Montfort, and other writers; it has -the head armed with two obtuse feelers of a club-like form; the eyes -advanced and placed at the base, at the outerside of those feelers; the -mantle or fleshy covering terminating in an elongation folded into a -kind of tube above the head; the foot, or disk, strong and muscular, and -armed with a small round horny operculum. - -According to the Linnæan classification, the shelly covering of this -animal is a Voluta; and so far as the most prominent criterion of the -Voluta genus, the folds or plaits upon the pillar lip be considered, -this character is unequivocal. Linnæus regarding this as one of its most -essential definitions, has overlooked the differences that prevail in -the structure of the spire and beaks, or includes them only as -distinctions of the different families into which his Volutæ are -divided. Later writers differ upon this subject; these differences are -considered by many as generical, and thus the Linnæan Volutæ have become -separated into several distinct genera. In the shell before us, the beak -is lengthened or produced, and canaliculated; and thus constitutes in -the classification of Lamarck, a species of his TURBINELLA; and is the -shell in particular which he adopts as the type of that genus. The -character of that genus, as proposed by this Conchologist, in his work -entitled _Animaux sans vertèbres_, is thus expressed, Turbinelle -(Turbinella) a shell turbinated or subfusiform, canaliculated to the -base, and having upon the column from three to five plaits or folds of a -compressed form and placed transversely. Murex scolymus of Martini, -Voluta ceramica of Lister, and Voluta capitellum of the same author, are -comprehended with the Linnæan Voluta pyrum in this genus Turbinellus. - -It has been observed by De Montfort that Lamarck has made a group of -those shells which accord with the above character, and which he himself -adopts with some small variations: according to this writer, the genus -Turbinelle, of which our Voluta Pyrum is considered as the type, has the -shell heavy, univalve, with an obtuse spire ending in a nipple; the -mouth sloping and lengthened; the pillar denticulated with large equal -folds or plaits, the outer lip strait and cut off, and the base -lengthened. - -After all the pains, however, which Lamarck and other Continental -Naturalists have taken to establish the genus Turbinella, Cuvier in his -Règne Animal observes that the shells of this genus differ in no other -respect from the Conic Volutes than in the prolongation of their -opening, forming a kind of canal, and adding that it is not easy to -trace the limits between the one and the other. - -We have experienced some surprise in observing that while so much -attention has been bestowed by writers upon the generical distinctions -of Voluta Pyrum, the differences that prevail in its presumed varieties -have almost entirely escaped attention. It should be remarked that in -the Gmelinian constitution of this species there are no less than four -distinct varieties, all which, according to Gmelin, and subsequently to -other writers, appertain to the Linnæan species Pyrum. From the -synonymous references which Lamarck has brought together in one view, it -is obvious that his opinion is the same; his TURBINELLA PYRUM, which is -the same as the Linnæan Voluta Pyrum, will be observed to comprehend the -several presumed varieties of the species to be found in the works of -Martini and Chemnitz, and the same is again observable in the works of -Denys de Montfort. There are, however, some Conchologists in England who -do not agree in this particular, for they constitute at least three -distinct species of the presumed varieties of Voluta Pyrum. This -division of the species was first proposed by Dr. Solander, and has been -subsequently adopted in several of our English Cabinets. As the -particulars of this arrangement may not prove unacceptable, we shall -proceed to describe them. - -To the _first_ of these new species Dr. Solander retains the Linnæan -name of VOLUTA PYRUM, it is that kind which has the beak elongated, and -is known by the familiar name of the LONG BEAKED TURNIP SHELL. This is -the Voluta rostrata of some Conchologists; Rapum rostratum of the -Colonnian Museum; and inhabits the seas of Tranquebar. - -As the preceding shell is distinguished by the name of the Long beaked -Turnip Shell, in allusion to the elongated structure of the beak, there -is another known by the appellation of the High Spired Turnip Shell, in -reference to the greater elevation of its spire; this is a _second_ -species of Solander, and is called by him VOLUTA PONDEROSA; in the -Calonnian Museum it stood under the name of Rapum productum. This shell -inhabits the seas of Madagascar, and is the kind which becomes the more -immediate object of our consideration as the subject of our present -plate. - -The _third_ kind of Turnip Shell is from the straits of Malacca, a shell -more ponderous than the preceding; of a broader form and having the -spire more depressed. This is the common Heavy Turnip Shell of our -English Cabinet, Voluta gravis of Solander. - -These distinctions proposed by the late Dr. Solander are found -conformable, in a particular degree, with the classification observable -in the cabinet of M. de Colonne. The shells of M. de Colonne, it -appears, were thus arranged by the celebrated Conchologist M. Favanne. -They have, nevertheless, we believe, passed unnoticed by any of the -modern writers upon this subject. The distinctions are certainly -obvious, and might probably fully authorize their separation into -species: it must be at least admitted that as varieties of the same -species they are strikingly distinct. - -Having so far treated upon the generical distinctions of Voluta Pyrum, -and pointed out the differences that exist among its principal supposed -varieties, we arrive at another point of view in which the history of -this shell becomes no less important, or less worthy of our -consideration: the sacred character which from some superstitious -causes, remote beyond all research of the present race of men, this -shell has acquired in the Mythology of the Indian Nations: in the rites -and worship of the Indian Brahma. Among these people this shell is -called the CHANK, or SACRED CHANK, the emblem of an attribute of the -divine power, and is constantly seen in one of the hands of the Indian -Deity Vishnu, as a type of the renovation of the earth from the waters -of the deluge.—The cause of this catastrophe of the earth, the deluge, -they attribute to the wickedness of mankind in remote ages, which -incensing the divine Brahma, he caused a flood of the waters to overflow -the earth and destroy every vestige of the creation, animate and -inanimate, that existed upon its surface. After awhile the supreme -Brahma disposed to restore creation, commanded Vishnu to deliver the -earth from the flood of waters, and in testimony of its deliverance -Vishnu bears in his hand the Chank Shell, the symbol of its -renovation.[14] - -Without proceding at any considerable length into the history of those -mythological persuasions, it may be permitted to observe that as a type -of the divine power in relieving the earth from the flood of waters with -which it was overwhelmed at the time of the deluge, this shell is held -among the Indians of the Brahma persuasion as one of the most sacred -emblems of that figurative divinity; and this religion, it will be -remembered, extends over no small portion of India and China, and even -to part of Russia and Tartary. Vishnu, as one of the three attributes or -triad of Brahma, almost invariably appears with this symbol in his hand. -Whether in their paintings, sculptures, or carvings, or in the sacred -paraphernalia of their temples, the Chank-shell is the customary type of -their deity Vishnu, and sometimes it occurs in the hands of the inferior -deities,[15] to whom Vishnu is imagined to have confided a portion of -his power. If the Chank be the object of their devotion in health, so -also it is the object of their superstitions in sickness and in death. -The medicine administered by the Priest to his patient in the time of -illness, from the spout of one of these shells, is considered of greater -efficacy than if taken from any other drinking vessel; that from the -spout of a reversed shell has a reputation inestimable. These reversed -shells occur so rarely, that if at any time some happy fortunate of the -fishing tribe of Hindoos should be so lucky as to find one, he is indeed -considered as a mortal favoured by their divinity Vishnu; this treasure -of the deep is immediately deposited in one of their pagodas, to the -great honour and happiness of the discoverer. A dose of medicine from -such a shell is deemed infallible, if the malady of the patient be -within the art of medicine to cure; for if this should fail, they rest -persuaded nothing else can save the patient from the death awaiting him. - -As these reversed shells are of very rare occurrence, the price they -bear is of course of considerable. Very few of the Pagodas possess such -an inestimable treasure as a _Chank reversed_, they will command a price -in Asia surpassing infinitely any idea that might probably be formed -upon the subject. Four or five hundred dollars have been given in China, -among the worshippers of Brahma, for a shell of this kind. In India they -have been known to produce from one hundred to two hundred rupees, -sometimes, three, four, or five hundred rupees, or perhaps a larger sum. -The shells of this kind, which are purchased from the natives and -brought to Europe, it may be imagined, for this reason, can have been -obtained only at a considerable cost. It was principally through the -unrivalled liberality of the Conchologists of the low countries, about -the beginning of the last century, that the cabinets of Europe became -possessed of these rarities, and they still remain extremely scarce. - -Only two examples of those reversed shells have occurred to our -observation: both were of that kind in which the spire is elongated; the -high spired Turnip Shell of the English cabinets. One of these reversed -shells we saw in the year 1797, in the celebrated collection of Mon de -Calonne, ci-devant Minister of France, and which passed, at a -considerable price, into the collection of the Earl of Tankerville. The -other occurred in the late Leverian Museum, which was distributed by -public auction, in the year 1806. This last-mentioned shell was in a -less perfect condition than might be wished; it was worn and mutilated, -and for this reason did not obtain by any means such a price as was -expected from its rarity: it produced only _seven guineas_, a sum -considered much beneath its real value, even in its injured state.[16] -In the month of April, in the year 1815, the same shell appeared in the -sale of certain effects, the property of the Duke de Bourbon, at his -residence in Great Ormond Street, Portman Square, where it was sold, we -believe, at an advanced price. It is the figure of this last-mentioned -shell that appears in the present plate. We have delineated the specimen -with all faults for the sake of greater accuracy, and from a persuasion -that the Naturalist would prefer a correct representation from an -undoubted original, to any figure in which its actual defects might have -been amended by the pencil of the artist. The shell is depicted in its -natural size, and it will hence appear, is little inferior in point of -magnitude to the generality of those shells of the same species which -are not of the reversed kind. The species is sometimes known to grow to -the length of seven or eight inches, but such examples are not common. -Of the reversed kinds the Leverian specimen, as it has been emphatically -denominated, is probably one of the largest known. - -The smaller figure in the lower part of our plate is a representation of -the same species in its usual form, and appears clothed or covered with -the thick filmy epidermis, of a brown colour, with which the shell is -naturally covered when in a living state. From this figure it will be -perceived that the direction of the spiral wreath or whorls in the -larger shell is exactly reversed, and that the mouth or aperture of the -shell, which in the smaller figure appears on the right side, is seen in -the reversed shell on the left. Thus upon the least comparison of the -two figures, the true character of the reversed shell will be distinctly -perceived. - -We should not omit to mention that the smaller figure which represents -the unreversed shell would appear of the same pallid hue as the reversed -shell, upon the removal of the epidermis with which it is enveloped. -Sometimes, however, when this common kind is particularly fine, the -exterior surface is delicately tinged with a less pallid hue, and the -pillar lip and opening yellowish, inclined to flesh colour. That -particular kind or variety which in England is denominated the low -spired or heavy Turnip Shell, is sometimes pleasingly diversified with -more vivid tints, and the younger shells occasionally spotted with -brown, upon a ground tinged with yellowish or buff colour. We have no -knowledge of any reversed shell of this latter kind, excepting one which -is in the Museum at Copenhagen. - ------ - -Footnote 14: - - The Hindoos entertain the belief of a general deluge, not very - dissimilar to that of the Mosaic records. They admit, however, many - such catastrophes of the earth, and subsequent renovations through the - creative power of this attribute of Brahma, which they denominate - Vishnu. The Chank Shell refers to a deluge of the earth, anterior to - that which seems to accord with the sacred writ. The deliverance of - the earth from the Mosaic deluge they term the lotos creation, the - type of which is the expanded flower of the lotos, the indian _pedma_ - emerging above the surface of the waters with Vishnu seated in its - centre. - -Footnote 15: - - Were it requisite to treat more amply upon this subject, it would be - in our power to produce abundant evidence of the prevalence of this - symbol of the sacred Volute, wherever Vishnu or his delegated power - appears. The rich repository of the India House, the British Museum, - and many private collections afford us some examples of the most - interesting kind. Some few of these are so immediately connected with - the object of our enquiry, that we feel persuaded no apology will be - necessary for their introduction. - - In the collection of Lord Valentia is a four-sided cast in brass, - resembling a kind of pyramid, consisting of three low platforms, each - bearing idols, and surmounted at the summit by a tortoise. In several - Indian paintings mythologically adverting to the subject of the - creation, the tortoise is represented raising the new-born earth upon - its back above the waters, and it is usually seen in other - mythological paintings of the same subject bearing the throne upon - which Vishnu is seated, while the attendants, personified by various - beings, are lifting the earth from the deep. Such a painting was once - in the celebrated collection of Colonel Stuart: and we need no other - evidence to shew that the bronze of Lord Valentia’s collection is of - the same mythological nature, and referable to the deluge, than to - observe the Chank Shell placed at each of the four corners of the - ornament. We may comprehend the allusion of the tortoise raising the - earth from the waters of the deluge, from a trait of the ancient - Chinese astronomy; by the tortoise bearing the earth, they intended - the north pole of the ecliptic, which, at the time of the deluge, they - maintained had not materially changed its position, and that by this - means the world was sustained and saved from utter annihilation. - - An Indian painting, mentioned by Mr. Edward Moor, the author of the - Hindoo Pantheon, presents us with another deity, Sivi, who holds the - Chank Shell in one of his four hands, and the antelope (moon) in - another. - - There is also an Indian painting of Devi, who appears holding a Chank - Shell, furnished on each side with a lateral lappit or wing: this - symbol he holds in one hand, and the wheel, the emblem of the - universe, in the other; and in a bronze of Vishnu, in the India House, - we find the Chank Shell ornamented in a similar manner. - - We have seen another indian painting, in which, not only the Chank - Shell is furnished on each side with alæ, or wings, but an expanded - flower of six petals is placed upon its pinnacle. This shell, if we - may judge from its outline, is of that kind which has the spire - depressed. Lord Valentia is in possession of a bronze cast, in which - Vishnu appears reclined upon his couch of serpents, attended by - _Lakshmi_ and _Satyavama_, (eternity) in which the shell is also - winged, and appears to be of that kind in which the beak is elongated - or produced; and if this conjecture be correct, it will appear that - the Hindoos venerate indiscriminately, and probably as the same shell, - each of those three varieties of Voluta Pyrum, which we have mentioned - in another part of this description. Our limits will only permit us to - observe that we believe we may add with some degree of certainty, that - the reversed shell, the more immediate object of our present - dissertation, may sometimes appear also: there is in the temple of - _Visweswara_, at Benares, a sculpture of Surya, the Indian - personification of the sun, seated in his chariot driven by Aruna, in - which the _Chank Shell_ held in his right hand appears to have the - aperture on the left side instead of the right, as in the usual growth - of the shell. If this be not an oversight of the copyist (_Mr. Moor_) - the circumstance deserves peculiar notice. - -Footnote 16: - - Vide Catalogue _Lev. Mus._ “Last day, July 12th, 1806, lot 77. _The - reversed variety of the High Spired Turnip, from Madagascar_, - extremely rare. £7. 7s.” p. 15. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _22_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Nov.^r 1. 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXII. - - VOLUTA PYRUM - PEAR VOLUTE. - - _Back View._ - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse: pillar twisted or -plaited, generally without lips or perforation. - - **** FUSIFORM. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell obovate and slightly tailed with striated whorls on the spire: tip -produced and glabrous: pillar with three plaits. - -VOLUTA PYRUM: testa obovata subcaudata spiræ anfractibus striatis; apice - producto glaberrimo, columella triplicata.—_Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. - 1. p. 6. 3463. 102._ - - * * * * * - -In the preceding plate (plate 21) we have introduced to the attention of -our readers a figure of that truly interesting rarity the reversed -Voluta Pyrum, or Pear Volute, or as it is better known in the familiar -language of the English collectors by the appellation of the High spired -Turnip Shell. The figure there delineated exhibits a frontal view of -this shell, in which the characteristic aperture of the mouth is -displayed to advantage. And in order that nothing on our part may be -wanting to complete our observations on this very valuable curiosity, we -have been induced to insert in the present instance, a back or posterior -view of the same shell. - -We have already entered so fully into the history of this shell in the -description of the former plate, as to render it, we may presume, -superfluous to dwell upon this subject further in the present instance. -Our figure of the reversed shell, as in the former plate, is accompanied -by a posterior view of a shell of the usual growth, (covered with its -natural epidermis) and by the assistance of this figure, the contrary -direction of the spiral wreath in the reversed shell becomes at once too -obviously striking to escape attention. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _23_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall Nov.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXIII. - - TANAGRA TRICOLOR - TRICOLOURED TANAGER var β. - - PASSERES. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill conic, pointed, notched, nearly triangular at the base, a little -inclining at the tip. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shining green, beneath yellowish green; wing coverts violet: frontlet -and upper part of the back black. - -_Var_ β. Crown and chin violet: neck, and sometimes rump, orange. - -TANAGRA TRICOLOR: viridis splendens, subtus viridi-flavescens, - tectricibus alarum violaceis, capirostro dorsoque superiore - nigris uropygio fulvo. _Lath. Ind. Orn. 428. 29._ - -TANAGRA TRICOLOR β. Tangara cayanensis varia cyanocephalos. _Briss. Sup. - p. 62. t. 4. f. 2._ - -TANAGRA TRICOLOR: viridis, capite, mento, jugulo et pectore pallide - thalassinis capistro nigro, cervice collique lateribus - viridi-aureis, gulæ macula magna dorsoque nigris, pectoris - fascia cærulea, abdomine crissoque ex flavicante viridibus. - _Gmel. T. 1. p. 2. 891._ - -TANGARA varié à tête verte de Cayenne.—_Buff. Pl. Enl. n. 33. f. 1._ - -β TANGARA varié à tête bleue de Cayenne.—_Buff. Pl. Enl. n. 33. f. 2._ - - * * * * * - -The history of this splendid species of Tanager is unknown to -Naturalists: we are aware only, that independently of the varieties -arising from its different states of plumage, there are two pretty -distinct and accurately defined varieties, one of which has the head of -a fine green, the other of a rich blue. Some authors consider these two -birds as specifically different, while others are as well assured they -are the same. Dr. Latham observes that these birds are, without doubt, -the same, differing only in sex, but which of them is the male is not -ascertained. Some of the French writers, among whom is Vieillot, express -a different opinion, for they assure us neither the female or the young -are known, and they further add, that in the Brazils this bird is -common, while in Guiana it is rare. Vieillot once regarded them as -distinct species, but has subsequently described them as the same. Both -birds, according to Dr. Latham, are from Cayenne; we have seen both -kinds from the Brazils. - -The size of this bird is that of the house sparrow: the rump is usually -green, but in the blue headed variety, is sometimes flavous, more or -less inclined to orange. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _24_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Nov.^r 1 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XXIV. - - PAPILIO THERSITES - THERSITES BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings tailed and yellow: border black: lower ones with yellow lunules. - -PAPILIO THERSITES: alis caudatis flavis: limbo nigro, posticis lunulis - flavis. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 88._ - -We may venture to affirm, with every degree of certainty, that there is -no figure of this very beautiful species, extant, in the work of any -previous author. Fabricius described it as a new species, under the name -of Papilio Thersites; his description refers to a specimen in the -cabinet of Dr. Hunter, but he has omitted to insert his usual reference -to the drawings of Mr. Jones, among which that specimen was delineated, -and from which we are well aware the Fabrician description of the -species is derived. It is from those drawings, also, that we have been -enabled to determine the species with perfect accuracy. - -The magnitude of this Papilio renders it an object of peculiar interest; -it is one of the most conspicuous insects of its tribe, and in point of -elegance cannot assuredly be considered inferior to any of its numerous -species. In the plate accompanying this description, the Papilio is -represented in its natural size: the whole disk is of a fine yellow -colour, with a deep black border: the posterior wings are marked with a -series of yellow lunules, and another of brilliant blue spots, composed -of little shining dots, of which the brightest are in the centre. -Beneath, the breast, abdomen, and wings, are yellow: margin of the -anterior pair black with a yellow streak, and a black streak of spots on -the lower pair. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _25_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs, by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall, Dec.^r 1 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXV. - - TROCHILUS ORNATUS - TUFTED-NECK HUMMING BIRD. - - ORDER - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill subulate or awl-shaped; filiform, tubular at the tip, longer than -the head: upper mandible forming a sheath for the lower. Tongue -filiform, the two threads coalescing and tubular: feet formed for -walking: tail composed of ten feathers in general. - - ** Bill straight. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Golden green, beneath glossy brown, crest rufous; and on each side, -below the ears, a tuft of elongated rufous feathers with a green spot at -the tip of each. - -TROCHILUS ORNATUS: viridi aureus, subtus-nitente fuscus crista rufo: - infra aures utrinque pennis elongatis rufis apice macula viridi. - -TROCHILUS ORNATUS: viridi-aureus, subtus nitente-fuscus, fascia uropygio - alba, crista (in mare) verticis et fasciculo pennarum infra - aures utrinque rufo.—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 497. n. - 58._ - -TROCHILUS ORNATUS: viridi-aureus subtus fusco-aureus, crista rufa - abdomine infimo vittaque transversa uropygii albis, infra aures - utrinque pennis 6 s. 7 elongatis rufis apice macula - viridi.—_Lath. Ind. Orn. 318. 58._ - -Hupecol _Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. p. 18._ - -Oiseau Mouche, dit Hupecol de Cayenne.—_Buff. Pl. enl. n. 640. f. 3._ - -TUFTED-NECKED HUMMING BIRD.—_Lath. Gen. Syn. 2 p. 784. 55._ - - * * * * * - -The Tufted-Neck Humming Bird described by Buffon under the name of -_l’Oiseau-Mouche de Cayenne_, _Le Hupecol de Cayenne_, differs in no -respect that we perceive from the bird before us; and for this reason we -can have no hesitation in considering it as an individual of the same -species. Our specimen is not from Cayenne, it was brought from New -Zealand, and was one among the number of those rarieties collected in -that island by the celebrated Navigator Captain Cook, in his first -voyage round the world: that in which he was accompanied by Sir Joseph -Banks, and Dr. Solander. The New Zealand specimen, though it nearly -accords with the bird described by Buffon under the name of Hupecol de -Cayenne, does not entirely agree with the description given of that -species by Dr. Latham: it differs in wanting the white band on the rump, -and the patch or space of the same colour on the lower region of the -belly. Buffon speaks of such a characteristic mark of white on the rump, -but not the abdomen of the Cayenne kind.[17] And it is not unlikely that -these appearances may be indications only of a change in plumage, as the -same circumstance is not unfrequently observed in many other birds at -particular seasons, or in certain states of moulting. Dr. Latham himself -observes that in the female these marks, instead of being white, incline -to rufous, and this, no doubt, in the adult bird. There is certainly no -appearance of white either upon the rump or region of the belly in the -bird before us; and this example bears every appearance of having -arrived at its full maturity of plumage. Perhaps the bird from Cayenne -having a white band on the rump and abdomen, may be, however, if not a -distinct variety, the more mature bird of the same species as that met -with by our circumnavigators at New Zealand. - -There are species of this tribe more brilliant in colour and more richly -varied in the disposition of those colours, but assuredly none more -singular or pleasing in general aspect than the bird before us. In point -of size the Tufted Humming Bird is one of the smallest species of its -family, scarcely exceeding in that respect the figure delineated in the -plate, for its total length is not above three inches, and its bulk -proportionate. The head and upper part of the body, and also the wings -above, are green with a golden lustre; the tail greenish, changeable to -testaceous golden brown, and having the inner webs rufous. The throat is -of a fine green colour, variable in different lights to a golden hue -with a yellow or a brown metallic lustre, and below that the whole of -the belly is a rich brown glossed with green and golden. On the head of -the male bird is a crest of pointed feathers of an orange or testaceous -brown colour, and on each side of the neck a tuft composed of elongated -feathers, differing in length, and having the tips of a dark but -brilliant green. These feathers the little creature has the power of -raising or depressing at pleasure: when these are displayed in full -array on each side of the green patch on the front of the neck, and the -crest stands erect, which is invariably the case when the bird is -offended or surprised, the appearance of this bird is altogether -remarkable. The female has neither the ruff on the neck nor the crest, -and its colours are in general more obscure than in the male. The bill -is of a moderate length and straight, the legs very short and the feet -diminutive.[18] - -In the annexed plate this elegant little bird is seen perched upon a -tuft of the - - JACQUINIA AURANTIA, THE AUSTRALASIAN - ORANGE JACQUINIA, - -in blossom; a plant that inhabits the New Holland and New Zealand, and -which flowered in the month of July in the present year, at Kew. - ------ - -Footnote 17: - - “Le dessus du corps est d’un vert-sombre, qui jette quelques reflets - dorés: les parties inférieures ne présentent que des couleurs - rembrunies.” _Buffon_ - -Footnote 18: - - A New Zealand specimen of this rare bird, lot 6286, sold for the sum - of £2 10s. in the Leverian sale. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _26_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall Dec.^r 1, 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXVI. - - TURBO SCALARIS - WENTLETRAP. - - ORDER - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - - Shell spiral, solid: aperture contracted, obicular, entire. - * _Umbilicate, or Perforated._ - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - - Shell conic, pale fulvous with white ribs, whorls distant. - -TURBO SCALARIS: testa conica, pallide fulva costis albis anfractibus - distantibus. - -TURBO SCALARIS: testa cancellata conica: anfractibus distantibus.—Linn. - _Syst. Nat. 10 p. 764. n. 548._—_Mus. Lud. Ulr. 658. n. - 351._—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. 3603. n. 62._ - -SCALARIA PRETIOSA: testâ conicâ, umbilicatâ inspiram laxam contortâ, - pallidè fulva; costis albis; anfractibus disjunctis, lævibus: - ultimo ventricoso.—_Lamarck Anim. sans. vertebr. 6. p. 2. 226. - 1._ - -Wentletrap (scalaris).—_Rumpf. mus. t. 49. fig. A._—_Argenville Conch. - pl. 11. fig. V._—_Gualt. tab. 10. fig. 2. 7._ - - * * * * * - -The Wentletrap is one of those extraordinary productions of the shell -tribe that has been regarded with unabated admiration among -Conchologists from the days of Petiver and Rumpfius, the earliest of the -more recent race of Naturalists, down to the period in which we live. -And, although it does not at this time bear a price so very great as -that which it bore some years ago, it is yet considered as a shell of no -mean value when it is large and in fine perfection: even those of a -smaller size, when in good condition, are esteemed of value, at least in -some proportion to those more estimable for their perfection. - -The rarity of this choice and very curious shell arises from various -causes. In the Chinese seas, which it chiefly inhabits, the species is -very rare; it sometimes occurs upon the coasts of Coromandel, but -sparingly, and in the other seas upon the coasts of India it is believed -to be still more uncommon. These shells are, moreover, so very brittle -that they seldom occur perfect, and more especially the larger ones, -which in almost every instance is abbreviated or imperfect at the point -or apex. And, it may be also added that like _Voluta Pyrum_, the _Sacred -Chank Shell_, of which an explanation was given in a former plate, the -Wentletrap is one of the sacred shells of the worshippers of Brahma, and -consequently when found in fine condition, is sure to obtain a -considerable price among the opulent devotees of that doctrine, the -prevailing worship of the many millions of inhabitants that people -India, China, and other vast regions of the continent of Asia. In China, -shells of this kind, of a moderate size, are valued at from four to -five, or even ten dollars a piece, those are shells of about an inch and -a quarter in length, and such as exceed that size are considered in -proportion valuable. In England a fine specimen about the same size last -mentioned would be estimated in worth at little less than five guineas. -The celebrated Wentletrap of the Leverian Museum was about two inches -long, but as it exhibited little freshness of colour, it produced only -eleven pounds. Since that period another specimen, a trifle larger, and -with the same bleached or depauperated appearance in its tints of -colour, was sold at the public hammer for twenty seven pounds. This is -the highest price we have seen paid for a specimen of this curious -shell: we have heard of fifty guineas being given by one collector for a -shell of this kind. Considerable as this price may be deemed, it appears -to have been exceeded in one, if not more instances, upon the continent. -Denys de Montfort, speaking, as it may be presumed, of the low countries -and France, informs us, that he has seen it sell, when the height or -length has exceeded two inches, at two thousand four hundred livres, or -one hundred Louis. It will be observed that he is alluding to shells -about the same size as that delineated in the annexed plate, the outline -of which is from the Leverian specimen; the colouring amended from a -smaller but more recent shell. - -These shells are of such a tender nature, and their colours so -evanescent or so feebly fixed, that they almost constantly present a -mutilated and bleached appearance. This is not, however, uniformly the -case; we have very recently had an opportunity of inspecting several -specimens of a moderate size, that were brought from China, and from -these we perceive that the Wentletrap, when in fine order, is of a pale -testaceous or rather fulvous hue; and inclining sometimes to yellowish. -In some few specimens the ground colour of the shell, instead of being -uniform, appears sprinkled with pallid spots and dots of a rounded form. -Sometimes we are assured the colour inclines to rufous, or a reddish -tint. Lamarck has this shell of a pale fulvous colour, with the ribs as -usual, white, for he adopts this as part of the leading character of the -species; his expression is “_pallide fulva_; _costis albis_.” - -The animal inhabitant of this shell has the head armed with two feelers, -each ending in a setaceous thread or hair: the eye is placed upon the -tentacula at the base of this thread or hair, and it has also a kind of -trunk at the mouth, by means of which it searches for its food amongst -the sand and weeds. It is supposed to be of a carnivorous nature, -subsisting on other marine worms. It is considered rather as a littoral -species, frequenting the little sandy bays and creeks among the breakers -upon the lower parts of the sea shore, and is to be sought for with the -most probability of success among the sea weeds or fuci that grow in the -pools of water lying in these sunken rocks, because in such situations -it is most likely to find protection against the intrusion of the -boisterous element. Occasionally it is seen, though rarely, crawling on -the sands at low water. - -In a natural classification of the shell tribe, should we ever arrive at -an arrangement of Conchology, so perfect as to deserve that epithet, it -would be a task of some difficulty to fix the precise station of the -Wentletrap; for in the order of nature it presents anomalies which -cannot easily be reconciled, and few authors are agreed upon this -subject even in the artificial arrangements which they have been induced -to adopt. Thus Rumpfius makes it a _Buccinum_, Davila a _Tuyau_, -Argenville places it as a _Terebra_ (vis) and De Montfort Scalarus. In -the Encyclopædia it is denominated Scalaria Pretiosa, and this name -Lamarck retains. - -The name of Wentletrap, by which this shell is now so well known, is -derived from the Dutch Language, and signifies according to the -technical phraseology of the Dutch architects in building, a winding -stair case, or flight of stairs turning spirally round a central column, -into which one end of every step is mortised as they ascend from the -base upwards. The term Wentletrap, Wenteltrap, or as the Dutch sometimes -call it, Wendeltrap,[19] is the name given by Rumpfius the Hollander to -this shell, as a synonymous name with his latin term _Scalare_. It is an -allusion, somewhat fanciful we must allow, to the disposition of the -costal ridges upon this shell, and which when viewed laterally as they -traverse or pass over the upper convexity of the whorls on each side, -have the appearance of a flight of steps turning spirally round the body -of the shell, just as a winding staircase would be carried spirally -round a cone or sub-cylindrical body. The singularity of this species -(for it is not a peculiarity or character even of the new genus Scalaria -as established by Lamarck and Cuvier) consists in having the whole whorl -of the shell, from the mouth to the summit, entirely unconnected, while -in spiral shells the suture of the whorls is united throughout. The tube -is perfectly detached from the mouth to the apex, and the whorls linked -together only by means of the longitudinal ribs which traverse the tube -at regular intervals, so that the only connexion of the whorls is at the -junction of those ribs, which touching each other unite at that part -which in regular spiral shells that have the whorls united, would be -denominated the suture of the whorls. - -Considering the very zealous propensity of some French Naturalists of -the present day, and of their admirers in England, to create new genera -upon every slight occasion, it becomes a matter of some astonishment -that a character so very obvious as the disjunction of the tube from the -aperture to the very summit should not have laid the foundation of a new -genus, for the reception of this shell. Lamarck, however, places it at -the head of his _Scalaires_, and one of the next species in succession -is his _Scalaria Communis_, a shell perfectly well known by every -Naturalist throughout Europe for nearly a century past under the name of -_Turbo Clathratus_.[20] Nor is Lamarck singular in this very anomalous -consolidation of shells so distant in this respect from each other; for -Cuvier in his _Règne Animal_, after describing our present shell, the -Linnæan Turbo Scalaris, as one of his _Scalaires_, and informing us it -is distinguished by the whorls not touching each other, adds -particularly that there is another species which has not that -peculiarity, and that is the _Turbo Clathratus_. Nothing, however, can -be more certain than that from this very circumstance these two shells -are generically distinct from each other; Clathratus may be retained -with the Linnæan Turbines, but Scalaris has nearly, if not entirely as -much claim to the _Serpula_[21] as _Turbo_ genus; which cannot be said -of T. Clathratus. We shall for this reason allow the Wentletrap to -remain where Linnæus has placed it, namely, among the Turbines; not -perhaps without some hesitation, but if we did remove it, we should -certainly prefer the institution of new genus for its reception, instead -of wandering from one anomaly to another, as we must perceive would be -the case in the present instance by following the example of Lamarck and -Cuvier. - -It may be lastly observed that the progressive growth of this -extraordinary rarity may be determined by the greater number of the -longitudinal ribs that pass over and surround the tube of the whorls, -for at each increase the animal forms a new mouth to its shell: the new -mouth as it is protruded and formed, appears like the former ones, -entirely surrounded by a rim or ring, and it is these rings of the -mouths as they are formed in succession, that constitute the ribs which -appear to traverse the shell as it is increased in length, and -consequently in the number of its rings. Shells of a large size exhibit -sometimes as many as fifty or sixty of such rings surrounding the tube -or spire at regular intervals. - ------ - -Footnote 19: - - _Wenteltrap_, _Wendeltrap_, Rondom gaande trap, met een spil daar al - de trappen in schroeven. _Marin._ - -Footnote 20: - - _Vide_ Donovan’s British Shells, Vol. I. plate 28. - -Footnote 21: - - _Serpula_ Linn. _Vermicularus De Montf. Vermet_ Adanson. The animal of - the Serpulæ, it may be added further, does not differ, according to - Cuvier, from those of the Linnæan Genus Turbo, and consequently not - from Scalaria of Lamarck and Cuvier, as must be concluded from their - admission of Turbo Clathratus among the number of its species, in an - arrangement founded on the organization of the animal, as well as its - testaceous habitation. Cuvier himself observes that the animal of the - Vermet, and also the opening (of the shell) resemble those of the - Turbo, but that the whorls do not touch, and are in part irregularly - curved like the tubes of the Serpulas.—_Règne Animal T. 2. 419._ And - his classification further shews the analogy of these tribes of - shells, since the animal of the Linnæan _Turbo_, the _Vermets_ of - Adanson, and _Scalaria_ of Lamarck, are all of the same family, the - _Gastéropodas Pectinibranches_ of Cuvier. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _27_ - - _London. Published as the Act directs by E. - Donovan & Mess.^{rs} Simpkin & Marshall Dec.^r 1 1822._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XXVII. - - - FIGURE I. - - PAPILIO ZACYNTHUS - ZACYNTHUS’S BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES TROJANI.—_Fabr._ - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented, black: a spot on the anterior pair green and white: and -one on the posterior wings palmated and sanguineous. - -PAPILIO ZACYNTHUS: alis dentatis nigris: anticis macula viridi alba, - posticis palmata sanguinea.—_Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. p. 15. - n. 46._ - -PAPILIO ZACYNTHUS.—_Jon. fig. pict. 1 tab. 22._ - - * * * * * - -It cannot fail to prove satisfactory to the Naturalist to be informed -that we have the same sanction for presenting the annexed figure as that -of the true PAPILIO ZACYNTHUS of _Fabricius_, as that to which we have -several times adverted upon other similar occasions in the progress of -the present publication, namely the hand-writing of that celebrated -Entomologist, inscribed upon the original drawings of Mr. Jones. This is -indeed a circumstance to which we cannot advert too frequently in our -references, since it is upon that authority alone that we are now -enabled to determine with any degree of precision nearly the whole of -those new species of Papiliones, the existence of which has been made -known throughout Europe by the classic writings of that author, but of -which no other evidence is now extant; for most of the collections -existing at the time Fabricius was in England, and to which he refers, -have been long since dispersed, and but for the care of the late Mr. -Jones of Chelsea, who had preserved these invaluable authorities to the -scientific world, the labours even of Fabricius in this department had -become comparatively of very little value. - -Papilio Zacynthus is a species of the first family of Papiliones, the -Equites Trojani. It has much the habit of Papilio Æneas, a well known -insect, described by Linnæus, and which is figured by Roesel, Seba, -Jablonsky, and some other authors; but upon an attentive comparison it -will be found to be very different. Its great similarity renders it of -more importance to point out precisely the difference that prevails -between them, and this the present figure it is presumed will render -distinctly obvious. - -In the species P. Zacanthus the wings are black: in the middle of the -first pair is a large spot composed of two distinct colours, the -anterior part being white, the posterior green, but on the underside the -spot appears entirely white. Papilio Æneas has also a spot of green upon -the anterior wings but without any portion of white. Papilio Æneas is a -native of India, Papilio Zacynthus is from the Brasils. - - - FIGURE II. - - PAPILIO DIMAS - DIMAS’S BUTTERFLY. - - ORDER - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES TROJANI.—_Fabr._ - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented: above and beneath black: on the anterior pair, a white -spot divided by veins: on the posterior pair a palmate sanguineous spot. - -PAPILIO DIMAS: alis dentatis concoloribus nigris anticis macula alba - venis divisa, posticis sanguinea palmata.—_Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. - 3. p. 1. p. 16. n. 47._ - -PAPILIO DIMAS—_Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 23._ - - * * * * * - -This, like the preceding, is a species we have been enabled to determine -from the Fabrician MS. and the drawings of Mr. Jones. Fabricius, it -appears, was not entirely decided in his mind whether the two Papiliones -figured by Cramer, plate 29 fig. E, under the name of Hyppason, and that -in the same plate, fig. F, named Euristeus, ought in reality to be -considered as appertaining to this species; and preferring the name of -Dimas which had been previously given to it by Mr. Jones, he has -described it under that name, allowing the references to Cramer, above -quoted, to remain as synonyms. The Naturalist may rely with implicit -confidence upon its being the Papilio Dimas of Jones and Fabricius. - -This is rather larger than the former, the general colour black: on the -anterior wings, in the middle, is a large white spot, so situated upon -the junction of the ribs that they pass distinctly through it and give -the appearance of a spot cleft at the sutures. The sanguineous palmate -spot on the posterior wings is six cleft: and besides this there is a -small spot of red upon the scollops, between the dentations at the -margin of the posterior wings. The colours and spots appear beneath as -above, but only paler. - -Papilio Dimas is a native of Brazil, and bears a near affinity to -Papilio Anchises. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _28_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan, & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, Jan. 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXVIII. - - MALLEUS MACULATUS - SPOTTED HAMMER SHELL, OR HOUND’S TONGUE. - - * BIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell subquivalve, rough, deformed, generally lengthened and lobed or -hammer-shaped: beaks small and divergent. Hinge without teeth, a -lengthened conic hollow situated under the beaks and traversing -obliquely the facet of the ligament. A lateral slope or groove at the -side of the ligament for the passage of the byssus or beard with which -the animal is furnished. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -Shell curved, with a single somewhat straight abbreviated lobe at the -base: reddish yellow, clouded, spotted and dotted with fuscous. - -MALLEUS MACULATUS: testa arcuata, lobo basis unico sub-recta abbreviato - flavo-rufescente fusco nebulosa maculata punctisque. - - * * * * * - -The singular object now before us, a shell no less remarkable for the -peculiarity of its form than rarity of occurrence, is one of the most -choice productions of the seas surrounding the Friendly Isles. The -discovery of this shell, like that of many others, resulted from the -assiduities of that eminent Naturalist and promoter of scientific -knowledge, the late Sir Joseph Banks, and of Dr. Solander, who -accompanied him in that memorable voyage of Captain Cook to the Southern -Hemisphere, in which the Friendly Isles were discovered. The fine -example of this shell, in particular, from which the drawing in our -plate is taken, it may be also added, was one of those which were -brought to this country by Captain Cook upon the return of the -expedition, and which being shortly after presented to Sir Ashton Lever, -remained in the Museum of that distinguished amateur from that period to -the time of its dissolution in the year 1806. - -When we consider the very remote situation of those islands, so distant -from the usual track of all navigators, we cannot be surprised, -admitting the species to be local in those seas, to find it has remained -a very rare shell from the period of its discovery to the present time. -In the course of many years only a few specimens have occurred to our -observation, and while it has remained scarce with us, it appears to -have been still more uncommon in the continental cabinets: very few of -which, if we are informed correctly, were lately in possession of it. - -The first difficulty that arises in the mind of the naturalist upon the -inspection of this shell results from the ambiguity of its generical -peculiarities: we pause to consider where it should be placed. Linnæus, -to whom, as it will be observed, the present shell was totally unknown, -arranged the Hammer Shell, its nearest approximation, among the Ostreæ. -The Hammer Shell, or as it is more usually denominated the Hammer Oyster -Shell, had been discovered before the time of Linnæus; it had appeared -in the work of Rumpfius, Seba, Gualtieri and Argenville, and the shell -had been examined and described by him in the Museum of Ulrica, Queen of -Sweden, under the name of Ostrea Malleus. That the hinge accords in some -degree with that of the Ostreæ generally must be admitted, at the same -time that it possesses other characters less easily reconciled to that -genus, unless we embrace the Linnæan genus in all its latitude, and to -this the conchologist of the present day cannot accede, at least without -some little difficulties. - -The conformation of this shell is very striking, and yet we perceive -that its essential characteristics are less definitive than could be -wished; there are several approximations in the general figure to be -found among shells which nevertheless possess characters generically -distinct. For many years this shell was known in this country under the -name of “_Margaritifera maculata_,” and the trivial English appellation -of the “_Spotted Hound’s Tongue_:” it appeared under those names in the -Conchological Museum of M. de Calonne, while it remained in England, and -in the catalogue of that museum, which is still extant, it will be found -under those names. The epithet of Hound’s Tongue is not inaptly applied -to this shell, in allusion to the elongated form. The term Margaritifera -does not refer to the form, but to the pearly gloss that appears upon -the surface of the dark blue space lying within the shell, immediately -below the hinge, and extending from thence about one fourth part of its -whole length. This is the region in which the animal is attached by its -ligament to the valves of the shell; besides which, a gloss of pearly -hue is observed to pervade the whole of the inner surface, only that it -is most conspicuous in the darker disk of the shell. As a secondary -character this pearliness is very remarkable in the shell before us, at -the same time that as a generical denomination the term Margaritifera -assigned to it from this circumstance alone is liable to objection; -because, the same pearliness prevails in many shells which have no -relation whatever with the present, either in the form or structure of -the hinge, and it is to these we must resort for its true essential -character. - -Lamarck constitutes many genera of the shells included in the Ostrea -genus of Linnæus. His Malléacées comprehend five genera, Crenatula, -Perna, Malleus, Avicula, and Meleagrina, all which are allied more or -less remotely to the shell before us. To that particular family which is -known among collectors by the designation of Hammer Oysters, he gives -the name of Malleus, in the French Marteau, both alike implying the -hammer like form of the species Malleus, which Lamarck assumes as the -type of this genus. But even there after all the renovation that has -been attempted, the result is not satisfactory, because this figure is -by no means constant, even in the few species included by its author in -that genus; it contains but six species, and these are entirely at -variance with each other. Thus for example, in Malleus Vulgaris, the -common Hammer Shell, we have a species with three lobes, a lateral one -of considerable size being advanced on each side the beaks: and another -shell of the same species with only short lateral lobes instead of large -ones. Admitting the hammer form to be still preserved in these, in the -next species, Malleus Normalis, instead of two lobes, the hammer head, -if it may be so expressed, has but a single lobe: in Malleus Anatinus -there is only one lobe, and that very small; and in Malleus Vulsellatus, -although characterised as “_lobo oblique porrecto_,” the appearance of -the shell implies rather the total absence of any lobe, for the lobe, if -so it may be termed, is so indefinite, that it cannot be referred -without violence to the genus Marteau, while we consider its hammer like -form as a leading character of the genus. With exception to this -inconstant character which may be qualified with the expression -“deformed and generally hammer shaped,” we have no objection to the -Malleus genus, because the byssus of the animal by means of which it can -affix itself to other bodies, and the peculiar sinus or sulcation of the -hinge through which the byssus passes from the animal to those -extraneous bodies, are sufficient to remove it from the Ostrea genus, in -which case if we still adhere to the Linnæan method we can place it only -among his Mytili or Pinnæ, and it has certainly less affinity with -either of those than with Ostrea. Perhaps the name of Perna under which -this shell has been mentioned a few years ago might have been as well -preserved, but that name Lamarck assigns to an extensive genus of which -Ostrea Isognomum is the type, and it is therefore better to retain the -name Malleus than to alter it to another which could not fail at this -time to create confusion. The same consequence would as unquestionably -result were we to sub-divide the Malléacées into different genera -according to the configuration of the shell or number of its lateral -lobes. - -The definition of Malleus in the _Règne Animal_ of Cuvier appears to -intimate the same objection; it does not consider the hammer like form -of the shell as any criterion, it is only stated that the Marteaux are -inequivalve and irregular, that they have a simple hollow for the -ligament as in the oysters, but that they are distinguished by a slope -at the side of the ligament for the passage of the byssus. - -It is assuredly true that the presence of a byssus in this tribe of -shells displaces them from any immediate analogy with the Ostrea, where -as Cuvier remarks “Linnæus left them.” But, if however, we attentively -examine the hinge of the common oyster, the two valves, and the oyster -as it lies within the valves, we shall perceive with this exception a -pretty near approximation. The great objection is, that the animal of -the tribe of shells now before us protrudes a byssus from its body -through a lateral opening on one side or slope of the ligament of the -hinge; if we closely inspect the valves of the oyster, we also find a -slight depression or hollow upon each side of the cartilage of the -hinge; these are small, and usually somewhat lamellar. The oyster, -moreover, as it lies in the shell, seems capable of expanding or -spreading that part of the body which lies under the hinge laterally -upon and into these depressions, a circumstance very easily observed in -the half famished oyster, because these lateral expansions of the animal -are then more visibly elongated along the passage of these lateral -grooves of the hinge, and give the pointed end of the animal a somewhat -cornuted appearance. Under the same circumstance these processes adhere -as they lie in the hollow of these grooves, and thus suggests the idea -of the animal having exerted itself by such extension to obtain -refreshment through these lateral hollows. Those hollows are also so far -pervious as to admit the ingress of moisture while the shells are -closed, in the same manner as it is possible the Malleus genus may -receive moisture under the same circumstance through the sinus, whence -the byssus is protruded. These peculiarities considered, may perhaps -afford some further justification of Linnæus in placing the hammer -shells with the Ostreæ. It has been indeed advanced that Linnæus was not -aware of these hammer shells being furnished with a byssus, or that he -would have referred them to the Mytili, but this observation cannot be -correct, because in the figure given of these shells by Seba, to which -Linnæus refers, the byssus, which is very conspicuous, is represented -pendent or hanging to a considerable length out of the shell. - -From an attentive examination of the different Conchological authors, it -does not appear to us that the shell before us has hitherto been -figured, and we have reason also to believe that it has never been -described. These circumstances are the more probable since, as we have -before observed, the shell is at this time very little known among the -Continental Cabinets. The nearest approach, so far as we can judge from -the description, unassisted by any figure, is the Marteau Normal -(Malleus Normalis) of Lamarck, a species defined by him as _testa -biloba_; _lobo basis unico anticali ad normam_, our shell is certainly -bilobate, for it has only one lateral lobe at the beak, and that -moreover advances from the beak, pretty nearly, though not exactly, in a -right line; but its general description does not sufficiently accord -with our shell to authorise as a conclusion that they are the same. -Lamarck informs us that there are two varieties of his Malleus Normalis, -one of which is a native of the ocean of the Great Indies, the other of -the seas of New Holland. The first, or Indian kind, he describes as -being on the inside as well as outside of a black colour, with a longish -lobe at the base of the shell.