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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #54661 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54661)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 29,
-January 16, 1841, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 29, January 16, 1841
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: May 4, 2017 [EBook #54661]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL ***
-
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-
-Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)
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-
-                        THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
-
-       NUMBER 29.      SATURDAY, JANUARY 16, 1841.      VOLUME I.
-
-[Illustration: KILBARRON CASTLE, COUNTY OF DONEGAL.]
-
-We think our readers generally will concur with us in considering
-the subject of our prefixed illustration as a very striking and
-characteristic one--presenting features which, except among the castles
-of the Scottish highland chiefs, will only be found on the wild shores of
-our own romantic island. It is indeed a truly Irish scene--poetical and
-picturesque in the extreme, and its history is equally peculiar, being
-wholly unlike any thing that could be found relating to any castle out of
-Ireland.
-
-From the singularity of its situation, seated on a lofty, precipitous,
-and nearly insulated cliff, exposed to the storms and billows of the
-western ocean, our readers will naturally conclude that this now sadly
-dilapidated and time-worn ruin must have owed its origin to some rude
-and daring chief of old, whose occupation was war and rapine, and whose
-thoughts were as wild and turbulent as the waves that washed his sea-girt
-eagle dwelling; and such, in their ignorance of its unpublished history,
-has been the conclusion drawn by modern topographers, who tell us that it
-is supposed to have been the habitation of freebooters. But it was not
-so; and our readers will be surprised when we acquaint them that this
-lonely, isolated fortress was erected as an abode for peaceful men--a
-safe and quiet retreat in troubled times for the laborious investigators
-and preservers of the history, poetry, and antiquities of their country!
-Yes, reader, this castle was the residence of the ollaves, bards, and
-antiquaries of the people of Tirconnell--the illustrious family of the
-O’Clerys, to whose zealous labours in the preservation of the history
-and antiquities of Ireland we are chiefly indebted for the information
-on those subjects with which we so often endeavour to instruct and amuse
-you. You will pardon us, then, if with a grateful feeling to those
-benefactors of our country to whose labours we owe so much, we endeavour
-to do honour to their memory by devoting a few pages of our little
-national work to their history, as an humble but not unfitting monument
-to their fame.
-
-We trust, however, that such a sketch as we propose will not be wholly
-wanting either in interest or instruction. It will throw additional light
-upon the ancient customs and state of society in Ireland, and exhibit in
-a striking way a remarkable feature in the character of our countrymen
-of past ages, which no adverse circumstances were ever able utterly
-to destroy, and which, we trust, will again distinguish them as of
-old--their love for literature and learning, and their respect for good
-and learned men. It will also exhibit another trait in their national
-character no less peculiar or remarkable, namely, their great anxiety to
-preserve their family histories--a result of which is, that even to the
-present day the humblest Irish peasant, as well as the estated gentleman,
-can not unfrequently trace his descent not only to a more remote period,
-but also with a greater abundance of historical evidence than most of the
-princely families of Europe. This is, indeed, a trait in the national
-character which philosophers, and men like ourselves, usually affect to
-hold in contempt. But no species of knowledge should be despised; and
-the desire to penetrate the dim obscurities of time in search of our
-origin, as well as to speculate upon our future prospects, is one of the
-characteristics which distinguish the human from the lower animals of
-creation, and without which we should have little to boast of over them.
-
-The family of O’Clery, or, as the name is now usually written, Cleary,
-and sometimes anglicized Clarke, is not of Tirconnellian origin,
-nor of very ancient standing in the country of the Kinel-Connell
-race, the present county of Donegal. Their original locality was in
-Hy-Fiachrach-Aidhne, a district comprising the entire of the present
-diocese of Kilmacduagh, in the present county of Galway, and of which
-their ancestors were, for a long period previous to the Anglo-Norman
-conquest, the hereditary lords or kings. As usual in ancient Irish
-topographical names, this territory derived its appellation from that
-of the tribe by whom it was formed into a principality, the name
-Hy-Fiachrach-Aidhne being the tribe name of the descendants of Fiachra,
-who was the son of Eochy-Moyvaine, King of Ireland in the fourth century.
-On the adoption of surnames, however, at the close of the tenth century,
-this tribe having split into several distinct families, assumed different
-surnames from their immediate progenitors, and of these families the most
-eminent were the O’Clerys, the O’Heynes, the O’Shaughnessys, the Mac
-Giolla Kellys, and the O’Moghans.
-
-The occasion of the first settlement of the O’Clerys at Kilbarron, in the
-country of Tirconnell, will be best told in the simple statement of his
-descendants, as given in their genealogical work.
-
-“The English power, that is to say, the power of the Burkes descended
-from William (Fitz Adelm) the Conqueror, having become in the ascendant
-over the descendants of Eochy Breac, the son of Dathi, the son of
-Fiachra, &c., several of the latter were separated, and dispersed into
-various districts, viz, Mac Giolla Kelly went into Western Erris, and a
-branch of the O’Clerys into Hy-awley Mac Fiachrach. Another branch of
-them passed into [East] Munster, and settled in the vicinity of Kilkenny,
-and another again passed into Breifney O’Reilly, and are there known as
-the Clan Clery.
-
-After a lapse of time, a wise and intelligent man of the O’Clerys went
-from Tir-awley into Tirconnell. Cormac O’Clery was his name, and he was
-a proficient in both the laws, that is, the civil and the canon law. The
-monks and learned men of the monastery of St Bernard, called Assaroe
-(near Ballyshannon), conceived a great respect and affection for him, on
-account of his councils, his good morals, his wisdom, and his intellect,
-and they detained him among them for a time. He was at this period young
-and comely.
-
-For a long time previously, O’Sgingin had been the ollave [chief
-historian] to the lord of the Kinel-Connell, that is the O’Donnell;
-and it was from Ard-Carne in Moy-Lurg of the Dagda that he came into
-Tirconnell.
-
-When the Cormac O’Clery of whom we have spoken came into Tirconnell,
-Niall Garbh, the son of Hugh, the son of Donnell Oge, was lord of the
-country; and O’Sgingin, that is, Matthew, was ollave to him at the time;
-and there did not then live of children with O’Sgingin, nor yet of his
-tribe, but an only and beautiful daughter. And this daughter O’Sgingin
-gave as wife to this Cormac, and all he demanded for her as a dower[1]
-was, that if ever a son should be born to them, he should be trained up
-in the knowledge of literature and history, as his own family were all
-extinct in that country except this only daughter. Cormac promised to
-fulfil this request, and he did so.
-
-A son was born of Cormac and O’Sgingin’s daughter, and he was named
-Giolla Brighde, in honour and remembrance of Giolla Brighde O’Sgingin,
-his maternal uncle, who was the intended ollave of Tirconnell, but had
-died some time before, in the year 1382.
-
-Son to that Giolla Brighde O’Clery was Giolla Riabhach; and son to Giolla
-Riabhach was Dermot of the three schools, so called because he kept a
-school for literature, a school for history, and a school for poetry. It
-was to that Dermot that O’Donnell, that is, Niall, the son of Turlogh
-an fhiona, gave the territory called Creevagh, which was his principal
-residence for a time, and which was given him in addition to other lands
-which O’Donnell’s ancestors had previously given to O’Sgingin, in reward
-for his skill in the science which was hereditary to him, namely, history.
-
-Son to Dermot of the three schools was Teige Cam, who had the three
-celebrated sons, Tuathal, Gillareagh, and Dermot. It was by them that the
-stone houses were built in Kilbarron; for they and their ancestors were
-the occupants of Kilbarron since the time of Cormac already mentioned,
-who came first to Tirconnell; and they were also the occupants of
-Carrow-na-Caheragh, and Carrownty-clogh of the lands of the monastery of
-Assaroe. To them also belonged (as a gift) from O’Donnell, the quarter
-of Kildoney, the quarter of Coolremur, and the quarter of Drumincrin in
-Moy-Enné.
-
-The children of Tuathal, the son of Teige Cam, the son of Dermot of the
-three schools, were Teige Cam, Giolla Riabhach, Mahon, and William. Teige
-Cam (the son of Tuathal) left no issue but one daughter, Sheela.”
-
-The preceding extract furnishes us with a very striking evidence of
-the regard anciently entertained for learning in Ireland, and of the
-liberal endowments made for the support of its professors. The lands
-named as belonging to the ollaves of Tirconnell are still known by
-the appellations above given, and would at the present day produce a
-rental little short of two thousand a-year. Ah! it will be long till
-learning in the history and literature of our country be again thus nobly
-recompensed! But it may be asked, were these professors of old worthy
-of the liberal patronage thus afforded them--were they mindful of the
-duties imposed upon them in return for it? We answer, that we think they
-were, and in support of our opinion we adduce the following brief but
-expressive tributes to their memories as recorded by our Annalists:--
-
-“1492. O’Clery, that is, Teige Cam (or the crooked), ollave to O’Donnell
-in science, poetry, and history, a man who had maintained a house of
-universal hospitality for the mighty and the needy, died, after having
-subdued the world and the devil.”
-
-“1512. Tuathal O’Clery, the son of Teige Cam, a man learned in history
-and poetry--a man who kept a house of hospitality generally for rich and
-poor, died.”
-
-“1522. This year was killed, besides two of the poets of O’Donnell,
-Dermot, the son of Teige Cam O’Clery, a man learned in history and
-poetry--a man who kept a house of hospitality universally for the rich
-and the poor.”
-
-“1527. O’Clery, that is, Giolla Riabhach, the son of Teige Cam, learned
-in the sciences, in historical knowledge, in poetry, and in theological
-reading, a man respected and rich, died.”
-
-“1583. In this year Turlogh Luineach O’Neal, having attacked O’Donnell
-at Drumleen, in revenge of the burning of Strabane by the latter some
-time previously, he was defeated by O’Donnell with great loss, and
-amongst the slain was Maelmurry (the son of Dermott, who was son of
-Mahon, who was son of Tuathal) O’Clery, the only hostage of O’Neill and
-the Kenel-Owen, for his father and O’Neill himself had been born of the
-same mother. Maelmurry, on account of his relationship with O’Neill, had
-been in possession of all O’Neill’s wealth, and O’Neill would have given
-three times the usual quantity of every kind of property for his ransom,
-if ransomed he could have been; but he was first mortally wounded and
-afterwards drowned by O’Donnell’s people, who were in high spirits, and
-rejoiced greatly at seeing him thus cut off.”
-
-“1583. Cosnamhach, the son of Cucogry (or Peregrine), who was the son
-of Dermot, who was the son of Teige Cam O’Clery--a rich and flourishing
-man, who had maintained a house of hospitality at one time in Thomond and
-another in Tirconnell, died at Fuar-Chosach in Tirconnell, in the lent of
-this year, and was interred under the asylum of God and St Bernard, in
-the monastery of Assaroe.”
-
-This devotion to literature was not, however, a characteristic of the
-O’Clerys in their days of wealth and prosperity only, but distinguished
-them with even greater lustre when reduced to poverty in after times, as
-will clearly appear from the facts we have yet to adduce. But as we are
-sketching their genealogical history, as well as their character, we must
-previously continue their pedigree from the period of their settlement at
-Kilbarron, to their extinction as professional ollaves, on the ruin of
-their patrons the O’Donnells, and, for the sake of clearness, we shall
-give it in a tabular form.
-
-1. Cormac O’Clery, the first who settled in Donegal.
-
-2. Giolla Brighde O’Clery.
-
-3. Giolla Riabhach O’Clery.
-
-4. Dermot of the three schools.
-
-5. Teige Cam (or the stooped) O’Clery.
-
-6. Dermot O’Clery.
-
-7. Cucogry (or Peregrine) O’Clery.
-
-8. Mac Con O’Clery; his brother, Cosnamach, died in 1584.
-
-9. Lughaidh (or Lewis) Giolla Brighde, Mac Con Meirgeach, Cucogry, and
-Duigen O’Clery.
-
-Of these sons, the eldest, Lughaidh, was the most distinguished of the
-Irish literati of the northern half of Ireland in his time, and the
-principal poetical combatant on the part of the northern bards in the
-contest with those of the southern division, which took place about the
-commencement of the seventeenth century, respecting the claims of the
-rival dynasties of the northern and southern divisions of Ireland to
-supremacy and renown. The poems written on this occasion are usually
-collected into a volume, entitled “_Iomarbadh_,” or, Contention of the
-Bards, and were long popular among the Irish people. He was also the
-compiler of Annals of his Own Times, which the Four Masters used in
-their great compilations. As chief of his sept, this Lughaidh, or Lewis
-O’Clery, held the entire of the lands bestowed on his ancestors, as well
-as the herenach lands of the parish of Kilbarron, as hereditary herenach,
-till the flight of the northern earls in 1607, when they were lost to him
-and his family in the general confiscation which followed, and became the
-property of the Lord Folliott and the Bishop of Raphoe. He held those
-lands, however, till the close of the year 1609, and was selected as one
-of the “good and lawful men” of the county, appointed in obedience to
-a commission to inquire into the king’s title to the several escheated
-and forfeited lands in Ulster, and which held an inquisition for this
-purpose at Lifford, on the 12th of September 1609. In this inquisition,
-which furnishes the most valuable information upon the nature of ancient
-Irish tenures, it is stated that “the parish of Kilbarron contains five
-quarters in all, whereof one quarter is herenach land possessed by
-the sept of the Cleries as herenaches, paying thereout yearlie to the
-lord busshopp of Raphoe thirteen shillings four pence Irish per annum,
-six meathers of butter, and thirty-four meathers of meale; and that
-there is one quarter named Kildoned, in the tenure of the said sept
-of the Cleries, free from any tithes to the busshopp,” &c. And again,
-“That there are in the said parishe three quarters of Collumbkillies
-land, everie quarter conteyninge sixe balliboes in the tenure of Lewe
-O’Cleerie, to whom the said lands were sithence mortgaged for fortie
-pounds, by the said late Earle of Tirconnell unto the said Lewe, who hath
-paid thereout yearly unto his Majestie, since the late earl’s departure,
-four poundes, two muttons, and a pair of gloves, but nothing to the said
-busshopp.”
-
-Cucogry, or Peregrine O’Clery, the son of Lughaidh or Lewy, and chief of
-the name, held the half quarter of the lands of Coobeg and Dowghill, in
-the proportion of Monargane, in the barony of Boylagh and Bannagh, from
-hollandtide 1631 until May 1632, for which he paid eight pounds sterling
-per annum to William Farrell, Esq., assignee to the Earl of Annandale,
-as appears from an inquisition taken at Lifford on the 25th of May 1632,
-but “being a mere Irishman, and not of English or British descent or
-surname,” he was dispossessed, and the lands became forfeited to the king.
-
-The O’Clerys were thus wholly reduced to poverty, but not to idleness,
-in the service of their country’s literature. It was in this year 1632
-that they commenced that series of works devoted to the preservation of
-Irish history, which has made their names so illustrious, and of which
-the celebrated annals, called the Annals of the Four Masters, are now the
-most popularly known. A full account of this great work, written by the
-author of this article, will be found in the Transactions of the Royal
-Irish Academy, and reprinted in the first volume of the Dublin Penny
-Journal. The persons concerned in its compilation were, first, Teige of
-the Mountain O’Clery, who, after becoming a Franciscan friar, adopted the
-name of Michael, 2 Maurice O’Mulconary; 3 Fergus O’Mulconary; 4 Cucogry,
-the son of Lewy O’Clery; 5 Cucogry O’Duigen; 6 Conary O’Clery, the
-brother of Michael. The work was commenced in the monastery of Donegal,
-of which Father Bernardin O’Clery was guardian, on the 22d of January
-1632, and finished in the same convent on the 10th of August 1636, the
-brotherhood supplying the transcribers with the necessary support.
