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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5f9408 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54781 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54781) diff --git a/old/54781-0.txt b/old/54781-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1f16a47..0000000 --- a/old/54781-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1518 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 33, -February 13, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 33, February 13, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: May 24, 2017 [EBook #54781] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 33. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: CAHIR CASTLE, COUNTY OF TIPPERARY] - -To a large portion of our readers it will be scarcely necessary to state, -that the little town of Cahir is in many respects the most interesting of -its size to be found in the province of Munster, we had almost said in -all Ireland; and that, though this interest is to a considerable extent -derived from the extreme beauty of its situation and surrounding scenery, -it is in an equal degree attributable to a rarer quality in our small -towns--the beauty of its public edifices, and the appearance of neatness, -cleanliness, and comfort, which pervades it generally, and indicates -the fostering protection of the noble family to whom it belongs, and to -whom it anciently gave title. Most of our small towns require brilliant -sunshine to give them even a semi-cheerful aspect: Cahir looks pleasant -even on one of our characteristic gloomy days. As it is not, however, our -present purpose to enter on any detailed account of the town itself, but -to confine our notice to one of its most attractive features--its ancient -castle--we shall only state that Cahir is a market and post town, in the -barony of Iffa and Offa West, county of Tipperary, and is situated on the -river Suir, at the junction of the mail-coach roads leading respectively -from Waterford to Limerick, and from Cork by way of Cashel to Dublin. It -is about eight miles W.N.W. from Clonmel, and the same distance S.W. from -Cashel, and contains about 3500 inhabitants. - -The ancient and proper name of this town is _Cahir-duna-iascaigh_, or, -the circular stone fortress of the fish-abounding Dun, or fort; a name -which appears to be tautological, and which can only be accounted for by -the supposition that an earthen _Dun_, or fort, had originally occupied -the site on which a _Cahir_, or stone fort, was erected subsequently. -Examples of names formed in this way, of words having nearly synonymous -meanings, are very numerous in Ireland, as _Caislean-dun-more_, the -castle of the great fort, and as the Irish name of Cahir Castle -itself, which, after the erection of the present building, was called -_Caislean-na-caherach-duna-iascaigh_, an appellation in which three -distinct Irish names for military works of different classes and ages are -combined. - -Be this, however, as it may, it is certain that a _Cahir_ or stone fort -occupied the site of the present castle in the most remote historic -times, as it is mentioned in the oldest books of the Brehon laws; and the -Book of Lecan records its destruction by Cuirreach, the brother-in-law -of Felemy Rechtmar, or the Lawgiver, as early as the third century, at -which time it is stated to have been the residence of a female named -Badamar. Whether this _Cahir_ was subsequently rebuilt or not, does not -appear in our histories as far as we have found; nor have we been able -to discover in any ancient document a record of the erection of the -present castle. It is stated indeed by Archdall, and from him again by -all subsequent Irish topographers, that Cahir Castle was erected prior -to the year 1142 by Conor-na-Catharach O’Brien, king of Thomond. But -this is altogether an error. No castle properly so called of this class -was erected in Ireland till a later period, and the assertion of Conor’s -having built a castle at Cahir is a mere assumption drawn from the -cognomen _na-Catharach_, or of the Cahir or Fort by which he was known, -and which we know from historical evidences was derived not from this -Cahir on the Suir, but from a Cahir which he built on an island in Lough -Derg, near Killaloe, and which still retains his name. The true name of -the founder of Cahir Castle, and date of its erection, must therefore -remain undecided till some record is found which will determine them; and -in the meantime we can only indulge in conjecture as to one or the other. -That it owes its origin, indeed, to some one of the original Anglo-Norman -settlers in Ireland, there can be little doubt, and its high antiquity -seems unquestionable. As early as the fourteenth century, it appears to -have been the residence of James _Galdie_ (or the Anglified) Butler, son -of James, the third Earl of Ormond, by Catherine, daughter of Gerald, -Earl of Desmond--whose descendant Thomas Butler, ancestor to the present -Earl of Glengal, was advanced to the peerage by letters patent, dated at -Dublin the 10th November 1543 (34 Henry VIII.) by the title of Baron of -Cahir. - -In the subsequent reigns of Elizabeth and the unfortunate Charles I, -Cahir Castle appears as a frequent and important scene in the melancholy -dramas of which Ireland was the stage, and its history becomes a portion -not only of that of our country generally, but even in some degree of -that of England. - -It will be remembered, that, when by the battle of the Blackwater in -1598 the English power in Ireland was reduced to the lowest state, and -the queen felt it necessary to send Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, -with an army of more than 20,000 men--the largest body, as the Four -Masters state, that had ever before come into Ireland since the time of -Strongbow--to subdue the rebels, that unfortunate favourite, neglectful -of the instructions imperatively given to him that he should prosecute -the Ulster rebels, and plant their strongholds with garrisons, marched -into Munster, where the only deed of importance he achieved was the -taking of Cahir Castle, and the forcing of the Lord Cahir and some -other disaffected noblemen of Munster to submit, and accept the queen’s -protection. The only favourable result of this misguided enterprise, as -Morrison acquaints us, “was the making a great prey of the rebels’ cattle -in those parts; he cast the terror of his forces on the weakest enemies, -whom he scattered and constrained to fly into woods and mountains to -hide themselves.” But these weak rebels did not remain long inactive, or -exhibit weakness in attack; and the earl’s journey back to Dublin towards -the end of July was marked by a series of disasters that sealed his doom; -or, as the Four Masters remark, “The Irish afterwards were wont to say -that it were better for the Earl of Essex that he had not undertaken -this expedition from Dublin to Hy-Conell Gaura, as he had to return back -from his enterprise without receiving submission or respect from the -Geraldines, and without having achieved any exploit except the taking of -Cahir-duna-iasgach.” - -The taking of Cahir Castle was not effected without considerable trouble, -though it is stated that Essex’s army amounted to 7000 foot and 1300 -horse. O’Sullivan states that the siege was prolonged for ten days, in -consequence of the Earl of Desmond and Redmond Burke having come to its -relief; and the Four Masters state in their Annals that “the efforts of -the earl and his army in taking it were fruitless, until they sent for -heavy ordnance to Waterford, by which they broke down the nearest side of -the fortress, after which the castle had to be surrendered to the Earl of -Essex and the queen.” This event occurred on the 30th of May 1599. - -As Morrison, however, remarks, the submission of the Lord Cahir, Lord -Roche, and others, which followed on this exploit, were only feigned, as -subsequent events proved. After the earl’s departure, they either openly -joined the rebel party again, or secretly combined with them; and on -the 23d of May in the year following, the Castle of Cahir was surprised -and taken by the Lord Cahir’s brother, and, as it was said, with his -connivance. Of this fact the following account is given by Sir George -Carew in his Pacata Hibernia:-- - -“The president being at Youghall in his journey to Cork, sent Sir -John Dowdall (an ancient captain in Ireland) to Cahir Castle, as well -to see the same provided of a sufficient ward out of Captain George -Blunt’s company, as to take order for the furnishing of them with -victuall, munition, and other warlike provision; there he left the -eighth or ninth of May, a serjeant, with nine-and-twenty soldiers, and -all necessary provision for two months, who notwithstanding, upon the -three-and-twentieth of the same, were surprised by James Galdie, alias -Butler, brother to the lord of Cahir, and, as it was suspected by many -pregnant presumptions, not without the consent and working of the lord -himself, which in after-times proved to be true. The careless security of -the warders, together with the treachery of an Irishman who was placed -sentinel upon the top of the castle, were the causes of this surprise. - -“James Galdie had no more in his company than sixty men, and coming to -the wall of the bawne of the castle undiscovered, by the help of ladders, -and some masons that brake holes in some part of the wall where it -was weak, got in and entered the hall before they were perceived. The -serjeant, named Thomas Quayle, which had the charge of the castle, made -some little resistance, and was wounded. Three of the warde were slaine; -the rest upon promise of their lives rendered their armes and were sent -to Clonmell. Of this surprise the lord president had notice when he -was at Kilmallock, whereupon he sent directions for their imprisonment -in Clonmell until he might have leisure to try the delinquents by a -marshals’ court. Upon the fourth day following, James Butler, who took -the castle, wrote a large letter to the president, to excuse himself of -his traitorly act, wherein there were not so many lines as lies, and -written by the underhand working of the lord of Cahir his brother, they -conceiving it to be the next way to have the castle restored to the -baron.” - -Cahir Castle was, however, restored to the government in a few months -after, as detailed in the following characteristic manner by Sir George -Carew:-- - -“Towards the latter end of this month of August, the lord deputy writing -to the president about some other occasions, it pleased him to remember -Cahir Castle (which was lost as before you have heard), signifying that -he much desired to have that castle recovered from the rebels, the rather -because the great ordnance, or cannon, and a culverin being left there by -the Earl of Essex, were now possessed by the rebels. This item from the -lord deputy spurred on the president without further delay to take order -therein, and therefore presently by his letters sent for the lord of -Cahir to repair unto him, who (as before you have heard) was vehemently -suspected to have some hand both in the taking and keeping thereof. The -Baron of Cahir being come, the council persuaded him to deal with James -Butler (nicknamed James Galdie) his brother, about the redelivering -thereof to her Majesty’s use; but his answer was, that so little interest -had he in his brother, as the meanest follower in all his country might -prevail more with him than himself (for he was unwilling to have the -castle regained by the state, except it might again be left wholly to -him, as it was before the first winning thereof); which the president -surmising, told him, that if it might speedily be yielded up unto him, -he would become an humble suitor to the lord deputy (in his behalf) for -the repossessing thereof; otherwise he would presently march with his -whole army into those parts, and taking the same by force, he would ruin -and rase it to the very foundation, and this he bound with no small -protestations. Hereupon Justice Comerford being dispatched away with the -lord of Cahir, they prevailed so far with young Butler, that the castle, -upon the twenty-ninth following, was delivered to the state, as also all -the munitions, and the great ordnance conveyed to Clonmell, and from -thence to Waterford.” - -Notwithstanding these imputed crimes of the Lord Cahir, and the open -treason of his brother, he received the queen’s pardon by patent, -dated the 27th day of May 1601, and died in possession of his castle -and estates in January 1628. His brother James Galdie, however, lived -to take his share in the troubles that followed in 1641, and suffered -accordingly. - -From these stories of violence and treachery we turn with pleasure to -record a fact of a peaceful character, in which Cahir Castle appears as -a scene of hospitality and splendid revelry. This occurred in 1626, when -the Lord Deputy Falkland, in making a tour of Ireland, after residing a -considerable time at the Earl of Ormond’s castle at Carrick-on-Suir, in -some time after came to the lord of Cahir, and was entertained by him in -his castle with the greatest splendour. - -But if these old walls had tongues, they could probably tell us of many -scenes of a different character from that we have just narrated, and of -which one has been dimly preserved in history. Immediately after the -death of Thomas, the fourth Lord Cahir, in 1628, as already stated, his -property having passed to his only daughter and heir Margaret, who was -married to her kinsman Edmund Butler, the fourth Lord Dunboyne, the -latter, while residing in this castle with his wife, slew in it, or -murdered, perhaps, would be the more correct word, Mr James Prendergast, -the owner of Newcastle, for which he was confined a prisoner in the -Castle of Dublin; and his Majesty having granted a commission on the -4th of June in that year, constituting the Lord Aungier high steward -of Ireland for the trial of his lordship, he was tried by his peers -accordingly, but acquitted, fifteen peers voting him innocent, and one, -the celebrated Lord Dockwra, voting him guilty. - -During the troubles which followed on the rebellion of 1641, Cahir -Castle was taken for the Parliament, by surrender, in the beginning of -August 1647 by Lord Inchiquin; and it was again taken in February 1650 -by Cromwell himself, the garrison receiving honourable conditions. The -reputation which the castle had at this period as a place of strength -will appear from the account of its surrender as given in the manuscripts -of Mr Cliffe, secretary to General Ireton, published by Borlase. After -observing that Cromwell did not deem it prudent to attempt the taking of -Clonmel till towards summer, he adds, that he “drew his army before a -very considerable castle, called Cahir Castle, not very far from Clonmel, -a place then possessed by one Captain Mathews, who was but a little -before married to the Lady Cahir, and had in it a considerable number of -men to defend it; the general drew his men before it, and for the better -terror in the business, brought some cannon with him likewise, there -being a great report of the strength of the place, and a story told the -general, that the Earl of Essex, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, lay seven or -eight weeks before it, and could not take it. He was notwithstanding then -resolved to attempt the taking of it, and in order thereunto sent them -this thundering summons:-- - - ‘SIR--Having brought the army and my cannon near this place, - according to my usual manner in summoning places, I thought fit - to offer you terms honourable for soldiers, that you may march - away with your baggage, arms, and colours, free from injuries - or violence; but if I be, notwithstanding, necessitated to bond - my cannon upon you, _you must expect what is usual in such - cases_. To avoid blood, this is offered to you by - - Your servant, - - O. CROMWELL. - - For the Governor at Cahir Castle, - 24th February 1649’ (1650.) - -“Notwithstanding the strength of the place, and the unseasonableness of -the time of the year, this summons struck such a terror in the garrison, -that the same day the governor, Captain Mathews, immediately came to the -general and agreed for the surrender,”--&c. - -It was well for Captain George Mathews, or Mathew, as the name is -now generally written, and his garrison too, that he had not the -hot-headedness of an Irishman, or he would probably have set this -“thundering summons” at defiance, and Cahir Castle would not only have -shared the fate of most Irish fortresses at that period, but, what would -have been a far greater loss, the Apostle of Temperance, who has done as -much to regenerate the people of Ireland as Cromwell did to destroy them, -would in all human probability never have existed. - -But we are exceeding the limits assigned to us, and can only add a -few words of general description. Cahir Castle is built upon a low -rugged island of limestone, which divides the water of the Suir, and -which is connected by a bridge with the two banks of the river. It is -of considerable extent, but irregular outline, consequent upon its -adaptation to the form and broken surface of its insular site, and -consists of a great square keep, surrounded by extensive outworks, -forming an outer and an inner ballium, with a small court-yard between -the two; these outworks being flanked by seven towers, four of which are -circular, and three of larger size, square. From a very interesting -and accurate bird’s-eye view of