[22] The New Holland kind is described of -a whitish colour, with the lobe at the base abbreviated.[23] - -The two last-mentioned shells which Lamarck concludes to be varieties of -the same species, may perhaps prove hereafter to be species distinct -from each other, as Lamarck has himself shewn to be the case with -respect to the common black and the white hammer shells. The black -supposed variety of Malleus Normalis we apprehend to be distinct from -the shell before us, but it is possible that the New Holland shell which -he describes as being whitish, with the lobe at the base abbreviated, -may be a worn or much depauperated specimen of our present shell; it -certainly does not accord with our shell in any tolerable state of -preservation. - -Lamarck says nothing of any ruddiness or testaceous hues in his New -Holland variety of _Normalis_, and admitting these colours to indicate -that the shell had been found with its animal in a living state, we can -scarcely conceive the dark fuscous spotting which is so conspicuous in -the species could by any ordinary accident be so entirely obliterated as -appears to be the case in Lamarck’s specimen, if his New Holland variety -of Malleus Normalis be really of this species; and it may be further -added that if our present shell was actually intended by his Malleus -Normalis, the defects of his shell has necessarily influenced his -specific character and rendered it imperfect. - -We have not adverted to Malleus Anatinus of Chemnitz, because the figure -of that shell is ambiguous. There is a remote resemblance in the lateral -appendages of the beaks, but in other particulars the resemblance is -less obvious, the body is sometimes curved as in the shell before us and -sometimes straight, but the edges of the valves are parallel, and the -shell itself pellucid: the figure in Chemnitz is less than half the size -of our shell. This inhabits the seas of Timor and the Nicobar Islands. - -It should be observed in conclusion that there is a specimen of our -species among the Hammer Shells in the British Museum, the _habitat_ of -which is indicated by the word “Amboina:” it is much smaller than our -shell. Besides this we have lately seen another example from New -Holland, of a growth still larger than the shell we have delineated. - -We have entered thus minutely into the analogies of this shell from an -apprehension we might otherwise in this instance submit as a new species -an object that had been previously described. The result of our enquiry -will tend to shew that if the species has not remained entirely -unnoticed, it has never been described with much precision. - ------ - -Footnote 22: - - Testa extus intusque nigra: lobo basis longiusculo. _Animaux sans - vertèbres. T. 6. p. 145._ - -Footnote 23: - - Var. testâ albidâ; lobo basis abbreviato. _Ibid._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _29_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, Jan.^y 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XXIX. - - PAPILIO TROS - TROS’S BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - * EQUITES TROJANI. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings indented, tailed, above and beneath black; on the anterior wings -an abbreviated white band: posterior ones with sanguineous spots. - -PAPILIO TROS: alis dentato caudatis concoloribus nigris: anticis fascia - abbreviata alba, posticis sanguinea maculari. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. - T. 3. p. 1. 10. 30._ - - _Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 23._ - - * * * * * - -The tribe of Butterflies to which the Papilio now before us appertains, -includes many of the larger and more interesting species of the -Papiliones known. This tribe, as its designation implies, has been -dedicated by Entomologists to the memory of the more distinguished -worthies of the Trojan race, and above others to preserve the memory of -those heroes whose exploits in the defence of that rich and potent -station of the ancient world, the town of Troy, has been commemorated in -the Iliad by the immortal Homer. Our present species refers indeed to a -Trojan of an earlier period; it is named after Tros, the founder of the -Trojan name. Tros was the fifth king of the Trojan dynasty, from its -first establishment in the person of Scamander, and the last but three; -the destruction of Troy being accomplished under the reign of Priam. The -country before the time of Tros was called Dardania, from Dardanus, who -is usually stiled the first of the Trojan kings, though in Phrygia he -was preceded by Scamander and Teucer. Tros lived about fourteen hundred -years before the Christian Era, and reigned king of Troy for the space -of sixty years. It is in honour of this Trojan Monarch that Fabricius -has given the present insect the name of Papilio Tros. - -There are several Papiliones which bear a nearer or more distant -resemblance to this Papilio, a circumstance that will impose some -caution upon the Entomologist before he can venture to pronounce upon -the species with decision: its characters are nevertheless sufficiently -conspicuous, and when examined with due attention, enables us to -determine the species from its nearest approximations, in a clear and -satisfactory manner. The wings are dark above as well as beneath, the -deeper colouring prevailing, however, on the upper surface as well as -beneath; the anterior wings are marked with a broad abbreviated whitish -band, and the lower wings with a large sanguineous or blood red spot of -considerable magnitude. This sanguineous spot from lying in the disk of -the wing is traversed and divided by the black nerves of the wing in -such a manner as to appear in the form of six distinct oblong spots, -placed laterally to each other: these spots appear also on the lower -surface, in the same form as above, but the colour is rather paler. - -As there is no figure extant of this large and fine Papilio in the work -of any author, the delineation which we have the pleasure on this -occasion to submit before our readers will doubtlessly be viewed with -peculiar satisfaction. It need be only added that the species has been -definitively determined upon the authority of Mr. Jones’s collection of -original drawings, to which Fabricius so constantly refers, and that for -this reason its specific appellation may be implicitly upon by the -scientific Entomologist. - -This interesting Papilio is a native of Brazil. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _30_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan, & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall. Jan.^y 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXX. - - PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS - BLACK WINGED PARRAKEET. - - ORDER - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable and in general covered with a -cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue fleshy, -obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Pale green, back and wings black: secondary wing feathers yellow, at the -tip blue: tail purple with a black band. - -PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS: pallide viridis, dorso alisque nigris, remigibus - secundariis luteis apice cæruleis, rectricibus purpureis fascia - nigra.—_Lath. Ind. Orn. T. 1. p. 132. n. 152._ - -PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS: pallide viridis, dorso, tectricibus alarum, - caudæ fascia remigibusque primariis nigris, secundariis - flavescentibus cæruleo punctatis.—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. - p. 350. n. 132._ - -Perruche aux ailes variées.—_Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. p. 172._ - -Petite perruche de Batavia.—_Buff. Pl. enlum. n. 791. f. 1._ - -Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon.—_Sonner. it. p. 78. t. 41._ - -BLACK WINGED PARRAKEET.—_Brown Illus. t. 3._ - - * * * * * - -There are few beings of the feathered race more peculiarly distinguished -for the splendid gaiety and rich variety of colours with which their -plumage is adorned than the parrot race; for however they may differ in -size from the magnitude of a kite or hawk, to that of the comparative -diminutive thrush or sparrow, they are almost uniformly beautiful in -this particular, and exhibit a diversity that is scarcely found in any -other tribe. The species we have selected for our present representation -is one of the smaller kinds of the family distinguished by the name of -Parrakeets. Its total length is about six inches, its form robust or -bulky in proportion. - -The bill and legs of this bird are usually described as being dusky, in -our specimen the bill is rather pale, tinged with brown and greenish, -and the legs inclining to flesh colour. The general colour of the head -and neck is green, and the same colour prevails on the breast, belly, -and thighs. Upon the crown of the head the green assumes a blueish tint, -and on the neck appears enlivened with yellowish, the disk of a number -of the feathers being of a yellow colour, with the edges brown, so as to -present a kind of scolloped appearance. The back and wing coverts are -deep black, with a somewhat velvet aspect; the greater quill feathers -black. But one of the characters by which it is distinguished chiefly is -the remarkable band of yellow, and its contiguous parallel band of blue -by which the wings are traversed. This conspicuous band is formed by the -secondary quill feathers, which being of a fine yellow, with the ends a -lively blue, appear like two distinct bands, and from their gaiety of -colouring are admirably relieved by the deep sable hues of the wings and -back. In the bird before us the black colour of the back extends nearly -to the tail, the ends of the tail coverts only being green. The most -singular contrast in the appearance of its plumage arises from the very -different colour of the tail: this is of a pale carnation, glossed or -changeable to a delicate violet. The tail, with the exception of the two -middle feathers, is traversed near the tip with a single broad band of -black; the two middle feathers are of the same pale carnation colour as -the rest, but rather more inclined to blueish. - -The black winged Parrot is described as a native of Batavia and Luzonia. -Our specimen we are assured is from the Brazils. We have also very -lately had an opportunity of consulting an extensive series of drawings, -representing the principal Natural productions of Surinam, made by an -Englishman resident upon the spot, for his own amusement, and among -those drawings have met with one of the black winged Parrakeet. Upon -this authority we have no hesitation in pronouncing it to be a native of -Surinam; and indeed it seems to be so well known in that part of the -world that it is distinguished among the inhabitants by a peculiar name, -it is called by them _Ajàlàlero_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _31_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, Feb. 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXI. - - PAPILIO HIPPODAMIA - HIPPODAMIA’S BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - **** P. HELICONII. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings oblong and entire; anterior pair black, with three hyaline bands: -lower ones hyaline. - -PAPILIO HIPPODAMIA: alis oblongis integerrimis: anticis nigris: fasciis - tribus hyalinis, posticis hyalinis. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. - 1. 165. 509._ - - _Jon. pict. n. 149._ - - * * * * * - -The Papiliones of the _Heliconii_ tribe are named by Linnæus after the -nymphs of the fabulous and mythological history of the ancient classics; -an example that has been followed by Fabricius, and subsequently by -other writers. Thus the present interesting insect is dedicated to -commemorate among the votaries of science, the name of Hippodamia, a -nymph feigned by the poets to be the daughter of Oenomaiis, and who -according to the legends of classic lore, besides being much celebrated -for her beauty, was distinguished for her swiftness in the race; and at -length bestowed her fair hand in marriage upon Pelops, because in speed -he excelled her. - -This insect, which is of a moderate size, is of a light and elegant -structure. The wings are black, but the transparent spots occupy so much -space that the sable colouring does not appear predominant; it is less -prevalent in the posterior than the anterior wings, and yet less upon -the under surface than the upper. The form and disposition of these -transparent spots with which the dark colour of this fly is variegated, -are altogether characteristic, and deserve particular attention, because -there are other insects of the same tribe which pretty nearly resemble -it. From the middle of the anterior wing extends a transparent spot of a -very elongated heart shaped form, having the point directed to the -thorax, and a bar of black crossing it at the broader end, so as to give -it the appearance of two distinct spots; and beyond this is another -hyaline spot about the same size as the larger one of the two -transparent spaces of which the first-mentioned spot consists. The -posterior part of the wing is further marked with two bands of the same -transparent texture as the others, each consisting of three distinct -spots. The lower wings present a larger transparent space than the upper -wings, the whole disk being hyaline with only the posterior limb or -border opake, and of a black colour. The thorax and body is black. - -The hyaline spots as seen on the under side are of the same size and -form as they appear above, but the opake spaces instead of being -uniformly black as on the upper surface, are agreeably diversified with -rufous and geminous dots of white: these double white dots are situated -on the black border at the tips of the wings, three on that of the -anterior pair, and three on that of the posterior ones. - -From the very close analogy that prevails between this and several other -species of the same tribe, it would, no doubt, have been a matter of -considerable difficulty at this time to determine the Fabrician species -Papilio Hippodamia with precision, if we had not possessed the means of -reference to the Fabrician manuscripts, and the drawings in which it is -delineated; for it has remained to this period unfigured by any author. -It will be observed that Fabricius does not refer for this species to -the Collectanea of Mr. Jones, as in many other instances. The cause of -this omission will admit of a very easy explanation; Fabricius had seen -the insect in the first instance in the cabinet of M. Mauduit, at Paris, -to which he has referred. But subsequently when in England he found a -drawing of the insect in the collection of Mr. Jones, and inscribed the -name and character of the species upon the drawing, as it afterwards -appeared in his Entomologia Systematica; and it is upon this authority -that we are enabled to speak with certainty upon a species which, but -for this circumstance, would be now involved in ambiguity. The figures -in our plate are copied from the drawings of Mr. Jones, inscribed with -the hand-writing of Fabricius. - -At the time Fabricius described this species its _habitat_ was unknown: -we have lately met with it in a collection of Brasilian insects, and -entertain no doubt of its having been brought with the rest from that -part of the globe. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _32_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, Feb.^y 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXII. - - CYPRÆA AURORA - AURORA, MORNING-DAWN, - OR, - ORANGE COWRY. - - * UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end: aperture -effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell and -denticulated each side. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell ovate ventricose, and somewhat globose, orange without spots: -margin white: throat orange or sometimes rosy. - -CYPRÆA AURORA: ovato-ventricosa, subglobosa, aurantiâ immaculatâ: - margine alba, fauce aurantia vel incarnata. - -CYPRÆA AURANTIUM: testa subturbinata aurantia margine alba immaculata - fauce rutila. _Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. 3403. 121._ - -CYPRÆA AURORA: testa ovato-ventricosâ, turgidâ subglobosâ, aurantiâ, - immaculatâ; lateribus albis; fauce aurantiâ. _Lamarck T. 7. 382. - 14._ - - * * * * * - -Every Conchologist is aware of the existence of this superb shell: its -magnitude is considerable, and its colour too conspicuously distinct -from that of all other species of its genus to be passed over without -immediate observation. - -The Cypræa generally are a tribe of shells peculiarly striking: the most -common species possess an elegance of fervid colouring and politure that -never fail to recommend them to attention. But a few years only have -passed away, since the mantle decorations of the fire place in the -apartments of fashion, besides images and jars of china porcellain, -consisted of shells, among which the various kinds of Cowries were not -esteemed the least ornamental. And they are sometimes still seen in such -situations; while the grotesque statuary, the josses, and the dragons, -of China and Japan, in conformity with a better taste, have wholly -disappeared. - -The shells of the Cypræa, genus which are most familiar to the -generality of observers, are the spotted Cowries, and some others of -usual occurrence. There are others which from their rarity are less -extensively known, and among the number we may truly rank the species -which we have now before us, the Orange Cowry, or as it is sometimes -called, the “Morning Dawn.” The beauty of this shell, as well as -scarcity, has established its celebrity; the species is well known, but -few collections, excepting those of the more costly kind, possess the -shell. Its magnitude is considerable, for its size is nothing inferior -to that of the Spotted Cowry, which ranks in this respect the chief -species of its family, while the distinction of its colour from that of -all other shells of the Cypræa tribe at once attracts particular -attention. - -The colour of the back in this species is of a very fine orange, simple, -and unadorned with any marks or spots whatever. The tint of orange -varies in different shells from pale to darker, but whatever may be its -deviations in this respect, the tint of colour is constantly deepest -upon the back, and the transition as constantly becoming gradually paler -or more diluted as the colour descends upon the sides towards the -margin. This margin is rounded, projecting, and of a pure white, except -at the throat, as it is termed, where a tint of red or reddish prevails -to a small extent. The under surface of the shell is white, except at -the sides where the orange colour of the back descends, spreads, and -fades away into the white. The aperture of the shell is a longitudinal -opening down the middle as usual in the other kinds of Cowry; the -surrounding region of the shell is a pure white, but the edges of the -opening, both which are beset with numerous linear teeth, are of a fine -orange. - -For the discovery of this extremely beautiful shell, like many other -acquisitions of importance in the cabinet of the Conchologist, we stand -indebted to the assiduities of that eminent Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks, -and those who accompanied him in the celebrated voyage of Captain Cook -round the world. They observed it among the ornaments with which the -natives of Otaheite had decorated their dresses, which were composed of -feathers, and the barks of trees. To these garments they were attached -by means of a string passing through a hole perforated for the purpose -on one side of the shell. The natives were not so easily induced to part -with these shells as the other decorations of their clothing, -appreciating them at a much higher value. Our navigators were at first -led to imagine these shells to be inhabitants of the seas surrounding -Otaheite, in which particular they were at length undeceived by the -natives who informed them to the contrary: they said the shells were -found near an island at a great distance from Otaheite, and from the -direction of the spot toward which they pointed, it was conjectured they -meant the Fegee or Fidgi Islands, which are inhabited by the most -ferocious cannibals throughout those seas.[24] Our navigators were -therefore able only to procure such specimens as were attached to the -dresses of the natives, and these being almost constantly perforated for -the better convenience of fastening them on safely, at once explains the -reason of the Orange Cowry being so rarely met with undisfigured by such -perforation. - -The mention of this circumstance, which at this distant period can be -little known, is moreover of some importance, because as the shells were -really brought from Otaheite, it has been generally supposed to be a -native of that island, and has even sometimes been called the Otaheitan -Cowry. Gmelin, who records this shell under the name of Cypræa -Aurantium, speaks of it as a native of the Friendly Isles, “habitat ad -insulas amicas,” resting his authority, we apprehend, upon the -Conchology of Martyn, and which though published shortly after the -return of Captain Cook, could not be so well informed upon the subject -as the venerable friend who assured us it is neither a native of -Otaheite, nor the Friendly Islands. Lamarck has subsequently observed -that the species inhabits the seas of the Friendly Islands as well as -those of Otaheite, and also of New Zealand. Upon what authority the -_localities_ have been increased to this extent is not stated. We have -understood from very good authority that researches have been made -repeatedly of late years by our navigators to discover the shells in -those seas, and without effect; and this fact appears to be confirmed -from the increasing value and importance attached to the species. We are -indeed not entirely certain that any of these shells have ever been -procured, except as before observed from among the natives of Otaheite, -and the value of the shell has progressively advanced in consequence -from four, or five, to ten pounds. A specimen in the collection of Mrs. -Angus sold about three years ago in London for twenty guineas; thirty -guineas have been in vain offered for another specimen within the last -two or three years, and a collector at this period in London is in -possession of another which it is understood cost him very lately fifty -guineas. These circumstances, if we mistake not, conspire to prove, that -the Orange Cowry is a far more local species than might be inferred from -the observation of Lamarck. - -Besides the name of Otaheitan Cowry, this shell has been also called the -“Orange Cowry,” and the “Morning Dawn,” in reference to the latin -“Cypræa Aurantium,” and “Aurora,” by both which it had been at different -times distinguished. That of Aurantium alludes only to the prevailing -orange colour of the shell, and has been given to it by Gmelin after -Martyn. There is something more poetically elegant, and perhaps no less -appropriate in the trivial name Aurora, which Lamarck adopts: we may in -truth compare its beauteous fulvous hues fading into white with -inexpressive softness, to the warm glowing tints and fainter blushes of -an opening morning sky in summer. We have also adopted this name as well -as Lamarck, for its peculiar elegance, in preference to that of -Aurantium. - -The origin of the epithet “Aurora,” bestowed upon this shell has -probably long since been forgotten; it arose from one of those fugitive -events not likely to be recorded excepting only in the recollection of -collectors; and those in whose immediate knowledge the circumstance -occurred have long since passed this transitory scene and are perhaps -ere this themselves forgotten. The relation though in some respects -trivial, may afford amusement to the amateur: it serves to shew the -origin of its name “Aurora” at the same time that it presents a striking -illustration of that ardent zeal with which the science of Conchology -was cultivated in this country nearly half a century ago; its -authenticity may be relied upon. The circumstance as related to us by an -old collector some years ago was briefly this; a specimen of the shell -had very shortly after the return of the discovery ships been presented -by one of the officers to a lady, which coming to the knowledge of a -most zealous collector of that period, he solicited the indulgence of -seeing it; and waited upon the lady for the purpose, upon an intimation -that the favour would be readily granted. Madam, said the enraptured -visitor, gazing in admiration upon the Cowry, which he now beheld for -the first time, has this shell a price? will twenty guineas purchase -this lovely gem? it will not answered the lady. Allow me then said its -enthusiastic admirer to clasp it for a moment in my hands, and bending -on one knee, at the same time pressing the shell to his lips, pronounced -with an emphasis of poetic fervour, “thus do I salute the ‘Morning Dawn’ -of the new discovered world!” Let poets reverence Venus the beauty of -the Grecian seas: my idol is “Aurora,” this sea-born nymph of surpassing -beauty, that rose upon the waves of the Southern deep! - - Tu quoque cum Dea sis, Divâ formosior illâ - Concha per æquoreum quam vasa ducit iter.[25] - - _Sec. 6. Basium._ - -Abating somewhat of the romantic warmth with which the ideas of the -venerable collector alluded to was expressed, it must be admitted that -in point of beautiful simplicity this shell has never been surpassed by -any subsequent discoveries in the southern hemisphere; and it is no less -singular than certain that the price of twenty guineas, which that -collector named upon an imaginary valuation, has become the average -standard value of a fine shell of this kind for some years past. At -present they are more highly prized, because it is now pretty clearly -ascertained that they are no longer to be procured among the natives of -Otaheite; and for this reason it is much more likely they will reach a -still higher price than that the value of them should diminish. The -shell we have represented is to be considered as a very fine specimen in -respect to size as well as colour. - ------ - -Footnote 24: - - We learn from Labillardière, one of the Naturalists attached to the - expedition of Admiral Bruni d’Entrecasteaux, who went in search of La - Perouse in 1791, 1792, 1793, that this report is true. When the French - ships _Recherche_ and _Espérance_ touched at Tongataboo, there - happened to be peace between them and Fidgi, and as usual when they - are not at war, a considerable commerce was at that time carried on - between them. This brought Vouacecee, one of the chiefs of Fidgi, to - Tongataboo soon after the French had cast anchor, and as he paid them - frequently a visit, they were able to collect from him some useful - information. Vouacecee represented Fidgi to be very high land, of - great fertility and lying distant in the north west direction about - seventy-two _myriametres_. The myriametre reduced to our standard is - six miles, one furlong, one hundred and fifty-six yards, and six - inches, giving in total value about one hundred and forty-nine - leagues, or four hundred and forty-seven miles. In the most favourable - weather with the large double canoe the voyage to Fidgi from thence - could not be less than three days, and when they had to struggle - against the south winds they must ply to windward upwards of a month. - The people of Tongataboo told them the people of Fidgi were cannibals: - Vouacecee strove to exculpate himself by answering that it was only - the _touas_, or people of the lowest class, who eat human flesh. But - the assurances of the natives of Tongataboo were fully confirmed in - other quarters, and Labillardière who observes they devour their - enemies to satiate their fury, is entirely satisfied the chiefs as - well as touas are _Anthrophagi_. These people, notwithstanding this - atrocity, are represented as being far more advanced in arts and - industry than the people of other islands, who receive from them in - time of peace many articles of ingenious workmanship and produce of - their island, and it is, no doubt, by this means that the _Orange - Cowry_ has been introduced among the natives of Otaheite and other - islands in those seas. - - Besides its being satisfactory to ascertain beyond any doubt the - habitat of the Orange Cowry, the Conchologist is assured that other - shells of the most choice and valuable kinds inhabit the seas of this - island, for which reason it is presumed the above information may not - prove altogether unimportant. - -Footnote 25: - - We should not omit to mention that this shell was called _Aurora_ by - Dr. Solander about the same time, _Vide_ his MS. Whether he was - indebted to this circumstance for the hint of so naming it, or on the - contrary that the gentleman was aware of the name which Dr. Solander - intended for it, is now beyond our means of ascertaining. It is more - obvious that Chemnitz, and after him Lamarck, have received the name - Aurora from one or both of these sources, although the anecdote may be - itself forgotten. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _33_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall Feb. 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ORNITHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXIII. - - PSITTACUS MACULATUS - SPOTTED BREASTED PARRAKEET. - - PICÆ. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable and in general covered with a -cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue fleshy, -obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER. - -Green: crown, hind, head and nape black: temples cinereous: throat, -neck, and breast fuscous with the margins of the feather sulphureous: -shoulder scarlet: rump and middle of the abdomen sanguineous. - -PSITTACUS MACULATUS: viridis: vertice, occipite, nuchaque nigris: - temporibus cinereis: gula, collo, pectoreque fuscis marginibus - pennarum sulphureis: humeris coccineis: uropygio abdomineque - medio sanguineis. - - * * * * * - -A very rare species of the Parrakeet tribe, and which is presumed to be -a native of South America. - -The length of this bird is nine inches and a half; the bill and legs -blackish. The prevailing colour of the plumage green, front and crown of -the head blueish green, the rest of the head and neck black: the -feathers upon the face glossed with blue: a large ovate cinereous spot -on the cheeks: throat and breast black varied with pale yellowish -scollops, the margin of the feathers being a pale sulphureous yellow, -the disk black: the black disk usually forming a kind of triangular spot -with the point tending downwards. The wings are green, except the quill -feathers, which are blue, and the butt of the wing or shoulder the -colour of which is scarlet. The body beneath green with a large spot of -sanguineous-purple on the abdomen. The lower part of the back and rump -the same sanguineous purple colour as the abdominal spot: tail above -green, the feathers purplish towards the end; beneath rufous brown. - -This curious bird is nearly allied to _Psittacus Squammosus_, the _Scaly -Breasted Parrakeet_, and in no very remote degree with another kind of -Parrakeet, the _Wavy Breasted Parrot_, _Psittacus Lineatus_. The first -of these our bird exceeds by at least an inch in length, the other by an -inch and a quarter. Instead of the dark colours of the head, as in our -bird, the head and neck of P. Squammosus are dull orange. The darker -colouring of our bird assimilates more nearly with _Psittacus Lineatus_, -but in other respects is entirely different. We have considered it as a -new species, at the same time that it must be observed from the very -close analogy that prevails between this bird and the Scaly Breasted -Parrakeet, it may possibly prove hereafter to be the adult bird of that -kind rather than a distinct species. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _34_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, March 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXIV. - - TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA - SANGUINEOUS LAMP-ANOMIA, - TEREBRATULA, - OR, - LAMP COCKLE. - - BIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Shell inequivalve regular, somewhat triagonal: upper valve imperforate, -lower valve beaked above the hinge, the beak usually incurvate, -perforated at the tip, or grooved, for the passage of a short tendinous -pedicle, by means of which it adheres to other bodies: Hinge with two -teeth, and furnished with two osseous elevated and furcated processes -arising from the disk of the upper or smaller valve, destined to support -the animal. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell red, ventricose, suborbicular, longitudinally ribbed: upper valve -depressed in the middle; the lower with the back elevated. - -TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA: testa rubrâ ventricosa, suborbiculata, - longitudinaliter costata: valva superiore in medio excavato: - inferiore dorso elevato, apice incurvato perforato. - -ANOMIA SANGUINEA. Obovata longitudinaliter sulcata, triloba; sinu - profundo, nate producta latere angulata foramen ambiente. - _Solanders MSS.—Hab. in O. Pacifico. G. R. Forster._ - -ANOMIA SANGUINEA. _Portland Catalogue._ - -ANOMIA SANGUINEA. _Leverian Cat. sec. part. p. 15._ - -ANOMIA SANGUINEA. _Dillwyn’s Conch. 1. 293. 21._ - -TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA. _Leach. Zool. Misc. t. 76._ - -TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA. _Lamarck Anim. sans. Vert. T. 6. p. 1. p. 243._ - -Lampas Sanguineus, La Sanguinolente (Anomia Sanguinea S.) _Calonne Cat. - Humph. MS._ - - * * * * * - -This is one among the number of those very choice accessions to the -Conchological knowledge of the last century, that was derived from the -scientific labours of our first circumnavigators in the Southern Ocean: -it occurred to them upon the coast of New Zealand, not in any abundance, -but so far plentifully that after the Banksian Cabinet was supplied -there were several specimens to spare for distribution among the friends -of Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and Captain Cook. From this little -store the species passed in the first instance into several collections, -and among others into that of the late Duchess of Portland, Dr. -Chauncey, Mr. Cracherode, Mr. G. Humphrey, and some others. It has since -occurred, but not in any abundance to later voyagers in those seas. And -it is reputed also to have been met with in the Straits of Magellan. - -The specimen of this rare shell which we have delineated, and which -always was considered as one of the largest of its species known, once -constituted part of the Testaceological collection of Sir Ashton Lever, -having been presented to that eminent collector by Captain Cook, at the -time of his return to England after his first voyage. There is a small -hole pierced through the upper valve of this shell, and which, in the -absence of all other information, induces the persuasion of its having -been originally suspended like several other shells we have already -mentioned, as an ornament or appendage to the dress of some New -Zealander; the aperture being so designed that the two valves could -easily have been kept together by means of a string passing through this -hole of the upper valve, and the opening in the beak of the lower one. -The animal inhabitant is probably eaten by the New Zealanders, who -besides being cannibals, subsist chiefly upon the marine productions of -their shores, which their wives and female children obtain daily for -them by swimming and diving into the sea. There is a rare species found -in the Mediterranean Sea, Anomia Vitrea of Gmelin, which nearly -approaches this species in point of size, and is eagerly sought after, -we are told, by the people of those parts as a delicious food. We -should, however, imagine from its scarcity, that it is only at the -tables of the rich that this luxurious repast appears. - -In adopting the genus Terebratula for the shell before us, some -explanation may be expected for our departure from the Linnæan -classification, for in the system of that author it is one of the Anomia -Tribe, the term and character of Terebratula not being recognised by -that author as generically distinct from the Anomia. Our reasons for -this deviation shall be explained as briefly as it is possible: from the -nature of those remarks, and the extent of enquiry with which it is -connected, this cannot however be comprised within very slender limits. - -In the Linnæan arrangement, the Anomia form a very comprehensive genus, -and since in particular the fossil species are included it should -certainly have been divided into several distinct sections or families -in order to embrace the different tribes of those shells, which -according to the character Linnæus has given of the genus must -necessarily be referred to it. It is impossible without some -modification of this kind to reconcile _Anomia Ephippium and Cepa_, with -_Anomia Caput Serpentinus_ or _Terebratula_, or either of them with _A. -Placenta_; and there are besides these some other families which do not -well accord, and which might perhaps be separated into distinct genera -with great advantage, the fossil kinds especially, which are very -numerous and much diversified in structure. It cannot be very material -whether they be so divided into genera or be placed in different -families under the general appellation of Anomiæ: they are obviously -very dissimilar and should be kept apart, and we have examples of both -these modes of classing the Anomiæ among the early Naturalists. - -A late french writer, M. Bosc, speaking of this tribe of shells, -observes, that Linnæus having confounded the _Terebratules_ with the -_Anomies_, Bruguière first established their differences, and Lamarck -had fixed their characters. This observation is not sufficiently -explicit, and may possibly imply more than the author of it has -intended. It assumes as a conclusion that Linnæus committed an error in -confounding these two genera, without informing us in what state of -arrangement Linnæus found them. It may be inferred from this that they -had been more accurately discriminated before his time, or on the -contrary, that they never had been classed in any form, and that it was -the want of knowledge in Linnæus which led him to confound shells -together that were generically distinct. But whichever we are to -understand, the conclusion is, that Linnæus had confounded them, and -that it remained for Bruguière and Lamarck to reform those errors of -Linnæus, which all later Naturalists had left uncorrected, if not -unobserved. Now really this view of the subject is not fairly taken if -such an inference be intended. The result of a very little enquiry among -the authors who preceded Linnæus, or were immediately subsequent to him, -will assure us of the truth of this; and will convince us beyond a -doubt, that the discrimination of neither of those authors was necessary -either to furnish the Naturalists of the present day with the term -Terebratula; to determine the differences that exist between them and -the Anomiæ, or to fix the characters by which the Terebratulæ are -distinguished. - -The Anomia genus, instead of being devised by Linnæus, or Terebratula in -particular, owing its invention to any modern writer, have been both so -long established that the greatest difficulty is to determine where in -the retrospect of authors our enquiries are to cease. Without proceeding -further back than the last two centuries, it may be observed that -_Fabius Columna_ in his work “De Purpura,” published at Rome in the year -1616, speaks of the Anomiæ; he calls them _Conchæ rariores Anomiæ_, and -from that period at least the term Anomia has been received among -Naturalists. Nor is the term Terebratula of much later origin. Da Costa -in his Elements of Conchology informs us that from the time of Fabius -Columna the word Anomia had become universal, that is as a general -denomination for all the shells which Linnæus subsequently placed -together under that name. The term Terebratula was given, says this -writer, by Gualtieri; in plate 96 of his work, Gualtieri figures three -recent kinds, and has made a particular genus for them, which he calls -Terebratula. And it is further added in another place “the Anomiæ are -bivalves with unequal valves, and never eared, the beak of the largest -or under valve is greatly produced, and rises or curves over the beak of -the smaller or upper valve, and is perforated or pierced through like a -tube, from which particular they have also obtained the name of -_Terebratulæ_.” - -These remarks sufficiently establish the circumstance of the term -Anomia, being a comprehensive title for all the shells which Linnæus -subsequently placed together under that name, and also shews that we are -not indebted to either Bruguière or Lamarck for discriminating the -Terebratulæ. We can ever go further back in this particular than Da -Costa has done, for that able author is mistaken in supposing Gualtieri -to be the first writer who had proposed the genus Terebratula. Gualtieri -published his work in the year 1724, and we happen to possess among -other valuable MSS. of the celebrated Antiquarian, Hearne, the original -copy of Lluid’s Lithophylacia Britannica, as corrected for the press, -dated Montgomery, 1698, in which the genus Terebratula is distinctly -named: and this, as it appears from the date, was more than fifty years -before the time of Gualtieri; and we have also the authority of our -english Lister in 1694 for the like distinction. All these writers, it -will be observed, preceded Klein, who has in a particular manner -described the genus Terebratula in his Methodus Ostraceologia, published -in 1753, but in which he does not speak of himself as having invented -that term. “TEREBRATULAS, _Luidiano_ titulo, vocamus DIACONCHAS -anomalas, rostro parterebrato, vid. _Nomencl. Litholog. Promotum_ hoc -titulo.” His genus _Concha_ ΤΡΊΛΟΒΟΣ, genus _Concha_ ADUNCA, genus -BURSULA, and genus GLOBUS, are all sub-divisions of the _Anomiæ Conchæ_ -of other writers, divided according to their forms and other -peculiarities, and in which particular attention is paid to the -perforation or non-perforation of the beak; Trilobos being distinguished -as “_vertice integro_,” Bursula as _Terebratulæformes_ rostro non -perforato, &c. And we may lastly mention that from some original MSS. of -Da Costa, in our possession, it appears that Anomia was a general term -for the whole family, and _Terebratula Anomiæ lævis_ was the term by -which the English and other Naturalists, long prior to the middle of -last century, were accustomed to distinguish the same kind of shells -which in the modern nomenclature of Conchology is also named generically -Terebratula. Da Costa, as Librarian of the Royal Society, was in the -habit of correspondence with the learned men of his time throughout -Europe, and his local knowledge from this circumstance, though never -committed to the press, is not likely to be disputed. - -We could proceed yet further, but enough has surely been advanced to -shew that so far from Linnæus having confounded the Terebratula with the -Anomia, he left them precisely as he found them, placing them after the -example of his predecessors, under the comprehensive term of Anomia, -which they had assigned to them. And we have also said enough to prove -that to ascribe the Genus Terebratula to either Bruguière or Lamarck can -result only from our ignorance of that information which in former days -was regarded as the best criterion of an able Naturalist, a correct -knowledge of the labours of his predecessors. - -Under all its circumstances it may be a matter of some indifference to -the scientific Naturalist whether in the arrangement of the Anomiæ we -follow the concise method of the old writers and Linnæus among the -number, or the diffuse distribution of later writers. If we place them -in different families according to their characters, whether regarded as -sectional distinctions of Anomia, or as distinct genera, we shall at -least produce some consistency in the arrangement. But there is yet -another mode of arrangement which appears to be the favourite theme with -some Conchologists of the present day, and which it may be proper in -this place to mention, namely, the classification of shells according to -their animals. This has been attempted in the work of Cuvier, his “Règne -Animal,” and the result of this endeavour, so far as it relates to the -Anomia in particular, may in this place deserve our explicit -observation. In this work (_Règne Animal_) Cuvier endeavouring to class -the Anomiæ according to the animals known to inhabit them, as well as -those which he imagines for the fossil tribes, so disperses them, that -the Trochi, Turbines, Nautili, Volutæ, and indeed nearly the whole of -the _Univalves_ intervene between his two first genera of these -_bivalves_, Hyalæa and Anomia; and the Anomia tridentata of Forskahl, -which is the Hyalæa of this author, is placed with Clio (the shell of -which is our _Bulla Aperta_[26]) among the _Ptéropodes_. After the long -interval occasioned by this introduction of the Univalves we find -Anomia,[26] and Placuna, two of his genera together, but with another -tribe of beings, the animal inhabitants being of his class _Acéphales_; -and after another wide interval in which the bivalve Mya,[26] the -multivalve Pholas,[26] the univalve Teredo,[26] and the naked or -shell-less Ascidia, occur we find in a distant class among another tribe -of animals, _Mollusques Brachopodes_, the genus _Terebratula_. It is -here ascribed to Bruguière, as in other works it is assigned to Lamarck. -Such is the arrangement of this family in the _Règne Animal_ of Cuvier, -a form in which no cabinet, it must be acknowledged, could be arranged -without embracing the most unprecedented anomalies; nor can we doubt -that if the animals of the fossil Terebratulæ and Anomiæ were known, for -in this arrangement they rest on presumption only, they must be further -separated in such a system than they are at present, some being -perforated at the beaks, others imperforate, and some having the -aperture under the beaks, all which demonstrates a difference in the -structure of the animal, to whose use they were adapted. - -From this analysis of the generical distinctions of the different -families of the Anomiæ we may now be permitted to return to the shell -before us, the object of our more immediate consideration, and -respecting which there appears to be no less misconception among late -later writers than we have found already respecting the genera. - -It appears that Dr. Leach had some short time since published a figure -of this shell: his definition is altogether brief, and the information -he affords less explanatory than might be desired: he quotes no -authority or synonyms, and in his general description merely observes -that “It seems to be a very rare species, a few specimens only having -been received from New Zealand.” _Vide. Zool. Misc. p. 76._ Lamarck -assuming from these observations, as it may be presumed, that the shell -had not been previously noticed, unless it were an Anomia Capensis of -Gmelin, proposes it as a new species under the name of Terebratula -Sanguinea of Leach, at the same time that he rejects his specific -character, and assigns another to the species; the character given to it -as a new species by Dr. Leach is “_Testa sanguinea, subtillissime et -creberrime impresso-punctata, longitudinaliter costata, costis -simplicibus; antica uniundulata_;” that of Lamarck, “_Testâ oblongâ, -irregulari, rubrá, creberrimé impresso punctata; striis transversis -undulatîs; margine denticulato_,” to which is added, “_Habite—les mers -de la Nouvelle Zélande d’après M. Leach_.” This seems to shew that the -shell was only known to Lamarck, through the communication of the -last-mentioned writer; and the suggestion is the more probable since the -specimen in the British Museum has the same interrogation as to being -the Anomia Capensis of Chemnitz, that is annexed by Lamarck to his -description of the species. “Je crois qu’on doit donner comme synonyme -l’Anomia capensis Gmel., d’après la citation de Chemniz; mais l’individu -que j’avais sous les yeux, n’est pas assez entier pour affirmer ce -rapprochement.” - -There is obviously some want of farther explanation in these details, -the omission of which may possibly be supplied by tracing the history of -this interesting shell from the time in which it first appeared in this -country; for there are local circumstances connected with it which -having escaped the mention of Dr. Leach, and consequently of Lamarck, -have led to the erroneous conclusion that it had remained till very -lately undescribed. Dr. Leach was probably not aware, or through some -oversight omits to notice that the specific name which he has given to -this shell was that assigned to it many years ago by Dr. Solander, and -that it has uniformly borne the name of _Anomia sanguinea_, or -(_Terebratula sanguinea_) among all the English Naturalists in -consequence from the time of that learned friend and companion of Sir -Joseph Banks down to the present period: It is the Anomia sanguinea of -Dr. Solanders MSS. and was designated under that name in the Museum of -the Dutchess of Portland: it appeared under the same appellation in the -catalogue of that museum, published in 1786: in the Calonnian Museum and -Catalogue, printed in the year 1795; it stood under that name also in -the Museum of Sir Ashton Lever, and it appeared under the same -denomination in the sale catalogue of that museum, published in the year -1806. Under all these circumstances it may be presumed the name must -have obtained no small publicity, and we need scarcely add that the -example of these authorities were followed in the Cabinets of english -collectors generally, that happened to be in possession of the shell, -among which was that of Mr. Cracherode, which was subsequently deposited -in the British Museum. And lastly, it should be mentioned that it occurs -under the same name in the Testaceological Manual of Mr. Dillwyn. -Nothing therefore can be more certain than that the french writers are -not correct in their opinion when they imagine that the shell had been -so named in the first instance by Dr. Leach; and it is no less certain -that the credit of having first noticed the species is due to Dr. -Solander, he described it more than forty years ago: his words as they -stand in his manuscripts are, “ANOMIA SANGUINEA _obovato, -longitudinaliter sulcata, triloba; sinu profundo nate producta latere -angulata foramen ambiente_.” Mr. Dillwyn has well expressed the -character of this shell in his description of Anomia Sanguinea, but has -by some oversight misquoted this passage of Dr. Solander’s manuscripts; -and by that means has confounded the _Anomia Sanguinea_ of Dr. Solander, -with his Anomia Cruenta; this will be more fully shewn hereafter. - -Upon this subject we have only lastly to observe that although Lamarck -has deemed it requisite to give a specific character of this shell -dissimilar from that of Dr. Leach, he omits to mention, as well as the -former, that very conspicuous character of the species, the deep -longitudinal hollow down the middle of the upper valve, and the dorsal -elevation of the lower one. Lamarck, indeed, confesses that the -individual which he had under his eyes, and consequently that which he -describes, is not sufficiently perfect to authorize him in determining -the analogy between that shell and the Anomia Capensis of Gmelin, which -Chemnitz has figured; a circumstance that may explain the cause of this -omission in the specific character of Terebratula sanguinea. Yet we -should have thought a shell sufficiently entire to have enabled this -ingenious Naturalist to have composed his character of the species, -would have been so far perfect as to have justified some conclusion upon -its analogy with the Gmelinian Anomia Capensis. We may confidently add -that these two shells are totally distinct species, and are even -generically different if we enter very scrupulously upon their -distinctive characters. Dr. Solander had described this latter shell -before the time of Gmelin under the name of Anomia Cruenta. - -The representations of this choice testaceous production, which -accompanies our present description, will, it is presumed, convey a more -correct idea of the shell than can be expressed by words. The Leverian -specimen from which, as before observed, these figures are taken, -realized at the public hammer at the Leverian sale the sum of five -guineas,[27] and it still remains so rare that there would probably be -little, if any, dimunition in the price were it again to be disposed of -in the same manner at the present period. The shells of this kind vary -in some small degree in the intensity of colour from a very deep -sanguineous red to a paler hue. - ------ - -Footnote 26: - - Many of these are found on our own coasts. _Vide Donovan’s British - Shells_, in which the figures and descriptions of a number of the - species of these genera occur. - -Footnote 27: - - Last Day’s Sale, lot 74, £5 5s. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _35_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, March 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ENTOMOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXV. - - PAPILIO BELLADONNA - BELLADONNA’S BUTTERFLY. - - LEPIDOPTERA. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: -wings erect when at rest. Fly by day. - - **** HELICONII. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Wings oblong entire, black with somewhat hyaline spots: posterior pair -with a yellow spot at the base, and two at the anal angle. - -PAPILIO BELLADONNA: alis oblongis integerrimis atris sub-hyalino - maculatis: posticis macula baseos anguloque ani maculis duobus - flavis. - -PAPILIO BELLADONNA: alis oblongis integerrimis atris: anticis hyalino - punctatis, posticis flavo maculatis. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. - 1. p. 180._ - -Papilio Belladonna. _Jon. fig. pict. 3. tab. 37. fig. 2._ - -Statura P. Pasithoe at major. Corpus nigrum abdominis marginibus -cinereis. Alæ atræ, cinereo punctatæ. Subtus concolores at lineola -maculaque baseos albis. Posticæ atræ, flavo maculatæ macula baseos -angulique ani majoribus. Subtus fere concolores. - - * * * * * - -A figure of this very rare and probably unique insect cannot fail, it is -presumed, of proving an acceptable addition to the collectanea of the -Entomologist: it is the only representation of the species now extant, -and has been ascertained upon the authority of the only document we now -possess of the insect intended in the Fabrician writings under the -appellation of _Papilio Hel. Belladonna_. - -Fabricius, as it appears from his references in his Entomologia -Systematica, met with the drawings of this species in the collection of -Mr. Jones, whose cabinet also possessed the original specimen from which -the drawing was taken. It is from this individual example in the cabinet -of Mr. Jones that the delineation in the annexed plate is copied. - -This curious Papilio is one of the larger species of the Heliconi tribe -to which it appertains. The wings are a blueish black, and rather -closely studded with sub-hyaline or transparent spots, which are -minutely speckled with black: those on the anterior wings are somewhat -sagittate and disposed into two irregular bands towards the exterior -half of the wings: those on the posterior wings are rather larger and -more inclining to an ovate form; and three of the largest, namely, one -at the base, and two at the anal angle, are of a bright yellow colour. -The inner limb of the wing is grey inclining to yellowish. The head and -thorax are black; the abdomen black with the sides pale yellow. The -spots being semitransparent the appearance on the underside in a great -degree corresponds with that above: there is a small difference, because -instead of one yellowish spot at the base of the posterior wing, there -are two, another smaller than that which appears at the base of that -wing on the upper surface being situated below it. We have been more -minute in the description of these spots, because upon an attentive -comparison of the insect in Mr. Jones’s Cabinet, with the Fabrician -description, we perceive some small deficiency in the latter, a -circumstance, it must be confessed, of rare occurrence in this author, -but unquestionably worthy of our notice and correction, as it is the -only authority upon which the species must in future rest. - -The country of this interesting insect is unknown; it is remotely -conjectured only that it may be Africa. The insect is represented with -its wings expanded upon a sprig of - - ERICA PARMENTARIA, - -an elegant vegetable production of the Cape of Good Hope. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - _36_ - - _London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.^{rs} - Simpkin & Marshall, April 1, 1823._ -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - PLATE XXXVI. - - NERITA POLITA. _Var._ - PINK-BANDED VARIETY - OF THE - THICK POLISHED NERIT. - - UNIVALVE. - - - GENERIC CHARACTER. - -Animal a Limax. _Linn._[28] Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flattish at -the bottom: aperture semi-orbicular and semi-lunar, pillar lip -transversely truncated. - - *** Perforated with the lips denticulated. - - - SPECIFIC CHARACTER - AND - SYNONYMS. - -Shell thick, glabrous, variously coloured, crown obliterated: lip -toothed each side. - - * Var. Variegated with white, red, and black. - -NERITA POLITA: testa crossâ, glabrâ, colore variâ vertice obliterato, - labio utroque dentato. - - * Ex albo rubro nigroque variegata. - -NERITA POLITA: testa lævi: vertice obliterato, labio utroque dentato. - _Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 678. n. 392._ - - _Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. 12. 2. 1254. 731._ - - _Gmel. Linn. Syst. 6. 3680. 43._ - -NERITA POLITA. _Chemn. 5. t. 193. f. 200. 2014._ - - _Rumpf. Mus. t. 22. fig. 1. k._ - - _Argenv. Conch. t. 7. f. k._ - - _Seba Mus. 3. t. 38. f. 56._ - - _Lamarck T. 6. p. 2. 192. 7._ - - * * * * * - -In the arrangement of Cuvier, entitled “_Règne Animal_,” the Mollusca or -animal of the Nerita constitutes one of his “_Gasteropodes -pectinibranches_,” the character of which as defined by that author is -quite as comprehensive and rather less explicit than the Linnæan -limaces: he divides them into several families according to the peculiar -form of their shells, for collectively almost every genera of the spiral -univalves fall under this very general denomination, as well as many of -those shells which are simply conic, as in the Linnæan classification -they do under that of Limax. Cuvier mentions as a character of this -tribe that their breathing apertures, with the exception of a family he -calls Cyclostomes, are composed of a number of foliations ranged -parallel to each other like the teeth of a comb. They have two feelers, -and two eyes usually situated on a pedicle. The greatest difference -between these animals consist in the presence or absence of the canal -formed by a prolongation of the edge of the pulmonary cavity of the left -side, a respiratory organ communicating with others by means of which -the animal breathes without quitting its retreat in the water. - -According to Lamarck the animal of Nerita has the foot large and short, -with two pointed feelers, and the eyes raised upon a papilla at the -exterior base of each. - -Bosc is less diffuse than either. The animal of the Nerites, he -observes, have the head flat and lunate, a little sloping to the two -extremities: from the base of the head on each side issues two conic -slender horns, one of which is twice the length of the other. The eyes -are two little black points placed upon a trihedral tubercule at the -exterior base of the horns, the mouth placed underneath the head and -formed with a lip, thick and wrinkled. The foot almost round, flat -beneath, convex above, and rather shorter than the shell. The mantle or -fleshy prolongation entirely covers the interior of the shell and is -slightly crenulated at the margin. - -Denys de Montfort speaking of the species Nerita Peloronata, a shell -abounding on the shores of the Antilles, observes that there are male -and female animals of this kind, the two sexes being isolated or -distinct individuals; they are of an amphibious nature, living in the -sea, from whence they ascend occasionally and crawl about the rocks. - -Linnæus under the Nerita genus comprehends as well the imperforated or -non-umbilicated kinds as those which have that perforation. The later -continental writers divide these again, retaining the name Nerita to -those which have no perforation; those with a perforation are called -Natica, by the french authors Natice, after Adanson, Gualtieri, and -Favanne. Lamarck has also a genus Neritina, and another Navicella, all -which in the Linnæan system are of the Nerita tribe. - -Nerita Polita is by no means an uncommon shell upon the coasts of the -Indian Ocean, being found throughout their whole extent from Japan to -the Cape of Good of Hope, and as it appears also upon the shores of many -islands in the Indian and the Great Southern Ocean. - -Besides being so very abundant in those parts, it may also be observed -that no species of the testaceous tribe is more remarkable for the -almost endless variety of colours, or the form and disposition of the -spots, dots, and lineations, than the individuals of this kind of Nerit. -There are, however, some few of its varieties which from being local are -far less abundant than the rest, and the shell in particular which we -have selected for the most conspicuous object in the annexed plate is -one the most important of the number. The prevailing colour of the -ordinary varieties is olivaceous, in some paler, in others more -inclining to blackish; the charactered marks in general yellowish, -triangular or sagittate, and varied with short blackish lines. This is -the usual appearance of the back or upper part of the shell, the region -surrounding the mouth is white, including the lip, the inside of the -mouth yellow, and this latter character appears constant throughout all -the varieties of the species. The particular variety which constitutes -the chief object in our plate, is of the red banded kind, the bands -being diversified with red and white, disposed in spots, and lineations, -with peculiar elegance. The varieties of this banded kind are scarce in -general, but the particular kind which we have represented is unique, -whether regarded for its magnitude, its exquisite perfection, or -brilliancy of colouring. We have represented the upper and under surface -of this shell, together with the upper and under surface of a shell of -the common kind, in order that by the contrast, the beauty of the former -might be exemplified with greater perspicuity. - -The history of this matchless variety of Nerita Polita is distinctly -known: it is one of those shells which were brought from the Sandwich -Islands by Captain Cook, when he returned from his first voyage of -discovery in the South Seas. It was observed appended to an ornament -worn at the breast of one of the natives, and was obtained in exchange, -it is believed, for an iron hatchet; the Islander to whom it belonged -esteeming it very much, and the English Officer being anxious to possess -it. This circumstance of its having been affixed to an ornament worn by -one of the savages, explains the reason of the shell being perforated, -the hole having been made in order to pass a string through the shell to -fasten it on the ornament securely. The shell was presented by Captain -Cook to Sir Ashton Lever, in whose Museum it was subsequently deposited; -and notwithstanding the defect above-mentioned, this little shell -produced at the dissolution of the Leverian Museum, in the year 1806, -the sum of nine pounds sterling, at the public hammer.[29] A celebrated -collector, the late Mr. Noel Jennings, was the purchaser; and it is -understood that on the subsequent dispersion of the collection of Mr. -Jennings, which took place a few years ago, that it became, with some -other very rare shells of that collection, the property of Lord Mount -Morris. - ------ - -Footnote 28: - - Linnæus describes the animal of the Nerita as a limax, the body of - which is oblong, with a fleshy shield above, and a longitudinal flat - disk beneath: aperture on the right side within the shield: feelers, - four, placed above the mouth: eyes, two, and situated one at the tip - of each of the larger feelers. This character does not exactly accord - with the animal of the Nerita, for in this tribe, instead of the eyes - being situated upon the apex of the longer feelers, they stand each - upon a kind of papilla, situated at the outer base of the longer - feelers. And besides this, it differs in some less material - peculiarities. - -Footnote 29: - - Fifty-Eight Day (last day but two) lot 87, “_A most beautiful variety - of the Painted Nerita, having three rich pink bands on a dark clouded - ground taken from an ornament worn by a native of one of the Sandwich - Islands._” - - - END OF VOL. I. - - - Plummer and Brewis, Printers, - Love Lane, Eastcheap. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 -(of 5), by E. 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} - .c020 { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c021 { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c022 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; width: 10%; margin-left: 0; - margin-top: 1em; text-align: left; } - body { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; } - .tnote { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; border:1px solid silver; - padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } - .centerleft { float:left; text-align:center; } - .centerwide { text-align:center; } - .clear { clear: both; } - .caption { font-size: 75%; } - @media handheld { body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 8%; } } - @media handheld { .tnote { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; - border:1px solid silver; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} } - @media handheld { .centerleft { float:left; text-align:center;} } - @media handheld { .centerwide { text-align:center; } } - @media handheld { .clear { clear: both; } } - @media handheld { .caption { font-size: 75%; } } - </style> - </head> - <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 (of 5), by -E. Donovan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 (of 5) - or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History: etc. etc. - -Author: E. Donovan - -Release Date: May 1, 2017 [EBook #54639] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURALIST'S REPOSITORY, VOLUME 1 *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, ellinora and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnote'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Transcriber Notes</div> - </div> -</div> - - <ul class='ul_1'> - <li>Obvious typos and punctuation errors corrected. Spelling of names Lamarck and - Bruguière standardized, otherwise variations in spelling, capitalization and hyphenation - retained. - </li> - <li>“var” is sometimes italicized, other times not. It has been kept as printed. - </li> - <li>Corrections printed in the text as a note to THE BINDER have been made. In addition, - plates 19 and 20 were reversed in the original. These plates have been swapped so that - the correct image precedes the chapter that discusses it. - </li> - <li>Missing title text “PLATE VI” added at the start of its chapter. - </li> - <li>Missing entry for Plate 36 in the Index has been added. “Polita, Nerita, var; - Pink-Banded Variety of the Thick Polished Nerit 36” - </li> - <li>There are entries in the Index that don’t seem to correspond to specific text in the - related plate chapter, but may refer to a plant that is in the plate background. - </li> - <li>The author uses asterisks in varying numbers in front of some descriptive text at the - beginning of plate chapters. There are also a couple of asterisks within the text that - appear similar to footnote indicators, but a corresponding footnote does not seem to - exist. These asterisks have been left in the text in their original location. - </li> - <li>If the device allows, plate images may be clicked upon to load a larger version. - </li> - <li>The cover has been created by the transcriber from elements in the book and is placed - in the public domain. - </li> - </ul> - -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='cover' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/title.jpg' alt='title page' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'><span class='small'>THE</span> <br /> NATURALIST’S REPOSITORY,<br /> <span class='small'>OR</span><br /> Monthly Miscellany<br /> <span class='small'>OF</span><br /> EXOTIC NATURAL HISTORY:</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div><span class='small'>CONSISTING OF</span></div> - <div class='c000'>ELEGANTLY COLOURED PLATES WITH APPROPRIATE SCIENTIFIC</div> - <div>AND GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>OF THE MOST CURIOUS, SCARCE, AND BEAUTIFUL</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='large'>PRODUCTIONS OF NATURE</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>THAT HAVE BEEN RECENTLY DISCOVERED</span></div> - <div class='c000'>IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD;</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>AND MORE ESPECIALLY SUCH</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='large'>NOVELTIES</span></div> - <div class='c000'>As from their extreme Rarity remain entirely undescribed, or which have</div> - <div>not been duly noticed by any preceding Naturalists.</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>THE WHOLE COMPOSED ACCORDING TO</span></div> - <div>THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xlarge'>The Science,</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'>AND FORMING COLLECTIVELY A TRULY VALUABLE</span></div> - <div>COMPENDIUM OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES</div> - <div><span class='small'>OF</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS, SHELLS,</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>MARINE PRODUCTIONS,</span></div> - <div class='c000'>AND EVERY OTHER INTERESTING OBJECT OF NATURAL HISTORY,</div> - <div><span class='small'>THE PRODUCE OF FOREIGN CLIMATES.</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='large'>BY E. DONOVAN, F.L.S. W.S. &c.</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='xlarge'>VOL. I.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>London:</div> - <div class='c000'>PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND W. SIMPKIN AND R. MARSHALL,</div> - <div><span class='small'>STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LUDGATE STREET.</span></div> - <div class='c000'>1823.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class="centerleft"> -Plummer and Brewis, Printers,<br /> -Love Lane, Eastcheap. -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>The Twelfth Number of this work is now respectfully submitted to -the attention of the public. This number, accompanied by the Title Page -and Index, renders the first volume complete. The Subscribers, therefore, -are now enabled to form a correct idea of the nature and object of the -undertaking: and from the style in which it has been so far conducted, -to form some conclusion of that in which it is likely for the future to be -continued.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The general approbation that has been bestowed already upon this -publication can be best appreciated from the extent of sale, which, to say -the least, has been respectable from the commencement, notwithstanding -that the undertaking was began under the manifest disadvantage of being -little known, and the very knowledge of its existence being still in no small -degree circumscribed. It is not, therefore, without a sense of grateful -feeling that the author has observed that besides the incidental sale of the -different detached or monthly parts selected by purchasers desirous of the -plates and descriptions of some particular object of rarity, that the number -of regular subscribers, instead of diminishing, has rapidly advanced with -the publication of each number in succession, and as it seems to appear -in proportion as the public became better acquainted with its merits, and -the more assured of its uninterrupted continuance. While this testimony -of approbation prevails, the author of this undertaking will be duly -stimulated to exert his best means of rendering it deserving of their consideration. -Nor has he any hesitation in believing that it will be in his -power, under the auspices of public favour, to produce a work of much -elegance, and no mean utility, either as a work of taste for the library of -the general reader, or the admirer of nature; the folios of the amateur, or -the professed Study of the experienced Naturalist.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The commencement of this work was necessarily preceded by a few -observations upon the nature and object of the undertaking: those observations -are no less appropriate on the present occasion than the former, -and for this reason we shall again advert to them in restating the intention -the author has in view. The <span class='sc'>Naturalist’s Repository</span>, or <span class='sc'>Monthly -Miscellany of Exotic Natural History</span>, is designed to comprehend -in the most commodious form, a miscellaneous assemblage of elegantly -coloured plates, with appropriate scientific and general descriptions of the -most curious, scarce, and beautiful productions of nature that have been -recently discovered in various parts of the world or may hereafter occur to -the notice of the author; and more especially of such novelties as from -their extreme rarity remain entirely undescribed, or which have not been -duly noticed by any preceding Naturalist.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Most readers, it is presumed, will be aware that the labours of the -authors life, during a course of many years have been directed to the pursuits -of natural science: labours not confined to any one particular branch -or department of the varied face of nature, but extending generally to the -whole. The endeavours of the author to elucidate the Natural History of -the British Isles are sufficiently known from the various extensive works -which have been produced by him during the course of the last thirty years, -and the magnitude which those works have at length acquired in the -progressive course of publication that had been adopted, is the best -criterion of the approbation that has attended them. But it is not within -the views of the author in this place to expatiate upon a subject which -might be deemed irrelevant, the works alluded to being devoted solely to -the productions of our native country, while the avowed object of the -present undertaking is to comprehend a selection of those only which are -peculiar to foreign, and with few exceptions, to extra European climates. -The chief motive of the author in adverting to those works, is to point -out a style and mode of execution for the present undertaking, which, -from the very extensive patronage those former labours of the author -have experienced, may be considered applicable in a very peculiar degree -to every purpose of correct elucidation, and as one most likely to ensure -by its elegance and perfection that same proportion of general approbation -which the other productions of the author have obtained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>With respect to the means within the author’s power of rendering -this work deserving of the public notice, either as to the novelty, variety, -rarity, or beauty of the various objects it is destined to embrace, the -author must rather trust to the favourable opinion which the world may -entertain in its behalf, from the examples now submitted to consideration, -than to any preliminary observations he can offer: he shall only presume -respectfully that they are adequate to the purpose, and calculated to -answer every moderate expectation his preliminary observations may -have excited.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It will be readily conceived that the opportunities of the author’s life, -so assiduously devoted to the Science of Nature, must have enabled him -to enrich his <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>port feuilles</i></span> with a collection of <span class='sc'>Drawings</span>, <span class='sc'>Manuscripts</span>, -and <span class='sc'>Memoranda</span> of no mean importance in all its branches. This is -perfectly correct. His own Museum confined chiefly, but not exclusively, -to the productions of Great Britain, have afforded many rarities, the -offspring of foreign climates, which could not elsewhere be procured. But -independently of those resources which his own collection has afforded, -his other means have been amply extensive. Through the kindness of -his scientific friends, he has had unlimited access to many other collections -of acknowledged moment, for the purpose of enriching his Collectanea -with drawings and descriptions of the more interesting rarities which those -cabinets respectively contained. Some of those collections exist no longer -and are probably now forgotten, but the memory of others, even among -the number of those which have passed away, will ever be cherished with -regret in the mind of every man of science by whom their merits were -understood. The preservation even of the memorials of some minor -portion of the rarities which those collections once embodied can scarcely -fail to prove of interest at the present day, while their total loss to the -rising generation will be in some degree appreciated from the memoranda -and occasional references that will appear respecting them in the progress -of the present work: to enumerate the many collections of private individuals, -the rarities of which have contributed to render this collection of -the author’s drawings important, would extend our advertisement far -beyond our intended limits. It may be sufficient to observe that the late -Leverian Museum, rich in every branch of Natural History, has tended -in an eminent degree to this effect; the author having been favoured with -unreserved permission to take drawings and memoranda of whatever -he deemed important, besides having subsequently enriched his own -Museum with a very ample portion of that fine collection, by public -purchase, at the time of its dispersion; particularly in the different tribes -of the Mammiferous animals, in Ornithology, Ichthyology, and various -others; and also with every object materially important among the extraneous -fossils which that splendid museum originally contained. It will be -also seen from many of our pages that through the kindness of the late -worthy President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, the rich -and truly scientific collection of that munificent patron of the sciences -was ever open to us for the furtherance of our pursuits in Natural History; -and of the object of the present work among others. The collections of -Mr. Drury, and also that of Mr. Francillon, in the particular branches of -Entomology, are too considerable to be passed slightly over: the rarities -of both these collections have in an eminent degree improved our means of -rendering this work important. And lastly we may mention among other -scientific acquisitions the Collectanea of drawings formed by the pencil of -the late Mr. Jones of Chelsea, together with the manuscripts of Fabricius -in elucidation, as a treasure which cannot be too highly appreciated when -we recollect the importance of the Fabrician writings on the continent, -and remember also that those drawings afford the only illustration of the -most splendid portion of the insect race which that author exclusively -describes, and by which very many of the species can alone be now -determined.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In conclusion of these remarks it may be observed, however, that -while in our elucidation of those rarities which the collections and museums -above adverted to have so amply afforded, we render a deserved tribute -of record to the liberality of those whose services in the cause of Natural -History have so amply contributed to its advancement in former days, the -author will not remain unmindful of those advantages which the many -valuable collections of the present period offer. It will appear as this -work proceeds that he is in no small degree indebted to the favor of many -eminent scientific characters of our time, as well as those who have -preceded them, for their permission to take drawings and descriptions of -such rarities in their collections as really appear worthy of distinct -consideration. And it may be added finally that he shall at all times -avail himself with pleasure, and acknowledge with thanks, any further -advantages of the same kind which the favours of others may be induced -to allow for the purpose of enriching the present undertaking.</p> -<div class='c000'></div> -<div class="centerleft"> -<span class='small'>LAMBETH,<br/> -<i>March 1st, 1823</i>.</span> -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>Table of Contents.<br /> <br /> ALPHABETICAL INDEX<br /> <span class='small'>TO</span><br /> VOL. I.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c007'> </th> - <th class='c008'>Plate.</th> - <th class='c009'>Fig.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Acamas, Papilio; Acamas’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p018'>18</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Agave, Papilio; Agave’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p006'>6</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ageæa, Papilio; Ageæa’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p012'>12</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Alliacea, Peteveria, America</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p024'>24</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ammiralis, Conus, <i>var</i> Amboinensis; Three-Banded High-Spired Admiral Shell</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p001'>1</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ammiralis, Conus, <i>var</i>; Six-Banded High-Spired Admiral Shell</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p001'>1</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ammiralis, Conus, <i>var</i> Cedonulli; Olive-Banded Nonpareil Cone</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p001'>1</a></td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ammiralis, Conus, <i>var</i> Fulvous Nonpareil Cone</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p001'>1</a></td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Aurantiaea, Jacquinia, Sandwich Isles</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p025'>25</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Aurora, Cypræa; Aurora, Morning Dawn, or Orange Cowry</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p032'>32</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Belladonna, Papilio; Belladonna’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p035'>35</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Bengalus, Fringilla, Blue-Bellied Finch</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p010'>10</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Camara Lantana, West Indies</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p018'>18</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Cayana, Ampelis, Purple-Throated Chatterer</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p014'>14</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ciris, Emberiza, Painted Bunting</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p007'>7</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Codomannus, Papilio, Codomannus’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p003'>3</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1, 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Dimas, Papilio, Dimas’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p027'>27</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Foliatus, Murex, Tri-Foliated Murex, or Rock Shell</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p015'>15</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Galgulus, Psittacus, Sapphire Crowned Parrakeet</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p017'>17</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Harpa, Buccinum var testudo, Tortoise-Shell Harp</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p008'>8</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Hippodamia, Papilio; Hippodamia’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p031'>31</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Homerus, Papilio; Homer’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p019'>19</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Imperialis, Trochus var Roseus; Roseate Imperial Sun Trochus</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p011'>11</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Maculatus Psittacus; Spotted-Breasted Parrakeet</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p033'>33</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Marcellina, Papilio; Marcellina’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p006'>6</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1, 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Melanopterus, Psittacus; Black-Winged Parrakeet</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p030'>30</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ornatus, Trochilus; Tufted-Necked Humming Bird</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p025'>25</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Ovata, Goodenia; Ovate-Leaved Goodenia</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p020'>20</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Palustre, Sedum, North America</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p029'>29</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Parmentaria, Erica</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p035'>35</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Pella, Trochilus, Topaz Humming Bird</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p005'>5</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Polita, Nerita, var; Pink-Banded Variety of the Thick Polished Nerit</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p036'>36</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Psamethe, Papilio, Psamethe’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p009'>9</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Punctata, Pipra, Punctata, or Speckled Manakin</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p020'>20</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Pylades, Papilio, Pylades’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p013'>13</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Pyramus, Papilio, Pyramus’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p003'>3</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2, 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Pyrum, Voluta, Pear Volute, Front View</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p021'>21</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>---- Reversed Ditto, or Sacred Chank Shell, Front View</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p021'>21</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Pyrum, Voluta, Pear Volute, Back View</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p022'>22</a></td> - <td class='c009'>1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>---- Reversed Ditto, or Sacred Chank Shell, Back View</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p022'>22</a></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Sanguinea, Terebratulo, Sanguineous Lamp Anomia, or Lamp Cockle</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p034'>34</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Scalaris, Turbo (Scalaria Pretiosa) Scarce Wentletrap</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p026'>26</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Scapha, Volute var Nobilis, Noble Chinese Volute</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p004'>4</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Scorpio, Murex, var Minor; Least Stag’s Horn Murex</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p016'>16</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Thersites, Papilio, Thersites Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p024'>24</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Tricolor, Tanagra β, Tricoloured Tanager</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p023'>23</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Tros, Papilio, Tros’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p029'>29</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Viridis, Trogon, Yellow-Bellied Green Trogon or Curucui</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p002'>2</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Vulgaris, Malleus, Hound’s Tongue Hammer Shell</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#p028'>28</a></td> - <td class='c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbtd c007'>Zacynthus, Papilio, Zacynthus’s Butterfly</td> - <td class='bbtd c008'><a href='#p027'>27</a></td> - <td class='bbtd c009'>1</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>THE BINDER</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='centerwide'> - -<p class='c006'>Is requested to observe that the Numbers have been transposed by mistake -upon the Three following Plates.</p> - -</div> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c008'>For Plate 27</td> - <td class='c010'><em>read</em> 25.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c008'>Plate 25</td> - <td class='c010'><em>read</em> 26.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c008'>Plate 26</td> - <td class='c010'><em>read</em> 27.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'>And place the plates with their respective descriptions according to this correction.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p001' class='figcenter id003'> -<a href='images/plate001_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate001.jpg' alt='Plate 1' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>1</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan as the Act directs April, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>THE<br /> <br /><span class='sc'>NATURALIST’s REPOSITORY</span>.<br /> <br /><span class='small'><i>&c. &c. &c.</i></span></h2> -</div> - -<div> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br />PLATE I.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE I.</span><br /> <br /> CONUS AMMIRALIS var AMBOINENSIS.<br /> <br /> THREE-BANDED AMBOYNA HIGH-SPIRED<br /> ADMIRAL SHELL.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Animal a limax. Shell univalve, convolute and turbinate. Aperture -effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base: -pillar smooth.</p> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Shell with rough punctures at the base.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Conus Ammiralis</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa basi punctato scabra</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Conus Ammiralis</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa basi punctato</span>. <cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. 10 -p. 714. n. 257.</cite>—<cite>Mus. Lud. Ulr. 553. n. 157. -Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3378. 10.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Conus Ammiralis</span> <i>var</i> <span class='sc'>Amboinensis</span>. α. Spire high and -tapering; shell pyriform, glossy, smooth, pale yellowish with two -broad bands of testaceous marked with large subsaggitate oval spots -of white, and a narrow band between composed of white spots and -intermediate testaceous dots.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>Were it within the contemplation of our present views to enter -into the ancient history of the science of Conchology, we should -be under little difficulty in demonstrating upon the authority of the -best informed historians as well as ancient classics that it has a claim -to very remote antiquity. The study of Shells prevailed, at least -to some extent, in those early times when the generality of mankind -believe the world to have been buried in the depths of ignorance. -At periods, even when some among those of better information may be -inclined to imagine that the ancients could have had no very accurate -conceptions of the nature of these bodies, or of their classification, -natural or artificial, and even when it might be supposed from the -warlike temper of the age the collecting of shells would have been -deemed an unworthy occupation, we discover sufficient indications -to prove that their leisure hours were so employed. The productions -of the sea were delineated in their manuscripts; Pliny speaks -of the delight the artist took in painting the asterias, or sea stars. -The spontaneous offerings of the ocean were depicted in their -natural colours upon the walls of their dwellings, abundant evidence -of which appears among the ancient paintings of Herculaneum and -Pompeii; and that the shells themselves were sometimes collected -by the ancients is placed beyond a doubt from those remains which -have been found, at various times, among the relics of those celebrated -ruins, and also among the ruins of the Roman town, perhaps -no less ancient, denominated La Scava.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is declared by Pliny, in the ninth book of his Natural History, -that the Romans of his time were better acquainted with the -productions of the sea than the animals of the land, a circumstance -he attributes, and unquestionably with sufficient reason, to the extravagant -excess to which the luxurious taste of those times was -carried. This will excite the less surprise when we recollect the -various useful results deduced from this investigation. Of these -we have several very memorable examples; the exquisite dyes of -green, the scarlet, and the imperial purple, which they possessed -and prized so eminently, were all the produce of testaceous bodies. -And so likewise the pearls gathered from the various perlaceous bivalve -shells; and pearls we are assured were in those days valued at -Rome, as in Egypt, at a price infinitely beyond that of gold and gems, -the diamond alone excepted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Pliny tells us, that, in his time, after the diamonds of India and -Arabia, pearls were esteemed most precious, and that we may be -under no error as to the application of the text to the pearls found -in shells, he further adds, that he had before spoken of these pearls -in his book that treats upon the productions of the sea<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c015'><sup>[1]</sup></a>. The -diamonds in those times were so scarce, and esteemed so highly, as -to be little known, except among princes, the smaller and most inferior -kinds alone excepted. The pearls were the most costly jewels employed -in the ornaments for the ears, the neck, and fingers of the -fair sex, and the shells themselves were converted into various -articles of finery for their wardrobe and furniture.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But it is not, as before observed, within our province in this -place, to enter into any such latitude of explanation as an ample -illustration of these remarks may be conceived to merit. It is our -object only to express ourselves in general terms: it may be sufficient -therefore to observe, that among the luxuries of the great in the times -of Pliny, Oppian, and Juvenal, it is certain they indulged their -peculiar taste in the study of these productions of the deep. They -not only amassed together the more curious among those shells -whose beauty attracted their regard, they entered also to some extent -into their history and manners, and were sufficiently informed -as to their natural properties to render them subservient to the -general purposes of luxury and life. They knew the distinctions -between the land, the fresh-water, and the marine tribes of shells, -and they proceeded with minuteness and sometimes fully into their -history. No classic reader of the Halieutics of Oppian will doubt -the general acquaintance of the ancients with those beings in their -native element, nor will any one imagine, who is conversant with -the lives of the philosophers of the infant ages of the world, that the -study of Conchology, even as a science, was unknown. So many -writings of the ancients, even of the classic ages of Greece and Rome, -have disappeared, that it may be now impossible to form any very -accurate conclusions, at the same time that enough remains to justify -our persuasion that it was far from inconsiderable. Among -others, the works of Aristotle, the preceptor of the Macedonian -conqueror Alexander, have survived the ravages of time, and very -happily, for the history of human knowledge unfolds to us the views -which the ancients had then taken of natural science, and among -the rest of the science of Conchology; and there is, moreover, -every reason to believe that in the classification of the testaceous -tribes, or shells, which the writings of this philosopher present us, -we, in reality, possess the arrangement of the shells composing the -Conchological collection of that most potent monarch, the conqueror -of the world:—the classical distribution of the shells of the great -Alexander, as they were disposed by the most celebrated naturalist -of his age, and at a period more remote than three centuries before -the commencement of the Christian æra.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Science of Conchology, like that of all other branches of -nature, has undergone its mutations at various periods. Generally, -it has held a rank of some eminence, a circumstance attributable -no doubt to the peculiar beauty of this interesting tribe. In speaking -of the latter times, the period of the last and preceding centuries, -it would be difficult to determine in which country of civilized Europe -the science of Conchology has been most esteemed; at one time, -the virtuosi of Holland, at another of France, and latterly of Britain, -have endeavoured to produce the most extensive and costly cabinets -of Conchology, and each in consequence may perhaps have excelled -alternately; nor were other countries of Europe in this respect less -emulous, or materially deficient in the number and excellence of -their collections in this department of nature, during the same -periods.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have been unavoidably led into this train of digression and -remark from a due consideration of the very interesting history -connected with the shells which form the subject of the annexed -Plate, the particulars of which, it is presumed, will be found to justify -the general tendency of these observations, and these remarks -may be considered also as a prelude to the introduction of many -others among the number of those rarities which it is within our -contemplation to produce progressively in the course of the present -work; shells, to which the prevalence of general taste has assigned -a value and importance scarcely less considerable than the nonpareil -cones, or the eminently celebrated cedo nulli.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first shell in the plate before us that invites attention from -its magnitude is that superb cone delineated at figure I. This shell, -which once held a distinguished place in the Leverian Museum, is -two inches and six-eighths in length, its greatest breadth one inch -and three-eighths. The general colour pale yellowish, with two -bands of chesnut, marked with irregular arrow-headed spots of -white, and an intermediate narrow band composed of white spots of -the same form, each connected by means of an intervening dot of -chesnut, which, together, form a catenated band of peculiar elegance. -When very closely examined with the aid of a magnifier, the whole -surface of the shell appears finely reticulated with yellow.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This shell was sold in one of the latter day’s sale of the Leverian -Museum for the sum of five guineas and a half.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE II.</span> <br /> <br /> CONUS AMMIRALIS var AMBOINENSIS β.<br /> <br /> SIX-BANDED AMBOYNA HIGH-SPIRED<br /> ADMIRAL SHELL.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Spire high and tapering; shell subpyriform; smooth, pale yellowish, -sprinkled with fulvous; body-wreath with six bands, the three -uppermost linear, and composed of alternate white and chesnut-coloured -dots, the three lower of two broad castaneous bands, marked -with subsaggitate oval spots, and an intermediate narrow belt of alternate -brown and white dots.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This shell, like the former, (fig. I) constituted part of the Leverian -collection of exotic shells. Its length is an inch and half, its greatest -breadth exceeding five-eighths of an inch.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Notwithstanding the inferiority of its size, this very elegant and -curious shell is not less interesting than the preceding. The general -tints in both are nearly the same, but in the present shell are -rather deeper, the dots of fulvous brighter and more thickly sprinkled, -and the bands more numerous. Like the former shell it has two -broad bands of brown, checquered with subovate spots of white, and -an intermediate dotted line, but these are placed rather nearer -towards the narrower end of the shell, and the intervening space -between the spire and the larger band, encompassed or girt round -with two other linear bands, composed of white and brown dots, -besides another still more conspicuous, and composed of larger spots -along the base or body-wreath, contiguous to the spire or turban.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This little shell may be considered as affording an excellent -type of one of the rarer kinds of Conus Ammiralis, the variety denominated -the Six-banded high-spired Admiral Cone. During a -period of some years that have now elapsed since the dispersion of -that collection, no other example of this variety has occurred to our -observation more perfect and characteristic in all its markings.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE III.</span><br /> <br /> CONUS AMMIRALIS var CEDO NULLI α.<br /> <br /> OLIVE-BANDED NONPAREIL CONE.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Spire high and tapering; marbled white, fulvous, and dusky; -body-wreath with three subolivaceous bands, the broadest towards -the spire, with four belts of whitish dots; the two others towards -the narrow end each with a single row of dots.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>If in the preceding instances we have produced some novelties -worthy of particular attention, the present shell, in point of value -as well as beauty, must also lay a distinguished claim to our consideration. -This is one of those rare varieties of Conus Ammiralis -denominated the <span class='sc'>Cedo Nulli</span>, or <span class='sc'>Cedo Nulli</span> <i>pretiossissimus</i>, -in allusion to the incomparable value affixed to the varieties of this -peculiar species. The importance attached to the shells of this -kind may indeed be best conceived by stating that some of its -varieties have been valued at twenty, fifty, and one hundred guineas; -one, in almost every respect resembling that delineated at figure 4, -the celebrated Cedo Nulli of Lyonet’s cabinet, was valued by Lyonet -himself, about the year 1732, at three hundred guineas; and -either this shell, or another very similar to it, actually realized a -sum of 1200 florins.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the shells of this kind may very justly be presumed to be of -the first rarity, every trait of information that may appear calculated -to elucidate their history, it is presumed, will not only be permitted -but be deemed acceptable, and under this impression the ensuing observations -are submitted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Much about the æra of the first explosion of the French Revolution -of 1789, and within the space of a few years after, it is -perfectly well known that many of the choicest cabinets and collections -of rarities that had before been the pride of France and -Holland were consigned to this country for the sake of safety, and -being in some instances afterwards dispersed, had tended, in no -small degree, to enrich the cabinets of our own country. It was at -this period that many very rare shells occurred to our observation -which have since disappeared, and among others, several of those -varieties of Cedo nulli which had been before held in other parts of -Europe in considerable estimation. In the year 1797 we saw no -less than five specimens of this rare shell, all varying a little from -each other, in the cabinet of the French Minister of State, M. de -Calonne; in one, the colour was pale, in another deeper, one was -lineated, and another distinguished by having three distinct bands.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the dispersion of the Calonnian Museum, which took place -by public sale rather more than twenty years ago, the series of -these valuable shells passed into the fine collection of the present -Earl Tankerville, a collection his lordship was then forming for the -pleasure of an amiable and beloved daughter since deceased, and -these shells are still considered among the more choice rarities of -that valuable cabinet.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The shell, however, more immediately under our consideration, -the variety, delineated at figure 3, is from another source; it was -among the spoils of rarities sent over to this country from Holland, -at the time of the insurrection connected with the first inroads of -the French into that country. The shell passed into the hands of a -merchant of curiosities in London, and being afterwards sold, its -destination is uncertain; the price affixed was twenty guineas.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This shell corresponded very nearly with the variety denominated -Seba’s Cedo nulli, having once formed a part of the museum -of the celebrated Seba, but it could not be the same, because the -entire collection of Seba, which at the period of the French invasion -constituted part of the Royal Museum of the Stadtholder, was -carried into France and its contents distributed among the other -objects of natural history in the French Museum<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c015'><sup>[2]</sup></a>. The description -which Favanne has left us of the <span class='sc'>Cedo nulli De Seba</span> is in the -following words, and will be found on a near comparison to accord -pretty accurately with our present shell:—“<i>Le Cedo nulli</i> de -Seba, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">à large bande citron foncé, chargée de quatre cordelettes de -grains inégaux, blancs, bleus, rouges et orangés. Le reste de sa -robe est fascié et marbré d’orangé-brun, de jaune, de rouge et bleu-pâle -sur un fond blanc avec deux bandes grenues vers le bas.</span>”</p> - -<div class='c016'><span class='sc'>Favanne</span>, t. ii. p. 422.</div> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE IV.</span> <br /> <br /> CONUS AMMIRALIS var CEDO NULLI β.<br /> <br /> FULVOUS NONPAREIL CONE.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Spire high and tapering, fulvous reddish and orange, varied -and marbled with white; two orange bands, each with four belts of -white dots, and a single series near the tip.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The shell from which this drawing is taken fell also into the -possession of the same individual as the last, and much about same -period. This rarity was disposed of, as I have been informed, at a -price exceeding that of the former, and passed shortly after, I believe, -into the Imperial cabinet, at Vienna, or otherwise into one of the -continental cabinets in the north of Europe, a circumstance we have -not, at this distant period, any means whatever of determining.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The accordance between this shell and the celebrated Cedo -nulli of Lyonet’s cabinet, which, as before intimated, was estimated -at the value of three hundred guineas, will not escape the remark -those who are acquainted with the description of Lyonet’s shell. -According to Favanne there were two or more varieties of the -Cedo nulli, in his time, in France, that bore a very near resemblance -to the shell of Lyonet; he speaks of one in the cabinet of Madame -La Presidente de Bandeville, which differed in its marbling of -white: in being larger and more prolonged upon the top of the first -whorl, ather larger, and interrupted with veins of orange, and the -last of the two belts of white spots which follows this zone near the -bottom of the first whorl, composed of rather larger spots; with -these exceptions the two shells were precisely the same.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Cedo nulli of Lyonet is described as being of a yellowish -colour, divided into bands, the lower one and that in the middle -marbled with white, the other two marked, the one with four little -belts with white dots, the second with only three<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c015'><sup>[3]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I ought not to close these remarks without observing, that these -shells vary so considerably that no two specimens have yet occurred -that agree precisely with each other. Some approach also, but are -clouded instead of banded; these are the French Cedo nulli graphique, -Conus mappa of Solander, and being held in less esteem -from having their colours disposed in clouds instead of bands, have -obtained the name of the false Cedo nulli. The transitions of these -shells, it must be confessed are so various as to render it extremely -difficult, if not unsafe, to determine where one species ends and -another commences, the difference in the colours affords no sufficient -data, neither is the form of the shell, nor the height of the spire so -uniformly certain as to constitute a precise criterion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Linnæus, in his description of the conchological cabinet of her -majesty <i>Ludovica Ulrica</i>, the Queen of Sweden*, speaks of three -different varieties of Conus Ammiralis α <i>Ammiralis summus</i>, β <i>Ammiralis -ordinarius</i>, γ <i>Ammiralis occidentalis</i>, and these are again -recited in his Systema Natura. But it will be seen from the last -edition of that work, by Professor Gmelin, that the varieties discovered -subsequently to the age of that inestimable naturalist are -very considerable, amounting to no less than thirty different kinds, -and these do not include the whole at present known. Gmelin, it -should be added, admits only two or three kinds as the true <span class='sc'>Cedo -nulli</span>, which he characterizes essentially as being encompassed -with dotted articulated belts, Cedo nulli cingulis punctato-articulatis; -one he describes as being yellow, painted with red, and marked with -eleven distinct belts of milk white; another, orange with crouded -elevated interrupted chesnut lines.