-
-The motives which actuated the O’Clerys to enter on a work of such labour
-as this, are very feelingly and prophetically expressed in the dedication
-to it by Michael, the superintendant of the work. “Judging that should
-such a compilation be neglected at present, or consigned to a future
-time, a risk might be run that the materials for it should never again be
-brought together,”--and such indeed would have been their fate. In the
-same spirit the O’Clerys compiled their _Leabhar Gabhala_, or book of the
-conquests of Ireland, containing the most valuable ancient historical
-poems preserved in the language; their book of Genealogies; their _Reim
-riograidhe_, or catalogue of kings; and their calendar and genealogies
-of the Saints or distinguished ecclesiastics of Ireland. In addition to
-these, Cucogry, the son of Lewy, wrote the Life of Red Hugh O’Donnell, a
-work of the greatest value and interest. Copies of all these works are
-now preserved in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, and with the
-exception of two of them, are in the autograph of Cucogry O’Clery, the
-best scribe of the family, or of the Four Masters conjointly.
-
-The preservation of these remains, so essential to our history, is very
-interestingly connected with the subsequent fortunes of the O’Clery
-family.
-
-Towards the close of the fatal troubles of the seventeenth century, the
-O’Clerys, with many other families of Tirconnell, were forced to seek
-shelter in the wilds of Erris, in Mayo, under the guidance of their
-natural leader Roger O’Donnell, the son of Colonel Manus O’Donnell, who
-was killed at Dungannon in 1646, and ancestor to the present Sir Richard
-O’Donnell of Newport. Of these O’Clerys, was Cucogry, one of the Four
-Masters, and senior representative of the name, who, carrying with him
-his books as his chief treasure, bequeathed them to his two sons Dermot
-and John. How strong this feeling of pride in his books, and his love of
-learning, continued in the midst of adversities, and even in death, will
-appear from the following extract from his autograph will, which was made
-at Curr-na-heilté, near Newport, and which is preserved in one of his
-works now in the library of the Academy. It is the first or principal
-item among his bequests:--“I bequeath the property most dear to me that
-ever I possessed in this world, namely, my books, to my two sons Dermot
-and Shane (or John.) Let them extract from them, without injuring them,
-whatever may be necessary to their purpose, and let them be equally seen
-and used by the children of my brother Cairbre as by themselves; and let
-them instruct them according to the (obliterated.) And I request the
-children of Cairbre to teach and instruct their children. And I command
-my sons to be loving, friendly, and kind to the children of Cairbre, and
-to their own children, if they wish that God should befriend them in the
-other world, or prosper them in this, and give them the inheritance of
-heaven.”
-
-The injunctions thus solemnly laid on his posterity were faithfully
-fulfilled. His books were carefully preserved and studied by his
-descendants from generation to generation, till, being brought to Dublin
-about thirty years since, by John O’Clery, the eldest representative of
-his line, they got into the possession of the late Edward O’Reilly, at
-the sale of whose books and Irish MSS. they were purchased for the Royal
-Irish Academy.
-
-This John O’Clery, who still lives, is the fifth in descent from Cucogry,
-the annalist, who died in 1664; and, like his ancestors, he is a good
-Irish scribe and scholar. We may also remark, that, though in very humble
-life, he can boast of a pedigree unbroken through fifty-two generations,
-from Eochy-Moyvaine, monarch of Ireland in the fourth century, and this
-on historical evidence that the learned could hardly venture to question.
-
-To these notices we have only to add, in reference to the subject of
-our illustration, that though, from the account which we have already
-given from the O’Clery MS. it might be supposed that Kilbarron Castle
-was erected by them in the sixteenth century, the castle itself bears
-evidences in many parts that it is of much earlier antiquity. The
-tradition of the country, as stated by the author of the Donegal
-Statistical Survey, is, that it was originally erected by O’Sginneen or
-Sgingin; and this tradition is fully verified by an entry in the Annals
-of the Four Masters, which states that Kilbarron Castle was rased to the
-ground by Donnell, the son of Murtogh O’Connor, in 1390. The probability,
-therefore, is, that it was re-edified immediately afterwards by Cormac
-O’Clery, though houses of stone were not erected within its enclosures
-till a later period.
-
-                                                                       P.
-
-[1] _Tinnscra_, in the original--a reward, portion, or dowery--it being
-the custom among the Irish as among the Eastern nations, that the husband
-should make a present to his wife’s father, or to herself, upon his
-marriage. As Byron says--
-
-                  “Though this seems odd
-    ’Tis true; the reason is, that the bashaw
-    Must make a present to his sire-in-law.”
-
-
-
-
-
-THE TALKING AND TACITURN AGES.
-
-
-Among all the enjoyments of life, there was none which our great
-lexicographer esteemed superior to a “good talk.” It was to him as
-the supper of the Gods. He would walk a long way for it; and if he
-attained his end, he would express his highest feelings of satisfaction
-by saying, “Sir, we had a good talk.” What share he took in it himself
-on such occasions, it might have been interesting to inquire. That it
-was a large one, we may rest assured; but few probably complained of
-the circumstance--so capital a talker was our “British Socrates.” Yet
-to a good talk on equal terms, it will be allowed there should be some
-reciprocity. To “harangue” in company is not to talk fairly. It is a
-practice, indeed, common enough in the world; but if the just rules which
-ought to prevail in the conversational commonwealth be considered, it
-must be allowed to be a violation of them. The formality of the speech
-is utterly destructive to the freedom of the republic. Reciprocity is
-its very life and soul; but the speech-maker lays it up at once in a
-state of suspended animation. Next to the speech-maker, we may rank
-as the greatest infringer of these laws the determined “argufier,” or
-disputatious person, who loves an argument so much that you can advance
-no proposition that he is not ready immediately to controvert. In the
-presence of such a person, conversation shares the fate of true love,
-and never can “run smooth.” There is an appearance of equitableness
-about this character, that may render him less manifestly engrossing
-than the former; but his egotism is only a little better concealed, and
-he invariably achieves the same disagreeable result, namely, to silence
-every body else, and keep the field entirely to himself. Of such a person
-we shall say with Jacques, “I have been all day to avoid him. He is too
-‘disputable’ for my company. I think of as many matters as he: but I give
-heaven thanks, and make no boast.”
-
-There are two words in the English language which really comprise all
-the rules, laws, and regulations necessary for the good government of
-conversation, and these are “brevity,” “reciprocity.” If each individual
-would remember when he takes part in conversation that there are others
-to do so as well as himself, he would necessarily be brief in his own
-performances. And this brevity has many advantages. Our time is short;
-our meetings together for conversation are commonly, like angels’ visits,
-“few and far between,” and in general short; tediousness is the sure
-destroyer, as brevity is “the soul,” of wit, and therefore he that would
-enliven his hearers, and dispose them to hear him again, should be above
-all things “short.” It is acting upon the second golden line, also, and
-shows a proper consideration for the rights of others. It is doing as a
-man would be done by. In addition to which, we may observe, that each
-should listen, if he desire to be listened to--should hear, if he desire
-to be heard in return.
-
-Thus these two words “brevity” and “reciprocity” form a concise but plain
-and simple code upon the subject. Much might be said, indeed, in the way
-of commentary; but commentary sometimes tends rather to obscure than to
-elucidate, and in this case is manifestly uncalled for.
-
-It must be remembered, however, that these laws can only conduce to the
-_improvement_ and _regulation_ of conversational intercourse, but are
-wholly inadequate to _originate_ or _insure_ that “good talking” of which
-the report has come down to us. This is an object not to be accomplished
-by rule. The proverb of the wise man says that “out of the fullness of
-the heart the mouth speaketh;” and we may safely affirm that where there
-is plenty of matter weighing upon the mind, and where it is of a kind
-that interests the feelings, there will be at least no lack of utterance.
-Under an opposite state of things, a contrary result may be expected, and
-cannot, by any rule of art that we have ever heard of, be contravened.
-But we must proclaim a truce with this train of observation. We feel that
-we have been twaddling after the manner of some of our elder essayists,
-oblivious of the age in which we actually exist. Who has time to think
-_now_ of good talking, or of talking at all?
-
-The age of Johnsonism is departed; and in these days, instead of running
-after a “good talk,” there is nothing which the people would run more
-resolutely from. This is the age of hurry and bustle, and of doing,
-not talking. It is the age of machinery and iron. We do every thing by
-mechanical contrivance: we print by it, travel by it, count by it, and
-very soon, we expect, we shall talk by it. All our great discoveries
-and inventions are unfavourable to speech. What need to speak, indeed,
-when almost every thing we may wish to say or hear of is printed? No
-occasion to ask our neighbour questions, or to moot points of any kind
-with us: the press answers and discusses them all most satisfactorily.
-Printing is driving conversation out of the world. It is rendering it
-not only superfluous, but impracticable; for how is it possible to find
-time to read all that is given us to read in these days, and to go on
-talking after the old fashion? The thing is manifestly impossible; and
-our own conclusion is, that we are hurrying on rapidly to the age of
-pure taciturnity. When the sun of this solemn age shall have reached
-its meridian, talking will have passed into the mouths of old women and
-sucklings, or of merely professional people. We say professional people,
-because, though conversation in general will have become monosyllabic, or
-be carried on perhaps by signals, without the use of speech at all, we
-yet think it highly probable that there will be persons who will occupy
-themselves with it as a profession. This will be only a carrying out of
-the grand principle of the division of labour; and their occupation,
-being followed professionally, will be executed in the very best style,
-and on the most scientific principles. Professional talkers will then
-be engaged for large parties just as singers are now, and will amuse
-the company with studiously prepared anecdotes, beautifully executed
-disquisitions, flashes of merriment, repartees, rejoinders, grave
-remarks, useful hints, and whatever else can conduce to entertain or
-instruct--whilst hosts and guests will on their part sit at ease in all
-the luxury of silence.
-
-As to the rules of “good talking” which we began by laying down, we
-are sensible that in a short time they must become quite obsolete.
-Conversation is even now as the “last rose of summer,” and going out very
-fast indeed. If what we have said can be of any use to cheer or improve
-its declining years, we shall be amply rewarded; but if we are already
-too late, then let it be kept, and in some twenty years more it may be
-looked upon as a decided curiosity. “See here what I have found,” may
-somebody “use the machine” to intimate, for as to speaking so many words
-together, nobody will do it. “See what I have found in an early number
-of the Irish Penny Journal--‘Rules for good talking!’--well, now, what
-could _that_ have been? Dear me, what strange habits they must have had
-in those days!”
-
-                                                                    X. D.
-
-
-
-
-THE JACOBITE RELICS OF IRELAND.--No. I.
-
-
-The Jacobite relics of England, and to a still greater extent those
-of Scotland, have been given to the world, and are well deserving of
-such preservation; for they reflect no small light on the character and
-temperament of the English and Scottish people during the last century.
-But until the appearance of Mr Hardiman’s Irish Minstrelsy it was hardly
-known that in their political enthusiasm for the fate of a decaying
-family the Irish people participated with so large a portion of those of
-the sister islands, and that it gave birth to an equal number of poetical
-effusions in our own country--but with this difference, that their
-sentiments are usually veiled under an allegorical form, and always in
-the Irish language. To Mr Hardiman we are indebted for the preservation
-of the originals of many of those productions, and also for translations
-of them. These translations are however too free to enable the English
-reader to form any very accurate idea of the Irish originals, and we are
-therefore tempted to present a series of these relics to our readers,
-with translations of a more literal and faithful description; not
-limiting ourselves to those which have already appeared in Mr Hardiman’s
-work--as in the specimen which we have selected to commence with, which
-is still popularly sung in Ireland to the old melody called “Kathaleen
-Ny-Houlahan.”
-
-We may observe, that the name of the author of this song, if ever known,
-is no longer remembered; but there seems to be no doubt that the song
-itself is of Munster origin.
-
-
-KATHALEEN NY-HOULAHAN.
-
-    Long they pine in weary woe, the nobles of our land,
-    Long they wander to and fro, proscribed, alas! and banned;
-    Feastless, houseless, altarless, they bear the exile’s brand,
-        But their hope is in the coming-to of Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!
-
-    Think her not a ghastly hag, too hideous to be seen,
-    Call her not unseemly names, our matchless Kathaleen;
-    Young she is, and fair she is, and would be crowned a queen,
-        Were the king’s son at home here with Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!
-
-    Sweet and mild would look her face, O none so sweet and mild,
-    Could she crush the foes by whom her beauty is reviled;
-    Woollen plaids would grace herself and robes of silk her child,
-        If the king’s son were living here with Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!
-
-    Sore disgrace it is to see the Arbitress of thrones,
-    Vassal to a _Saxoneen_ of cold and sapless bones!
-    Bitter anguish wrings our souls--with heavy sighs and groans
-        We wait the Young Deliverer of Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!
-
-    Let us pray to Him who holds Life’s issues in His hands--
-    Him who formed the mighty globe, with all its thousand lands;
-    Girdling them with seas and mountains, rivers deep, and strands,
-        To cast a look of pity upon Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!
-
-    He, who over sands and waves led Israel along--
-    He, who fed, with heavenly bread, that chosen tribe and throng--
-    He, who stood by Moses, when his foes were fierce and strong--
-        May He show forth His might in saving Kathaleen-Ny-Houlahan!
-
-                                                                       M.
-
-
-
-
-CAUSE AND EFFECT, OR THE MISFORTUNES OF CHARLEY MALONE.
-
-
-“Well,” said Hubert Dillon to me one day, “did you ever hear or read of
-such an unlucky being as that Charley Malone?”
-
-“Indeed I did,” was my reply; “on the contrary, I look upon him as one of
-the most fortunate men in existence.”
-
-“Tut, tut! how can you say that, unless it be for the pure love of
-contradiction?--how long is it ago, I ask you, since he almost broke his
-neck riding the steeple-chase in Mullaghmoran?”
-
-“Why, my dear fellow,” I rejoined, “I consider him most miraculously
-fortunate in not having broken his neck altogether on the occasion; he
-was warned before hand that the horse couldn’t possibly carry him over
-such a leap; and how he escaped so safely, will always remain a puzzle to
-me.”
-
-“Well, I’ll give you another instance--the very morning he was to have
-fought Cornet Bagley, didn’t the police catch him, and get him bound
-over?”
-
-“And devilish well for him they did, let me tell you, otherwise poor
-Charley would have been a case for the coroner before dinner time. The
-cornet’s a dead shot, and you know yourself that Charley couldn’t hit a
-turf clamp.”
-
-“Didn’t he lose fifty pounds at hazard to George Byrne last winter in one
-night?”
-
-“Sign’s on it, he booked himself against the bones for ever and a day as
-soon as he got up next morning, and by consequence may be expected to
-have something to leave to the heirs of his body, when he has them.”
-
-“Well, talking of heirs: what have you to say to his matrimonial
-speculations, this last affair particularly--to lose such a girl and
-such a fortune by his own confounded blundering. You’ll not call that
-good fortune surely.” But our reminiscences of “Charley’s last,” thus
-recalled, were too much for mortal gravity to bear, and laughter, long,
-loud, and uproarious, cut short the argument, leaving me still however
-impressed with the belief, that, only for himself, Charley would be a
-second Fortunatus; at all events, that he could not justly announce
-himself a martyr to the frowns of the goddess.
