diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-0.txt | 16885 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-0.zip | bin | 360228 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h.zip | bin | 2012912 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/54788-h.htm | 25986 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_001.jpg | bin | 157983 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_002.jpg | bin | 149924 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_003.jpg | bin | 121291 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_004.jpg | bin | 225365 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_005.jpg | bin | 172369 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_006.jpg | bin | 211000 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_007.jpg | bin | 238052 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/chat02_front.jpg | bin | 112300 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54788-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 134639 -> 0 bytes |
16 files changed, 17 insertions, 42871 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fc3088 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54788 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54788) diff --git a/old/54788-0.txt b/old/54788-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2b49cde..0000000 --- a/old/54788-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16885 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, by François René Chateaubriand -and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. v 2/6 - Being a Translation by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos of the - Mémoires d'outre-tombe - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 26, 2017 [EBook #54788] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS; V 2/6 *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ - -VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - -SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND - -BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. II - - "NOTRE SANG A TEINT - LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE" - -LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII - - -[Illustration: Napoléon Bonaparte.] - - - - -CONTENTS - - -VOLUME II - -BOOK VII - -I go to see my mother--Saint-Malo--Progress of the Revolution ---My marriage--Paris--Old acquaintances and new--The Abbé -Barthélemy--Saint-Ange--The theatres--Changes in Paris--The -Club des Cordeliers--Marat--Danton--Camille Desmoulins--Fabre -d'Églantine--M. de Malesherbes' opinion on the emigration--I play -and lose--Adventure of the hackney-coach--Madame Roland--Barère at -the Hermitage--Second Federation of the 14th of July--Preparations -for the emigration--I emigrate with my brother--Adventure of -Saint-Louis--We cross the frontier--Brussels--Dinner at the Baron -de Breteuil's--Rivarol--Departure for the army of the Princes--The -journey--I meet the Prussian army--I arrive at Trèves--The Army of the -Princes--A Roman amphitheatre--_Atala_--The shirts of Henry IV.--A -soldier's life--Last appearance of old military France--Commencement -of the siege of Thionville--The Chevalier de La Baronnais--Continuation -of the siege--A contrast--Saints in the woods--Battle of Bouvines--A -patrol--An unexpected encounter--Effects of a cannon-ball and a -shell--Market in camp--Night amid piled arms--The Dutch dog--A -recollection of the _Martyrs_--The nature of my company--With the -outposts--Eudora--Ulysses--Passage of the Moselle--A fight--Libba, the -deaf and dumb girl--Assault of Thionville--The siege is raised--We -enter Verdun--The Prussian evil--The retreat--Smallpox--The -Ardennes--The Prince de Ligne's baggage-wagons--The women of Namur--I -meet my brother at Brussels--Our last farewell--Ostend--I take -passage for Jersey--I land at Guernsey--The pilot's wife--Jersey--My -uncle de Bedée and his family--Description of the island--The Duc de -Berry--Lost friends and relations--The misfortune of growing old--I go -to England--Last meeting with Gesril - -BOOK VIII - -The Literary Fund--My garret in Holborn--Decline in health--Visit -to the doctors--Emigrants in London--Peltier--Literary labours--My -friendship with Hingant--Our excursions--A night in Westminster -Abbey--Distress--Unexpected succour--Lodging overlooking a -cemetery--New companions in misfortune--Our pleasures--My cousin -de La Boüétardais--A sumptuous rout--I come to the end of my forty -crowns--Renewed distress--Table d'hôte--Bishops-Dinner at the London -Tavern--The Camden Manuscripts--My work in the country--Death of -my brother--Misfortunes of my family--Two Frances--Letters from -Hingant--Charlotte--I return to London--An extraordinary meeting--A -defect in my character--The _Essai historique sur les révolutions_--Its -effect--Letter from Lemierre, nephew to the poet--Fontanes--Cléry - - -BOOK IX - -Death of my mother--I return to religion--The _Génie du -Christianisme_--Letter from the Chevalier de Panat--My uncle, M. de -Bedée: his eldest daughter--English literature--Decline of the old -school--Historians--Poets--Publicists--Shakespeare--Old novels--New -novels--Richardson--Sir Walter Scott--New poetry--Beattie--Lord -Byron--England from Richmond to Greenwich--A trip with -Peltier--Blenheim--Stowe--Hampton Court--Oxford--Eton College--Private -manners--Political manners--Fox--Pitt--Burke--George III.--Return -of the emigrants to France--The Prussian Minister gives me a false -passport in the name of La Sagne, a resident of Neuchâtel in -Switzerland--Death of Lord Londonderry--End of my career as a soldier -and traveller--I land at Calais - - -PART THE SECOND - -1800-1814 - -BOOK I - -My stay at Dieppe--Two phases of society--The position of my -Memoirs--The year 1800--Aspect of France--I arrive in Paris--Changes in -society--The year 1801--The _Mercure_--_Atala_--Madame de Beaumont and -her circle--Summer at Savigny--The year 1802--Talma--The year 1803--The -_Génie du Christianisme_--Failure prophesied--Cause of its final -success--Defects in the work - -BOOK II - -The years 1802 and 1803--Country-houses--Madame de Custine--M. de -Saint-Martin--Madame de Houdetot and Saint-Lambert--Journey to -the south of France--M. de la Harpe--His death--Interview with -Bonaparte--I am appointed First Secretary of Embassy in Rome--Journey -from Paris to the Savoy Alps--From Mont Cenis to Rome--Milan to -Rome--Cardinal Fesch's palace--My occupations--Madame de Beaumont's -manuscripts--Letters from Madame de Caud--Madame de Beaumont's arrival -in Rome--Letters from my sister--Letter from Madame de Krüdener--Death -of Madame de Beaumont--Her funeral--Letters from M. de Chênedollé, -M. de Fontanes, M. Necker, and Madame de Staël--The years 1803 and -1804--First idea of my Memoirs--I am appointed French Minister to the -Valais--Departure from Rome--The year 1804--The Valais Republic--A -visit to the Tuileries--The Hôtel de Montmorin--I hear the death cried -of the Duc d'Enghien--I give in my resignation - -BOOK III - -Death of the Duc d'Enghien--The year 1804--General Hulin--The Duc de -Rovigo--M. de Talleyrand--Part played by each--Bonaparte, his sophistry -and remorse--Conclusions to be drawn from the whole story--Enmities -engendered by the death of the Duc D'Enghien--An article in the -_Mercure_--Change in the life of Bonaparte - -BOOK IV - -The year 1804--I move to the Rue de Miromesnil-Verneuil--Alexis de -Tocqueville--Le Ménil--Mézy--Mérévil--Madame de Coislin--Journey to -Vichy, in Auvergne, and to Mont Blanc--Return to Lyons--Excursion -to the Grande Chartreuse--Death of Madame de Caud--The years 1805 -and 1806--I return to Paris--I leave for the Levant--I embark in -Constantinople on a ship carrying pilgrims for Syria--From Tunis to -my return to France through Spain--Reflections on my voyage--Death of -Julien - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - -VOL. II - - Portrait of - - Napoleon Bonaparte - The Comte de Rivarol - Frederic William II - Peltier, editor of the _Actes des Apôtres_ - William Pitt - Edmund Burke - George III - The Duc D'Enghien - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - - -VOLUME II - - -BOOK VII[1] - - -I go to see my mother--Saint-Malo--Progress of the Revolution--My -marriage--Paris--Old acquaintances and new--The Abbé -Barthélemy--Saint-Ange--The theatres--Changes in Paris--The -Club des Cordeliers--Marat--Danton--Camille Desmoulins--Fabre -d'Églantine--M. de Malesherbes' opinion on the emigration--I play -and lose--Adventure of the hackney-coach--Madame Roland--Barère at -the Hermitage--Second Federation of the 14th of July--Preparations -for the emigration--I emigrate with my brother--Adventure of -Saint-Louis--We cross the frontier--Brussels--Dinner at the Baron -de Breteuil's--Rivarol--Departure for the army of the Princes--The -journey--I meet the Prussian army--I arrive at Trèves--The Army of the -Princes--A Roman amphitheatre--_Atala_--The shirts of Henry IV.--A -soldier's life--Last appearance of old military France--Commencement of -the siege of Thionville--The Chevalier de La Baronnais--Continuation -of the siege--A contrast--Saints in the woods--Battle of Bouvines--A -patrol--An unexpected encounter--Effects of a cannon-ball and a -shell--Market in camp--Night amid piled arms--The Dutch dog--A -recollection of the _Martyrs_--The nature of my company--With the -outposts--Eudora--Ulysses--Passage of the Moselle--A fight--Libba, the -deaf and dumb girl--Assault of Thionville--The siege is raised--We -enter Verdun--The Prussian evil--The retreat--Smallpox--The -Ardennes--The Prince de Ligne's baggage-wagons--The women of Namur--I -meet my brother at Brussels--Our last farewell--Ostend--I take -passage for Jersey--I land at Guernsey--The pilot's wife--Jersey--My -uncle de Bedée and his family--Description of the island--The Duc de -Berry--Lost friends and relations--The misfortune of growing old--I go -to England--Last meeting with Gesril. - - -I wrote to my brother in Paris giving him particulars of my crossing, -telling him the reasons for my return, and asking him to lend me the -money wherewith to pay my passage. My brother answered that he had -forwarded my letter to my mother. Madame de Chateaubriand did not keep -me waiting: she enabled me to clear my debt and to leave the Havre. -She told me that Lucile was with her, also my uncle de Bedée and his -family. This intelligence persuaded me to go to Saint-Malo, so that I -might consult my uncle on the question of my proposed emigration. - -Revolutions are like rivers: they grow wider in their course; I found -that which I had left in France enormously swollen and overflowing its -banks: I had left it with Mirabeau under the "Constituent," I found it -with Danton[2] under the "Legislative[3]" Assembly. - -The Treaty of Pilnitz, of the 27th of August 1791, had become known in -Paris. On the 14th of December 1791, while I was being tossed by the -storms, the King announced that he had written to the Princes of the -Germanic Body, and in particular to the Elector of Trèves, touching -the German armaments. The brothers of Louis XVI., the Prince de Condé, -M. de Calonne, the Vicomte de Mirabeau, and M. de Laqueville[4] were -almost immediately impeached. As early as the 9th of November, a -previous decree had been hurled against the other Emigrants: it was to -enter these ranks, already proscribed, that I was hastening; others -might perhaps have retreated, but the threats of the stronger have -always made me take the side of the weaker: the pride of victory is -unendurable to me. - -On my way from the Havre to Saint-Malo I was able to observe the -divisions and misfortunes of France: the country-seats were burnt -and abandoned; the owners, to whom distaffs had been sent, had left; -the women were living sheltered in the towns. The hamlets and small -market-towns groaned under the tyranny of clubs affiliated to the -central Club des Cordeliers, since amalgamated with the Jacobins. The -antagonist of the latter, the Société Monarchique, or des Feuillants, -no longer existed; the vulgar nickname of _sans-culotte_ had become -popular; the King was never spoken of save as "Monsieur Veto" or -"Monsieur Capet." - -[Sidenote: My marriage.] - -I was tenderly welcomed by my mother and my family, although they -deplored the inopportune moment which I had selected for my return. -My uncle, the Comte de Bedée, was preparing to go to Jersey with his -wife, his son, and his daughters. It was a question of finding money to -enable me to join the Princes. My American journey had made a breach -in my fortune; my property was reduced to almost nothing, where my -younger son's portion was concerned, through the suppression of the -feudal rights; and the benefices that were to accrue to me by virtue of -my affiliation to the Order of Malta had fallen, with the remainder of -the goods of the clergy, into the hands of the nation. This conjuncture -of circumstances decided the most serious step in my life: my family -married me in order to procure me the means of going to get killed in -support of a cause which I did not love. - -There was living in retirement, at Saint-Malo, M. de Lavigne[5], a -knight of Saint-Louis, and formerly Commandant of Lorient. The Comte -d'Artois had stayed with him there when he visited Brittany: the Prince -was charmed with his host, and promised to grant him any favour he -might at any time demand. M. de Lavigne had two sons: one of them[6] -married Mademoiselle de La Placelière. Two daughters, born of this -marriage, were left orphans on both sides at a tender age. The elder -married the Comte du Plessix-Parscau[7], a captain in the Navy, the -son and grandson of admirals, himself to-day a rear-admiral, a red -ribbon[8] and commander of the corps of naval cadets at Brest; the -younger[9] was living with her grandfather, and was seventeen years of -age when I arrived at Saint-Malo on my return from America. She was -white, delicate, slender and very pretty: she wore her beautiful fair -hair, which curled naturally, hanging low like a child's. Her fortune -was valued at five or six hundred thousand francs. - -My sisters took it into their heads to make me marry Mademoiselle de -Lavigne, who had become greatly attached to Lucile. The affair was -managed without my knowledge. I had seen Mademoiselle de Lavigne three -or four times at most; I recognised her at a distance on the "Furrow" -by her pink pelisse, her white gown and her fair hair blown out by -the wind, when I was on the beach abandoning myself to the caresses -of my old mistress, the sea. I felt myself to possess none of the -good qualities of a husband. All my illusions were alive, nothing was -spent within me; the very energy of my existence had doubled through -my travels. I was racked by the muse. Lucile liked Mademoiselle de -Lavigne, and saw the independence of my fortune in this marriage: - -"Have your way!" said I. - -In me the public man is inflexible; the private man is at the mercy of -whomsoever wishes to seize hold of him, and, to save myself an hour's -wrangling, I would become a slave for a century. - -The consent of the grandfather, the paternal uncle and the principal -relatives was easily obtained: there remained to be overcome the -objections of a maternal uncle, M. de Vauvert[10], a great democrat, -who opposed the marriage of his niece with an aristocrat like myself, -who was not one at all. We thought ourselves able to do without him, -but my pious mother insisted that the religious marriage should be -performed by a "non-juror" priest, which could only be done in secret. -M. de Vauvert knew this, and let loose the law upon us, under pretext -of rape and breach of the laws, and pleading the imaginary state of -second childhood into which the grandfather, M. de Lavigne, had fallen. -Mademoiselle de Lavigne, who had become Madame de Chateaubriand, -without my having held any communication with her, was taken away in -the name of the law and put into the Convent of Victory at Saint-Malo, -pending the decision of the courts. - -There was no rape, breach of the laws, adventure, nor love in the -whole matter; the wedding had only the bad side of a novel: truth. -The case was tried and the court pronounced the marriage civilly -valid. The members of both families being in agreement, M. de Vauvert -abandoned the proceedings. The constitutional clergyman, lavishly -feed, withdrew his protest against the first nuptial benediction, and -Madame de Chateaubriand was released from the convent, where Lucile had -imprisoned herself with her. - -It was a new acquaintance that I had to make, and it brought me all -that I could wish. I doubt whether a finer intelligence than my wife's -has ever existed: she guesses the thought and the word about to spring -to the brow or the lips of the person with whom she converses; to -deceive her is impossible. Madame de Chateaubriand has an original and -cultured mind, writes most cleverly, tells a story to perfection, and -admires me without ever having read two lines of my works: she would -dread to find ideas in them that differ from hers, or to discover that -people are not sufficiently enthusiastic over my merit. Although a -passionate judge, she is well-informed and a good judge. - -Madame de Chateaubriand's defects, if she have any, proceed from the -superabundance of her good qualities; my own very serious defects -result from the sterility of mine. It is easy to possess resignation, -patience, a general obligingness, equanimity of temper, when one -interests himself in nothing, when one is wearied by everything, -when one replies to good and bad fortune alike with a desperate and -despairing "What does it matter?" - -Madame de Chateaubriand is better than I, although less accessible in -her intercourse with others. Have I been irreproachable in my relations -with her? Have I offered my companion all the sentiments which she -deserved and which were hers by right? Has she ever complained? What -happiness has she tasted in reward for her consistent affection? She -has shared my adversities; she has been plunged into the prisons of -the Terror, the persecutions of the Empire, the disgraces of the -Restoration; she has not known the joys of maternity to counterbalance -her sufferings. Deprived of children, which she might perhaps have had -in another union, and which she would have loved madly; having none of -the honours and affections which surround the mother of a family and -console a woman for the loss of her prime, she has travelled, sterile -and solitary, towards old age. Often separated from me, disliking -literature, to her the pride of bearing my name makes no amends. Timid -and trembling for me alone, she is deprived, through her ever-renewed -anxiety, of sleep and of the time to cure her ills: I am her chronic -infirmity and the cause of her relapses. Can I compare an occasional -impatience which she has shown me with the cares which I have caused -her? Can I set my good qualities, such as they are, against her -virtues, which support the poor, which have established the Infirmerie -de Marie-Thérèse in the face of all obstacles? What are my labours -beside the works of that Christian woman? When the two of us appear -before God, it is I who shall be condemned. - -Upon the whole, when I consider my nature with all its imperfections, -is it certain that marriage has spoilt my destiny? - -I should no doubt have had more leisure and repose; I should have been -better received in certain circles and by certain of the great ones of -this earth; yet in politics, though Madame de Chateaubriand may have -crossed me, she never checked me, for here, as in matters affecting -my honour, I judge only by my own feeling. Should I have produced a -greater number of works if I had remained independent, and would those -works have been any better? Have there not been circumstances, as shall -be seen, in which, by marrying outside France, I should have ceased -to write and disowned my country? If I had not married, would not my -weakness have made me the prey of some worthless creature? Should not -I have squandered and polluted my days like Lord Byron[11]? To-day, -when I am sinking into old age, all my wildness would have passed; -nothing would remain to me but emptiness and regrets: I should be an -old bachelor, unesteemed, either deceived or undeceived, an old bird -repeating my worn-out song to whosoever refused to listen to it. The -full indulgence of my desires would not have added one string more -to my lyre, nor one more earnest note to my voice. The constraint of -my feelings, the mystery of my thoughts have perhaps increased the -forcefulness of my accents, quickened my works with an internal fever, -with a hidden flame, which would have spent itself in the free air -of love. Held back by an indissoluble tie, I purchased at first, at -the cost of a little bitterness, the sweets which I taste to-day. Of -the ills of my existence I have preserved only the incurable part. I -therefore owe an affectionate and eternal gratitude to my wife, whose -attachment has been as touching as it has been profound and sincere. -She has rendered my life more grave, more noble, more honourable, by -always inspiring me with respect for duty, if not always with the -strength to perform it. - -I was married at the end of March 1792, and on the 20th of April the -Legislative Assembly declared war against Francis II.