the castle, as besieged by the Earl of -Essex, given in the Pacata Hibernia, we find, that notwithstanding its -great age, and all the vicissitudes and storms it has suffered, it still -presents, very nearly, the same appearance as it did at that period; and -from the praiseworthy care in its preservation of its present lord, it is -likely to endure as a beautiful historical monument for ages longer. - - P. - - - - -IRISH MUSICIANS OF THE LAST CENTURY, STORY OF DOCTOR COGAN. - - -In this grave cigar-smoking age of ours, in which Irishmen exhibit so -little of the love of fun and merriment--the drolleries and _escapades_ -which distinguished them in preceding ages--it is a pleasant thing to -us septuagenarians to look back occasionally to our youthful days, and -call up from the storehouse of our memories the merry men whom and whose -merry freaks we were either familiar with, or at least had heard of or -seen. One of these choice spirits is just now present with us in our -mind’s eye, and we are certain that we have only to mention his name, to -bring him equally before a great number of our Dublin readers. We mean -the late musical doctor, John Cogan. There, now, Dublin readers, some -thousands of you at least have the man before you, though many of you -are unfortunately too young to have heard his exquisitely delicate and -expressive hands on the piano, extemporising with matchless felicity -upon Garryowen or some other melody of Old Ireland; or participated in -his playful and always inoffensive merriment and good humour. Even the -youngest of you, however, must surely remember the little man--little -indeed in size, but every inch of him a gentleman, who but a few years -since might be occasionally seen taking an airing, when the sun shone -on him, in Sackville Street, sometimes leaning on his servant’s arm, -and at others driven in his pony-phaeton, which his prudence in youth -had enabled him to secure for his days of feebleness and old age. That -pleasant intellectual countenance, bright and playful as his own music -even to the last, has disappeared from amongst us; but the memory of -such a man should not be allowed to die, and we will therefore, while in -the vein, devote a column of our Journal to a sketch of one of the many -incidents remembered of his long life, as illustrative in some degree not -only of his character, but also of that of society in Dublin during the -last century. - -From what we have already stated, it will have appeared that Doctor -Cogan was not only great as a musical performer, but also as a performer -in innocent waggery. It would indeed have been difficult to determine -in which performance he most excelled, or whether he most loved his -music or his joke. He was not only a good theorist, but loved a bit of -_harmony_ intensely, and a _laughing chorus_ was his prime delight. Those -he would often accompany or direct as occasion required, to heighten -the pleasures of a musical treat, when he rarely neglected a happy -opportunity of introducing some _vivace_ movement of his own composing, -provided he could previously prepare a _score_ of good fellows capable -of performing effectively the several parts assigned them in it, which -among his apt compeers was rarely a difficult task. A lover of good -cheer and hospitality, which he both gave as well as partook of with a -true Irish spirit, it was a settled point with the Doctor that brother -professors should at all times live in harmony with each other, and -receive brotherly encouragement; nor were such feelings of an exclusively -national character, but extended equally to foreigners coming to Ireland, -who, if at all known to fame, were sure of receiving a friendly and _cead -mile failte_ reception at his hands. If, it is true, he could on such -occasions indulge a little innocent joke, by playing off a specimen of -Irish _counterpoint_ at the expense of such visitors, it was so much the -more agreeable to him, as in the following instance of the concerted -movement which he got up to do honour to the celebrated violinist Pinto, -who visited our city about sixty years since. But before we detail the -circumstances attendant on this reception, it is necessary that we should -tell our worthy readers something of the person who was selected by the -Doctor to play a leading part--the principal fiddle--on the occasion; and -the more particularly as his name is unknown to the great majority of the -present generation, and almost forgotten by the few who may still survive -him. - -The person we allude to was Robert Meekins, or, as he was familiarly -called, “Bob,” a violinist of great tavern-playing notoriety in his -day. Like his brother professors, the harpers of the last century, of -whom Mr Bunting has given us such characteristic anecdotes, Bob was a -thoroughly Irish musician in every sense of the word; and though, as -we believe, he had never travelled out of Dublin, his native city, few -were found to equal him on his instrument either in tone, execution, or -expression of feeling. From the earliest period of his musical studies, -however, he had indulged in a wild and extemporaneous mode of practice, -which proved most injurious to his professional career in after life, and -unfortunately for him, being moreover an inveterate hater of _dry_ study, -Bob more frequently wetted his whistle than he rosined his bow. Under the -influence of such _bad practice_ he became at last incurably vicious, -and rarely kept within reasonable bounds, either in the way of drinking -or fiddle-playing. Indeed, whatever command poor Bob retained over his -instrument, he had none over himself. Leader after leader sought to curb -him in his wild extravagances of style, in the vain hope of diverting -his great natural musical powers into legitimate courses; but Bob would -never be led, and as to driving him, that was found to be equally -impracticable. He would go his own way, and no other. He would read -concerted music, not as it was intended, but as he thought it should be. -His passion for _obligatoes_ was unconquerable, and he rarely arrived at -an _ad libitum_ that he did not avail himself of it with a vengeance; and -thus, while his brother musicians were attending to the pauses, perfectly -content with the single note before them, an impromptu cadence would be -heard meandering through a chord, telling of Bob’s wanderings, and he -the while so absorbed as to be equally heedless of the elbow-punchings -of his neighbours, the authority of his leader, or the intentions of the -composer. No composer indeed came up to his fancy--entirely; something -was always wanting, and his fingers were ever upon the alert to supply -that something which was not set down for him: and should a remonstrance -come from the leader, it but too frequently produced a _presto_ movement -on the part of Bob, leaving a vacancy in the orchestra to be filled up -as it might, at the shortest possible notice. Vain of his powers, and -scorning restraint, his kicks against orchestral rule became beyond all -bearing, and so he was himself at last kicked out from all decent musical -society. Thus finding himself alone, he naturally turned _solo_ player, -and became one of the lions of Dublin, drawing nightly crowds to the -taverns he frequented, where he could indulge his love for flights of -fancy to his heart’s content. But, unfortunately for him, in this new -sphere he was enabled by the liberal contributions of his admirers to -indulge also without restraint that more fatal passion for drink which -had proved his bane through life, leading him step by step, as usual -with such reckless characters, to an untimely and degraded grave. It -is generally believed that poor Bob Meekins died from the effects of -intemperance in some wretched doorway in an alley of our city. - -Such, then, was the person selected by Doctor Cogan to perform a -principal part in the little musical drama which he had prepared for -the reception of the great foreign violinist of the day, and the place -chosen for its performance was the once celebrated hotel or tavern called -the Pigeon-house, which at that period was the common resort for the -meetings or departures of friends to or from England by the Holyhead -packets. Thither accordingly the Doctor and his musical companions -repaired, to await the expected arrival of the Signor, and ordered -dinner with the determination that he should be their guest. It is not -necessary to dilate upon the reception given to the brother professor, -or to particularise all the good things that were said, sung, and eaten -upon the occasion. It is sufficient to say that every thing passed off -in true Hibernian style, to the astonishment as well as gratification -of Pinto, who was delighted to find himself surrounded by so many new -and warm-hearted friends, each keeping up the tide of merriment by a -rapid circulation of the bottle amid the joyous flow of song, jest, and -laugh. But where was Bob all this time? He was placed in an adjoining -passage awaiting a silent signal, and being primed for action, was -impatient for the moment of attack upon the excitable nerves of the -delighted Italian. This signal was at length given, and so effectually -arranged were the parts given to each of the Doctor’s apt pupils, that -as the soul-thrilling tones of Bob’s violin vibrated through the room, -it seemed to produce no other effect upon their ears than a _sotto voce_ -expression of displeasure, or _forzando_ of horror. All this seemed quite -spontaneous, and was at the same time so judiciously managed as to allow -the instrument to predominate over the voices, and thus enable the -practised ear of Pinto to discover in the invisible minstrel a master -spirit--nor did the well-timed _crescendo_ of “Turn the scraping villain -out,” “Curse the noisy blackguard,” &c. &c. arrive at its climax, until -Bob’s varied and expressive execution had completely bewildered the poor -Signor with amazement. To him, indeed, the scene was one as unusual as it -was unexpected; and when silence was somewhat restored, he eagerly asked -in his broken English whence the tones had come; and truly ludicrous -were the varied expressions of the Italian’s intellectual countenance -on being assured by the Doctor and his assistants that the performer -who had so enraptured him was a rascally itinerant fiddler, who gained -a precarious livelihood by scraping at taverns. The effect may easily -be imagined. The Signor insisted upon seeing him; and when Bob’s whisky -face and tattered habiliments became visible, Pinto sat fixed in mute -bewilderment, conjuring up in his excited imagination the apparition of -a Meekins at the corner of every street; and the success of the Doctor’s -joke was complete, when the poor Italian, with a forlorn and chopfallen -visage, was heard to mutter, “Lit-el fid-el--lit-el fid-el--you call--if -dis lit-el fidel, me go back, me no use!” - -A simultaneous burst of laughter was the response to these hurried and -broken accents of surprise and chagrin. But enough was effected, and -in quick compassion for poor Pinto’s feelings, he was at once made to -understand the whole contrivance, on which he laughed as loudly as any -of the merry Irish group around him. The scene of joyousness was kept -up till an _early_ hour, during which Meekins occasionally revelled in -the music of his own dear land, to the increased delight not only of the -Signor, but of all present on the occasion. - - W. - - - - -THE INQUIRY. - - - Tell me, ye winged winds, - That round my pathway roar, - Do ye not know some spot - Where mortals weep no more? - Some lone and pleasant dell, - Some valley in the west, - Where, free from toil and pain, - The weary soul may rest? - The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low, - And sigh’d for pity as it answered “No!” - - Tell me, thou mighty deep, - Whose billows round me play, - Knowest thou some favour’d spot, - Some island far away, - Where weary man may find - The bliss for which he sighs? - Where sorrow never lives, - And friendship never dies? - The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow, - Stopp’d for a while, and sigh’d, to answer. “No!” - - And thou, serenest moon, - That, with such holy face, - Dost look upon the earth - Asleep in night’s embrace, - Tell me, in all thy round - Hast thou not seen some spot, - Where miserable man - Might find a happier lot? - Behind a cloud, the moon withdrew in woe, - And a voice, sweet, but sad, responded “No!” - - Tell me, my secret soul, - O! tell me, Hope and Faith, - Is there no resting-place - From sorrow, sin, and death? - Is there no happy spot - Where mortals may be bless’d-- - Where grief may find a balm, - And weariness a rest? - Faith, Hope, and Love, best boons to mortals given, - Waved their bright wings, and whisper’d, “Yes! in Heaven!” - - --_Mackay’s Poems_ - - - - -ON THE SUBJUGATION OF ANIMALS BY MEANS OF CHARMS, INCANTATIONS, AND DRUGS. - -Second Article. - -SERPENT-CHARMING AS PRACTISED BY THE JUGGLERS OF ASIA. - - -In my last paper I endeavoured to furnish my readers with a description -of serpent-charming, as at present practised by the jugglers of Egypt, -Arabia, and India. I now come to a review of the opinions maintained -respecting this mysterious art, and the secret on which it depends, by -some of the most eminent philosophers who have turned their attention to -the subject. - -These opinions are as various as they are numerous, no two individuals -who have written upon the practice agreeing in any one particular, save -only their determination to regard the whole affair as an imposture--the -snake-charmers as clever and designing cheats, and all who believed in -the reality of their performances, as silly dupes. I shall merely advert -to some of the most striking of these suppositions, and then proceed to -an investigation of their merits, ere advancing my own theory on the -subject. - -Many travellers who have written on the practice of serpent-charming have -declared it as their conviction that the process is based in deception, -that is, that the serpents charmed forth from holes are by no means wild -creatures, who really and naturally inhabit those recesses, but animals -which have been previously tamed, their poisonous fangs extracted, and -placed there by the juggler or an accomplice, in order to the performance -of his pretended miracle. Amongst the most prominent of these objectors -are to be found the Abbé Dubois and the traveller Denon; and the latter -author even goes so far as to affirm that the secret of the Psylli was -a piece of nonsense that he might easily have discovered had he been so -disposed. A precious traveller truly! to have had it in his power to -discover a secret that a hundred naturalists would have given their very -eyes to become acquainted with, and yet to neglect taking the necessary -trouble. Ah, Monsieur Denon, how you do remind me of the witty fable of -the fox and the sour grapes! The Abbé Dubois, though equally sceptical, -does not venture to handle this mysterious subject quite so cavalierly as -Denon. He says that the Psylli perform various _tricks_ with serpents, -which, though apparently terrible, are not very dangerous, as they -_always_ take the precaution to have the fangs previously removed, and -to have with them the venomous vesicle extracted. He likewise informs us -that they are _supposed_ to have the power of charming those dangerous -reptiles, and of commanding them to approach and surrender themselves -at the sound of music; and he quotes the passages of scripture to which -I referred in my preceding article, as confirmatory of the authenticity -of the practice; yet he will not admit that even this mass of evidence -will convince that the charmer’s art is aught but an imposture. “Without -dwelling,” says he, “on the literal accuracy of this striking passage -of Holy Scripture, I may confidently affirm that the skill which the -Indian _pretenders to enchantment_ claim in this particular, is rank -imposture. The trick consists in placing a snake, previously tamed and -accustomed to music, in some remote place, and they manage it so that in -appearing accidentally to approach that place, and beginning to play, -the snake comes forward at the wonted sounds. When they enter into an -agreement with any simpleton who fancies that his house is infested with -serpents--a notion which they sometimes contrive to infuse into his -brain--they cunningly introduce some tame snakes into some crevice of -his house, which come to their master as soon as he sounds his musical -call. The chuckling enchanter then instantly whips up the serpent, -claps it into his basket, pockets his fee, and, all the while doubtless -laughing in his sleeve, goes to some other house, to renew his offers of -assistance to similar dupes.” - -As to the idea that the snakes are previously deprived of their fangs, -and that the jugglers secure themselves against all danger of being -injured by the regular dancing snakes that they carry about with them in -baskets, a single anecdote related by Forbes, in his Oriental Memoirs, -will I think suffice to combat and refute it. Not having the book by me -while I write, I hope my readers will excuse any slight discrepancies -which they may detect on a reference to my authority. Forbes states -that on the cessation of the music the reptiles lapse into a sort of -lethargy, and appear motionless. It is, however, he adds, necessary that -they should be immediately covered up in the baskets, as otherwise they -may spring upon and wound the spectators; and he informs us that fatal -accidents frequently occur from inattention to