-
-In the first place, two uncles, five cousins, and an elder brother of
-his own, had all stood between him and the family property, worth three
-hundred a-year, or thereabouts, but with an alacrity and good nature
-quite exemplary to all uncles and cousins under similar circumstances,
-they all within a couple of years quitted the scene. Before the last of
-them was sodded, however, Charley took it into his head to borrow some
-money, on the chance of his inheritance, at twenty per cent. As the
-aforesaid chance was rather a good one, he was soon accommodated; but the
-wax on the bond was scarce cold when he was called to the joy of mourning
-at the funeral of his last impediment. Oh, if he had had but the luck to
-wait one week!--he was the most unfortunate dog in the world!
-
-Still, matrimony might enable him to retrieve all, and accordingly to
-work he went, and wild work, sure enough, he made of it. His last affair
-in that line, however, being that which fairly convinced him of the
-unprofitable nature of his pursuit, and likewise being rather a good
-thing in its way, is the only one which I shall offer in illustration of
-Charley’s luck and Charley’s mode of managing it.
-
-A letter, directed in female fashion, was handed to him one morning by
-the postmaster of B----, the town contiguous to which lay his mansion;
-thus ran its contents, with the commentary of the reader:--
-
-    “Dear Charles--[has she the _tin_, I wonder?] a severe attack
-    of rheumatism [pooh! it’s from my aunt Bindon--hum--ay--Marsh’s
-    prescriptions--Mr Gregg’s new chapel--have to sacrifice all
-    and quit Dublin--hallo! what’s this?] Your cousin Lucy [they
-    say she has three thousand] has suffered so much from the bad
-    air of the city, that I must endeavour to procure her the
-    benefit of a country residence. I would prefer the town of
-    B----, if there be a good house to let in it. Pray let me know
-    as soon as you can, and the rent, and every thing about it, &c.
-    &c.--Your attached aunt,
-
-                                                       LUCY BINDON.”
-
-Who shall say now that Charley wasn’t a lucky dog, with a handsome
-heiress almost thrown into his arms by a dowager-guardian, with whom
-he stood as dear Charles? What numberless opportunities would he not
-enjoy! Sole protector of two lone women; the one laid up by rheumatism,
-and fully occupied by devotion and card-playing; the other dying for
-the want of country air and exercise, and in all probability not at all
-averse to the idea of sharing her delights with a companion. They would
-be absolutely his own fee-simple property. Such good fortune was not an
-every-day affair, and deserved more than every-day exertion to second and
-secure it. So Charley set about his aunt’s commission in earnest, and
-before nightfall succeeded in ferreting a half-pay lieutenant and his
-family out of the best house in the town, to make room for the dowager
-and her daughter; wrote in reply an account of his doings, with such a
-list of the amenities of the locality as would have added fifty per cent,
-at least, to its value if it were to be sold by auction; and inclosed at
-the same time a well-authenticated statement of a most extraordinary cure
-of rheumatism which had been effected by the waters of a blessed well in
-the neighbourhood.
-
-In due course of time the ladies were domiciled in their new dwelling,
-with Charley, of course, for their factotum and natural protector. The
-blessed well began to work a miracle on the aunt, and the country air
-would have done as much for Lucy if she required it; but deuce a bit of
-it she wanted; her cheeks were as red and her step as firm as if she
-had been born and bred within the precincts of the parish; and whatever
-was the cause of her rustication, Charley could swear it was not bodily
-weakness. Ill-natured people said she had been a thought too sweet to an
-attorney’s apprentice in the city, and that therein lay the secret of her
-mother’s forsaking the delights of Marsh’s prescriptions and Gregg’s new
-chapel--that prudent personage not approving of the connection. If that
-be the case, a tough heart had Lucy Bindon, and never may it be my lot to
-make such a faint impression on womankind as was made by that luckless
-apprentice; for a merrier laugh never rang in the precincts of B----, and
-a brighter pair of eyes never glittered in its dull, quiet street. But,
-oh! that laugh and those eyes, they played the devil entirely with the
-heart of her cousin Charley.
-
-And he was a happy man, as why the deuce shouldn’t he? philandering,
-morning, noon, and night, with his merry cousin in the fields and in
-the woods, and at the fireside and by the piano, not to talk of all
-the dangerous little reunions on the stairs or in the lobby, until at
-last the dowager began to smell a rat, and hint her scruples about the
-propriety of cousin-work. In vain did Lucy disclaim all matrimonial
-intents, and assure her that it was all innocence, mere flirting, a bit
-of fun and no more, upon her word and honour. Still the poor woman would
-not be comforted; she knew, she said, several cases of cousins getting
-married, and somehow or other something or other happened to point out
-the impropriety in each case. In one, both parties died before they were
-twenty years married--indeed, they were a little oldish and sickly; in
-another, the gentleman got into debt and ruined himself; in another,
-the lady took to drinking; and in another, sundry and several small
-infants exchanged their cradles for coffins; all which terrible examples,
-however, and their strange and unusual phenomena, had no effect at all
-on Charley, for he was determined to win his point in spite of all the
-dowagers that ever took snuff, or all the enumerated horrors of their
-experience.
-
-After all, though, there were not so many obstacles to encounter in
-that quarter as at first appeared, there being one great recommendation
-in his favour, inasmuch as he was neither counsellor nor attorney, in
-embryo or in esse; from the members of both which learned and respectable
-professions the defunct Mr Bindon had received in his day so many
-unneighbourly offices, that his relict conceived it a sacred duty to the
-dead to hate the aforesaid with all the hatred of which a stiff-necked
-Irish dowager was capable; and, then, he was her own flesh and blood, and
-who had such a good right to Lucy and her three thousand? or who would
-be so much benefited by it? and when Lucy liked him, why should she,
-the dowager, gainsay it, and so on until all her objections evaporated,
-and at last she became as anxious for the match as if she had come down
-on purpose to promote it. But, Lucy--oh woman! woman! she did not wish
-to get married at all--couldn’t think of quitting her own dear mamma; of
-course, if mamma insisted, she would obey, but, ’deed and word, she’d
-much rather not. In short, she exhibited to the wondering eyes of her
-bothered lover as pretty a piece of coquetry as ever baulked a gentleman
-on the highroad to his desires. Things, however, went on promising
-enough, for Charley found it impossible to despair with so much odds
-in his favour, particularly while the lady was as frank and merry as
-ever. And thus, between laughing and quarrelling, the month of February
-arrived, in which Mrs B. and her future son-in-law intended the marriage
-should take place, if Lucy’s consent could be won in any form. Charley,
-for the purpose of raising the wind for the occasion, had arranged to
-send a horse to Dublin to be sold, and some whim seized him to ride the
-animal himself, and be present at the sale. The day before he was to
-depart, he intimated his intention to his beloved, inquiring if she had
-any commands.
-
-“Going to ride to Dublin!” exclaimed the astonished Lucy. “Seventy miles
-at the least. Why, man, you have such a happy knack of blundering that
-you’ll most certainly lose your way. Good bye, Charley; I’ll never see
-your face again.”
-
-“Tut!” rejoined Charley indignantly, “how could I miss my way when
-there’s a milestone on every inch of the road from this to Dublin?”
-
-“Not on every inch, Charley,” continued the provoking girl, “only on
-every mile; but I always give you leave to speak twice, you know. Well,
-and when do you expect to reach Dublin, please the milestones?”
-
-“I shall set off to-morrow morning,” answered he, a little sulkily, “and
-I’ll be in Dublin the evening after.”
-
-“Humph! this is the eleventh, that will be the thirteenth. Yes; it will
-just do. Well, Charley, I believe I will entrust you with a letter; but
-you must promise and vow that you will put it into the penny-post the
-very evening you arrive, or I’ll not give it to you; for it must be
-delivered the morning after, or the Lord knows what would happen.”
-
-“You needn’t be afraid, Lucy,” answered her beau; “you know very well”----
-
-“Oh! to be sure I do,” exclaimed she, interrupting him. “I declare I was
-very near forgetting all that. This evening, then, I’ll send the letter
-over to you; and now good-bye, and go get ready.”
-
-With the help of the milestones, as Lucy said, he arrived in Dublin on
-the evening he proposed, and having left his steed at Dycer’s, and seen
-him carefully made-up, proceeded to the Hibernian, discussed his dinner
-and a couple of tumblers, and then, for the poor fellow was terribly
-tired, sank into a slumber, and finally rose into a snore, from which
-he was aroused by the waiter recommending him to adjourn to his room;
-a piece of advice which Charley very gratefully followed. Next morning
-Lucy’s letter rose in judgment against him; there was only one way to
-atone for his neglect, and that was, to deliver it personally, no matter
-at what trouble or inconvenience. So, hastily dressing himself, he took
-the letter out of his valise, and examined the direction. He had his
-misgivings; it bore for its superscription the name Edward Fitzgerald,
-Esq. whose place of abode it indicated was number something in Dominick
-Street. He could not help asking himself what business had Lucy--his
-Lucy--corresponding with any male member of the human family whatever.
-Still, as any assertion of his rights in that particular would be rather
-premature at present, he determined to execute the commission faithfully,
-since he had undertaken it; but as soon as she became Mrs Malone, if he’d
-let such a thing occur again, then might he, Charley, be eternally doomed
-to a place that shall be nameless.
-
-On reaching the domicile of Mr Fitzgerald, and inquiring if he was at
-home, our friend was ushered into the presence of a most alarmingly
-spruce young gentleman, six feet high in his stockings, handsome enough
-to be a handsome man, and with a head of hair that awfully contrasted
-with the rather carroty wisp which lay between Charley and high heaven.
-To him, on questioning him fully as to his identity, he delivered the
-letter, and likewise the speech which he had been composing on the
-subject all the morning.
-
-“This letter, sir,” quoth Charley, “was entrusted to my care by a very
-pretty girl, to whom I pledged myself that I would put it in the
-penny-post last night, but I was so cursedly tired, that, hang me if I
-ever thought of it; and so, to redeem my pledge, I have come to place it
-in your hands, Miss Bindon having some reason best known to herself for
-wishing it should reach you to-day.”
-
-“Miss Bindon, did you say?” exclaimed the young man, looking very much
-like a personage who had been wakened out of a dream.
-
-“Yes, sir, Miss Lucy Bindon,” answered Charley, and to prevent mistakes
-he added with rather a significant tone, “and a young lady, by the bye,
-in whom I take a very especial interest. You understand me?”
-
-“Oh! perfectly,” stammered the young man in answer. “Somebody told me she
-was going to be married.”
-
-“I don’t know how that may be, sir,” said Charley, with a sort of
-simpering consciousness; “but this at least I can say, that he’ll be a
-devilish lucky man who gets her.”
-
-“Yes,” responded Mr Edward Fitzgerald, with a bitter sigh; “she is in
-truth a beautiful girl. Such animation!”
-
-“And such a fine fortune!” continued Charley, rubbing his hands with
-triumph.
-
-“Amiable, excellent, fascinating!” said the doleful Mr Fitzgerald; and
-a pause ensued of most lugubrious silence, during which his eyes were
-fastened on the letter, seemingly unconscious of the presence of its
-bearer.
-
-“Excuse me,” said Charley at last; “you are impatient to read it, so I’ll
-be off. Good morning.”
-
-The young man rose with all the amiability he could summon, and quitted
-the apartment with him to show him the way.
-
-“Thunder and turf, sir!” ejaculated Charley; “is it out on the skylight
-you want to send me?” And, certainly, the direction in which the
-gentleman pointed would have led to some such exit.
-
-“Oh! pardon me,” exclaimed the other, covered with confusion; “I really
-forgot--your way is down stairs, not up.”
-
-“All right--all right,” chuckled Charley to himself as he sprang down,
-taking a flight at each bound; “this is some fellow that she used to care
-for before she saw me; and now, to have every thing fair and straight,
-the gipsy has sent him his dismissal in form. Poor devil! he seems
-disposed to take it to heart very much. Right--right! Best to be off with
-the old love before you be on with the new, as the song says. I declare
-I like her the better for it; and to save the poor fellow’s feelings,
-she never even hinted to me what the letter was about.” And laying this
-flattering unction to his soul, he went about his business in the best of
-good humour with himself and all the world besides.
-
-“Well, Charley,” said Lucy to him on his return to the country, “I know
-beforehand you forgot all about my letter; so give it back to me, if you
-have not lost it. I should not like my billet-doux to remain with the
-rest of your good intentions; give it back to me now, like a good fellow,
-and I’ll forgive you. It’s not your fault, but your misfortune.”
-
-“I am happy to tell you,” answered he, “that all your forebodings have
-proved groundless; and I’m sure, Lucy, that, giddy and careless as you
-may pretend to be, it will give you satisfaction to know that I perfectly
-approve of your conduct.”
-
-Lucy, a little puzzled by this gratifying intimation, received it in
-silence, making a low curtsey in reply, as in duty bound.
-
-“Yes, Lucy,” continued he, “it has made you dearer than ever to me.”
-
-“Will you allow me to ask you one question, Mr Charles Malone?” demanded
-the puzzled lady, “and pray be intelligible if possible in your reply.
-Did you put my letter in the penny-post?”
-
-“No.”
-
-“I thought as much--and pray what have you done with it?”
-
-“You will understand all my allusions,” replied Charley tenderly, “when I
-tell you I delivered it myself into the hands of this Mr Fitzgerald.”
-
-“What! but he didn’t know who you were, did he?” exclaimed she, in utter
-dismay.
-
-“I rather think he guessed,” was the sly reply: “and from the manner in
-which he spoke of you, I was able to guess something too; but you needn’t
-blush now; we’ll say no more about it. Such things will occur in the best
-regulated families.”
-
-“Spoke of me!” said Lucy, in a low and frightened tone; “and had you the
-assurance to mention my name?”
-
-“Why, why not? I hope there was nothing particular in the letter. I
-thought”----
-
-“Oh, you odious blundering wretch!” she exclaimed, interrupting him, and
-bursting into tears; “it was nothing but an innocent, harmless valentine;
-and now look at all the mischief you have put into it.”
-
-It was with a sorrowing heart that Charley wended his way homeward that
-evening, after enduring such a mortifying discovery, and the disagreeable
-consequences entailed thereon, and putting in extreme jeopardy his
-chance of the incensed Lucy, and her very desirable three thousand
-appurtenances; but as he passed the little inn where temporary sojourners
-in B---- were made as comfortable as the nature of the circumstances
-would permit, he caught a glimpse of the figure of a man standing in
-the hall, closely muffled and enveloped in that most successful of all
-disguises which a gentleman can assume, a rough pee-jacket. Could it
-be? it was decidedly like him; but what could bring him there? Nay,
-by Jove! it was the identical Mr Edward Fitzgerald himself, arrived,
-most unaccountably, at the very nick of time, to explain to Lucy how
-inadvertently her name had been alluded to, and thus get him out of the
-scrape. Led by this gleam of hope, he hurried up to the stranger, and
-eagerly claimed his recognition by seizing his hand without ceremony, and
-welcoming him to B----.
-
-“Down about business, I presume?” quoth Charley.
-
-“No--yes--exactly,” stammered the surprised new-comer.
-
-“Egad, you can do my business at all events,” continued Charley. “I
-suppose you know by this time what a cursed mistake I made the other day
-about Miss Bindon’s letter. Oh, you may laugh; but faith it has been no
-laughing matter to me. However, you can set all to rights, if you choose,
-by writing a few lines, saying how it occurred, and that it was quite an
-accident, and all that. Do now, like a good fellow, and I’ll just run
-back with it, and make my peace.”