[12], who had just -succeeded his father Leopold; on the 10th of the same month Benedict -Labre[13] was beatified in Rome: there you have two different worlds. -The war hurried the remaining nobles out of France. Persecutions were -being redoubled on the one hand; on the other, the Royalists were no -longer permitted to stay at home without being accounted as cowards: it -was time for me to make my way to the camp which I had come so far to -seek. My uncle de Bedée and his family took ship for Jersey, and I set -out for Paris with my wife and my sisters Lucile and Julie. - -[Sidenote: We go to Paris.] - -We had secured an apartment in the little Hôtel de Villette, in the -Cul-de-Sac Férou, Faubourg Saint-Germain. I hastened in search of -my first friends. I saw the men of letters with whom I had had some -acquaintance. Among new faces I noticed those of the learned Abbé -Barthélemy[14] and the poet Saint-Ange[15]. The abbé modelled the -_gynecœa_ of Athens too closely upon the drawing-rooms at Chanteloup. -The translator of Ovid was not a man without talent; talent is a gift, -an isolated thing: it can come together with other mental faculties, -it can be separated from them. Saint-Ange supplied a proof of this; he -made the greatest efforts not to be stupid, but was unable to prevent -himself. A man whose pencil I admired and still admire, Bernardin de -Saint-Pierre[16], was lacking in intelligence, and unfortunately his -character was on a level with his intelligence. How many pictures in -the _Études de la nature_ are spoilt by the writer's limited mind and -want of elevation of soul. - -Rulhière had died suddenly, in 1791[17], before my departure for -America. I have since seen his little house at Saint-Denis, with the -fountain and the pretty statue of Love, at the foot of which one reads -these verses: - - D'Egmont avec l'Amour visita cette rive: - Une image de sa beauté - Se peignit un moment sur l'onde fugitive: - D'Egmont a disparu; l'Amour seul est resté[18]. - -When I left France the theatres of Paris were still ringing with the -_Réveil d'Épiménide_[19], and with this stanza: - - J'aime la vertu guerrière - De nos braves défenseurs, - Mais d'un peuple sanguinaire - Je déteste les fureurs. - À l'Europe redoutables, - Soyons libres à jamais, - Mais soyons toujours aimables - Et gardons l'esprit français[20]. - -When I returned, the _Réveil d'Épiménide_ had been forgotten; and, if -the stanza had been sung, the author would have been badly handled. -_Charles IX._ was now the rage. The popularity of this piece depended -principally upon the circumstances of the time: the tocsin, a nation -armed with poniards, the hatred of the kings and the priests, all these -offered a reproduction between four walls of the tragedy which was -being publicly enacted. Talma, still at the commencement of his career, -was continuing his successes. - -While tragedy dyed the streets, the pastoral flourished on the stage; -there was question of little but innocent shepherds and virginal -shepherdesses: fields, brooks, meadows, sheep, doves, the golden age -beneath the thatch, were revived to the sighing of the shepherd's -pipe before the cooing Tirces and the simple-minded knitting-women -who had but lately left that other spectacle of the guillotine. Had -Sanson had time, he would have played Colin to Mademoiselle Théroigne -de Méricourt's[21] Babet. The Conventionals plumed themselves upon -being the mildest of men: good fathers, good sons, good husbands, they -went out walking with the children, acted as their nurses, wept with -tenderness at their simple games; they lifted these little lambs gently -in their arms to show them the "gee-gees" of the carts carrying the -victims to execution. They sang the praises of nature, peace, pity, -kindness, candour, the domestic virtues; these devout philanthropists, -with extreme sensibility, sent their neighbours to have their heads -sliced off for the greater happiness of mankind. - -* - -[Sidenote: Paris in 1792.] - -Paris in 1792 no longer presented the outward aspect of 1789 and 1790: -one saw no longer the budding Revolution, but a people marching drunk -to its destinies, across abysses and by uncertain roads. The appearance -of the people was no longer tumultuous, curious, eager: it was -threatening. In the streets one met none but frightened or ferocious -figures, men creeping along the houses so as not to be seen, or others -seeking their prey: timid and lowered eyes were turned away from you, -or else harsh eyes were fixed on yours in order to sound and fathom you. - -All diversity of costume had ceased; the old world kept in the -background; men had donned the uniform cloak of the new world, a -cloak which had become merely the last garment of the future victims. -Already the social license displayed at the rejuvenation of France, -the liberties of 1789, those fantastic and unruly liberties of a state -of things which is engaged in self-destruction and which has not yet -turned to anarchy were levelling themselves beneath the sceptre of the -people; one felt the approach of a plebeian tyranny, fruitful, it is -true, and filled with expectations, but also formidable in a manner -very different from the decaying despotism of the old monarchy: for, -the sovereign people being ubiquitous, when it turns tyrant the tyrant -is ubiquitous; it is the universal presence of an universal Tiberius. - -With the Parisian population was mingled an exotic population of -cut-throats from the south; the advance-guard of the Marseillese, whom -Danton was bringing up for the day's work of the 10th of August and the -massacres of September, were recognisable by their rags, their bronzed -complexions, their look of cowardice and crime, but of crime of another -sun: _in vultu vitium._ - -In the Legislative Assembly there was no one whom I recognised; -Mirabeau and the early idols of our troubles either were no more or had -been hurled from their altars. In order to put together the thread of -history broken by my journey in America, I must trace matters a little -further back. - -* - -The flight of the King, on the 21st of June 1791, caused the Revolution -to take an immense step forward. Brought back to Paris on the 25th -of that month, he was then dethroned for the first time, since the -National Assembly declared that its decrees would have the force of -law without there being any need of royal sanction or acceptance. A -high court of justice, anticipating the revolutionary tribunal, was -established at Orleans. Thenceforward Madame Roland[22] demanded the -head of the Queen, until such time as her own head should be demanded -by the Revolution. The mob-gathering had taken place in the Champ de -Mars, to protest against the decree which suspended the King from his -functions instead of putting him upon his trial. The acceptance of -the Constitution, on the 14th of September, had no calming effect. -There was a question of declaring the dethronement of Louis XVI.; -had this been done, the crime of the 21st of January would not have -been committed; the position of the French people in relation to the -monarchy and in the eyes of posterity would have been different. The -Constituents who opposed the dethronement thought they were saving the -Crown, whereas they undid it; those who thought to undo it by demanding -the dethronement would have saved it. In politics the result is almost -invariably the opposite of what is foreseen. - -On the 30th of that same month of September 1791, the Constituent -Assembly held its last sitting; the imprudent decree of the 17th of May -previous, which prohibited the re-election of the retiring members, -gave birth to the Convention. There is nothing more dangerous, more -inadequate, more inapplicable to general affairs than resolutions -appropriate to individuals or bodies of men, however honourable in -themselves. - -The decree of the 29th of September for regulating popular societies -served only to make them more violent. This was the last act of the -Constituent Assembly: it dissolved on the following day, bequeathing to -France a revolution. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Legislative Assembly.] - -The Legislative Assembly, installed on the 1st of October 1791, -revolved within the whirlwind which was about to sweep away the living -and the dead. Troubles stained the departments with blood; at Caen -the people were surfeited with massacres and ate the heart of M. de -Belsunce[23]. - -The King set his veto to the decree against the Emigrants and to that -which deprived the non-juror ecclesiastics of all emolument. These -lawful acts increased the excitement. Pétion had become Mayor of -Paris[24]. The deputies preferred a bill of impeachment against the -Emigrant Princes on the 1st of January 1792; on the 2nd, they fixed the -commencement of the Year IV. of Liberty on that same 1st of January. -About the 13th of February, red caps were seen in the streets of Paris, -and the municipality ordered pikes to be manufactured. The manifesto -of the Emigrants appeared on the 1st of March. Austria armed. Paris -was divided into more or less hostile sections[25]. On the 20th of -March 1792, the Legislative Assembly adopted the sepulchral piece of -mechanism without which the sentences of the Terror could not have been -executed; it was first tried on dead bodies, so that these might teach -it its trade. One may speak of the instrument as of an executioner, -since persons who were touched by its good services presented it with -sums of money for its support[26]. The invention of the murder-machine, -at the very moment when it had become necessary to crime, is a -noteworthy proof of the intelligence of co-ordinate facts, or rather a -proof of the hidden action of Providence when it proposes to change the -face of empires. - -Minister Roland had been summoned to the King's Council at the -instigation of the Girondins[27]. On the 20th of April, war was -declared against the King of Hungary and Bohemia[28]. Marat published -the _Ami du peuple_ in spite of the decree by which he was stricken. -The Royal German Regiment and the Berchiny Regiment deserted. -Isnard[29] spoke of the perfidy of the Court, Gensonné[30] and -Brissot[31] denounced the Austrian Committee. An insurrection broke -out on the subject of the Royal Guard, which was disbanded[32]. On -the 28th of May, the Assembly declared its sittings permanent. On the -20th of June, the Palace of the Tuileries was forced by the mob of -the Faubourgs Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marceau, the pretext being the -refusal of Louis XVI. to sanction the proscription of the priests; the -King was in peril of his life. The country was declared in danger. -M. de La Fayette was burnt in effigy. The federates of the second -Federation were arriving; the Marseilleise, called up by Danton, were -on the march: they entered Paris on the 30th of July and were billeted -by Pétion at the Cordeliers. - -* - -By the side of the national tribune, two competing tribunes had sprung -up: that of the Jacobins and that of the Cordeliers, then the more -formidable because it sent members to the famous Commune of Paris and -supplied it with means of action. If the formation of the Commune had -not taken place, Paris, for want of a point of concentration, would -have split up, and the various mayoralties become rival powers. - -[Sidenote: The Club of Cordeliers.] - -The Club des Cordeliers had its abode in the monastery, whose church -was built in the reign of St Louis, in 1259[33], with funds paid as -damages for a murder: in 1590 it became the resort of the most famous -Leaguers. Certain places seem to be the laboratories of factions: -"Intelligence was brought," says L'Estoile (12 July 1593), "to the -Duc de Mayenne[34] of two hundred Cordeliers newly arrived in Paris, -supplying themselves with arms and concerting with the Sixteen[35], -who held council daily at the Cordeliers of Paris.... On that day the -Sixteen, assembled at the Cordeliers, cast aside their arms." - -The fanatics of the League had therefore handed down the monastery of -the Cordeliers to our philosophical revolutionaries as a dead-house. - -The pictures, the carved and painted images, the veils, the curtains -of the convent had been pulled down; the basilica, flayed of its -skin, presented its bare skeleton to the eye. In the apsis of the -church, where the wind and the rain entered through the broken panes -of the rose-windows, some joiners' benches served as a table for the -president, when the sittings were held in the church. On these benches -lay red caps, with which each speaker covered his head before ascending -the tribune. The latter consisted of four buttressed stop-planks, -crossed at their X by a single plank, like a scaffolding. -Behind the president, together with a statue of Liberty, one saw -so-called instruments of ancient justice, instruments whose place had -been supplied by one other, the blood-machine, in the same way as -complicated machinery has been replaced by the hydraulic ram. The Club -des Jacobins _épurés_, or purged Jacobin Club, borrowed some of these -arrangements of the Cordeliers. - -* - -The orators, who had met for purposes of destruction, were unable to -agree in electing their leaders or in the methods to be employed; they -treated each other as scoundrels, pickpockets, thieves, butchers, to -the cacophony of the hisses and groans of their several groups of -devils. Their metaphors were taken from the stock of murders, borrowed -from the filthiest objects of every kind of sewer and dunghill, or -drawn from the places consecrated to the prostitution of men and -women. Gestures accentuated these figures of speech; everything was -called by its name, with cynical indecency, in an obscene and impious -pageantry of oaths and blasphemies. Destruction and production, death -and generation, one distinguished naught else through the savage -slang which deafened the ears. The speech-makers, with their shrill -or thundering voices, had interrupters other than their opponents: -the little brown owls of the cloisters without monks and the steeple -without bells played in the broken windows, in the hope of booty; -they interrupted the speeches. They were first called to order by the -jingling of the impotent bell; but when they failed to stop their -clamour, shots were fired at them to compel them to silence: they fell, -throbbing, wounded and fatidical, in the midst of the pandemonium. -Broken-down timber-work, rickety pews, ramshackle stalls, fragments -of saints rolled and pushed against the walls, served as benches -for the dirty, grimy, drunken, sweating spectators, in their ragged -_carmagnoles_, with their shouldered pikes or bare crossed arms. - -The most deformed of the band obtained the readiest hearing. Mental -and bodily infirmities have played a part in our troubles: wounded -self-love has made great revolutionaries. - -* - -Following this precedence of hideousness, there appeared in succession, -mingled with the ghosts of the Sixteen, a series of gorgon heads. -The former doctor of the Comte d'Artois' Bodyguards, the Swiss fœtus -Marat[36], his bare feet in wooden clogs or hob-nailed shoes, was the -first to hold forth, by virtue of his incontestable claims. Holding -the office of "jester" at the Court of the people, he exclaimed, with -an insipid expression and the smirk of trite politeness which the old -bringing-up set on every face: - -"People, you must cut off two hundred and seventy thousand heads!" - -To this Caligula of the public places succeeded the atheistical -shoemaker Chaumette[37]. He was followed by the "Attorney-General -to the Lantern," Camille Desmoulins, a stuttering Cicero, a public -counsellor of murders worn out with debauchery, a frivolous Republican -with his puns and jokes, a maker of graveyard jests, who said that, in -the massacres of September, "all had passed off orderly." He consented -to become a Spartan, provided the making of the black broth was left to -Méot the tavern-keeper[38]. - -Fouché[39], who had hastened up from Juilly or Nantes, studied disaster -under those doctors: in the circle of wild beasts seated attentively -round the chair he looked like a dressed-up hyena. He smelt the -effluvium of the blood to come; already he inhaled the incense of the -procession of asses and executioners, pending the day on which, driven -from the Club des Jacobins as a thief, an atheist and an assassin, he -should be chosen as a minister. - -[Sidenote: Marat.] - -When Marat had climbed down from his plank, that popular Triboulet[40] -became the sport of his masters: they filliped him on the nose, trod -on his feet, hustled him with "gee-ups," all of which did not prevent -him from becoming the leader of the multitude, climbing to the clock -of the Hôtel de Ville, sounding the tocsin for a general massacre, and -triumphing in the revolutionary tribunal. - -Marat, like Milton's Sin, was violated by death[41]: Chénier wrote his -apotheosis, David[42] painted him in his blood-stained bath; he was -compared to the divine Author of the Gospel. A prayer was dedicated to -him: "Heart of Jesus, Heart of Marat; O Sacred Heart of Jesus, O Sacred -Heart of Marat!" This heart of Marat had for a ciborium a costly pyx -from the Royal Repository. In a grass-grown cenotaph, erected on the -Place du Carrousel, were exhibited the divinity's bust, his bath, lamp, -and inkstand. Then the wind changed: the unclean thing, poured from its -agate urn into a different vase, was emptied into the sewer. - -* - -The scenes at the Cordeliers, of which I witnessed some three or four, -were dominated and presided over by Danton, a Hun of Gothic stature, -with a flat nose, outspread nostrils, furrowed jaws, and the face of -a gendarme combined with that of a lewd and cruel attorney. In the -shell of his church, as it were the skeleton of the centuries, Danton, -with his three male furies, Camille Desmoulins, Marat, and Fabre -d'Églantine[43], organized the assassinations of September. Billaud de -Varennes[44] proposed to set fire to the prisons and burn all those -inside; another Conventional voted that all the untried prisoners -should be drowned; Marat declared himself in favour of a general -massacre. Danton was besought to show mercy to the prisoners: - -"----the prisoners!" he replied. - -As author of the circular of the Commune, he invited free men to repeat -in the departments the enormities perpetrated at the Carmelites and the -Abbaye. - -Let us consider history: Sixtus V.[45] pronounced the devotion of -Jacques Clément[46] to be equal, for the salvation of mankind, to the -mystery of the Incarnation, even as Marat was compared to the Saviour -of the World; Charles IX.[47] wrote to the governors of provinces to -imitate the St. Bartholomew[48] massacres, even as Danton summoned -the patriots to copy the massacres of September. The Jacobins were -plagiaries; they were still more so when they offered up Louis XVI. -in imitation of Charles I.