this precaution. Amongst -his drawings is that of a Cobra de Capella, which, under the magic -influence of a professed serpent-charmer’s music, danced before him for -an hour upon his table while he painted it, and during that period he -repeatedly handled it and carefully examined the structure of its head, -hood, and jaws, and inspected minutely the variety and extreme beauty -of its spots. The following day an upper servant of his rushed into -his apartment, and cried out that he was a fortunate, a most fortunate -man, doubtless under the immediate protection of the Prophet--that -his devotions had proved acceptable, and sundry other expressions, -totally incomprehensible to Forbes, who inquired his meaning. The man -then related that he had just been in the bazaar, where he had seen -the same juggler who had entertained him the day preceding, performing -before a crowd of people, who, as was usual on such occasions, formed a -circle around the operator, seated on the ground. At the close of the -performance, the reptile, whether infuriated from the music ceasing too -suddenly, or from some other cause not to be explained, darted amongst -the spectators, and seizing a young woman by the throat, inflicted a -wound of which she died in about an hour. Here was proof positive that -the extraction of the serpent’s fangs was thought by no means essential -to training him to his performance. - -So much for the idea that the _dancing_ snakes are always deprived of -their fangs--now as to the reality of the circumstance of the _wild_ -serpents being drawn forth from their holes by the charmer’s pipe, and -not being _tamed animals_ placed in those holes for the express purpose -of deception. - -Perhaps the best refutation of this idea that I can adduce, will be found -in a highly interesting account I received lately from a friend resident -for many years in India, and who directed a more than ordinary degree of -attention to snake-charmers and their feats; nay, not merely to them, -but to every other description of magical rites, of which no land now -furnishes so many wonder-working adepts as India, not even Egypt. - -He told me of men who would sow a seed of corn in a flower-pot, and by -sundry mysterious incantations cause it to sprout, grow up, throw off -leaves, bud, produce grain, and ripen, all within the space of an hour. -He told me of men who would turn an empty hamper upside down, and produce -from thence shawls, jewels, strings of beads, muslin turbans, and, in -short, any article the spectators chose to demand. He told me many other -singular and wondrous stories; but, what at present is of more immediate -importance, he gave me a singular account of serpent-charming. I need not -recapitulate its details, as they precisely resemble those quoted in a -former article: I need only observe, that he assured me he had examined -the subject too closely, and had taken too many precautions to prevent -the possibility of fraud, to admit of its being, in any one instance, -practised upon him. He had sent a distance of fifty miles up the country -for a snake-catcher, and had set him to work in a spot entirely unknown -to all as the place he had selected, until he conducted them and the -juggler thither; and he had dozens of times seen the reptiles drawn from -their retreats by the sounds of the flute or fife, which they evidently -derived extreme pleasure from hearing. It was my friend’s opinion -that the chief agent in the operation of serpent-charming was music; -the animals positively delighted in the sound of the soft instruments -employed by the performers, and were by its influence lulled into a sort -of pleasurable trance whenever the exciting cause was put in operation. - -My friend once sat beneath the shade of a spreading tree, and was -amusing himself with his flageolet, an instrument on which he performed -with much skill; he had not been thus employed above an hour, when a -native, happening to come up the approach to his residence, suddenly -started, and began muttering prayers as fast as he was able. My friend -could scarcely refrain from laughing at this singular exhibition, being -entirely ignorant of its cause, and was about to rise up, when the -stranger called out to him to remain where he was, and keep playing upon -his instrument if he valued his life, for that imminent danger threatened -him. This announcement, instead of producing the desired effect, only -confirmed my friend in the supposition that the strange Hindoo was some -mad fakir, who, half knave and half crazy, was endeavouring to play -upon his feelings, as he so frequently and successfully did upon those -of his silly countrymen. He accordingly sprang to his feet; but what -his consternation was, you, reader, may judge. As he rose, a prodigious -Cobra de Capella presented itself to his astonished and affrighted gaze, -hanging by its tail from the tree, its gleaming eyes and hooded head -not more than two feet from his own! For a moment he felt as it were -fascinated, rooted to the spot; but in a second afterwards, terror acted -in her more legitimate manner: he sprang several paces backward, and -running to the house, procured assistance, on which he again sallied -forth, accompanied by several natives, who by their cries and hooting -succeeded in inducing the snake to beat a retreat. He was watched, -however, in his departure, and traced to a hole; a guard was placed over -it, and that too of Europeans, so that no confederacy could exist. A -snake-catcher was procured from a distance of ten miles; he approached -the hole, played upon his instrument, and at length the reptile crawled -forth, and was captured and secured in the usual manner. - -I think that even this brief and hurried account must have compelled my -readers to cast from their minds all notion of the snakes being _laid -in the proper places_ by the jugglers beforehand, as preparatory to a -performance, as I have shown in the instances above mentioned that no -such thing could have been done. And the idea of the creature’s having -been previously rendered harmless, is also overturned by the circumstance -of the Cobra de Capella, handled one day with impunity by Forbes, having -on the following morning bitten a young woman, who died of the effects -of the poison within an hour. I trust, then, that I have brought you to -admit that the art of snake-charming is a _genuine_ art, whether simple -or not remains to be proved when the true secret shall have been found -out; and that the professors of this secret are not impostors, at least -not in this particular, but at the very least as respectable characters -as the rat-catchers of our native country, who, my readers are of course -aware, pretend likewise to possess the secret of charming and enticing -rats from any place. In my next paper I shall conclude this subject of -_charming_, and endeavour to explain some of the modes by which various -animals are thus seduced. - - H. D. R. - - - - -KNOWLEDGE AND IGNORANCE.--No. I. - -BOULDERS. - - -In using the above terms, let it not be supposed that I mean to imply -by the one a perfect knowledge, or a knowledge of everything, and by -the other a perfect ignorance, or a total want of any knowledge. Either -of such conditions of the mind is incompatible with human organization; -the one, a perfect knowledge, belongs alone to an order of intelligence -infinitely excelling that of man; and the other, a perfect ignorance, -must be sought for in creatures so far below him as to possess no -intelligence. The idiot is not without perception and knowledge, though -of an imperfect and irregular kind. The dog knows its master, recognizes -and obeys his voice. The horse knows and traces, after years of absence, -the road he had once been accustomed to travel; and even reptiles and -fishes acquire a knowledge of persons, of times, and of things; all -this being independent of that range of intelligences which has been -given to every creature for the preservation of its own existence, and -for ensuring the continuance of its species. The terms Knowledge and -Ignorance are used, then, in a comparative sense, being, according to -circumstances, convertible one into the other. What, for instance, is -knowledge at one time, becomes ignorance at another; and the man who -seems wise to those who know less than he does, seems equally foolish to -those who know more--a strong reason surely why no one, however gifted he -may to himself appear, should despise his less gifted brethren. Mounted -he may indeed be on a hill so high that he can discern objects in the -distance which are hidden from the more humble plodders of the plain -below, and yet his own horizon be proportionately limited when compared -to that of others who have climbed the still higher mountain above -him. Can we not all bring home to our minds this varying value of our -acquirements at successive periods of our lives? and are we not sometimes -surprised to reflect that some problem was once difficult, or some fact -obscure, which is now as familiar to our understandings as the daylight -to our eyes? We have, in short, as regards these particular objects, -passed from the night of ignorance into the day of knowledge. And us -with the same individual, and even with whole classes of individuals, -at different epochs, so is it with different individuals at the same -time: one person holding in his hand the dim taper of ignorance, sees -by its flickering and ill-directed light the object of his examination, -distorted by partial and shifting shadows--just as some timid traveller -on a dusky night sees in each waving bush, as to his alarmed imagination -it grows to a portentous size, or assumes a fearful form, some aërial -phantom, or some terrestrial monster. The other, raising the bright lamp -of knowledge, dispels at once by its clear and steady light, uncertainty, -and sees the object as it is. - -So many indeed are the practical illustrations of the different manner -in which the same object is viewed by knowledge and by ignorance, that -it is difficult to make a first choice. All around us there are objects, -the nature and qualities of which are known to the few, unknown to the -many, and hence either overlooked or misunderstood by the latter, studied -and understood by the former. Each portion, however minute, of our own -body, and of that of every other organic being, has in it wherewithal to -exercise the ingenuity and reflection of the wisest; and yet how many -thousands live and die without having even desired much less sought after -such knowledge! Nor is the inorganic world less fruitful in subjects -of inquiry, nor less neglected. The ploughman “whistles as he goes for -want of thought,” not because nature has failed to spread around him -inexhaustible food for thought, but because his mind has not been trained -to think. By each movement of his ploughshare, page after page, as it -were, is opened to his view of new and interesting matter--and yet he -sees before him nothing but silent and unmeaning clods. By each movement -of his foot he disturbs those pebbles which, speechless to him because he -questions not, return to the interrogations of knowledge wonder-stirring -answers, when asked, - - 1. Of what they are composed? - - 2. Whence they came? - - 3. And how they came? - -For the present we shall pass over these more humble whisperers of things -curious and strange, and turn to those massive fragments of rocks which, -far removed from their original site, are now scattered either singly or -in groups over a large portion of the earth’s surface, resting sometimes -on the slopes of hills composed of materials totally different from -their own, seen sometimes on the sand and gravel of extensive plains, -and distant from the mountains of which they were once a part, sometimes -from one to three hundred miles: they are Boulders. Can we not picture -to ourselves, in that remote period of our island’s history when forest -and morass occupied the place of its bogs, and when the winds sighed -over comparative desolation, an ancient inhabitant, imbued with nature’s -living poetry, pausing before one of those grey lichen-covered masses -which had withstood the warrings of the elements for perhaps thousands -of years, and, as the awe of the surrounding solitude came like a charm -over his soul, gazing with growing veneration at the venerable rock?--to -him it would appear as if cast down from heaven, or planted where it now -stands by some supernatural or giant hand. What spot, then, more fitted -for the simple worship of nature’s child?--what temple, what altar more -suited to his simple rites? - -A rock such as we have here described may have been found supported in -part by lesser fragments, or such supports may have been introduced by -partial excavations under favourable projections of its surface; and -in either case, the superfluous earth, sand, or stones under and about -it, being removed, this ancient monument of the operations of Nature -would henceforth become an instrument in the worship of Nature’s God--a -Cromlech! - -Whether, however, this be, or not, a correct view of the original impulse -which led to the selection of these giant stones, or of the purpose to -which they were applied, it is for our antiquarian friends to decide. -Suffice it here to add, that the transportation of such huge masses from -their native beds, by the power of man or of giants, was at such a remote -epoch, and under the circumstances of the country, impossible; nor will I -stop to inquire whether a work so mighty was performed by spirits light -as air. - -Let us turn to the consideration of the phenomenon of Boulders, as it -has appeared to the eye of science. And perhaps there are no two facts -which place it in so strong a light, and embrace so fully the reasonings -founded upon it, as the dispersion of blocks of the granite and other -rocks of Sweden over a large portion of Northern Europe, the boulders, -either singly or in clusters, being disposed in long parallel lines -or trainées, for upwards of two hundred miles from the mountains of -Scandinavia, to which, by identity of mineral composition, they have -been traced, although separated from them by the Baltic Sea; and the -occurrence of boulders of alpine granite resting on the secondary rocks -of the Jura chain, between which and the Alps are situated the deep -valley of the Rhone, the Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, the distance -travelled by the boulders being sixty miles. Saussure, struck by the -spectacle of clusters of these fragments so far removed from any rock -resembling them, declared that they looked as if rained down from heaven; -a sentence strikingly expressive of the difficulties which attend on an -explanation of their occurrence. De Luc rightly speaks of such travelled -masses of stone as being “one of the most important of geological -monuments, since they offer a rigorous criterion of the different systems -concerning the revolutions which have happened on our globe;” and in -describing the vicinity of Cuxhaven, situated at the extremity of the -Bremen country, which lying between the Gulfs of the Elbe and Weser, is -as it were a peninsula, he cites the very forcible example it affords of -a vast abundance of boulders at a distance of more than two hundred miles -from the Scandinavian chain, the outlet, itself sixty miles wide, of the -Baltic, forming part of the intervening space. - -At the time of De Luc’s visit to Cuxhaven (1797), a dike was constructing -to secure the port from the violence of the sea, and the plan of -employing blocks for this purpose was suggested by the quantity which -were scattered over all the neighbouring country. From the vicinity alone -of Hornburg, an inland town between the ports of Stade and Harborg, -600 lasts of blocks, amounting to 240,000 quintals, or 23,679 tons, -had at that time been brought and consumed in the dike, which, with -the thickness necessary to resist the utmost impetuosity of the waves, -and a height of about eight feet, already extended three leagues to -the westward of the town. The country in which these accumulations of -erratic boulders had taken place, is an expanse of sand covered with -heath, except where broken by cultivated patches around the scattered -villages, the surface being undulated by hills composed either of sand or -of heaps of boulders. De Luc adds, “that he travelled ten miles without -perceiving in the whole horizon any house, or even a hovel, or a single -tree”--desolate and dreary indeed to the eye of painter or poet, yet rich -in all the elements of sublimity to the eye of the geologist. - -It is quite unnecessary to adduce other and less imposing examples -from Great Britain and Ireland of similar facts, the difficulties of -explanation being fully embraced by those selected. How have they been -brought to their present places? is then the question mentally asked, as -well by the learned as the unlearned. - -Saussure, celebrated for his examination of the Alps, imagined a great -debacle and retreat of the sea from the strata that had been formed, as -he supposed, by chemical precipitations; and to the violent rush of the -vast current he ascribed the excavation of the valleys, and the transport -of immense masses of stones from the central chain of the Alps, beyond -the precincts of those mountains, to the Jura. Here, then, the excavation -of the valleys of the Alps, and the transport of the boulders, are -considered results of one great catastrophe, by which the bottom of the -sea became hard dry land, its waters descending into huge abysses which -had burst open