-
-“You mean,” observed Fitzgerald, “that I should write to Miss Bindon. My
-dear fellow, I shall be delighted; but of course you’ll deliver it under
-the rose. It wouldn’t be the thing, you know, to let the old lady into
-the secret;” and laughing heartily, and displaying the most laudable
-alacrity to extricate Charley from his dilemma, he led the way into the
-parlour, and having procured writing materials, sat down, wrote a few
-hurried lines, which he said would fully explain the whole occurrence
-and set it in a proper light, sealed his note, and delivered it to the
-anxious swain for whose behoof he had penned it, and who hastened away
-with his prize so quickly, that before the ink was dry, he placed it
-in the reluctant hands of the still pouting Lucy. “There!” exclaimed
-he, triumphantly; “since you won’t believe me, maybe you’ll believe
-that. Now, pray don’t throw it into the fire,” continued he, as a very
-unambiguous motion of the young lady seemed to imply was her intention;
-“only read it, and if that don’t satisfy you, I’ll say you’re hard to be
-pleased, and that’s all.”
-
-Moved by this powerful appeal, Lucy cast her eye on the billet; a strange
-sort of emotion passed across her face, and she abruptly broke the seal,
-and proceeded to peruse the contents, while Charley applied himself,
-with equal zeal, to the perusal of her countenance. In it he could read,
-first, surprise, extreme and undisguised; secondly, confusion; and
-lastly, something undefinable, which at all events was not displeasure,
-for she concluded by looking fixedly at him for a moment or two, and then
-yielding to a most unladylike fit of laughter.
-
-“Well, Lucy, is all right?” asked Charley, delighted at this
-demonstration.
-
-“All, all,” she responded. “Why, Charley, you must be canonized for your
-punctuality in the delivery of letters. But remember, not a word to
-mamma--mum, Charley. And now be off, lest she should come down, and ask
-what brought you back.”
-
-“But, Lucy,” interrupted the ardent lover, “now that’s all settled, I
-think you might”----
-
-“Well, here--take it--anything to get rid of you.”
-
-“Oh, Lucy! Lucy!”
-
-Next morning terrible was the hubbub in the household of Mrs Bindon. Miss
-Lucy was nowhere to be had; in fact, had eloped with a gentleman who had
-arrived at the inn the evening before, though by what means she could
-have communicated with him, or he with her, must, as the story-books say,
-for ever remain a mystery, unless we are to suppose the gentleman had the
-audacity to make Charley the bearer of his proposals in his exculpatory
-letter; at least, one to the following purport was found in her room next
-morning:--
-
-    “Dearest Lucy--So you have not forgotten me! It is needless
-    to say I know you to be the writer of the sweet valentine I
-    received last week. It has awakened new hopes in me--hopes that
-    I have ventured here to put to the test. In a word, will you be
-    mine?--if so, we have nothing to hope from your mother. We must
-    elope this night, and I shall accordingly have a carriage in
-    readiness near your door until morning. Pray excuse the bearer
-    all his mistakes, and this last particularly.--Ever your own
-
-                                                             E. F.”
-
-The dowager recognised the initials, but all the rest was heathen Greek
-to her. “Oh, Lucy! Lucy!” she exclaimed, in the bitterness of her grief,
-“did I ever think I was rearing you up to see you make a man of the
-house, at last, out of an attorney’s skip!”
-
-                                                                  A. M’C.
-
-
-
-
-WHY DO ROOTS GROW DOWNWARDS, AND STEMS TOWARDS THE HEAVENS?
-
-FIRST ARTICLE.
-
-
-It cannot have escaped the observation of the most inattentive, the
-tendencies which roots have generally to descend into the ground, and
-which stems have as commonly to grow upwards towards the sky; yet the
-very commonness of these things may have prevented their obtaining the
-attention that they merit; for it must be acknowledged, that to a mind
-directed to them they appear, however frequent their occurrence, not the
-less difficult to explain. It is sufficiently hard to comprehend why
-roots and stems should grow in different directions, the one downwards,
-and the other upwards; but when we add to these the constant manner
-in which the darker surface of a leaf is turned upwards, and the part
-of a flower painted with the most gorgeous colours is directed always
-towards the light, the subject becomes more interesting, and the more
-vexatious ought to be our ignorance: and, then, there are phenomena,
-produced by unusual circumstances, calculated to puzzle us still further,
-and increase our bewilderment. Such are the manner in which a geranium,
-growing at a window, bends its stems and leaves towards the glass; the
-manner in which a potato plant, growing in a cellar into which the light
-is admitted by a single chink, will acquire a most unusual height, and
-follow a most devious and uncommon track to reach that ray of which it
-appears enamoured; and the mode in which a root will descend, along the
-face of a bare rock, an extraordinary distance, in order to arrive at
-some spring or stream. These are objects well worthy of contemplation.
-A remarkable example of one of the facts just alluded to occurred many
-years ago in the tower of an old cathedral in England: a potato plant
-grew to the height of between thirty and forty feet, to get at the
-glimmering light of a partially closed window.
-
-The _final_ causes of many of these facts are easy to comprehend: the
-reason why a root grows down into the earth, is for the purpose of
-obtaining that sustenance which is necessary for the growth of the plant
-of which it is a part; and stems grow upwards, and towards the light,
-because the influence of this element is necessary for the elaboration
-of the sap; as a result of which process, stems grow in thickness, roots
-in length, flowers are developed, and the proper juices of vegetables
-become formed. We are likewise not without the means of explaining
-the _proximate_ cause of one of these phenomena, for we have shown in
-our articles on Vegetable Sap that it is by the ascending sap that
-stems grow in length, and that, when light is excluded, no other sap
-can be formed; this causes the ascending sap to accumulate under such
-circumstances, and, consequently, in the dark, stems may be expected to
-acquire an enormous and very disproportionate length: thus we are enabled
-to understand why the potato, in the instance mentioned, should grow
-to so great a height. But admitting this explanation, how much seems
-incomprehensible in these common and too frequently neglected phenomena!
-We shall endeavour, in this and the following articles, to explain the
-manner in which these curious things occur.
-
-One might imagine that the reason why roots grow into the earth, and
-stems grow out of it, is on account of the former being attracted, and
-the latter repelled, by the materials of which that earth is composed;
-or, on the other hand, by the stems being attracted, and roots repelled,
-by atmospheric air. But such cannot be the case; for if seeds be made
-to germinate in the lower stratum of earth placed in a box furnished
-with holes in the bottom, the roots will descend into the air through
-those holes, while the stems will ascend into the earth. In a similar
-manner, it might and has been thought that roots are attracted, and stems
-repelled, by the moisture of the earth; but a seed made to germinate
-between two moist sponges will protrude its root downwards, and its
-stem upwards, without reference to the liquid in its vicinity. This
-explanation is therefore equally inadmissible. There are some who explain
-these, as well as all other things occurring in living beings, by the
-mysterious principle of life; but we only admit the existence of this
-principle, because there are some phenomena incapable of being accounted
-for by the ordinary laws that rule the universe, and that are common to
-all matter; and it is therefore unphilosophical to ascribe any effects to
-its operation, until they are found to be inexplicable by those ordinary
-laws. But we shall find that the facts in question do not in a great
-measure belong to these exceptions.
-
-The particular directions of stems and roots are produced by a
-combination of causes: if an onion plant, exposed to daylight, be laid
-horizontally on the ground, the extremities of the stem and roots will in
-the course of a few hours turn themselves in their natural directions,
-the one upwards, and the other downwards; if a similar plant be placed
-in a dark cellar, to which no light has access, the same things will
-take place; but that which happens in a few hours, in the one instance,
-will require as many days in the other; and thus we learn that in the
-production of these effects two causes operate: first, the light; and,
-secondly, some other principle distinct from light. It will occur to the
-reader that the absorption of water from the earth, by the most depending
-part of the plant, and its evaporation above, might, by swelling the
-lower portion and contracting the upper, produce the upward curving of
-the stem; to obviate this objection, the plant was placed in water, where
-no evaporation could occur, and absorption must take place equally over
-the whole surface; and still it was found that the same things happened.
-
-Light, therefore, is most powerfully influential in producing the
-particular directions of the parts of plants; but there is another
-principle, distinct from light, which acts in effecting the same
-phenomena in a minor degree, but not the less absolutely and even more
-generally. Let our readers bear in mind the existence of this principle,
-which will form the subject of a future article. For the present, we will
-examine the manner in which light operates in promoting the directions of
-stems and roots.
-
-We have before hinted that the tendency of the organs of vegetables
-towards the light, bears a direct relation to the depth and brilliancy
-of their colours; roots which are usually destitute of colouring matter
-grow away from the light; the upper surfaces of leaves are always the
-most deeply coloured; and in those erect leaves which are equally exposed
-to light, both surface are similarly coloured; if the outer surface
-of a flower be richly tinted, it is pendent; in erect flowers, on the
-contrary, the internal surface is always the most brilliantly painted;
-and in some cases the direction of the flower and fruit is different,
-connected with similar conditions. But in all these instances we have
-reason to believe that the organ is not directed towards the light,
-because it is highly coloured; but that it is highly coloured, because it
-is presented to the light. In plants growing in the dark, all the organs
-are colourless; it is only when exposed to the light that they acquire
-their various hues. Even the extremities of the roots have been found
-in a singular experiment of Dutrochet’s to acquire a green colour by
-exposure to the influence of light.
-
-Is this tendency of the coloured parts of plants to turn towards the
-light, due to an attraction exerted by this agent, or is it produced
-by a peculiarity of growth determined through its influence? A curious
-experiment has settled this question: A leaf, attached by its footstalk
-to a pivot, was so arranged that it could freely turn in every direction:
-under these circumstances, its under surface was exposed to light. If
-an attraction existed between the most deeply coloured portion and the
-light, the leaf might be expected to revolve on its pivot, in obedience
-to this attraction: but instead, the footstalk took on a spiral or
-corkscrew growth, by means of which the upper portion became in time
-presented to the light. Now, this experiment sufficiently showed that the
-manner in which light acts, is by its influence over vegetable growth.
-
-But what is the influence of light over vegetable growth? We have already
-answered this question in our articles on the Sap: we have found that
-when light is present, the sap becomes elaborated in the green parts of
-plants; and the use of this elaborated sap is, by developing vegetable
-fibre, to increase the thickness of stems, and the length of roots. While
-the ascending sap, by forming vegetable flesh, lengthens the stems, and
-makes the root thick, the directions of the different parts of plants, by
-the agency of light, must be in obedience to these functions.
-
-We are now in a condition to comprehend the cause of some phenomena. A
-geranium (_Pelargonium_) stem, placed at a window, curves towards the
-light: this takes place, because the portion of stem nearest the window
-elaborates most sap: consequently, in this portion most vegetable fibre
-is formed. The portion away from the light, on the contrary, has most
-ascending sap, which forms fleshy tissue, and lengthens the stem; the
-half of the stem remote from the light is therefore longer, that next
-the window is shorter; the former is fleshy and elastic, the latter is
-rigid and fibrous. Need we be surprised, then, that the short, rigid,
-and fibrous portion should draw down the long, fleshy, and elastic part,
-and curve it towards the light?--it is but the bending of a bow, by the
-agency of its string.
-
-But why do roots curve away from the light? Neither is this difficult to
-understand. Roots do not elaborate the sap, nor form vegetable fibre of
-their own: what vegetable fibre they contain is pushed down through them
-from the stem: more of this vegetable fibre will force its way downwards,
-from the part of the stem nearest the light, than from that which is most
-remote: two forces of unequal intensity will push downwards, through
-opposite portions of the root; the greater pressure may be expected to
-overcome the lesser, and in obedience to this, the root will curve away
-from the light.
-
-We have now endeavoured to demonstrate the manner in which light operates
-in causing the directions of stems and roots: but it will be recollected
-that there is another principle, less powerful but more universal, which
-shares in the production of these effects. The consideration of this will
-form the subject of our next article.
-
-                                                                    J. A.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-CAROLAN THE HARPER.--Respecting the origin of Carolan’s fine air of
-“Bumper Squire Jones,” we have heard a different account from that given
-on O’Neill’s authority. It was told us by our lamented friend, the late
-Dean of St Patrick’s, as the tradition preserved in his family, and was
-to the following effect: Carolan and Baron Dawson, the grand or great
-grand-uncle of the dean, happened to be enjoying together, with others,
-the hospitalities of Squire Jones at Moneyglass, and slept in rooms
-adjacent to each other. The bard, being called upon by the company to
-compose a song or tune in honour of their host, undertook to comply with
-their request, and on retiring to his apartment, took his harp with him,
-and under the inspiration of copious libations of his favourite liquor,
-not only produced the melody now known as “Bumper Squire Jones,” but also
-very indifferent English words to it. While the bard was thus employed,
-however, the judge was not idle. Being possessed of a fine musical ear as
-well as of considerable poetical talents, he not only fixed the melody on
-his memory, but actually wrote the noble song now incorporated with it
-before he retired to rest. The result may be anticipated. At breakfast
-on the following morning, when Carolan sang and played his composition,
-Baron Dawson, to the astonishment of all present, and of the bard in
-particular, stoutly denied the claim of Carolan to the melody, charged
-him with audacious piracy, both musical and poetical, and, to prove
-the fact, sang the melody to his own words amidst the joyous shouts of
-approbation of all his hearers,--the enraged bard excepted, who vented
-his execrations on the judge in curses both loud and deep.--_Dublin
-University Magazine._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-The two most precious things on this side the grave are our reputation
-and our life. But it is to be lamented, that the most contemptible
-whisper may deprive us of the one, and the weakest weapon of the other.
-A wise man, therefore, will be more anxious to deserve a fair name than
-to possess it, and this will teach him so to live as not to be afraid to
-die.--_Colton._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at
-    the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane,
-    College Green, Dublin.--Sold by all Booksellers.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-29, January 16, 1841, by Various
-
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 29,
-January 16, 1841, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
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-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 29, January 16, 1841
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-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
-
-<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1>
-
-<table summary="Headline layout">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="smcap">Number 29.</td>
-    <td class="center">SATURDAY, JANUARY 16, 1841.</td>
-    <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;">
-<img src="images/castle.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="Kilbarron Castle" />
-</div>
-
-<h2>KILBARRON CASTLE, COUNTY OF DONEGAL.</h2>
-
-<p>We think our readers generally will concur with us in considering
-the subject of our prefixed illustration as a very
-striking and characteristic one&mdash;presenting features which,
-except among the castles of the Scottish highland chiefs, will
-only be found on the wild shores of our own romantic island.
-It is indeed a truly Irish scene&mdash;poetical and picturesque in the
-extreme, and its history is equally peculiar, being wholly unlike
-any thing that could be found relating to any castle out
-of Ireland.</p>
-
-<p>From the singularity of its situation, seated on a lofty,
-precipitous, and nearly insulated cliff, exposed to the storms
-and billows of the western ocean, our readers will naturally
-conclude that this now sadly dilapidated and time-worn ruin
-must have owed its origin to some rude and daring chief of
-old, whose occupation was war and rapine, and whose thoughts
-were as wild and turbulent as the waves that washed his sea-girt
-eagle dwelling; and such, in their ignorance of its unpublished
-history, has been the conclusion drawn by modern
-topographers, who tell us that it is supposed to have been the
-habitation of freebooters. But it was not so; and our readers
-will be surprised when we acquaint them that this lonely,
-isolated fortress was erected as an abode for peaceful men&mdash;a
-safe and quiet retreat in troubled times for the laborious investigators
-and preservers of the history, poetry, and antiquities
-of their country! Yes, reader, this castle was the
-residence of the ollaves, bards, and antiquaries of the people
-of Tirconnell&mdash;the illustrious family of the O’Clerys, to
-whose zealous labours in the preservation of the history and
-antiquities of Ireland we are chiefly indebted for the information
-on those subjects with which we so often endeavour to
-instruct and amuse you. You will pardon us, then, if with a
-grateful feeling to those benefactors of our country to whose
-labours we owe so much, we endeavour to do honour to their
-memory by devoting a few pages of our little national work
-to their history, as an humble but not unfitting monument to
-their fame.</p>
-
-<p>We trust, however, that such a sketch as we propose
-will not be wholly wanting either in interest or instruction.