[49] As these crimes were connected with a -great social movement, some have, very unaptly, imagined that those -crimes produced the greatness of the Revolution, of which they were -but the hideous _pasticcios_: while watching a fine nature suffering, -passionate or systematic minds have admired only its convulsions. - -Danton, more candid than the English, said: - -"We will not try our King, we will kill him." - -He also said: - -"Those priests and nobles are not guilty, but they must die, because -they are out of place; they trammel the movement of things and obstruct -the future." - -These words, beneath an appearance of horrible depth, possess no extent -of genius, for they presume that innocence is nothing, and that moral -order can be withdrawn from political order without causing the latter -to perish, which is false. - -[Sidenote: Danton.] - -Danton had not the conviction of the principles he maintained; he had -donned the revolutionary cloak only to make his fortune. - -"Come and 'brawl' with us," he advised a young man: "when you have -grown rich, you can do as you please." - -He admitted that, if he had not sold himself to the Court, it was -because it would not pay a high enough price for him: an instance -of the effrontery of a mind that knows itself and a corruption that -reveals itself open-mouthed. - -Though inferior, even in ugliness, to Marat, whose agent he had been, -Danton was superior to Robespierre, without, like the latter, having -given his name to his crimes. He preserved the religious sense: - -"We have not," he said, "destroyed superstition to establish atheism." - -His passions might have been good ones, if only because they were -passions. We must allow for character in the actions of men; culprits -with heated imaginations like Danton seem, by reason of the very -exaggeration of their sayings and doings, to be more froward than the -cool-headed culprits, whereas in fact they are less so. This remark -applies also to the people: taken collectively, the people is a poet, -author and ardent actor of the piece which it plays or is made to play. -Its excesses partake not so much of the instinct of a native cruelty -as of the delirium of a crowd intoxicated with sights, especially when -these are tragic: a thing so true that, in popular horrors, there is -always something superfluous added to the picture and the emotion. - -Danton was caught in the trap himself had laid. It availed him nothing -to flick pellets of bread at his judges' noses, to reply nobly and -courageously, to cause the tribunal to hesitate, to endanger and -terrify the Convention, to reason logically upon crimes by which the -very power of his enemies had been created, to exclaim, smitten with -barren repentance, "It was I who instituted this infamous tribunal: I -crave pardon for it of God and men!" a phrase which has been pilfered -more than once. It was before being indicted before the tribunal that -he should have declared its infamy. - -It only remained to Danton to show himself as pitiless for his own -death as he had been for that of his victims, to hold his head higher -than the hanging knife: and this he did. From the stage of the Terror, -where his feet stuck in the clotted blood of the previous day, after -turning a glance of contempt and domination over the crowd, he said to -the headsman: - -"Show my head to the people; it is worth showing." - -Danton's head remained in the executioner's hands, while the acephalous -shade went to join the decapitated shades of his victims: a further -instance of equality. Danton's deacon and sub-deacon, Camille -Desmoulins and Fabre d'Églantine, died in the same manner as their -priest. - -[Sidenote: Camille Desmoulins.] - -At a time when pensions were being paid to the guillotine, when one -wore at the buttonhole of one's carmagnole, by way of a flower, a -little guillotine in gold, or else a small piece of a guillotined -person's heart; at a time when people shouted, "Hell for ever!" when -they celebrated the joyful orgies of blood, steel and fury, when they -toasted annihilation, when they danced the dance of the dead quite -naked, so as not to have the trouble of undressing when about to -join them; at that time one was bound in the end to come to the last -banquet, the last pleasantry of sorrow. Desmoulins was invited to -Fouquier-Tinville's[50] tribunal. - -"What is your age?" asked the president. - -"The age of the Sans-Culotte Jesus," replied Camille facetiously[51]. - -An avenging obsession compelled the assassins of Christians unceasingly -to confess the name of Christ. - -It would be unfair to forget that Camille Desmoulins dared to defy -Robespierre and to atone for his errors by his courage. He gave the -signal for the reaction against the Terror. A young and charming wife, -full of energy, had, by making him capable of love, made him capable -of virtue and sacrifice. Indignation instilled eloquence into the -tribune's coarse and reckless irony: he attacked in the grand manner -the scaffolds he had helped to erect. Adapting his conduct to his -speech, he refused to consent to his execution; he struggled with the -headsman in the tumbril, and arrived at the edge of the last gulf with -his clothes half tom from his back. - -Fabre d'Églantine, author of a play which will live[52], displayed, -quite contrary to Desmoulins, a signal weakness. Jean Roseau, public -executioner of Paris under the League, who was hanged for lending his -offices to the assassins of the Président Brisson[53], could not bring -himself to accept the rope. It seems that one does not learn how to die -by killing others. - -The debates at the Cordeliers established for me the fact of a state of -society at the most rapid moment of its transformation. I had seen the -Constituent Assembly commence the murder of the kingship in 1789 and -1790; I found the body, still quite warm, of the old monarchy handed -over in 1792 to the legislative gut-workers: they disembowelled and -dissected it in the cellars of their clubs, as the halberdiers cut up -and burnt the body of the Balafré[54] in the garret of Blois Castle. - -Of all the men whom I recall, Danton, Marat. Camille Desmoulins, Fabre -d'Églantine, Robespierre, not one is alive. I met them for a moment on -my passage between a nascent society in America and an expiring society -in Europe; between the forests of the New World and the solitudes of -exile: before I had reckoned a few months on foreign soil, those lovers -of death had already spent themselves in her arms. At the distance -at which I now find myself from their appearance, it seems to me as -though, after descending into the infernal regions of my youth, I -retain a confused recollection of the shades which I vaguely saw wander -by the bank of Cocytus: they complete the varied dreams of my life, and -come to be inscribed on my tablets of beyond the tomb. - -* - -It was a great pleasure to meet M. de Malesherbes again and speak to -him of my old projects. I stated my plans for a second journey, which -was to last nine years; all I had to do first was to take another -little journey to Germany: I was to run to the Army of the Princes, and -come back at a run to kill the Revolution; all this would be finished -in two or three months, when I should hoist my sail and return to the -New World, having got rid of a revolution and enriched myself by a -marriage. - -And yet my zeal exceeded my faith; I felt that the emigration was a -stupidity and a madness: - -"I was shaven on all hands," says Montaigne. "To the Ghibelin I was a -Guelf, to Guelf a Ghibelin[55]." - -My distaste for absolute monarchy left me with no illusions concerning -the step I was taking. I cherished scruples, and, although resolved -to sacrifice myself to honour, I desired to have M. de Malesherbes' -opinion on the emigration. I found him much incensed: the crimes -continued under his eyes had caused the friend of Rousseau to lose his -political toleration; between the cause of the victims and that of the -butchers he did not hesitate. He believed that anything was better than -the existing state of things; he thought that, in my particular case, a -man wearing the sword was bound to join the brothers of a King who was -oppressed and delivered to his enemies. He approved of my returning to -America, and urged my brother to go with me. - -I raised the ordinary objections based upon the assistance of -foreigners, the interests of the country, and so on. He replied -and, passing from general arguments to details, quoted some awkward -examples. He put before me the case of the Guelphs and Ghibhelinnes, -relying on the troops of the Emperor and the Pope; in England, the -barons rising against John Lackland. Finally, in our times, he quoted -the case of the Republic of the United States imploring the assistance -of France. - -"In the same way," continued M. de Malesherbes, "the men most devoted -to liberty and philosophy, the Republicans and Protestants, have never -considered themselves to blame when they have borrowed a force which -could ensure the victory of their opinion. Would the New World be free -today without our gold, our ships, and our soldiers? I, Malesherbes, -who am speaking to you, did not I, in 1776, receive Franklin, who -came to renew the relations entered into by Silas Deane[56], and yet -was Franklin a traitor? Was American liberty any the less honourable -for being assisted by La Fayette and won by French grenadiers? Every -government which, instead of securing the fundamental laws of society, -itself transgresses the laws of equity, the rules of justice, ceases to -exist, and restores man to the state of nature. It is then lawful to -defend one's self as best one may, to resort to the means that appear -most calculated to overthrow tyranny and to restore the rights of one -and all." - -[Sidenote: Talks with Malesherbes.] - -The principles of natural right as set forth by the greatest -publicists, developed by such a man as M. de Malesherbes, and supported -by numerous historical examples, struck me without convincing me; -I yielded in reality only to the impulse of my age, to the point -of honour. I will add some more recent examples to those of M. de -Malesherbes: during the Spanish War of 1823, the French Republican -Party went to serve under the banner of the Cortès, and did not scruple -to bear arms against its own country; in 1830 and 1831, the Poles and -the constitutional Italians invoked the assistance of France, and the -Portuguese of the "Charter" invaded their country with the aid of -foreign money and foreign soldiers. We have two standards of weight -and measurement: we approve in the case of one idea, one system, one -interest, one man of that which we condemn in the case of another idea, -another system, another interest, another man. - -These conversations between myself and the illustrious defender of the -King took place at my sister-in-law's; she had just given birth to a -second son, to whom M. de Malesherbes stood god-father and gave his -name, Christian. I was present at the baptism of this child, which -was to see its father and mother only at an age at which life leaves -no memory and appears at a distance like an ill-remembered dream. The -preparations for my departure lagged. They had thought that they were -making me contract a rich marriage: it appeared that my wife's fortune -was invested in Church securities; the nation undertook to pay them -after its own fashion. Not only that, but Madame de Chateaubriand had, -with the consent of her trustees, lent the scrip of a large portion of -these securities to her sister, the Comtesse du Plessix-Parscau, who -had emigrated. Money was still wanting, therefore; it became necessary -to borrow. - -A notary procured ten thousand francs for us: I was taking them home to -the Cul-de-sac Férou, in _assignats_, when, in the Rue de Richelieu, I -met one of my old messmates in the Navarre Regiment, the Comte Achard. -He was a great gambler; he proposed that we should go to the rooms of -M----, where we could talk; the devil urged me: I went upstairs, I -played, I lost all, except fifteen hundred francs, with which, full of -remorse and humiliation, I climbed into the first coach that passed. -I had never played before: play produced in me a sort of painful -intoxication; if the passion had attacked me, it would have turned -my brain. With half-disordered wits, I stepped out of the coach at -Saint-Sulpice, and left my pocket-book behind, containing the remnant -of my treasure. I ran home and said that I had left the ten thousand -francs in a hackney-coach. - -I went out again, turned down the Rue Dauphine, crossed the Pont-Neuf, -feeling half inclined to throw myself into the water; I went to the -Place du Palais-Royal, where I had taken the ill-omened vehicle. I -questioned the Savoyards who watered the screws, and described my -conveyance; they told me a number at random. The police commissary of -the district informed me that that number belonged to a job-master -living at the top of the Faubourg Saint-Denis. I went to the -man's house; I remained all night in the stable, waiting for the -hackney-coaches to return: a large number arrived in succession which -were not mine; at last, at two o'clock in the morning, I saw my chariot -drive in. I had hardly time to recognise my two white steeds, when the -poor beasts, utterly worn out, dropped down upon the straw, stiff, -their stomachs distended, their legs stretched out, as though dead. - -The coachman remembered driving me. After me, he had taken up a -citizen, whom he had set down at the Jacobins; after the citizen, a -lady, whom he had taken to the Rue de Cléry, number 13; after that -lady, a gentleman, whom he had put down at the Recollects in the Rue -Saint-Martin. I promised the driver a gratuity, and, the moment -daylight had come, set out on the discovery of my fifteen hundred -francs, as I had gone in search of the North-West Passage. It seemed -clear to me that the citizen of the Jacobins had confiscated them by -right of his sovereignty. The young person of the Rue de Cléry averred -that she had seen nothing in the coach. I reached the third station -without any hope; the coachman gave a tolerably good description of the -gentleman he had driven. The porter exclaimed: - -"It's the Père So-and-so!" - -He led me through the passages and the deserted apartments to a -Recollect who had remained behind alone to make an inventory of the -furniture of his convent. Seated on a heap of rubbish, in a dusty -frock-coat, the monk listened to my story: - -"Are you," he asked, "the Chevalier de Chateaubriand?" - -"Yes," I replied. - -"Here is your pocket-book," said he. "I would have brought it when I -had finished: I found your address inside." - -[Sidenote: An honest monk.] - -It was this hunted and plundered monk, engaged in conscientiously -counting up the relics of his cloister for his proscribes, who restored -to me the fifteen hundred francs with which I was about to make my -way to exile. Failing this small sum, I should not have emigrated: -what should I have become? My whole life would have changed. I will be -hanged if I would to-day move a step to recover a million. - -This happened on the 16th of June 1792. Obeying the promptings of -my instinct, I had returned from America to offer my sword to Louis -XVI., not to associate myself with party intrigues. The disbanding of -the King's new guard, of which Murat[57] was a member; the successive -ministries of Roland[58], Dumouriez, Duport du Tertre[59]; the little -conspiracies of the Court and the great popular risings filled me -only with weariness and contempt. I heard much talk of Madame Roland, -whom I never saw: her Memoirs show that she possessed an extraordinary -strength of mind. She was said to be very agreeable: it remains to be -known whether she was sufficiently so to make at all tolerable the -cynicism of her unnatural virtues. Certainly the woman who, at the -foot of the guillotine, asked for pen and ink to describe the last -moments of her journey, to write down the discoveries she had made in -the course of her progress from the Conciergerie to the Place de la -Révolution, that woman displayed an absorption in futurity, a contempt -for life, of which there are few examples. Madame Roland possessed -character rather than genius: the first can give the second, the second -cannot give the first. - -On the 19th of June, I went to the Vale of Montmorency to visit the -Hermitage of J. J. Rousseau: not that I delighted in the memories of -Madame d'Épinay[60] and of that depraved and artificial society; but -I wished to take leave of the solitude of a man whose morals were -antipathetic to mine, although he himself was endowed with a talent -whose accents stirred my youth. On the next day, the 20th of June, I -was still at the Hermitage, and there met two men walking, like myself, -in that deserted spot during the fatal day of the monarchy, indifferent -as they were or might be, thought I, to the affairs of this world: -one was M. Maret[61], of the Empire, the other M. Barère[62], of the -Republic. The amiable Barère had come, far from the uproar, in his -sentimental, philosophical way, to whisper soft revolutionary nothings -to the shade of Julie. The troubadour of the guillotine, on whose -report the Convention decreed that the Terror was the order of the -day, escaped the same Terror by hiding in the head-basket; from the -bottom of the bloody trough, beneath the scaffold, he was heard only to -croak the word, "Death!" Barère belonged to the species of tigers which -Oppian represents as born of the wind's light breath: _velocis Zephyri -proles._ - -Ginguené, Chamfort, my old friends among the men of letters, were -delighted with the 20th of June. La Harpe, continuing his lectures at -the Lycée, shouted in a stentorian voice: - -"Fools! To all the representations of the people you answered, -'Bayonets! Bayonets!' Well, you have them now, your bayonets!" - -Although my travels in America had made a less insignificant personage -of me, I was unable to rise to so great a height of principle and -eloquence. Fontanes was in danger through his former connection -with the Société Monarchique. My brother was a member of a club of -_enragés._ The Prussians were marching by virtue of a convention -between the Cabinets of Vienna and Berlin; a rather fierce engagement -had already taken place between the French and Austrians near Mons. It -was more than time for me to take a decision. - -[Sidenote: My brother and I emigrate.] - -My brother and I procured false passports for Lille: we were two -wine-merchants and national guards of Paris, wearing the uniform -and proposing to tender for the army supplies. My brother's valet, -Louis Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, travelled under his own name; -he came from Lamballe, in Lower Brittany, but was going to see his -family in Flanders. The day of our emigration was settled for the -15th of July, the day after the second Federation. We spent the 14th -in the Tivoli garden, with the Rosanbo family, my sisters and my -wife. Tivoli belonged to M. Boutin[63], whose daughter had married -M. de Malesherbes[64]. Towards the end of the day we saw a good many -federates wandering about after disbanding; on their hats was written -in chalk, "Pétion or death!" Tivoli, the starting-point of my exile, -was to become a centre of amusements and fêtes. Our relations took -leave of us without sadness; they were persuaded that we were going on -a pleasure-trip. My recovered fifteen hundred francs seemed a treasure -sufficient to bring me back in triumph to Paris. - -On the 10th of July, at six o'clock in the morning, we climbed into the -diligence: we had booked our seats in the front part, by the guard; -the valet, whom we were supposed not to know, stuffed himself into the -inside with the other passengers. Saint-Louis walked in his sleep; in -Paris he used to go looking for his master at night, with his eyes -open, but quite asleep. He used to undress my brother and put him to -bed, sleeping all the time, answering, "I know, I know," to all that -was said to him during his attacks, and waking only when cold water was -thrown in his face: he was a man of about forty, nearly six feet high, -and as ugly as he was tall. This poor fellow, who was very respectful -by nature, had never served any master except my brother; he was quite -confused when he had to sit down to table with us at supper. The -passengers, great patriots all, talking of hanging the aristocrats from -the lanterns, increased his dismay. The thought that, at the end of all -this, he would be obliged to pass through the Austrian Army, in order -to fight in the Army of the Princes, completely turned his brain. He -drank heavily and climbed into the diligence again; we went back to the -coupé. - -In the middle of the night we heard the passengers shouting, with their -heads out of the windows: - -"Stop, postilion, stop!" - -They stopped, the door of the diligence was opened, and immediately -male and female voices exclaimed: - -"Get down, citizen, get down! We can't stand this! Get down, you beast! -He's a brigand! Get down, get down!" - -We got down too, and saw Saint-Louis hustled, flung out of the coach, -stand up, turn his wide-open but sleeping eyes around him, and take -to flight in the direction of Paris, without his hat, and as fast as -his legs would carry him. We were unable to acknowledge him, or we -should have betrayed ourselves; we had to leave him to his fate. He was -caught and taken up at the first village, and stated that he was the -servant of M. le Comte de Chateaubriand, and that he lived in the Rue -de Bondy, Paris. The rural police passed him on from brigade to brigade -to the Président de Rosanbo's; the unhappy man's depositions served to -prove our emigration, and to send my brother and sister-in-law to the -scaffold. - -The next day, when the diligence stopped for breakfast, we had to -listen to the whole story a score of times: - -"That man had a perturbed imagination; he was dreaming out loud; he -said strange things; he was no doubt a conspirator, an assassin fleeing -from justice." - -The well-bred citizenesses blushed and waved large green-paper -"Constitutional" fans. We easily recognised through these stories the -effects of somnambulism, fear and wine. - -[Sidenote: We cross the frontier.] - -On reaching Lille, we went in search of the person who was to take -us across the frontier. The Emigration had its agents of safety who -eventually became agents of perdition. The monarchical party was still -powerful, the question undecided: the weak and cowardly served, while -awaiting the turn of events. We left Lille before the gates were -closed: we stopped at a remote house, and did not start until ten -o'clock at night, when it was quite dark; we carried nothing with us; -we had a little cane in our hands; it was no more than a year since I, -in the same way, followed my Dutchman in the American forests. - -We crossed cornfields through which wound hardly traceable footpaths. -The French and Austrian patrols were beating the country-side: we -were liable to fall in with either, or to find ourselves in front of -the pistols of a vedette. We saw single horsemen in the distance, -motionless, weapon in hand; we heard the hoofs of horses in the hollow -roads; laying our ears against the ground, we heard the regular tramp -of infantry marching. After three hours spent alternately in running -and in creeping along on tiptoe, we reached a cross-road in a wood -where some belated nightingales were singing. A troop of uhlans, posted -behind a hedge, fell upon us with raised sabres. We shouted: - -"Officers going to join the Princes!" - -We asked to be taken to Tournay, saying we were in a position to make -ourselves known. The officer in command placed us between his troopers -and carried us off. When day broke, the uhlans perceived our national -guards' uniforms under our surtouts, and insulted the colours in which -France was soon to dress her vassal, Europe. - -In Tournaisis, the