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These shells inhabit chiefly the South American Seas; the -true Cedo nulli, as it is called, has been found at Grenada. Some -of the varieties of Conus Ammiralis, are not very uncommon, and are -in infinitely less esteem than others; for, as it has already appeared, -it is in proportion to their rarity in addition to some peculiarity in -the colours and markings, and most especially in their disposition -into the form of bands, that taste and fancy has affixed a value so -considerable as that which these shells are sometimes known to -bear.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p002' class='figcenter id004'> -<a href='images/plate002_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate002.jpg' alt='plate 2' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p>2<br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Simpkin & Marshall. April 1.<sup>st</sup> 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE II.<br /> <br /> TROGON VIRIDIS.<br /> <br /> YELLOW-BELLIED GREEN TROGON,<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>OR</span><br /> <br /> CURUCUI.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> PICÆ.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill shorter than the head, sharp edged, hooked margin of the -mandibles serrated: feet scansorial or formed for climbing.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Green gold, beneath luteous; chin black; on the breast a green -gold band.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trogon viridis</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridi-aureus, subtus luteis, gula nigra, fascia pectorali viridi-aurea</span>. <cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 404. n. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trogon viridis</span>, <cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. 12. 1. p. 167. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Trogon Cayanensis viridis. <cite>Briss. av. 4. p. 168. n. 2 t. 17.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Couroucou à ventre jaune.</span> <cite>Buff. Ois. 6. p. 291. Pl. Enl. 195.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trogon viridis</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridi-aureus subtus luteis, gula nigra, retricibus -utrinque tribus extimis oblique et dentatim -albis</span>. <cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. t. 1. p. 199. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Yellow-bellied Curucui. <cite>Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. p. 488. 2.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This curious and very elegant bird is about twelve inches in -length; the bill an inch long and of a pale cinereous or ashen hue, -and, like most other species of this remarkable genus, serrated -along the margin. The legs are feathered to the toes, and with the -toes and claws are of a pale brown.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The colour of the head and neck of this species is black, very -richly glossed with blue, which appears, in different directions of -the light, highly splendid upon its surface. Upon the crown of -the head the blue verges into violet and purple, and in descending -towards the neck becomes changeable into a fine green, glossed -with gold; these brilliant hues appear also on the sides of the neck, -and passing round as a kind of pectorial band forms in particular a -rich zone of golden green upon the breast.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The pale ashen hue of the bill is singularly contrasted with the -deep black and violet of the head and neck, and the sudden transition -of the colours of the body is no less remarkable, the plumage -in this part becoming abruptly of a fine yellow from the breast -down to the thighs; these latter are black, but the vent feathers -beyond are of a fine yellow, like the colour of the abdomen. The -upper parts of the body are green glossed with yellowish and -partaking of a golden lustre. The upper wing coverts and scapulars -are dark fuscous, mottled with greyish; the quill feathers dark -brown, quills from the base to the middle white. The tail is cuneated -or wedge-formed, the middle feathers being longer than the -outer ones. These feathers are most singularly contrasted with -the rest, being of a fine dark green, glossed with gold, and at the -tip black, while the three outer feathers on the contrary are white, -and from the base downwards nearly to the tip very elegantly marked -with oblique indented bars of black, leaving the tip of each -feather immaculate; the inner one of these three exterior feathers -are the same length as the dark ones, but the next outer feather is -shorter, and the extreme exterior feather on each side shorter than -the latter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is a variety of this bird in which the belly, instead of -being yellow, is white; the whole bird is a trifle smaller than the -example now before us, and may possibly prove hereafter to be the -same species, in a less mature state of plumage. Buffon calls it -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Le Couroucou verd</i></span>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All the birds of this tribe at present known are inhabitants of -the warmer climates of South America and India. Our present -subject is a native of Cayenne, where it lives in damp and retired -woods, building upon the lower branches of trees and feeding chiefly -upon insects, with which the trees and herbage in those countries -abound.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This truly interesting and very beautiful species is already -known in our language by the epithet of the yellow-bellied Trogon -or Curucui. There is, however, another bird of the same genus, -which has the belly yellow, as in the present bird; we allude to the -Rufous Curucui, the better therefore to define our species we have -denominated it the yellow-bellied Green Trogon, or Curucui, as the -least attention to the difference in the general colour of the plumage -will thus enable the most cursory observer to discriminate the two -species with facility and accuracy.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p003' class='figcenter id005'> -<a href='images/plate003_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate003.jpg' alt='plate 3' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic005'> -<p><i>3</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan, as the Act directs April 1.<sup>st</sup> 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE III.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE I, I.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO CODOMANNUS.<br /> <br /> CODOMANNUS BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> LEPIDOPTERA.</h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings entire, deep black with sanguineous bands: posterior -ones beneath with annular yellow lines and dots of blue.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* DANAI FESTIVI <i>Fabr.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Codomannus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis integerrimis atris sanguineo fasciatis: -posticis subtus lineis annularibus flavis punctisque -cœruleis</span>. <cite>Fabr. Spec. Ins. t. 2. p. 57. -n. 253.</cite>—<cite>Mant. Ins. 2. p. 28. n. 292.</cite>—<cite>Ent. -Syst. t. 3. p. 1. p. 53. n. 165.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alae anticæ supra atrae basi fasciaque, quæ margines haud attingit, -sanguineis. Punctum fulvum transversum versus apicem et -margo apicis albo punctatus. Subtus fere concolores fascia tantum -flava et striga cœrulea apicis. Posticæ supra atræ vitta abbreviata -fulva, subtus atræ lineis annularibus flavis punctisque cœrulescentibus. -Pectus albo punctatum.</span> <i>Fabr.</i></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Codomannus</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis integerrimis atris sanguineo fasciatis: -posterioribus subtus lineis annularibus flavis -punctisque cœruleis</span>. <cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. t. 1. p. -5. 2280. n. 473.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The delineations of the very beautiful butterfly that appears in -the annexed plate, are copied from a specimen in the cabinet of the -late worthy president of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Fabricius had previously observed and made known throughout -Europe the description of this species with many others of the -Banksian Cabinet, but the figures of it now submitted to the -amateur are the first that have appeared.—When we consider the -celebrity which the entomological writings of Fabricius have acquired -it may be satisfactory to learn that the delineation now before -us is copied from the individual specimen which Fabricius had described, -and that no other figure of this very interesting Papilio is -extant.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The upper surface of the butterfly is of a dark brown colour of -peculiar richness, crossed by stripes of deep scarlet. The insect -with expanded wings displayed in a flying position in the lower part -of the plate exemplifies this aspect of the upper surface. The lower -surface is much more beautiful; the marks and colours on the anterior -pair possess nearly the same character as those of the upper -surface; the posterior pair are very different, being marked with -large annular bands of bright yellow upon a fuscous ground, and inclosing -a number of distinct spots of cœrulean blue, which in beauty -emulate the brilliancy of the finest ultra marine: three of these -blue spots are placed in the dark ground upon the disk, the remainder -are disposed in a semi-circle upon a band of black towards the -posterior extremity of the wings. This appearance is best perceived -when the insect appears in a resting position as it is seen -on one of the branches of the mimosa in the upper part of the -plate.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This insect is a native of Brazil.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE II.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO PYRAMUS.<br /> PYRAMUS BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> LEPIDOPTERA.</h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob; wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings entire, fuscous glossed with blue, and marked with a -fulvous spot; lower wings beneath grey.</p> - -<p class='c017'><span class='sc'>Plebeji Rurales</span>, <i>Fabr. Sp. Ins.</i></p> - -<p class='c017'><span class='sc'>Hesperia Rurales</span>, <i>Fabr. Ent. Syst.</i></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Pyramus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis integerrimis fuscis cœruleo micantibus, -macula fulva, posticis subtus griseis</span>. <cite>Fabr. -Spec. Ins. 2 p. 130. n. 590.</cite>—<cite>Mant. Ins. 2 p. -83. n. 755.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Hesperia Pyramus</span>: <cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. t. 3. p. 1. 323. n. 223.</cite> -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alæ omnes fuscæ, cœruleo micantibus: macula -magna, in medio fulva. Anticæ, subtus concolores, -posticæ griseæ sive cinereo fuscoque -variæ.</span> <i>Fabr.</i></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>Fabricius describes Papilio Pyramus as a new species of the -genus from the drawings of the late Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, a gentleman -of fortune who had long devoted his attention to this peculiar -tribe of insects, the Papiliones, and whose labours tended in a very -eminent degree to aid those of Fabricius. In return for this -assistance, Fabricius affixed to each of those insects the names under -which they were destined afterwards to appear before the world, -a circumstance that may explain sufficiently the frequent references -of the Fabrician writings to those drawings, first in his <cite>Species Insectorum</cite>, -and subsequently in his <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite>. It -may be further added, that the whole of these drawings, together -with the manuscripts in the hand-writing of Fabricius were long in -our own possession, during the life-time of the very amiable proprietor, -Mr. Jones, for the very liberal purpose of copying and -making known to the public whatever might appear likely to us to -promote the interest and advantage of the Science of Nature; and -that the insect now before us is one of those very rare species copied -for this purpose.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The specimen from which the painting of Mr. Jones was taken -formed originally part of the collection of the lamented Mr. Yates, -the ingenious author of an English translation of the Linnæan Fundamenta -Entomologia, that appeared about forty years ago, and -who lost his life by bathing in the river some short time afterwards.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There was a variety of this insect, pretty nearly but not exactly -according with this in the collection of an old and well-known entomologist, -the late Mr. Drury, a figure of which appeared shortly -after the publication of the Fabrician writings as the true Papilio -Pyramus. It was not precisely the same as it appeared to us from -an inspection of the specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Drury. This -insect is to be found represented in the 23rd plate of the third -volume of the Exotic Insects of that author, published in the year -1782.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p004' class='figcenter id006'> -<a href='images/plate004_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate004.jpg' alt='plate 4' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic006'> -<p><i>4</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan, May 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE IV.<br /> <br /> VOLUTA SCAPHA var NOBILIS,<br /> NOBLE CHINESE VOLUTE.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Animal a limax. Shell uniocellar, spiral; aperture without a -beak and sub-effuse: pillar twisted or plaited: generally without -lips or perforation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>* Ventricose, spire papillary at the tip, or terminating in an -obtuse rounded eminence.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c018'><i>Var</i> <span class='sc'>Noble Chinese Volute</span>: Shell smooth clouded with zig-zag -brown lines, pillar blueish and four plaited: -lip subulate.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Voluta Scapha</span> (var, <span class='sc'>Nobilis</span>) <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa lævi nebulosa; lineis angularibus -fuscis columella caerulescente quadruplicata, -labro subulato</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Voluta Scapha</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa rudi nebulosa: lineis angularibus fuscis -columella cærulescente quadruplicata, labro subulato</span>.—<cite>Gmel. -Linn. Syst. Nat. t. 1. p. 6. 3468. -121.</cite> <cite>Hist. Conch. t. 799. f. 6.</cite> <cite>Kircher 3. f. -10.</cite> <cite>Bonanni, c. 3. 113. f. 10.</cite> <cite>Klein Ostr. -t. 5. f. 94.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The fine example from which our figure of this rare and interesting -Volute is taken, once held a distinguished place in the -Conchological department of the celebrated museum of Sir Ashton -Lever. The length of this shell is four inches and one eighth, its -greatest breadth two inches and three eighths; the colour a kind -of buff with an olivaceous tint, and the whole surface traversed -with a number of irregularly undulated or zig-zag lines of dark -brown, disposed longitudinally throughout: the peculiar character -of which will be conceived more readily from the delineation -than from any explanation that can be conveyed by words. These -longitudinal lines are numerous upon the back or superior surface -of the first wreath of the shell, and extends also on the lower surface -as far as the dilated space of the columella or pillar lip; which -latter is of a pure white and destitute of any markings. The mouth -or aperture with the interior of the shell is also white, and the -plaits of the pillar, which constitutes one of the most essential -characters of the genus Volute, are prominent and well defined.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This species of Voluta has long retained its reputation as a -shell of distinguished rarity; it was very rare in the time of Kircher -and Bonanni, and it has continued scarce even to the present -period. At the sale of the Leverian collection, the example of -which the delineation is now before us, produced the sum of five -guineas and a half: since that time other specimens of the same -species have occurred occasionally to observation, but which have -still maintained an equal price in proportion to their excellence or -perfection. The Leverian shell was a most select example, and -has not been surpassed in point of beauty by any of the specimens -we have since seen. At the dissolution of that inestimable museum, -which happened in the year 1806, this admirable shell passed into -the possession of the worthy secretary of the Linnæan Society, -A. Mc. Leay, Esq. and it still constitutes a part of the fine Conchological -collection of that very eminent naturalist.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The late Dr. Solander, as it appears from his manuscripts preserved -in the library of the late worthy President of the Royal -Society, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. had designated this kind of Voluta -by the name of Nobilis; it is a fine shell and not unworthy of that -distinguished appellation. It is however certain, that it is no other -than a variety of Voluta Scapha of the Linnæan school<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c015'><sup>[4]</sup></a>, and as the -changing and transposition of names that are sufficiently explicit -and well understood can only tend to create confusion instead of -aiding the pursuits of science, we can have no hesitation in retaining -it under its former designation. As a variety, we admit this -shell to be distinct and well defined, and to be so far prominent as -to merit a definitive appellation; and it is under this persuasion the -term Nobilis, assigned but by Dr. Solander, is subjoined to the -specific name Voluta Scapha.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This very rare kind of Voluta Scapha is from China, the -variety more coarse in its general appearance that constitutes the -type of this species, is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among the older definitions by which this shell was known -among the early writers, we may mention that of the learned Kircher, -whose museum of curiosities, extant in the beginning of the -last century, contained a shell of this kind, which Bonanni thus -describes:—“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Conchylium ea parte latius qua in turbinem desinit -sine aculeis, et tuberculis, foramen non rotundum, ut in Purpura -et Buccina, sed longum.</i></span>” Musaei Kircheriani. classis iii. 10. 450. -et Bonan. 113.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It may not be amiss to observe, in conclusion, that amidst all -the improvements which modern naturalists have made in the science -of Conchology, Voluta Scapha still remains a Volute among the -most approved writers of the present day, while most of those species -considered by Linnæus as appertaining to the same genus are -removed to other newly-constituted genera.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The character of the true Volute, as it is at present laid down, -consists in the shell being of an oval form, more or less ventricose, -or swollen, the summit obtuse and ending in a kind of papilla, or -teat, the base of the shell cut off or somewhat truncated: without -canal, and the pillar charged with plaits or folds, of which the inferior -ones are the largest and longest. The precise contrary of this -is observable in the new genus <span class='sc'>Mitra</span>, of which <i>Voluta Episcopalis</i> -is considered as the type. In this last mentioned shell, the body -instead of being ventricose is subfusiform, the spire pointed at the -summit, and the lower plaits upon the pillar smaller instead of -larger. The contrast between these two tribes will, it is conceived, -sufficiently illustrate the characteristic peculiarities of the genus -Volute, as it is at present constituted.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p005' class='figcenter id007'> -<a href='images/plate005_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate005.jpg' alt='plate 5' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>5</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, May 1.<sup>st</sup> 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE V.<br /> <br /> TROCHILUS PELLA,<br /> TOPAZ HUMMING-BIRD.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Picæ.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill subulate or awl-shaped; filiform, tubular at the tip and -longer than the head; upper mandible forming a sheath for the -lower. Tongue filiform, the two threads coalescing, and tubular -feet formed for walking; tail composed of ten feathers, in general.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* Bill incurvate.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Red; middle tail feathers very long; body red; head brown; -throat golden green; rump green.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochilus Pella</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber rectricibus intermediis longissimis, -capite fusca, gula aurata uropygioque viridi</span>.—<cite>Linn. -Syst. 1. p. 189. 2.</cite> <cite>Gmel. t. 1. p. 1. -485. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochilus Pella</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris ruber, rectricibus intermediis -longissimis, corpore rubro, capite fusco, gula -aurata uropygioque viridi</span>. <cite>Lath. Orn. 1. p. -302. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Polytmus Surinamensis longicaudus ruber.—<cite>Briss. 3. p. 690. 15.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Falcinellus gutture viridi.—<cite>Klein, Av. p. 108. 15.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Le Colibri topaze.—<cite>Buff. 6. p. 46.</cite>—<cite>Pl. Ent. 599.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Topaz Humming-Bird.</span>—<cite>Lath Syn. 2. p. 746. 2.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>There is not, throughout the very ample range of the creation -which the feathered tribes present to our consideration, a race of -beings more deservedly admired for their beauty than the Humming-Birds. -Natives of the warmer climates of the globe: of countries -where the fervour of a tropic sun calls forth the spontaneous productions -of the earth bedecked in gaiety unexampled in other regions -of the earth, these little beings seem to participate in all its -genial influence. With forms the most pleasing for symmetry and -elegance they combine a brilliancy of colours the most splendid; -their golden hues, their sapphirine tints, the lustre of the emerald, -the ruby, garnet, amethyst, and topaz, with which their plumage is -adorned, is not surpassed in brightness by the valued gems whose -hues they borrow, and whose splendours emulate; as though, in this -much-favoured race we beheld the richest gems of earth inspired -with life, and endowed with powers of activity and will. The -flowers whose nectareous juices afford them sustenance, are moreover -the liveliest and most luxuriant among those that adorn the -surface of the teeming earth:—in a word, the Humming-Birds, -poised and fluttering upon the wing, or flitting from flower to flower, -in search of food beneath the fervid illumination of a cloudless tropic -sun, present a spectacle of the works of nature upon a scale of -miniature the most pleasing and most brilliant.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Owing to the slender structure of the bill, the Humming-Birds -have some difficulty in obtaining their support; the luxuriant fruits -of the tropic world afford them no repast: their bills are much too -feeble to penetrate their rind to derive subsistence from their fluids. -It is the rich juices of the flowers and not the fruits that afford them -food; the fluids which they find secreted in the nectaria of flowers, -the nectaria of those plants in particular which have the flowers long -and tubular, and in which those repositories of mellifluous fluid lie -in the bottom of the corolla are the favourite objects of their resort. -About the flowers of this kind the Humming-Birds are seen hovering -like bees, and like those industrious creatures extracting at the -same time those juices of the flowers by means of their elongated -tongue. The construction of the tongue in this tribe of birds is -singular and deserving of explicit mention; it consists of two tubular -filiform threads, which coalesce throughout their whole length, excepting -at the tips, where they are divided, or bifid; this organ, -which is remarkable for its extreme length, it inserts deeply down -into the corolla of the flowers, and is thus enabled to obtain the -nectar nearly in the same manner as the insects of the sphinx genus. -The Humming-Birds, when on the wing, are observed to emit a -humming noise, like that of the bee, and it is apparently from this -circumstance that this class of the feathered race have derived the -appellation of Humming-Birds.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the different species of the Humming-Bird, though uniformly -small, vary much in magnitude, from the bigness indeed of -the wren and others of our smaller warblers to a size more diminutive -than several of the larger kinds of the bee tribe, the nests of -these birds, as may be conceived, are found to vary materially according -to the size of the species to which they appertain. These -little local habitations of the infant brood are all comparatively -small, are usually of a roundish form, lined with the softest downy -leaves, and each in general contains two little eggs, scarcely exceeding -the size of peas, and of a pure white colour without any -spots.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The slenderness of the bill and weakness of the legs in this -tribe of birds sufficiently demonstrate that they are inadequate to -any contests with other kinds of the feathered race; they are nevertheless -observed among themselves to be rather of a pugnaceous -disposition. Their usual contests are for their mates or for the -possession of some favourite flower, and are observed to take place -while on the wing. Their mode of attack is by striking with -violence against each other, for they never attempt to assault each -other with their bill and their feet are much too small and feeble -for conflict.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The species of Humming-Bird now before us is one of the -larger kinds, its length being about six inches from the tip of the -bill to the extremity of the tail, exclusive of the two elongated -feathers which extend beyond the true tail about two inches; the -bill is long, slender, and slightly incurvated, and of a whitish colour -with the tip black. The most characteristic peculiarity is the large -space of topazine or golden green immediately beneath the chin, -and which expands over the whole surface of the throat. The head -is blackish purple, and the same colour descending along the sides -of the neck passes in a kind of crescent round the breast, thus constituting -an abrupt separation between the vivid green space of the -chin and throat, and the vivid lustre of the abdomen, which is a fine -crimson or ruby colour from the breast nearly to the vent, where it -becomes interspersed with a few white feathers; the feathers of the -thigh are white also. The back and wing coverts are brown with -tints and shades of greenish, and glosses of a golden yellow. The -greater quill feathers are fuscous, the tail coverts are fine green; -the tail orange, except the two remarkable elongated candal -feathers, which are black. The legs pale.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Notwithstanding the very decisive character which this species -of Humming-Bird displays, and which considered individually can -leave us little reason to distrust its identity as a species, we are not -to overlook the very near approximation of this kind with some -others that are described as specifically different, such as the Sapphire -Humming-Bird, and that distinguished by the appellation of the -Sapphire and Emerald Humming-Bird. The near approach of -these and some others to the species now before us appears to be -sufficiently obvious to induce a persuasion that in a less mature state -one kind may sometimes have been mistaken for another, and this -becomes the more probable when we recollect that the Humming-Birds -in general, like many of the larger tribes of the feathered race, -do not arrive at their full perfection of plumage till the second and -more commonly till the third year.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p006' class='figcenter id008'> -<a href='images/plate006_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate006.jpg' alt='plate 6' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>6</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, May 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br />PLATE VI.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE I, I.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO MARCELLINA.<br /> MARCELLINA’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* DANAI CAND.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings entire, rounded, yellow, each of them beneath with a -geminous or double silver spot.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Marcellina</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis integris rotundatis flavis: singalis -subtus puncto gemino argenteo</span>.—<cite>Fabr. Spec. -Ins. 2. 49. n. 214.</cite>—<cite>Ent. Syst. t. 3. p. 1. 209. -654.</cite>—<cite>Cram. 14. t. 165.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Marcellina is a butterfly of peculiar simplicity and -beauty in its general effect. The upper surface is of a fine yellow -with a singular subocellate spot or stigma of a reddish brown in the -centre of the anterior wings, and a series of double spots of the same -colour, disposed towards the exterior margin both of the anterior -and the posterior pair. The lower surface, as we perceive from the -Butterfly at rest, with the wings erect in the upper part of the -plate, is rather more of an orange or fulvous hue, and instead of -having the disk immaculate like the upper surface, except the stigma -in the anterior wings, are sprinkled with reddish brown. The centre -of the wings, as well the posterior as the anterior pair, are -marked with two silver spots, and which, from their near approximation, -may be denominated, according to the language of Fabricius, -a geminous or double spot of silver.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This elegant insect is figured from a specimen in the collection -of the celebrated Dr. Hunter, the individual example described and -referred to by Fabricius in his <cite>Species Insectorum</cite> and <cite>Entomologia -Systematica</cite> as expressed among the synonyms above recited.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Papilio Marcellina has appeared already in the costly work -of Cramer, upon the Papiliones tribe, we are nevertheless induced -to present a figure of the species to our readers, in order to point -out the very close affinity that prevails between this insect and -another much more frequent species named Papilio Sennæ. This -latter mentioned Butterfly is figured by Sloane, Merian, and Seba; -Papilio Marcellina by Cramer only. These insects resemble each -other, but are nevertheless distinct; the specific character of Papilio -Sennæ consists chiefly, according to Linnæus, in having the double -spot in the centre of each wing of a ferruginous colour, while in -Papilio Marcellina that characteristic mark has the exact appearance -of two approximating spots of molten silver. The tips of the wings -in Papilio Sennæ are sometimes spotted as in Marcellina and are -sometimes destitute of spots.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Both these analogous species are natives of Surinam; Sloane -describes Papilio Sennæ, in his Natural History of Jamaica, as an -inhabitant of that island.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE II.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO AGAVE.<br /> AGAVE BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob; wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* DANAI CAND.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings entire rounded yellow; anterior pair at the tip black -above, beneath sanguineous brown.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Agave</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis integerrimis rotundatis flavis: anticis apice -supra nigris, subtus brunneis</span>.—<cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. -t. 3. p. 1. 193. n. 599.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This very scarce and pretty species of the Papilio tribe is an -inhabitant of Cayenne, and may possibly occur also in other parts of -South America. It was unknown to Fabricius when he published -the work entitled <cite>Species Insectorum</cite>; he afterwards observed a -species of it in the cabinet of Von Rohr, and inserted a description -of it between the two species P. Hecabe and P. Cardamines in his -subsequent production <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The upper surface of this Butterfly is entirely yellow, without -any marks, excepting only the apex of the anterior wings, which -are black in that portion of the tip which appears red on the lower -surface, or as Fabricius terms it, somewhat erroneously brown.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This fly, so uniformly simple in the aspect of its superior surface, -appears to peculiar advantage when in a resting position as it -is depicted in the lower part of the plate.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p007' class='figcenter id009'> -<a href='images/plate007_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate007.jpg' alt='plate 7' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic005'> -<p><i>7</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. Donovan, Simpkin & Marshall. June 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE VII.<br /> <br /> EMBERIZA CIRIS<br /> PAINTED BUNTING.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Passeres</span>.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill conic: mandibles receding from each other from the base -downwards, the lower with the sides narrowed in; a hard knob -within the upper mandible.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Head blue, abdomen fulvous, back green, feathers green brown.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Emberiza Ciris</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capite cæruleo, abdomine fulvo, dorso-viridi, -pennis viridi-fuscis</span> <cite>Act. Stockh. 1750 p. 278 -t. 7. f. 1.</cite>—<cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 179.</cite>—<cite>Gmel. -Syst. 1. p. 885.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Friagilla Tricolor, <cite>Catesby Car. 1. p. 44. t. 44</cite>. -<cite>Klein. Av. p. 97. 7.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Chloris ludoviciana, Papa, <cite>Briss. 3. p. 200. 58. t. 8. f. 3</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c013'>Fringilla Mariposa, <cite>Scop. Ann. 1. No. 222</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c013'>Le Pepe <cite>Buff. 4. p. 176. t. 9</cite>.—<cite>Pl. Enl. 139. f. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>China Bulfinch, <cite>Albin. 3. t. 68</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Painted Bunting</span>, <cite>Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. p. 206. 54</cite>.—<cite>Supp. p. 159. -Ind. Orn. T. 1. p. 416. 61.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The varieties of the very beautiful species now before us are -rather numerous, as may be imagined from its moulting twice in a -year, and not arriving, as it is pretty generally believed, at its full state -of plumage till nearly the third year. These are the progressive -changes of the male bird, and it may be also added, that the female -undergoes several mutations of the same kind, as well as the male -bird.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When its plumage has attained its full perfection, there are -few birds of more striking beauty than the male of this species. Its -size is scarcely inferior to that of our common Hedge Sparrow, the -length between five and six inches. The head and neck of a fine -blue purple, with a circle of red round the eyes. The whole of the -underside, including the chin, throat, breast, and abdomen, is a -fulvous, or rather a vivid scarlet; the back green, below which is a -space of yellow, and the rump scarlet, like the abdomen. The wings -are greenish, being shaded with brown, and having the edges of the -feathers of a delicate green: the greater wing coverts in our specimen -are of a pale rose colour, and which in the general conformation of -the plumage constitutes a roseate band across the wings. The tail, -like the wings, are brownish, having the edges of each feather green; -the bill and legs dark.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In some of the varieties of this bird, occasioned as before observed, -through the moulting of the feathers, the blue purple of -the head and neck is more generally extended along the back, and -sometimes appears in patches upon other parts of the plumage. -Sometimes, also, the dark spots that appear upon the scarlet space of -the chin, throat, breast, and abdomen, are more diffused, and in -other states of moulting the abdomen becomes yellow or yellowish. -The abdomen has also, in some instances, been known to change -white, leaving only a rounded spot of red upon the breast.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Catesby describes this species as a native of Carolina. It is an -inhabitant of all the warmer parts of America, extending from Mexico -and Peru, as far as Canada, in the milder seasons of the year. It -is rather a hardy bird, insomuch, that some attempts have been made -by the Dutch to naturalize the species in Europe, like the Canary; -but not, however, with the same success, although they may be kept -alive for some time after being brought into the less genial climates -of the Continent of Europe.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The celebrated Marmaduke Tunstall, Esq. a most indefatigable -Naturalist, who lived towards the latter part of the preceding -century, has stated, that two pair of these birds made their nests and -laid eggs in the orange trees of a Menagery at Holderness, in Yorkshire, -but observes at the same time, the eggs were unproductive. -Mr. Tunstall, as a Collector, was the great rival of Sir Ashton Lever, -and of authority unquestionable, and this circumstance tends to -shew that it might be yet possible to rear these very beautiful birds -in this country. Some authors have presumed upon the authority -of Albin, that this species extends to China. There can be very little -doubt that the figure in the third volume of Albin’s plate, denominated -the China Bulfinch, is intended for this bird. Albin assures -us that he saw the bird he figured in the possession of a curious -gentlemen, who told him he had received it from China.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the warmer parts of America, which these birds, as before -observed, inhabit, they occur sometimes in vast flocks; it does not -appear that they are of a shy or timid disposition, yet it is said they -are seldom seen near habitable places, and never in any considerable -numbers together.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p008' class='figcenter id006'> -<a href='images/plate008_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate008.jpg' alt='plate 8' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic006'> -<p><i>8</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. Donovan, June 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE VIII.<br /> <br /> BUCCINUM HARPA<br /> var TESTUDO<br /> TORTOISESHELL HARP BUCCINUM.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell spiral, gibbous: aperture ovate, (generally) terminating -in a short canal, leaning to the right, with a retuse beak or projection: -pillar lip expanded.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <i>Detrita</i>, pillar lip apparently worn flat.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell with equal longitudinal and distinct mucronate ribs: -pillar lip smooth.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Buccinum Harpa</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa costis æquilibus longitudinalibus distinctis -mucronatis, columella lævigata</span>. <cite>Linn. Syst. -Nat. 10. p. 7. 38. n. 400.</cite>—<cite>Mus. Lud. Ulr. -609. n. 261.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Buccinum Harpa</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa varicibus<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c015'><sup>[5]</sup></a> æqualibus longitudinalibus -distinctis mucronatis: columella lævigata</span>. <cite>Gmel. -Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. 3482. n. 47.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Buccinum Testudo.</span> <cite>Soland. MSS.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Harpa.</span> <cite>Rumpf. Must. 32. f. K. L. M.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Harpa Nobilis</span> <cite>Argenv. Conch. t. 17. f. D.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This superb shell, admitted to be the finest example of its -kind, at present known, once constituted part of the Conchological -Collection of Sir Ashton Lever; and continued to be a distinguished -ornament of that Museum after it passed into the hands of Mr. Parkinson. -At the dissolution of that Museum, which took place in the -month of May, June, and the beginning of July, in the year 1806, -the specimen became the property of a very celebrated amateur, the -late Mr. Jennings: he purchased it at the sale for the sum of seven -pounds.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c015'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Mr. Jennings is since dead, and his collection being, like -the former, dispersed by public sale: we are no longer certain in -whose possession this very beautiful rarity now remains.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides that this shell excels in magnitude every other known -example of its kind, the formation of the shell itself is extremely fine, -its perfection exquisite, the colouring of the richest and most decided -hues, and the marks and lines throughout, which so eminently -characterize the shell, definitely distinct; we shall dwell no further -on the peculiar beauty of this shell, from a persuasion that the -drawing will be found so explicit and so satisfactory, as to render a -minute description needless: it was taken with peculiar care, by -permission of its proprietor, while it remained in the Leverian -Museum, and will not, we are convinced, be found defective in point -of accuracy, upon the most attentive comparison with the original, -should that ever be produced in competition with it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the Linnæan arrangement of Conchology, the shells of this -kind constitute a species of the Genus Buccinum, the Buccinum -Harpa of that author. Previous to the time of Linnæus, the best -Conchologists had considered those particular shells that possess the -essential characters of the Common Harp Shell, as a distinct genus. -Rumpfius so adopts it under the name of Harpa; and Argenville -subsequently regarding that particular kind called Buccinum Harpa, -by Linnæus, as the type of the genus, denominates it, by way of -eminence, Harpa Nobilis. By some inconceivable error it has been -asserted that Lamarck was the first author who separated the family -of Harps from the genus Buccinum; this is evidently a mistake, as we -perceive from Rumpfius and Argenville, and as we are now proceeding -to shew from the “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Catalogue Systématique et Raisonné</cite></span>,” of the -once celebrated cabinet of M. de Davilla; besides which, some others -might be added, were it material to notice them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As we have introduced the subject of Davilla’s Cabinet, it will, -perhaps, afford some pleasure to many of our readers if we mention a -few of those very beautiful varieties of this natural family of the -Harps, which were once concentrated in that costly collection. -These, collectively, appear to have presented a series of the most -choice and interesting of the varieties at that time known. The -distinctions are taken from the number of the prominent ridges with -which these shells are longitudinally traversed, and these, it hence -appears, varied from thirteen to fourteen and fifteen in number. -One of these, a very fine shell, and deemed the type of the <i>Harpe</i> -tribe, was the Harpa Nobilis of D’Argenville: it had fifteen ribs, was -very regularly marked with alternate zic-zac lines of brown and -white, or rather of brown lines disposed upon a white ground, with -a small intermediate incurvate line of grey traversing the middle of -each of the white lines, in the same, direction as those of brown; a -disposition of marking, very similar to the zic-zac lineations upon the -shell represented in the annexed plate. There were two other Harps, -in which the number of ribs, or ridges, amounted to no more than -fourteen, so that the sides were larger; and they were also more -inclined than in the preceding. These were marbled, and marked -with streaks and dashes of rose colour, yellow, white, and chesnut, a -large intermediate and rather deeper coloured zone, or band, passed -round the middle of the shell, and two large spots of brown appeared -on the under surface of the shell. There were yet two other Harps, -which differed in their colours and markings from the preceding; -one of these had only twelve ribs, or ridges, the other thirteen. -The colours in one of these were paler, in the other the zic-zac lines, -were more contiguous, or placed closer, and the longitudinal striæ -less distinct or prominent. And besides these, there were several -others, all which differed in some peculiarities of inferior moment, -principally in the paleness or intensity of their colours, and variations -in the disposition of the dark and paler spaces with which the -shells were marbled.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The above series of Davila presents us with a pretty ample -elucidation of the presumed varieties of that beautiful species the -Linnæan Buccinum Harpa. We say, only the presumed varieties, -because in the present state of the Conchological Science there -appears to be a very strong propensity among collectors to increase -the number of the species, by considering every trivial variation, or -accidental circumstance in the growth of shells, as so many characteristic -indications of new species; a disposition that the best Conchologists -cannot but disapprove. Experience teaches us that there is no -class of beings in the creation, in which nature is more sportive, than -the testaceous tribes; none in which a greater caution is required in -the precise determination of what are species and what varieties only: -and among other local causes the influence of climates in different -regions are not the least powerful in producing those variations. -With the best experience, and the advantage of many years assiduous -application, the Conchologist may be sometimes in doubt, and hence -it is not likely that a slight acquaintance, only, with the subject will -be found sufficient to enable him to pronounce with definitive satisfaction -the exact distinction between approximating species and the -sportive varieties into which they sometimes divaricate. These -remarks cannot be more forcibly exemplified than in the series of the -presumed varieties of the Buccinum Harpa. Some of these are -indeed so very dissimilar as to justify a persuasion that they may be -specifically distinct, and yet again, these are blended so intimately -with others, which are confessedly varieties, that it demands the -utmost caution in pronouncing which are species, and which varieties -or transitions only. This is the impression under which the best -informed Conchologists have ever ventured to define the shells which -constitute the natural family of the Harps, and may serve to afford -us a sufficient explanation of the causes of those differences in opinion -which so manifestly prevail among them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It may not be very generally known, excepting only among -Naturalists, that the late Dr. Solander had devoted much attention -to this intricate science: his arrangement of shells was designed as an -amendment upon that of Linnæus. This arrangement was never -made public; it remained in manuscript in the library of the late -Sir Joseph Banks. From a perusal of these MSS. it appears that -Dr. Solander had conceived the necessity of a new disposition of the -shells comprised in general as varieties of this species. Some he -allows to remain varieties, while others constitute, in his ideas, -species nearly analogous, but nevertheless distinct. He does not propose -the formation of an independant genus of the Harp family, nor -the removal of those shells from the genus Buccinum, in which Linnæus -places the species Harpa: he proposes only to assemble together -the least equivocal varieties of that shell, together with that which he -considers as the type of the Linnæan species, the true Harpa Nobilis -of preceding authors; and to allow the others to remain as species -distinct from the Linnæan shell. It will be hence perceived that -Dr. Solander’s constitutes several distinct species among the number -of those Harps, which other writers, and Gmelin among the rest, -regard as varieties only of the common kind. In the manuscripts of -Dr. Solander the very beautiful Harp shell now before us stands as -a distinct species from Buccinum Harpa, under the name of <i>Buccinum -testudo</i>. Some of the French Naturalists have called it <i>Harpa -testudinaria</i>: it was placed under that name, and its synonymous -appellation <i>L’ecaille de Tortue</i> in the once celebrated Museum of -Mons. de Colonne, the French Minister of State, under Louis the -XVI: the definitive English name of Tortoiseshell Harp was -assigned to it by Mr. George Humphrey, and from his known -authority in the study of shells, this variety has been since distinguished -among collectors in our country by that appropriate appellation. -All these names, it will be scarcely necessary to add, are -devised in allusion to that resemblance which its peculiarly beautiful -variegations of colour are conceived to bear, to those of tortoiseshell, -when transparent and exposed to light.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have been at some pains in our endeavours to reconcile our -mind to the idea of introducing this Tortoiseshell Harp as a species -distinct from the Buccinum Harpa, in conformity with the opinion of -Dr. Solander. We have compared our shell with the acknowledged -type of the Linnæan species, with every attention, and are compelled, -in truth, to allow, that however distinct it may appear upon the first -glance of inspection, we cannot implicitly accede to the persuasion of -its being specifically distinct. Placing this remarkable variety with -that particular shell, the true Buccinum Harpa, the less informed -Conchologist would assume as certain that the difference existing -between the two removed them sufficiently from each other. Arrange -these, however, with those varieties and transitions of the Common -Harp that approach the nearest in appearance to both kinds, and we -shall then perceive such a close analogy, such an intermediate catenation, -as will induce a pause, and certainly under the impression with -which we view them, an idea that these variations arise only from -local causes, and are not specifical distinctions. As a marked and -well distinguished variety we have retained the term <i>testudo</i>, which -Dr. Solander had assigned to it; but as a distinctive appellation of -it as a variety, and not as a shell altogether distinct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That it may not be imagined we feel any disposition to object -against those changes in the Science of Conchology, which the more -advanced state of our present knowledge may demand, we have no -hesitation in adding that in our own opinion the <i>Harpa</i> family should -constitute a very distinct tribe from the other Buccini; we believe, -also, that had Linnæus lived to reconsider them, he would have -comprehended them together as a genus. The French writers have -long since done so. De Monfort advances that Lamarck was the first -who separated the Harps from the Linnæan Buccinum. This we -have already shewn to be an error. Lamarck’s example in proposing -them as a genus in his <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres</cite></span>, published -in the year 1801, and his subsequent observations in other -writings, has tended to establish them as a genus; he was not its -first proposer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It may not be amiss, in conclusion, to observe, that Lamarck has -taken for the type of his genus, the variety figured by Lister, in his -Conchology, <i>tab.</i> 992 f. 55, the shell which he denominates Harpa -Ventricosa. The leading character of his genus consists in the shell -being of an oval form, ventricose or swollen, and having the surface -furnished or beset with longitudinal, parallel, and sharp or acutely -edged ribs. The opening or mouth, oblong, ample, abbreviated or -cut off below, and without canal. The pillar, or inner lip, smooth, -or without plaits or tubercles, and terminating in a point at the base. -The absence of a canal is one material character by which the Harpa -genus, as thus laid down, is to be distinguished from the new genus -Trophon, to which, in some respects, at least, it bears a general -resemblance. The definition of the genus by De Montfort is rather -different from that of Lamarck: according to De Montfort the shells -of this family are globose; the first whorl very far surpassing the -rest in size, and the spire obtuse. The mouth is very open. The -pillar or inner lip smooth and rounded. The outer lip bordered by -an acutely edged rib or ridge, running paralled to those with which -the shell is traversed externally, and the base cut off. The spire in -the true Harpa, according to this writer, forms a kind of little domes, -one surmounting the other, and the spire, instead of ending in an -acute point, terminates in a small mammillated knob.