-It will throw additional light upon the ancient
-customs and state of society in Ireland, and exhibit in a
-striking way a remarkable feature in the character of our countrymen
-of past ages, which no adverse circumstances were ever
-able utterly to destroy, and which, we trust, will again distinguish
-them as of old&mdash;their love for literature and learning,
-and their respect for good and learned men. It will
-also exhibit another trait in their national character no less
-peculiar or remarkable, namely, their great anxiety to preserve
-their family histories&mdash;a result of which is, that even to
-the present day the humblest Irish peasant, as well as the
-estated gentleman, can not unfrequently trace his descent not
-only to a more remote period, but also with a greater abundance
-of historical evidence than most of the princely families
-of Europe. This is, indeed, a trait in the national character
-which philosophers, and men like ourselves, usually affect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
-to hold in contempt. But no species of knowledge should be
-despised; and the desire to penetrate the dim obscurities of
-time in search of our origin, as well as to speculate upon our
-future prospects, is one of the characteristics which distinguish
-the human from the lower animals of creation, and
-without which we should have little to boast of over them.</p>
-
-<p>The family of O’Clery, or, as the name is now usually written,
-Cleary, and sometimes anglicized Clarke, is not of Tirconnellian
-origin, nor of very ancient standing in the country
-of the Kinel-Connell race, the present county of Donegal.
-Their original locality was in Hy-Fiachrach-Aidhne, a district
-comprising the entire of the present diocese of Kilmacduagh,
-in the present county of Galway, and of which their
-ancestors were, for a long period previous to the Anglo-Norman
-conquest, the hereditary lords or kings. As usual in
-ancient Irish topographical names, this territory derived its
-appellation from that of the tribe by whom it was formed into
-a principality, the name Hy-Fiachrach-Aidhne being the
-tribe name of the descendants of Fiachra, who was the son of
-Eochy-Moyvaine, King of Ireland in the fourth century. On
-the adoption of surnames, however, at the close of the tenth
-century, this tribe having split into several distinct families,
-assumed different surnames from their immediate progenitors,
-and of these families the most eminent were the O’Clerys,
-the O’Heynes, the O’Shaughnessys, the Mac Giolla Kellys,
-and the O’Moghans.</p>
-
-<p>The occasion of the first settlement of the O’Clerys at
-Kilbarron, in the country of Tirconnell, will be best told in the
-simple statement of his descendants, as given in their genealogical
-work.</p>
-
-<p>“The English power, that is to say, the power of the
-Burkes descended from William (Fitz Adelm) the Conqueror,
-having become in the ascendant over the descendants of
-Eochy Breac, the son of Dathi, the son of Fiachra, &amp;c.,
-several of the latter were separated, and dispersed into various
-districts, viz, Mac Giolla Kelly went into Western Erris,
-and a branch of the O’Clerys into Hy-awley Mac Fiachrach.
-Another branch of them passed into [East] Munster, and
-settled in the vicinity of Kilkenny, and another again passed
-into Breifney O’Reilly, and are there known as the Clan
-Clery.</p>
-
-<p>After a lapse of time, a wise and intelligent man of the
-O’Clerys went from Tir-awley into Tirconnell. Cormac
-O’Clery was his name, and he was a proficient in both the
-laws, that is, the civil and the canon law. The monks and
-learned men of the monastery of St Bernard, called Assaroe
-(near Ballyshannon), conceived a great respect and affection
-for him, on account of his councils, his good morals, his wisdom,
-and his intellect, and they detained him among them for
-a time. He was at this period young and comely.</p>
-
-<p>For a long time previously, O’Sgingin had been the ollave
-[chief historian] to the lord of the Kinel-Connell, that is the
-O’Donnell; and it was from Ard-Carne in Moy-Lurg of the
-Dagda that he came into Tirconnell.</p>
-
-<p>When the Cormac O’Clery of whom we have spoken
-came into Tirconnell, Niall Garbh, the son of Hugh, the son
-of Donnell Oge, was lord of the country; and O’Sgingin, that
-is, Matthew, was ollave to him at the time; and there did not
-then live of children with O’Sgingin, nor yet of his tribe, but
-an only and beautiful daughter. And this daughter O’Sgingin
-gave as wife to this Cormac, and all he demanded for her
-as a dower<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> was, that if ever a son should be born to them,
-he should be trained up in the knowledge of literature and
-history, as his own family were all extinct in that country except
-this only daughter. Cormac promised to fulfil this request,
-and he did so.</p>
-
-<p>A son was born of Cormac and O’Sgingin’s daughter, and
-he was named Giolla Brighde, in honour and remembrance of
-Giolla Brighde O’Sgingin, his maternal uncle, who was the
-intended ollave of Tirconnell, but had died some time before,
-in the year 1382.</p>
-
-<p>Son to that Giolla Brighde O’Clery was Giolla Riabhach;
-and son to Giolla Riabhach was Dermot of the three
-schools, so called because he kept a school for literature, a
-school for history, and a school for poetry. It was to that
-Dermot that O’Donnell, that is, Niall, the son of Turlogh an
-fhiona, gave the territory called Creevagh, which was his principal
-residence for a time, and which was given him in addition
-to other lands which O’Donnell’s ancestors had previously
-given to O’Sgingin, in reward for his skill in the science
-which was hereditary to him, namely, history.</p>
-
-<p>Son to Dermot of the three schools was Teige Cam, who
-had the three celebrated sons, Tuathal, Gillareagh, and Dermot.
-It was by them that the stone houses were built in
-Kilbarron; for they and their ancestors were the occupants of
-Kilbarron since the time of Cormac already mentioned, who
-came first to Tirconnell; and they were also the occupants of
-Carrow-na-Caheragh, and Carrownty-clogh of the lands of
-the monastery of Assaroe. To them also belonged (as a gift)
-from O’Donnell, the quarter of Kildoney, the quarter of Coolremur,
-and the quarter of Drumincrin in Moy-Enné.</p>
-
-<p>The children of Tuathal, the son of Teige Cam, the son
-of Dermot of the three schools, were Teige Cam, Giolla
-Riabhach, Mahon, and William. Teige Cam (the son of
-Tuathal) left no issue but one daughter, Sheela.”</p>
-
-<p>The preceding extract furnishes us with a very striking
-evidence of the regard anciently entertained for learning in
-Ireland, and of the liberal endowments made for the support of
-its professors. The lands named as belonging to the ollaves
-of Tirconnell are still known by the appellations above given,
-and would at the present day produce a rental little short of
-two thousand a-year. Ah! it will be long till learning in
-the history and literature of our country be again thus nobly
-recompensed! But it may be asked, were these professors of
-old worthy of the liberal patronage thus afforded them&mdash;were
-they mindful of the duties imposed upon them in return for it?
-We answer, that we think they were, and in support of our
-opinion we adduce the following brief but expressive tributes
-to their memories as recorded by our Annalists:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“1492. O’Clery, that is, Teige Cam (or the crooked), ollave
-to O’Donnell in science, poetry, and history, a man who had
-maintained a house of universal hospitality for the mighty
-and the needy, died, after having subdued the world and the
-devil.”</p>
-
-<p>“1512. Tuathal O’Clery, the son of Teige Cam, a man
-learned in history and poetry&mdash;a man who kept a house of
-hospitality generally for rich and poor, died.”</p>
-
-<p>“1522. This year was killed, besides two of the poets of
-O’Donnell, Dermot, the son of Teige Cam O’Clery, a man
-learned in history and poetry&mdash;a man who kept a house of
-hospitality universally for the rich and the poor.”</p>
-
-<p>“1527. O’Clery, that is, Giolla Riabhach, the son of Teige
-Cam, learned in the sciences, in historical knowledge, in
-poetry, and in theological reading, a man respected and rich,
-died.”</p>
-
-<p>“1583. In this year Turlogh Luineach O’Neal, having attacked
-O’Donnell at Drumleen, in revenge of the burning of
-Strabane by the latter some time previously, he was defeated
-by O’Donnell with great loss, and amongst the slain was
-Maelmurry (the son of Dermott, who was son of Mahon,
-who was son of Tuathal) O’Clery, the only hostage of O’Neill
-and the Kenel-Owen, for his father and O’Neill himself had
-been born of the same mother. Maelmurry, on account of
-his relationship with O’Neill, had been in possession of all
-O’Neill’s wealth, and O’Neill would have given three times
-the usual quantity of every kind of property for his ransom,
-if ransomed he could have been; but he was first mortally
-wounded and afterwards drowned by O’Donnell’s people, who
-were in high spirits, and rejoiced greatly at seeing him thus
-cut off.”</p>
-
-<p>“1583. Cosnamhach, the son of Cucogry (or Peregrine),
-who was the son of Dermot, who was the son of Teige Cam
-O’Clery&mdash;a rich and flourishing man, who had maintained a
-house of hospitality at one time in Thomond and another in
-Tirconnell, died at Fuar-Chosach in Tirconnell, in the lent
-of this year, and was interred under the asylum of God and
-St Bernard, in the monastery of Assaroe.”</p>
-
-<p>This devotion to literature was not, however, a characteristic
-of the O’Clerys in their days of wealth and prosperity
-only, but distinguished them with even greater lustre
-when reduced to poverty in after times, as will clearly appear
-from the facts we have yet to adduce. But as we are sketching
-their genealogical history, as well as their character, we
-must previously continue their pedigree from the period of
-their settlement at Kilbarron, to their extinction as professional
-ollaves, on the ruin of their patrons the O’Donnells, and,
-for the sake of clearness, we shall give it in a tabular form.</p>
-
-<p>1. Cormac O’Clery, the first who settled in Donegal.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>2. Giolla Brighde O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>3. Giolla Riabhach O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>4. Dermot of the three schools.</p>
-
-<p>5. Teige Cam (or the stooped) O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>6. Dermot O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>7. Cucogry (or Peregrine) O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>8. Mac Con O’Clery; his brother, Cosnamach, died in
-1584.</p>
-
-<p>9. Lughaidh (or Lewis) Giolla Brighde, Mac Con Meirgeach,
-Cucogry, and Duigen O’Clery.</p>
-
-<p>Of these sons, the eldest, Lughaidh, was the most distinguished
-of the Irish literati of the northern half of Ireland
-in his time, and the principal poetical combatant on the
-part of the northern bards in the contest with those of the
-southern division, which took place about the commencement
-of the seventeenth century, respecting the claims of the
-rival dynasties of the northern and southern divisions of
-Ireland to supremacy and renown. The poems written on
-this occasion are usually collected into a volume, entitled
-“<cite>Iomarbadh</cite>,” or, Contention of the Bards, and were long
-popular among the Irish people. He was also the compiler
-of Annals of his Own Times, which the Four Masters used in
-their great compilations. As chief of his sept, this Lughaidh,
-or Lewis O’Clery, held the entire of the lands bestowed on
-his ancestors, as well as the herenach lands of the parish of
-Kilbarron, as hereditary herenach, till the flight of the northern
-earls in 1607, when they were lost to him and his family
-in the general confiscation which followed, and became the
-property of the Lord Folliott and the Bishop of Raphoe. He
-held those lands, however, till the close of the year 1609, and
-was selected as one of the “good and lawful men” of the
-county, appointed in obedience to a commission to inquire into
-the king’s title to the several escheated and forfeited lands in
-Ulster, and which held an inquisition for this purpose at Lifford,
-on the 12th of September 1609. In this inquisition,
-which furnishes the most valuable information upon the nature
-of ancient Irish tenures, it is stated that “the parish of
-Kilbarron contains five quarters in all, whereof one quarter
-is herenach land possessed by the sept of the Cleries
-as herenaches, paying thereout yearlie to the lord busshopp of
-Raphoe thirteen shillings four pence Irish per annum, six
-meathers of butter, and thirty-four meathers of meale; and
-that there is one quarter named Kildoned, in the tenure of the
-said sept of the Cleries, free from any tithes to the busshopp,”
-&amp;c. And again, “That there are in the said parishe three
-quarters of Collumbkillies land, everie quarter conteyninge sixe
-balliboes in the tenure of Lewe O’Cleerie, to whom the said
-lands were sithence mortgaged for fortie pounds, by the said
-late Earle of Tirconnell unto the said Lewe, who hath paid thereout
-yearly unto his Majestie, since the late earl’s departure,
-four poundes, two muttons, and a pair of gloves, but nothing
-to the said busshopp.”</p>
-
-<p>Cucogry, or Peregrine O’Clery, the son of Lughaidh or
-Lewy, and chief of the name, held the half quarter of the lands
-of Coobeg and Dowghill, in the proportion of Monargane, in the
-barony of Boylagh and Bannagh, from hollandtide 1631 until
-May 1632, for which he paid eight pounds sterling per annum
-to William Farrell, Esq., assignee to the Earl of Annandale,
-as appears from an inquisition taken at Lifford on the 25th of
-May 1632, but “being a mere Irishman, and not of English
-or British descent or surname,” he was dispossessed, and the
-lands became forfeited to the king.</p>
-
-<p>The O’Clerys were thus wholly reduced to poverty, but not
-to idleness, in the service of their country’s literature. It was
-in this year 1632 that they commenced that series of works
-devoted to the preservation of Irish history, which has made
-their names so illustrious, and of which the celebrated annals,
-called the Annals of the Four Masters, are now the most popularly
-known. A full account of this great work, written by
-the author of this article, will be found in the Transactions of
-the Royal Irish Academy, and reprinted in the first volume of
-the Dublin Penny Journal. The persons concerned in its
-compilation were, first, Teige of the Mountain O’Clery, who,
-after becoming a Franciscan friar, adopted the name of Michael,
-2 Maurice O’Mulconary; 3 Fergus O’Mulconary; 4 Cucogry,
-the son of Lewy O’Clery; 5 Cucogry O’Duigen; 6 Conary
-O’Clery, the brother of Michael. The work was commenced
-in the monastery of Donegal, of which Father Bernardin
-O’Clery was guardian, on the 22d of January 1632,
-and finished in the same convent on the 10th of August
-1636, the brotherhood supplying the transcribers with the
-necessary support.</p>
-
-<p>The motives which actuated the O’Clerys to enter on a work
-of such labour as this, are very feelingly and prophetically expressed
-in the dedication to it by Michael, the superintendant
-of the work. “Judging that should such a compilation be
-neglected at present, or consigned to a future time, a risk
-might be run that the materials for it should never again be
-brought together,”&mdash;and such indeed would have been their
-fate. In the same spirit the O’Clerys compiled their <cite>Leabhar
-Gabhala</cite>, or book of the conquests of Ireland, containing the
-most valuable ancient historical poems preserved in the language;
-their book of Genealogies; their <cite>Reim riograidhe</cite>, or
-catalogue of kings; and their calendar and genealogies of the
-Saints or distinguished ecclesiastics of Ireland. In addition
-to these, Cucogry, the son of Lewy, wrote the Life of Red
-Hugh O’Donnell, a work of the greatest value and interest.