primitive kingdom of the Franks, Clovis resided -during the early years of his reign; he set out from Tournay with his -companions, summoned as he was to the conquest of the Gauls: "Arms -always have right on their side," says Tacitus. Through this town, from -which, in 486, the first King of the First Race[65] rode to found his -long and mighty monarchy, I passed in 1792 to go and join the Princes -of the Third Race on foreign soil, and I passed through it again in -1815, when the last King of the French abandoned the kingdom of the -first King of the Franks: _omnia migrant._ - -When we reached Tournay, I left my brother to grapple with the -authorities, and in the custody of a soldier visited the cathedral. In -days of old, Odo of Orleans, the scholasticus of the cathedral, seated -at night before the church porch, taught his disciples the course of -the planets, and pointed out to them the Milky Way and the stars. -I would rather have found this artless eleventh-century astronomer -at Tournay than the Pandours. I delight in those days in which the -chronicles tell me, under the year 1049, that, in Normandy, a man had -been transformed into a donkey: that was like to have happened to me, -as the reader knows, at the house of the Demoiselles Couppart, who -taught me to read. Hildebert[66], in 1114, saw a girl from whose ears -grew spikes of corn: perhaps it was Ceres. The Meuse, which I was -soon to cross, was suspended in mid-air in the year 1118, as witness -Guillaume de Nangis[67] and Albéric[68]. Rigord[69] assures us that, -in 1194, between Compiègne and Clermont in Beauvoisis, there fell a -storm of hail, mixed with ravens which carried charcoal and caused a -fire. If the tempest, as Gervase of Tilbury[70] tells us, was unable to -extinguish a candle on the window-sill of the priory of Saint-Michel -"de Camissa," we also know through him that, in the Diocese of Uzès, -there was a fair and clear spring which changed its place when anything -unclean was thrown into it: our latter-day consciences do not put -themselves out for so little. - -Reader, I am not wasting time; I am chatting with you to keep you in -patience while waiting for my brother, who is arranging things: here -he comes, after explaining himself to the satisfaction of the Austrian -commander. We have leave to go on to Brussels, an exile purchased with -too much care and trouble. - -* - -[Sidenote: Brussels.] - -Brussels was the head-quarters of the upper Emigration: the most -elegant women of Paris and the most fashionable men, those who were -able to march only as aides-de-camp, were awaiting amid pleasures the -moment of victory. They had fine brand-new uniforms; they paraded -the very pedantry of frivolity. Considerable sums, enough to keep -them for a few years, were squandered in a few days: it was not worth -while economizing, since we should be in Paris directly. Those gallant -knights, reversing the practice of the olden chivalry, were preparing -for glory with successes in love. They scornfully watched us trudging -on foot, knapsack on back, small provincial gentlemen that we were, or -poor officers turned into private soldiers. Those Hercules sat at the -feet of their Omphales spinning the distaffs which they had sent us and -which we handed back to them as we passed, contenting ourselves with -our swords. - -In Brussels I found my scanty luggage, which had fraudulently passed -the customs ahead of me: it consisted of my Navarre uniform, a little -linen, and my precious papers, with which I could not part. I was -invited with my brother to dine at the Baron de Breteuil's; I there met -the Baronne de Montmorency, then young and beautiful, at this moment -dying; martyr bishops in watered-silk cassocks and gold crosses; young -magistrates transformed into Hungarian colonels; and Rivarol, whom I -saw only once in my life. His name had not been mentioned; I was struck -by the conversation of a man who held forth all alone and was listened -to, with some right, as an oracle. Rivarol's wit was prejudicial to his -talent, as his tongue was to his pen. Talking of revolutions, he said: - -"The first blow aims at God, the second strikes only a senseless slab -of marble." - -I had resumed my uniform of a petty infantry subaltern; I was to start -on rising from dinner, and my knapsack was behind the door. I was still -bronzed by the American sun and the sea air; I wore my hair uncurled -and unpowdered. My face and my silence troubled Rivarol; the Baron de -Breteuil, perceiving his restless curiosity, satisfied it: - -"Where does your brother the chevalier come from?" he asked my brother. - -I answered: - -"From Niagara." - -Rivarol cried: - -"From the cataract!" - -I was silent. He hazarded an uncompleted question: - -"Monsieur is going----?" - -"Where they are fighting," I broke in. - -We rose from table. - -This fatuous Emigrant society was hateful to me; I was eager to see my -peers, Emigrants like myself with six hundred francs a year. We were -very stupid, no doubt, but at least we aired our sword-blades, and, if -we had obtained any successes, we should have been the last to profit -by victory. - -My brother remained at Brussels with the Baron de Montboissier[71], who -appointed him his aide-de-camp; I set out alone for Coblentz. - -There is no more historic road than that which I followed; it recalled -in every part some memory or greatness of France. I passed through -Liège, one of those municipal republics which so often rose against -their bishops or against the Counts of Flanders. Louis XI.[72], the -ally of the Liégeois, was obliged to assist at the sack of their town -in order to escape from his ridiculous prison of Péronne. I was about -to join and to become one of the soldiers who glory in such things. In -1792, the relations between Liège and France were more peaceful: the -Abbot of Saint-Hubert was obliged every year to send two hounds to King -Dagobert's successors. - -At Aix-la-Chapelle there was another offering, but on the part of -France: the pall that had served at the funeral of a Most Christian -King was sent to the tomb of Charlemagne as a vassal banner to the -lord's fief. Our kings thus did fealty and homage on taking possession -of the inheritance of Eternity: laying their hands between the knees -of their liege-lady, Death, they swore to be faithful to her, after -pressing the feudal kiss on her mouth. This, however, was the only -suzerain of whom France acknowledged herself the vassal. - -[Illustration: Le Comte de Rivarol.] - -The Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle was built by Karl the Great and -consecrated by Leo III[73]. Two prelates failing to attend the -ceremony, their places were filled by two Bishops of Maastricht, long -deceased, and resuscitated for the purpose. Charlemagne, having lost -a beautiful mistress, pressed her body in his arms and refused to be -separated from it. His passion was attributed to a charm: the young -corpse was examined, and a tiny pearl found beneath the tongue. The -pearl was flung into a marsh; Charlemagne became madly enamoured of -the marsh, and ordered it to be filled up: there he built a palace and -a church, to spend his life in one and his death in the other. The -authorities here are Archbishop Turpin[74] and Petrarch[75]. - -At Cologne I admired the cathedral: if it were finished, it would be -the finest Gothic monument in Europe. The monks were the painters, -the sculptors, the architects, and the masons of their basilicas; -they gloried in the title of master-mason, _cœmentarius._ It is -curious to hear ignorant philosophers and chattering democrats cry out -to-day against the monks, as though those frocked proletarians, those -mendicant orders to whom we owe almost everything, had been gentlemen! - -Cologne reminded me of Caligula[76] and St. Bruno[77]; I have seen the -remains of the dykes built by the former at Baiæ, and the deserted -cell of the latter at the Grande Chartreuse. - -I went up the Rhine as far as Coblentz: _Confluentia._ The Army of the -Princes was no longer there. I crossed those empty kingdoms: _inania -regna_; I saw the beautiful valley of the Rhine, the Tempe of the -barbarian muses, where the knights appeared around the ruins of their -castles, where one hears the clash of arms at night, when war is at -hand. - -[Sidenote: Frederic William II.] - -Between Coblentz and Trèves, I fell in with the Prussian Army: I was -passing along the column when, coming up with the guards, I noticed -that they were marching in battle order, with cannon in line; the -King[78] and the Duke of Brunswick[79] were in the centre of the -square, composed of Frederic's old grenadiers. My white uniform caught -the King's eye: he sent for me; the Duke of Brunswick and he took off -their hats and saluted the old French Army in my person. They asked me -my name, my regiment, the place where I was going to join the Princes. -This military welcome touched me: I replied with emotion that, on -learning in America of my King's misfortunes, I had returned to shed my -blood in his service. The generals and officers surrounding Frederic -William made a movement of approbation, and the Prussian sovereign said: - -"Sir, one always recognises the sentiments of the French nobility." - -He took off his hat again and stood uncovered and motionless, until I -had disappeared behind the mass of the grenadiers. Nowadays people cry -out against the Emigrants: they are "tigers who rent their mother's -bosom;" at the time of which I speak, men loved the examples of old, -and honour ranked as high as country. In 1792, fidelity to one's oath -was still accounted a duty; to-day, it has become so rare that it is -regarded as a virtue. - -A strange scene, already rehearsed with others than myself, almost made -me retrace my steps. They refused to admit me at Trèves, where the Army -of the Princes was: - -"I was one of those men who await the course of events before making -up their minds; I ought to have joined the cantonment three years ago; -I came when victory was assured. They had no use for me; they had only -too many of those heroes after the battle. Every day, squadrons of -cavalry were deserting; even the artillery was melting away in a body; -and, if that went on, they would not know what to do with those people!" - -O prodigious illusionment of parties! - -I met my cousin Armand de Chateaubriand: he took me under his -protection, assembled the Bretons and pleaded my cause. They sent for -me; I made my explanation: I told them that I had come from America -to have the honour of serving beside my comrades; that the campaign -was opened, not commenced, so that I was still in time for the first -fire; that, however, I would go back if they insisted, but not before -I had obtained satisfaction for an undeserved insult. The matter was -arranged: as I was a good fellow, the ranks were opened to receive -me, and my only difficulty was to make my selection. - -[Illustration: Frederic William II.] - -* - -[Sidenote: The Emigrant army.] - -The Army of the Princes was composed of gentlemen, classed by provinces -and serving as private soldiers: the nobility was harking back to its -origin and to the origin of the monarchy, at the very moment when -both the nobility and monarchy were coming to an end, even as an old -man returns to childhood. There were, moreover, brigades of Emigrant -officers of different regiments, who had also become soldiers: among -these were my messmates of Navarre, with their colonel, the Marquis -de Mortemart, at their head. I was strongly tempted to enlist with -La Martinière, even though he should still be in love; but Armorican -patriotism won the day. I enrolled myself in the seventh Breton -Company, commanded by M. de Goyon-Miniac[80]. The nobles of my province -had furnished seven companies; to these was added an eighth consisting -of young men of the Third Estate: the steel-grey uniform of this -last company differed from that of the others, which was royal blue -with ermine facings. Men attached to the same cause and exposed to -the same dangers perpetuated their political inequalities by odious -distinctions: the true heroes were the plebeian soldiers, since no -consideration of personal interest entered into the sacrifice they made. - -Enumeration of our little army: - -Infantry of gentlemen-soldiers and officers; four companies of -deserters, dressed in the different uniforms of the regiments -from which they came; one company of artillery; a few officers of -engineers, with some guns, howitzers, and mortars of various calibres -(the artillery and engineers, almost all of whom embraced the cause -of the Revolution, achieved its success across the borders). A very -fine cavalry, consisting of German carabineers, musketeers under -the command of the old Comte de Montmorin and naval officers from -Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon, supported our infantry. The wholesale -emigration of these last-named officers plunged naval France back into -the condition of weakness from which Louis XVI. had extricated it. -Never since the days of Duquesne and Tourville[81] had our squadrons -covered themselves with more glory. My comrades were delighted: I had -tears in my eyes when I saw pass before them those ocean dragons, who -no longer commanded the ships with which they had humbled the English -and delivered America. Instead of going in search of new continents to -bequeath to France, these companions of La Pérouse sank into the mud of -Germany. They rode the horse dedicated to Neptune; but they had changed -their element, and the land was not for them. In vain their commander -carried at their head the tattered ensign of the _Belle-Poule_, the -sacred relic of the White Flag, from whose shreds honour still hung, -but victory had fallen. - -We had tents; we lacked all beside. Our muskets, of German make, -trumpery weapons and frightfully heavy, broke our shoulders, and were -often not in a condition to be fired. I went through the whole campaign -with one of these firelocks, the hammer of which refused to fall. - -We remained two days at Trèves. It was a great pleasure to me to see -Roman ruins after having seen the nameless ruins of Ohio, to visit that -town so often sacked, of which Salvianus[82] said: - -"O fugitives from Trèves, you ask again for theatres, you demand a -circus of the princes: for what State, I pray you; for what people, for -what city? _Theatra igitur quæritis, circum a principibus postulatis? -Cui, quæso, statut, cui populo, cui civitati?_" - -Fugitives from France, where was the people for which we wished to -restore the monuments of St. Louis? - -I sat down, with my musket, among the ruins; I took from my knapsack -the manuscript of my travels in America; I arranged the separate sheets -on the grass around me; I read over and corrected a description of a -forest, a passage of _Atala_, in the fragments of a Roman amphitheatre, -preparing in this way to make the conquest of France. Then I put away -my treasure, the weight of which, combined with that of my shirts, my -cloak, my tin can, my wicker bottle, and my little Homer, made me throw -up blood. - -I tried to stuff _Atala_ into my cartridge-box with my useless -ammunition; my comrades made fun of me, and pulled at the sheets which -stuck out on either side of the leather cover. Providence came to my -rescue: one night, after sleeping in a hay-loft, I found, when I woke, -that my shirts were no longer in my sack; the thieves had left the -papers. I praised God: that accident assured my "fame" and saved my -life, for the sixty pounds that pressed upon my shoulders would have -driven me into a consumption. - -"How many shirts have I?" asked Henry IV. of his body-servant. - -"One dozen, Sire, and some of them are torn." - -"And of handkerchiefs, is it not eight that I have?" - -"There are only five left now." - -The Bearnese won the Battle of Ivry[83] without shirts; the loss of -mine did not enable me to restore his kingdom to his descendants. - -* - -We received orders to march on Thionville. We did five to six leagues -a day. The weather was terrible; we tramped through the rain and -slush singing, _Ô Richard! ô mon roi!_ and _Pauvre Jacques!_[84] On -arriving at the encamping-place, having neither wagons nor provisions, -we went with donkeys, which followed the column like an Arab caravan, -to hunt for food in the farms and villages. We paid for everything -scrupulously; nevertheless I had to do fatigue duty for taking two -pears from the garden of a country-house without thinking. A great -steeple, a great river and a great lord are bad neighbours, says the -proverb. - -We pitched our tents at random, and were constantly obliged to beat the -canvas in order to flatten out the threads and prevent the water from -coming through. We were ten soldiers to every tent; each in turn took -charge of the cooking: one went for meat, another for bread, another -for wood, another for straw. I made wonderful soup; I received great -compliments on it, especially when I mixed milk and cabbage with the -stew, in the Breton way. I had learnt among the Iroquois not to mind -smoke, so that I bore myself bravely before my fire of green and damp -boughs. This soldier's life is very amusing; I imagined myself still -among the Indians. As we sat at mess in our tent my comrades asked me -for tales of my travels; they told me some fine stories in return; -we all lied like a corporal in a tavern, with a conscript paying the -reckoning. - -One thing tired me: washing my linen; it had to be done, and often, -for the obliging robber had left me only one shirt, borrowed from -my cousin Armand, besides the one on my back. When I lay soaping my -stockings, my pocket-handkerchiefs and my shirt by the edge of a -stream, with my head down and my loins up, I was seized with fits of -giddiness; the motion of the arms gave me an unbearable pain in the -chest. I was obliged to sit down among the horsetails and watercress; -and, in the midst of the stir of war, I amused myself by watching the -water flow peacefully past. Lope de Vega[85] makes a shepherdess wash -the bandage of Love; that shepherdess would have been very useful to me -for a little birch-cloth turban which my Floridans had given me. - -An army is generally composed of soldiers of nearly the same age, the -same height, the same strength. Very different was ours, a jumbled -gathering of grown men, old men, children fresh from the dovecot, -jabbering Norman, Breton, Picard, Auvergnat, Gascon, Provençal, -Languedocian. A father served with his sons, a father-in-law with his -son-in-law, an uncle with his nephews, a brother with a brother, a -cousin with a cousin. This _arrière ban_, ridiculous as it appeared, -had something honourable and touching about it, because it was animated -with sincere convictions; it presented the spectacle of the old -monarchy and afforded a last glimpse of a dying world. I have seen old -noblemen, with stern looks, grey hair, torn coats, knapsack on back, -musket slung over the shoulder, drag themselves along with a stick and -supported by the arm by one of their sons; I have seen M. de Boishue, -the father of my schoolfellow killed at the States of Rennes in my -sight, march solitary and sad, with his bare feet in the mud, carrying -his shoes at the point of his bayonet for fear of wearing them out; -I have seen young wounded men lie under a tree, while a chaplain, in -surtout and stole, knelt by their side, sending them to St. Louis, -whose heirs they had striven to defend. The whole of this needy band, -which received not a sou from the Princes, made war at its own expense, -while the decrees finished despoiling it and threw our wives and -mothers into prison. - -The old men of former times were less unhappy and less lonely than -those of to-day: if, in lingering upon earth, they had lost their -friends, there was but little changed around them besides; they -were strangers to youth, but not to society. Nowadays, a lagger in -this world has witnessed the death not only of men, but of ideas: -principles, manners, tastes, pleasures, pains, opinions, none of these -resemble what he used to know. He belongs to a race different from that -among which he ends his days. - -[Sidenote: Old France.] - -And yet, O nineteenth-century France, learn to prize that old France -which was as good as you. You will grow old in your turn and you will -be accused, as we were accused, of clinging to obsolete ideas. The -men whom you have vanquished are your fathers; do not deny them, you -are sprung from their blood. Had they not been generously faithful -to the ancient traditions, you would not have drawn from that native -fidelity the energy which has been the cause of your glory in the new -traditions: between the old France and the new, all that has happened -is a transformation of virtue. - -* - -Near our poor and obscure camp was another which was brilliant and -rich. At the staff, one saw nothing but wagons full of eatables, met -with none save cooks, valets, aides-de-camp. Nothing could have better -reproduced the Court and the provinces, the monarchy expiring at -Versailles and the monarchy dying on Du Guesclin's heaths. We had grown -to hate the aides-de-camp; whenever there was an engagement outside -Thionville, we shouted, "Forward, the aides-de-camp!" just as the -patriots used to shout, "Forward, the officers!" - -I felt a chill at my heart when, arriving one dark day in sight of -some woods that lined the horizon, we were