around the Alps. The phenomenon of Boulders is general in -a large portion of the northern hemisphere; the explanation however is -local and hence insufficient; whilst the philosopher’s machinery, of huge -abysses, like the peasant’s giant, is born of necessity, not deduced from -experience. - -Others, and even yet they are many, attribute the transport of both -gravel and boulders to the Noachian deluge, which is their great -geological catastrophe. The application, however, of that great -historical event to such physical agencies, is beset with great -difficulties. The words of scripture do not support, but rather oppose, -the notion of a huge wave rising in the north to a great height, then -rushing southwards over the dry land, and rooting up or sweeping before -it, by hydrostatic pressure, fragments of the earth’s crust. Nor are -facts more in accordance with that notion--the boulders of Scandinavia -were moved from north to south--the boulders of the Alps from south -to north, passing over the Jura mountains into Franchcomté--the -stratification of many of the heaps of sand and gravel--the position -of the boulders generally on the surface, whether of rocks, of sand, -or of gravel--and the valleys, lakes, and seas now lying in the line -of movement, which, if existing before the catastrophe, must have been -filled up before the boulders could have travelled farther, if formed -after, must have required the action of a second catastrophe of equal -violence for their formation. And if, which is more in accordance with -scripture, we consider the waters rising from the surrounding seas over -the dry land, and then suppose them urged on with immense velocity, the -effect would be a heaving up and moving forward of fragments from the -lower land, by which the surface of the higher would be partly covered -and protected; and at the return of the waters to their ancient beds, -these fragments would be swept off, and carried back the same way they -came. Neither, then, the words of scripture, nor the facts themselves, -require us to seek in the Noachian deluge for an explanation of these -phenomena. Another theory, still adhered to by many modern geologists, -is, the action of submarine currents, at a time when the present dry land -had only in part emerged from the sea. This theory has the advantage -of dealing with bodies of diminished gravity, in consequence of their -immersion in a fluid, and consequently of having to provide for the -movement of weights less by one-half or one-third than they would have -been in air. In conjunction with the theory of raised beaches, it -explains many of the phenomena of accumulations of sand and gravel, but -not all. And as regards the transport of boulders, it fails; the great -size and angular form of some--their occurrence at various levels, -resting on various strata--sometimes connected with, and sometimes -unconnected with sand or gravel--their position frequently on the top of -heaps and ridges of gravel, being facts in seeming opposition to such an -explanation, even were it conceded that all the depressions now existing -on the line of travel, as lakes and seas and valleys, were scooped out -subsequently to their transport. - -The geological system of the illustrious Hutton assumed as an essential -principle, that as the present continents and dry land were once the -bottom of the ocean, and have been formed, either in greater part or -entirely, of fragments of pre-existing continents now submerged, so is -the work of destruction and renewal still continuing, the substance of -our present dry land being loosened, abraded, or worn down by meteoric -agencies, and carried by torrents and rivers to the ocean, to be there -by currents distributed over the bottom of the sea, and by internal heat -consolidated into new strata, which in time will be elevated into new -continents and islands. To apply this theory in the case of the Jura -boulders, Playfair assigned their transport to an epoch anterior to the -formation or excavation of the deep valleys and lakes which would now -form an insurmountable obstacle to such transport, and thus obtained a -greatly inclined plane, extending from the summit of the Alps to the -Jura, on which to trundle the fragments gradually downwards, by aid of -the numerous streams and torrents descending from the higher to the -lower ground. But as this theory would, as thus applied, premise that -the land had been raised above the sea-level prior to the transport of -the boulders, no means of effecting the great excavations, including the -Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, which are supposed to have been formed -subsequently, are left, except the slow erosive action of rains, frost, -torrents, and such-like agents--means which few will consider adequate to -the desired object; and hence the explanation of Playfair, resting solely -on a bold hypothesis, must be rejected. As most of the preceding theories -referred to the usually rounded condition of the granite boulders (many -boulders of other rocks are angular), as an evidence of movement through -the agency of water, De Luc, preparatory to the promulgation of his -own theory, thought it expedient to show that blocks of granite, even -as they stand tranquilly braving the storms, are gradually weathered -into a rounded form. He thus cites the granite of Darmstadt as an -example:--“Here I found a striking example of the manner in which blocks -and even rocks of granite are rounded by the decomposition of the angles -of their masses. I perceived it first in some angular pieces that had -been detached and lay at the foot of the rock, surrounded with rubbish; -for, on giving them a strong blow with an iron at the end of my stick, -the angles fell off, detaching themselves with a concave surface on their -inner side; and I thus produced rounded blocks, exactly resembling those -which I had seen scattered on the plains.” This spherical concretionary -structure has been noticed in the granite of Dublin and Down, and is -common in trap rocks. Having smoothed away this difficulty, De Luc tacks -on the boulders as a corollary to his theory of subsidences. Immense -masses of strata, subsiding into huge caverns or hollows beneath them, -fragments of the lower strata were broken off and blown upwards by the -force of the pent-up air and gases rushing through the cracks of the -sinking strata, the weight of which continued more and more to compress -them, so that the boulders of M. De Luc came from below, and not from -above. This is also a gratuitous hypothesis; and as the localities of -many boulders exhibit no signs of such subsidences and explosions, it -has obtained few if any adherents. So far, then, it would appear that -philosophers, though armed with all the powers of mind invigorated -by study and sharpened by research, have fought in vain against the -difficulties which like a rampart fence in this rugged problem. For a -moment they have appeared illumined by the light of knowledge, and have -then sunk into the darkness of ignorance. But though philosophy may -yield, she never will despair. And now, having marshalled new forces for -the combat, we shall see her, with brighter hopes and prospects, again -renew the assault. To the consideration, therefore, of a widely different -class of explanations, I shall proceed to direct attention in a second -paper. - - J. E. P. - - * * * * * - -INTELLECTUALITY OF ANIMALS.--Father Bougeant, a Jesuit, was placed in -confinement by his superior in the College of La Fleche, near Paris, for -what he had written on the subject of the intellectuality of animals. His -views, if not orthodox, were certainly curious and amusing, and there -is a sprightliness in his mode of treating the subject, graceful at -least in the Frenchman, if not conformable to the divine. The following -observations, extracted from that section of his work which treats of the -language of beasts, may amuse the reader:--“Our first observation upon -the language of beasts is, that it does not extend beyond the necessaries -of life. However, let us not impose upon ourselves with regard to this -point. To take things right, the language of beasts appears so limited to -us only with relation to our own; however, it is sufficient to beasts, -and more would be of no service to them. Were it not to be wished that -ours, at least in some respects, were limited too? If beasts should hear -us converse, prate, lie, slander, and rave, would they have cause to -envy us the use we make of speech? They have not our privileges, but in -recompense they have not our failings. Birds sing, they say; but this -is a mistake. Birds do not sing, but speak. What we take for singing is -no more than their natural language. Do the magpie, the jay, the raven, -the owl, and the duck, sing? What makes us believe that they sing is -their beautiful voice. Thus, the Hottentots in Africa seem to cluck like -turkey-cocks, though it be the natural accent of their language; and thus -several nations seem to us to sing, when they indeed speak. Birds, if -you will, sing in the same sense, but they sing not for singing’s sake, -as we fancy they do. Their singing is always an intended speech; and it -is comical enough that there should be thus in the world so numerous -a nation which never speak otherwise but tunably and musically. But, -in short, what do those birds say? The question should be proposed to -Apollonius Tyaneus, who boasted of understanding their language. As for -me, who am no diviner, I can give you no more than probable conjectures. -Let us take for our example the magpie, which is so great a chatterer. -It is easy to perceive that her discourses or songs are varied. She -lowers or raises her voice, hastens or protracts the measure, lengthens -or shortens her chit-chat; and these evidently are so many different -sentences. Now, following the rule I have laid down, that the knowledge, -desires, wants, and of course the expressions of beasts, are confined to -what is useful or necessary for their preservation, methinks nothing is -more easy than at first, and in general, to understand the meaning of -these different phrases.”--_Dublin University Magazine._ - - * * * * * - -ATMOSPHERIC RESISTANCE ON RAILWAYS.--In Dr Lardner’s third lecture on -railways at Manchester, he detailed a variety of experiments made in -order to ascertain the source of resistance. “He found that an enlarged -temporary frontage constructed with boards, of probably double the -magnitude of the ordinary front of the train, caused an increase of -resistance so trifling and insignificant as to be entirely unworthy of -account in practice. Seeing that the source of resistance, so far as -the air was concerned, was not to be ascribed to the form or magnitude -of the front, it next occurred to him to inquire whether it might not -arise from the general magnitude of the train front ends, top and all. -An experiment was made to test this. A train of waggons was prepared -with temporary sides and ends, so as to represent, for all practical -purposes, a train of carriages, which was moved from the summit of a -series of inclined planes, by gravity, till it was brought to rest; -it was next moved down with the high sides and ends laid flat on the -platform of the waggons, and the result was very remarkable. The whole -frontage of the latter, including the wheels and every thing, a complete -transverse section of the waggons, measured 24 feet square, and with -the sides and ends up, so as to present a cross section, it amounted to -nearly 48 square feet. The uniform velocity attained on a plane of 1 in -177, without the sides up, was nearly 23 miles an hour; whereas, with -the sides up, it was only 17 miles an hour; so that, as the resistance -would be in proportion to the square of the velocity, other things being -the same, there would be a very considerable difference, due to that -difference of velocity. Then, at the foot of the second plane, while -the sides were down, an undiminished velocity remained of 19½ miles an -hour, whereas, with the sides up, it was reduced to 8½ miles an hour; so -that a very extensive difference was produced. They would see at once -that this was a very decisive experiment to prove that the great source -of resistance was to be found in the bulk, and not the mere section or -the form, whether of the front or the back of a train; but simply in the -general bulk of the body carried through the air. It was very likely to -arise from the successive displacements of a quantity of the atmosphere -equal to the bulk of the body; or still more probably, from the fact of -the extensive sides of the train; and indeed there was little doubt that -the magnitude of the sides had a very material influence; for if they -consider what is going on in the body of air extending from either side -of a train of coaches, they would soon see what a mechanical power must -be exercised upon it. Thus, when a train is moving rapidly, the moving -power had not only to pull the train on, but it had to drag a succession -of columns of air, at different velocities, one outside the other, to a -considerable extent outside the train; and it did more, for it overcame -their friction one upon the other; for as these columns of air were at -different velocities, the one would be rubbing against the other; and all -this the moving power had to encounter. This would go far to explain the -great magnitude of resistance found, and its entire discordance with any -thing previously suspected.” - - * * * * * - -GILDING OF METALS BY ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ACTION.--M. de la Rive has -succeeded in gilding metals by means of this powerful action. His method -is as follows: he pours a solution of chloride of gold (obtained by -dissolving gold in a mixture of nitric and muriatic acid) as neutral -as possible and very dilute, into a cylindrical bag made of bladder; -he then plunges the bag into a glass vessel containing very slightly -acidulated water; the metal to be gilded is immersed in the solution of -gold, and communicates by means of metallic wire with a plate of zinc, -which is placed in the acidulated water. The process may be varied, if -the operator pleases, by placing the acidulated water and zinc in the -bag, and the solution of gold with the metal to be gilded in the glass -vessel. In the course of about a minute, the metal may be withdrawn, -and wiped with a piece of linen; when rubbed briskly with the cloth, -it will be found to be slightly gilded. After two or three similar -immersions the gilding will be sufficiently thick to enable the operator -to terminate the process.--_Athenæum._----[By referring to the article -on the Electrotype which appeared in No. 20 of the Irish Penny Journal, -the reader will be enabled clearly to understand the mode in which the -gold is separated from the acid, which holds it in solution, and forced, -or attracted, to deposit its particles upon the metallic surface; the -solution of gold bearing in this case a precisely similar relation to the -metal plate, as the solution of copper in the other.] - - * * * * * - -DEFINITION OF CHERUB.--A lady (married of course) was once troubled with -a squalling brat, whom she always addressed as “my cherub.” Upon being -asked why she gave it that appellation, she replied--“Because that it is -derived from cherubim, and the Bible says, ‘the cherubims continually do -cry.’” - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer - Alley, Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange - Street, Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; - SLOCOMBE and SIMMS, Leeds; FRASER and CRAWFORD, George Street, - Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -33, February 13, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 54781-0.txt or 54781-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/8/54781/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 33, February 13, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: May 24, 2017 [EBook #54781] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 33.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cahir_castle.jpg" width="500" height="420" alt="Cahir Castle" /> -</div> - -<h2>CAHIR CASTLE, COUNTY OF TIPPERARY</h2> - -<p>To a large portion of our readers it will be scarcely necessary -to state, that the little town of Cahir is in many respects -the most interesting of its size to be found in the -province of Munster, we had almost said in all Ireland; and -that, though this interest is to a considerable extent derived -from the extreme beauty of its situation and surrounding -scenery, it is in an equal degree attributable to a rarer quality -in our small towns—the beauty of its public edifices, and -the appearance of neatness, cleanliness, and comfort, which -pervades it generally, and indicates the fostering protection -of the noble family to whom it belongs, and to whom it anciently -gave title. Most of our small towns require brilliant -sunshine to give them even a semi-cheerful aspect: Cahir -looks pleasant even on one of our characteristic gloomy days. -As it is not, however, our present purpose to enter on any -detailed account of the town itself, but to confine our notice -to one of its most attractive features—its ancient castle—we -shall only state that Cahir is a market and post town, in the -barony of Iffa and Offa West, county of Tipperary, and is -situated on the river Suir, at the junction of the mail-coach -roads leading respectively from Waterford to Limerick, and -from Cork by way of Cashel to Dublin. It is about eight -miles W.N.W. from Clonmel, and the same distance S.W. -from Cashel, and contains about 3500 inhabitants.