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All the known varieties of this natural family are inhabitants of -the deep waters of the sea, and the animal inhabitants appear to have -remained hitherto undescribed. They are confined chiefly to the -Indian Seas. The variety known by the name of Nobilis is a native -of Japan; there is another found in China, distinguished by the -name of Chinensis: both these are considered by Dr. Solander as the -Buccinum Harpa of Linnæus: there is one kind found at Ceylon, -and another at Madagascar, which are to be esteemed distinct species. -The sanguineous Harp, from the Coast of Guinea, is the Buccinum -pandura of Solander. The Harp, distinguished by having a far -greater number of elevated ribs than any of the preceding, is from the -seas of the Phillippine Isles, and is certainly a distinct species. The -very fine variety which constitutes the more immediate object of our -present illustration, the Tortoiseshell Harp, is a native of Madagascar: -its length is four inches, and its greatest breadth two inches -and a half.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p009' class='figcenter id002'> -<a href='images/plate009_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate009.jpg' alt='plate009' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic005'> -<p><i>9</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan, Simpkins & Marshall, June 1.<sup>st</sup> 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE IX.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO PSAMATHE.<br /> PSAMATHE BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ elevated or thicker towards the tip, and generally -terminating in a knob. Wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* Danai Cand.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings entire, white; tip of the anterior pair black spotted with -white, lower ones beneath greenish with two darker bands, the -anterior one incurvate.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Psamathe</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis rotundatis integerrimis albis: anticis apice -nigris albo maculatis; posticis subtus virescentibus; -fasciis duabus obscurioribus; anteriore -incurva</span>. <cite>Fabr. Spec. Ins. T. 3. p. 1. 207.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>A native of America and nearly allied to Papilio Phronima, -represented in plate 153 of the work of Cramer. It differs in having -only the tip, and not both the base and tip, black, as in Phronima. -Our present species is also distinguished further by having two white -spots on the black tip of the anterior wings, in the apex of the -anterior wings being destitute of any black spot beneath, and in the -anterior band on the lower wings beneath being incurvate.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This species has not been represented by any author. Fabricius -described it from the drawings of the late Mr. Jones, and it is from -that matchless series of designs and MSS. that the present figures -are copied.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p010' class='figcenter id010'> -<a href='images/plate010_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate010.jpg' alt='plate 10' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>10</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan, & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkins & Marshall, July 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE X.<br /> <br /> FRINGILLA BENGALUS<br /> BLUE BELLIED FINCH.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Passeres</span>.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Bill conic, straight and pointed.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Pale blue; head and back grey: sides of the head purple.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fringilla Bengalus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dilute cærulea, capite dorsoque griseis, -lateribus capitis purpureis</span>. <cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. -Nat. 1. p. 920.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fringilla Benghalus</span>: <cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 323. 32.</cite> (mas.)</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fringilla Angolensis</span>: <cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 323. 31.</cite> (fem.)</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fringilla Benghalus</span>: dilute cærulea, capite dorsoque griseis, -lateribus capitis purpureis. <cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. -p. 461. 91.</cite>—<cite>Lath. Syn. 111. p. 310. 81.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Le Bengali. <cite>Briss. Orn. 111. p. 303. 60. pl. 10. f. 1.</cite>—<cite>Buff. Ois. iv. -p. 92.</cite>—<cite>Pl. Enl. 115. f. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Blue Bellied Finch. <cite>Edw. pl. 131.</cite> (female)</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>A pretty species of the Fringilla tribe, about the size of our -smaller Linnets. The bill and legs of this bird are of a pale flesh -colour: the body above, together with the wings, of a greyish brown: -the lower part of the back, rump, and whole of the underside, of a -delicate azure blue; the tail blue, of a somewhat deeper tint, and -rather cuneated or wedge-formed. This is the general appearance -of the plumage in both sexes, excepting, only, that the colours are -usually somewhat brighter in the male than the female bird; and that -the male bird is distinguished further by having a dark red spot on -each side of the head, beneath the eyes, a character altogether wanting -in the female.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It should be observed that these birds vary occasionally in the -colours of their plumage, particularly in the cærulean tints of the -under surface, which sometimes inclines to a pale rufous grey, or to -blue intermixed with rufous grey; and in some instances when the -state of plumage is less mature, the latter colour predominates so -entirely on the lower surface, that only a transition tint of the azure -appears upon the breast and abdomen.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Linnæus was induced to imagine that the two sexes of this bird -were distinct species, the male he denominated <i>Fringilla Bengalus</i>, -the female <i>Fringilla Angolensis</i>; the male bird, which he happened -to describe, having been received from Bengal, the female from -Angola. The truth is, that this widely diffused species inhabits both -these places in common, with many others in Asia and Africa: in -Angola, in particular, they appear to be very common.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p011' class='figcenter id006'> -<a href='images/plate011_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate011.jpg' alt='plate 11' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic006'> -<p><i>11</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published, as the Act directs, by E. Donovan, July 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XI.<br /> <br /> TROCHUS IMPERIALIS<br /> var α <span class='sc'>Roseus</span><br /> PINK, OR ROSEATE, IMPERIAL SUN TROCHUS.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell spiral, more or less conic: aperture sub angular, or -rounded, the upper side transverse and contracted: pillar placed -obliquely.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell conic, olive, covered with rows of arched violet scales: -whorls inflated, with a spinous radiate margin: perforation funnel-shaped -and white.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* Variety, pink or rose-coloured.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochus Imperialis</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa conica olivacea, squamis violaceis -seriatis fornicatis tecta: anfractibus inflatis margine -spinoso radiatis, umbilico infundibuliformi -albo</span>. <cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3576. 63.</cite>—Var -<span class='fss'>OLIVACEUS</span>.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Trochus Imperator</span> <cite>Chemn. T. 5. 173. 174.</cite>—Var <span class='fss'>OLIVACEUS</span> -α <span class='sc'>Pink Sun Trochus</span> <cite>Lev. Mus.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>We cannot for a moment hesitate to believe that in announcing -to our readers the introduction of the Pink, or Roseate Imperial Sun -Trochus: the significant appellation under which the present rarity -has been for many years distinguished, we shall awaken the attention -of every Conchologist and amateur of the science. The shell so -named, formerly constituted an object, no less conspicuous than -beautiful, among the Conchological productions treasured together -in the once celebrated Leverian Museum. And, as we possessed, -through the immediate favour of the proprietor of that Museum, -John Parkinson, Esq. an unreserved access to every article in the -Museum, for the purpose of delineating the figures, or taking the -descriptions of whatever we conceived worthy of such observation, it -will be naturally imagined the Pink, or Roseate Imperial Sun Trochus, -would be esteemed of too much importance to escape our very -particular attention. The dispersion of that once celebrated Repository -of Natural History has long since removed, and probably for -ever, this exquisite rarity from the eye of public curiosity; nor -indeed is its present destination correctly known; a circumstance, it -is presumed, that cannot fail to enhance the value of a drawing, -which we have every reason for believing to be the only memorial of -this kind the pencil of the Arts have consecrated to the commemoration -of the shell: the only figure, we are assured, the proprietor ever -permitted to be taken from it.—Having premised so far, it will not -be deemed superfluous to add, that the outline of the specimen is -precisely a fac-simile of the shell itself, having been traced round its -contour while lying upon the paper, and being afterwards finished in -colours upon the outlines so struck, with every attention an object so -estimable was presumed to merit.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The history of this curious variety of the Imperial Sun Trochus -is altogether interesting, and deserves explicit mention; it is one -among the number of those rare shells which were discovered by that -distinguished navigator, Captain Cook, in his voyage round the -world. It was fished up in the Straits that divide the Island of New -Zealand, now distinguished after him, by the appellation of Cook’s -Straits. Upon the return of Captain Cook to England, he presented -Sir Ashton Lever, among other articles of great curiosity, with this -particular shell, the only one of its kind he had found. The Imperial -Sun Trochus, of an olivaceous violet hue, the shell which constitutes -the type of this species, though very scarce, occurred occasionally, -but this Pink variety only in the solitary instance before -adverted to: it was drawn up, adhering to the cable of the ship, -from the depth, as it appeared, of sixty fathoms water.<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c015'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>In the general computation of the value of the various articles -in the Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever, submitted to government, -previous to the grant of the Lottery which transferred the -possession of that Museum from its original founder to the hands of -Mr. Parkinson, this shell was estimated at the value of <i>one hundred -guineas</i>: and as this valuation was arbitrary, that sum was considered -as the worth of the shell while it remained in the Museum. At the -final dissolution of this Museum, which took place in the months of -May, June, and July of the year 1806, this shell, like the rest, was -submitted to the chance of taste or caprice: it was sold on the last -day of the sale, for the sum of twenty three guineas, an amount considerably -below its former valuation, but sufficient, nevertheless, to -shew that its attractions were still great in the mind of the connoisseur.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The purchaser of this shell was at that time unknown, subsequently, -however, the specimen appeared among the property sold at -the residence of the Duke de Bourbon, immediately after the departure -of that noblemen for France, in the beginning of the year 1815.<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c015'><sup>[8]</sup></a> -Dr. Leach has since that time informed us that he had given instructions -for the purchase of this shell for the British Museum: the -shell does not, however, appear in that collection, and the lamented -illness of our ingenious friend, is likely, for the present, to preclude -all further inquiry respecting its final destination.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It does not appear that this very curious variety of the Imperial -Sun Trochus is known in any of the continental cabinets: the -olivaceous kind, which as before observed, is to be regarded as the -type of the species, though esteemed scarce, is to be found in every -continental cabinet of importance. Indeed, the olive kind maintained -a very high reputation and price for many years after the time of -Captain Cook, who brought several of them to England; from whence -those continental cabinets were, in the first instances, supplied. Since -that time the same seas have been attentively explored by Admiral -Bligh, in the ships of his Majesty under his command; and -through his researches, this shell, which was once considered of such -unusual rarity, has become rather more common. The Pink, or -Roseate variety, the immediate object of our present illustration, has -hitherto, however, escaped all research, and it still remains as it was -esteemed originally, after a lapse of nearly fifty years, not merely -scarce, but perfectly unique.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An ingenious French writer of the present day, Denys de -Montfort, in describing the olivaceous kind, the type, as before -remarked, of the present species, has paid an appropriate tribute of -applause to the memory of its original discoverers. “It is,” says he, -“to the Voyages of the celebrated Captain Cook, and to the researches -of the indefatigable Naturalists who accompanied him, that we owe -the knowledge of this fine and magnificent shell.” “This shell,” he -adds, “appears to be exposed to such a swarm of aggressors, that -his Mollusca (or animal) must lead a life of activity and war: his -shelly covering is ploughed, or furrowed, and pierced by a host of -enemies, and he must necessarily employ almost the whole of life in -repressing their attacks, and in constantly repairing the breaches and -perforations they occasion, by the exudation of the nacrous molecules, -or fluid, with which nature has furnished him, in order to preserve -the inner coating of his shelly habitation entire.” Such is really the -appearance of this shell in general; we have seen it so completely -despoiled of its exterior coating by these attacks, as to render it -impossible to form any tolerable conception of the shell when perfect; -even an approach towards perfection in its outer coating is very rare. -The most complete of its kind in the collection of the late Admiral -Bligh, and probably selected as the best he ever met with, was -perfect in this respect than might be expected. By one of those rare -chances which sometimes happen, the Roseate variety, which forms -the subject of our present illustration, had entirely escaped every -accident of this nature, insomuch, that its figure may be regarded as -that of a very perfect shell.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The earliest figures of the common, or olivaceous kind, occurs -in the work of Chemnitz, and among the plates of Martin. Gmelin -quotes the former, and describes the shell under the name of Trochus -Imperialis. It is truly a Trochus of the Linnæan classification, but -not, it appears, of any later writer, excepting those of the Linnæan -school. Sometimes it has been generically classed as a species of -<span class='sc'>Solarium</span>, a name assigned by Lamarck to the Trochi possessing -the character of the Linnæan <i>Trochus Perspectivus</i>, and which he -renders into his own language as a generical epithet, by the name -<i>Cadran</i> (Sun dial). To accord exactly with the genus Solarium, as -laid down by Lamarck himself, the general figure of the shell should -be that of a depressed cone, having at the base an umblical opening, -crenulated upon the inner edge of all the spires; as may be perceived -in looking down the umbilical opening of Trochus perspectivus; and -finally, the opening of the mouth should be almost quadrangular. -This is the character of <span class='sc'>Solarium</span>, as proposed by Lamarck, and -which does not agree exactly with the shell before us.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c015'><sup>[9]</sup></a> Denys de -Montfort constitutes another genus of this shell, which he denominates -<span class='sc'>Imperator</span> (<cite>Conchyliologie Systematique T. 2. p. 199</cite>) in -the French, <span class='sc'>L’Empereur</span>. The olivaceous kind he calls Imperator -aureolatus, l’Empereur couronné. The character of this new genus, -Imperator, consists in the shell having a regular spire: in being -imbricated, or covered with scales, like tiling upon the roof of a -house: the carina of the whorls armed; the armament, for example, -in the shell before us, consisting of a kind of frieze or curled foliage-like -plates which succeed each other with great regularity: it has an -umbilicus, which, in the present shell is large and deep; the mouth -of the shell angular and entire; pillar lip spreading somewhat like -a fan; and the exterior lip cut off. We have deemed it requisite to -advert to these new genera, but as the shell itself is so clearly a -Trochus, we have not thought it necessary to remove it from the -place in the Linnæan System to which Gmelin had assigned.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p012' class='figcenter id011'> -<a href='images/plate012_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate012.jpg' alt='plate 12' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic011'> -<p><i>12</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkins & Marshall July 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XII.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO EGÆA<br /> EGÆA’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Nymph. Gemm.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented: above black, with a common white band: -posterior pair with two ocellar spots beneath.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Egæa</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentatis supra nigris: fascia communi alba, -posticis subtus ocellis duobus</span>. <cite>Fabr. Syst. Ent. -496. 231.</cite>—<cite>Spec. Ins. T. 2. 79. 351.</cite>—<cite>Ent. Syst. -T. 3. p. 1. 100. 309.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parvus. Alæ omnes supra nigræ, basi cyaneo nitentes, in medio -fascia communi anteriorum interrupta, alba. Maculæ duæ parvæ, -albæ versus apicem alæ anterioris; subtus anticæ fuscæ maculis -albis lunulaque media, ferruginea. Posticæ basi fasciis albis fuscisque -alternis disco niveo, macula biloba, fusca, et in hac ocelli duo atri, -iride ferruginea pupillaque magna, cyanea. Margo posticus flavescens.</span> -<cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 309.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>We have much pleasure in assuring our readers that the present -figures of this very elegant and rare Papilio, are the first that have -appeared in illustration of the species. This becomes the more -incumbent to observe, because those figures afford an elucidation of -some moment at least, to the writings of an Entomologist of acknowledged -eminence, the late Professor Fabricius: he had described the -species in his several works as above adverted to, under the name of -Papilio Egæa, but these descriptions have remained before the -learned world for nearly half a century without any pictorial illustration. -The existence of such a species is therefore well known, but -from description only, and this circumstance, it is presumed, will -tend to confer more real interest upon the figures now produced, than -if it had been entirely undescribed, because, heretofore, a deficiency -has been in this respect perceived; and that deficiency is now supplied -by the figures submitted to our readers in the annexed plate.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first description of this species, as already intimated, to be -found among authors, is that given by Fabricius in his <cite>Systematica -Entomologia</cite>: subsequently it appeared in his work entitled <cite>Species -Insectorum</cite>, and lastly in his <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite>, as inserted -among our synonyms. It is these authorities that have supplied -Gmelin with the description of the species as we find introduced by -him, into the last edition of the Linnæan Systema Naturæ.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Fabrician description of this insect was taken in the first -instance, <cite>Syst. Ent.</cite> from a specimen in the Hunterian collection: -the same description occurs again in <cite>Spec. Ins.</cite> and lastly, in far -more copious detail in <cite>Ent. Syst.</cite> This latter description given by -Fabricius, though by some oversight of its author, not identified by -any reference with the drawings of Mr. Jones, was certainly derived -from that source of authority; a point we have been enabled to -ascertain, both upon the kind information of our late worthy friend -Mr. Jones himself, and also from the manuscripts in the hand-writing -of Fabricius, which Mr. Jones was pleased to place in our hands, in -order to assure us, there could be no uncertainty in this respect from -any lapse of memory. Fabricius refers for his Papilio Egæa to the -Hunterian cabinet. There was a specimen of this insect in that -collection, but it may not be improper to observe that the specimen -from which the drawing of this species, Papilio Egæa, by Mr. Jones, -was taken, as it appeared from these MSS. was one preserved in the -cabinet of Mr. Drury, the venerable author of a well known work on -Exotic insects, published towards the close of the last century. We -may also add, that this insect, with many others which Mr. Jones -had figured, and Fabricius had described, from that extensive and -valuable cabinet, devolved into our hands after the death of its -proprietor, the whole collection having been dispersed by public sale -in the month of May, 1805.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have been thus minute in the production of authorities, in -order to demonstrate that we have not ventured upon the hazard of -conjecture to submit the present figures as those of the true Papilio -Egæa of Fabricius; and, consequently, of all later writers who have -relied upon his evidence. In stating this, it may not be amiss to add -still further for the information, as well as the gratification of the -Naturalist, not of this country alone, but of Europe generally; and -indeed of every portion of the world to which the light of science may -extend, that we are in possession of the like authorities for the whole -series of those Papiliones which Fabricius has described from the -drawings of Mr. Jones, and which, in most instances, are the only -unequivocal authorities now remaining. Possessing this means, it -shall become the great object of our care to rescue from obscurity -and doubt that ample portion of the scientific writings of Fabricius, -by similar illustrations of the more beautiful and rare species, of -which no figures are extant, as often as we conceive the requisite -variety of our a miscellany will permit<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c015'><sup>[10]</sup></a> their introduction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Egæa is a native of America; it is a species of that family -which is distinguished by the name of <i>Nymphales Gemmati</i>, having -eyes, or ocellated spots upon all the wings; it is represented in the -annexed plate in a flying posture, as well as in its resting position.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p013' class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/plate013_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate013.jpg' alt='plate 13' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic012'> -<p><i>13</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkins & Marshall, Aug.<sup>st</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XIII.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO PYLADES<br /> PYLADES BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Achivi.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented, snowy: border black with white dots: ocellar -spot in the anal angle of the posterior wings rufous.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Pylades</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentatis niveis: limbo atro albo punctato, -ocello anguli ani rufo</span>. <cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. -p. 1. 100. 34.</cite></p> - -<p class='c019'><cite>Jon. pict. T. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alæ omnes supra atræ, albo punctatæ disco omni albo, immaculato. -Angulus ani ocello rufo. Subtus pallide flavescentes, albo -punctatæ discoque albo. Linea rubra a basi ad medium costæ.</span> -<cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 34.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The Entomologist of the present day must naturally remain -under some uncertainty as to the identity of the Fabrician Papilio -Pylades, since no figure whatever has hitherto appeared in elucidation -of this rare Papilio; and in this instance, as in almost every other, -whatever advantage we may be able to derive from the very accurate -and elaborate descriptions of our author, it would be absurd to deny -that a faithful delineation of the insect described, is not essentially -requisite, in order to determine with perfect satisfaction, the precise -species Fabricius had intended.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But, besides the want of a correct delineation, there is yet -another circumstance, not, perhaps, at present known, which might -have tended also to perpetuate this ambiguity, had it not been in our -power to explain it: the intimation of which, it is presumed, will be -considered useful by the scientific Entomologist. Previous to the -time of Fabricius this elegant species had been unnoticed by any -author. Fabricius describes it in his Entomologia Systematica, and -refers for the specimen so described to the Cabinet of Mr. Francillon. -That the insect, to which he adverts, was included in that celebrated -cabinet, we are well assured from our own inspection, but it stood -there unaccompanied by any indication of its being a specimen -described by Fabricius, or even a Fabrician species. The truth is, -that Professor Fabricius, upon this occasion, as in some others, took -his description, not from the specimen itself, but from the drawings -of Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, which had been copied from the specimen -in the cabinet of Mr. Francillon, and it was to the drawing therefore -of Mr. Jones, and not to the specimen of Mr. Francillon’s cabinet -that Fabricius annexed the name of Pylades. Those drawings must -for this reason be now considered as the only positive memorial of the -identity of the Fabrician species, Papilio Pylades, that remains extant -at this time. The figures, it may be added, which are submitted in -the annexed plate, are faithful copies from the original drawings of -Mr. Jones, so inscribed in the hand writing of Fabricius, a circumstance -that must remove every shade of doubt as to the individual -object to which Fabricius had assigned that appellation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Pylades is a species of the Butterfly tribe, of moderate -size, in comparison with the generality of those which appertain to -the same family, the <i>Equites Achivi</i> of Fabricius. The upper surface -exhibits an appearance of much simplicity and elegance: the -disk is white, and the broad black limb, or border, by which it is -surrounded, is marked with a number of spots and semilunar marks -of white disposed with much regularity. The disk of the lower surface -is also white, but surrounded with a pale brown, or fulvous -limb, and marked with white spots in the same manner as the broad -black border on the upper surface. A few of the white spots on this -fulvous border are surrounded by black lines and spaces. There is -also a red band marked with black and blueish spots, that extends -along the main or anterior rib of the upper wings, from the base, as -far as the middle of the wing, and a spot of red at the base of the -posterior pair.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p014' class='figcenter id010'> -<a href='images/plate014_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate014.jpg' alt='plate 14' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>14</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Pub<sup>d</sup>. as the Act directs by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Aug.<sup>st</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XIV.<br /> <br /> AMPELIS CAYANA<br /> PURPLE-THROATED CHATTERER.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Passeres.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill straight, convex, slightly incurvate: mandibles notched: -nostrils covered with bristles: tongue acute, cartilaginous, bifid: -middle toe connected at the base to the outer one.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Cærulean blue: neck beneath violet: quill and tail feathers -black, edged with blue.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Ampelis Cayana</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitida cærulea, collo subtus violaceo</span>. <cite>Linn. -Syst. 1. p. 298. 6.</cite>—<cite>Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 840.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Ampelis Cayana</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitida cærulea, collo subtus violaceo remigibus -rectricibusque nigris cæruleo marginatis</span>. <cite>Lath. -Ind. Orn. 1. 365. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Cotinga Cayanensis. <cite>Briss. 2. p. 344. 32. t. 34. f. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Lanius Ococolin. <cite>Klein. av. p. 54. 6.</cite>—<cite>Seba. ii. p. 102. t. 96. f. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Cotinga de Cayenne, Quereiva. <cite>Buff. 4. p. 444.</cite>—<cite>Pl. Enl. 624.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Purple-Throated Chatterer. <cite>Lath. Syn. 3. p. 95. 3.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The Purple-Throated Chatterer is assuredly one of the most -beautiful of the feathered race, at present known; the general colour -of the plumage, a blue of most transcendant brightness, and highly -changeable, varying from a fine cærulean, or azure, to a green of -equal delicacy and beauty. There is an intermixture of black disposed -in spots throughout; one half of each feather, from the base, -being black, and only the tips blue, so that the plumage appears more -or less spotted with black, as the feathers are ruffled or misplaced from -their natural position. The region of the chin and throat is of a -beautiful crimson purple, whence its name of Purple-Throated -Chatterer. The greater wing coverts are black, varied and spotted -with blue: the quills and tail black with blue margins: the bill black -with the lower mandible rather paler: the legs black.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This brilliant species of the Ampelis tribe has been sometimes -denominated the Ultramarine Thrush, and not unfrequently the -Ultramarine Starling: its size resembles that of the Starling, and -there is also a general similitude in its form and manners, but it is, -nevertheless generically distinct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Inhabits Cayenne, and probably some other parts of South -America.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p015' class='figcenter id013'> -<a href='images/plate015_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate015.jpg' alt='plate 15' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic013'> -<p><i>15</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Aug.<sup>st</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XV.<br /> <br /> MUREX FOLIATUS<br /> FOLIATED MUREX<br /> OR, FOLIATED ROCK SHELL.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell spiral, rough with membranaceous sutures: aperture oval, -ending in an entire straight or slightly ascending canal.</p> - -<p class='c006'>* Sutures expanding into crisped foliations: beak abbreviated -<span class='sc'>Purpura</span> <i>Gmel.</i></p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Three rows of foliations: aperture one-toothed.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Murex Foliatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa trifariam frondosa: apertura unidentata</span>. -<cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. T. 1. p. 6. 3529. 174.</cite>—<cite>Martyn -Conch. 2. t. 66.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='sc'>Murex</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Purpura alata, testa triangulari, transversim costata -trifariam frondosa, frondibus alatis membranaceis instructa cauda -recta clausa, labro latissimo, labio adnato, apertura subovata, fauce -alba.</span> <cite>Chemn. Conch. 10. f. 1538.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This is a shell far more remarkable for the singularity of its -growth, than for any elegance or beauty of its colouring. The -peculiarity of its character consists in the large, erect, and longitudinal -foliations, which are disposed in three distinct, and nearly equi-distant -series throughout the whole length of the shell: for they appear in -continuity upon every whorl, from the base to the apex. It is from -this peculiarity that the species has obtained the very appropriate -appellation of foliatus, or Foliated Rock Shell.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In point of colour, as before observed, the Murex foliatus is -not particularly conspicuous, and they are of a texture so delicate -that it almost constantly occurs in a bleached or depauperated state; -it is also a very fragile shell, and from this cause very liable to be -broken. When in fine condition, as in the example selected, for the -representation now before us, the general hue is a lacteal white; the -body of the shell, externally, a deep tawny, with the foliations whitish, -and the opening, or mouth of the shell, very delicately tinted with a -violaceous hue. Sometimes the foliations have the appearance of fine -white porcelain.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This is esteemed a scarce shell, and very rarely occurs perfect, -or in a living state. Found on the sea coast of North America.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p016' class='figcenter id014'> -<a href='images/plate016_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate016.jpg' alt='plate 16' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic014'> -<p><i>16</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin, & Marshall, Sept. 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XVI.<br /> <br /> MUREX SCORPIO<br /> var <span class='sc'>Minor</span><br /> LEAST STAG’S HORN MUREX.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell spiral, rough with membranaceous sutures: aperture oval, -ending in an entire straight, or slightly ascending canal.</p> - -<p class='c006'>* <i>Sutures expanding into crisped foliations: beak abbreviated.</i> -<span class='sc'>Purpura</span> <i>Gmel.</i></p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Shell with four rows of foliations: spire capitate: beak truncated.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Murex Scorpio</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa quadrifariam frondosa: spira capitata, -cauda truncata</span>. <cite>Mus. Lud. Ulr. 628. n. 296.</cite>—<cite>Gmel. -Linn. Syst. T. 1. p. 6. 3529. 14.</cite>—<cite>Rumpf. -Mus. t. 26. f. D.</cite>—<cite>Seba. Mus. 3. tab. 77. -fig. 13. 16.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cochlis volutata muricata parva sex duplici laciniarum serie -horrida, spiris quatuor capitatis faucibus, quasi Scorpionum forficulis -armatis. <i>Purpura</i> quæ <span class='sc'>Scorpio</span> Auctorum.</span> <i>Chemn.</i></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The extraordinary form of this very rare and singular kind -of Murex cannot fail to interest the curious observer. The shell is of -the spiral kind, with an oval aperture; the head of the spire large -or tumid, and the first or body whorl beset with four distinct longitudinal -rows or series of elongated foliations or processes. These -last mentioned appendages are flat and somewhat cylindrical from -the base nearly to their summits, where they become cleft or furcate, -expanding most commonly into two, sometimes three, or rarely four -distinct little lobes, and the radiation of these process by which the -exterior margin of the aperture is encircled, have a groove or canal -extending from the margin of the lip to the cleft or lobate summits.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The learned Seba, to whom this very remarkable shell, it -appears, was known, has well observed in speaking of the Murices, -which he describes, that this kind is more particularly distinguished -by the greater disproportion of those advanced processes in comparison -with the size of the body of the shell than any other of his -species; so that their superior length in this respect was, in his -opinion, to be considered truly characteristic of the species.* It is from -these processes it may be also added, that this curious shell has been -variously and not unfrequently fantastically designated by appellations -that cannot very readily be reconciled in our ideas with any object -they have been supposed to resemble, even admitting that latitude of -fancy which may be tolerated when we are entirely aware that the -assimilation is remote. Thus this shell has obtained in various -languages names according with those of the Ragged Spike Whelk, -the Stag’s Horn Whelk, the Skeleton, Water Trough, and others of -no less vague import. The Least Ragged Whelk is a name assigned -to it by our countryman Petiver: the Scorpion Shell is a very old -name for it among the early collectors, it is the Murex Scorpio of -Rumpfius. In France it was distinguished formerly by the name of -<i>Patte de Crapaud</i>, (the Toad’s Foot) because, says the author of -Davila’s Catalogue, besides the spires on the body, the exterior edge -of the lip is bordered with others that are very large and flat at the -extremity, and no doubt, for the same reason it is called by Seba -<i>Bufonis Pedes</i>. It was known at that time also among the collectors -in Holland by the name of the Stag’s Horn,<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c015'><sup>[11]</sup></a> from a remote similitude -which these processes are supposed to bear to the horns of that -quadruped. And lastly, in conclusion it may be added, that for -nearly half a century past it has been distinguished among the -collectors of this country by a title not less whimsical, namely, the -“Water Wheel,” from a fancied similitude the contour of the shell -and its verticillation of processes bear to the circle and lamellar -appendages or sweeps of a water wheel.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Not one of any of those various appellations, it must be confessed, -appear so applicable and well chosen as to supersede the -propriety of introducing any other that might be deemed tolerably -appropriate, but upon the whole the species and varieties which -it embraces have been so long known by the name of the Scorpion -Shell, that there can be no great impropriety in allowing it to remain -under that name: we have for our example the authority of Rumpfius, -and the sanction of Linnæus throughout all his works; and in the -Gmelinian System it also stands under the name of Murex Scorpio. -The appellation of the Stag’s Horn Murex, in conformity with the -epithet assigned to it by the old French writers “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>bois de cerf</i></span>,” is not -altogether inappropriate, the elongated processes have much the -appearance of the antlers of the stag, in the first stages of their -growth; or considered in the aggregate, the shell presents a number -of ramose processes like the horns of the Stag or the Rein Deer, and -some other quadrupeds of the Cervine tribe; a characteristic feature -that may perhaps justify the appellation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are several varieties of this remarkable shell, some of -which might at the first view be considered as distinct species, and in -reality have been occasionally arranged as such by collectors. These -upon the most attentive comparison do not, however, appear to differ -specifically, notwithstanding the differences in point of colour are -very striking. One variety rather exceeds the rest in size, and is of -a deep testaceous or tawny brown colour, or rather inclining to -a chesnut hue: we have seen it of a tawny tint with darker splashes -upon the transverse ribs, particularly on the body and the tumid -whorl of the spire. Occasionally this shell also occurs of a deep or -Ethiopian blackness; this kind is extremely rare. The white variety -occurs more frequently, but is, nevertheless, uncommon in comparison -with the brown or testaceous kind: two examples of the white variety, -clouded with yellow, appears to have occurred in the celebrated -cabinet of the French collector Davilla, about the year 1776. He -distinguishes them by the title of “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">deux petites <i>epineuses</i></span>,” and -tells us they have six longitudinal sides like the “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>rameuses</i></span>,” which -are also named “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Pattes de crapaud</span>,” an epithet by which we are -well aware the Linnæan Murex Scorpio was discriminated, and which -therefore leads to a conclusion that the “epineuses” of a white -colour, clouded with yellow, which that cabinet contained, were not -specifically distinct from the shell at present under our consideration. -When extremely fine the white variety of this shell is usually very -delicately tinged with violet in all its shades and transitions of light.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All these varieties, as before observed, are very easily reconciled -to the same species; nor is it ourselves alone that are inclined to -this opinion. Seba, to whom the larger brown and white variety, were -known, admits them as the same without any hesitation.<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c015'><sup>[12]</sup></a> The expression -“<i>Testa alba aut fusca</i>,” the Linnæan description of this shell -in the cabinet of the Queen of Sweden, implies the like persuasion, -and the authority of Chemnitz may be adduced still further in support -of this opinion: Some modern writers have thought differently, but -we must confess the distinctions they assign are by no means satisfactory -to us. The larger shell is usually of a brown colour, but we -have seen one of the white variety rather larger than any of the -brown colour that have occurred to our notice.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The shell we have selected for the figures in the annexed plate -is chosen rather for its extreme perfection than the superiority of -size; we have observed it larger by nearly one half, but have not in -any instance met with one more entirely perfect: it is delineated from -the example of this very curious species in the late Leverian Museum.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This species which for a century past or more has maintained -its reputation as a rare production is still held in much esteem, and -bears a price proportionately considerable: it inhabits the shores of -Southern Asia. Gmelin has the expression “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Habitat pretiosus et -rarus in</i> mari, Asiam australem <i>alluente</i></span>, <i>&c.</i>” and describes the -species as being either white, brown, or black.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p017' class='figcenter id015'> -<a href='images/plate017_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate017.jpg' alt='plate 17' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>17</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Sept.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY<br /> <br /> PLATE XVII.<br /> <br /> PSITTACUS GALGULUS<br /> SAPPHIRE CROWNED PARRAKEET.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Picæ.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable, and in general covered -with a cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue -fleshy, obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Green: rump and breast scarlet: crown of the male blue.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Psittacus Galgulus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis, uropygio pectoreque coccineis, -vertice (maris) cæruleo</span>.—<cite>Linn. Amoen. ac. 4. -p. 286.</cite>—<cite>Mus. Ad. Fr. ii. p. 16.</cite>—<cite>Osbeck. it. 101.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Psittacus Galgulus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis, uropygio pectoreque coccineis, -vertice cæruleo, lunula cervicis lutea, tectricibus -caudæ rubris</span>.—<cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. T. 1. 148. p. 131.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Perruche à tête bleue.</span> <cite>Buff. hist. nat. des. ois. 6. p. 163.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Petite perruche de Pérou.</span> <cite>Buff. pl. enlum. n. 190. f. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon.</span> <cite>Sonner, it. p. 76. t. 33.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Sapphire-Crowned Parrakeet. <cite>Edw. glean. t. 293. f. 2.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This gay little creature is one of the smaller kind of the Psittacus -or Parrot tribe, and of that family which is distinguished by having -the tail short and equal at the end. Its size is rather less than that -of our common house sparrow. The prevailing colour of the plumage -a rich vernal green, deepest in its hues on the back and wings, and -rather paler or more delicate in its tint beneath; the breast and rump -scarlet; the feathers of the latter elongated and extending far over -the tail, which is green; the crown of the head a beautiful Sapphirine -blue. This appears to be the male bird. That which is considered -as the female has a yellow spot upon the throat: it is destitute of -any scarlet spot upon the breast, and the Sapphirine colour on the -crown of the head is also wanting.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These are the characteristic distinctions observable generally in -the species; besides which there are other less material particulars in -which these birds are known to differ.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In some birds we find a yellow transverse stripe on the hind -part of the neck, varying in colour from luteous to orange, and which -is more or less conspicuous in different individuals. Others have a -somewhat similar band of yellow, but which is situated at the back -of the head instead of the neck. The first of these is distinguished -by the name of the Sapphire Crowned Parrakeet, the other by that of -the Phillippine Parrakeet. Dr. Latham has endeavoured to establish -the characteristic distinctions of these two kinds in his <cite>Index Ornithologicus</cite>: -he considers them as permanent varieties, but we must -confess we regard them rather as accidental than permanent. The -characteristic band of yellow by which they are to be discriminated -chiefly, appears to be more or less developed in different birds at -different periods of their growth; and in the absence of this character -from the back of the head in the Phillippine Parrakeet, or the hind -part of the neck in the Sapphire Crowned Parrakeet, the resemblance -is so very near as to afford no certain means of distinguishing one -from the other.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This bird has been long known in Europe. It appeared in the -work of Edwards, the ingenious English Ornithologist, who lived -about the middle of the last century. Linnæus describes the -species with much critical minuteness in the fourth volume of his -<cite>Amoenitates Academicæ</cite>, as <span class='sc'>Psittacus Galgulus</span>, <i>brachiurus -viridis pectore uropygioque coccineis, vertice cæruleo</i>; and this -description accords so exactly with the bird before us, that no doubt -whatever can remain of its being exactly the variety which that -eminent Naturalist has described.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Edwards informs us that this bird is a native of Sumatra; -Osbeck met with it in Java, where he tells us it is known by the -name of Parkicki. The title of Perruche de Pérou which it bears in -<i>Pdl. Enl.</i> might induce a persuasion of its being an inhabitant of -South America, which, however, is not believed among Ornithologists. -We have already mentioned that it occurs in the Phillippine Islands, -and that from this locality, the particular variety found there has -obtained the appellation of the Phillippine Parrakeet.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We are indebted to Osbeck for a concise description of the -manners of this interesting species when in a state of captivity, “if -put into a cage,” observes this traveller, “it whistles very seldom -and commonly grows quite sullen: it hangs itself with its feet so -that the back is turned towards the earth, and seldom changes this -situation: it is fed with boiled rice; in which manner, in the year -1752, one was brought to Gottenburgh.” It is probably this information -to which Linnæus alludes in his Academic paper, delivered in -1760, where in speaking of the manners of this bird, he tells us -it sleeps on trees, suspended by one foot with its head downwards, -in order to escape the observation of the rapacious birds of night. -The nest of these birds are described by Toreen. “We observed,” -says this writer, “that their nests were remarkable for their exceeding -fine texture, but we did not see the birds. If these nests were differently -constructed, the monkies would be very mischievous to them; -but now, before they can get to the opening, the lowest part, as the -weakest, breaks into pieces, and the visitor falls to the ground without -danger to the young birds.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This bird is observed to be very partial to the fresh juice of the -cocoa tree, which flows from the ends of the branches when the fruit -has been fresh cut off; and which before it undergoes fermentation -is said in taste to resemble new-made cyder.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p018' class='figcenter id016'> -<a href='images/plate018_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate018.jpg' alt='plate 18' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>18</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act Directs, by E. Donovan, & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin, & Marshall, Sept. 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XVIII.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO ACAMAS<br /> ACAMAS BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Trojani</span>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented, caudated, or ending in a tail; brown, above -and beneath the same colour; anterior wings with a yellow band, -posterior wings with red, blue and yellow lunules.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Acamas</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentato caudatis concoloribus fuscis: -anticis fascia flava, posticis lunulis rubris cæruleis -flavisque</span>.—<cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 8. 22.</cite>—<cite>Jon. -fig. pict. 1. tab. 72.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Acamas is one among the number of those Papiliones, -which, from their magnitude, as well as beauty, constitute the more -attractive species of the first family of this interesting tribe, the -<i>Equites Trojani</i> of the Fabrician system. Papilio Acamas is scarcely -surpassed in size by any other of the Papilio genus, and when it is -added, as it may be with confidence, that the figure now presented to -the reader is the first that has appeared in elucidation of such a noble -species, we cannot doubt that its introduction will be received with -pleasure by every Naturalist in this country and throughout Europe.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This fine and very striking species has been long since known -by repute to Entomologists; but from the description only which -Fabricius had left us in his <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite>. Those -conversant with this work of our author, will be aware, that Papilio -Acamas constitutes one of those many species for which Fabricius -refers only to the drawings of the late Mr. Jones: the present figure -is a faithful copy of that original drawing referred to and described -by Fabricius, and as such cannot fail to prove acceptable to every -Entomologist. It is certainly the only figure extant by means of -which the Fabrician species P. Acamas can be ascertained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The identity of this species, it will hence appear, does not rest -upon opinion or conjecture, and this circumstance must be deemed -of no small importance in an enquiry of this nature. In the present -instance it may be also added that this identity is essentially material -to be considered, because there is another insect of the same tribe, -the Papilio Laodocus of the same author, which assimilates so closely -with it, that without due attention, the one might readily be confounded -with the other. These two butterflies, however, although -they appear so nearly allied, present characters which considered -accurately, demonstrate very clearly that Fabricius was right in -separating them. Fabricius adverting to this close affinity, observes, -that in size and appearance Papilio Acamas agrees with Papilio -Laodocus. The predominant colour of P. Acamas, he observes, is a -dark or fuscous brown, much less inclining to black than P. Laodocus. -The anterior wings in both species have a yellow transverse band: -this band in P. Acamas extends from the anterior margin almost -close to the posterior margin, and touches the posterior rib; in P. -Laodocus this yellow band is abbreviated or shorter, of greater -breadth, and placed more immediately towards the middle of the -wing, the band in P. Acamas being situated rather nearer towards -the exterior end of the wing. There is also a marginal series of -yellow spots at the extremity of the anterior wings, the form of -which is very singular, and affords a striking distinctive character -of P. Acamas. There is also a characteristic difference observable in -the markings of the posterior wings: in both species, on the upper as -well as lower surface, those wings are elegantly marked with a distinct -arch of red lunules, posterior to which is another of blue; beyond -these in P. Acamas is a third series of lunules, rather larger than -either of the former, the colour of which is bright yellow. There is -a final or posterior arch of lunules in P. Laodocus, behind the two -series of red and blue lunules, similar to those of P. Acamas, but -they are smaller, and instead of yellow are white. And lastly, the -body in P. Acamas is dark brown above and pale beneath: in P. -Laodocus, on the contrary, the body beneath as well as above is -black, with a longitudinal line each side the body.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have been thus minute in pointing out precisely the differences -that prevail between these two Papiliones, from a persuasion -that they might perhaps be otherwise confounded together, either -as the same species, or as varieties of each other. There is assuredly -a general approximation in the appearance of those two insects, -although they prove so very distinct upon a close and attentive -comparison.