-Copies of all these works are now preserved in the library of
-the Royal Irish Academy, and with the exception of two of
-them, are in the autograph of Cucogry O’Clery, the best
-scribe of the family, or of the Four Masters conjointly.</p>
-
-<p>The preservation of these remains, so essential to our history,
-is very interestingly connected with the subsequent
-fortunes of the O’Clery family.</p>
-
-<p>Towards the close of the fatal troubles of the seventeenth
-century, the O’Clerys, with many other families of Tirconnell,
-were forced to seek shelter in the wilds of Erris, in Mayo,
-under the guidance of their natural leader Roger O’Donnell,
-the son of Colonel Manus O’Donnell, who was killed at Dungannon
-in 1646, and ancestor to the present Sir Richard
-O’Donnell of Newport. Of these O’Clerys, was Cucogry,
-one of the Four Masters, and senior representative of the name,
-who, carrying with him his books as his chief treasure, bequeathed
-them to his two sons Dermot and John. How
-strong this feeling of pride in his books, and his love of learning,
-continued in the midst of adversities, and even in
-death, will appear from the following extract from his autograph
-will, which was made at Curr-na-heilté, near Newport,
-and which is preserved in one of his works now in the library
-of the Academy. It is the first or principal item among his
-bequests:&mdash;“I bequeath the property most dear to me that
-ever I possessed in this world, namely, my books, to my two
-sons Dermot and Shane (or John.) Let them extract from
-them, without injuring them, whatever may be necessary to
-their purpose, and let them be equally seen and used by the
-children of my brother Cairbre as by themselves; and let them
-instruct them according to the (obliterated.) And I request the
-children of Cairbre to teach and instruct their children. And
-I command my sons to be loving, friendly, and kind to the children
-of Cairbre, and to their own children, if they wish that
-God should befriend them in the other world, or prosper them
-in this, and give them the inheritance of heaven.”</p>
-
-<p>The injunctions thus solemnly laid on his posterity were
-faithfully fulfilled. His books were carefully preserved and
-studied by his descendants from generation to generation, till,
-being brought to Dublin about thirty years since, by John
-O’Clery, the eldest representative of his line, they got into
-the possession of the late Edward O’Reilly, at the sale of
-whose books and Irish MSS. they were purchased for the
-Royal Irish Academy.</p>
-
-<p>This John O’Clery, who still lives, is the fifth in descent
-from Cucogry, the annalist, who died in 1664; and, like his
-ancestors, he is a good Irish scribe and scholar. We may
-also remark, that, though in very humble life, he can boast of
-a pedigree unbroken through fifty-two generations, from
-Eochy-Moyvaine, monarch of Ireland in the fourth century,
-and this on historical evidence that the learned could hardly
-venture to question.</p>
-
-<p>To these notices we have only to add, in reference to the
-subject of our illustration, that though, from the account
-which we have already given from the O’Clery MS. it might
-be supposed that Kilbarron Castle was erected by them in
-the sixteenth century, the castle itself bears evidences in
-many parts that it is of much earlier antiquity. The tradition
-of the country, as stated by the author of the Donegal
-Statistical Survey, is, that it was originally erected by O’Sginneen
-or Sgingin; and this tradition is fully verified by an entry
-in the Annals of the Four Masters, which states that Kilbarron
-Castle was rased to the ground by Donnell, the son of
-Murtogh O’Connor, in 1390. The probability, therefore, is,
-that it was re-edified immediately afterwards by Cormac
-O’Clery, though houses of stone were not erected within its
-enclosures till a later period.</p>
-
-<p class="right">P.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i lang="ga">Tinnscra</i>, in the original&mdash;a reward, portion, or dowery&mdash;it being the
-custom among the Irish as among the Eastern nations, that the husband
-should make a present to his wife’s father, or to herself, upon his marriage.
-As Byron says&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse indent7">“Though this seems odd</div>
-<div class="verse">’Tis true; the reason is, that the bashaw</div>
-<div class="verse">Must make a present to his sire-in-law.”</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">THE TALKING AND TACITURN AGES.</h2>
-
-<p>Among all the enjoyments of life, there was none which our
-great lexicographer esteemed superior to a “good talk.”
-It was to him as the supper of the Gods. He would walk a
-long way for it; and if he attained his end, he would express
-his highest feelings of satisfaction by saying, “Sir, we had
-a good talk.” What share he took in it himself on such occasions,
-it might have been interesting to inquire. That it
-was a large one, we may rest assured; but few probably
-complained of the circumstance&mdash;so capital a talker was our
-“British Socrates.” Yet to a good talk on equal terms, it
-will be allowed there should be some reciprocity. To “harangue”
-in company is not to talk fairly. It is a practice,
-indeed, common enough in the world; but if the just rules
-which ought to prevail in the conversational commonwealth
-be considered, it must be allowed to be a violation of them.
-The formality of the speech is utterly destructive to the
-freedom of the republic. Reciprocity is its very life and
-soul; but the speech-maker lays it up at once in a state of
-suspended animation. Next to the speech-maker, we may
-rank as the greatest infringer of these laws the determined
-“argufier,” or disputatious person, who loves an argument
-so much that you can advance no proposition that he is not
-ready immediately to controvert. In the presence of such
-a person, conversation shares the fate of true love, and never
-can “run smooth.” There is an appearance of equitableness
-about this character, that may render him less manifestly
-engrossing than the former; but his egotism is only a little
-better concealed, and he invariably achieves the same disagreeable
-result, namely, to silence every body else, and keep
-the field entirely to himself. Of such a person we shall say
-with Jacques, “I have been all day to avoid him. He is too
-‘disputable’ for my company. I think of as many matters as
-he: but I give heaven thanks, and make no boast.”</p>
-
-<p>There are two words in the English language which really
-comprise all the rules, laws, and regulations necessary for
-the good government of conversation, and these are “brevity,”
-“reciprocity.” If each individual would remember
-when he takes part in conversation that there are others to
-do so as well as himself, he would necessarily be brief in his
-own performances. And this brevity has many advantages.
-Our time is short; our meetings together for conversation
-are commonly, like angels’ visits, “few and far between,”
-and in general short; tediousness is the sure destroyer, as
-brevity is “the soul,” of wit, and therefore he that would enliven
-his hearers, and dispose them to hear him again, should
-be above all things “short.” It is acting upon the second
-golden line, also, and shows a proper consideration for the
-rights of others. It is doing as a man would be done by. In
-addition to which, we may observe, that each should listen,
-if he desire to be listened to&mdash;should hear, if he desire to be
-heard in return.</p>
-
-<p>Thus these two words “brevity” and “reciprocity” form
-a concise but plain and simple code upon the subject. Much
-might be said, indeed, in the way of commentary; but commentary
-sometimes tends rather to obscure than to elucidate,
-and in this case is manifestly uncalled for.</p>
-
-<p>It must be remembered, however, that these laws can only
-conduce to the <em>improvement</em> and <em>regulation</em> of conversational
-intercourse, but are wholly inadequate to <em>originate</em> or <em>insure</em>
-that “good talking” of which the report has come down to
-us. This is an object not to be accomplished by rule. The
-proverb of the wise man says that “out of the fullness of the
-heart the mouth speaketh;” and we may safely affirm that
-where there is plenty of matter weighing upon the mind, and
-where it is of a kind that interests the feelings, there will
-be at least no lack of utterance. Under an opposite state of
-things, a contrary result may be expected, and cannot, by
-any rule of art that we have ever heard of, be contravened.
-But we must proclaim a truce with this train of observation.
-We feel that we have been twaddling after the manner of
-some of our elder essayists, oblivious of the age in which we
-actually exist. Who has time to think <em>now</em> of good talking,
-or of talking at all?</p>
-
-<p>The age of Johnsonism is departed; and in these days, instead
-of running after a “good talk,” there is nothing which
-the people would run more resolutely from. This is the age
-of hurry and bustle, and of doing, not talking. It is the
-age of machinery and iron. We do every thing by mechanical
-contrivance: we print by it, travel by it, count by it, and
-very soon, we expect, we shall talk by it. All our great discoveries
-and inventions are unfavourable to speech. What
-need to speak, indeed, when almost every thing we may wish
-to say or hear of is printed? No occasion to ask our neighbour
-questions, or to moot points of any kind with us: the
-press answers and discusses them all most satisfactorily.
-Printing is driving conversation out of the world. It is rendering
-it not only superfluous, but impracticable; for how is
-it possible to find time to read all that is given us to read in these
-days, and to go on talking after the old fashion? The thing is
-manifestly impossible; and our own conclusion is, that we are
-hurrying on rapidly to the age of pure taciturnity. When
-the sun of this solemn age shall have reached its meridian,
-talking will have passed into the mouths of old women
-and sucklings, or of merely professional people. We say
-professional people, because, though conversation in general
-will have become monosyllabic, or be carried on perhaps by
-signals, without the use of speech at all, we yet think it
-highly probable that there will be persons who will occupy
-themselves with it as a profession. This will be only a carrying
-out of the grand principle of the division of labour; and
-their occupation, being followed professionally, will be executed
-in the very best style, and on the most scientific principles.
-Professional talkers will then be engaged for large parties
-just as singers are now, and will amuse the company with
-studiously prepared anecdotes, beautifully executed disquisitions,
-flashes of merriment, repartees, rejoinders, grave remarks,
-useful hints, and whatever else can conduce to entertain
-or instruct&mdash;whilst hosts and guests will on their part
-sit at ease in all the luxury of silence.</p>
-
-<p>As to the rules of “good talking” which we began by laying
-down, we are sensible that in a short time they must
-become quite obsolete. Conversation is even now as the “last
-rose of summer,” and going out very fast indeed. If what
-we have said can be of any use to cheer or improve its declining
-years, we shall be amply rewarded; but if we are already
-too late, then let it be kept, and in some twenty years more
-it may be looked upon as a decided curiosity. “See here
-what I have found,” may somebody “use the machine” to intimate,
-for as to speaking so many words together, nobody
-will do it. “See what I have found in an early number of
-the Irish Penny Journal&mdash;‘Rules for good talking!’&mdash;well,
-now, what could <em>that</em> have been? Dear me, what strange
-habits they must have had in those days!”</p>
-
-<p class="right">X. D.</p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">THE JACOBITE RELICS OF IRELAND.&mdash;No. I.</h2>
-
-<p>The Jacobite relics of England, and to a still greater extent
-those of Scotland, have been given to the world, and are well
-deserving of such preservation; for they reflect no small
-light on the character and temperament of the English and
-Scottish people during the last century. But until the appearance
-of Mr Hardiman’s Irish Minstrelsy it was hardly
-known that in their political enthusiasm for the fate of a decaying
-family the Irish people participated with so large a
-portion of those of the sister islands, and that it gave birth
-to an equal number of poetical effusions in our own country&mdash;but
-with this difference, that their sentiments are usually
-veiled under an allegorical form, and always in the Irish language.
-To Mr Hardiman we are indebted for the preservation
-of the originals of many of those productions, and also
-for translations of them. These translations are however too
-free to enable the English reader to form any very accurate
-idea of the Irish originals, and we are therefore tempted to
-present a series of these relics to our readers, with translations
-of a more literal and faithful description; not limiting ourselves
-to those which have already appeared in Mr Hardiman’s
-work&mdash;as in the specimen which we have selected to commence
-with, which is still popularly sung in Ireland to the
-old melody called “Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan.”</p>
-
-<p>We may observe, that the name of the author of this song,
-if ever known, is no longer remembered; but there seems to
-be no doubt that the song itself is of Munster origin.</p>
-
-<h3>KATHALEEN NY-HOULAHAN.</h3>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">Long they pine in weary woe, the nobles of our land,</div>
-<div class="verse">Long they wander to and fro, proscribed, alas! and banned;</div>
-<div class="verse">Feastless, houseless, altarless, they bear the exile’s brand,</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">But their hope is in the coming-to of Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">Think her not a ghastly hag, too hideous to be seen,</div>
-<div class="verse">Call her not unseemly names, our matchless Kathaleen;</div>
-<div class="verse">Young she is, and fair she is, and would be crowned a queen,</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">Were the king’s son at home here with Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">Sweet and mild would look her face, O none so sweet and mild,</div>
-<div class="verse">Could she crush the foes by whom her beauty is reviled;</div>
-<div class="verse">Woollen plaids would grace herself and robes of silk her child,</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">If the king’s son were living here with Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">Sore disgrace it is to see the Arbitress of thrones,</div>
-<div class="verse">Vassal to a <i lang="ga">Saxoneen</i> of cold and sapless bones!</div>
-<div class="verse">Bitter anguish wrings our souls&mdash;with heavy sighs and groans</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">We wait the Young Deliverer of Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">Let us pray to Him who holds Life’s issues in His hands&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse">Him who formed the mighty globe, with all its thousand lands;</div>
-<div class="verse">Girdling them with seas and mountains, rivers deep, and strands,</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">To cast a look of pity upon Kathaleen Ny-Houlahan!</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">He, who over sands and waves led Israel along&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse">He, who fed, with heavenly bread, that chosen tribe and throng&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse">He, who stood by Moses, when his foes were fierce and strong&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse indent2">May He show forth His might in saving Kathaleen-Ny-Houlahan!</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse right">M.</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">CAUSE AND EFFECT,<br />
-<span class="smaller">OR THE MISFORTUNES OF CHARLEY MALONE.</span></h2>
-
-<p>“Well,” said Hubert Dillon to me one day, “did you ever
-hear or read of such an unlucky being as that Charley
-Malone?”</p>
-
-<p>“Indeed I did,” was my reply; “on the contrary, I look
-upon him as one of the most fortunate men in existence.”</p>
-
-<p>“Tut, tut! how can you say that, unless it be for the pure
-love of contradiction?&mdash;how long is it ago, I ask you, since he
-almost broke his neck riding the steeple-chase in Mullaghmoran?”</p>
-
-<p>“Why, my dear fellow,” I rejoined, “I consider him most
-miraculously fortunate in not having broken his neck altogether
-on the occasion; he was warned before hand that the horse
-couldn’t possibly carry him over such a leap; and how he
-escaped so safely, will always remain a puzzle to me.”</p>
-
-<p>“Well, I’ll give you another instance&mdash;the very morning he
-was to have fought Cornet Bagley, didn’t the police catch him,
-and get him bound over?”</p>
-
-<p>“And devilish well for him they did, let me tell you, otherwise
-poor Charley would have been a case for the coroner
-before dinner time. The cornet’s a dead shot, and you know
-yourself that Charley couldn’t hit a turf clamp.”</p>
-
-<p>“Didn’t he lose fifty pounds at hazard to George Byrne
-last winter in one night?”</p>
-
-<p>“Sign’s on it, he booked himself against the bones for ever
-and a day as soon as he got up next morning, and by consequence
-may be expected to have something to leave to the
-heirs of his body, when he has them.”</p>
-
-<p>“Well, talking of heirs: what have you to say to his matrimonial
-speculations, this last affair particularly&mdash;to lose
-such a girl and such a fortune by his own confounded blundering.