told that those woods were -in France. To cross the frontier of my country in arms had an effect -upon me which I am unable to convey. I had, as it were, a sort of -revelation of the future, inasmuch as I shared none of my comrades' -illusions, either with regard to the cause they were supporting or the -thoughts of triumph with which they deluded themselves: I was there -like Falkland[86] in the army of Charles I. There was not a Knight of -the Mancha, sick, lame, wearing a night-cap under his three-cornered -beaver, but was most firmly convinced of his ability, unaided, to -put fifty young and vigorous patriots to flight. This honourable and -agreeable pride, at another time the source of prodigies, had not -attacked me: I did not feel so sure of the strength of my invincible -arm. - -We reached Thionville unconquered on the 1st of September; for we had -met nobody on the road. The cavalry encamped to the right, the infantry -to the left of the high-road running from the town towards Germany. -The fortress was not visible from the camping-ground, but, six hundred -paces ahead, one came to the ridge of a hill whence the eye swept the -Valley of the Moselle. The mounted men of the navy joined the right of -our infantry to the Austrian corps of the Prince of Waldeck[87], while -the left of the infantry was covered by 1800 horse of the Maison-Rouge -and Royal German Regiments. We entrenched our front with a fosse, -along which the arms were stalked in line. The eight Breton companies -occupied two intersecting streets of the camp, and below us was dressed -the company of the Navarre officers, my former messmates. - -When these field-works, which took three days, were completed, Monsieur -and the Comte d'Artois arrived; they reconnoitred the place, which -was called upon in vain to surrender, although Wimpfen[88] seemed -willing to do so. Like the Grand Condé[89], we had not won the Battle -of Rocroi, and so we were not able to capture Thionville; but we were -not beaten under its walls, like Feuquières[90]. We took up a position -on the high-road, at the end of a village which formed a suburb of the -town, outside the horn-work which defended the bridge over the Moselle. -The troops fired at each other from the houses; our post remained in -possession of those which it had taken. I was not present at this first -action. Armand, my cousin, was there and behaved well. While they were -fighting in the village, my company was requisitioned to establish a -battery on the skirt of a wood which capped the summit of a hill. Along -the slope of this hill, vineyards ran down to the plain joining the -outer fortifications of Thionville. - -[Sidenote: The siege of Thionville.] - -The engineer directing us made us throw up a gazoned cavalier for -our guns; we drew a parallel open trench to place us below the -cannon-balls. These earthworks took long in making, for we were all, -young officers and old alike, unaccustomed to wield the mattock and -spade. We had no wheelbarrows and carried the earth in our coats, which -we used as sacks. Fire was opened on us from a lunette; it was the -more irksome to us in that we were unable to reply: eight-pounders and -a Cohorn howitzer, which was outranged, formed all our artillery. The -first shell we fired fell outside the glacis and aroused the jeers of -the garrison. A few days later, we were joined by some Austrian guns -and gunners. One hundred infantry men and a picket of the naval cavalry -were relieved at this battery every twenty-four hours. The besieged -prepared to attack it; we could distinguish a movement on the rampart -through the telescope. When night fell, we saw a column issue through -a postern and reach the lunette under shelter of the covert way. My -company was ordered up as a reinforcement. - -At daybreak, five or six hundred patriots began operations in the -village, on the high-road above the town; then, turning to the left, -they came through the vineyards to take our battery in flank. The -sailors charged bravely, but were overthrown and unmasked us. We were -too badly armed to return the fire; we pushed forward with fixed -bayonets. The attacking party retreated, I know not why; had they held -their ground, they would have wiped us out. - -We had several wounded and a few dead, among others the Chevalier de La -Baronnais[91], captain of one of the Breton companies. I brought him -ill-luck: the bullet which took his life ricochetted against the barrel -of my musket and struck him with such force as to pierce both his -temples; his brains were scattered over my face. Noble and unnecessary -victim of a lost cause! When the Maréchal d'Aubeterre[92] held the -States of Brittany, he went to M. de La Baronnais, the father, a -poor nobleman, living at Dinard, near Saint-Malo. The Marshal, who -had begged him to invite nobody, saw, on entering, a table laid for -twenty-five, and scolded his host in friendly fashion. - -"Monseigneur," said M. de La Baronnais, "I have only my children to -dinner." - -M. de La Baronnais had twenty-two boys and a girl, all by the same -mother. The Revolution reaped this rich family harvest before it was -ripe. - -* - -Waldeck's Austrian corps began operations. The attack became livelier -on our side. It was a fine spectacle at night: fire-pots lit up the -works of the place covered with soldiers; sudden gleams struck the -clouds or the blue firmament when the guns were fired, and the bombs, -crossing each other in the air, described a parabola of light. In -the intervals between the reports, one heard drums rolling, gusts of -military music, and the voices of the sentries on the ramparts of -Thionville and at our own posts; unfortunately, they called out in -French in both camps: - -"_Sentinelles, prenez garde à vous!_ All's well!" - -When the fighting took place, at dawn, it would happen that the lark's -morning hymn followed upon the sound of musketry, while the guns, -which had ceased firing, silently stared at us, with gaping mouths, -through the embrasures. The song of the bird, recalling the memories of -pastoral life, seemed to utter a reproach to mankind. It was the same -when I came across some dead bodies in the middle of fields of lucerne -in flower, or by the edge of a stream of water which bathed the hair of -the slain. In the woods, at a few steps from the stress of war, I found -little statues of the Saints and the Virgin. A goat-herd, a neat-herd, -a beggar carrying his wallet knelt beside these peace-makers, telling -their beads to the distant sound of cannon. A whole township once came -with its minister to present flowers to the patron of a neighbouring -parish, whose image dwelt in a wood, opposite a spring. The curate was -blind: a soldier in God's army, he had lost his sight in doing good -works, like a grenadier on the battlefield. The vicar administered -communion for his curate, because the latter could not have laid the -consecrated wafer upon the lips of the communicants. During this -ceremony, and from the depths of night, he blessed the light! - -Our fathers believed that the patrons of the hamlets, John "the -Silent[93]," Dominic "Loricatus[94]," James "Intercisus[95]," Paul -"the Simple[96]," Basil "the Hermit[97]," and so many others, were no -strangers to the triumph of the arms which protect the harvests. On the -very day of the Battle of Bouvines[98], robbers broke into a convent -dedicated to St. Germanus[99] at Auxerre, and stole the consecrated -vessels. The sacristan went to the shrine of the blessed bishop and -said plaintively: - -"Germanus, where wert thou when those thieves dared to violate thy -sanctuary?" - -A voice issuing from the shrine replied: - -"I was near Cisoing, not far from Bouvines Bridge; together with other -saints, I was helping the French and their King, to whom a brilliant -victory has been given by our aid: _cui fuit auxilio victoria præstita -nostro._" - -* - -[Sidenote: Fierce fighting.] - -We beat the plain and pushed as far as the hamlets lying under the -first entrenchments of Thionville. The village on the high-road -crossing the Moselle was constantly being captured and recaptured. I -took part in two of these assaults. The patriots abused us as "enemies -of liberty," "aristocrats" and "Capet's satellites." We called them -"brigands," "murderers," "traitors" and "revolutionaries." Sometimes -we stopped fighting while a duel took place in the midst of the -combatants, who became impartial seconds: O strange French character, -which even passions were unable to stifle! - -One day, I was on patrol in a vineyard; twenty paces from me was an -old sporting nobleman who banged the muzzle of his musket against the -vine-stocks, as though to start a hare, and then looked sharply round, -in the hope of seeing a "patriot" leap out: every one had brought his -own habits with him. - -Another day, I went to visit the Austrian camp. Between the camp and -that of the naval cavalry, a wood spread its screen, against which the -place was directing an inexpedient fire; the town was shooting too -much, it believed us to be more numerous than we were, which explains -the pompous bulletins of the commander of Thionville. While crossing -this wood, I saw something move in the grass: a man lay stretched at -full length with his nose against the ground, showing only his broad -back. I thought he was wounded: I took him by the nape of the neck and -half lifted his head. He opened a pair of terror-struck eyes and raised -himself a little upon his hands. I burst out laughing: it was my cousin -Moreau! I had not seen him since our visit to Madame de Chastenay. - -He had lain flat on his stomach to escape a bomb, and found it -impossible to get up again. I had all the difficulty in the world to -set him on his legs; his paunch was three times its former size. He -told me that he was serving on the commissariat, and that he was on his -way to offer some oxen to the Prince of Waldeck. In addition to this, -he carried a rosary. Hugues Métel[100] tells of a wolf which resolved -to embrace the monastic condition, but which, failing to accustom -itself to the fasting diet, became a canon. - -As I returned to camp, an officer of engineers passed close by me, -leading his horse by the bridle; a cannon-ball struck the animal in -the narrowest part of the neck and cut it right off; the head and neck -remained hanging in the officer's hand and dragged him to the ground -with their weight. I had seen a bomb fall in the middle of a ring of -naval officers who were sitting eating in a circle. The mess-platter -disappeared; the officers, tumbling head over heels and run, as it -were, on a sand-bank, shouted like the old sea captain: - -"Fire starboard guns, fire larboard guns, fire all guns, fire my wig!" - -These singular shots seem to pertain to Thionville. In 1558, François -de Guise[101] laid siege to the place. Marshal Strozzi[102] was killed, -"while talking in the trenches to the aforesaid Sieur de Guise, who had -his hand on his shoulder at the time." - -* - -[Sidenote: Market in camp.] - -A sort of market had been formed behind our camp. The peasants had -brought octaves of white Moselle wine, which remained on the wagons: -the horses were taken out and ate fastened to one end of the cart, -while the soldiers drank at the other end. Here and there gleamed the -fires of ovens. Sausages were fried in pans, hasty puddings boiled -in basins, pancakes tossed on iron dishes, puffcakes swollen out on -hampers. Cakes flavoured with aniseed, rye loaves at one sou, maize -cakes, green apples, red and white eggs, pipes and tobacco were sold -under a tree from whose branches hung coarse cloth great-coats, for -which the passers-by haggled. Village women, seated astride portable -stools, milked cows, while each presented his cup to the dairy-woman -and waited his turn. Before the stoves roamed cutlers in smocks and -soldiers in uniform. The canteen-women went about crying aloud in -German and French. There were groups standing, others seated at deal -tables planted askew on the uneven ground. One sought shelter at -random under a packing cloth or under branches cut in the forest, as -on Palm Sunday. I believe also that there were weddings in the covered -wagons, in memory of the Frankish kings. The patriots could easily have -followed Majorian's[103] example and carried away the bride's chariot: -_Rapit esseda victor, nubentemque nurum._[104] All sang, laughed, -smoked. The scene was extremely gay at night, between the fires which -lit up the earth and the stars shining overhead. - -When I was neither on guard at the batteries nor on duty in the tent, -I liked supping at the fair. There the stories of the camp were told -again; but under the influence of liquor and good cheer they became -much finer. One of our fellows, a brevet-captain, whose name I have -forgotten in that of "Dinarzade" which we gave him, was famous for -his yarns; it would have been more correct to say "Scheherazade," but -we were not so careful as that. As soon as we saw him, we ran up to -him, fought for him: we vied with each other as to who should have him -on his score. Short of body, long of leg, with sunk cheeks, drooping -mustachios, eyebrows forming a comma at the outer angle, a hollow -voice, a huge sword in a coffee-coloured scabbard, the carriage of a -soldier poet, something between the suicide and the jolly dog, that -solemn wag Dinarzade never laughed, and it was impossible to look at -him without laughing. He was the necessary second in all the duels and -the lover of all the barmaids. He viewed all he said on the dark side, -and interrupted his recitals only to take a pull at a bottle, relight -his pipe, or swallow a sausage. - -One night, when it was drizzling, we were seated round the tap of a -wine-cask tilted towards us in a cart with its shafts in the air. -A candle stuck on the cask lighted us; a piece of packing-cloth, -stretched from the end of the shafts to two posts, served us for a -roof. Dinarzade, with his sword awry after the manner of Frederic II., -stood between one of the wheels and a horse's crupper, telling a story -to our great content. The canteen-women who brought us our rations -stayed with us to listen to our Arab. The attentive group of bacchantes -and Silenuses which formed the chorus accompanied the narrative with -marks of its surprise, approval, or disapproval. - -"Gentlemen," said the story-teller, "you all knew the Green Knight, who -lived in the days of King John[105]?" - -Every one said: - -"Yes, yes." - -Dinarzade swallowed down a rolled pancake, burning himself as he did so. - -"This Green Knight, gentlemen, as you know, since you have seen him, -was very good-looking: when the wind blew back his ruddy locks over -his casque, it looked like a twist of tow round a green turban." - -The audience: "Bravo!" - -[Sidenote: Dinarzade's tales.] - -"One evening in May, he sounded his horn at the draw-bridge of a castle -in Picardy, or Auvergne, no matter which. In that castle lived "the -Lady of Great Companies." She welcomed the knight, told her servants -to disarm him and lead him to the bath, and came and sat with him at a -splendid table; and the pages-in-waiting were mute." - -The audience: "Oh, oh!" - -"The lady, gentlemen, was tall, flat, lean, and shambling, like the -major's wife; otherwise she had plenty of expression and an arch look. -When she laughed and showed her long teeth beneath her stumpy nose, one -did not know what one was about. She fell in love with the knight and -the knight with her, although he was afraid of her." - -Dinarzade emptied the ashes of his pipe on the rim of the wheel and -wanted to refill his cutty; they made him continue: "The Green Knight, -utterly dumfoundered, resolved to leave the castle; but, before taking -his leave, he asked the lady of the keep for an explanation of many -strange things; at the same time he made her an offer of marriage, -always provided she was not a witch." - -Dinarzade's rapier was planted stiff and straight between his knees. -Seated and leaning forward with our pipes, we made a garland of -fire-flakes beneath him, like Saturn's ring. Suddenly Dinarzade -shouted, as though beside himself: - -"Well, gentlemen, the Lady of Great Companies was Death!" - -And the captain, breaking the ranks and shouting "Death! Death!" put -the canteen-women to flight. The meeting was closed: the uproar was -great, the laughter prolonged. We approached Thionville amid the roar -of the cannon of the place. - -* - -The siege continued, or rather, there was no siege, for the trenches -were not opened, and troops were wanting to invest the place regularly. -We reckoned on receiving intelligence, and waited for news of the -successes of the Prussian Army or of Clerfayt's[106] Army, with which -was the French corps of the Duc de Bourbon. Our scanty supplies were -becoming exhausted; Paris seemed to draw farther away. The bad weather -never ceased; we were flooded in the midst of our works; I sometimes -woke in a trench with water up to my neck: the next day, I was a -cripple. - -Among my fellow-Bretons I had met Ferron de La Sigonnière[107], my old -class-fellow at Dinan. We slept badly under our tent; our heads went -beyond the canvas and received the rain from that sort of gutter. I -would get up and go with Ferron to walk in front of the stacked arms; -for all our evenings were not so gay as those with Dinarzade. We walked -in silence, listening to the voices of the sentries, looking at the -lights of our streets of tents as we had formerly watched the lamps -in the passages at our college. We discussed the past and the future, -the mistakes that had been made, those that would still be made; we -deplored the blindness of our Princes, who imagined that they could -return to their country with a handful of adherents and consolidate the -crown on their brother's head with the aid of the foreigner. I remember -saying to my friend, in the course of these conversations, that France -wished to imitate England, that the King would perish on the scaffold, -and that our expedition before Thionville would probably be one of the -principal counts in the indictment of Louis XVI. Ferron was struck by -my prophecy: it was the first I ever made. Since that time, I have -made many others quite as true, quite as unheeded: when the accident -occurred, the others took shelter and left me to struggle with the -misfortune which I had foreseen. When the Dutch encounter a squall -on the open sea, they retreat to the interior of the ship, close the -hatches, and drink punch, leaving a dog on deck to bark at the storm; -the danger past, Trust is sent back to his kennel in the hold, and the -captain returns to enjoy the fine weather on the quarter-deck. I have -been the Dutch dog of the Legitimist ship. - -The memories of my life as a soldier have engraved themselves upon -my thoughts; I have related them in the sixth book of the _Martyrs._ -Armorican barbarian in the Princes' camp as I was, I carried Homer with -my sword; I preferred "my country, the poor, small isle of Aaron, to -the hundred cities of Crete." I said with Telemachus: - -"The harsh country which only feeds goats is dearer to me than those in -which horses are reared[108]." - -My words would have brought a smile to the lips of the warlike -Menelaus: άγάθος Μενἐλαος. - - -The rumour spread that we were at last coming to action; the Prince of -Waldeck was to attempt an assault while we were to cross the river and -make a diversion by a feint attack on the place from the French side. - -[Sidenote: My company.] - -Five Breton companies, including mine, the company of the Picardy -and Navarre officers, and the regiment of volunteers, composed of -young Lorraine peasants and of deserters from various regiments, were -ordered up for duty. We were to be supported by the Royal Germans, -the squadrons of musketeers and the different corps of dragoons which -covered our left: my brother was with this cavalry with the Baron de -Montboissier, who had married a daughter of M. de Malesherbes, sister -to Madame de Rosanbo, and therefore aunt to my sister-in-law. We -escorted three companies of Austrian artillery with heavy guns and a -battery of three mortars. - -We started at six o'clock in the evening; at ten we crossed the -Moselle, above Thionville, on a coppered pontoon bridge: - - Amæna fluenta - Subterlabentis tacito rumore Mosellæ[109]. - -At daybreak, we were drawn up in order of battle on the left bank, with -the heavy cavalry in echelons on both flanks, and the light cavalry -in front. At our second movement, we formed in column and began to -defile. At about nine o'clock, we heard a volley fired on our left. -A carabineer officer came dashing up at full speed to tell us that -a detachment of Kellermann's army was about to join issue with us, -and that the action had already begun between the skirmishers. The -officer's horse had been struck by a bullet on the forehead; it reared, -with the foam streaming from its mouth and the blood from its nostrils: -the carabineer, seated sword in hand on this wounded horse, was superb. -The corps which had come out of Metz manœuvred to take us in flank: -they had field-pieces with them, whose fire reached our volunteer -regiment. I heard the exclamations of some recruits struck by the -cannon-balls; the last cries of youth snatched living from life gave me -a feeling of profound pity: I thought of the poor mothers. - -The drums beat the charge, and we rushed in disorder upon the enemy. -We came so close that