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Acamas is a native of Jamaica: Papilio Laodocus of -South America. A figure of P. Laodocus occurs in the work of -Cramer, under the name of Papilio Glaucus.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p019' class='figcenter id002'> -<a href='images/plate019_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate019.jpg' alt='plate 19' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>19</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XIX.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO HOMERUS<br /> HOMER’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Achivi</span>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings caudated or terminating in tails, black with a yellow -band; lower ones yellowish beneath, with seven ocellar spots:</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Homerus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis caudatis nigris: fascia flava posticis subtus -flavescentibus: maculis ocellaribus septem</span>.—<cite>Fabr. -Ent. Syst. T. 3, p. 1. 29. 85.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Homerus</span>: <cite>Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 8.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corpus magnum nigrum. Alæ anticæ supra nigræ fascia maculari -maculisque apicis flavis. Subtus anticæ concolores, at macula -apicis tantum unica, marginalis, albida posticæ fuscæ, fascia media -pallida maculis septem ocellaribus, atris iride rufa.</span></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>In the present instance, as in many others that will occur -during the progress of this undertaking, we have the pleasure of -introducing to the attention of the Naturalist, a species of the Papilio -tribe, no less distinguished for its beauty than its rarity; and one, -moreover, that has never been before depicted in the work of any -author.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This magnificent Papilio, for to this appellation it is entitled -truly, was one among the number of those rarities of the insect race -which Fabricius met with in the Entomological Cabinets of the English -Naturalists, when he paid a visit to this country about the year -1792, and the descriptions of which constitute a most invaluable and -extensive portion of the work which he published subsequently upon -the continent, under the title of <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite>. Fabricius -saw the drawing of this insect in the Collectanea of Paintings formed -by the ingenious hand of that indefatigable and liberal Naturalist -the late William Jones, Esq. of Chelsea, and was so delighted with -its grandeur, as an insect altogether undescribed, that he determined -upon assigning to it some name of pre-eminent distinction. The -tribe of insects to which it naturally appertains in systematic classification, -is that of the <i>Equites Achivi</i>; all the species of which are -named after the Greeks, and more especially of those commemorated -in the Iliad and the Odyssey: the heroes of the Trojan war. This -rule determined his choice, and we may readily conceive his admiration -of the species from the name selected upon this occasion, <i>Papilio -Homerus</i>. If Homer had no claim to be considered as a Greek, he -had sang the achievements of the Grecian heroes, and had mourned -the fall of Troy; and Fabricius disposed alike to compliment the immortal -bard, and define the species by an appellation more than usually -superlative, has consecrated it to the memory of that ancient poet.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we advert to the writings of Fabricius, it will be found that -this author refers for a figure of this fine Papilio solely to the Paintings -of Mr. Jones. The reference is to the eighth drawing of the -first volume of his collectanea. This is perfectly correct, the figure -occurs in that collection of paintings as Fabricius states, and in the -part described. We have not only seen it there with the name -assigned to it in <cite>Entomologia Systematica</cite> <span class='sc'>Papilio Homerus</span> -inscribed in the hand-writing of Fabricius, but are at this time in -possession of an exact copy of that drawing, taken by the express -permission of its former very worthy proprietor; and it is from this -copy of the original drawing so inscribed by Fabricius himself, that -the very beautiful figure is taken which accompanies the present -description.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Notwithstanding the general accuracy with which Fabricius -has related the local circumstances connected with the history of the -insects which he describes, there are occasionally errors in this respect -it must be satisfactory to many of our readers to have corrected: -errors, which, owing to the lapse of time and death of those distinguished -Naturalists which Fabricius had the happiness of meeting -with in England, we may venture to presume, without vanity, can -be now corrected only through the medium of our assistance. The -celebrity of Fabricius throughout Europe as one of the best informed -Entomologists of the last century, renders it even of no small importance -to correct the most trivial oversights he has committed; and this -consideration will, we trust, afford us some apology for that minuteness, -if not prolixity with which it may be requisite occasionally to -relate particulars of a local nature, in order to correct such errors. -An instance of this kind occurs in the note annexed to the Fabrician -description of the Papilio now before us; in stating the local circumstances -connected with its history, Fabricius says <i>Habitat in America</i>. -<i>Dom Latham.</i> There is obviously an oversight in this passage, -for we well know that the Fabrician description of this species was -taken from the figure in the series of drawings painted by Mr. Jones, -which has been already mentioned; the original of the figure now -presented by us to the attention of our readers; and that the specimen -of the insect itself from which that painting was taken was preserved -at the time Fabricius described it in the celebrated collection -of the late Mr. Dru Drury. As we had the pleasure of Mr. Drury’s -acquaintance, as well as that of Mr. Jones, and had an unreserved -access to the information and cabinets of both, we are enabled to -speak upon this circumstance with confidence. The example of -Papilio Homerus in the cabinet of Mr. Drury was perfectly familiar -to us, it was ourselves who wrote the name <i>Homerus</i>, annexed to this -insect in that cabinet; and so far as our recollection serves at the -distant period of five and twenty years, Mr. Drury stated to us that -he had received this individual specimen from the Island of Jamaica. -We are in possession of the Entomological manuscripts of this venerable -author, but among those we have in vain sought for any positive -confirmation of this distant recollection. It appears certain that -Mr. Drury had not entered it under the name of <i>Homerus</i> in his -catalogue after we had communicated that name to him; and which -we did upon the authority of the Fabrician manuscripts annexed to -the drawings of Mr. Jones. At the time Mr. Drury received this -insect from his correspondent it was assuredly a nameless species, and -was probably entered as such, with a number only; such omissions in -the nomenclature being, of course, usual when the species proved -to be undescribed, till proper names could be assigned to them. A -gentleman of the name of Keuchan, and another of the name of -Whiting, appear from these entries to be the only correspondents -who furnished Mr. Drury with Papiliones of Jamaica; it was probably -from the former that he obtained this majestic species; and that -Mr. Drury obtained it about the year 1777. This <i>habitat</i> would -justify Fabricius in describing the insect as a native of America, -although if the conclusion be correct, it might have been stated more -distinctly as a native of that island.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the dissolution of the fine collection of that indefatigable -Entomologist, Mr. Drury, which took place by public sale in the -month of May, 1805, this beautiful insect was purchased by -another very eminent collector, Mr. John Francillon, at the price -of <i>four pounds sterling</i>,<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c015'><sup>[13]</sup></a> and subsequently at the death of this last -mentioned individual, which happened in the year 1817, it passed -with many others of the more costly rarities into the cabinet of -Alexander Mc’Leay, Esq. S.L.S. &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>With respect to the Fabrician reference to the cabinet of -Dr. Latham, for it is to the cabinet of the venerable Ornithologist -of that name the reference applies, we believe it is also in our power -to explain its origin, having occasionally, through the kindness of its -proprietor, consulted that cabinet, and finally, in conformity with his -permission, written a catalogue of its contents. In that cabinet we -certainly observed a Papilio allied to P. Homerus, but yet so far -remote from it, that we could not venture to pronounce it the same; -it may be a variety of the species, but is assuredly not the insect -painted by Mr. Jones to which the synonyms of Fabricius -allude.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Homerus is represented in its natural size in the annexed -plate. Its colours are various and very beautifully disposed: the -ground or prevailing colour is a deep or dark brown with a broad -stripe of a yellowish hue across the middle of each wing, forming -very nearly a band of that peculiar kind distinguished among Naturalists -by the appellation of a common band. There is also a large -and somewhat quadrangular spot of the same flavous colour upon -the disk within and contiguous to the band, and beyond, towards the -apex, a small sub-angular band composed of smaller flavous spots. -Behind the yellow band, across the disk of the posterior wings, are a -series of blue spots composed of many little shining points, which in -the aggregate form a distinct spot of an ovate form, most brilliant -towards the centre and paler towards the edge. And finally, there -are three distinct sublunate spots of red on each posterior wing, one -at the anal angle, and the other two at the posterior margin, one of -which is situated on each side near the base of the tail. Beneath, -the anterior wings are uniformly dark with a single pale or whitish -marginal spot at the tip; the lower wings of a fuscous colour with -seven ocellar spots of black, the iris of which are rufous.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p020' class='figcenter id017'> -<a href='images/plate020_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate020.jpg' alt='plate 20' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>20</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan, & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XX.<br /> <br /> PIPRA PUNCTATA<br /> DOTTED OR SPECKLED MANAKIN.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Passeres.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill shorter than the head, strong, hard, nearly triangular at the -base and slightly incurvate at the tip: nostrils naked. Feet gressorial: -tail short.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Cinereous brown, beneath yellow: head, wings, and tail black -with white dots: tail coverts red.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Pipra Punctata</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseo fusca, subtus flava, capite alis caudaque -nigris albo punctatis, tectricibus caudæ rubris</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Pipra Punctata.</span> Greyish brown, waved with dusky: top of -the head and wings black speckled with white; -tail coverts red. <span class='sc'>Speckled Manakin</span>, <cite>Nat. -Miscell. 111.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Pardalotus</span> (punctatus) <cite>Vieillot. Ornith. Elem. p. 31.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This pretty little species of Manakin is one among the number -of those numerous acquisitions in the science of Natural History, for -which the Naturalist is indebted to the prolific regions of Australasia. -The very close affinity which it bears to the Gmelinian Pipra Nævia, -a species described originally by Buffon under the title of <cite>Fourmilier -tacheté de Cayenne</cite>, may possibly have occasioned some confusion -among authors respecting this individual species, but there are still, -if we mistake not, sufficient indications of the two birds being specifically -distinct. This was the opinion of the late Dr. Shaw: he -constituted a new species of the bird before us under the name of -<span class='sc'>Pipra Punctata</span>, and the english trivial of <span class='sc'>Speckled Manakin</span>, -and we are induced to follow that example from a persuasion that -his conclusion was correct. Pipra Nævia, to which it is so nearly -allied, has the throat and chin black, and the breast spotted with -black: Pipra Punctata, on the contrary, has the throat and breast -yellow, without any black spots. These differences afford a conspicuous -distinction of the two birds, besides which, there are some others -of less consideration that will appear upon an attentive comparison.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As a new species, it appears, therefore, pretty certain that we -have to acknowledge the late Dr. Shaw as the first author by whom -this interesting bird was introduced to the knowledge of the learned -world: he describes it, as before observed, under the name of Pipra -punctata. M. Vieillot is consequently in an error when he refers to -authority of Dr. Latham for this name. The bird was so designated -in the first instance, in the work entitled the <cite>Naturalist’s Miscellany</cite>, -written by Dr. Shaw; nor was the species mentioned by Dr. Latham -either in his Synopsis or his Index Ornithologicus. In a final or -second supplement published by Dr. Latham long after the Synopsis, -we find the bird mentioned under the name of the <i>Speckled Manakin</i>, -but only upon the authority of the Naturalist’s Miscellany of Shaw, -and a drawing of the bird by General Davies, for at that late period -even, the bird appears to be unknown to Dr. Latham, except upon -those two authorities. This observation is the more material since -the Ornithologist M. Vieillot in dividing the Linnæan Genus Pipra -into two Genera, Pardalotus and Pipra, assigns for the type of his -genus <span class='sc'>Pardalotus</span> the “<i>Pipra punctata</i>” of Latham, at the same -time, as we have already shewn, the works of Dr. Latham affords us -no such name. The present species was described under the appellation -of <i>Pipra punctata</i> only by Dr. Shaw. Dr. Latham does not -adopt this name, he records the species only under the trivial english -name of the Speckled Manakin, which name had also been assigned -before by Dr. Shaw. If, therefore, the name of Pipra punctata had -occurred to M. Vieillot, it must have been in the work of Dr. Shaw, -and not of Dr. Latham. Perhaps Vieillot had inadvertently imagined -this Speckled Manakin to be the same as the Spotted Manakin -of Dr. Latham’s Synopsis. If this be really the source of error, it -may be added, that this latter bird appears to have been described by -Dr. Latham upon the authority only of Planches Enluminées, and -is no other than Pipra Nævia of Gmelin, as Dr. Latham has himself -pointed out in his Index Ornithologicus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The description of this bird, as it occurs in the first instance, in -the works of Dr. Shaw, is to this effect. <span class='sc'>Pipra punctata</span> -(<span class='sc'>Speckled Manakin</span>) <i>grisea</i>, <i>fusco undulata</i>, <i>vertice alisque -nigris</i>, <i>albo punctatis tectricibus caudæ rubris</i>. The notice of the -species as before-mentioned in Dr. Latham’s second Supplement is -subsequent to this, and appears only under the trivial name of the -Speckled Manakin.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In adverting to the separation of the Pipra genus as it occurs -in the work of M. Vieillot, it will not be amiss to point out precisely -those distinctions, which, according to his mode of classification, constitute -the characters of those two genera into which he has divided -them. The first of these genera denominated <span class='sc'>Pardalotus</span> comprehends -those species of the Pipra genus in which the form of the -bill is very short in proportion to its length, a little robust or stout, -the base dilated upon the edges, entire, conoid, thick at the point, the -upper mandible a little bent, and the lower one convex beneath. Those -birds which are allowed to remain in the Pipra genus have the bill -conoid, trigonal at the base, compressed at the sides near the end, -cut off and curved at the point, the lower mandible turning up at the -extremity; and the exterior toes connected rather beyond the middle. -It may be added, finally, that Cuvier, on the contrary, in his <cite>Règne -Animal</cite>, allows the Manakins (Pipra of Linnæus) to remain united -as before. He does not adopt the genus Pardalotus, and this circumstance -is the more worthy of note since we have seen the species -arranged in our Museums with the synonymous appellation of -“<span class='sc'>Pardalotus Punctatus</span> <i>Cuvier</i>,” and have observed it designated -as the type of Cuvier’s New Genus Pardalotus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This interesting little creature being represented in its natural -size in the plate annexed, it will be perceived to be one of the smaller -tribes of the feathered race: we have even few birds in England more -diminutive, for in point of magnitude it does not exceed that of our -common willow-wren, its length being only about four inches. The -elegance of its plumage, is, however, in a peculiar degree attractive, -and more than amply compensates for this inferiority in size. The -general colour above is cinereous brown, varying to a cinereous -purple; the throat and breast a delicate fulvous yellow; the crown -of the head black spotted with white; the wings, except the coverts, -which are the same colour as the back, are black, and the tip of each -of these black feathers are marked with a spot of white. The rump -coverts are testaceous, becoming gradually redder towards the end: -the tail itself is black, having the base of a fine crimson with some -intermixture of yellow; and in general, though not invariably, there -is a white dot at the tip of each of the tail feathers; sometimes it is -only the outer feather on each side the tail that is marked with a -white dot. Beneath, the throat and breast is of a delicate yellow -colour; the bill black, and legs brown.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the plate that accompanies this description, this elegant -little bird appears perched upon a sprig of the <i>ovate leaved Goodenia</i>, -<span class='sc'>Goodenia Ovata</span>, a vegetable production of the Australasian -regions, that flowered in the month of July, during the present year, -in the Royal Gardens, Kew.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p021' class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/plate021_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate021.jpg' alt='plate 21' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>21</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Oct.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXI.<br /> <br /> VOLUTA PYRUM<br /> PEAR VOLUTE.<br /> <br /> <i>Front View.</i><br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse; pillar -twisted or plaited, generally without lips or perforation.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>**** <span class='sc'>Fusiform.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell obovate and slightly tailed with striated whorls on the -spire: tip produced and glabrous: pillar with three plaits.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Voluta Pyrum</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa obovata subcaudati; spiræ anfractibus -striatis; apice producto glaberrimo, columella -triplicata</span>.—<cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. -3463. 102.</cite>—<cite>List. Conch, t. 815. f. 25.</cite>—<cite>Bonann. -recr et Mus. Kircher. 3. f. 194.</cite>—<cite>Knorr. Vergn. -6. f. 39. f. 1.</cite>—<cite>Gualt. test. t. 46. f. C.</cite>—<cite>Martini. -Conch. 3. t. 95. f. 916. 917.</cite>—(B.) <cite>List. Conch. -t. 816. f. 26.</cite>—<cite>Martini. Conch. 3. t. 95. f. 918. -919.</cite>—<cite>Knorr. Vergn. 6. t. 27. f. 2.</cite>—(D.) <cite>Chemn. -Conch. 9. t. 104. f. 884. 885.</cite>—(8.) <cite>Chemn. Conch. -9. t. 104. f. 886. 887.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The animal inhabitant of this shell, according to the generical -definition of Linnæus, is a kind of Limax; the Limax is one of the -Mollusca Tribe, or animals furnished with limbs; the mouth is placed -before, it has a lateral perforation, the feelers are four in number, and -the vent common with the lateral pore. This is the Linnæan character -of the animal inhabitant of the Voluta Genus, and consequently -of the species now before us.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is not to be disputed that the discoveries which have taken -place among the vermes of those testaceous bodies since the time of -Linnæus, have introduced us to a far more extensive acquaintance -with the beings of this nature than Linnæus could have possessed. -The term Limax, which Linnæus applied not only to the animal -inhabitants of the Voluta family, but also to the Buccinum, the -Strombus, the Murex, the Trochus, the Turbo, in short to almost -every genus of the Univalves, and some even of the Bivalves could -not fail to excite remark. It could scarcely be conceived that in the -very ample range of the creation which those genera embraced, -such uniformity could prevail, and the subsequent observations of -various Naturalists have tended fully to assure us that the Linnæan -character of the animal inhabitants of the testaceous tribes was much -too vague and comprehensive. There are indeed, it must be confessed, -a considerable number of those testaceous bodies, the animals of which -are still unknown, and may possibly so remain, but forming our conclusions, -from the great multitude that has been recently discovered, -and the number of those which have been examined with anatomical -attention, we may presume, with safety, that the Linnæan Limaces -ought properly to be divided into several distinct genera. How far -a methodical distribution of the shells themselves, founded upon the -zoological distinctions of the animal inhabitants, may be admissible in -our cabinets appears less certain. The greater number of those shells, of -which the animals are totally unknown, present insuperable objections; -and the attention of collectors in the formation of the Conchological -Cabinet, so rarely extend beyond the more obvious characters which the -structure of the shells present, that we can scarcely deem it practicable.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The animal of the shell before us, Voluta pyrum, has been -ascertained and well described by Lamarck, De Montfort, and other -writers; it has the head armed with two obtuse feelers of a club-like -form; the eyes advanced and placed at the base, at the outerside of -those feelers; the mantle or fleshy covering terminating in an elongation -folded into a kind of tube above the head; the foot, or disk, -strong and muscular, and armed with a small round horny operculum.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the Linnæan classification, the shelly covering of -this animal is a Voluta; and so far as the most prominent criterion of -the Voluta genus, the folds or plaits upon the pillar lip be considered, -this character is unequivocal. Linnæus regarding this as one of its -most essential definitions, has overlooked the differences that prevail -in the structure of the spire and beaks, or includes them only as -distinctions of the different families into which his Volutæ are divided. -Later writers differ upon this subject; these differences are considered -by many as generical, and thus the Linnæan Volutæ have become -separated into several distinct genera. In the shell before us, the -beak is lengthened or produced, and canaliculated; and thus constitutes -in the classification of Lamarck, a species of his <span class='sc'>Turbinella</span>; -and is the shell in particular which he adopts as the type of that -genus. The character of that genus, as proposed by this Conchologist, -in his work entitled <cite>Animaux sans vertèbres</cite>, is thus expressed, -Turbinelle (Turbinella) a shell turbinated or subfusiform, canaliculated -to the base, and having upon the column from three to five plaits -or folds of a compressed form and placed transversely. Murex -scolymus of Martini, Voluta ceramica of Lister, and Voluta capitellum -of the same author, are comprehended with the Linnæan -Voluta pyrum in this genus Turbinellus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It has been observed by De Montfort that Lamarck has made a -group of those shells which accord with the above character, and which -he himself adopts with some small variations: according to this writer, -the genus Turbinelle, of which our Voluta Pyrum is considered as -the type, has the shell heavy, univalve, with an obtuse spire ending in -a nipple; the mouth sloping and lengthened; the pillar denticulated -with large equal folds or plaits, the outer lip strait and cut off, and -the base lengthened.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After all the pains, however, which Lamarck and other Continental -Naturalists have taken to establish the genus Turbinella, -Cuvier in his Règne Animal observes that the shells of this genus -differ in no other respect from the Conic Volutes than in the prolongation -of their opening, forming a kind of canal, and adding that it -is not easy to trace the limits between the one and the other.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have experienced some surprise in observing that while so -much attention has been bestowed by writers upon the generical distinctions -of Voluta Pyrum, the differences that prevail in its presumed -varieties have almost entirely escaped attention. It should be remarked -that in the Gmelinian constitution of this species there are no -less than four distinct varieties, all which, according to Gmelin, and -subsequently to other writers, appertain to the Linnæan species -Pyrum. From the synonymous references which Lamarck has brought -together in one view, it is obvious that his opinion is the same; his -<span class='sc'>Turbinella Pyrum</span>, which is the same as the Linnæan Voluta -Pyrum, will be observed to comprehend the several presumed varieties -of the species to be found in the works of Martini and Chemnitz, and -the same is again observable in the works of Denys de Montfort. -There are, however, some Conchologists in England who do not agree -in this particular, for they constitute at least three distinct species of -the presumed varieties of Voluta Pyrum. This division of the species -was first proposed by Dr. Solander, and has been subsequently -adopted in several of our English Cabinets. As the particulars of -this arrangement may not prove unacceptable, we shall proceed to -describe them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To the <em>first</em> of these new species Dr. Solander retains the -Linnæan name of <span class='sc'>Voluta Pyrum</span>, it is that kind which has the -beak elongated, and is known by the familiar name of the <span class='sc'>Long -Beaked Turnip Shell</span>. This is the Voluta rostrata of some -Conchologists; Rapum rostratum of the Colonnian Museum; and -inhabits the seas of Tranquebar.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the preceding shell is distinguished by the name of the Long -beaked Turnip Shell, in allusion to the elongated structure of the -beak, there is another known by the appellation of the High Spired -Turnip Shell, in reference to the greater elevation of its spire; this -is a <em>second</em> species of Solander, and is called by him <span class='sc'>Voluta -Ponderosa</span>; in the Calonnian Museum it stood under the name -of Rapum productum. This shell inhabits the seas of Madagascar, -and is the kind which becomes the more immediate object of our -consideration as the subject of our present plate.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The <em>third</em> kind of Turnip Shell is from the straits of Malacca, -a shell more ponderous than the preceding; of a broader form and -having the spire more depressed. This is the common Heavy Turnip -Shell of our English Cabinet, Voluta gravis of Solander.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These distinctions proposed by the late Dr. Solander are found -conformable, in a particular degree, with the classification observable -in the cabinet of M. de Colonne. The shells of M. de Colonne, it -appears, were thus arranged by the celebrated Conchologist -M. Favanne. They have, nevertheless, we believe, passed unnoticed -by any of the modern writers upon this subject. The distinctions -are certainly obvious, and might probably fully authorize their separation -into species: it must be at least admitted that as varieties of -the same species they are strikingly distinct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having so far treated upon the generical distinctions of Voluta -Pyrum, and pointed out the differences that exist among its principal -supposed varieties, we arrive at another point of view in which the -history of this shell becomes no less important, or less worthy of our -consideration: the sacred character which from some superstitious -causes, remote beyond all research of the present race of men, this -shell has acquired in the Mythology of the Indian Nations: in the -rites and worship of the Indian Brahma. Among these people this -shell is called the <span class='sc'>Chank</span>, or <span class='sc'>Sacred Chank</span>, the emblem of an -attribute of the divine power, and is constantly seen in one of the -hands of the Indian Deity Vishnu, as a type of the renovation of the -earth from the waters of the deluge.—The cause of this catastrophe -of the earth, the deluge, they attribute to the wickedness of mankind -in remote ages, which incensing the divine Brahma, he caused a -flood of the waters to overflow the earth and destroy every vestige -of the creation, animate and inanimate, that existed upon its surface. -After awhile the supreme Brahma disposed to restore creation, commanded -Vishnu to deliver the earth from the flood of waters, and in -testimony of its deliverance Vishnu bears in his hand the Chank Shell, -the symbol of its renovation.<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c015'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Without proceding at any considerable length into the history -of those mythological persuasions, it may be permitted to observe -that as a type of the divine power in relieving the earth from the flood -of waters with which it was overwhelmed at the time of the deluge, -this shell is held among the Indians of the Brahma persuasion as one -of the most sacred emblems of that figurative divinity; and this -religion, it will be remembered, extends over no small portion of India -and China, and even to part of Russia and Tartary. Vishnu, as one -of the three attributes or triad of Brahma, almost invariably appears -with this symbol in his hand. Whether in their paintings, sculptures, -or carvings, or in the sacred paraphernalia of their temples, the -Chank-shell is the customary type of their deity Vishnu, and sometimes -it occurs in the hands of the inferior deities,<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c015'><sup>[15]</sup></a> to whom Vishnu -is imagined to have confided a portion of his power. If the Chank -be the object of their devotion in health, so also it is the object of -their superstitions in sickness and in death. The medicine administered -by the Priest to his patient in the time of illness, from the spout -of one of these shells, is considered of greater efficacy than if taken -from any other drinking vessel; that from the spout of a reversed -shell has a reputation inestimable. These reversed shells occur so -rarely, that if at any time some happy fortunate of the fishing tribe -of Hindoos should be so lucky as to find one, he is indeed considered -as a mortal favoured by their divinity Vishnu; this treasure of the -deep is immediately deposited in one of their pagodas, to the great -honour and happiness of the discoverer. A dose of medicine from -such a shell is deemed infallible, if the malady of the patient be -within the art of medicine to cure; for if this should fail, they -rest persuaded nothing else can save the patient from the death -awaiting him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As these reversed shells are of very rare occurrence, the price -they bear is of course of considerable. Very few of the Pagodas -possess such an inestimable treasure as a <i>Chank reversed</i>, they will -command a price in Asia surpassing infinitely any idea that might -probably be formed upon the subject. Four or five hundred dollars -have been given in China, among the worshippers of Brahma, for a -shell of this kind. In India they have been known to produce from -one hundred to two hundred rupees, sometimes, three, four, or five -hundred rupees, or perhaps a larger sum. The shells of this kind, -which are purchased from the natives and brought to Europe, it -may be imagined, for this reason, can have been obtained only at a -considerable cost. It was principally through the unrivalled liberality -of the Conchologists of the low countries, about the beginning of the -last century, that the cabinets of Europe became possessed of these -rarities, and they still remain extremely scarce.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Only two examples of those reversed shells have occurred to our -observation: both were of that kind in which the spire is elongated; -the high spired Turnip Shell of the English cabinets. One of these -reversed shells we saw in the year 1797, in the celebrated collection -of Mon de Calonne, ci-devant Minister of France, and which passed, -at a considerable price, into the collection of the Earl of Tankerville. -The other occurred in the late Leverian Museum, which was distributed -by public auction, in the year 1806. This last-mentioned -shell was in a less perfect condition than might be wished; it was -worn and mutilated, and for this reason did not obtain by any means -such a price as was expected from its rarity: it produced only <i>seven -guineas</i>, a sum considered much beneath its real value, even in its -injured state.<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c015'><sup>[16]</sup></a> In the month of April, in the year 1815, the same -shell appeared in the sale of certain effects, the property of the -Duke de Bourbon, at his residence in Great Ormond Street, Portman -Square, where it was sold, we believe, at an advanced price. It -is the figure of this last-mentioned shell that appears in the present -plate. We have delineated the specimen with all faults for the sake -of greater accuracy, and from a persuasion that the Naturalist would -prefer a correct representation from an undoubted original, to any -figure in which its actual defects might have been amended by the -pencil of the artist. The shell is depicted in its natural size, and it -will hence appear, is little inferior in point of magnitude to the -generality of those shells of the same species which are not of the -reversed kind. The species is sometimes known to grow to the -length of seven or eight inches, but such examples are not common. -Of the reversed kinds the Leverian specimen, as it has been emphatically -denominated, is probably one of the largest known.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The smaller figure in the lower part of our plate is a representation -of the same species in its usual form, and appears clothed or -covered with the thick filmy epidermis, of a brown colour, with which -the shell is naturally covered when in a living state. From this -figure it will be perceived that the direction of the spiral wreath or -whorls in the larger shell is exactly reversed, and that the mouth or -aperture of the shell, which in the smaller figure appears on the right -side, is seen in the reversed shell on the left. Thus upon the least -comparison of the two figures, the true character of the reversed shell -will be distinctly perceived.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We should not omit to mention that the smaller figure which -represents the unreversed shell would appear of the same pallid hue -as the reversed shell, upon the removal of the epidermis with which -it is enveloped. Sometimes, however, when this common kind is -particularly fine, the exterior surface is delicately tinged with a less -pallid hue, and the pillar lip and opening yellowish, inclined to flesh -colour. That particular kind or variety which in England is denominated -the low spired or heavy Turnip Shell, is sometimes pleasingly -diversified with more vivid tints, and the younger shells occasionally -spotted with brown, upon a ground tinged with yellowish or buff -colour. We have no knowledge of any reversed shell of this latter -kind, excepting one which is in the Museum at Copenhagen.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p022' class='figcenter id019'> -<a href='images/plate022_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate022.jpg' alt='plate 22' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic019'> -<p><i>22</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Nov.<sup>r</sup> 1. 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXII.<br /> <br /> VOLUTA PYRUM<br /> PEAR VOLUTE.<br /> <br /> <i>Back View.</i><br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Spiral; aperture without a beak, and somewhat effuse: pillar -twisted or plaited, generally without lips or perforation.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>**** <span class='sc'>Fusiform.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell obovate and slightly tailed with striated whorls on the -spire: tip produced and glabrous: pillar with three plaits.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Voluta Pyrum</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa obovata subcaudata spiræ anfractibus -striatis; apice producto glaberrimo, columella -triplicata</span>.—<cite>Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. 3463. 102.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>In the preceding plate (<a href='#p021'>plate 21</a>) we have introduced to the -attention of our readers a figure of that truly interesting rarity the -reversed Voluta Pyrum, or Pear Volute, or as it is better known in -the familiar language of the English collectors by the appellation of -the High spired Turnip Shell. The figure there delineated exhibits -a frontal view of this shell, in which the characteristic aperture of -the mouth is displayed to advantage. And in order that nothing on -our part may be wanting to complete our observations on this very -valuable curiosity, we have been induced to insert in the present -instance, a back or posterior view of the same shell.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already entered so fully into the history of this shell -in the description of the former plate, as to render it, we may -presume, superfluous to dwell upon this subject further in the -present instance. Our figure of the reversed shell, as in the former -plate, is accompanied by a posterior view of a shell of the usual -growth, (covered with its natural epidermis) and by the assistance -of this figure, the contrary direction of the spiral wreath in the -reversed shell becomes at once too obviously striking to escape -attention.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p023' class='figcenter id020'> -<a href='images/plate023_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate023.jpg' alt='plate 23' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>23</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Nov.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXIII.<br /> <br /> TANAGRA TRICOLOR<br /> TRICOLOURED TANAGER var β.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Passeres.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill conic, pointed, notched, nearly triangular at the base, a -little inclining at the tip.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shining green, beneath yellowish green; wing coverts violet: -frontlet and upper part of the back black.</p> - -<p class='c006'><i>Var</i> β. Crown and chin violet: neck, and sometimes rump, orange.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Tanagra Tricolor</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis splendens, subtus viridi-flavescens, -tectricibus alarum violaceis, capirostro dorsoque -superiore nigris uropygio fulvo</span>. <cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. -428. 29.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Tanagra Tricolor</span> β. Tangara cayanensis varia cyanocephalos. -<cite>Briss. Sup. p. 62. t. 4. f. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Tanagra Tricolor</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis, capite, mento, jugulo et pectore -pallide thalassinis capistro nigro, cervice collique -lateribus viridi-aureis, gulæ macula magna dorsoque -nigris, pectoris fascia cærulea, abdomine -crissoque ex flavicante viridibus</span>. <cite>Gmel. T. 1. -p. 2. 891.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Tangara</span> varié à tête verte de Cayenne.—<cite>Buff. Pl. Enl. n. 33. f. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>β <span class='sc'>Tangara</span> varié à tête bleue de Cayenne.—<cite>Buff. Pl. Enl. n. 33. f. 2.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The history of this splendid species of Tanager is unknown to -Naturalists: we are aware only, that independently of the varieties -arising from its different states of plumage, there are two pretty -distinct and accurately defined varieties, one of which has the head -of a fine green, the other of a rich blue. Some authors consider -these two birds as specifically different, while others are as well -assured they are the same. Dr. Latham observes that these birds -are, without doubt, the same, differing only in sex, but which of -them is the male is not ascertained. Some of the French writers, -among whom is Vieillot, express a different opinion, for they assure -us neither the female or the young are known, and they further add, -that in the Brazils this bird is common, while in Guiana it is rare. -Vieillot once regarded them as distinct species, but has subsequently -described them as the same. Both birds, according to Dr. Latham, -are from Cayenne; we have seen both kinds from the Brazils.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The size of this bird is that of the house sparrow: the rump is -usually green, but in the blue headed variety, is sometimes flavous, -more or less inclined to orange.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p024' class='figcenter id021'> -<a href='images/plate024_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate024.jpg' alt='plate 24' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic008'> -<p><i>24</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Nov.<sup>r</sup> 1 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXIV.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO THERSITES<br /> THERSITES BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings tailed and yellow: border black: lower ones with -yellow lunules.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Thersites</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis caudatis flavis: limbo nigro, posticis -lunulis flavis</span>. <cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 88.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'>We may venture to affirm, with every degree of certainty, that -there is no figure of this very beautiful species, extant, in the work -of any previous author. Fabricius described it as a new species, -under the name of Papilio Thersites; his description refers to a specimen -in the cabinet of Dr. Hunter, but he has omitted to insert his -usual reference to the drawings of Mr. Jones, among which that -specimen was delineated, and from which we are well aware the -Fabrician description of the species is derived. It is from those -drawings, also, that we have been enabled to determine the species -with perfect accuracy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The magnitude of this Papilio renders it an object of peculiar -interest; it is one of the most conspicuous insects of its tribe, and in -point of elegance cannot assuredly be considered inferior to any of its -numerous species. In the plate accompanying this description, the -Papilio is represented in its natural size: the whole disk is of a fine -yellow colour, with a deep black border: the posterior wings are -marked with a series of yellow lunules, and another of brilliant blue -spots, composed of little shining dots, of which the brightest are in -the centre. Beneath, the breast, abdomen, and wings, are yellow: -margin of the anterior pair black with a yellow streak, and a black -streak of spots on the lower pair.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p025' class='figcenter id015'> -<a href='images/plate025_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate025.jpg' alt='plate 25' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic022'> -<p><i>25</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs, by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Dec.<sup>r</sup> 1 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXV.<br /> <br /> TROCHILUS ORNATUS<br /> TUFTED-NECK HUMMING BIRD.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Picæ.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill subulate or awl-shaped; filiform, tubular at the tip, longer -than the head: upper mandible forming a sheath for the lower. -Tongue filiform, the two threads coalescing and tubular: feet formed -for walking: tail composed of ten feathers in general.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>** Bill straight.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Golden green, beneath glossy brown, crest rufous; and on each -side, below the ears, a tuft of elongated rufous feathers with a green -spot at the tip of each.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochilus Ornatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridi aureus, subtus-nitente fuscus crista -rufo: infra aures utrinque pennis elongatis rufis -apice macula viridi</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochilus Ornatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridi-aureus, subtus nitente-fuscus, fascia -uropygio alba, crista (in mare) verticis et fasciculo -pennarum infra aures utrinque rufo</span>.—<cite>Gmel. Linn. -Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 497. n. 58.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Trochilus Ornatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridi-aureus subtus fusco-aureus, crista -rufa abdomine infimo vittaque transversa uropygii -albis, infra aures utrinque pennis 6 s. 7 elongatis -rufis apice macula viridi</span>.—<cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. -318. 58.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Hupecol <cite>Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. p. 18.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Oiseau Mouche, dit Hupecol de Cayenne.—<cite>Buff. Pl. enl. n. 640. f. 3.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Tufted-Necked Humming Bird.</span>—<cite>Lath. Gen. Syn. 2 p. 784. 55.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The Tufted-Neck Humming Bird described by Buffon under -the name of <i>l’Oiseau-Mouche de Cayenne</i>, <i>Le Hupecol de Cayenne</i>, -differs in no respect that we perceive from the bird before us; and -for this reason we can have no hesitation in considering it as an individual -of the same species. Our specimen is not from Cayenne, it -was brought from New Zealand, and was one among the number of -those rarieties collected in that island by the celebrated Navigator -Captain Cook, in his first voyage round the world: that in which he -was accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks, and Dr. Solander. The New -Zealand specimen, though it nearly accords with the bird described by -Buffon under the name of Hupecol de Cayenne, does not entirely -agree with the description given of that species by Dr. Latham: it -differs in wanting the white band on the rump, and the patch or -space of the same colour on the lower region of the belly. Buffon -speaks of such a characteristic mark of white on the rump, but not -the abdomen of the Cayenne kind.<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c015'><sup>[17]</sup></a> And it is not unlikely that -these appearances may be indications only of a change in plumage, -as the same circumstance is not unfrequently observed in many other -birds at particular seasons, or in certain states of moulting. Dr. Latham -himself observes that in the female these marks, instead of being -white, incline to rufous, and this, no doubt, in the adult bird. There -is certainly no appearance of white either upon the rump or region of -the belly in the bird before us; and this example bears every appearance -of having arrived at its full maturity of plumage. Perhaps the -bird from Cayenne having a white band on the rump and abdomen, -may be, however, if not a distinct variety, the more mature bird -of the same species as that met with by our circumnavigators at -New Zealand.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are species of this tribe more brilliant in colour and more -richly varied in the disposition of those colours, but assuredly none -more singular or pleasing in general aspect than the bird before us. -In point of size the Tufted Humming Bird is one of the smallest species -of its family, scarcely exceeding in that respect the figure delineated in -the plate, for its total length is not above three inches, and its bulk -proportionate. The head and upper part of the body, and also -the wings above, are green with a golden lustre; the tail greenish, -changeable to testaceous golden brown, and having the inner webs -rufous. The throat is of a fine green colour, variable in different -lights to a golden hue with a yellow or a brown metallic lustre, and -below that the whole of the belly is a rich brown glossed with green -and golden. On the head of the male bird is a crest of pointed feathers -of an orange or testaceous brown colour, and on each side of the -neck a tuft composed of elongated feathers, differing in length, and -having the tips of a dark but brilliant green. These feathers the -little creature has the power of raising or depressing at pleasure: -when these are displayed in full array on each side of the green patch -on the front of the neck, and the crest stands erect, which is invariably -the case when the bird is offended or surprised, the appearance -of this bird is altogether remarkable. The female has neither the -ruff on the neck nor the crest, and its colours are in general more -obscure than in the male. The bill is of a moderate length and -straight, the legs very short and the feet diminutive.<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c015'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>In the annexed plate this elegant little bird is seen perched upon -a tuft of the</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div><span class='sc'>JACQUINIA AURANTIA, the AUSTRALASIAN</span></div> - <div>ORANGE JACQUINIA,</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c020'>in blossom; a plant that inhabits the New Holland and New Zealand, -and which flowered in the month of July in the present year, at Kew.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p026' class='figcenter id015'> -<a href='images/plate026_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate026.jpg' alt='plate 26' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic022'> -<p><i>26</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Dec.<sup>r</sup> 1, 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXVI.<br /> <br /> TURBO SCALARIS<br /> WENTLETRAP.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Shell spiral, solid: aperture contracted, obicular, entire.</div> - <div>* <i>Umbilicate, or Perforated.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>Shell conic, pale fulvous with white ribs, whorls distant.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Turbo Scalaris</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa conica, pallide fulva costis albis anfractibus -distantibus</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Turbo Scalaris</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa cancellata conica: anfractibus distantibus</span>.—Linn. -<cite>Syst. Nat. 10 p. 764. n. 548.</cite>—<cite>Mus. Lud. -Ulr. 658. n. 351.</cite>—<cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. -p. 6. 3603. n. 62.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Scalaria Pretiosa</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testâ conicâ, umbilicatâ inspiram laxam -contortâ, pallidè fulva; costis albis; anfractibus -disjunctis, lævibus: ultimo ventricoso</span>.—<cite>Lamarck -Anim. sans. vertebr. 6. p. 2. 226. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Wentletrap (scalaris).—<cite>Rumpf. mus. t. 49. fig. A.</cite>—<cite>Argenville -Conch. pl. 11. fig. V.</cite>—<cite>Gualt. tab. 10. fig. 2. 7.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The Wentletrap is one of those extraordinary productions of -the shell tribe that has been regarded with unabated admiration -among Conchologists from the days of Petiver and Rumpfius, the -earliest of the more recent race of Naturalists, down to the period in -which we live. And, although it does not at this time bear a price -so very great as that which it bore some years ago, it is yet considered -as a shell of no mean value when it is large and in fine perfection: -even those of a smaller size, when in good condition, are -esteemed of value, at least in some proportion to those more estimable -for their perfection.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The rarity of this choice and very curious shell arises from -various causes. In the Chinese seas, which it chiefly inhabits, the -species is very rare; it sometimes occurs upon the coasts of Coromandel, -but sparingly, and in the other seas upon the coasts of India -it is believed to be still more uncommon. These shells are, moreover, -so very brittle that they seldom occur perfect, and more especially -the larger ones, which in almost every instance is abbreviated or imperfect -at the point or apex. And, it may be also added that like -<i>Voluta Pyrum</i>, the <i>Sacred Chank Shell</i>, of which an explanation was -given in a former plate, the Wentletrap is one of the sacred shells -of the worshippers of Brahma, and consequently when found in fine -condition, is sure to obtain a considerable price among the opulent -devotees of that doctrine, the prevailing worship of the many millions -of inhabitants that people India, China, and other vast regions of the -continent of Asia. In China, shells of this kind, of a moderate size, -are valued at from four to five, or even ten dollars a piece, those are -shells of about an inch and a quarter in length, and such as exceed -that size are considered in proportion valuable. In England a fine -specimen about the same size last mentioned would be estimated -in worth at little less than five guineas. The celebrated Wentletrap -of the Leverian Museum was about two inches long, but as it -exhibited little freshness of colour, it produced only eleven pounds. -Since that period another specimen, a trifle larger, and with the same -bleached or depauperated appearance in its tints of colour, was sold -at the public hammer for twenty seven pounds. This is the highest -price we have seen paid for a specimen of this curious shell: we have -heard of fifty guineas being given by one collector for a shell of this -kind. Considerable as this price may be deemed, it appears to have -been exceeded in one, if not more instances, upon the continent. -Denys de Montfort, speaking, as it may be presumed, of the low -countries and France, informs us, that he has seen it sell, when the -height or length has exceeded two inches, at two thousand four hundred -livres, or one hundred Louis. It will be observed that he is -alluding to shells about the same size as that delineated in the -annexed plate, the outline of which is from the Leverian specimen; -the colouring amended from a smaller but more recent shell.