</p> - -<p>The ancient and proper name of this town is <i lang="ga">Cahir-duna-iascaigh</i>, -or, the circular stone fortress of the fish-abounding -Dun, or fort; a name which appears to be tautological, and -which can only be accounted for by the supposition that an -earthen <em>Dun</em>, or fort, had originally occupied the site on -which a <em>Cahir</em>, or stone fort, was erected subsequently. -Examples of names formed in this way, of words having -nearly synonymous meanings, are very numerous in Ireland, -as <i lang="ga">Caislean-dun-more</i>, the castle of the great fort, and as -the Irish name of Cahir Castle itself, which, after the erection -of the present building, was called <i lang="ga">Caislean-na-caherach-duna-iascaigh</i>, -an appellation in which three distinct Irish -names for military works of different classes and ages are -combined.</p> - -<p>Be this, however, as it may, it is certain that a <em>Cahir</em> or -stone fort occupied the site of the present castle in the most -remote historic times, as it is mentioned in the oldest books of -the Brehon laws; and the Book of Lecan records its destruction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> -by Cuirreach, the brother-in-law of Felemy Rechtmar, -or the Lawgiver, as early as the third century, at which -time it is stated to have been the residence of a female named -Badamar. Whether this <em>Cahir</em> was subsequently rebuilt or -not, does not appear in our histories as far as we have found; -nor have we been able to discover in any ancient document a -record of the erection of the present castle. It is stated indeed -by Archdall, and from him again by all subsequent Irish -topographers, that Cahir Castle was erected prior to the year -1142 by Conor-na-Catharach O’Brien, king of Thomond. -But this is altogether an error. No castle properly so called -of this class was erected in Ireland till a later period, and the -assertion of Conor’s having built a castle at Cahir is a mere -assumption drawn from the cognomen <i lang="ga">na-Catharach</i>, or of the -Cahir or Fort by which he was known, and which we know from -historical evidences was derived not from this Cahir on the -Suir, but from a Cahir which he built on an island in Lough -Derg, near Killaloe, and which still retains his name. The -true name of the founder of Cahir Castle, and date of its erection, -must therefore remain undecided till some record is found -which will determine them; and in the meantime we can only -indulge in conjecture as to one or the other. That it owes its -origin, indeed, to some one of the original Anglo-Norman -settlers in Ireland, there can be little doubt, and its high antiquity -seems unquestionable. As early as the fourteenth century, -it appears to have been the residence of James <i lang="ga">Galdie</i> -(or the Anglified) Butler, son of James, the third Earl of Ormond, -by Catherine, daughter of Gerald, Earl of Desmond—whose -descendant Thomas Butler, ancestor to the present -Earl of Glengal, was advanced to the peerage by letters patent, -dated at Dublin the 10th November 1543 (34 Henry VIII.) -by the title of Baron of Cahir.</p> - -<p>In the subsequent reigns of Elizabeth and the unfortunate -Charles I, Cahir Castle appears as a frequent and important -scene in the melancholy dramas of which Ireland was the -stage, and its history becomes a portion not only of that of -our country generally, but even in some degree of that of -England.</p> - -<p>It will be remembered, that, when by the battle of the -Blackwater in 1598 the English power in Ireland was reduced -to the lowest state, and the queen felt it necessary to send -Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, with an army of more than -20,000 men—the largest body, as the Four Masters state, that -had ever before come into Ireland since the time of Strongbow—to -subdue the rebels, that unfortunate favourite, neglectful of -the instructions imperatively given to him that he should prosecute -the Ulster rebels, and plant their strongholds with -garrisons, marched into Munster, where the only deed of -importance he achieved was the taking of Cahir Castle, and -the forcing of the Lord Cahir and some other disaffected noblemen -of Munster to submit, and accept the queen’s protection. -The only favourable result of this misguided enterprise, -as Morrison acquaints us, “was the making a great -prey of the rebels’ cattle in those parts; he cast the terror of -his forces on the weakest enemies, whom he scattered and constrained -to fly into woods and mountains to hide themselves.” -But these weak rebels did not remain long inactive, or exhibit -weakness in attack; and the earl’s journey back to Dublin -towards the end of July was marked by a series of disasters -that sealed his doom; or, as the Four Masters remark, “The -Irish afterwards were wont to say that it were better for the -Earl of Essex that he had not undertaken this expedition -from Dublin to Hy-Conell Gaura, as he had to return back -from his enterprise without receiving submission or respect -from the Geraldines, and without having achieved any exploit -except the taking of Cahir-duna-iasgach.”</p> - -<p>The taking of Cahir Castle was not effected without considerable -trouble, though it is stated that Essex’s army -amounted to 7000 foot and 1300 horse. O’Sullivan states -that the siege was prolonged for ten days, in consequence of -the Earl of Desmond and Redmond Burke having come to -its relief; and the Four Masters state in their Annals that -“the efforts of the earl and his army in taking it were fruitless, -until they sent for heavy ordnance to Waterford, by -which they broke down the nearest side of the fortress, after -which the castle had to be surrendered to the Earl of Essex -and the queen.” This event occurred on the 30th of May -1599.</p> - -<p>As Morrison, however, remarks, the submission of the -Lord Cahir, Lord Roche, and others, which followed on this -exploit, were only feigned, as subsequent events proved. -After the earl’s departure, they either openly joined the rebel -party again, or secretly combined with them; and on the -23d of May in the year following, the Castle of Cahir was -surprised and taken by the Lord Cahir’s brother, and, as -it was said, with his connivance. Of this fact the following account -is given by Sir George Carew in his Pacata Hibernia:—</p> - -<p>“The president being at Youghall in his journey to Cork, -sent Sir John Dowdall (an ancient captain in Ireland) to -Cahir Castle, as well to see the same provided of a sufficient -ward out of Captain George Blunt’s company, as to take -order for the furnishing of them with victuall, munition, and -other warlike provision; there he left the eighth or ninth of -May, a serjeant, with nine-and-twenty soldiers, and all necessary -provision for two months, who notwithstanding, upon the -three-and-twentieth of the same, were surprised by James -Galdie, alias Butler, brother to the lord of Cahir, and, as it -was suspected by many pregnant presumptions, not without -the consent and working of the lord himself, which in after-times -proved to be true. The careless security of the warders, -together with the treachery of an Irishman who was -placed sentinel upon the top of the castle, were the causes of -this surprise.</p> - -<p>“James Galdie had no more in his company than sixty men, -and coming to the wall of the bawne of the castle undiscovered, -by the help of ladders, and some masons that brake holes -in some part of the wall where it was weak, got in and entered -the hall before they were perceived. The serjeant, named -Thomas Quayle, which had the charge of the castle, made some -little resistance, and was wounded. Three of the warde were -slaine; the rest upon promise of their lives rendered their -armes and were sent to Clonmell. Of this surprise the lord -president had notice when he was at Kilmallock, whereupon -he sent directions for their imprisonment in Clonmell until he -might have leisure to try the delinquents by a marshals’ court. -Upon the fourth day following, James Butler, who took the -castle, wrote a large letter to the president, to excuse himself -of his traitorly act, wherein there were not so many lines as -lies, and written by the underhand working of the lord of -Cahir his brother, they conceiving it to be the next way to -have the castle restored to the baron.”</p> - -<p>Cahir Castle was, however, restored to the government in -a few months after, as detailed in the following characteristic -manner by Sir George Carew:—</p> - -<p>“Towards the latter end of this month of August, the lord -deputy writing to the president about some other occasions, -it pleased him to remember Cahir Castle (which was lost as -before you have heard), signifying that he much desired to -have that castle recovered from the rebels, the rather because -the great ordnance, or cannon, and a culverin being left there -by the Earl of Essex, were now possessed by the rebels. This -item from the lord deputy spurred on the president without -further delay to take order therein, and therefore presently -by his letters sent for the lord of Cahir to repair unto him, -who (as before you have heard) was vehemently suspected to -have some hand both in the taking and keeping thereof. The -Baron of Cahir being come, the council persuaded him to deal -with James Butler (nicknamed James Galdie) his brother, -about the redelivering thereof to her Majesty’s use; but his -answer was, that so little interest had he in his brother, as -the meanest follower in all his country might prevail more -with him than himself (for he was unwilling to have the castle -regained by the state, except it might again be left wholly to -him, as it was before the first winning thereof); which the president -surmising, told him, that if it might speedily be yielded -up unto him, he would become an humble suitor to the lord -deputy (in his behalf) for the repossessing thereof; otherwise -he would presently march with his whole army into those -parts, and taking the same by force, he would ruin and rase -it to the very foundation, and this he bound with no small protestations. -Hereupon Justice Comerford being dispatched -away with the lord of Cahir, they prevailed so far with -young Butler, that the castle, upon the twenty-ninth following, -was delivered to the state, as also all the munitions, and the -great ordnance conveyed to Clonmell, and from thence to -Waterford.”</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding these imputed crimes of the Lord Cahir, -and the open treason of his brother, he received the queen’s -pardon by patent, dated the 27th day of May 1601, and died -in possession of his castle and estates in January 1628. His -brother James Galdie, however, lived to take his share in the -troubles that followed in 1641, and suffered accordingly.</p> - -<p>From these stories of violence and treachery we turn with -pleasure to record a fact of a peaceful character, in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> -Cahir Castle appears as a scene of hospitality and splendid revelry. -This occurred in 1626, when the Lord Deputy Falkland, -in making a tour of Ireland, after residing a considerable time -at the Earl of Ormond’s castle at Carrick-on-Suir, in some -time after came to the lord of Cahir, and was entertained by -him in his castle with the greatest splendour.</p> - -<p>But if these old walls had tongues, they could probably tell -us of many scenes of a different character from that we have -just narrated, and of which one has been dimly preserved in -history. Immediately after the death of Thomas, the fourth -Lord Cahir, in 1628, as already stated, his property having -passed to his only daughter and heir Margaret, who was -married to her kinsman Edmund Butler, the fourth Lord -Dunboyne, the latter, while residing in this castle with his -wife, slew in it, or murdered, perhaps, would be the more correct -word, Mr James Prendergast, the owner of Newcastle, for -which he was confined a prisoner in the Castle of Dublin; and -his Majesty having granted a commission on the 4th of June -in that year, constituting the Lord Aungier high steward -of Ireland for the trial of his lordship, he was tried by his -peers accordingly, but acquitted, fifteen peers voting him innocent, -and one, the celebrated Lord Dockwra, voting him -guilty.</p> - -<p>During the troubles which followed on the rebellion of 1641, -Cahir Castle was taken for the Parliament, by surrender, in -the beginning of August 1647 by Lord Inchiquin; and it was -again taken in February 1650 by Cromwell himself, the garrison -receiving honourable conditions. The reputation which -the castle had at this period as a place of strength will appear -from the account of its surrender as given in the manuscripts -of Mr Cliffe, secretary to General Ireton, published by -Borlase. After observing that Cromwell did not deem it prudent -to attempt the taking of Clonmel till towards summer, he adds, -that he “drew his army before a very considerable castle, -called Cahir Castle, not very far from Clonmel, a place then -possessed by one Captain Mathews, who was but a little before -married to the Lady Cahir, and had in it a considerable number -of men to defend it; the general drew his men before it, -and for the better terror in the business, brought some cannon -with him likewise, there being a great report of the strength -of the place, and a story told the general, that the Earl of -Essex, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, lay seven or eight weeks -before it, and could not take it. He was notwithstanding then -resolved to attempt the taking of it, and in order thereunto -sent them this thundering summons:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">Sir</span>—Having brought the army and my cannon near this -place, according to my usual manner in summoning places, -I thought fit to offer you terms honourable for soldiers, that -you may march away with your baggage, arms, and colours, -free from injuries or violence; but if I be, notwithstanding, -necessitated to bond my cannon upon you, <em>you must expect -what is usual in such cases</em>. To avoid blood, this is offered -to you by</p> - -<p class="center">Your servant,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">O. Cromwell</span>.</p> - -<p class="hanging">For the Governor at Cahir Castle,<br /> -24th February 1649’ (1650.)</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Notwithstanding the strength of the place, and the unseasonableness -of the time of the year, this summons struck such -a terror in the garrison, that the same day the governor, Captain -Mathews, immediately came to the general and agreed -for the surrender,”—&c.</p> - -<p>It was well for Captain George Mathews, or Mathew, as the -name is now generally written, and his garrison too, that he -had not the hot-headedness of an Irishman, or he would probably -have set this “thundering summons” at defiance, and -Cahir Castle would not only have shared the fate of most Irish -fortresses at that period, but, what would have been a far -greater loss, the Apostle of Temperance, who has done as -much to regenerate the people of Ireland as Cromwell did to -destroy them, would in all human probability never have existed.</p> - -<p>But we are exceeding the limits assigned to us, and can -only add a few words of general description. Cahir Castle is -built upon a low rugged island of limestone, which divides -the water of the Suir, and which is connected by a bridge -with the two banks of the river. It is of considerable extent, -but irregular outline, consequent upon its adaptation to the form -and broken surface of its insular site, and consists of a great -square keep, surrounded by extensive outworks, forming an -outer and an inner ballium, with a small court-yard between -the two; these outworks being flanked by seven towers, four -of which are circular, and three of larger size, square. From -a very interesting and accurate bird’s-eye view of the castle, -as besieged by the Earl of Essex, given in the Pacata Hibernia, -we find, that notwithstanding its great age, and all the -vicissitudes and storms it has suffered, it still presents, very -nearly, the same appearance as it did at that period; and -from the praiseworthy care in its preservation of its present -lord, it is likely to endure as a beautiful historical monument -for ages longer.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">IRISH MUSICIANS OF THE LAST CENTURY,<br /> -<span class="smaller">STORY OF DOCTOR COGAN.</span></h2> - -<p>In this grave cigar-smoking age of ours, in which Irishmen -exhibit so little of the love of fun and merriment—the drolleries -and <em>escapades</em> which distinguished them in preceding -ages—it is a pleasant thing to us septuagenarians to look back -occasionally to our youthful days, and call up from the storehouse -of our memories the merry men whom and whose -merry freaks we were either familiar with, or at least had -heard of or seen. One of these choice spirits is just now -present with us in our mind’s eye, and we are certain that we -have only to mention his name, to bring him equally before a -great number of our Dublin readers. We mean the late -musical doctor, John Cogan. There, now, Dublin readers, -some thousands of you at least have the man before you, -though many of you are unfortunately too young to have -heard his exquisitely delicate and expressive hands on the -piano, extemporising with matchless felicity upon Garryowen -or some other melody of Old Ireland; or participated in his -playful and always inoffensive merriment and good humour. -Even the youngest of you, however, must surely remember the -little man—little indeed in size, but every inch of him a gentleman, -who but a few years since might be occasionally seen -taking an airing, when the sun shone on him, in Sackville -Street, sometimes leaning on his servant’s arm, and at others -driven in his pony-phaeton, which his prudence in youth had -enabled him to secure for his days of feebleness and old age. -That pleasant intellectual countenance, bright and playful as -his own music even to the last, has disappeared from amongst -us; but the memory of such a man should not be allowed to -die, and we will therefore, while in the vein, devote a column -of our Journal to a sketch of one of the many incidents remembered -of his long life, as illustrative in some degree not -only of his character, but also of that of society in Dublin -during the last century.