-You’ll not call that good fortune surely.” But our
-reminiscences of “Charley’s last,” thus recalled, were too
-much for mortal gravity to bear, and laughter, long, loud, and
-uproarious, cut short the argument, leaving me still however
-impressed with the belief, that, only for himself, Charley would
-be a second Fortunatus; at all events, that he could not justly
-announce himself a martyr to the frowns of the goddess.</p>
-
-<p>In the first place, two uncles, five cousins, and an elder
-brother of his own, had all stood between him and the family
-property, worth three hundred a-year, or thereabouts, but
-with an alacrity and good nature quite exemplary to all
-uncles and cousins under similar circumstances, they all
-within a couple of years quitted the scene. Before the last
-of them was sodded, however, Charley took it into his head to
-borrow some money, on the chance of his inheritance, at twenty
-per cent. As the aforesaid chance was rather a good one, he
-was soon accommodated; but the wax on the bond was scarce
-cold when he was called to the joy of mourning at the funeral
-of his last impediment. Oh, if he had had but the luck to wait
-one week!&mdash;he was the most unfortunate dog in the world!</p>
-
-<p>Still, matrimony might enable him to retrieve all, and accordingly
-to work he went, and wild work, sure enough, he
-made of it. His last affair in that line, however, being that
-which fairly convinced him of the unprofitable nature of his
-pursuit, and likewise being rather a good thing in its way, is
-the only one which I shall offer in illustration of Charley’s luck
-and Charley’s mode of managing it.</p>
-
-<p>A letter, directed in female fashion, was handed to him one
-morning by the postmaster of B&mdash;&mdash;, the town contiguous
-to which lay his mansion; thus ran its contents, with the
-commentary of the reader:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>“Dear Charles&mdash;[has she the <em>tin</em>, I wonder?] a severe
-attack of rheumatism [pooh! it’s from my aunt Bindon&mdash;hum&mdash;ay&mdash;Marsh’s
-prescriptions&mdash;Mr Gregg’s new chapel&mdash;have
-to sacrifice all and quit Dublin&mdash;hallo! what’s this?] Your
-cousin Lucy [they say she has three thousand] has suffered
-so much from the bad air of the city, that I must endeavour to
-procure her the benefit of a country residence. I would prefer
-the town of B&mdash;&mdash;, if there be a good house to let in it.
-Pray let me know as soon as you can, and the rent, and every
-thing about it, &amp;c. &amp;c.&mdash;Your attached aunt,</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Lucy Bindon</span>.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Who shall say now that Charley wasn’t a lucky dog, with
-a handsome heiress almost thrown into his arms by a dowager-guardian,
-with whom he stood as dear Charles? What numberless
-opportunities would he not enjoy! Sole protector of
-two lone women; the one laid up by rheumatism, and fully
-occupied by devotion and card-playing; the other dying for
-the want of country air and exercise, and in all probability
-not at all averse to the idea of sharing her delights with a
-companion. They would be absolutely his own fee-simple
-property. Such good fortune was not an every-day affair, and
-deserved more than every-day exertion to second and secure
-it. So Charley set about his aunt’s commission in earnest,
-and before nightfall succeeded in ferreting a half-pay lieutenant
-and his family out of the best house in the town, to make
-room for the dowager and her daughter; wrote in reply an
-account of his doings, with such a list of the amenities of the
-locality as would have added fifty per cent, at least, to its
-value if it were to be sold by auction; and inclosed at the
-same time a well-authenticated statement of a most extraordinary
-cure of rheumatism which had been effected by the
-waters of a blessed well in the neighbourhood.</p>
-
-<p>In due course of time the ladies were domiciled in their
-new dwelling, with Charley, of course, for their factotum and
-natural protector. The blessed well began to work a miracle
-on the aunt, and the country air would have done as much
-for Lucy if she required it; but deuce a bit of it she wanted;
-her cheeks were as red and her step as firm as if she had been
-born and bred within the precincts of the parish; and whatever
-was the cause of her rustication, Charley could swear it
-was not bodily weakness. Ill-natured people said she had been
-a thought too sweet to an attorney’s apprentice in the city,
-and that therein lay the secret of her mother’s forsaking the
-delights of Marsh’s prescriptions and Gregg’s new chapel&mdash;that
-prudent personage not approving of the connection. If
-that be the case, a tough heart had Lucy Bindon, and never
-may it be my lot to make such a faint impression on womankind
-as was made by that luckless apprentice; for a merrier
-laugh never rang in the precincts of B&mdash;&mdash;, and a brighter
-pair of eyes never glittered in its dull, quiet street. But, oh!
-that laugh and those eyes, they played the devil entirely with
-the heart of her cousin Charley.</p>
-
-<p>And he was a happy man, as why the deuce shouldn’t he?
-philandering, morning, noon, and night, with his merry cousin
-in the fields and in the woods, and at the fireside and by the
-piano, not to talk of all the dangerous little reunions on the
-stairs or in the lobby, until at last the dowager began to
-smell a rat, and hint her scruples about the propriety of cousin-work.
-In vain did Lucy disclaim all matrimonial intents, and
-assure her that it was all innocence, mere flirting, a bit of
-fun and no more, upon her word and honour. Still the poor
-woman would not be comforted; she knew, she said, several
-cases of cousins getting married, and somehow or other
-something or other happened to point out the impropriety in
-each case. In one, both parties died before they were twenty
-years married&mdash;indeed, they were a little oldish and sickly; in
-another, the gentleman got into debt and ruined himself; in
-another, the lady took to drinking; and in another, sundry
-and several small infants exchanged their cradles for coffins;
-all which terrible examples, however, and their strange and
-unusual phenomena, had no effect at all on Charley, for he
-was determined to win his point in spite of all the dowagers
-that ever took snuff, or all the enumerated horrors of their
-experience.</p>
-
-<p>After all, though, there were not so many obstacles to encounter
-in that quarter as at first appeared, there being one
-great recommendation in his favour, inasmuch as he was
-neither counsellor nor attorney, in embryo or in esse; from the
-members of both which learned and respectable professions
-the defunct Mr Bindon had received in his day so many unneighbourly
-offices, that his relict conceived it a sacred duty
-to the dead to hate the aforesaid with all the hatred of which
-a stiff-necked Irish dowager was capable; and, then, he was
-her own flesh and blood, and who had such a good right to
-Lucy and her three thousand? or who would be so much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
-benefited by it? and when Lucy liked him, why should she,
-the dowager, gainsay it, and so on until all her objections
-evaporated, and at last she became as anxious for the match
-as if she had come down on purpose to promote it. But,
-Lucy&mdash;oh woman! woman! she did not wish to get married
-at all&mdash;couldn’t think of quitting her own dear mamma; of
-course, if mamma insisted, she would obey, but, ’deed and
-word, she’d much rather not. In short, she exhibited to the
-wondering eyes of her bothered lover as pretty a piece of coquetry
-as ever baulked a gentleman on the highroad to his
-desires. Things, however, went on promising enough, for
-Charley found it impossible to despair with so much odds in
-his favour, particularly while the lady was as frank and merry
-as ever. And thus, between laughing and quarrelling, the
-month of February arrived, in which Mrs B. and her future
-son-in-law intended the marriage should take place, if Lucy’s
-consent could be won in any form. Charley, for the purpose
-of raising the wind for the occasion, had arranged to send a
-horse to Dublin to be sold, and some whim seized him to ride
-the animal himself, and be present at the sale. The day before
-he was to depart, he intimated his intention to his beloved,
-inquiring if she had any commands.</p>
-
-<p>“Going to ride to Dublin!” exclaimed the astonished Lucy.
-“Seventy miles at the least. Why, man, you have such a
-happy knack of blundering that you’ll most certainly lose
-your way. Good bye, Charley; I’ll never see your face again.”</p>
-
-<p>“Tut!” rejoined Charley indignantly, “how could I miss
-my way when there’s a milestone on every inch of the road
-from this to Dublin?”</p>
-
-<p>“Not on every inch, Charley,” continued the provoking
-girl, “only on every mile; but I always give you leave to
-speak twice, you know. Well, and when do you expect to
-reach Dublin, please the milestones?”</p>
-
-<p>“I shall set off to-morrow morning,” answered he, a little
-sulkily, “and I’ll be in Dublin the evening after.”</p>
-
-<p>“Humph! this is the eleventh, that will be the thirteenth.
-Yes; it will just do. Well, Charley, I believe I will entrust
-you with a letter; but you must promise and vow that you will
-put it into the penny-post the very evening you arrive, or I’ll
-not give it to you; for it must be delivered the morning after,
-or the Lord knows what would happen.”</p>
-
-<p>“You needn’t be afraid, Lucy,” answered her beau; “you
-know very well”&mdash;&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Oh! to be sure I do,” exclaimed she, interrupting him.
-“I declare I was very near forgetting all that. This evening,
-then, I’ll send the letter over to you; and now good-bye, and
-go get ready.”</p>
-
-<p>With the help of the milestones, as Lucy said, he arrived
-in Dublin on the evening he proposed, and having left his
-steed at Dycer’s, and seen him carefully made-up, proceeded
-to the Hibernian, discussed his dinner and a couple of tumblers,
-and then, for the poor fellow was terribly tired, sank
-into a slumber, and finally rose into a snore, from which he
-was aroused by the waiter recommending him to adjourn to
-his room; a piece of advice which Charley very gratefully
-followed. Next morning Lucy’s letter rose in judgment
-against him; there was only one way to atone for his neglect,
-and that was, to deliver it personally, no matter at what
-trouble or inconvenience. So, hastily dressing himself, he
-took the letter out of his valise, and examined the direction.
-He had his misgivings; it bore for its superscription the name
-Edward Fitzgerald, Esq. whose place of abode it indicated
-was number something in Dominick Street. He could not help
-asking himself what business had Lucy&mdash;his Lucy&mdash;corresponding
-with any male member of the human family whatever.
-Still, as any assertion of his rights in that particular would
-be rather premature at present, he determined to execute the
-commission faithfully, since he had undertaken it; but as soon
-as she became Mrs Malone, if he’d let such a thing occur
-again, then might he, Charley, be eternally doomed to a place
-that shall be nameless.</p>
-
-<p>On reaching the domicile of Mr Fitzgerald, and inquiring
-if he was at home, our friend was ushered into the presence of
-a most alarmingly spruce young gentleman, six feet high in
-his stockings, handsome enough to be a handsome man, and
-with a head of hair that awfully contrasted with the rather
-carroty wisp which lay between Charley and high heaven. To
-him, on questioning him fully as to his identity, he delivered
-the letter, and likewise the speech which he had been composing
-on the subject all the morning.</p>
-
-<p>“This letter, sir,” quoth Charley, “was entrusted to my
-care by a very pretty girl, to whom I pledged myself that I
-would put it in the penny-post last night, but I was so
-cursedly tired, that, hang me if I ever thought of it; and so,
-to redeem my pledge, I have come to place it in your hands,
-Miss Bindon having some reason best known to herself for
-wishing it should reach you to-day.”</p>
-
-<p>“Miss Bindon, did you say?” exclaimed the young man,
-looking very much like a personage who had been wakened
-out of a dream.</p>
-
-<p>“Yes, sir, Miss Lucy Bindon,” answered Charley, and to
-prevent mistakes he added with rather a significant tone,
-“and a young lady, by the bye, in whom I take a very especial
-interest. You understand me?”</p>
-
-<p>“Oh! perfectly,” stammered the young man in answer.
-“Somebody told me she was going to be married.”</p>
-
-<p>“I don’t know how that may be, sir,” said Charley, with a
-sort of simpering consciousness; “but this at least I can say,
-that he’ll be a devilish lucky man who gets her.”</p>
-
-<p>“Yes,” responded Mr Edward Fitzgerald, with a bitter
-sigh; “she is in truth a beautiful girl. Such animation!”</p>
-
-<p>“And such a fine fortune!” continued Charley, rubbing his
-hands with triumph.</p>
-
-<p>“Amiable, excellent, fascinating!” said the doleful Mr
-Fitzgerald; and a pause ensued of most lugubrious silence,
-during which his eyes were fastened on the letter, seemingly
-unconscious of the presence of its bearer.</p>
-
-<p>“Excuse me,” said Charley at last; “you are impatient to
-read it, so I’ll be off. Good morning.”</p>
-
-<p>The young man rose with all the amiability he could summon,
-and quitted the apartment with him to show him the
-way.</p>
-
-<p>“Thunder and turf, sir!” ejaculated Charley; “is it out on
-the skylight you want to send me?” And, certainly, the
-direction in which the gentleman pointed would have led to
-some such exit.</p>
-
-<p>“Oh! pardon me,” exclaimed the other, covered with confusion;
-“I really forgot&mdash;your way is down stairs, not up.”</p>
-
-<p>“All right&mdash;all right,” chuckled Charley to himself as he
-sprang down, taking a flight at each bound; “this is some
-fellow that she used to care for before she saw me; and now,
-to have every thing fair and straight, the gipsy has sent him
-his dismissal in form. Poor devil! he seems disposed to take
-it to heart very much. Right&mdash;right! Best to be off with
-the old love before you be on with the new, as the song
-says. I declare I like her the better for it; and to save the
-poor fellow’s feelings, she never even hinted to me what the
-letter was about.” And laying this flattering unction to his
-soul, he went about his business in the best of good humour
-with himself and all the world besides.</p>
-
-<p>“Well, Charley,” said Lucy to him on his return to the
-country, “I know beforehand you forgot all about my letter;
-so give it back to me, if you have not lost it. I should not
-like my billet-doux to remain with the rest of your good intentions;
-give it back to me now, like a good fellow, and I’ll
-forgive you. It’s not your fault, but your misfortune.”</p>
-
-<p>“I am happy to tell you,” answered he, “that all your forebodings
-have proved groundless; and I’m sure, Lucy, that,
-giddy and careless as you may pretend to be, it will give you
-satisfaction to know that I perfectly approve of your conduct.”</p>
-
-<p>Lucy, a little puzzled by this gratifying intimation, received
-it in silence, making a low curtsey in reply, as in duty bound.</p>
-
-<p>“Yes, Lucy,” continued he, “it has made you dearer than
-ever to me.”</p>
-
-<p>“Will you allow me to ask you one question, Mr Charles
-Malone?” demanded the puzzled lady, “and pray be intelligible
-if possible in your reply. Did you put my letter in the penny-post?”</p>
-
-<p>“No.”</p>
-
-<p>“I thought as much&mdash;and pray what have you done with
-it?”</p>
-
-<p>“You will understand all my allusions,” replied Charley
-tenderly, “when I tell you I delivered it myself into the hands
-of this Mr Fitzgerald.”</p>
-
-<p>“What! but he didn’t know who you were, did he?” exclaimed
-she, in utter dismay.</p>
-
-<p>“I rather think he guessed,” was the sly reply: “and from
-the manner in which he spoke of you, I was able to guess
-something too; but you needn’t blush now; we’ll say no more
-about it. Such things will occur in the best regulated families.”</p>
-
-<p>“Spoke of me!” said Lucy, in a low and frightened tone;
-“and had you the assurance to mention my name?”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>“Why, why not? I hope there was nothing particular in
-the letter. I thought”&mdash;&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Oh, you odious blundering wretch!” she exclaimed, interrupting
-him, and bursting into tears; “it was nothing but an
-innocent, harmless valentine; and now look at all the mischief
-you have put into it.”</p>
-
-<p>It was with a sorrowing heart that Charley wended his way
-homeward that evening, after enduring such a mortifying discovery,
-and the disagreeable consequences entailed thereon,
-and putting in extreme jeopardy his chance of the incensed
-Lucy, and her very desirable three thousand appurtenances;
-but as he passed the little inn where temporary sojourners in
-B&mdash;&mdash; were made as comfortable as the nature of the circumstances
-would permit, he caught a glimpse of the figure of a
-man standing in the hall, closely muffled and enveloped in
-that most successful of all disguises which a gentleman can
-assume, a rough pee-jacket. Could it be? it was decidedly
-like him; but what could bring him there? Nay, by Jove!