the smoke did not prevent us from seeing the -terrible expression on the faces of men ready to shed your blood. The -patriots had not yet acquired the assurance that comes from the long -habit of fighting and victory. Their movements were slack, they felt -their way; fifty grenadiers of the Old Guard would have made head -against an heterogeneous mass of undisciplined nobles, old and young: -ten to twelve hundred foot-soldiers were taken aback by a few gun-shots -from the Austrian heavy artillery; they retreated; our cavalry pursued -them for two leagues. - -A deaf-and-dumb German girl, called Libbe, or Libba, had become -attached to my cousin Armand and had followed him. I found her sitting -on the grass, which stained her dress with blood: her elbow rested -on her upturned knees; her hand, passed through her tangled yellow -tresses, supported her head. She wept as she looked at three or four -killed men, new deaf-mutes, lying around her. She had not heard the -clap of the thunderbolts of which she saw the effect, nor could she -hear the sighs which escaped her lips when she looked at Armand; she -had never heard the sound of the voice of him she loved, and she would -not hear the first cry of the child she bore in her womb: if the grave -contained only silence, she would not know that she had sunk into it. - -For that matter, fields of slaughter lie on every hand: in the Eastern -Cemetery[110] in Paris, twenty-seven thousand tombstones, two hundred -and thirty thousand corpses, will show you the extent of the battle -which death wages day and night at your doors. - -[Sidenote: The assault of Thionville.] - -After a somewhat long halt, we resumed our march, and arrived under the -walls of Thionville at nightfall. The drums did not beat; the word of -command was given in a whisper. The cavalry, in order to repulse any -sortie, stole along the roads and hedges to the gate which we were to -cannonade. The Austrian artillery, protected by our infantry, took up -a position at fifty yards from the advanced works, behind a hastily -thrown-up epaulement of gabions. At one o'clock on the morning of the -1st of September, a rocket, sent up from the Prince of Waldeck's camp -on the other side of the place, gave the signal. The Prince commenced a -smart fire, to which the town made a vigorous reply. We began to fire -forthwith. - -The besieged, not thinking that we had troops on that side, and not -foreseeing this assault, had left the southern ramparts unprotected; we -did not lose for waiting: the garrison armed a double battery, which -penetrated our epaulements and dismounted two of our guns. The sky was -aflame; we were shrouded in torrents of smoke. I behaved like a little -Alexander: weakened by fatigue, I fell sound asleep, almost under the -wheels of the gun-carriage where I was on guard. A shell, bursting six -inches off the ground, sent a splinter into my right thigh. I awoke -with the shock, but felt no pain, and perceived only by my blood that I -was wounded. I bound up my thigh with my hand-kerchief. In the affair -on the plain, two bullets had struck my knapsack during a wheeling -movement. _Atala_, like a devoted daughter, placed herself between her -father and the lead of the enemy: she had still to withstand the fire -of the Abbé Morellet[111]. - -At four o'clock in the morning, the Prince of Waldeck's fire ceased: we -thought the town had surrendered; but the gates were not opened, and we -had to think of retiring. We returned to our positions, after a tiring -march of three days. - -The Prince of Waldeck had gone as far as the edge of the ditches, which -he had tried to cross, hoping to bring about a surrender by means of -the simultaneous attack: divisions were still supposed to exist in the -town, and we flattered ourselves that the Royalist party would bring -the keys to the Princes. The Austrians, having fired in barbette, lost -a considerable number of men; the Prince of Waldeck had an arm shot -off. While a few drops of blood flowed under the walls of Thionville, -blood was flowing in torrents in the prisons of Paris: my wife and -sisters were in greater danger than I. - -* - -We raised the siege of Thionville and set out for Verdun, which had -been restored to the Allies on the 2nd of September. Longwy, the -birthplace of François de Mercy[112], had fallen on the 23rd of August. -Wreaths and festoons of flowers bore evidence on every side of the -passage of Frederic William. Among the peaceful trophies, I observed -the Prussian Eagle affixed to Vauban's[113] fortifications: it was -not to stay there long; as to the flowers, they were soon to see the -innocent creatures who had gathered them fade away like themselves. One -of the most atrocious murders of the Terror was that of the young girls -of Verdun. - - "Fourteen young girls of Verdun," says Riouffe[114], "of - unexampled purity, who had the air of young virgins decked - for a public festival, were led together to the scaffold. - They disappeared suddenly and were gathered in their - springtime; the 'Court of Women,' on the morrow of their - death, looked like a garden-plot stripped of its flowers by a - storm. Never have I witnessed such despair as that which this - act of barbarity excited among us." - -Verdun is famous for its female sacrifices. According to Gregory of -Tours[115], Deuteric, to protect his daughter from the prosecution of -Theodebert[116], placed her in a cart drawn by two untamed oxen and had -her flung into the Meuse. The instigator of the massacre of the young -girls of Verdun was the regicide poetaster Pons de Verdun[117], who was -infuriated against his native city. The number of agents of the Terror -supplied by the _Almanach des Muses_ is incredible; the unsatisfied -vanity of the mediocrities produced as many revolutionaries as the -wounded pride of the cripples and abortions: a revolt analogous to -that of the infirmities of mind and body. Pons attached the point of a -dagger to his blunt epigrams. Faithful, as it seemed, to the traditions -of Greece, the poet was willing to offer none save the blood of virgins -to his gods: for the Convention decreed, on his motion, that no woman -with child could be put on her trial. He also caused the sentence to -be annulled condemning Madame de Bonchamps to death, the widow of the -celebrated Vendean general[118]. Alas, we Royalists in the train of the -Princes attained the reverses of the Vendée without passing through its -glory! - -We had not at Verdun, to pass the time, "that famous Comtesse de -Saint-Balmont[119], who laid aside her female apparel, mounted -on horseback, and herself served as an escort to the ladies who -accompanied her or whom she had left in her chariot..." We had no -passion for "old Gallic," nor did we write "notes in the language of -Amadis[120]." - -The Prussian evil[121] communicated itself to our little army: I caught -it. Our cavalry had gone to join Frederic William at Valmy. We knew -nothing of what was happening, and were hourly expecting the order to -march forward: we received the order to beat a retreat. - -[Sidenote: I am weakened by my wound.] - -Very greatly weakened, and prevented by my troublesome wound from -walking without pain, I dragged myself as best I could in the wake of -my company, which soon dispersed. Jean Balue[122], son of a miller at -Verdun, left his father's house at a very early age with a monk, who -burdened him with his wallet. On leaving Verdun, "Ford Hill" according -to Saumaise[123], _ver dunum_, I carried the wallet of the Monarchy, -but I did not become Comptroller of Finance, nor a bishop or cardinal. - -If, in the novels which I have written, I have drawn upon my own -history, in the histories which I have told I have placed memories of -the living history in which I took part. Thus, in my life of the Duc -de Berry[124], I described some of the scenes which took place before -my eyes: - - "When an army is disbanded, it returns to its homes; but had - the soldiers of Condé's Army any homes? Whither was the stick - to lead them which they were hardly permitted to cut in the - forests of Germany, after laying down the musket which they - had taken up in defense of their King?... - - "The time had come to part. The brothers-in-arms bade each - other a last farewell, and took different roads on earth. - All, before setting out, went to salute their father and - captain, white-haired old Condé: the patriarch of glory gave - his blessing to his children, wept over his dispersed tribe, - and saw the tents of his camp fall with the grief of a man - witnessing the destruction of his ancestral roof[125]." - - -Less than twenty years later, the leader of the new French Army, -Bonaparte, also took leave of his companions: so quickly do men and -empires pass, so little does the most extraordinary renown save one -from the most common destiny! - -We left Verdun. The rains had broken up the roads; everywhere one saw -ammunition-wagons, gun-carriages, cannon stuck in the mire, chariots -overturned, cutler-women with their children on their backs, soldiers -dying or dead in the mud. Crossing a ploughed field, I sank down to -my knees; Ferron and another comrade dragged me out despite myself: I -begged them to leave me there; I had rather died. - -On the 16th of October, at the camp near Longwy, the captain of my -company, M. de Goyon-Miniac, handed me a very honourable certificate. -At Arlon, we saw a file of wagons with their teams on the high-road: -the horses, some standing, others kneeling down, others with their -noses on the ground, were dead, and their bodies had grown stiff -between the shafts: it was as though one saw the shades of a -battlefield bivouacking on the shores of Styx. - -Ferron asked me what I meant to do, and I answered that, if I could go -as far as Ostend, I would take ship for Jersey, where I should find my -uncle de Bedée; from there I should be able to join the Royalists in -Brittany. - -[Sidenote: And catch the smallpox.] - -The fever was sapping my strength; I could only with difficulty support -myself on my swollen thigh. I felt a new ailment lay hold of me. After -twenty-four hours' vomiting, my face and body were covered with an -eruption: confluent smallpox broke out; it appeared to be affected by -the temperature of the air. In this condition, I set out on foot to -make a journey of two hundred leagues, rich as I was to the extent -of eighteen livres Tournois: all this for the greater glory of the -Monarchy. Ferron, who had lent me my six small crowns of three francs, -left me, he having arranged to be met in Luxembourg. - -* - -As I was leaving Arlon, a peasant took me up in his cart for the sum of -four sous, and put me down five leagues farther on a heap of stones. I -hopped a few paces with the aid of my crutch, and washed the bandage -round my scratch, which had developed into a sore, in a spring rustling -by the roadside, which did me a great deal of good. The smallpox had -come quite out, and I felt relieved. I had not abandoned my knapsack, -the straps of which cut my shoulders. - -I spent that first night in a barn, and had nothing to eat. The wife -of the farmer who owned the barn refused payment for my lodging. At -daybreak she brought me a great basin of coffee and milk, with a black -loaf which I thought excellent. I resumed my road quite merrily, -although I often fell. I was joined by four or five of my comrades, -who carried my knapsack; they were also very ill. We met villagers; -by taking cart after cart we covered a sufficient distance in the -Ardennes, in five days, to reach Attert, Flamizoul, and Bellevue. On -the sixth day I found myself alone. My smallpox had grown paler and was -less puffy. - -After walking two leagues, which took me six hours, I saw a gipsy -family encamped behind a ditch around a furze fire, with two goats -and a donkey. I had no sooner reached them than I let myself drop to -the ground, and the strange creatures hastened to succour me. A young -woman in rags, lively, dark, and mischievous, sang, leaped, skipped -around, holding her child aslant upon her breast, as though it were a -hurdy-gurdy with which she was enlivening her dance; she next squatted -on her heels close by my side, examined me curiously by the light of -the fire, took my dying hand to tell me my fortune, and asked me for "a -little sou:" it was too dear. It would be difficult to possess more -knowledge, charm, and wretchedness than my sybil of the Ardennes. I -do not know when the nomads, of whom I should have been a worthy son, -left me; they were not there when I woke from my torpor at dawn. My -fortune-teller had gone away with the secret of my future. In exchange -for my "little sou," she had laid by my head an apple which served to -refresh my mouth. I shook myself, like John Rabbit, among the "thyme" -and the "dew"; but I was not able to "browse," nor to "trot," nor to -cut many "pranks[126]." Nevertheless, I rose with the intention of -"paying my court to Aurora:" she was very beautiful and I very ugly; -her rosy face proclaimed her good health; she was better than the poor -Cephalus[127] of Armorica. Although both of us young, we were old -friends, and I imagined that her tears that morning were shed for me. - -I penetrated into the forest, feeling not too sad; solitude had -restored me to my own nature. I hummed the ballad by the ill-fated -Cazotte[128]: - - Tout au beau milieu des Ardennes, - Est un château sur le haut d'un rocher[129]. - -Was it not in the donjon of this ghostly castle that Philip II. King -of Spain imprisoned my fellow-Breton, Captain La Noue[130], who had a -Chateaubriand for his grand-mother? Philip consented to release the -illustrious prisoner if the latter consented to have his eyes put out; -La Noue was on the point of accepting the proposal, so great was his -longing to return to his dear Brittany. Alas! I was possessed with the -same desire, and to lose my sight I needed only the ailment with which -it had pleased God to afflict me. I did not meet "Sir Enguerrand coming -from Spain[131]," but poor wretches, small pedlars who, like myself, -carried their whole fortune on their back. A wood-cutter, with felt -knee-caps, entered the woods: he should have taken me for a dead branch -and cut me down. A few carrion crows, a few larks, a few buntings, a -kind of large finches, hopped along the road or stood motionless on the -border of stones, watchful of the sparrow-hawk which hovered circling -in the sky. From time to time, I heard the sound of the horn of the -swine-herd watching his sows and their little ones acorning. I rested -in a shepherd's movable hut; I found no one at home except Puss, who -made me a thousand graceful caresses. The shepherd was standing a long -way off, in the centre of a common pasture, with his dogs sitting at -irregular distances around the sheep; by day that herdsman gathered -simples: he was a doctor and a wizard; by night, he watched the stars: -then he was a Chaldean shepherd. - -[Sidenote: A weary journey.] - -I stood still, half a league farther, in a pasturage of deer: hunters -went by at the other end. A spring murmured at my feet; at the bottom -of this spring Orlando (Inamorato, not Furioso) saw a palace of crystal -filled with ladies and knights. If the paladin, who joined the dazzling -water-nymphs, had at least left Golden Bridle[132] at the brink of the -well; if Shakespeare had sent me Rosalind and the Exiled Duke[133], -they would have been very helpful to me. - -After taking breath I continued my road. My impaired ideas floated -in a void that was not without charm; my old phantoms, having scarce -the consistency of shades three parts effaced, crowded round me to -bid me farewell. I had no longer the power of memory; I beheld at -an indeterminate distance the aerial forms of my relations and my -friends, mingled with unknown figures. When I sat down to rest against -a mile stone, I thought I saw faces smile to me in the threshold of -the distant cabins, in the blue smoke escaping from the roofs of the -cottages, in the tree-tops, in the transparency of the clouds, in the -luminous sheaves of the sun dragging its beams over the heather like a -golden rake. These apparitions were those of the Muses coming to assist -the poet's death: my tomb, dug with the uprights of their lyres under -an oak of the Ardennes, would have fairly well suited the soldier and -the traveller. Some hazel-hens, which had strayed into the forms of -the hares under the privets, alone, with the insects, produced a few -murmurs around me: lives as slender, as unknown, as my life. I could -walk no farther; I felt extremely ill; the smallpox was turning in and -choking me. - -Towards the end of the day, I lay down on my back, in a ditch, with -Atala's knapsack under my head, my crutch by my side, my eyes fixed -upon the sun, whose light was going out with my own. I greeted in all -gentleness of thought the luminary which had lighted my first youth on -my paternal moors: we retired to rest together, he to rise in greater -glory, I, according to all appearances, never to wake again. I fainted -away in a feeling of religion: the last sounds I heard were the fall of -a leaf and the whistling of a bullfinch. - -* - -It seems that I lay unconscious for nearly two hours. The wagons of the -Prince de Ligne[134] happened to pass; one of the drivers, stopping to -cut a birch twig, stumbled over me without seeing me: he thought me -dead and pushed me with his foot; I gave a sign of life. The driver -called his comrades and, prompted by an instinct of pity, they threw -me into a cart. The jolting revived me; I was able to talk to my -deliverers; I told them that I was a soldier of the Princes' Army, and -that if they would take me as far as Brussels, where I was going, I -would reward them for their trouble. - -"All right, mate," said one of them, "but you'll have to get down at -Namur, for we're forbidden to carry anybody. We'll take you up again -t'other side of the town." - -I asked for something to drink; I swallowed a few drops of brandy, -which threw the symptoms of my disease out again and relieved my chest -for a moment: nature had endowed me with extraordinary strength. - -We reached the suburbs of Namur at ten o'clock in the morning. I got -down and followed the waggons at a distance; I soon lost sight of -them. I was stopped at the entrance to the town. I sat down under the -gateway, while my papers were being examined. The soldiers on guard, -seeing my uniform, offered me a scrap of ammunition bread, and the -corporal handed me some peppered brandy in a blue glass drinking-cup. -I made some ceremony about drinking out of the cup of military -hospitality: - -"Catch hold!" he exclaimed angrily, accompanying his injunction with a -_Sackerment der Teufel!