</p> - -<p>From what we have already stated, it will have appeared -that Doctor Cogan was not only great as a musical performer, -but also as a performer in innocent waggery. It would indeed -have been difficult to determine in which performance he most -excelled, or whether he most loved his music or his joke. -He was not only a good theorist, but loved a bit of <em>harmony</em> -intensely, and a <em>laughing chorus</em> was his prime delight. Those -he would often accompany or direct as occasion required, to -heighten the pleasures of a musical treat, when he rarely neglected -a happy opportunity of introducing some <i lang="it">vivace</i> movement -of his own composing, provided he could previously prepare -a <em>score</em> of good fellows capable of performing effectively -the several parts assigned them in it, which among his apt -compeers was rarely a difficult task. A lover of good cheer -and hospitality, which he both gave as well as partook of -with a true Irish spirit, it was a settled point with the Doctor -that brother professors should at all times live in harmony -with each other, and receive brotherly encouragement; nor -were such feelings of an exclusively national character, but extended -equally to foreigners coming to Ireland, who, if at all -known to fame, were sure of receiving a friendly and <i lang="ga">cead -mile failte</i> reception at his hands. If, it is true, he could on -such occasions indulge a little innocent joke, by playing off -a specimen of Irish <em>counterpoint</em> at the expense of such -visitors, it was so much the more agreeable to him, as in the -following instance of the concerted movement which he got up -to do honour to the celebrated violinist Pinto, who visited -our city about sixty years since. But before we detail the -circumstances attendant on this reception, it is necessary that -we should tell our worthy readers something of the person -who was selected by the Doctor to play a leading part—the -principal fiddle—on the occasion; and the more particularly as -his name is unknown to the great majority of the present -generation, and almost forgotten by the few who may still -survive him.</p> - -<p>The person we allude to was Robert Meekins, or, as he was -familiarly called, “Bob,” a violinist of great tavern-playing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> -notoriety in his day. Like his brother professors, the harpers of -the last century, of whom Mr Bunting has given us such characteristic -anecdotes, Bob was a thoroughly Irish musician in -every sense of the word; and though, as we believe, he had never -travelled out of Dublin, his native city, few were found to equal -him on his instrument either in tone, execution, or expression -of feeling. From the earliest period of his musical studies, however, -he had indulged in a wild and extemporaneous mode of -practice, which proved most injurious to his professional career -in after life, and unfortunately for him, being moreover -an inveterate hater of <em>dry</em> study, Bob more frequently -wetted his whistle than he rosined his bow. Under the influence -of such <em>bad practice</em> he became at last incurably vicious, -and rarely kept within reasonable bounds, either in the way -of drinking or fiddle-playing. Indeed, whatever command -poor Bob retained over his instrument, he had none over himself. -Leader after leader sought to curb him in his wild extravagances -of style, in the vain hope of diverting his great -natural musical powers into legitimate courses; but Bob -would never be led, and as to driving him, that was found to -be equally impracticable. He would go his own way, and no -other. He would read concerted music, not as it was intended, -but as he thought it should be. His passion for <i lang="it">obligatoes</i> was -unconquerable, and he rarely arrived at an <i lang="la">ad libitum</i> that he -did not avail himself of it with a vengeance; and thus, while -his brother musicians were attending to the pauses, perfectly -content with the single note before them, an impromptu -cadence would be heard meandering through a chord, telling -of Bob’s wanderings, and he the while so absorbed as to be -equally heedless of the elbow-punchings of his neighbours, -the authority of his leader, or the intentions of the composer. -No composer indeed came up to his fancy—entirely; something -was always wanting, and his fingers were ever upon -the alert to supply that something which was not set down -for him: and should a remonstrance come from the leader, -it but too frequently produced a <i lang="it">presto</i> movement on the part -of Bob, leaving a vacancy in the orchestra to be filled up as -it might, at the shortest possible notice. Vain of his powers, -and scorning restraint, his kicks against orchestral rule became -beyond all bearing, and so he was himself at last kicked out -from all decent musical society. Thus finding himself alone, he -naturally turned <em>solo</em> player, and became one of the lions of -Dublin, drawing nightly crowds to the taverns he frequented, -where he could indulge his love for flights of fancy to his -heart’s content. But, unfortunately for him, in this new -sphere he was enabled by the liberal contributions of his admirers -to indulge also without restraint that more fatal passion -for drink which had proved his bane through life, leading -him step by step, as usual with such reckless characters, to -an untimely and degraded grave. It is generally believed -that poor Bob Meekins died from the effects of intemperance -in some wretched doorway in an alley of our city.</p> - -<p>Such, then, was the person selected by Doctor Cogan to -perform a principal part in the little musical drama which he -had prepared for the reception of the great foreign violinist -of the day, and the place chosen for its performance was the -once celebrated hotel or tavern called the Pigeon-house, -which at that period was the common resort for the meetings -or departures of friends to or from England by the Holyhead -packets. Thither accordingly the Doctor and his musical -companions repaired, to await the expected arrival of the -Signor, and ordered dinner with the determination that he -should be their guest. It is not necessary to dilate upon the -reception given to the brother professor, or to particularise all -the good things that were said, sung, and eaten upon the occasion. -It is sufficient to say that every thing passed off in true -Hibernian style, to the astonishment as well as gratification of -Pinto, who was delighted to find himself surrounded by so -many new and warm-hearted friends, each keeping up the -tide of merriment by a rapid circulation of the bottle amid -the joyous flow of song, jest, and laugh. But where was Bob -all this time? He was placed in an adjoining passage awaiting -a silent signal, and being primed for action, was impatient -for the moment of attack upon the excitable nerves of the delighted -Italian. This signal was at length given, and so effectually -arranged were the parts given to each of the Doctor’s -apt pupils, that as the soul-thrilling tones of Bob’s violin vibrated -through the room, it seemed to produce no other effect -upon their ears than a <i lang="it">sotto voce</i> expression of displeasure, or -<i lang="it">forzando</i> of horror. All this seemed quite spontaneous, and -was at the same time so judiciously managed as to allow the -instrument to predominate over the voices, and thus enable -the practised ear of Pinto to discover in the invisible minstrel -a master spirit—nor did the well-timed <i lang="it">crescendo</i> of “Turn -the scraping villain out,” “Curse the noisy blackguard,” &c. -&c. arrive at its climax, until Bob’s varied and expressive execution -had completely bewildered the poor Signor with amazement. -To him, indeed, the scene was one as unusual as it was -unexpected; and when silence was somewhat restored, he -eagerly asked in his broken English whence the tones had -come; and truly ludicrous were the varied expressions of the -Italian’s intellectual countenance on being assured by the -Doctor and his assistants that the performer who had so enraptured -him was a rascally itinerant fiddler, who gained a -precarious livelihood by scraping at taverns. The effect may -easily be imagined. The Signor insisted upon seeing him; -and when Bob’s whisky face and tattered habiliments became -visible, Pinto sat fixed in mute bewilderment, conjuring up in -his excited imagination the apparition of a Meekins at the -corner of every street; and the success of the Doctor’s -joke was complete, when the poor Italian, with a forlorn and -chopfallen visage, was heard to mutter, “Lit-el fid-el—lit-el -fid-el—you call—if dis lit-el fidel, me go back, me no -use!”</p> - -<p>A simultaneous burst of laughter was the response to these -hurried and broken accents of surprise and chagrin. But -enough was effected, and in quick compassion for poor Pinto’s -feelings, he was at once made to understand the whole contrivance, -on which he laughed as loudly as any of the merry -Irish group around him. The scene of joyousness was kept up -till an <em>early</em> hour, during which Meekins occasionally revelled -in the music of his own dear land, to the increased delight -not only of the Signor, but of all present on the occasion.</p> - -<p class="right">W.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE INQUIRY.</h2> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">Tell me, ye winged winds,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">That round my pathway roar,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Do ye not know some spot</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Where mortals weep no more?</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Some lone and pleasant dell,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Some valley in the west,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Where, free from toil and pain,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">The weary soul may rest?</div> -<div class="verse">The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low,</div> -<div class="verse">And sigh’d for pity as it answered “No!”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">Tell me, thou mighty deep,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Whose billows round me play,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Knowest thou some favour’d spot,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Some island far away,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Where weary man may find</div> -<div class="verse indent3">The bliss for which he sighs?</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Where sorrow never lives,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">And friendship never dies?</div> -<div class="verse">The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow,</div> -<div class="verse">Stopp’d for a while, and sigh’d, to answer. “No!”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">And thou, serenest moon,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">That, with such holy face,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Dost look upon the earth</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Asleep in night’s embrace,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Tell me, in all thy round</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Hast thou not seen some spot,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Where miserable man</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Might find a happier lot?</div> -<div class="verse">Behind a cloud, the moon withdrew in woe,</div> -<div class="verse">And a voice, sweet, but sad, responded “No!”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">Tell me, my secret soul,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">O! tell me, Hope and Faith,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Is there no resting-place</div> -<div class="verse indent3">From sorrow, sin, and death?</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Is there no happy spot</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Where mortals may be bless’d—</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Where grief may find a balm,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">And weariness a rest?</div> -<div class="verse">Faith, Hope, and Love, best boons to mortals given,</div> -<div class="verse">Waved their bright wings, and whisper’d, “Yes! in Heaven!”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">—<i>Mackay’s Poems</i></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ON THE SUBJUGATION OF ANIMALS<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY MEANS OF CHARMS, INCANTATIONS, AND DRUGS.</span></h2> - -<h3>Second Article.<br /> -<span class="smaller">SERPENT-CHARMING AS PRACTISED BY THE -JUGGLERS OF ASIA.</span></h3> - -<p>In my last paper I endeavoured to furnish my readers with a -description of serpent-charming, as at present practised by -the jugglers of Egypt, Arabia, and India. I now come to a -review of the opinions maintained respecting this mysterious -art, and the secret on which it depends, by some of the most -eminent philosophers who have turned their attention to the -subject.</p> - -<p>These opinions are as various as they are numerous, no -two individuals who have written upon the practice agreeing -in any one particular, save only their determination to regard -the whole affair as an imposture—the snake-charmers as -clever and designing cheats, and all who believed in the reality -of their performances, as silly dupes. I shall merely advert -to some of the most striking of these suppositions, and then -proceed to an investigation of their merits, ere advancing my -own theory on the subject.</p> - -<p>Many travellers who have written on the practice of serpent-charming -have declared it as their conviction that the -process is based in deception, that is, that the serpents charmed -forth from holes are by no means wild creatures, who really -and naturally inhabit those recesses, but animals which have -been previously tamed, their poisonous fangs extracted, and -placed there by the juggler or an accomplice, in order to the -performance of his pretended miracle. Amongst the most -prominent of these objectors are to be found the Abbé Dubois -and the traveller Denon; and the latter author even goes so -far as to affirm that the secret of the Psylli was a piece of -nonsense that he might easily have discovered had he been so -disposed. A precious traveller truly! to have had it in his -power to discover a secret that a hundred naturalists would -have given their very eyes to become acquainted with, and -yet to neglect taking the necessary trouble. Ah, Monsieur -Denon, how you do remind me of the witty fable of the fox -and the sour grapes! The Abbé Dubois, though equally -sceptical, does not venture to handle this mysterious subject -quite so cavalierly as Denon. He says that the Psylli perform -various <em>tricks</em> with serpents, which, though apparently -terrible, are not very dangerous, as they <em>always</em> take the precaution -to have the fangs previously removed, and to have -with them the venomous vesicle extracted. He likewise informs -us that they are <em>supposed</em> to have the power of charming -those dangerous reptiles, and of commanding them to approach -and surrender themselves at the sound of music; and -he quotes the passages of scripture to which I referred in my -preceding article, as confirmatory of the authenticity of the -practice; yet he will not admit that even this mass of evidence -will convince that the charmer’s art is aught but an imposture. -“Without dwelling,” says he, “on the literal accuracy -of this striking passage of Holy Scripture, I may confidently -affirm that the skill which the Indian <em>pretenders to enchantment</em> -claim in this particular, is rank imposture. The trick -consists in placing a snake, previously tamed and accustomed -to music, in some remote place, and they manage it so that in -appearing accidentally to approach that place, and beginning -to play, the snake comes forward at the wonted sounds. When -they enter into an agreement with any simpleton who fancies -that his house is infested with serpents—a notion which they -sometimes contrive to infuse into his brain—they cunningly introduce -some tame snakes into some crevice of his house, -which come to their master as soon as he sounds his musical -call. The chuckling enchanter then instantly whips up the -serpent, claps it into his basket, pockets his fee, and, all the -while doubtless laughing in his sleeve, goes to some other -house, to renew his offers of assistance to similar dupes.”