-it was the identical Mr Edward Fitzgerald himself, arrived,
-most unaccountably, at the very nick of time, to explain to
-Lucy how inadvertently her name had been alluded to, and
-thus get him out of the scrape. Led by this gleam of hope, he
-hurried up to the stranger, and eagerly claimed his recognition
-by seizing his hand without ceremony, and welcoming him to
-B&mdash;&mdash;.</p>
-
-<p>“Down about business, I presume?” quoth Charley.</p>
-
-<p>“No&mdash;yes&mdash;exactly,” stammered the surprised new-comer.</p>
-
-<p>“Egad, you can do my business at all events,” continued
-Charley. “I suppose you know by this time what a cursed
-mistake I made the other day about Miss Bindon’s letter.
-Oh, you may laugh; but faith it has been no laughing matter
-to me. However, you can set all to rights, if you choose, by
-writing a few lines, saying how it occurred, and that it was
-quite an accident, and all that. Do now, like a good fellow,
-and I’ll just run back with it, and make my peace.”</p>
-
-<p>“You mean,” observed Fitzgerald, “that I should write to
-Miss Bindon. My dear fellow, I shall be delighted; but of
-course you’ll deliver it under the rose. It wouldn’t be the
-thing, you know, to let the old lady into the secret;” and
-laughing heartily, and displaying the most laudable alacrity to
-extricate Charley from his dilemma, he led the way into the
-parlour, and having procured writing materials, sat down,
-wrote a few hurried lines, which he said would fully explain
-the whole occurrence and set it in a proper light, sealed his
-note, and delivered it to the anxious swain for whose behoof
-he had penned it, and who hastened away with his prize so
-quickly, that before the ink was dry, he placed it in the reluctant
-hands of the still pouting Lucy. “There!” exclaimed
-he, triumphantly; “since you won’t believe me, maybe you’ll
-believe that. Now, pray don’t throw it into the fire,” continued
-he, as a very unambiguous motion of the young lady
-seemed to imply was her intention; “only read it, and if that
-don’t satisfy you, I’ll say you’re hard to be pleased, and that’s
-all.”</p>
-
-<p>Moved by this powerful appeal, Lucy cast her eye on the
-billet; a strange sort of emotion passed across her face, and
-she abruptly broke the seal, and proceeded to peruse the contents,
-while Charley applied himself, with equal zeal, to the
-perusal of her countenance. In it he could read, first, surprise,
-extreme and undisguised; secondly, confusion; and
-lastly, something undefinable, which at all events was not
-displeasure, for she concluded by looking fixedly at him for a
-moment or two, and then yielding to a most unladylike fit of
-laughter.</p>
-
-<p>“Well, Lucy, is all right?” asked Charley, delighted at this
-demonstration.</p>
-
-<p>“All, all,” she responded. “Why, Charley, you must be
-canonized for your punctuality in the delivery of letters. But
-remember, not a word to mamma&mdash;mum, Charley. And now
-be off, lest she should come down, and ask what brought you
-back.”</p>
-
-<p>“But, Lucy,” interrupted the ardent lover, “now that’s all
-settled, I think you might”&mdash;&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Well, here&mdash;take it&mdash;anything to get rid of you.”</p>
-
-<p>“Oh, Lucy! Lucy!”</p>
-
-<p>Next morning terrible was the hubbub in the household of
-Mrs Bindon. Miss Lucy was nowhere to be had; in fact,
-had eloped with a gentleman who had arrived at the inn the
-evening before, though by what means she could have communicated
-with him, or he with her, must, as the story-books
-say, for ever remain a mystery, unless we are to suppose the
-gentleman had the audacity to make Charley the bearer of his
-proposals in his exculpatory letter; at least, one to the following
-purport was found in her room next morning:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>“Dearest Lucy&mdash;So you have not forgotten me! It is needless
-to say I know you to be the writer of the sweet valentine
-I received last week. It has awakened new hopes in me&mdash;hopes
-that I have ventured here to put to the test. In a word,
-will you be mine?&mdash;if so, we have nothing to hope from your
-mother. We must elope this night, and I shall accordingly
-have a carriage in readiness near your door until morning.
-Pray excuse the bearer all his mistakes, and this last particularly.&mdash;Ever
-your own</p>
-
-<p class="right">E. F.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The dowager recognised the initials, but all the rest was
-heathen Greek to her. “Oh, Lucy! Lucy!” she exclaimed, in
-the bitterness of her grief, “did I ever think I was rearing
-you up to see you make a man of the house, at last, out of an
-attorney’s skip!”</p>
-
-<p class="right">A. M’C.</p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">WHY DO ROOTS GROW DOWNWARDS, AND
-STEMS TOWARDS THE HEAVENS?</h2>
-
-<h3>FIRST ARTICLE.</h3>
-
-<p>It cannot have escaped the observation of the most inattentive,
-the tendencies which roots have generally to descend
-into the ground, and which stems have as commonly to grow
-upwards towards the sky; yet the very commonness of these
-things may have prevented their obtaining the attention that
-they merit; for it must be acknowledged, that to a mind
-directed to them they appear, however frequent their occurrence,
-not the less difficult to explain. It is sufficiently
-hard to comprehend why roots and stems should grow in
-different directions, the one downwards, and the other upwards;
-but when we add to these the constant manner in
-which the darker surface of a leaf is turned upwards, and
-the part of a flower painted with the most gorgeous colours
-is directed always towards the light, the subject becomes
-more interesting, and the more vexatious ought to be our
-ignorance: and, then, there are phenomena, produced by unusual
-circumstances, calculated to puzzle us still further,
-and increase our bewilderment. Such are the manner in
-which a geranium, growing at a window, bends its stems
-and leaves towards the glass; the manner in which a potato
-plant, growing in a cellar into which the light is admitted by
-a single chink, will acquire a most unusual height, and follow
-a most devious and uncommon track to reach that ray of
-which it appears enamoured; and the mode in which a root
-will descend, along the face of a bare rock, an extraordinary
-distance, in order to arrive at some spring or stream. These
-are objects well worthy of contemplation. A remarkable
-example of one of the facts just alluded to occurred many
-years ago in the tower of an old cathedral in England: a
-potato plant grew to the height of between thirty and forty
-feet, to get at the glimmering light of a partially closed
-window.</p>
-
-<p>The <em>final</em> causes of many of these facts are easy to comprehend:
-the reason why a root grows down into the earth,
-is for the purpose of obtaining that sustenance which is necessary
-for the growth of the plant of which it is a part;
-and stems grow upwards, and towards the light, because the
-influence of this element is necessary for the elaboration of
-the sap; as a result of which process, stems grow in thickness,
-roots in length, flowers are developed, and the proper
-juices of vegetables become formed. We are likewise not
-without the means of explaining the <em>proximate</em> cause of one
-of these phenomena, for we have shown in our articles on
-Vegetable Sap that it is by the ascending sap that stems
-grow in length, and that, when light is excluded, no other
-sap can be formed; this causes the ascending sap to accumulate
-under such circumstances, and, consequently, in the
-dark, stems may be expected to acquire an enormous and
-very disproportionate length: thus we are enabled to understand
-why the potato, in the instance mentioned, should
-grow to so great a height. But admitting this explanation,
-how much seems incomprehensible in these common and too
-frequently neglected phenomena! We shall endeavour, in
-this and the following articles, to explain the manner in which
-these curious things occur.</p>
-
-<p>One might imagine that the reason why roots grow into
-the earth, and stems grow out of it, is on account of the
-former being attracted, and the latter repelled, by the materials
-of which that earth is composed; or, on the other
-hand, by the stems being attracted, and roots repelled, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
-atmospheric air. But such cannot be the case; for if seeds be
-made to germinate in the lower stratum of earth placed in a
-box furnished with holes in the bottom, the roots will descend
-into the air through those holes, while the stems will ascend into
-the earth. In a similar manner, it might and has been
-thought that roots are attracted, and stems repelled, by the
-moisture of the earth; but a seed made to germinate between
-two moist sponges will protrude its root downwards, and its
-stem upwards, without reference to the liquid in its vicinity.
-This explanation is therefore equally inadmissible. There are
-some who explain these, as well as all other things occurring
-in living beings, by the mysterious principle of life; but we
-only admit the existence of this principle, because there are
-some phenomena incapable of being accounted for by the ordinary
-laws that rule the universe, and that are common to
-all matter; and it is therefore unphilosophical to ascribe any
-effects to its operation, until they are found to be inexplicable
-by those ordinary laws. But we shall find that the facts in
-question do not in a great measure belong to these exceptions.</p>
-
-<p>The particular directions of stems and roots are produced
-by a combination of causes: if an onion plant, exposed to daylight,
-be laid horizontally on the ground, the extremities of
-the stem and roots will in the course of a few hours turn
-themselves in their natural directions, the one upwards, and
-the other downwards; if a similar plant be placed in a dark
-cellar, to which no light has access, the same things will take
-place; but that which happens in a few hours, in the one instance,
-will require as many days in the other; and thus we
-learn that in the production of these effects two causes operate:
-first, the light; and, secondly, some other principle distinct
-from light. It will occur to the reader that the absorption
-of water from the earth, by the most depending part
-of the plant, and its evaporation above, might, by swelling
-the lower portion and contracting the upper, produce the upward
-curving of the stem; to obviate this objection, the plant
-was placed in water, where no evaporation could occur, and
-absorption must take place equally over the whole surface;
-and still it was found that the same things happened.</p>
-
-<p>Light, therefore, is most powerfully influential in producing
-the particular directions of the parts of plants; but there is
-another principle, distinct from light, which acts in effecting
-the same phenomena in a minor degree, but not the less absolutely
-and even more generally. Let our readers bear in
-mind the existence of this principle, which will form the subject
-of a future article. For the present, we will examine the
-manner in which light operates in promoting the directions of
-stems and roots.</p>
-
-<p>We have before hinted that the tendency of the organs of
-vegetables towards the light, bears a direct relation to the
-depth and brilliancy of their colours; roots which are usually
-destitute of colouring matter grow away from the light; the
-upper surfaces of leaves are always the most deeply coloured;
-and in those erect leaves which are equally exposed to light,
-both surface are similarly coloured; if the outer surface of a
-flower be richly tinted, it is pendent; in erect flowers, on the
-contrary, the internal surface is always the most brilliantly
-painted; and in some cases the direction of the flower and
-fruit is different, connected with similar conditions. But in
-all these instances we have reason to believe that the organ
-is not directed towards the light, because it is highly coloured;
-but that it is highly coloured, because it is presented to
-the light. In plants growing in the dark, all the organs are
-colourless; it is only when exposed to the light that they
-acquire their various hues. Even the extremities of the roots
-have been found in a singular experiment of Dutrochet’s
-to acquire a green colour by exposure to the influence of light.</p>
-
-<p>Is this tendency of the coloured parts of plants to turn
-towards the light, due to an attraction exerted by this agent,
-or is it produced by a peculiarity of growth determined
-through its influence? A curious experiment has settled this
-question: A leaf, attached by its footstalk to a pivot, was so
-arranged that it could freely turn in every direction: under
-these circumstances, its under surface was exposed to light.
-If an attraction existed between the most deeply coloured
-portion and the light, the leaf might be expected to revolve
-on its pivot, in obedience to this attraction: but instead, the
-footstalk took on a spiral or corkscrew growth, by means of
-which the upper portion became in time presented to the light.
-Now, this experiment sufficiently showed that the manner in
-which light acts, is by its influence over vegetable growth.</p>
-
-<p>But what is the influence of light over vegetable growth?
-We have already answered this question in our articles on
-the Sap: we have found that when light is present, the sap
-becomes elaborated in the green parts of plants; and the
-use of this elaborated sap is, by developing vegetable fibre, to
-increase the thickness of stems, and the length of roots.
-While the ascending sap, by forming vegetable flesh, lengthens
-the stems, and makes the root thick, the directions of
-the different parts of plants, by the agency of light, must be
-in obedience to these functions.</p>
-
-<p>We are now in a condition to comprehend the cause of some
-phenomena. A geranium (<i>Pelargonium</i>) stem, placed at a
-window, curves towards the light: this takes place, because
-the portion of stem nearest the window elaborates most sap:
-consequently, in this portion most vegetable fibre is formed.
-The portion away from the light, on the contrary, has most
-ascending sap, which forms fleshy tissue, and lengthens the
-stem; the half of the stem remote from the light is therefore
-longer, that next the window is shorter; the former is fleshy
-and elastic, the latter is rigid and fibrous. Need we be surprised,
-then, that the short, rigid, and fibrous portion should
-draw down the long, fleshy, and elastic part, and curve it
-towards the light?&mdash;it is but the bending of a bow, by the
-agency of its string.</p>
-
-<p>But why do roots curve away from the light? Neither is
-this difficult to understand. Roots do not elaborate the sap,
-nor form vegetable fibre of their own: what vegetable fibre
-they contain is pushed down through them from the stem:
-more of this vegetable fibre will force its way downwards,
-from the part of the stem nearest the light, than from that
-which is most remote: two forces of unequal intensity will
-push downwards, through opposite portions of the root;
-the greater pressure may be expected to overcome the
-lesser, and in obedience to this, the root will curve away from
-the light.</p>
-
-<p>We have now endeavoured to demonstrate the manner in
-which light operates in causing the directions of stems and
-roots: but it will be recollected that there is another principle,
-less powerful but more universal, which shares in the
-production of these effects. The consideration of this will
-form the subject of our next article.</p>
-
-<p class="right">J. A.</p>
-
-<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Carolan the Harper.</span>&mdash;Respecting the origin of Carolan’s
-fine air of “Bumper Squire Jones,” we have heard a
-different account from that given on O’Neill’s authority. It
-was told us by our lamented friend, the late Dean of St Patrick’s,
-as the tradition preserved in his family, and was to
-the following effect: Carolan and Baron Dawson, the grand
-or great grand-uncle of the dean, happened to be enjoying together,
-with others, the hospitalities of Squire Jones at Moneyglass,
-and slept in rooms adjacent to each other. The
-bard, being called upon by the company to compose a song or
-tune in honour of their host, undertook to comply with their
-request, and on retiring to his apartment, took his harp with
-him, and under the inspiration of copious libations of his favourite
-liquor, not only produced the melody now known as
-“Bumper Squire Jones,” but also very indifferent English
-words to it. While the bard was thus employed, however,
-the judge was not idle. Being possessed of a fine musical
-ear as well as of considerable poetical talents, he not only
-fixed the melody on his memory, but actually wrote the noble
-song now incorporated with it before he retired to rest. The
-result may be anticipated. At breakfast on the following
-morning, when Carolan sang and played his composition,
-Baron Dawson, to the astonishment of all present, and of
-the bard in particular, stoutly denied the claim of Carolan to
-the melody, charged him with audacious piracy, both musical
-and poetical, and, to prove the fact, sang the melody to his
-own words amidst the joyous shouts of approbation of all his
-hearers,&mdash;the enraged bard excepted, who vented his execrations
-on the judge in curses both loud and deep.&mdash;<cite>Dublin
-University Magazine.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="gap4">The two most precious things on this side the grave are
-our reputation and our life. But it is to be lamented, that
-the most contemptible whisper may deprive us of the one,
-and the weakest weapon of the other. A wise man, therefore,
-will be more anxious to deserve a fair name than to
-possess it, and this will teach him so to live as not to be
-afraid to die.&mdash;<cite>Colton.</cite></p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office
-of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.&mdash;Sold
-by all Booksellers.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-29, January 16, 1841, by Various
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-</pre>
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