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These shells are of such a tender nature, and their colours so -evanescent or so feebly fixed, that they almost constantly present a -mutilated and bleached appearance. This is not, however, uniformly -the case; we have very recently had an opportunity of inspecting -several specimens of a moderate size, that were brought from China, -and from these we perceive that the Wentletrap, when in fine -order, is of a pale testaceous or rather fulvous hue; and inclining -sometimes to yellowish. In some few specimens the ground colour -of the shell, instead of being uniform, appears sprinkled with pallid -spots and dots of a rounded form. Sometimes we are assured the -colour inclines to rufous, or a reddish tint. Lamarck has this shell -of a pale fulvous colour, with the ribs as usual, white, for he adopts -this as part of the leading character of the species; his expression -is “<i>pallide fulva</i>; <i>costis albis</i>.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The animal inhabitant of this shell has the head armed with two -feelers, each ending in a setaceous thread or hair: the eye is placed -upon the tentacula at the base of this thread or hair, and it has also -a kind of trunk at the mouth, by means of which it searches for its -food amongst the sand and weeds. It is supposed to be of a carnivorous -nature, subsisting on other marine worms. It is considered -rather as a littoral species, frequenting the little sandy bays and -creeks among the breakers upon the lower parts of the sea shore, -and is to be sought for with the most probability of success among -the sea weeds or fuci that grow in the pools of water lying in -these sunken rocks, because in such situations it is most likely to -find protection against the intrusion of the boisterous element. -Occasionally it is seen, though rarely, crawling on the sands at -low water.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a natural classification of the shell tribe, should we ever -arrive at an arrangement of Conchology, so perfect as to deserve that -epithet, it would be a task of some difficulty to fix the precise station -of the Wentletrap; for in the order of nature it presents anomalies -which cannot easily be reconciled, and few authors are agreed upon -this subject even in the artificial arrangements which they have been -induced to adopt. Thus Rumpfius makes it a <i>Buccinum</i>, Davila -a <i>Tuyau</i>, Argenville places it as a <i>Terebra</i> (vis) and De Montfort -Scalarus. In the Encyclopædia it is denominated Scalaria Pretiosa, -and this name Lamarck retains.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The name of Wentletrap, by which this shell is now so well -known, is derived from the Dutch Language, and signifies according -to the technical phraseology of the Dutch architects in building, a -winding stair case, or flight of stairs turning spirally round a central -column, into which one end of every step is mortised as they ascend -from the base upwards. The term Wentletrap, Wenteltrap, or -as the Dutch sometimes call it, Wendeltrap,<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c015'><sup>[19]</sup></a> is the name given by -Rumpfius the Hollander to this shell, as a synonymous name with his -latin term <i>Scalare</i>. It is an allusion, somewhat fanciful we must allow, -to the disposition of the costal ridges upon this shell, and which when -viewed laterally as they traverse or pass over the upper convexity of -the whorls on each side, have the appearance of a flight of steps turning -spirally round the body of the shell, just as a winding staircase would -be carried spirally round a cone or sub-cylindrical body. The singularity -of this species (for it is not a peculiarity or character even of -the new genus Scalaria as established by Lamarck and Cuvier) -consists in having the whole whorl of the shell, from the mouth -to the summit, entirely unconnected, while in spiral shells the suture -of the whorls is united throughout. The tube is perfectly detached -from the mouth to the apex, and the whorls linked together only by -means of the longitudinal ribs which traverse the tube at regular -intervals, so that the only connexion of the whorls is at the junction -of those ribs, which touching each other unite at that part which in -regular spiral shells that have the whorls united, would be denominated -the suture of the whorls.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Considering the very zealous propensity of some French Naturalists -of the present day, and of their admirers in England, to -create new genera upon every slight occasion, it becomes a matter -of some astonishment that a character so very obvious as the disjunction -of the tube from the aperture to the very summit should not -have laid the foundation of a new genus, for the reception of this -shell. Lamarck, however, places it at the head of his <i>Scalaires</i>, and -one of the next species in succession is his <i>Scalaria Communis</i>, a -shell perfectly well known by every Naturalist throughout Europe for -nearly a century past under the name of <i>Turbo Clathratus</i>.<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c015'><sup>[20]</sup></a> Nor is -Lamarck singular in this very anomalous consolidation of shells so -distant in this respect from each other; for Cuvier in his <cite>Règne Animal</cite>, -after describing our present shell, the Linnæan Turbo Scalaris, as one -of his <i>Scalaires</i>, and informing us it is distinguished by the whorls -not touching each other, adds particularly that there is another species -which has not that peculiarity, and that is the <i>Turbo Clathratus</i>. -Nothing, however, can be more certain than that from this very circumstance -these two shells are generically distinct from each other; -Clathratus may be retained with the Linnæan Turbines, but Scalaris -has nearly, if not entirely as much claim to the <i>Serpula</i><a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c015'><sup>[21]</sup></a> as <i>Turbo</i> -genus; which cannot be said of T. Clathratus. We shall for this -reason allow the Wentletrap to remain where Linnæus has placed it, -namely, among the Turbines; not perhaps without some hesitation, -but if we did remove it, we should certainly prefer the institution of -new genus for its reception, instead of wandering from one anomaly -to another, as we must perceive would be the case in the present -instance by following the example of Lamarck and Cuvier.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It may be lastly observed that the progressive growth of this -extraordinary rarity may be determined by the greater number of the -longitudinal ribs that pass over and surround the tube of the whorls, -for at each increase the animal forms a new mouth to its shell: the -new mouth as it is protruded and formed, appears like the former -ones, entirely surrounded by a rim or ring, and it is these rings of -the mouths as they are formed in succession, that constitute the ribs -which appear to traverse the shell as it is increased in length, and -consequently in the number of its rings. Shells of a large size exhibit -sometimes as many as fifty or sixty of such rings surrounding the -tube or spire at regular intervals.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p027' class='figcenter id015'> -<a href='images/plate027_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate027.jpg' alt='plate 27' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic022'> -<p><i>27</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published as the Act directs by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Dec.<sup>r</sup> 1 1822.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXVII.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE I.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO ZACYNTHUS<br /> ZACYNTHUS’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Trojani</span>.—<i>Fabr.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented, black: a spot on the anterior pair green and -white: and one on the posterior wings palmated and sanguineous.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Zacynthus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentatis nigris: anticis macula viridi -alba, posticis palmata sanguinea</span>.—<cite>Fabr. Ent. -Syst. T. 3. p. 1. p. 15. n. 46.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Zacynthus.</span>—<cite>Jon. fig. pict. 1 tab. 22.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>It cannot fail to prove satisfactory to the Naturalist to be informed -that we have the same sanction for presenting the annexed -figure as that of the true <span class='sc'>Papilio Zacynthus</span> of <i>Fabricius</i>, as -that to which we have several times adverted upon other similar -occasions in the progress of the present publication, namely the hand-writing -of that celebrated Entomologist, inscribed upon the original -drawings of Mr. Jones. This is indeed a circumstance to which we -cannot advert too frequently in our references, since it is upon that -authority alone that we are now enabled to determine with any degree -of precision nearly the whole of those new species of Papiliones, the -existence of which has been made known throughout Europe by the -classic writings of that author, but of which no other evidence is now -extant; for most of the collections existing at the time Fabricius was -in England, and to which he refers, have been long since dispersed, -and but for the care of the late Mr. Jones of Chelsea, who had -preserved these invaluable authorities to the scientific world, the -labours even of Fabricius in this department had become comparatively -of very little value.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Zacynthus is a species of the first family of Papiliones, -the Equites Trojani. It has much the habit of Papilio Æneas, a -well known insect, described by Linnæus, and which is figured by -Roesel, Seba, Jablonsky, and some other authors; but upon an -attentive comparison it will be found to be very different. Its great -similarity renders it of more importance to point out precisely the -difference that prevails between them, and this the present figure it -is presumed will render distinctly obvious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the species P. Zacanthus the wings are black: in the middle -of the first pair is a large spot composed of two distinct colours, the -anterior part being white, the posterior green, but on the underside -the spot appears entirely white. Papilio Æneas has also a spot of -green upon the anterior wings but without any portion of white. -Papilio Æneas is a native of India, Papilio Zacynthus is from the -Brasils.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'><span class='large'>FIGURE II.</span><br /> <br /> PAPILIO DIMAS<br /> DIMAS’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h3> - -<h4 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Trojani.</span>—<i>Fabr.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h4 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h4> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented: above and beneath black: on the anterior pair, -a white spot divided by veins: on the posterior pair a palmate -sanguineous spot.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Dimas</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentatis concoloribus nigris anticis macula -alba venis divisa, posticis sanguinea palmata</span>.—<cite>Fabr. -Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. p. 16. n. 47.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Dimas</span>—<cite>Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 23.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This, like the preceding, is a species we have been enabled to -determine from the Fabrician MS. and the drawings of Mr. Jones. -Fabricius, it appears, was not entirely decided in his mind whether -the two Papiliones figured by Cramer, plate 29 fig. <span class='fss'>E</span>, under the -name of Hyppason, and that in the same plate, fig. <span class='fss'>F</span>, named Euristeus, -ought in reality to be considered as appertaining to this species; and -preferring the name of Dimas which had been previously given to it -by Mr. Jones, he has described it under that name, allowing the -references to Cramer, above quoted, to remain as synonyms. The -Naturalist may rely with implicit confidence upon its being the -Papilio Dimas of Jones and Fabricius.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This is rather larger than the former, the general colour black: -on the anterior wings, in the middle, is a large white spot, so situated -upon the junction of the ribs that they pass distinctly through it and -give the appearance of a spot cleft at the sutures. The sanguineous -palmate spot on the posterior wings is six cleft: and besides this there -is a small spot of red upon the scollops, between the dentations at -the margin of the posterior wings. The colours and spots appear -beneath as above, but only paler.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Papilio Dimas is a native of Brazil, and bears a near affinity to -Papilio Anchises.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p028' class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/plate028_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate028.jpg' alt='plate 28' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic012'> -<p><i>28</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan, & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Jan. 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXVIII.<br /> <br /> MALLEUS MACULATUS<br /> SPOTTED HAMMER SHELL, OR HOUND’S TONGUE.<br /> <br /> * <span class='sc'>Bivalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell subquivalve, rough, deformed, generally lengthened and -lobed or hammer-shaped: beaks small and divergent. Hinge without -teeth, a lengthened conic hollow situated under the beaks and -traversing obliquely the facet of the ligament. A lateral slope or -groove at the side of the ligament for the passage of the byssus or -beard with which the animal is furnished.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell curved, with a single somewhat straight abbreviated lobe -at the base: reddish yellow, clouded, spotted and dotted with fuscous.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Malleus Maculatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa arcuata, lobo basis unico sub-recta -abbreviato flavo-rufescente fusco nebulosa maculata -punctisque</span>.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>The singular object now before us, a shell no less remarkable -for the peculiarity of its form than rarity of occurrence, is one of the -most choice productions of the seas surrounding the Friendly Isles. -The discovery of this shell, like that of many others, resulted from -the assiduities of that eminent Naturalist and promoter of scientific -knowledge, the late Sir Joseph Banks, and of Dr. Solander, who -accompanied him in that memorable voyage of Captain Cook to the -Southern Hemisphere, in which the Friendly Isles were discovered. -The fine example of this shell, in particular, from which the drawing -in our plate is taken, it may be also added, was one of those which -were brought to this country by Captain Cook upon the return of -the expedition, and which being shortly after presented to Sir Ashton -Lever, remained in the Museum of that distinguished amateur from -that period to the time of its dissolution in the year 1806.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When we consider the very remote situation of those islands, -so distant from the usual track of all navigators, we cannot be -surprised, admitting the species to be local in those seas, to find it -has remained a very rare shell from the period of its discovery to the -present time. In the course of many years only a few specimens have -occurred to our observation, and while it has remained scarce with -us, it appears to have been still more uncommon in the continental -cabinets: very few of which, if we are informed correctly, were lately -in possession of it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first difficulty that arises in the mind of the naturalist upon -the inspection of this shell results from the ambiguity of its generical -peculiarities: we pause to consider where it should be placed. -Linnæus, to whom, as it will be observed, the present shell was -totally unknown, arranged the Hammer Shell, its nearest approximation, -among the Ostreæ. The Hammer Shell, or as it is more usually -denominated the Hammer Oyster Shell, had been discovered before -the time of Linnæus; it had appeared in the work of Rumpfius, -Seba, Gualtieri and Argenville, and the shell had been examined and -described by him in the Museum of Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, under -the name of Ostrea Malleus. That the hinge accords in some degree -with that of the Ostreæ generally must be admitted, at the same time -that it possesses other characters less easily reconciled to that genus, -unless we embrace the Linnæan genus in all its latitude, and to this -the conchologist of the present day cannot accede, at least without -some little difficulties.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The conformation of this shell is very striking, and yet we -perceive that its essential characteristics are less definitive than could -be wished; there are several approximations in the general figure to -be found among shells which nevertheless possess characters generically -distinct. For many years this shell was known in this country -under the name of “<i>Margaritifera maculata</i>,” and the trivial -English appellation of the “<i>Spotted Hound’s Tongue</i>:” it appeared -under those names in the Conchological Museum of M. de Calonne, -while it remained in England, and in the catalogue of that museum, -which is still extant, it will be found under those names. The -epithet of Hound’s Tongue is not inaptly applied to this shell, in -allusion to the elongated form. The term Margaritifera does not -refer to the form, but to the pearly gloss that appears upon the -surface of the dark blue space lying within the shell, immediately -below the hinge, and extending from thence about one fourth part -of its whole length. This is the region in which the animal is -attached by its ligament to the valves of the shell; besides which, a -gloss of pearly hue is observed to pervade the whole of the inner -surface, only that it is most conspicuous in the darker disk of the -shell. As a secondary character this pearliness is very remarkable in -the shell before us, at the same time that as a generical denomination -the term Margaritifera assigned to it from this circumstance alone is -liable to objection; because, the same pearliness prevails in many -shells which have no relation whatever with the present, either in the -form or structure of the hinge, and it is to these we must resort for -its true essential character.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Lamarck constitutes many genera of the shells included in the -Ostrea genus of Linnæus. His Malléacées comprehend five genera, -Crenatula, Perna, Malleus, Avicula, and Meleagrina, all which are -allied more or less remotely to the shell before us. To that particular -family which is known among collectors by the designation of Hammer -Oysters, he gives the name of Malleus, in the French Marteau, both -alike implying the hammer like form of the species Malleus, which -Lamarck assumes as the type of this genus. But even there after -all the renovation that has been attempted, the result is not -satisfactory, because this figure is by no means constant, even in the -few species included by its author in that genus; it contains but six -species, and these are entirely at variance with each other. Thus for -example, in Malleus Vulgaris, the common Hammer Shell, we have -a species with three lobes, a lateral one of considerable size being -advanced on each side the beaks: and another shell of the same -species with only short lateral lobes instead of large ones. Admitting -the hammer form to be still preserved in these, in the next species, -Malleus Normalis, instead of two lobes, the hammer head, if it may -be so expressed, has but a single lobe: in Malleus Anatinus there is -only one lobe, and that very small; and in Malleus Vulsellatus, -although characterised as “<i>lobo oblique porrecto</i>,” the appearance of -the shell implies rather the total absence of any lobe, for the lobe, if -so it may be termed, is so indefinite, that it cannot be referred without -violence to the genus Marteau, while we consider its hammer -like form as a leading character of the genus. With exception to -this inconstant character which may be qualified with the expression -“deformed and generally hammer shaped,” we have no objection to -the Malleus genus, because the byssus of the animal by means of -which it can affix itself to other bodies, and the peculiar sinus or -sulcation of the hinge through which the byssus passes from the -animal to those extraneous bodies, are sufficient to remove it from -the Ostrea genus, in which case if we still adhere to the Linnæan -method we can place it only among his Mytili or Pinnæ, and it has -certainly less affinity with either of those than with Ostrea. Perhaps -the name of Perna under which this shell has been mentioned a few -years ago might have been as well preserved, but that name Lamarck -assigns to an extensive genus of which Ostrea Isognomum is the -type, and it is therefore better to retain the name Malleus than to -alter it to another which could not fail at this time to create confusion. -The same consequence would as unquestionably result were -we to sub-divide the Malléacées into different genera according to the -configuration of the shell or number of its lateral lobes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The definition of Malleus in the <cite>Règne Animal</cite> of Cuvier appears -to intimate the same objection; it does not consider the hammer like -form of the shell as any criterion, it is only stated that the Marteaux -are inequivalve and irregular, that they have a simple hollow for the -ligament as in the oysters, but that they are distinguished by a slope -at the side of the ligament for the passage of the byssus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is assuredly true that the presence of a byssus in this tribe of -shells displaces them from any immediate analogy with the Ostrea, -where as Cuvier remarks “Linnæus left them.” But, if however, we -attentively examine the hinge of the common oyster, the two valves, -and the oyster as it lies within the valves, we shall perceive with this -exception a pretty near approximation. The great objection is, that -the animal of the tribe of shells now before us protrudes a byssus -from its body through a lateral opening on one side or slope of the -ligament of the hinge; if we closely inspect the valves of the oyster, -we also find a slight depression or hollow upon each side of the cartilage -of the hinge; these are small, and usually somewhat lamellar. -The oyster, moreover, as it lies in the shell, seems capable of expanding -or spreading that part of the body which lies under the hinge -laterally upon and into these depressions, a circumstance very easily -observed in the half famished oyster, because these lateral expansions -of the animal are then more visibly elongated along the passage of -these lateral grooves of the hinge, and give the pointed end of the -animal a somewhat cornuted appearance. Under the same circumstance -these processes adhere as they lie in the hollow of these grooves, -and thus suggests the idea of the animal having exerted itself by -such extension to obtain refreshment through these lateral hollows. -Those hollows are also so far pervious as to admit the ingress of -moisture while the shells are closed, in the same manner as it is -possible the Malleus genus may receive moisture under the same -circumstance through the sinus, whence the byssus is protruded. -These peculiarities considered, may perhaps afford some further -justification of Linnæus in placing the hammer shells with the Ostreæ. -It has been indeed advanced that Linnæus was not aware of these -hammer shells being furnished with a byssus, or that he would have -referred them to the Mytili, but this observation cannot be correct, -because in the figure given of these shells by Seba, to which Linnæus -refers, the byssus, which is very conspicuous, is represented pendent -or hanging to a considerable length out of the shell.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From an attentive examination of the different Conchological -authors, it does not appear to us that the shell before us has hitherto -been figured, and we have reason also to believe that it has never -been described. These circumstances are the more probable since, -as we have before observed, the shell is at this time very little known -among the Continental Cabinets. The nearest approach, so far as we -can judge from the description, unassisted by any figure, is the Marteau -Normal (Malleus Normalis) of Lamarck, a species defined by him as -<i>testa biloba</i>; <i>lobo basis unico anticali ad normam</i>, our shell is certainly -bilobate, for it has only one lateral lobe at the beak, and that moreover -advances from the beak, pretty nearly, though not exactly, in -a right line; but its general description does not sufficiently accord -with our shell to authorise as a conclusion that they are the same. -Lamarck informs us that there are two varieties of his Malleus -Normalis, one of which is a native of the ocean of the Great Indies, -the other of the seas of New Holland. The first, or Indian kind, he -describes as being on the inside as well as outside of a black colour, -with a longish lobe at the base of the shell.<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c015'><sup>[22]</sup></a> The New Holland -kind is described of a whitish colour, with the lobe at the base -abbreviated.<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c015'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The two last-mentioned shells which Lamarck concludes to be -varieties of the same species, may perhaps prove hereafter to be -species distinct from each other, as Lamarck has himself shewn to be -the case with respect to the common black and the white hammer -shells. The black supposed variety of Malleus Normalis we apprehend -to be distinct from the shell before us, but it is possible that the -New Holland shell which he describes as being whitish, with the lobe -at the base abbreviated, may be a worn or much depauperated specimen -of our present shell; it certainly does not accord with our -shell in any tolerable state of preservation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Lamarck says nothing of any ruddiness or testaceous hues in -his New Holland variety of <i>Normalis</i>, and admitting these colours to -indicate that the shell had been found with its animal in a living state, -we can scarcely conceive the dark fuscous spotting which is so conspicuous -in the species could by any ordinary accident be so entirely -obliterated as appears to be the case in Lamarck’s specimen, if his -New Holland variety of Malleus Normalis be really of this species; -and it may be further added that if our present shell was actually -intended by his Malleus Normalis, the defects of his shell has -necessarily influenced his specific character and rendered it imperfect.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have not adverted to Malleus Anatinus of Chemnitz, -because the figure of that shell is ambiguous. There is a remote -resemblance in the lateral appendages of the beaks, but in other -particulars the resemblance is less obvious, the body is sometimes -curved as in the shell before us and sometimes straight, but the -edges of the valves are parallel, and the shell itself pellucid: the -figure in Chemnitz is less than half the size of our shell. This inhabits -the seas of Timor and the Nicobar Islands.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It should be observed in conclusion that there is a specimen of -our species among the Hammer Shells in the British Museum, the -<i>habitat</i> of which is indicated by the word “Amboina:” it is much -smaller than our shell. Besides this we have lately seen another -example from New Holland, of a growth still larger than the shell -we have delineated.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have entered thus minutely into the analogies of this shell -from an apprehension we might otherwise in this instance submit as -a new species an object that had been previously described. The -result of our enquiry will tend to shew that if the species has not -remained entirely unnoticed, it has never been described with much -precision.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p029' class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/plate029_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate029.jpg' alt='plate 29' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic022'> -<p><i>29</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Jan.<sup>y</sup> 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXIX.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO TROS<br /> TROS’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* <span class='sc'>Equites Trojani.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings indented, tailed, above and beneath black; on the anterior -wings an abbreviated white band: posterior ones with sanguineous -spots.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Tros</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis dentato caudatis concoloribus nigris: anticis -fascia abbreviata alba, posticis sanguinea maculari</span>. -<cite>Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 10. 30.</cite></p> - -<p class='c019'><cite>Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 23.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> -<p class='c006'>The tribe of Butterflies to which the Papilio now before us -appertains, includes many of the larger and more interesting species -of the Papiliones known. This tribe, as its designation implies, has -been dedicated by Entomologists to the memory of the more distinguished -worthies of the Trojan race, and above others to preserve -the memory of those heroes whose exploits in the defence of that rich -and potent station of the ancient world, the town of Troy, has been -commemorated in the Iliad by the immortal Homer. Our present -species refers indeed to a Trojan of an earlier period; it is named -after Tros, the founder of the Trojan name. Tros was the fifth -king of the Trojan dynasty, from its first establishment in the person -of Scamander, and the last but three; the destruction of Troy being -accomplished under the reign of Priam. The country before the -time of Tros was called Dardania, from Dardanus, who is usually -stiled the first of the Trojan kings, though in Phrygia he was -preceded by Scamander and Teucer. Tros lived about fourteen -hundred years before the Christian Era, and reigned king of Troy -for the space of sixty years. It is in honour of this Trojan Monarch -that Fabricius has given the present insect the name of Papilio Tros.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are several Papiliones which bear a nearer or more distant -resemblance to this Papilio, a circumstance that will impose some -caution upon the Entomologist before he can venture to pronounce -upon the species with decision: its characters are nevertheless sufficiently -conspicuous, and when examined with due attention, enables -us to determine the species from its nearest approximations, in a -clear and satisfactory manner. The wings are dark above as well as -beneath, the deeper colouring prevailing, however, on the upper -surface as well as beneath; the anterior wings are marked with a -broad abbreviated whitish band, and the lower wings with a large -sanguineous or blood red spot of considerable magnitude. This -sanguineous spot from lying in the disk of the wing is traversed and -divided by the black nerves of the wing in such a manner as to -appear in the form of six distinct oblong spots, placed laterally to -each other: these spots appear also on the lower surface, in the same -form as above, but the colour is rather paler.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As there is no figure extant of this large and fine Papilio in the -work of any author, the delineation which we have the pleasure on -this occasion to submit before our readers will doubtlessly be viewed -with peculiar satisfaction. It need be only added that the species -has been definitively determined upon the authority of Mr. Jones’s -collection of original drawings, to which Fabricius so constantly -refers, and that for this reason its specific appellation may be -implicitly upon by the scientific Entomologist.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This interesting Papilio is a native of Brazil.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p030' class='figcenter id015'> -<a href='images/plate030_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate030.jpg' alt='plate 30' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic023'> -<p><i>30</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan, & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall. Jan.<sup>y</sup> 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXX.<br /> <br /> PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS<br /> BLACK WINGED PARRAKEET.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Order</span><br /> <span class='sc'>Picæ.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable and in general covered -with a cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue -fleshy, obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Pale green, back and wings black: secondary wing feathers -yellow, at the tip blue: tail purple with a black band.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Psittacus Melanopterus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallide viridis, dorso alisque nigris, -remigibus secundariis luteis apice cæruleis, rectricibus -purpureis fascia nigra</span>.—<cite>Lath. Ind. Orn. -T. 1. p. 132. n. 152.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Psittacus Melanopterus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallide viridis, dorso, tectricibus -alarum, caudæ fascia remigibusque primariis nigris, -secundariis flavescentibus cæruleo punctatis</span>.—<cite>Gmel. -Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 350. n. 132.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Perruche aux ailes variées.—<cite>Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. p. 172.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Petite perruche de Batavia.—<cite>Buff. Pl. enlum. n. 791. f. 1.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon.—<cite>Sonner. it. p. 78. t. 41.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Black Winged Parrakeet.</span>—<cite>Brown Illus. t. 3.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>There are few beings of the feathered race more peculiarly -distinguished for the splendid gaiety and rich variety of colours with -which their plumage is adorned than the parrot race; for however -they may differ in size from the magnitude of a kite or hawk, to that -of the comparative diminutive thrush or sparrow, they are almost -uniformly beautiful in this particular, and exhibit a diversity that is -scarcely found in any other tribe. The species we have selected for -our present representation is one of the smaller kinds of the family -distinguished by the name of Parrakeets. Its total length is about -six inches, its form robust or bulky in proportion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The bill and legs of this bird are usually described as being -dusky, in our specimen the bill is rather pale, tinged with brown -and greenish, and the legs inclining to flesh colour. The general -colour of the head and neck is green, and the same colour prevails -on the breast, belly, and thighs. Upon the crown of the head the -green assumes a blueish tint, and on the neck appears enlivened with -yellowish, the disk of a number of the feathers being of a yellow -colour, with the edges brown, so as to present a kind of scolloped -appearance. The back and wing coverts are deep black, with a -somewhat velvet aspect; the greater quill feathers black. But one -of the characters by which it is distinguished chiefly is the remarkable -band of yellow, and its contiguous parallel band of blue by -which the wings are traversed. This conspicuous band is formed -by the secondary quill feathers, which being of a fine yellow, with the -ends a lively blue, appear like two distinct bands, and from their -gaiety of colouring are admirably relieved by the deep sable hues of -the wings and back. In the bird before us the black colour of the -back extends nearly to the tail, the ends of the tail coverts only being -green. The most singular contrast in the appearance of its plumage -arises from the very different colour of the tail: this is of a pale -carnation, glossed or changeable to a delicate violet. The tail, with -the exception of the two middle feathers, is traversed near the tip -with a single broad band of black; the two middle feathers are of the -same pale carnation colour as the rest, but rather more inclined -to blueish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The black winged Parrot is described as a native of Batavia -and Luzonia. Our specimen we are assured is from the Brazils. We -have also very lately had an opportunity of consulting an extensive -series of drawings, representing the principal Natural productions -of Surinam, made by an Englishman resident upon the spot, for -his own amusement, and among those drawings have met with one -of the black winged Parrakeet. Upon this authority we have no -hesitation in pronouncing it to be a native of Surinam; and indeed it -seems to be so well known in that part of the world that it is distinguished -among the inhabitants by a peculiar name, it is called by -them <i>Ajàlàlero</i>.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p031' class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/plate031_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate031.jpg' alt='plate 31' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic022'> -<p><i>31</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Feb. 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXI.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO HIPPODAMIA<br /> HIPPODAMIA’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>**** <span class='sc'>P. Heliconii.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings oblong and entire; anterior pair black, with three hyaline -bands: lower ones hyaline.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Hippodamia</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis oblongis integerrimis: anticis nigris: -fasciis tribus hyalinis, posticis hyalinis</span>. <cite>Fabr. -Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 165. 509.</cite></p> -<p class='c019'><cite>Jon. pict. n. 149.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> -<p class='c006'>The Papiliones of the <i>Heliconii</i> tribe are named by Linnæus -after the nymphs of the fabulous and mythological history of the -ancient classics; an example that has been followed by Fabricius, -and subsequently by other writers. Thus the present interesting -insect is dedicated to commemorate among the votaries of science, -the name of Hippodamia, a nymph feigned by the poets to be -the daughter of Oenomaiis, and who according to the legends of -classic lore, besides being much celebrated for her beauty, was distinguished -for her swiftness in the race; and at length bestowed her -fair hand in marriage upon Pelops, because in speed he excelled her.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This insect, which is of a moderate size, is of a light and elegant -structure. The wings are black, but the transparent spots occupy -so much space that the sable colouring does not appear predominant; -it is less prevalent in the posterior than the anterior wings, and yet -less upon the under surface than the upper. The form and disposition -of these transparent spots with which the dark colour of this fly -is variegated, are altogether characteristic, and deserve particular -attention, because there are other insects of the same tribe which -pretty nearly resemble it. From the middle of the anterior wing -extends a transparent spot of a very elongated heart shaped form, -having the point directed to the thorax, and a bar of black crossing -it at the broader end, so as to give it the appearance of two distinct -spots; and beyond this is another hyaline spot about the same size as -the larger one of the two transparent spaces of which the first-mentioned -spot consists. The posterior part of the wing is further -marked with two bands of the same transparent texture as the others, -each consisting of three distinct spots. The lower wings present a -larger transparent space than the upper wings, the whole disk being -hyaline with only the posterior limb or border opake, and of a black -colour. The thorax and body is black.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The hyaline spots as seen on the under side are of the same size -and form as they appear above, but the opake spaces instead of being -uniformly black as on the upper surface, are agreeably diversified -with rufous and geminous dots of white: these double white dots -are situated on the black border at the tips of the wings, three on -that of the anterior pair, and three on that of the posterior ones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From the very close analogy that prevails between this and -several other species of the same tribe, it would, no doubt, have been -a matter of considerable difficulty at this time to determine the -Fabrician species Papilio Hippodamia with precision, if we had not -possessed the means of reference to the Fabrician manuscripts, and the -drawings in which it is delineated; for it has remained to this period -unfigured by any author. It will be observed that Fabricius does -not refer for this species to the Collectanea of Mr. Jones, as in many -other instances. The cause of this omission will admit of a very -easy explanation; Fabricius had seen the insect in the first instance -in the cabinet of M. Mauduit, at Paris, to which he has referred. -But subsequently when in England he found a drawing of the insect -in the collection of Mr. Jones, and inscribed the name and character -of the species upon the drawing, as it afterwards appeared in his -Entomologia Systematica; and it is upon this authority that we are -enabled to speak with certainty upon a species which, but for this -circumstance, would be now involved in ambiguity. The figures in -our plate are copied from the drawings of Mr. Jones, inscribed with -the hand-writing of Fabricius.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the time Fabricius described this species its <i>habitat</i> was -unknown: we have lately met with it in a collection of Brasilian -insects, and entertain no doubt of its having been brought with the -rest from that part of the globe.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p032' class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/plate032_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate032.jpg' alt='plate 32' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic012'> -<p><i>32</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, Feb.<sup>y</sup> 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXII.<br /> <br /> CYPRÆA AURORA<br /> AURORA, MORNING-DAWN,<br /> <span class='large'>OR,</span><br /> ORANGE COWRY.<br /> <br /> * <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end: -aperture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of -the shell and denticulated each side.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell ovate ventricose, and somewhat globose, orange without -spots: margin white: throat orange or sometimes rosy.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Cypræa Aurora</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ovato-ventricosa, subglobosa, aurantiâ immaculatâ: -margine alba, fauce aurantia vel incarnata</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Cypræa Aurantium</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa subturbinata aurantia margine alba -immaculata fauce rutila</span>. <cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. -T. 1. p. 6. 3403. 121.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Cypræa Aurora</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa ovato-ventricosâ, turgidâ subglobosâ, -aurantiâ, immaculatâ; lateribus albis; fauce aurantiâ</span>. -<cite>Lamarck T. 7. 382. 14.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>Every Conchologist is aware of the existence of this superb shell: -its magnitude is considerable, and its colour too conspicuously distinct -from that of all other species of its genus to be passed over without -immediate observation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Cypræa generally are a tribe of shells peculiarly striking: -the most common species possess an elegance of fervid colouring and -politure that never fail to recommend them to attention. But a -few years only have passed away, since the mantle decorations of the -fire place in the apartments of fashion, besides images and jars of -china porcellain, consisted of shells, among which the various kinds -of Cowries were not esteemed the least ornamental. And they are -sometimes still seen in such situations; while the grotesque statuary, -the josses, and the dragons, of China and Japan, in conformity with -a better taste, have wholly disappeared.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The shells of the Cypræa, genus which are most familiar to the -generality of observers, are the spotted Cowries, and some others of -usual occurrence. There are others which from their rarity are less -extensively known, and among the number we may truly rank the -species which we have now before us, the Orange Cowry, or as it is -sometimes called, the “Morning Dawn.” The beauty of this shell, as -well as scarcity, has established its celebrity; the species is well known, -but few collections, excepting those of the more costly kind, possess -the shell. Its magnitude is considerable, for its size is nothing inferior -to that of the Spotted Cowry, which ranks in this respect the chief -species of its family, while the distinction of its colour from that of all -other shells of the Cypræa tribe at once attracts particular attention.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The colour of the back in this species is of a very fine orange, -simple, and unadorned with any marks or spots whatever. The tint -of orange varies in different shells from pale to darker, but whatever -may be its deviations in this respect, the tint of colour is constantly -deepest upon the back, and the transition as constantly becoming -gradually paler or more diluted as the colour descends upon the sides -towards the margin. This margin is rounded, projecting, and of a -pure white, except at the throat, as it is termed, where a tint of -red or reddish prevails to a small extent. The under surface of the -shell is white, except at the sides where the orange colour of the back -descends, spreads, and fades away into the white. The aperture of -the shell is a longitudinal opening down the middle as usual in the -other kinds of Cowry; the surrounding region of the shell is a pure -white, but the edges of the opening, both which are beset with -numerous linear teeth, are of a fine orange.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For the discovery of this extremely beautiful shell, like many -other acquisitions of importance in the cabinet of the Conchologist, -we stand indebted to the assiduities of that eminent Naturalist -Sir Joseph Banks, and those who accompanied him in the celebrated -voyage of Captain Cook round the world. They observed it among -the ornaments with which the natives of Otaheite had decorated their -dresses, which were composed of feathers, and the barks of trees. -To these garments they were attached by means of a string passing -through a hole perforated for the purpose on one side of the shell. -The natives were not so easily induced to part with these shells as -the other decorations of their clothing, appreciating them at a much -higher value. Our navigators were at first led to imagine these shells -to be inhabitants of the seas surrounding Otaheite, in which particular -they were at length undeceived by the natives who informed them to -the contrary: they said the shells were found near an island at a -great distance from Otaheite, and from the direction of the spot -toward which they pointed, it was conjectured they meant the Fegee -or Fidgi Islands, which are inhabited by the most ferocious cannibals -throughout those seas.<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c015'><sup>[24]</sup></a> Our navigators were therefore able only to -procure such specimens as were attached to the dresses of the natives, -and these being almost constantly perforated for the better convenience -of fastening them on safely, at once explains the reason of the Orange -Cowry being so rarely met with undisfigured by such perforation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The mention of this circumstance, which at this distant period -can be little known, is moreover of some importance, because as -the shells were really brought from Otaheite, it has been generally -supposed to be a native of that island, and has even sometimes been -called the Otaheitan Cowry. Gmelin, who records this shell under the -name of Cypræa Aurantium, speaks of it as a native of the Friendly -Isles, “habitat ad insulas amicas,” resting his authority, we apprehend, -upon the Conchology of Martyn, and which though published -shortly after the return of Captain Cook, could not be so well informed -upon the subject as the venerable friend who assured us it is neither -a native of Otaheite, nor the Friendly Islands. Lamarck has subsequently -observed that the species inhabits the seas of the Friendly -Islands as well as those of Otaheite, and also of New Zealand. Upon -what authority the <em>localities</em> have been increased to this extent is not -stated. We have understood from very good authority that researches -have been made repeatedly of late years by our navigators to discover -the shells in those seas, and without effect; and this fact appears to -be confirmed from the increasing value and importance attached to -the species. We are indeed not entirely certain that any of these -shells have ever been procured, except as before observed from among -the natives of Otaheite, and the value of the shell has progressively -advanced in consequence from four, or five, to ten pounds. A specimen -in the collection of Mrs. Angus sold about three years ago in London -for twenty guineas; thirty guineas have been in vain offered for -another specimen within the last two or three years, and a collector -at this period in London is in possession of another which it is understood -cost him very lately fifty guineas. These circumstances, if we -mistake not, conspire to prove, that the Orange Cowry is a far more -local species than might be inferred from the observation of Lamarck.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides the name of Otaheitan Cowry, this shell has been also -called the “Orange Cowry,” and the “Morning Dawn,” in reference -to the latin “Cypræa Aurantium,” and “Aurora,” by both which it -had been at different times distinguished. That of Aurantium alludes -only to the prevailing orange colour of the shell, and has been given -to it by Gmelin after Martyn. There is something more poetically -elegant, and perhaps no less appropriate in the trivial name Aurora, -which Lamarck adopts: we may in truth compare its beauteous -fulvous hues fading into white with inexpressive softness, to the -warm glowing tints and fainter blushes of an opening morning sky -in summer. We have also adopted this name as well as Lamarck, -for its peculiar elegance, in preference to that of Aurantium.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The origin of the epithet “Aurora,” bestowed upon this shell -has probably long since been forgotten; it arose from one of those -fugitive events not likely to be recorded excepting only in the recollection -of collectors; and those in whose immediate knowledge the -circumstance occurred have long since passed this transitory scene -and are perhaps ere this themselves forgotten. The relation though -in some respects trivial, may afford amusement to the amateur: it -serves to shew the origin of its name “Aurora” at the same time that -it presents a striking illustration of that ardent zeal with which the -science of Conchology was cultivated in this country nearly half a -century ago; its authenticity may be relied upon. The circumstance -as related to us by an old collector some years ago was briefly -this; a specimen of the shell had very shortly after the return of the -discovery ships been presented by one of the officers to a lady, which -coming to the knowledge of a most zealous collector of that period, -he solicited the indulgence of seeing it; and waited upon the lady for -the purpose, upon an intimation that the favour would be readily -granted. Madam, said the enraptured visitor, gazing in admiration -upon the Cowry, which he now beheld for the first time, has -this shell a price? will twenty guineas purchase this lovely gem? it -will not answered the lady. Allow me then said its enthusiastic -admirer to clasp it for a moment in my hands, and bending on one -knee, at the same time pressing the shell to his lips, pronounced with -an emphasis of poetic fervour, “thus do I salute the ‘Morning Dawn’ -of the new discovered world!” Let poets reverence Venus the beauty -of the Grecian seas: my idol is “Aurora,” this sea-born nymph of -surpassing beauty, that rose upon the waves of the Southern deep!</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tu quoque cum Dea sis, Divâ formosior illâ</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Concha per æquoreum quam vasa ducit iter.</span><a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c015'><sup>[25]</sup></a></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in32'><cite>Sec. 6. Basium.</cite></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Abating somewhat of the romantic warmth with which the ideas -of the venerable collector alluded to was expressed, it must be admitted -that in point of beautiful simplicity this shell has never been surpassed -by any subsequent discoveries in the southern hemisphere; and it is -no less singular than certain that the price of twenty guineas, which -that collector named upon an imaginary valuation, has become the -average standard value of a fine shell of this kind for some years past. -At present they are more highly prized, because it is now pretty -clearly ascertained that they are no longer to be procured among the -natives of Otaheite; and for this reason it is much more likely they -will reach a still higher price than that the value of them should -diminish. The shell we have represented is to be considered as a very -fine specimen in respect to size as well as colour.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p033' class='figcenter id007'> -<a href='images/plate033_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate033.jpg' alt='plate 33' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>33</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall Feb. 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ORNITHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXIII.<br /> <br /> PSITTACUS MACULATUS<br /> SPOTTED BREASTED PARRAKEET.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Picæ.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable and in general covered -with a cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue -fleshy, obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Green: crown, hind, head and nape black: temples cinereous: -throat, neck, and breast fuscous with the margins of the feather -sulphureous: shoulder scarlet: rump and middle of the abdomen -sanguineous.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Psittacus Maculatus</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis: vertice, occipite, nuchaque -nigris: temporibus cinereis: gula, collo, pectoreque -fuscis marginibus pennarum sulphureis: -humeris coccineis: uropygio abdomineque medio -sanguineis</span>.</p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>A very rare species of the Parrakeet tribe, and which is presumed -to be a native of South America.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The length of this bird is nine inches and a half; the bill and -legs blackish. The prevailing colour of the plumage green, front and -crown of the head blueish green, the rest of the head and neck black: -the feathers upon the face glossed with blue: a large ovate cinereous -spot on the cheeks: throat and breast black varied with pale yellowish -scollops, the margin of the feathers being a pale sulphureous yellow, -the disk black: the black disk usually forming a kind of triangular -spot with the point tending downwards. The wings are green, except -the quill feathers, which are blue, and the butt of the wing or -shoulder the colour of which is scarlet. The body beneath green -with a large spot of sanguineous-purple on the abdomen. The lower -part of the back and rump the same sanguineous purple colour as -the abdominal spot: tail above green, the feathers purplish towards -the end; beneath rufous brown.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This curious bird is nearly allied to <i>Psittacus Squammosus</i>, the -<i>Scaly Breasted Parrakeet</i>, and in no very remote degree with another -kind of Parrakeet, the <i>Wavy Breasted Parrot</i>, <i>Psittacus Lineatus</i>. -The first of these our bird exceeds by at least an inch in length, the -other by an inch and a quarter. Instead of the dark colours of -the head, as in our bird, the head and neck of P. Squammosus are -dull orange. The darker colouring of our bird assimilates more -nearly with <i>Psittacus Lineatus</i>, but in other respects is entirely -different. We have considered it as a new species, at the same time -that it must be observed from the very close analogy that prevails -between this bird and the Scaly Breasted Parrakeet, it may possibly -prove hereafter to be the adult bird of that kind rather than a -distinct species.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p034' class='figcenter id024'> -<a href='images/plate034_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate034.jpg' alt='plate 34' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic024'> -<p><i>34</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, March 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXIV.<br /> <br /> TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA<br /> SANGUINEOUS LAMP-ANOMIA,<br /> TEREBRATULA,<br /> <span class='large'>OR,</span><br /> LAMP COCKLE.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Bivalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell inequivalve regular, somewhat triagonal: upper valve -imperforate, lower valve beaked above the hinge, the beak usually -incurvate, perforated at the tip, or grooved, for the passage of a short -tendinous pedicle, by means of which it adheres to other bodies: -Hinge with two teeth, and furnished with two osseous elevated and -furcated processes arising from the disk of the upper or smaller valve, -destined to support the animal.</p> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell red, ventricose, suborbicular, longitudinally ribbed: upper -valve depressed in the middle; the lower with the back elevated.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Terebratula Sanguinea</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa rubrâ ventricosa, suborbiculata, -longitudinaliter costata: valva superiore in medio -excavato: inferiore dorso elevato, apice incurvato -perforato</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Anomia Sanguinea.</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Obovata longitudinaliter sulcata, triloba; -sinu profundo, nate producta latere angulata -foramen ambiente.</span> <cite>Solanders MSS.—Hab. in -O. Pacifico. G. R. Forster.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Anomia Sanguinea.</span> <cite>Portland Catalogue.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Anomia Sanguinea.</span> <cite>Leverian Cat. sec. part. p. 15.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Anomia Sanguinea.</span> <cite>Dillwyn’s Conch. 1. 293. 21.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Terebratula Sanguinea.</span> <cite>Leach. Zool. Misc. t. 76.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Terebratula Sanguinea.</span> <cite>Lamarck Anim. sans. Vert. T. 6. -p. 1. p. 243.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Lampas Sanguineus, La Sanguinolente (Anomia Sanguinea S.) -<cite>Calonne Cat. Humph. MS.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>This is one among the number of those very choice accessions -to the Conchological knowledge of the last century, that was derived -from the scientific labours of our first circumnavigators in the Southern -Ocean: it occurred to them upon the coast of New Zealand, not in -any abundance, but so far plentifully that after the Banksian Cabinet -was supplied there were several specimens to spare for distribution -among the friends of Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, and Captain -Cook. From this little store the species passed in the first instance -into several collections, and among others into that of the late Duchess -of Portland, Dr. Chauncey, Mr. Cracherode, Mr. G. Humphrey, and -some others. It has since occurred, but not in any abundance to -later voyagers in those seas. And it is reputed also to have been -met with in the Straits of Magellan.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The specimen of this rare shell which we have delineated, and -which always was considered as one of the largest of its species known, -once constituted part of the Testaceological collection of Sir Ashton -Lever, having been presented to that eminent collector by Captain -Cook, at the time of his return to England after his first voyage. -There is a small hole pierced through the upper valve of this shell, -and which, in the absence of all other information, induces the -persuasion of its having been originally suspended like several other -shells we have already mentioned, as an ornament or appendage to -the dress of some New Zealander; the aperture being so designed -that the two valves could easily have been kept together by means of -a string passing through this hole of the upper valve, and the opening -in the beak of the lower one. The animal inhabitant is probably -eaten by the New Zealanders, who besides being cannibals, subsist -chiefly upon the marine productions of their shores, which their -wives and female children obtain daily for them by swimming and -diving into the sea. There is a rare species found in the Mediterranean -Sea, Anomia Vitrea of Gmelin, which nearly approaches this species -in point of size, and is eagerly sought after, we are told, by the -people of those parts as a delicious food. We should, however, -imagine from its scarcity, that it is only at the tables of the rich that -this luxurious repast appears.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In adopting the genus Terebratula for the shell before us, some -explanation may be expected for our departure from the Linnæan -classification, for in the system of that author it is one of the Anomia -Tribe, the term and character of Terebratula not being recognised -by that author as generically distinct from the Anomia. Our reasons -for this deviation shall be explained as briefly as it is possible: from -the nature of those remarks, and the extent of enquiry with which it -is connected, this cannot however be comprised within very slender -limits.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the Linnæan arrangement, the Anomia form a very comprehensive -genus, and since in particular the fossil species are included -it should certainly have been divided into several distinct sections or -families in order to embrace the different tribes of those shells, which -according to the character Linnæus has given of the genus must -necessarily be referred to it. It is impossible without some modification -of this kind to reconcile <i>Anomia Ephippium and Cepa</i>, with -<i>Anomia Caput Serpentinus</i> or <i>Terebratula</i>, or either of them with -<i>A. Placenta</i>; and there are besides these some other families which -do not well accord, and which might perhaps be separated into -distinct genera with great advantage, the fossil kinds especially, which -are very numerous and much diversified in structure. It cannot be -very material whether they be so divided into genera or be placed in -different families under the general appellation of Anomiæ: they are -obviously very dissimilar and should be kept apart, and we have -examples of both these modes of classing the Anomiæ among the -early Naturalists.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A late french writer, M. Bosc, speaking of this tribe of shells, -observes, that Linnæus having confounded the <i>Terebratules</i> with the -<i>Anomies</i>, Bruguière first established their differences, and Lamarck -had fixed their characters. This observation is not sufficiently -explicit, and may possibly imply more than the author of it has -intended. It assumes as a conclusion that Linnæus committed -an error in confounding these two genera, without informing us in -what state of arrangement Linnæus found them. It may be inferred -from this that they had been more accurately discriminated before -his time, or on the contrary, that they never had been classed in any -form, and that it was the want of knowledge in Linnæus which led -him to confound shells together that were generically distinct. But -whichever we are to understand, the conclusion is, that Linnæus had -confounded them, and that it remained for Bruguière and Lamarck -to reform those errors of Linnæus, which all later Naturalists had -left uncorrected, if not unobserved. Now really this view of the -subject is not fairly taken if such an inference be intended. The -result of a very little enquiry among the authors who preceded -Linnæus, or were immediately subsequent to him, will assure us of -the truth of this; and will convince us beyond a doubt, that the -discrimination of neither of those authors was necessary either to -furnish the Naturalists of the present day with the term Terebratula; -to determine the differences that exist between them and the Anomiæ, -or to fix the characters by which the Terebratulæ are distinguished.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Anomia genus, instead of being devised by Linnæus, or -Terebratula in particular, owing its invention to any modern writer, -have been both so long established that the greatest difficulty is to -determine where in the retrospect of authors our enquiries are to -cease. Without proceeding further back than the last two centuries, -it may be observed that <i>Fabius Columna</i> in his work “De Purpura,” -published at Rome in the year 1616, speaks of the Anomiæ; he calls -them <i>Conchæ rariores Anomiæ</i>, and from that period at least the -term Anomia has been received among Naturalists. Nor is the term -Terebratula of much later origin. Da Costa in his Elements of -Conchology informs us that from the time of Fabius Columna the -word Anomia had become universal, that is as a general denomination -for all the shells which Linnæus subsequently placed together -under that name. The term Terebratula was given, says this writer, -by Gualtieri; in plate 96 of his work, Gualtieri figures three recent -kinds, and has made a particular genus for them, which he calls -Terebratula. And it is further added in another place “the Anomiæ -are bivalves with unequal valves, and never eared, the beak of the -largest or under valve is greatly produced, and rises or curves over -the beak of the smaller or upper valve, and is perforated or pierced -through like a tube, from which particular they have also obtained -the name of <i>Terebratulæ</i>.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>These remarks sufficiently establish the circumstance of the term -Anomia, being a comprehensive title for all the shells which Linnæus -subsequently placed together under that name, and also shews that -we are not indebted to either Bruguière or Lamarck for discriminating -the Terebratulæ. We can ever go further back in this particular -than Da Costa has done, for that able author is mistaken in supposing -Gualtieri to be the first writer who had proposed the genus Terebratula. -Gualtieri published his work in the year 1724, and we -happen to possess among other valuable MSS. of the celebrated -Antiquarian, Hearne, the original copy of Lluid’s Lithophylacia -Britannica, as corrected for the press, dated Montgomery, 1698, in -which the genus Terebratula is distinctly named: and this, as it -appears from the date, was more than fifty years before the time of -Gualtieri; and we have also the authority of our english Lister in -1694 for the like distinction. All these writers, it will be observed, -preceded Klein, who has in a particular manner described the genus -Terebratula in his Methodus Ostraceologia, published in 1753, but -in which he does not speak of himself as having invented that term. -“<span class='sc'>Terebratulas</span>, <i>Luidiano</i> titulo, vocamus <span class='sc'>Diaconchas</span> anomalas, -rostro parterebrato, vid. <i>Nomencl. Litholog. Promotum</i> hoc -titulo.” His genus <i>Concha</i> <span class='fss'>ΤΡΊΛΟΒΟΣ</span>, genus <i>Concha</i> <span class='sc'>Adunca</span>, genus -<span class='sc'>Bursula</span>, and genus <span class='sc'>Globus</span>, are all sub-divisions of the <i>Anomiæ -Conchæ</i> of other writers, divided according to their forms and other -peculiarities, and in which particular attention is paid to the perforation -or non-perforation of the beak; Trilobos being distinguished as -“<i>vertice integro</i>,” Bursula as <i>Terebratulæformes</i> rostro non perforato, -&c. And we may lastly mention that from some original MSS. of -Da Costa, in our possession, it appears that Anomia was a general term -for the whole family, and <i>Terebratula Anomiæ lævis</i> was the term by -which the English and other Naturalists, long prior to the middle of -last century, were accustomed to distinguish the same kind of shells -which in the modern nomenclature of Conchology is also named -generically Terebratula. Da Costa, as Librarian of the Royal Society, -was in the habit of correspondence with the learned men of his time -throughout Europe, and his local knowledge from this circumstance, -though never committed to the press, is not likely to be disputed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We could proceed yet further, but enough has surely been -advanced to shew that so far from Linnæus having confounded the -Terebratula with the Anomia, he left them precisely as he found -them, placing them after the example of his predecessors, under the -comprehensive term of Anomia, which they had assigned to them. -And we have also said enough to prove that to ascribe the Genus -Terebratula to either Bruguière or Lamarck can result only from our -ignorance of that information which in former days was regarded as -the best criterion of an able Naturalist, a correct knowledge of the -labours of his predecessors.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Under all its circumstances it may be a matter of some indifference -to the scientific Naturalist whether in the arrangement of the -Anomiæ we follow the concise method of the old writers and Linnæus -among the number, or the diffuse distribution of later writers. If we -place them in different families according to their characters, whether -regarded as sectional distinctions of Anomia, or as distinct genera, -we shall at least produce some consistency in the arrangement. But -there is yet another mode of arrangement which appears to be the -favourite theme with some Conchologists of the present day, and -which it may be proper in this place to mention, namely, the classification -of shells according to their animals. This has been attempted -in the work of Cuvier, his “Règne Animal,” and the result of this -endeavour, so far as it relates to the Anomia in particular, may in this -place deserve our explicit observation. In this work (<cite>Règne Animal</cite>) -Cuvier endeavouring to class the Anomiæ according to the animals -known to inhabit them, as well as those which he imagines for the fossil -tribes, so disperses them, that the Trochi, Turbines, Nautili, Volutæ, -and indeed nearly the whole of the <i>Univalves</i> intervene between his -two first genera of these <i>bivalves</i>, Hyalæa and Anomia; and the -Anomia tridentata of Forskahl, which is the Hyalæa of this author, is -placed with Clio (the shell of which is our <i>Bulla Aperta</i><a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c015'><sup>[26]</sup></a>) among the -<i>Ptéropodes</i>. After the long interval occasioned by this introduction of -the Univalves we find Anomia,<a href='#f26' class='c015'><sup>[26]</sup></a> and Placuna, two of his genera together, -but with another tribe of beings, the animal inhabitants being of -his class <i>Acéphales</i>; and after another wide interval in which the -bivalve Mya,<a href='#f26' class='c015'><sup>[26]</sup></a> the multivalve Pholas,<a href='#f26' class='c015'><sup>[26]</sup></a> the univalve Teredo,<a href='#f26' class='c015'><sup>[26]</sup></a> and the -naked or shell-less Ascidia, occur we find in a distant class among another -tribe of animals, <i>Mollusques Brachopodes</i>, the genus <i>Terebratula</i>. -It is here ascribed to Bruguière, as in other works it is assigned -to Lamarck. Such is the arrangement of this family in the <i>Règne -Animal</i> of Cuvier, a form in which no cabinet, it must be acknowledged, -could be arranged without embracing the most unprecedented -anomalies; nor can we doubt that if the animals of the fossil Terebratulæ -and Anomiæ were known, for in this arrangement they rest -on presumption only, they must be further separated in such a -system than they are at present, some being perforated at the beaks, -others imperforate, and some having the aperture under the beaks, -all which demonstrates a difference in the structure of the animal, to -whose use they were adapted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From this analysis of the generical distinctions of the different -families of the Anomiæ we may now be permitted to return to the -shell before us, the object of our more immediate consideration, and -respecting which there appears to be no less misconception among late -later writers than we have found already respecting the genera.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It appears that Dr. Leach had some short time since published -a figure of this shell: his definition is altogether brief, and the information -he affords less explanatory than might be desired: he quotes -no authority or synonyms, and in his general description merely -observes that “It seems to be a very rare species, a few specimens -only having been received from New Zealand.” <cite>Vide. Zool. Misc. p. 76.</cite> -Lamarck assuming from these observations, as it may be presumed, -that the shell had not been previously noticed, unless it were an Anomia -Capensis of Gmelin, proposes it as a new species under the name -of Terebratula Sanguinea of Leach, at the same time that he rejects -his specific character, and assigns another to the species; the character -given to it as a new species by Dr. Leach is “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Testa sanguinea, -subtillissime et creberrime impresso-punctata, longitudinaliter costata, -costis simplicibus; antica uniundulata</i></span>;” that of Lamarck, -“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Testâ oblongâ, irregulari, rubrá, creberrimé impresso punctata; -striis transversis undulatîs; margine denticulato</i></span>,” to which is added, -“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Habite—les mers de la Nouvelle Zélande d’après M. Leach</i></span>.” -This seems to shew that the shell was only known to Lamarck, -through the communication of the last-mentioned writer; and the -suggestion is the more probable since the specimen in the British -Museum has the same interrogation as to being the Anomia Capensis -of Chemnitz, that is annexed by Lamarck to his description of the -species. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Je crois qu’on doit donner comme synonyme l’Anomia -capensis Gmel., d’après la citation de Chemniz; mais l’individu que -j’avais sous les yeux, n’est pas assez entier pour affirmer ce rapprochement.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is obviously some want of farther explanation in these -details, the omission of which may possibly be supplied by tracing -the history of this interesting shell from the time in which it first -appeared in this country; for there are local circumstances connected -with it which having escaped the mention of Dr. Leach, and consequently -of Lamarck, have led to the erroneous conclusion that it had -remained till very lately undescribed. Dr. Leach was probably not -aware, or through some oversight omits to notice that the specific -name which he has given to this shell was that assigned to it many -years ago by Dr. Solander, and that it has uniformly borne the name -of <i>Anomia sanguinea</i>, or (<i>Terebratula sanguinea</i>) among all the -English Naturalists in consequence from the time of that learned -friend and companion of Sir Joseph Banks down to the present -period: It is the Anomia sanguinea of Dr. Solanders MSS. and was -designated under that name in the Museum of the Dutchess of -Portland: it appeared under the same appellation in the catalogue of -that museum, published in 1786: in the Calonnian Museum and -Catalogue, printed in the year 1795; it stood under that name also -in the Museum of Sir Ashton Lever, and it appeared under the same -denomination in the sale catalogue of that museum, published in the -year 1806. Under all these circumstances it may be presumed the -name must have obtained no small publicity, and we need scarcely -add that the example of these authorities were followed in the Cabinets -of english collectors generally, that happened to be in possession -of the shell, among which was that of Mr. Cracherode, which was -subsequently deposited in the British Museum. And lastly, it should -be mentioned that it occurs under the same name in the Testaceological -Manual of Mr. Dillwyn. Nothing therefore can be more certain than -that the french writers are not correct in their opinion when they -imagine that the shell had been so named in the first instance by -Dr. Leach; and it is no less certain that the credit of having first -noticed the species is due to Dr. Solander, he described it more than -forty years ago: his words as they stand in his manuscripts are, -“<span class='sc'>Anomia sanguinea</span> <i>obovato, longitudinaliter sulcata, triloba; -sinu profundo nate producta latere angulata foramen ambiente</i>.” -Mr. Dillwyn has well expressed the character of this shell in his -description of Anomia Sanguinea, but has by some oversight misquoted -this passage of Dr. Solander’s manuscripts; and by that means has -confounded the <i>Anomia Sanguinea</i> of Dr. Solander, with his Anomia -Cruenta; this will be more fully shewn hereafter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Upon this subject we have only lastly to observe that although -Lamarck has deemed it requisite to give a specific character of this -shell dissimilar from that of Dr. Leach, he omits to mention, as well -as the former, that very conspicuous character of the species, the -deep longitudinal hollow down the middle of the upper valve, and -the dorsal elevation of the lower one. Lamarck, indeed, confesses -that the individual which he had under his eyes, and consequently -that which he describes, is not sufficiently perfect to authorize him -in determining the analogy between that shell and the Anomia -Capensis of Gmelin, which Chemnitz has figured; a circumstance -that may explain the cause of this omission in the specific character -of Terebratula sanguinea. Yet we should have thought a shell -sufficiently entire to have enabled this ingenious Naturalist to have -composed his character of the species, would have been so far perfect -as to have justified some conclusion upon its analogy with the -Gmelinian Anomia Capensis. We may confidently add that these -two shells are totally distinct species, and are even generically different -if we enter very scrupulously upon their distinctive characters. -Dr. Solander had described this latter shell before the time of Gmelin -under the name of Anomia Cruenta.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The representations of this choice testaceous production, which -accompanies our present description, will, it is presumed, convey a -more correct idea of the shell than can be expressed by words. The -Leverian specimen from which, as before observed, these figures are -taken, realized at the public hammer at the Leverian sale the sum of -five guineas,<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c015'><sup>[27]</sup></a> and it still remains so rare that there would probably -be little, if any, dimunition in the price were it again to be disposed -of in the same manner at the present period. The shells of this kind -vary in some small degree in the intensity of colour from a very deep -sanguineous red to a paler hue.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p035' class='figcenter id021'> -<a href='images/plate035_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate035.jpg' alt='plate 35' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic006'> -<p><i>35</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, March 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>ENTOMOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXV.<br /> <br /> PAPILIO BELLADONNA<br /> BELLADONNA’S BUTTERFLY.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Lepidoptera.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in -a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>**** <span class='sc'>Heliconii.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Wings oblong entire, black with somewhat hyaline spots: posterior -pair with a yellow spot at the base, and two at the anal angle.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Belladonna</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis oblongis integerrimis atris sub-hyalino -maculatis: posticis macula baseos anguloque ani -maculis duobus flavis</span>.</p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Papilio Belladonna</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alis oblongis integerrimis atris: anticis -hyalino punctatis, posticis flavo maculatis</span>. <cite>Fabr. -Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. p. 180.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'>Papilio Belladonna. <cite>Jon. fig. pict. 3. tab. 37. fig. 2.</cite></p> - -<p class='c006'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Statura P. Pasithoe at major. Corpus nigrum abdominis marginibus -cinereis. Alæ atræ, cinereo punctatæ. Subtus concolores -at lineola maculaque baseos albis. Posticæ atræ, flavo maculatæ -macula baseos angulique ani majoribus. Subtus fere concolores.</span></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>A figure of this very rare and probably unique insect cannot fail, -it is presumed, of proving an acceptable addition to the collectanea -of the Entomologist: it is the only representation of the species now -extant, and has been ascertained upon the authority of the only -document we now possess of the insect intended in the Fabrician -writings under the appellation of <i>Papilio Hel. Belladonna</i>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Fabricius, as it appears from his references in his Entomologia -Systematica, met with the drawings of this species in the collection -of Mr. Jones, whose cabinet also possessed the original specimen -from which the drawing was taken. It is from this individual -example in the cabinet of Mr. Jones that the delineation in the -annexed plate is copied.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This curious Papilio is one of the larger species of the Heliconi -tribe to which it appertains. The wings are a blueish black, and -rather closely studded with sub-hyaline or transparent spots, which -are minutely speckled with black: those on the anterior wings are -somewhat sagittate and disposed into two irregular bands towards the -exterior half of the wings: those on the posterior wings are rather -larger and more inclining to an ovate form; and three of the largest, -namely, one at the base, and two at the anal angle, are of a bright -yellow colour. The inner limb of the wing is grey inclining to -yellowish. The head and thorax are black; the abdomen black with -the sides pale yellow. The spots being semitransparent the appearance -on the underside in a great degree corresponds with that above: -there is a small difference, because instead of one yellowish spot at -the base of the posterior wing, there are two, another smaller than -that which appears at the base of that wing on the upper surface -being situated below it. We have been more minute in the description -of these spots, because upon an attentive comparison of the insect -in Mr. Jones’s Cabinet, with the Fabrician description, we perceive -some small deficiency in the latter, a circumstance, it must be confessed, -of rare occurrence in this author, but unquestionably worthy -of our notice and correction, as it is the only authority upon which -the species must in future rest.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The country of this interesting insect is unknown; it is remotely -conjectured only that it may be Africa. The insect is represented -with its wings expanded upon a sprig of</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>ERICA PARMENTARIA,</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>an elegant vegetable production of the Cape of Good Hope.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div id='p036' class='figcenter id020'> -<a href='images/plate036_lg.jpg'><img src='images/plate036.jpg' alt='plate 36' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic003'> -<p><i>36</i><br /><br /><span class="caption"><i>London. Published by E. Donovan & Mess.<sup>rs</sup> Simpkin & Marshall, April 1, 1823.</i></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONCHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> PLATE XXXVI.<br /> <br /> NERITA POLITA. <i>Var.</i><br /> PINK-BANDED VARIETY<br /> <span class='large'>OF THE</span><br /> THICK POLISHED NERIT.<br /> <br /> <span class='sc'>Univalve.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>GENERIC CHARACTER.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Animal a Limax. <i>Linn.</i><a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c015'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, -flattish at the bottom: aperture semi-orbicular and semi-lunar, pillar -lip transversely truncated.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>*** Perforated with the lips denticulated.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h3 class='c011'>SPECIFIC CHARACTER<br /> AND<br /> SYNONYMS.</h3> - -<p class='c012'>Shell thick, glabrous, variously coloured, crown obliterated: lip -toothed each side.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* Var. Variegated with white, red, and black.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Nerita Polita</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa crossâ, glabrâ, colore variâ vertice obliterato, -labio utroque dentato</span>.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>* Ex albo rubro nigroque variegata.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Nerita Polita</span>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testa lævi: vertice obliterato, -labio utroque dentato</span>. <cite>Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 678. n. 392.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. 12. 2. 1254. 731.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Gmel. Linn. Syst. 6. 3680. 43.</cite></p> - -<p class='c013'><span class='sc'>Nerita Polita.</span> <cite>Chemn. 5. t. 193. f. 200. 2014.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Rumpf. Mus. t. 22. fig. 1. k.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Argenv. Conch. t. 7. f. k.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Seba Mus. 3. t. 38. f. 56.</cite></p> - -<p class='c017'><cite>Lamarck T. 6. p. 2. 192. 7.</cite></p> - -<hr class='c014' /> - -<p class='c006'>In the arrangement of Cuvier, entitled “<cite>Règne Animal</cite>,” the -Mollusca or animal of the Nerita constitutes one of his “<i>Gasteropodes -pectinibranches</i>,” the character of which as defined by that author is -quite as comprehensive and rather less explicit than the Linnæan -limaces: he divides them into several families according to the peculiar -form of their shells, for collectively almost every genera of the -spiral univalves fall under this very general denomination, as well as -many of those shells which are simply conic, as in the Linnæan -classification they do under that of Limax. Cuvier mentions as a -character of this tribe that their breathing apertures, with the exception -of a family he calls Cyclostomes, are composed of a number of -foliations ranged parallel to each other like the teeth of a comb. -They have two feelers, and two eyes usually situated on a pedicle. -The greatest difference between these animals consist in the presence -or absence of the canal formed by a prolongation of the edge of the -pulmonary cavity of the left side, a respiratory organ communicating -with others by means of which the animal breathes without quitting -its retreat in the water.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Lamarck the animal of Nerita has the foot large -and short, with two pointed feelers, and the eyes raised upon a -papilla at the exterior base of each.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Bosc is less diffuse than either. The animal of the Nerites, he -observes, have the head flat and lunate, a little sloping to the two -extremities: from the base of the head on each side issues two conic -slender horns, one of which is twice the length of the other. The -eyes are two little black points placed upon a trihedral tubercule at -the exterior base of the horns, the mouth placed underneath the head -and formed with a lip, thick and wrinkled. The foot almost round, -flat beneath, convex above, and rather shorter than the shell. The -mantle or fleshy prolongation entirely covers the interior of the shell -and is slightly crenulated at the margin.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Denys de Montfort speaking of the species Nerita Peloronata, a -shell abounding on the shores of the Antilles, observes that there are -male and female animals of this kind, the two sexes being isolated or -distinct individuals; they are of an amphibious nature, living in the -sea, from whence they ascend occasionally and crawl about the rocks.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Linnæus under the Nerita genus comprehends as well the -imperforated or non-umbilicated kinds as those which have that -perforation. The later continental writers divide these again, retaining -the name Nerita to those which have no perforation; those with -a perforation are called Natica, by the french authors Natice, after -Adanson, Gualtieri, and Favanne. Lamarck has also a genus -Neritina, and another Navicella, all which in the Linnæan system are -of the Nerita tribe.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Nerita Polita is by no means an uncommon shell upon the -coasts of the Indian Ocean, being found throughout their whole -extent from Japan to the Cape of Good of Hope, and as it appears -also upon the shores of many islands in the Indian and the Great -Southern Ocean.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides being so very abundant in those parts, it may also be -observed that no species of the testaceous tribe is more remarkable -for the almost endless variety of colours, or the form and disposition -of the spots, dots, and lineations, than the individuals of this kind of -Nerit. There are, however, some few of its varieties which from -being local are far less abundant than the rest, and the shell in particular -which we have selected for the most conspicuous object in the -annexed plate is one the most important of the number. The prevailing -colour of the ordinary varieties is olivaceous, in some paler, -in others more inclining to blackish; the charactered marks in general -yellowish, triangular or sagittate, and varied with short blackish lines. -This is the usual appearance of the back or upper part of the shell, -the region surrounding the mouth is white, including the lip, the -inside of the mouth yellow, and this latter character appears constant -throughout all the varieties of the species. The particular variety -which constitutes the chief object in our plate, is of the red banded -kind, the bands being diversified with red and white, disposed in -spots, and lineations, with peculiar elegance. The varieties of this -banded kind are scarce in general, but the particular kind which we -have represented is unique, whether regarded for its magnitude, its -exquisite perfection, or brilliancy of colouring. We have represented -the upper and under surface of this shell, together with the upper -and under surface of a shell of the common kind, in order that by -the contrast, the beauty of the former might be exemplified with -greater perspicuity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The history of this matchless variety of Nerita Polita is distinctly -known: it is one of those shells which were brought from the -Sandwich Islands by Captain Cook, when he returned from his first -voyage of discovery in the South Seas. It was observed appended -to an ornament worn at the breast of one of the natives, and was -obtained in exchange, it is believed, for an iron hatchet; the Islander -to whom it belonged esteeming it very much, and the English Officer -being anxious to possess it. This circumstance of its having been -affixed to an ornament worn by one of the savages, explains the -reason of the shell being perforated, the hole having been made in -order to pass a string through the shell to fasten it on the ornament -securely. The shell was presented by Captain Cook to Sir Ashton -Lever, in whose Museum it was subsequently deposited; and -notwithstanding the defect above-mentioned, this little shell produced -at the dissolution of the Leverian Museum, in the year 1806, the -sum of nine pounds sterling, at the public hammer.<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c015'><sup>[29]</sup></a> A celebrated -collector, the late Mr. Noel Jennings, was the purchaser; and it is -understood that on the subsequent dispersion of the collection of -Mr. Jennings, which took place a few years ago, that it became, with -some other very rare shells of that collection, the property of Lord -Mount Morris.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>END OF VOL. I.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='c002'></div> -<div class="centerleft"> -Plummer and Brewis, Printers,<br /> -Love Lane, Eastcheap. -</div> - -<div class='clear'> - -<hr class='c022' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. (Adamas.) “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Proximum apud nos Indicis Arabicisque margaritis pretium -est, de quibus in nono diximus volumine inter res marinas.</span>” <cite>Plin. -Hist. Nat. lib 37. cap. 4.</cite></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Vide <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Annales du Museum National</cite></span>. <i>An.</i> xi. (1802) <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Premier Cahier</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Cedo Nulli à bandes, ou dont la robe jaunâtre se partage en quatre -bandes, l’inférieure et celle du milieu sont comparties de marbrures blanches, -les deux autres sont remplies, l’une de quatre cordelettes à point blancs, -la seconde de trois seulement.</span> <i>Tom.</i> 1, p. 442.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. This shell, though sufficiently intelligible among the figures of Kircher’s -shells, engraved and published by Bonanni, and also in the works of Lister -and some others, escaped the notice of Linnæus. So late as the tenth edition -of Systema Natura it does not appear. Gmelin describes this shell with -much accuracy in his edition of the last mentioned work, under the specific -name of Scapha.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. “Testa <i>varicibus</i> æqualibus longitudinalibus, &c.” is an incorrect reading -of Professor Gmelin. If we examine the Linnæan description of the Museum -of the Queen of Sweden, <i>Mus. Lud. Ulr.</i> to which Gmelin refers, we shall find -it to be as might be naturally expected, “testa <i>costis</i> æqualibus;” for it is the ribs, -and not for veins that Linnæus intended. Linnæus refers to the 10th edition -of his Systema Naturæ, which is not mentioned by Gmelin, and here we again -meet with the same reading “testa <i>costis</i> æqualibus, &c.” We have been the -more explicit in pointing out this error, because we observe that one Conchologist, -not long since, in the absence, doubtlessly, of the moment, has translated -literally the Gmelinian text in describing Buccinum Harpa.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Lot 75 of the 60th day. July 2nd, 1806.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. This article is thus described in the last day’s sale, lot 81, “An -elegant and unique pink variety of the imperial sun, drawn up with the -anchor of a ship, from the depth of sixty fathoms, in Cook’s Straits, New -Zealand.” Sold for £24 3s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. In Orchard-street, Portman-square, Thursday, April 13th, 1815. -<i>Vide</i> lot 84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Système des animaux sans vertèbres, p. 86.</cite></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. We have lately understood that the editors of <cite>Encyclopædie Methodique</cite>, -now publishing in Paris, intend giving figures of the Papiliones of the -Equites family, which Fabricius has described. This endeavour to illustrate -Fabricius is under the direction of Mons. Latreille, a Member of the -National Institute, an Entomologist himself, of acknowledged talent, and -one to whose great ability, as well as personal urbanity, we are happy to -bear our testimony of praise. In the absence of more conclusive authority, -the conjectures of Mons. Latreille would be, unquestionably, useful; but we -shall, ourselves, tread the same path, and as we trust, may assist also, in no -small degree to dispel the darkness which at present overshadows this fair -portion of the science. As we are, ourselves, possessed of the authentic -evidences, by means of which, the species of Fabricius can be immediately -identified, we have no occasion to wander into the labyrinths of conjecture: -we at once arrive at the certainty of truth. The annunciation of this design, -on the part of the French editors, leads to a conclusion of the importance -attached to this endeavour: it need be only stated on our part, that the -illustrations we shall subjoin to such of the Fabrician species as may pass -under our own observations, will be precisely taken from the individual -objects which Fabricius has described.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. “Cornua cervina—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>bois de cerf</i></span>.”—Seba.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Horum processus admodum producti sunt; ut ideo Cornua cervina -appellentur ob qualemcunque similitudinem. Corpus tamen Cochleæ -semper pro ratione ramorum minus est, quam in Muricibus superioribus.</span>”<a id='r12a' /><a href='#f12a' class='c015'><sup>[12a]</sup></a>—<cite>Seba -T. 3. tab. 77. p. 172.</cite></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12a'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r12a'>12a</a>. As <i>Murex ramosus</i>, of which several varieties are given in the plates -Seba, <i>Murex Saxatilis</i>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. Lot 305, third day, Saturday, May 25th, 1805.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. The Hindoos entertain the belief of a general deluge, not very dissimilar -to that of the Mosaic records. They admit, however, many such -catastrophes of the earth, and subsequent renovations through the creative -power of this attribute of Brahma, which they denominate Vishnu. The -Chank Shell refers to a deluge of the earth, anterior to that which seems to -accord with the sacred writ. The deliverance of the earth from the Mosaic -deluge they term the lotos creation, the type of which is the expanded -flower of the lotos, the indian <i>pedma</i> emerging above the surface of the waters -with Vishnu seated in its centre.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Were it requisite to treat more amply upon this subject, it would be -in our power to produce abundant evidence of the prevalence of this symbol -of the sacred Volute, wherever Vishnu or his delegated power appears. -The rich repository of the India House, the British Museum, and many -private collections afford us some examples of the most interesting kind. -Some few of these are so immediately connected with the object of our -enquiry, that we feel persuaded no apology will be necessary for their -introduction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the collection of Lord Valentia is a four-sided cast in brass, resembling -a kind of pyramid, consisting of three low platforms, each bearing -idols, and surmounted at the summit by a tortoise. In several Indian -paintings mythologically adverting to the subject of the creation, the tortoise -is represented raising the new-born earth upon its back above the waters, -and it is usually seen in other mythological paintings of the same subject -bearing the throne upon which Vishnu is seated, while the attendants, -personified by various beings, are lifting the earth from the deep. Such a -painting was once in the celebrated collection of Colonel Stuart: and we -need no other evidence to shew that the bronze of Lord Valentia’s collection -is of the same mythological nature, and referable to the deluge, than to -observe the Chank Shell placed at each of the four corners of the ornament. -We may comprehend the allusion of the tortoise raising the earth from the -waters of the deluge, from a trait of the ancient Chinese astronomy; by the -tortoise bearing the earth, they intended the north pole of the ecliptic, which, -at the time of the deluge, they maintained had not materially changed its -position, and that by this means the world was sustained and saved from -utter annihilation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An Indian painting, mentioned by Mr. Edward Moor, the author of the -Hindoo Pantheon, presents us with another deity, Sivi, who holds the -Chank Shell in one of his four hands, and the antelope (moon) in another.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is also an Indian painting of Devi, who appears holding a Chank -Shell, furnished on each side with a lateral lappit or wing: this symbol he -holds in one hand, and the wheel, the emblem of the universe, in the other; -and in a bronze of Vishnu, in the India House, we find the Chank Shell -ornamented in a similar manner.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have seen another indian painting, in which, not only the Chank -Shell is furnished on each side with alæ, or wings, but an expanded flower -of six petals is placed upon its pinnacle. This shell, if we may judge from -its outline, is of that kind which has the spire depressed. Lord Valentia is -in possession of a bronze cast, in which Vishnu appears reclined upon his -couch of serpents, attended by <i>Lakshmi</i> and <i>Satyavama</i>, (eternity) in which -the shell is also winged, and appears to be of that kind in which the beak is -elongated or produced; and if this conjecture be correct, it will appear that -the Hindoos venerate indiscriminately, and probably as the same shell, each -of those three varieties of Voluta Pyrum, which we have mentioned in another -part of this description. Our limits will only permit us to observe that we -believe we may add with some degree of certainty, that the reversed shell, -the more immediate object of our present dissertation, may sometimes -appear also: there is in the temple of <i>Visweswara</i>, at Benares, a sculpture -of Surya, the Indian personification of the sun, seated in his chariot driven -by Aruna, in which the <i>Chank Shell</i> held in his right hand appears to have -the aperture on the left side instead of the right, as in the usual growth of -the shell. If this be not an oversight of the copyist (<i>Mr. Moor</i>) the circumstance -deserves peculiar notice.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. Vide Catalogue <i>Lev. Mus.</i> “Last day, July 12th, 1806, lot 77. <cite>The -reversed variety of the High Spired Turnip, from Madagascar</cite>, extremely -rare. £7. 7s.” p. 15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le dessus du corps est d’un vert-sombre, qui jette quelques reflets -dorés: les parties inférieures ne présentent que des couleurs rembrunies.</span>” -<i>Buffon</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. A New Zealand specimen of this rare bird, lot 6286, sold for the sum -of £2 10s. in the Leverian sale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. <i>Wenteltrap</i>, <i>Wendeltrap</i>, <span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl">Rondom gaande trap, met een spil daar al de -trappen in schroeven</span>. <i>Marin.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. <i>Vide</i> Donovan’s British Shells, Vol. I. plate 28.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. <i>Serpula</i> Linn. <i>Vermicularus De Montf. Vermet</i> Adanson. The animal -of the Serpulæ, it may be added further, does not differ, according to Cuvier, -from those of the Linnæan Genus Turbo, and consequently not from Scalaria -of Lamarck and Cuvier, as must be concluded from their admission of Turbo -Clathratus among the number of its species, in an arrangement founded on -the organization of the animal, as well as its testaceous habitation. Cuvier -himself observes that the animal of the Vermet, and also the opening (of the -shell) resemble those of the Turbo, but that the whorls do not touch, and are -in part irregularly curved like the tubes of the Serpulas.—<cite>Règne Animal -T. 2. 419.</cite> And his classification further shews the analogy of these tribes -of shells, since the animal of the Linnæan <i>Turbo</i>, the <i>Vermets</i> of Adanson, -and <i>Scalaria</i> of Lamarck, are all of the same family, the <i>Gastéropodas -Pectinibranches</i> of Cuvier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Testa extus intusque nigra: lobo basis longiusculo</span>. <cite>Animaux sans -vertèbres. T. 6. p. 145.</cite></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. Var. testâ albidâ; lobo basis abbreviato. <i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. We learn from Labillardière, one of the Naturalists attached to the -expedition of Admiral Bruni d’Entrecasteaux, who went in search of -La Perouse in 1791, 1792, 1793, that this report is true. When the French -ships <i>Recherche</i> and <i>Espérance</i> touched at Tongataboo, there happened to -be peace between them and Fidgi, and as usual when they are not at war, a -considerable commerce was at that time carried on between them. This -brought Vouacecee, one of the chiefs of Fidgi, to Tongataboo soon after the -French had cast anchor, and as he paid them frequently a visit, they were -able to collect from him some useful information. Vouacecee represented -Fidgi to be very high land, of great fertility and lying distant in the north -west direction about seventy-two <i>myriametres</i>. The myriametre reduced to -our standard is six miles, one furlong, one hundred and fifty-six yards, and -six inches, giving in total value about one hundred and forty-nine leagues, -or four hundred and forty-seven miles. In the most favourable weather -with the large double canoe the voyage to Fidgi from thence could not be -less than three days, and when they had to struggle against the south winds -they must ply to windward upwards of a month. The people of Tongataboo -told them the people of Fidgi were cannibals: Vouacecee strove to exculpate -himself by answering that it was only the <i>touas</i>, or people of the lowest -class, who eat human flesh. But the assurances of the natives of Tongataboo -were fully confirmed in other quarters, and Labillardière who observes they -devour their enemies to satiate their fury, is entirely satisfied the chiefs as -well as touas are <i>Anthrophagi</i>. These people, notwithstanding this atrocity, -are represented as being far more advanced in arts and industry than the -people of other islands, who receive from them in time of peace many articles -of ingenious workmanship and produce of their island, and it is, no -doubt, by this means that the <i>Orange Cowry</i> has been introduced among -the natives of Otaheite and other islands in those seas.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides its being satisfactory to ascertain beyond any doubt the habitat -of the Orange Cowry, the Conchologist is assured that other shells of the -most choice and valuable kinds inhabit the seas of this island, for which -reason it is presumed the above information may not prove altogether -unimportant.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. We should not omit to mention that this shell was called <i>Aurora</i> by -Dr. Solander about the same time, <i>Vide</i> his MS. Whether he was indebted -to this circumstance for the hint of so naming it, or on the contrary that the -gentleman was aware of the name which Dr. Solander intended for it, is -now beyond our means of ascertaining. It is more obvious that Chemnitz, -and after him Lamarck, have received the name Aurora from one or both of -these sources, although the anecdote may be itself forgotten.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. Many of these are found on our own coasts. <cite>Vide Donovan’s -British Shells</cite>, in which the figures and descriptions of a number of the -species of these genera occur.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. Last Day’s Sale, lot 74, £5 5s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. Linnæus describes the animal of the Nerita as a limax, the body of -which is oblong, with a fleshy shield above, and a longitudinal flat disk -beneath: aperture on the right side within the shield: feelers, four, placed -above the mouth: eyes, two, and situated one at the tip of each of the -larger feelers. This character does not exactly accord with the animal of -the Nerita, for in this tribe, instead of the eyes being situated upon the apex -of the longer feelers, they stand each upon a kind of papilla, situated at the -outer base of the longer feelers. And besides this, it differs in some less -material peculiarities.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. Fifty-Eight Day (last day but two) lot 87, “<i>A most beautiful variety -of the Painted Nerita, having three rich pink bands on a dark clouded ground -taken from an ornament worn by a native of one of the Sandwich Islands.</i>”</p> -</div> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Naturalist's Repository, Volume 1 -(of 5), by E. 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