</p> - -<p>As to the idea that the snakes are previously deprived of -their fangs, and that the jugglers secure themselves against -all danger of being injured by the regular dancing snakes -that they carry about with them in baskets, a single anecdote -related by Forbes, in his Oriental Memoirs, will I think suffice -to combat and refute it. Not having the book by me -while I write, I hope my readers will excuse any slight discrepancies -which they may detect on a reference to my authority. -Forbes states that on the cessation of the music the -reptiles lapse into a sort of lethargy, and appear motionless. -It is, however, he adds, necessary that they should be immediately -covered up in the baskets, as otherwise they may -spring upon and wound the spectators; and he informs us -that fatal accidents frequently occur from inattention to this -precaution. Amongst his drawings is that of a Cobra de -Capella, which, under the magic influence of a professed serpent-charmer’s -music, danced before him for an hour upon -his table while he painted it, and during that period he repeatedly -handled it and carefully examined the structure of its -head, hood, and jaws, and inspected minutely the variety and -extreme beauty of its spots. The following day an upper -servant of his rushed into his apartment, and cried out that -he was a fortunate, a most fortunate man, doubtless under the -immediate protection of the Prophet—that his devotions had -proved acceptable, and sundry other expressions, totally incomprehensible -to Forbes, who inquired his meaning. The -man then related that he had just been in the bazaar, where -he had seen the same juggler who had entertained him the -day preceding, performing before a crowd of people, who, as -was usual on such occasions, formed a circle around the operator, -seated on the ground. At the close of the performance, -the reptile, whether infuriated from the music ceasing too -suddenly, or from some other cause not to be explained, darted -amongst the spectators, and seizing a young woman by the -throat, inflicted a wound of which she died in about an hour. -Here was proof positive that the extraction of the serpent’s -fangs was thought by no means essential to training him to -his performance.</p> - -<p>So much for the idea that the <em>dancing</em> snakes are always -deprived of their fangs—now as to the reality of the circumstance -of the <em>wild</em> serpents being drawn forth from their -holes by the charmer’s pipe, and not being <em>tamed animals</em> -placed in those holes for the express purpose of deception.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the best refutation of this idea that I can adduce, -will be found in a highly interesting account I received lately -from a friend resident for many years in India, and who directed -a more than ordinary degree of attention to snake-charmers -and their feats; nay, not merely to them, but to -every other description of magical rites, of which no land -now furnishes so many wonder-working adepts as India, not -even Egypt.</p> - -<p>He told me of men who would sow a seed of corn in a -flower-pot, and by sundry mysterious incantations cause it to -sprout, grow up, throw off leaves, bud, produce grain, and -ripen, all within the space of an hour. He told me of men -who would turn an empty hamper upside down, and produce -from thence shawls, jewels, strings of beads, muslin turbans, -and, in short, any article the spectators chose to demand. He -told me many other singular and wondrous stories; but, -what at present is of more immediate importance, he gave -me a singular account of serpent-charming. I need not recapitulate -its details, as they precisely resemble those quoted in -a former article: I need only observe, that he assured me he had -examined the subject too closely, and had taken too many precautions -to prevent the possibility of fraud, to admit of its -being, in any one instance, practised upon him. He had -sent a distance of fifty miles up the country for a snake-catcher, -and had set him to work in a spot entirely unknown -to all as the place he had selected, until he conducted them -and the juggler thither; and he had dozens of times seen -the reptiles drawn from their retreats by the sounds of the -flute or fife, which they evidently derived extreme pleasure -from hearing. It was my friend’s opinion that the chief agent -in the operation of serpent-charming was music; the animals -positively delighted in the sound of the soft instruments -employed by the performers, and were by its influence lulled -into a sort of pleasurable trance whenever the exciting cause -was put in operation.</p> - -<p>My friend once sat beneath the shade of a spreading tree, -and was amusing himself with his flageolet, an instrument on -which he performed with much skill; he had not been thus -employed above an hour, when a native, happening to come -up the approach to his residence, suddenly started, and began -muttering prayers as fast as he was able. My friend -could scarcely refrain from laughing at this singular exhibition, -being entirely ignorant of its cause, and was about to -rise up, when the stranger called out to him to remain where -he was, and keep playing upon his instrument if he valued -his life, for that imminent danger threatened him. This announcement, -instead of producing the desired effect, only -confirmed my friend in the supposition that the strange Hindoo -was some mad fakir, who, half knave and half crazy, was -endeavouring to play upon his feelings, as he so frequently -and successfully did upon those of his silly countrymen. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> -accordingly sprang to his feet; but what his consternation -was, you, reader, may judge. As he rose, a prodigious Cobra -de Capella presented itself to his astonished and affrighted -gaze, hanging by its tail from the tree, its gleaming eyes and -hooded head not more than two feet from his own! For a -moment he felt as it were fascinated, rooted to the spot; -but in a second afterwards, terror acted in her more legitimate -manner: he sprang several paces backward, and running -to the house, procured assistance, on which he again sallied -forth, accompanied by several natives, who by their cries -and hooting succeeded in inducing the snake to beat a retreat. -He was watched, however, in his departure, and traced to a -hole; a guard was placed over it, and that too of Europeans, -so that no confederacy could exist. A snake-catcher was -procured from a distance of ten miles; he approached the -hole, played upon his instrument, and at length the reptile -crawled forth, and was captured and secured in the usual -manner.</p> - -<p>I think that even this brief and hurried account must have -compelled my readers to cast from their minds all notion of -the snakes being <em>laid in the proper places</em> by the jugglers beforehand, -as preparatory to a performance, as I have shown -in the instances above mentioned that no such thing could -have been done. And the idea of the creature’s having been -previously rendered harmless, is also overturned by the circumstance -of the Cobra de Capella, handled one day with -impunity by Forbes, having on the following morning bitten -a young woman, who died of the effects of the poison within -an hour. I trust, then, that I have brought you to admit -that the art of snake-charming is a <em>genuine</em> art, whether -simple or not remains to be proved when the true secret shall -have been found out; and that the professors of this secret -are not impostors, at least not in this particular, but at the -very least as respectable characters as the rat-catchers of -our native country, who, my readers are of course aware, -pretend likewise to possess the secret of charming and enticing -rats from any place. In my next paper I shall conclude -this subject of <em>charming</em>, and endeavour to explain some of -the modes by which various animals are thus seduced.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">KNOWLEDGE AND IGNORANCE.—No. I.</h2> - -<h3>BOULDERS.</h3> - -<p>In using the above terms, let it not be supposed that I mean -to imply by the one a perfect knowledge, or a knowledge of -everything, and by the other a perfect ignorance, or a total -want of any knowledge. Either of such conditions of the -mind is incompatible with human organization; the one, a -perfect knowledge, belongs alone to an order of intelligence -infinitely excelling that of man; and the other, a perfect ignorance, -must be sought for in creatures so far below him as -to possess no intelligence. The idiot is not without perception -and knowledge, though of an imperfect and irregular -kind. The dog knows its master, recognizes and obeys his -voice. The horse knows and traces, after years of absence, -the road he had once been accustomed to travel; and even -reptiles and fishes acquire a knowledge of persons, of times, -and of things; all this being independent of that range of intelligences -which has been given to every creature for the -preservation of its own existence, and for ensuring the continuance -of its species. The terms Knowledge and Ignorance -are used, then, in a comparative sense, being, according to -circumstances, convertible one into the other. What, for instance, -is knowledge at one time, becomes ignorance at another; -and the man who seems wise to those who know less -than he does, seems equally foolish to those who know more—a -strong reason surely why no one, however gifted he may -to himself appear, should despise his less gifted brethren. -Mounted he may indeed be on a hill so high that he can -discern objects in the distance which are hidden from the -more humble plodders of the plain below, and yet his own -horizon be proportionately limited when compared to that -of others who have climbed the still higher mountain above -him. Can we not all bring home to our minds this varying -value of our acquirements at successive periods of -our lives? and are we not sometimes surprised to reflect that -some problem was once difficult, or some fact obscure, -which is now as familiar to our understandings as the daylight -to our eyes? We have, in short, as regards these particular -objects, passed from the night of ignorance into the day of -knowledge. And us with the same individual, and even with -whole classes of individuals, at different epochs, so is it with -different individuals at the same time: one person holding -in his hand the dim taper of ignorance, sees by its flickering -and ill-directed light the object of his examination, distorted -by partial and shifting shadows—just as some timid traveller -on a dusky night sees in each waving bush, as to his alarmed -imagination it grows to a portentous size, or assumes a -fearful form, some aërial phantom, or some terrestrial monster. -The other, raising the bright lamp of knowledge, dispels -at once by its clear and steady light, uncertainty, and -sees the object as it is.</p> - -<p>So many indeed are the practical illustrations of the different -manner in which the same object is viewed by knowledge and -by ignorance, that it is difficult to make a first choice. All -around us there are objects, the nature and qualities of which -are known to the few, unknown to the many, and hence either -overlooked or misunderstood by the latter, studied and understood -by the former. Each portion, however minute, of our -own body, and of that of every other organic being, has in -it wherewithal to exercise the ingenuity and reflection of the -wisest; and yet how many thousands live and die without -having even desired much less sought after such knowledge! -Nor is the inorganic world less fruitful in subjects of inquiry, -nor less neglected. The ploughman “whistles as he goes for -want of thought,” not because nature has failed to spread -around him inexhaustible food for thought, but because his -mind has not been trained to think. By each movement of -his ploughshare, page after page, as it were, is opened to his -view of new and interesting matter—and yet he sees before -him nothing but silent and unmeaning clods. By each movement -of his foot he disturbs those pebbles which, speechless -to him because he questions not, return to the interrogations -of knowledge wonder-stirring answers, when asked,</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1. Of what they are composed?</p> - -<p>2. Whence they came?</p> - -<p>3. And how they came?</p> - -</div> - -<p>For the present we shall pass over these more humble whisperers -of things curious and strange, and turn to those massive -fragments of rocks which, far removed from their original -site, are now scattered either singly or in groups over a -large portion of the earth’s surface, resting sometimes on -the slopes of hills composed of materials totally different from -their own, seen sometimes on the sand and gravel of extensive -plains, and distant from the mountains of which they were -once a part, sometimes from one to three hundred miles: they are -Boulders. Can we not picture to ourselves, in that remote -period of our island’s history when forest and morass occupied -the place of its bogs, and when the winds sighed over -comparative desolation, an ancient inhabitant, imbued with -nature’s living poetry, pausing before one of those grey -lichen-covered masses which had withstood the warrings of -the elements for perhaps thousands of years, and, as the awe -of the surrounding solitude came like a charm over his soul, -gazing with growing veneration at the venerable rock?—to -him it would appear as if cast down from heaven, or -planted where it now stands by some supernatural or giant -hand. What spot, then, more fitted for the simple worship of -nature’s child?—what temple, what altar more suited to his -simple rites?</p> - -<p>A rock such as we have here described may have been -found supported in part by lesser fragments, or such supports -may have been introduced by partial excavations -under favourable projections of its surface; and in either -case, the superfluous earth, sand, or stones under and about -it, being removed, this ancient monument of the operations of -Nature would henceforth become an instrument in the worship -of Nature’s God—a Cromlech!</p> - -<p>Whether, however, this be, or not, a correct view of the original -impulse which led to the selection of these giant stones, -or of the purpose to which they were applied, it is for our -antiquarian friends to decide. Suffice it here to add, that -the transportation of such huge masses from their native beds, -by the power of man or of giants, was at such a remote -epoch, and under the circumstances of the country, impossible; -nor will I stop to inquire whether a work so mighty was -performed by spirits light as air.</p> - -<p>Let us turn to the consideration of the phenomenon of Boulders, -as it has appeared to the eye of science. And perhaps -there are no two facts which place it in so strong a light, and -embrace so fully the reasonings founded upon it, as the dispersion -of blocks of the granite and other rocks of Sweden over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> -a large portion of Northern Europe, the boulders, either singly -or in clusters, being disposed in long parallel lines or trainées, -for upwards of two hundred miles from the mountains of -Scandinavia, to which, by identity of mineral composition, -they have been traced, although separated from them by the -Baltic Sea; and the occurrence of boulders of alpine granite -resting on the secondary rocks of the Jura chain, between -which and the Alps are situated the deep valley of the Rhone, -the Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, the distance travelled -by the boulders being sixty miles. Saussure, struck by the -spectacle of clusters of these fragments so far removed from any -rock resembling them, declared that they looked as if rained -down from heaven; a sentence strikingly expressive of the -difficulties which attend on an explanation of their occurrence. -De Luc rightly speaks of such travelled masses of stone as -being “one of the most important of geological monuments, -since they offer a rigorous criterion of the different systems -concerning the revolutions which have happened on our -globe;” and in describing the vicinity of Cuxhaven, situated -at the extremity of the Bremen country, which lying between -the Gulfs of the Elbe and Weser, is as it were a peninsula, -he cites the very forcible example it affords of a vast -abundance of boulders at a distance of more than two hundred -miles from the Scandinavian chain, the outlet, itself sixty -miles wide, of the Baltic, forming part of the intervening -space.</p> - -<p>At the time of De Luc’s visit to Cuxhaven (1797), a dike -was constructing to secure the port from the violence of the -sea, and the plan of employing blocks for this purpose was -suggested by the quantity which were scattered over all the -neighbouring country. From the vicinity alone of Hornburg, -an inland town between the ports of Stade and Harborg, -600 lasts of blocks, amounting to 240,000 quintals, or 23,679 -tons, had at that time been brought and consumed in the -dike, which, with the thickness necessary to resist the utmost -impetuosity of the waves, and a height of about eight feet, -already extended three leagues to the westward of the town. -The country in which these accumulations of erratic boulders -had taken place, is an expanse of sand covered with heath, -except where broken by cultivated patches around the scattered -villages, the surface being undulated by hills composed -either of sand or of heaps of boulders. De Luc adds, -“that he travelled ten miles without perceiving in the whole -horizon any house, or even a hovel, or a single tree”—desolate -and dreary indeed to the eye of painter or poet, yet rich -in all the elements of sublimity to the eye of the geologist.