_ - -My passage through Namur was a laborious one: I walked leaning against -the houses. The first woman who saw me left her shop, gave me her arm -with a pitying air, and helped me to drag myself along. I thanked her, -and she replied: - -"No, no, soldier," - -Soon other women came running up, bringing bread, wine, fruit, milk, -soup, old clothes, blankets. - -"He is wounded," said some, in their Brabançon French dialect. - -"He has the smallpox," cried others, and kept back their children. - -"But, young man, you will not be able to walk; you will die if you do; -stay in the hospital." - -[Sidenote: The women of Namur.] - -They wanted to take me to the hospital, they relieved each other from -door to door, and in this way helped me to the gate of the town, -outside which I found the wagons again. You have seen a peasant-woman -succour me; you shall see another woman show me hospitality in -Guernsey. Women who have aided me in my distress, if you be still -living, may God help you in your old age and in your sorrows! If you -have departed this life, may your children share the happiness which -Heaven has long refused me! - -The women of Namur assisted me to climb into the wagon, recommended me -to the driver's care, and compelled me to accept a woollen blanket. -I noticed that they treated me with a sort of respect and deference: -there is something superior, something delicate, in the nature of -Frenchmen which other nations recognise. - -The Prince de Ligne's men put me down for the second time on the road -just outside Brussels, and refused to accept my last crown-piece. In -Brussels, not one inn-keeper was willing to take me in. The wandering -Jew, the popular Orestes, whom the ballad represents as going to that -town: - - Quand il fut dans la ville - De Bruxelle en Brabant[135], - -met with a better reception than I, for he had always five sous in his -pocket. I knocked: they opened; when they saw me they said, "Move on, -move on!" and shut the door in my face. I was driven out of a café. My -hair hung over my face, hidden behind my beard and mustachios; I had a -hay bandage round my thigh; over my tattered uniform I wore the blanket -of the Namur women, knotted round my throat by way of a cloak. The -beggar in the _Odyssey_ was more insolent, but not so poor as I. - -I had at first presented myself to no purpose at the hotel where I had -stayed with my brother: I made a second attempt; as I approached the -door I saw the Comte de Chateaubriand stepping from a carriage with -the Baron de Montboissier. He was alarmed at my spectral appearance. -They looked for a room outside the hotel, for the proprietor absolutely -refused to admit me. A wig-maker offered me a den suited to my -wretchedness. My brother brought me a surgeon and a doctor. He had -received letters from Paris: M. de Malesherbes invited him to return -to France. He told me of the day's work of the 10th of August, the -massacres of September, and the political news, of which I knew not -a word. He approved of my plan to cross to Jersey, and advanced me -twenty-five louis. My impaired sight hardly permitted me to distinguish -my brother's features; I believed that that gloom emanated from myself, -whereas it was the shadow which Eternity was spreading around him: -without knowing it, we were seeing each other for the last time. All of -us, such as we are, have only the present moment for our own: the next -belongs to God; there are always two chances of not seeing again the -friend who is leaving us: our death and his. How many men have never -reclimbed the staircase they have descended! - -Death touches us more before than after the decease of a friend: -it is a piece of ourselves that is torn away, a world of childish -recollections, of familiar intimacy, of affections and interests in -common, that dissolves. My brother preceded me in my mother's womb; he -was the first to dwell in those same sainted entrails whence I issued -after him; he sat before me by the paternal hearth; he waited several -years to welcome me, to give me my name in the Name of Jesus Christ, -and to ally himself with the whole of my youth. My blood, mingled with -his blood in the revolutionary receptacle, would have had the same -savour, like a draught of milk supplied by the pasturage of the same -mountain. But, if men caused the head of my elder, my god-father, -to fall before its time, the years will not spare mine; already my -forehead is shedding its covering; I feel an Ugolino, Time, stooping -over me and gnawing at my skull: - - ... come'l pan perf ame si manduca[136]. - -The doctor could not recover from his astonishment: he looked upon -that which did not kill me, which came to none of its natural crises, -as a phenomenon unprecedented in the history of medicine. Gangrene had -set in in my wound; they dressed it with quinine. Having obtained this -first aid, I insisted on departing for Ostend. Brussels was hateful to -me, I burned to leave it; it was once again filling with those heroes -of domesticity who had returned from Verdun in their carriages, and -whom I did not see in Brussels when I accompanied the King there during -the Hundred Days. - -[Sidenote: I reached Guernsey.] - -I travelled pleasantly to Ostend by the canals: I found some Bretons -there, my comrades-in-arms. We chartered a decked barge and went down -the Channel. We slept in the hold, on the shingle which served as -ballast. The strength of my constitution was at last exhausted. I could -no longer speak; the motion of a rough sea broke me down completely. -I swallowed scarce a few drops of water and lemon, and, when the bad -weather compelled us to put in to Guernsey, they thought I was going to -breathe my last: an emigrant priest read me the prayers for the dying. -The captain, not wishing to have me die on board his ship, ordered me -to be put down on the quay; they set me down in the sun, with my back -leaning against a wall, and my head turned towards the open sea, facing -that Isle of Alderney where, eight months before, I had beheld death in -another shape. - -It would seem that I was vowed to pity. The wife of an English pilot -happened to pass by; she was moved and called her husband, who, -assisted by two or three sailors, carried me into a fisherman's house: -me, the friend of the waves; they laid me on a comfortable bed, between -very white sheets. The young barge-woman took every possible care of -the stranger: I owe her my life. The next day I was taken on board -again. My hostess almost wept on taking leave of her patient: women -have a heaven-born instinct for misfortune. My fair-haired and comely -guardian, who resembled a figure in the old English prints, pressed -my bloated and burning hands between her own, so cool and long; I was -ashamed to touch anything so charming with anything so unseemly. - -We set sail and reached the westernmost point of Jersey. One of my -companions, M. du Tilleul, went to St. Helier's to my uncle. M. de -Bedée sent a carriage to fetch me the next morning. We drove across the -entire island: dying as I was, I was charmed with its groves; but I -only talked nonsense about them, having fallen into a delirium. - -I lay four months between life and death. My uncle, his wife, his son -and his three daughters took it in turns to watch by my bedside. I -occupied an apartment in one of the houses which they were beginning to -build along the harbour: the windows of my room came down to the level -of the floor, and I was able to see the sea from my bed. The doctor, -M. Delattre, had forbidden them to talk to me of serious things, and -especially of politics. Towards the end of January 1793, seeing my -uncle enter my room in deep mourning, I trembled, for I thought we had -lost one of our family: he informed me of the death of Louis XVI. I was -not surprised: I had foreseen it. I asked for news of my relatives: -my sisters and my wife had returned to Brittany after the September -massacres; they had had great difficulty in leaving Paris. My brother -had gone back to France, and was living at Malesherbes. I began to get -up; the smallpox was gone; but I suffered with my chest, and a weakness -remained which I long retained. - -Jersey, the Cæsarea of the Itinerary of Antoninus[137], has remained -subject to the Crown of England since the death of Robert, Duke -of Normandy[138]; we have often tried to capture it, but always -unsuccessfully. The island is a remnant of our early history: the -saints coming to Brittany-Armorica from Hibernia and Albion rested at -Jersey. St. Hélier[139], a solitary, dwelt in the rocks of Cæsarea; he -was butchered by the Vandals. In Jersey, one finds a specimen of the -old Normans; it is as though one heard William the Bastard[140] speak, -or the author of the _Roman du Rou._ - -The island is fertile: it has two towns and twelve parishes; it is -covered with country-houses and herds of cattle. The ocean wind, which -seems to belie its rudeness, gives Jersey exquisite honey, cream -of extraordinary sweetness, and butter deep-yellow in colour and -violet-scented. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre conjectures that the apple -came to us from Jersey; he is mistaken: we have the apple and the pear -from Greece, as we owe the peach to Persia, the lemon to Media, the -plum to Syria, the cherry to Cerasus, the chestnut to Castanea, the -quince to Canea, and the pomegranate to Cyprus. - -[Sidenote: And Jersey.] - -I took great pleasure in going out in the early days of May. Spring in -Jersey preserves all her youth; she might still be called by her former -name of Primavera, a name which, as she grew older, it left to her -daughter, the first flower with which it crowns itself. - -* - -Here I will copy for you two pages from the Life of the Duc de Berry; -it is as though I told you my own: - - "After twenty-two years of fighting, the brazen barrier with - which France was girt about was forced: the hour of the - Restoration drew nigh; our Princes left their retreats. Each - of them made for a different point of the frontier, like - travellers who, at the risk of their lives, seek to penetrate - into a country of which marvels are related. Monsieur set out - for Switzerland; Monseigneur le Duc d'Angoulême for Spain, - and his brother for Jersey. In that island, in which some of - the judges of Charles I. died unknown to their fellow-men, - Monseigneur le Duc de Berry found French Royalists grown old - in exile and forgotten for their virtues, as in former days - the English regicides for their crime. He met old priests, - henceforth consecrated to solitude; he realized with them the - fiction of the poet who makes a Bourbon land on the island - of Jersey after a storm. One of these confessors and martyrs - might say to the heir of Henry IV., as the hermit of Jersey - said to that great king: - - Loin de la cour alors, dans cette grotte obscure - De ma religion je viens pleurer l'injure[141]. - -"Monseigneur le Duc de Berry spent some months in Jersey; the sea, the -winds, politics bound him there. Everything opposed his impatience; he -found himself on the point of renouncing his enterprise and taking ship -for Bordeaux. A letter from him to Madame la Maréchale Moreau gives us -a vivid idea of his occupations on his rock: - - "'8 _February_ 1814. - - "'Here I am like Tantalus, in sight of that unhappy France - which finds so much difficulty in breaking its chains. - You whose soul is so beautiful, so French, can judge of - my feelings; how much it would cost me to move away from - that shore which I should need but two hours to reach! - When the sun lights it, I climb the tallest rocks and, - with my spy-glass in my hand, I follow the whole coast: - I can see the rocks of Coutances. My imagination rises, - I see myself leaping on shore, surrounded by Frenchmen, - wearing the white cockade in their hats; I hear the cry of - 'Long live the King!' that cry which no Frenchman has ever - heard with composure; the loveliest woman of the province - girds me with a white sash, for love and glory always go - together. We march on Cherbourg; some rascally fort, with a - garrison of foreigners, tries to defend itself: we carry it - by assault, and a vessel puts out to fetch the King, with - the White Ensign which recalls the days of France's glory - and happiness! Ah, madame, when removed by but a few hours - from so likely a dream, can one think of betaking himself - elsewhere!'" - -* - -It is three years since I wrote these pages in Paris; I had gone before -M. le Duc de Berry in Jersey, the city of the exiled, by twenty-two -years; I was to leave my name behind me, since Armand de Chateaubriand -was married, and his son Frédéric born there[142]. - -Gaiety had not abandoned the family of my uncle de Bedée; my aunt -continued to nurse a big dog, descended from the one whose virtues I -have related: as it bit everybody and had the mange, my cousins had -it secretly hanged, notwithstanding its nobility. Madame de Bedée -persuaded herself that some English officers, charmed with Azor's -beauty, had stolen it, and that it was living, laden with honours and -dinners, in the richest castle of the Three Kingdoms. Alas, our present -hilarity was compounded only out of our past gaiety! By recalling the -scenes at Monchoix we found means of laughter in Jersey. The case is -rare enough, for in the human heart pleasures do not keep up the same -relations one to the other that sorrows do: new joys do not restore -their springtime to former joys, but recent sorrows cause old sorrows -to blossom over again. - -For the rest, the Emigrants at that time excited general sympathy; -our cause appeared to be the cause of European order: an honoured -unhappiness, such as ours, is something. - -M. de Bouillon[143] was the protector of the French refugees in Jersey: -he dissuaded me from my plan of crossing over to Brittany, unfit as -I was to endure a life of caves and forests; he advised me to go -to England, and there seek the opportunity of entering the regular -service. My uncle, who was very ill provided with money, began to feel -straitened with his large family; he had found himself obliged to send -his son to London to feed himself on starvation and hope. Fearing lest -I should be a burden to M. de Bedée, I decided to relieve him of my -presence. - -[Sidenote: I set sail for England.] - -Thirty louis, which a Saint-Malo smuggler brought me, enabled me to -put my plan into execution, and I booked a berth on the packet for -Southampton. I was deeply touched, on bidding farewell to my uncle: he -had nursed me with the affection of a father; with him were connected -the few happy moments of my childhood; he knew all I loved; I found -in his features a certain resemblance to my mother. I had left that -excellent mother, and was never to see her again; I had left my sister -Julie and my brother, and was doomed to meet them no more; I was -leaving my uncle, and his genial countenance was never again to gladden -my eyes. A few months had sufficed to bring all these losses, for the -death of our friends is not reckoned from the moment at which they die, -but from that at which we cease to live with them. - -Were it possible to say to Time, "Not so fast!" one would stop it at -the hours of delight; but, as this is not possible, let us not linger -here below; let us go away before witnessing the flight of friends -and of those years which the poet considers alone worthy of life: -_Vitâ dignior ætas._ That which delights us in the age of friendships -becomes an object of suffering and regret in the age of destitution. -We no longer desire the return of the smiling months to the earth; -we dread it rather: the birds, the flowers, a fine evening at the -end of April, a fine night commencing in the evening with the first -nightingale and ending in the morning with the first swallow, those -things which give the need and longing for happiness kill one. You -still feel their charms, but they are no longer for you: youth which -tastes them by your side, and which looks down upon you with scorn, -fills you with jealousy and makes you realize the completeness of your -desolation. The grace and freshness of nature, while recalling your -past happiness, adds to the unsightliness of your misery. You have -become a mere blot upon that nature; you spoil its harmony and its -suavity by your presence, by your words, and even by the sentiments -which you venture to express. You may love, but you can no longer be -loved. The vernal fountain has renewed its waters without restoring -your youth to you, and the sight of all that is born again, of all that -is happy, reduces you to the sorrowful remembrance of your pleasures. - -* - -The packet on which I embarked was crowded with Emigrant families. -I there made the acquaintance of M. Hingant[144], an old colleague -of my brother's in the Parliament of Brittany, a man of taste and -intelligence, of whom I shall have much to say. A naval officer was -playing chess in the captain's room; he did not recollect my features, -so greatly was I changed; but I recognised Gesril. We had not met -since Brest; we were destined to part at Southampton. I told him of -my travels, he told me of his. This young man, born near me among the -waves, embraced his first friend for the last time in the midst of the -waves which were about to witness his glorious death. Lamba Doria[145], -admiral of the Genoese, after beating the Venetian fleet, learnt that -his son had been killed: - -"Bury him in the sea," said this Roman father, as though he had said, -"Bury him in his victory." - -Gesril voluntarily left the billows into which he had flung himself -only the better to show them his "victory" on shore. - -[Sidenote: And land at Southampton.] - -I gave the certificate of my landing from Jersey at Southampton at the -commencement of the sixth book of these Memoirs. Behold me, therefore, -after my travels in the forests of America and the camps of Germany, -arriving, as a poor Emigrant, in 1793, in the land in which I am -writing all this in 1822, and in which I am living to-day a splendid -ambassador. - - - -[1] This book was written in London between April and September 1822, -and revised in February 1845 and December 1846.--T. - -[2] Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794), perhaps the least contemptible -of the demagogues of the time.--T. - -[3] The National or Constituent Assembly passed the Constitution on -the 3rd of September 1791, the King accepting it on the 13th. This -Constitution created a Legislative Assembly, which alone was to retain -the power of making laws, subject to the veto of the Sovereign. On -the 30th of September the Constituent Assembly was dissolved and -immediately succeeded by the Legislative Assembly, which consisted of -745 deputies elected by the people, and sat from 1 October 1791 to -21 September 1792. It was in this assembly that the parties of the -Mountain and the Gironde were formed.--T. - -[4] Jean Claude Marin Victor Marquis de Laqueville (1742-1810) -commanded the corps of the nobles of Auvergne under the Comte d'Artois. -He was impeached on the 1st of January 1792. He returned to France -under the Consulate, and lived in retirement until his death.--B. - -[5] M. Buisson de La Vigne, a retired captain of the Indian Company's -fleet, had been ennobled in 1776.--B. - -[6] Alexis Jacques Buisson de La Vigne, the Indian Company's manager at -Lorient, married in 1770 Mademoiselle Céleste Rapion de La Placelière, -of Saint-Malo.--B. - -[7] Anne Buisson de La Vigne (1772-1813) married, in 1789, Hervé Louis -Joseph Marie Comte du Plessix de Parscau (1762-1831). She died at -Lymington in Hampshire, and is buried there with seven of her thirteen -children. In 1814, the Comte de Parscau married Mademoiselle de -Kermalun, a lady of forty, for the sake of the six young children left -to him.--B. - -[8] Knight of St. Louis.--T. - -[9] Céleste Buisson de La Vigne (1774-1847), who became Madame de -Chateaubriand.--B. - -[10] Michel Bossinot de Vauvert (1724-1809), formerly a king's counsel -and attorney to the Admiralty. He was an uncle, "Brittany fashion," of -Mademoiselle Buisson de La Vigne.--B. - -[11] George Gordon, sixth Lord Byron (1788-1824), the poet.--T. - -[12] Francis II. Emperor of Germany (1768-1835) ascended the Imperial -Throne in 1792. In 1808 he renounced his title and assumed that of -Emperor of Austria, as Francis I.--T. - -[13] Blessed Benedict Joseph Labre (1748-1783) had died, after a life -supported by unsolicited alms and spent in constant mortifications, of -a tumour in the leg resulting from his habit of being always upon his -knees.--T. - -[14] The Abbé Jean Jacques Barthélemy (1716-1795), Keeper of the -Royal Cabinet of Medals, member of the French Academy and the Academy -of Inscriptions, and a distinguished archæologist. In 1788 he -published his _Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce vers le milieu du -IVe. siècle avant l'ère vulgaire_, which made his name. He -spent the greater portion of his life with the Duc and Duchesse de -Choiseul on their estate of Chanteloup, near Amboise.--T. - -[15] Ange François Fariau (1747-1810), known as M. de Saint-Ange, -became a member of the French Academy just before his death. His -translations in verse of the _Metamorphoses_ and other of Ovid's works -are of great merit; but he appears to have been cursed with inordinate -vanity, in addition to the stupidity of which Chateaubriand speaks.--T. - -[16] Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737-1814), the famous -author of the _Études de la nature_ and of _Paul et Virginie._ He -preached virtue in all his works; his personal character and conduct -were far from being irreproachable.--T. - -[17] 30 January 1791.--B. - -[18] - -"D'Egmont with Love one day this bank her presence gave; -For a moment the water stained -With the image of her beauty upon the fleeting wave: -Then D'Egmont disappeared; and Love alone remained.--T." - - -[19] By Carbon de Flins des Oliviers.--T. - -[20] - - "Our brave defenders' warlike zeal - Wakes pride within my breast, - But when through gore the people reel, - Their fury I detest. - Let Europe of us dwell in fear, - Let us live ever free, - But Gallic wit our lives shall cheer, - And amiability."--T. - - -[21] Anne Joseph Terwagne, Demoiselle Théroigne de Méricourt -(1762-1817), a formidable virago of the Revolution. She was fustigated -and driven insane by her fellow-bacchanals in October 1792, and died -mad at the Salpétrière.--T. - -[22] Manon Jeanne Roland (1754-1793), _née_ Philipon, wife of Jean -Marie Roland de La Platière, Minister of the Interior in 1791. She and -her husband espoused the party of the Girondins; and Madame Roland -was guillotined at the instance of the Mountain, 8 November 1793. Her -husband killed himself on hearing the news.--T. - -[23] Major the Comte de Belsunce (_d._ 1790). He was cut up into pieces -and his heart was eaten by a woman.--B. - -[24] Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (1759-1794) was elected mayor on the -14th of November 1791. He took no step to suppress the insurrections -of June and August 1792, nor the massacres of September. Having voted, -however, at the trial of Louis XVI. for "death with delay and appeal to -the people," he became odious to the revolutionaries and was proscribed -with the Girondins, 31 May 1793. He fled and perished in the Bordeaux -marshes, where his body was half eaten by wolves.--T. - -[25] Before 1789, Paris was divided into 21 quarters. On the 23rd -of April 1789 the King ruled that, for the convocation of the three -Estates, the town should be divided into 60 arrondissements, or wards, -and districts, for which, on the 27th of June 1790, the Constituent -Assembly substituted 48 sections.--B. - -[26] On the 17th of Germinal Year II. (6 April 1794) a citizen -presented himself at the bar of the Convention and offered a sum -of money "towards the expenses of the support and repairing of the -guillotine" (_Moniteur_, 7 April 1794).--B. - -[27] 23 March 1792.--B. - -[28] Francis II., Emperor of Germany, etc., etc.