</p> - -<p>It is quite unnecessary to adduce other and less imposing -examples from Great Britain and Ireland of similar facts, -the difficulties of explanation being fully embraced by those -selected. How have they been brought to their present -places? is then the question mentally asked, as well by the -learned as the unlearned.</p> - -<p>Saussure, celebrated for his examination of the Alps, imagined -a great debacle and retreat of the sea from the strata that -had been formed, as he supposed, by chemical precipitations; -and to the violent rush of the vast current he ascribed the excavation -of the valleys, and the transport of immense masses -of stones from the central chain of the Alps, beyond the precincts -of those mountains, to the Jura. Here, then, the excavation -of the valleys of the Alps, and the transport of the -boulders, are considered results of one great catastrophe, by -which the bottom of the sea became hard dry land, its waters -descending into huge abysses which had burst open around the -Alps. The phenomenon of Boulders is general in a large -portion of the northern hemisphere; the explanation however is -local and hence insufficient; whilst the philosopher’s machinery, -of huge abysses, like the peasant’s giant, is born of necessity, -not deduced from experience.</p> - -<p>Others, and even yet they are many, attribute the transport -of both gravel and boulders to the Noachian deluge, -which is their great geological catastrophe. The application, -however, of that great historical event to such physical agencies, -is beset with great difficulties. The words of scripture -do not support, but rather oppose, the notion of a huge wave -rising in the north to a great height, then rushing southwards -over the dry land, and rooting up or sweeping before it, by -hydrostatic pressure, fragments of the earth’s crust. Nor -are facts more in accordance with that notion—the boulders -of Scandinavia were moved from north to south—the boulders of -the Alps from south to north, passing over the Jura mountains -into Franchcomté—the stratification of many of the heaps -of sand and gravel—the position of the boulders generally on -the surface, whether of rocks, of sand, or of gravel—and the -valleys, lakes, and seas now lying in the line of movement, -which, if existing before the catastrophe, must have been filled -up before the boulders could have travelled farther, if formed -after, must have required the action of a second catastrophe -of equal violence for their formation. And if, which is more -in accordance with scripture, we consider the waters rising -from the surrounding seas over the dry land, and then suppose -them urged on with immense velocity, the effect would -be a heaving up and moving forward of fragments from the -lower land, by which the surface of the higher would be partly -covered and protected; and at the return of the waters to their -ancient beds, these fragments would be swept off, and carried -back the same way they came. Neither, then, the words of -scripture, nor the facts themselves, require us to seek in the -Noachian deluge for an explanation of these phenomena. -Another theory, still adhered to by many modern geologists, -is, the action of submarine currents, at a time when the present -dry land had only in part emerged from the sea. This -theory has the advantage of dealing with bodies of diminished -gravity, in consequence of their immersion in a fluid, and consequently -of having to provide for the movement of weights less -by one-half or one-third than they would have been in air. In -conjunction with the theory of raised beaches, it explains -many of the phenomena of accumulations of sand and gravel, -but not all. And as regards the transport of boulders, it -fails; the great size and angular form of some—their occurrence -at various levels, resting on various strata—sometimes -connected with, and sometimes unconnected with sand or -gravel—their position frequently on the top of heaps and -ridges of gravel, being facts in seeming opposition to such -an explanation, even were it conceded that all the depressions -now existing on the line of travel, as lakes and seas and -valleys, were scooped out subsequently to their transport.</p> - -<p>The geological system of the illustrious Hutton assumed as -an essential principle, that as the present continents and dry -land were once the bottom of the ocean, and have been -formed, either in greater part or entirely, of fragments of -pre-existing continents now submerged, so is the work of destruction -and renewal still continuing, the substance of our present -dry land being loosened, abraded, or worn down by meteoric -agencies, and carried by torrents and rivers to the ocean, to -be there by currents distributed over the bottom of the sea, -and by internal heat consolidated into new strata, which -in time will be elevated into new continents and islands. To -apply this theory in the case of the Jura boulders, Playfair -assigned their transport to an epoch anterior to the formation -or excavation of the deep valleys and lakes which would -now form an insurmountable obstacle to such transport, and -thus obtained a greatly inclined plane, extending from the -summit of the Alps to the Jura, on which to trundle the fragments -gradually downwards, by aid of the numerous streams -and torrents descending from the higher to the lower ground. -But as this theory would, as thus applied, premise that the -land had been raised above the sea-level prior to the transport -of the boulders, no means of effecting the great excavations, -including the Lakes of Geneva and Neufchatel, which are -supposed to have been formed subsequently, are left, except the -slow erosive action of rains, frost, torrents, and such-like agents—means -which few will consider adequate to the desired object; -and hence the explanation of Playfair, resting solely on a bold -hypothesis, must be rejected. As most of the preceding -theories referred to the usually rounded condition of the granite -boulders (many boulders of other rocks are angular), -as an evidence of movement through the agency of water, -De Luc, preparatory to the promulgation of his own theory, -thought it expedient to show that blocks of granite, even as they -stand tranquilly braving the storms, are gradually weathered -into a rounded form. He thus cites the granite of Darmstadt -as an example:—“Here I found a striking example of the -manner in which blocks and even rocks of granite are -rounded by the decomposition of the angles of their masses. -I perceived it first in some angular pieces that had been detached -and lay at the foot of the rock, surrounded with rubbish; -for, on giving them a strong blow with an iron at the -end of my stick, the angles fell off, detaching themselves with -a concave surface on their inner side; and I thus produced -rounded blocks, exactly resembling those which I had seen -scattered on the plains.” This spherical concretionary structure -has been noticed in the granite of Dublin and Down, and -is common in trap rocks. Having smoothed away this difficulty, -De Luc tacks on the boulders as a corollary to his theory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> -of subsidences. Immense masses of strata, subsiding into -huge caverns or hollows beneath them, fragments of the -lower strata were broken off and blown upwards by the force -of the pent-up air and gases rushing through the cracks of -the sinking strata, the weight of which continued more and -more to compress them, so that the boulders of M. De Luc came -from below, and not from above. This is also a gratuitous -hypothesis; and as the localities of many boulders exhibit no -signs of such subsidences and explosions, it has obtained few -if any adherents. So far, then, it would appear that philosophers, -though armed with all the powers of mind invigorated -by study and sharpened by research, have fought in vain -against the difficulties which like a rampart fence in this rugged -problem. For a moment they have appeared illumined -by the light of knowledge, and have then sunk into the darkness -of ignorance. But though philosophy may yield, she -never will despair. And now, having marshalled new forces for -the combat, we shall see her, with brighter hopes and prospects, -again renew the assault. To the consideration, therefore, -of a widely different class of explanations, I shall proceed -to direct attention in a second paper.</p> - -<p class="right">J. E. P.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Intellectuality of Animals.</span>—Father Bougeant, a -Jesuit, was placed in confinement by his superior in the -College of La Fleche, near Paris, for what he had written on -the subject of the intellectuality of animals. His views, if -not orthodox, were certainly curious and amusing, and there -is a sprightliness in his mode of treating the subject, graceful -at least in the Frenchman, if not conformable to the divine. -The following observations, extracted from that section of -his work which treats of the language of beasts, may amuse -the reader:—“Our first observation upon the language of -beasts is, that it does not extend beyond the necessaries of -life. However, let us not impose upon ourselves with regard -to this point. To take things right, the language of beasts -appears so limited to us only with relation to our own; however, -it is sufficient to beasts, and more would be of no service -to them. Were it not to be wished that ours, at least in -some respects, were limited too? If beasts should hear us -converse, prate, lie, slander, and rave, would they have cause -to envy us the use we make of speech? They have not our -privileges, but in recompense they have not our failings. -Birds sing, they say; but this is a mistake. Birds do not -sing, but speak. What we take for singing is no more than -their natural language. Do the magpie, the jay, the raven, -the owl, and the duck, sing? What makes us believe that -they sing is their beautiful voice. Thus, the Hottentots in -Africa seem to cluck like turkey-cocks, though it be the -natural accent of their language; and thus several nations -seem to us to sing, when they indeed speak. Birds, if you -will, sing in the same sense, but they sing not for singing’s -sake, as we fancy they do. Their singing is always an intended -speech; and it is comical enough that there should be -thus in the world so numerous a nation which never speak -otherwise but tunably and musically. But, in short, what do -those birds say? The question should be proposed to -Apollonius Tyaneus, who boasted of understanding their -language. As for me, who am no diviner, I can give you no -more than probable conjectures. Let us take for our example -the magpie, which is so great a chatterer. It is easy to perceive -that her discourses or songs are varied. She lowers or -raises her voice, hastens or protracts the measure, lengthens -or shortens her chit-chat; and these evidently are so many -different sentences. Now, following the rule I have laid down, -that the knowledge, desires, wants, and of course the expressions -of beasts, are confined to what is useful or necessary -for their preservation, methinks nothing is more easy than at -first, and in general, to understand the meaning of these different -phrases.”—<cite>Dublin University Magazine.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Atmospheric Resistance on Railways.</span>—In Dr Lardner’s -third lecture on railways at Manchester, he detailed a -variety of experiments made in order to ascertain the -source of resistance. “He found that an enlarged temporary -frontage constructed with boards, of probably double the -magnitude of the ordinary front of the train, caused an increase -of resistance so trifling and insignificant as to be entirely -unworthy of account in practice. Seeing that the source -of resistance, so far as the air was concerned, was not to be -ascribed to the form or magnitude of the front, it next occurred -to him to inquire whether it might not arise from the -general magnitude of the train front ends, top and all. An -experiment was made to test this. A train of waggons was -prepared with temporary sides and ends, so as to represent, -for all practical purposes, a train of carriages, which was -moved from the summit of a series of inclined planes, by -gravity, till it was brought to rest; it was next moved down -with the high sides and ends laid flat on the platform of the -waggons, and the result was very remarkable. The whole -frontage of the latter, including the wheels and every thing, -a complete transverse section of the waggons, measured 24 -feet square, and with the sides and ends up, so as to present -a cross section, it amounted to nearly 48 square feet. The -uniform velocity attained on a plane of 1 in 177, without -the sides up, was nearly 23 miles an hour; whereas, with the -sides up, it was only 17 miles an hour; so that, as the resistance -would be in proportion to the square of the velocity, -other things being the same, there would be a very considerable -difference, due to that difference of velocity. Then, at -the foot of the second plane, while the sides were down, an -undiminished velocity remained of 19½ miles an hour, whereas, -with the sides up, it was reduced to 8½ miles an hour; so -that a very extensive difference was produced. They would -see at once that this was a very decisive experiment to prove -that the great source of resistance was to be found in the -bulk, and not the mere section or the form, whether of the -front or the back of a train; but simply in the general bulk -of the body carried through the air. It was very likely to -arise from the successive displacements of a quantity of the -atmosphere equal to the bulk of the body; or still more probably, -from the fact of the extensive sides of the train; and -indeed there was little doubt that the magnitude of the sides -had a very material influence; for if they consider what is -going on in the body of air extending from either side of a -train of coaches, they would soon see what a mechanical -power must be exercised upon it. Thus, when a train is -moving rapidly, the moving power had not only to pull the -train on, but it had to drag a succession of columns of air, -at different velocities, one outside the other, to a considerable -extent outside the train; and it did more, for it overcame -their friction one upon the other; for as these columns of air -were at different velocities, the one would be rubbing against -the other; and all this the moving power had to encounter. -This would go far to explain the great magnitude of resistance -found, and its entire discordance with any thing previously -suspected.”</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Gilding of Metals by Electro-Chemical Action.</span>—M. -de la Rive has succeeded in gilding metals by means of this powerful -action. His method is as follows: he pours a solution of -chloride of gold (obtained by dissolving gold in a mixture -of nitric and muriatic acid) as neutral as possible and very -dilute, into a cylindrical bag made of bladder; he then plunges -the bag into a glass vessel containing very slightly acidulated -water; the metal to be gilded is immersed in the solution of -gold, and communicates by means of metallic wire with a -plate of zinc, which is placed in the acidulated water. The -process may be varied, if the operator pleases, by placing the -acidulated water and zinc in the bag, and the solution of gold -with the metal to be gilded in the glass vessel. In the course -of about a minute, the metal may be withdrawn, and wiped -with a piece of linen; when rubbed briskly with the cloth, it -will be found to be slightly gilded. After two or three similar -immersions the gilding will be sufficiently thick to enable the -operator to terminate the process.—<cite>Athenæum.</cite>——[By referring -to the article on the Electrotype which appeared in No. -20 of the Irish Penny Journal, the reader will be enabled -clearly to understand the mode in which the gold is separated -from the acid, which holds it in solution, and forced, or attracted, -to deposit its particles upon the metallic surface; the -solution of gold bearing in this case a precisely similar relation -to the metal plate, as the solution of copper in the other.]</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Definition of Cherub.</span>—A lady (married of course) -was once troubled with a squalling brat, whom she always -addressed as “my cherub.” Upon being asked why she gave -it that appellation, she replied—“Because that it is derived -from cherubim, and the Bible says, ‘the cherubims continually -do cry.’”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">Slocombe</span> and <span class="smcap">Simms</span>, Leeds; <span class="smcap">Fraser</span> and -<span class="smcap">Crawford</span>, George Street, Edinburgh; and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, -Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -33, February 13, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, FEB 13, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 54781-h.htm or 54781-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/8/54781/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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