--T. - -[29] Maximin Isnard (1751-1825) voted for the death of the King, but, -after distinguishing himself by the violence of his language and -opinions, underwent a remarkable religious and political conversion. He -was a member of the Council of Five Hundred, but took no part in public -affairs after the advent of Bonaparte.--B. - -[30] Armand Gensonné (1758-1793), the friend and confidant of -Dumouriez, executed 31 October 1793.--T. - -[31] Jean Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793), at one time editor of -the _Moniteur_ and of the _Patriote français_, and prime mover in the -declaration of war against Austria. He was guillotined on the same day -as Gensonné.--T. - -[32] The decree ordering the dissolution of the King's Constitutional -Guard was voted 29 May 1792.--B. - -[33] It was burnt down in 1580.--_Author's Note._ - -[34] Charles de Lorraine, Duc de Mayenne (1554-1611), second son of -François Duc de Guise, and head of the League.--T. - -[35] A political club connected with the League and called the Sixteen -from the number of its leading members, each of whom was put in charge -of one of the then sixteen quarters of Paris.--T. - -[36] Jean Paul Marat (1743-1793) was born either at Geneva or at -Boudry, near Neufchâtel, in Switzerland.--T. - -[37] Pierre Gaspard Chaumette (1763-1794), the inventor of the Feast of -Reason, self-known as "Anaxagoras Chaumette," and guillotined 13 April -1794.--T. - -[38] Méot kept the best tavern in Paris, in the Palais-Royal.--B. - -[39] Joseph Fouché, Duc d'Otrante (1754-1820), had been a schoolmaster -at Juilly and principal of the Oratorian College at Nantes, when he was -sent to the Convention. He became subsequently a Conservative senator -under Napoleon, a duke and a peer, and was Minister of Police under the -Directory, Napoleon, and Louis XVIII.--T. - -[40] Triboulet (1479-_circa_ 1536), Court Fool to Louis XII. and -Francis I.--T. - -[41] _Paradise Lost_, II. 790-814, in which Sin is represented as being -violated by her own offspring, Death.--T. - -[42] Jacques Louis David (1748-1825), the great painter of the -Revolution and the Empire.--T. - -[43] Philippe François Nazaire Fabre d'Églantine (1755-1794), a light -dramatic poet of no mean order, acted as Danton's secretary. He was -subsequently traduced for accepting bribes from the Indian Company, and -guillotined on the same day (5 April 1794) as Danton and Desmoulins, -who protested at being "coupled with a thief."--T. - -[44] Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756-1819), a very bloodthirsty -member of the Convention. Billaud was transported with Collot d'Herbois -to Cayenne, and succeeded in making his escape, after twenty years, -to the Republic of San Domingo, the President of which gave him a -pension.--T. - -[45] Felice Peretti, Pope Sixtus V. (1521-1590), was elected to the -Holy See on the death of Gregory XIII. in 1585. His short reign -was marked by a magnificent internal administration. In France he -patronized and encouraged the League.--T. - -[46] Jacques Clément (1564-1589), the Dominican monk who assassinated -Henry III. and was himself killed on the spot. It is a fact that some -of the extreme Leaguers called for his canonization.--T. - -[47] Charles IX. (1550-1574), elder brother and predecessor of Henry -III.--T. - -[48] 24 August 1572.--T. - -[49] King Charles I. (1600-1649) was murdered on the 30th of January -1649; King Louis XVI. on the 21st of January 1793.--T. - -[50] Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville (1747-1795), Public Prosecutor -to the Revolutionary Tribunal, guillotined 6 May 1795.--T. - -[51] The blasphemy was not even accurate. Desmoulins was in his -thirty-fourth year.--T. - -[52] _Le Philinte de Molière, ou, la suite du Misanthrope_, a comedy -in five acts, in verse, first performed at the Théâtre Français on the -22nd of February 1790, is Fabre d'Églantine's best piece: it is one -of our good comedies of the second rank. What will live longest of -Fabre d'Églantine's is his ballad, "Il pleut, il pleut, bergère" ("O -shepherdess, 'tis raining").--B. - -[53] Barnabé Brisson (1531-1591), made First President of the -Parliament of Paris by the Sixteen (_vide supra_, p. 15), when Henry -III. had left the capital, instead of Achille de Harlay, whom they had -sent to the Bastille; but they were dissatisfied with him, owing to -the attachment he preserved for the royal authority, and eventually -murdered him by hanging him.--T. - -[54] Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise (1550-1588), nicknamed the -_Balafré_ from a disfiguring scar which he received at the engagement -of Dormans (1575). He was the son of François Duc de Guise, and brother -to the Duc de Mayenne (_vide supra_, p. 15) and Louis de Lorraine, -Cardinal de Guise. In 1576 he became the head of the newly formed -League. In 1588, after conducting a long and active opposition to the -Throne, he attended the States-General summoned by Henry III. at his -castle at Blois, and was murdered by the royal guards at the door of -the King's closet, 23 December 1588. His brother Louis II., Cardinal de -Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, was put to death by the King's orders on -the following day.--T. - -[55] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. 12: _Of Physiognomy._--T. - -[56] Silas Deane (1737-1789), a member of the first American Congress, -was sent to Paris to rally the Court of France to the cause of the -insurgents. His negotiations were fruitless, and Franklin was sent to -second him. The latter was more successful, and signed two treaties -with the Cabinet of Versailles in February 1778.--B. - -[57] Joachim Murat (1767-1815), later King of Naples. He was the son of -an inn-keeper, enlisted at the commencement of the Revolution, and was -a member of the King's Constitutional Guard for about a month in the -spring of 1792. He was in command of the sixty grenadiers who dispersed -the Council of Five Hundred, and Bonaparte rewarded him with the hand -of his sister Caroline. When Bonaparte became Emperor, Murat received -his marshal's baton and the title of prince. In 1808, Napoleon made him -King of the Two Sicilies. He did not cross the Straits, but reigned -peacefully on the mainland until 1812. In 1814, the Powers consented -to leave him on the throne, but, declaring in favour of Napoleon on -his return from Elba, he was defeated at Tolentino, captured at Pizzo -in Calabria, and shot, by order of King Ferdinand II., on the 13th of -October 1815.--T. - -[58] Jean Marie Roland de La Platière (1734-1793), twice Minister -of the Interior, and husband of the more famous Madame Roland. -He committed suicide with a sword-stick on hearing of his wife's -execution.--T. - -[59] Louis François Duport du Tertre (1754-1793), Minister of the -Interior from 1790 to 1792, and guillotined 28 November 1793. His wife -committed suicide in despair a few days later.--T. - -[60] Louise Florence Pétronille de La Live d'Épinay (1725-1783), _née_ -Tardieu d'Esclavelles, wife of Denis Joseph de La Live d'Épinay, a rich -farmer-general. She built the Hermitage for Rousseau in the Forest of -Montmorency, ten miles north of Paris, and lavished benefits upon him. -Eventually, however, the philosopher grew jealous of Grimm, and turned -ungrateful for the favours shown him.--T. - -[61] Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc de Bassano (1763-1839). Bonaparte made -him Secretary-general to the Consuls, and, in 1804, Secretary of State, -in which capacity he accompanied the Emperor on all his campaigns. In -1811, he was created Duc de Bassano, and appointed Foreign Minister; in -1813, Minister for War. In 1815, he was exiled, returning to France in -1820. Louis Philippe made him a peer of France, and he held office for -less than a week in 1834.--T. - -[62] Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841), one of the meanest -turn-coats and time-servers of revolutionary France. He was exiled -on the Restoration, and returned to France on the usurpation of -Louis-Philippe.--T. - -[63] M. Boutin (_d._ 1794), Treasurer to the Navy, had built the Tivoli -garden in the middle of the Rue de Clichy. He was guillotined 22 July -1794.--T. - -[64] This is not accurate. Madame de Malesherbes was Françoise -Thérèse Grimod, daughter of Gaspard Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynière, -farmer-general. M. and Madame de Malesherbes were married on the 4th of -February 1749.--B. - -[65] Clovis I. (465-511), grandson of Merovius or Merowig, was the real -founder of the First or Merovingian Race of Kings of France (418-752). -The second was the Carlovingian Race or Dynasty (715-987); the third -the Capetians (987), who were subdivided into numerous branches, and -preserve their right to the French Throne to this day.--T. - -[66] Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours (_circa_ 1057-1134), author of a -number of Latin treatises, letters, and poems.--T. - -[67] Guillaume de Nangis (_d._ 1300), a Benedictine of Saint-Denis, -author of a Chronicle of the Kings of France, etc.--T. - -[68] Albéric, a Cistercian monk of the Abbey of Trois-Fontaines, near -Châlons-sur-Marne, who lived in the thirteenth century, and wrote a -Chronicle which goes from the Creation to 1241.--T. - -[69] Rigord, Rigordus, or Rigoltus (_d. circa_ 1207), author of a -History of Philip Augustus, in Latin, continued by Guillaume le -Breton.--T. - -[70] Gervase of Tilbury (_fl._ 1211), author of the _Otia -Imperialia._--T. - -[71] The Baron de Montboissier was Malesherbes' son-in-law, and uncle -by marriage to Chateaubriand's brother.--B. - -[72] Louis XI., King of France (1423-1479), who had incited the town -of Liège to revolt, was enticed to Péronne by Charles the Bold, Duke -of Burgundy, on the pretext of a conference, held as a prisoner, and -released only on condition that he accompanied the Duke to the siege of -the insurgent city.--T. - -[73] Pope Leo III. (_d._ 816), elected to the Papacy in 795, was -driven from Rome by a conspiracy to murder him, and took shelter with -Charlemagne. He consecrated the octagonal Cathedral of Aix in 799; and -in 800, in Rome, crowned Charles Emperor of the West.--T. - -[74] John Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims (_d. circa_ 794), Charlemagne's -secretary, friend, and comrade-in-arms. He was falsely reputed the -author of the be _Vitâ Caroli Magni et Rolandi_, popularly known as -Archbishop Turpin's Chronicle.--T. - -[75] Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch (1304-1374), tells the -legend in his poems.--T. - -[76] Caligula (12-41) was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina, at whose -instance Germanicus enlarged Cologne, calling it Colonia Agrippina.--T. - -[77] St. Bruno (_circa_ 1030-1101), founder of the Carthusian order, -was born at Cologne.--T. - -[78] Frederic William II., King of Prussia (1744-1797), nephew and -successor (1786) of Frederic the Great.--T. - -[79] Charles Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1735-1806), -Commander-in-Chief of the allied Prussian and Austrian armies. He was -mortally wounded at the Battle of Auerstadt (14 October 1806), and was -the father of "Brunswick's fated chieftain" killed at Waterloo.--T. - -[80] Pierre Louis Alexandre de Gouyon (not Goyon) de Miniac (_circa_ -1754-1818).--B. - -[81] Anne Hilarion de Contentin, Comte de Tourville (1642-1701), a -famous French admiral; fought under Duquesne, commanded under the -Maréchal de Vivonne at Palermo (1677), went to Ireland in 1690 to -support the cause of James II., was defeated by the English at the -Battle of the Hogue (1692), but defeated them at the first Battle of -St. Vincent (1693).--T. - -[82] Salvianus (_circa_ 390-484), author of the treatises, _De -Gubernatione Dei, Adversus Avaritiam_, and some letters--T. - -[83] Henry IV. defeated the Leaguers at Ivry in 1590.--T. - -[84] Words and music by the Marquise de Travanet, _née_ de Bombelles, -lady to Madame Élisabeth.--B. - -[85] Lope Felix de Vega Carpia (1562-1635), the fertile Spanish poet, -author of the _Arcadia_ and some 2000 plays and an endless number of -poems of every description.--T. - -[86] Lucius Cary, second Viscount Falkland (1610-1643), Secretary of -State to Charles I. Although at first favouring the rebellion, he -joined the King's side and died fighting for Charles at Newbury.--T. - -[87] Christian Augustus Prince of Waldeck (1744-1798), fought for -Austria against the Turks and against the French, lost an arm at -the siege of Thionville, took part in the attack on the lines of -Weissemberg, replaced Mack, and went to Portugal, where he died.--T. - -[88] Louis Félix Baron de Wimpfen (1744-1814), a Royalist brigadier in -the Revolutionary service. He defended Thionville for fifty-five days, -until he was relieved by the victory of Valmy. He concealed himself -during the Terror. The Consulate restored him to his rank as general of -division, and Napoleon appointed him inspector of studs, and created -him a baron in 1809.--B. - -[89] Louis II. Prince de Condé (1621-1686), known as the Grand Condé, -captured Thionville in 1643, after first causing the Spaniards to raise -the siege of Rocroi, and signally defeating them on the 19th of May.--T. - -[90] Manassès de Pas, Marquis de Feuquières (1590-1639), besieged -Thionville in 1639, but was defeated by the garrison, and himself -wounded and taken prisoner. He died of his wounds a few months -later.--T. - -[91] The Chevalier de La Baronnais was one of the numerous sons of -François Pierre Collas, Seigneur de La Baronnais, married in 1750 -to Renée de Kergu. Chateaubriand is not quite accurate as to the -proportions of his family. There were twenty children in all, twelve -sons and eight daughters.--B. - -[92] Joseph Henri Bouchard d'Esparbès, Maréchal Marquis d'Aubeterre -(1714-1788), after fulfilling several important embassies, was -appointed Commandant of Brittany in 1775.--T. - -[93] St. John the Silent (454-_circa_ 589), so called from his love of -silence and retirement. At the age of twenty-eight he was consecrated -Bishop of Colonus, near Athens, but resigned his see in nine years, and -withdrew to the Monastery of St. Sabar in Jerusalem. His feast falls on -the 13th of May.--T. - -[94] St. Dominic Loricatus (_d._ 1060) spent his life in the Apennines, -wearing a coat of mail, which he laid aside only to scourge himself. He -is honoured on the 14th of October.--T. - -[95] St. James Intercisus (_d._ 421). Born in Persia, he at first -abjured Christianity in obedience to a decree of King Yezdedjerd I.; -but, repenting of his apostasy, he resumed the faith, and was condemned -to be cut to pieces while living, a martyrdom which he heroically -endured on the 27th of November 421. His feast is celebrated on the -anniversary of that day.--T. - -[96] St. Paul the Simple (229-342) retired at the age of twenty-two -to the Thebaïde Desert, where he became a disciple of St. Anthony and -lived for ninety-one years. He is honoured on the 7th of March.--T. - -[97] St. Basil the Hermit (_d._ circa 640), a native of Limousin, spent -forty years wrestling with the Evil One in a retreat which he had built -for himself in the neighbourhood of Verzy, in Champagne. His feast -falls on the 26th of November.--T. - -[98] Philip Augustus defeated the Emperor Otho IV. and his allies at -Bouvines, 27 August 1214.--T. - -[99] St. Germanus of Auxerre, Bishop of Auxerre (380-448), was Governor -of the province of Auxerre for the Emperor of the West, when he was -ordained priest by Amador, the bishop of the diocese, whom he succeeded -after the latter's death in 418. He visited England in 428 and 446 -to preach against the Pelagian heresy. He is honoured on the 26th of -July.--T. - -[100] Hugues Métel (1080-1157), a twelfth-century ecclesiastical -writer. The allusion is to an apologue entitled, _D'un loup qui se fit -hermite_, which stands at the head of the poems.--B. - -[101] François de Lorraine, Duc de Guise (1519-1563), one of the -greatest French captains, and leader of the Catholic army. He was -assassinated at the siege of Orléans by a Huguenot nobleman called -Poltrot de Méré.--T. - -[102] Pietro Strozzi (1550-1558), a marshal in the French service, and -commander-in-chief of the army of Pope Paul IV.--T. - -[103] Julius Majorianus, known as the Emperor Majorian (_d._ 461) -defeated Theodoric II., King of the Visigoths, in Gaul, and was about -to attack Genseric, King of the Vandals, in Africa, when he was deposed -and put to death by Ricimer, who had raised him to power.--T. - -[104] SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS.--_Author's Note._ - -[105] John II., King of France (1319-1364), known as John the Good, -taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers by Edward the Black Prince -(1356). Peace was concluded in 1360, and John returned to France, -leaving his son as a hostage. The latter escaped, and King John -voluntarily returned to London and surrendered, saying that "if good -faith was banished from the earth, it should find an asylum in the -hearts of kings." He died shortly after his arrival in London (8 April -1364).--T. - -[106] François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de Clerfayt -(1733-1798), created, in 1795, a field-marshal in the Austrian Army. -He was a native of Brussels, at that time the capital of the Austrian -Netherlands, and was a very fine general. Not the least of his feats -was his masterly retreat after the Battle of Jemmapes (6 November -1792). In 1795, he defeated three French army corps in succession, and -relieved Mayence, which was besieged by one of them.--T. - -[107] François Prudent Malo Ferron de La Sigonnière (1768-1815).--B. - -[108] Cf. _Odyssey_, IV. 606.--T. - -[109] AUSONIUS, _Eidyllia_, CCCXXXIV. 21, _Ausonii Mosella._--T. - -[110] Now known as the cemetery of Père Lachaise.--T. - -[111] The Abbé André Morellet (1727-1819), a Member of the Academy, and -at one time a leading member of Madame Geoffrin's circle. His attacks -on Chateaubriand are mentioned later, when Chateaubriand speaks of the -publication of _Atala._--T. - -[112] Field-Marshal Franz Baron von Mercy (_d._ 1645), one of the great -generals of the seventeenth century. He took service under the Elector -of Bavaria, and distinguished himself in the German wars against -France. In 1645 he defeated Turenne at Mariendal, but was himself -beaten by Condé in the plains of Nördlingen (7 August 1645), and -received a wound of which he died the next day.--T. - -[113] Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), the famous French -engineer. Longwy was one of the many fortifications constructed by -Vauban along the German frontier. He was created a marshal in 1703 by -Louis XIV., who in 1693 had founded the order of St. Louis at Vauban's -instance.--T. - -[114] Honoré Jean Riouffe (1764-1813), created a baron of the Empire -in 1810; author of the _Mémoires d'un détenu, pour servir à l'histoire -de la tyrannie de Robespierre_, from which the above quotation is -taken.--B. - -[115] St. Gregory of Tours (_circa_ 540--_circa_ 594), Bishop of Tours, -and author of a _History of the Franks_ extending from 417 to 591.--T. - -[116] Theodebert I., King of Metz or Austrasia (_d._ 548).--T. - -[117] Philippe Laurent Pons (1759-1844), known as Pons de Verdun, -was, before the Revolution, a regular contributor to the _Almanach -des Muses._ He was sent to the Convention by the Meuse and voted for -the death of the King. As a member of the Council of Five Hundred, he -rallied to the cause of Bonaparte, and became advocate-general to the -Court of Appeal under the Empire.--B. - -[118] Artus de Bonchamp (1769-1793), mortally wounded outside Cholet -(17 October 1793).--T. - -[119] Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt, Dame de Saint-Balmon (1608-1660), took -up arms during her husband's absence in the Thirty Years' War, and -defended her house against the marauders.--B. - -[120] Amadis of Gaul, hero of the famous prose romance written in the -fourteenth century by different authors, partly in Spanish, partly in -French.--T. - -[121] A loathsome form of vermin.--T. - -[122] Jean La Balue (1421-1491) became a bishop, Almoner to King -Louis XI., Intendant of Finance, and was for many years virtual Prime -Minister of France. He abolished the Pragmatic Sanction (1461), and was -created a cardinal by Pope Pius II. Subsequently he corresponded with -the King's enemies and (1469) was imprisoned by Louis XI. in an iron -cage, from which he was released only upon the King's death, eleven -years later. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII. sent La Balue to France as -legate _in latere_; but he was so badly received that he was obliged to -return to Rome.--T. - -[123] Claude de Saumaise (1588-1658), known as Salmasius, or the Prince -of Commentators.--T. - -[124] Charles Ferdinand Duc de Berry (1778-1820), second son of the -Comte d'Artois, later Charles X., and father of the Duc de Bordeaux, -known later as Comte de Chambord and Henry V. The Duc de Berry was -assassinated by Louvel on leaving the Opera House in Paris, 6 February -1820.--T. - -[125] _Mémoires, lettres, et pièces authentiques touchant la vie et la -mort de S. A. R. Ch. F. d'Artois, fils de France, Duc de Berry_, II. -viii.--B. - -[126] LA FONTAINE'S _Fables_, book VII., fab. 16: _The Cat, the Weasel, -and the Young Rabbit_, 7-9.--T. - -[127] Cephalus of Thessaly, husband of Procris, and beloved by Aurora -because of his surpassing beauty.--T. - -[128] Jean Cazotte (1720-1792), the facile Royalist poet, author of the -_Veillée de la Bonne femme; ou, le Réveil d'Enguerrand_, which opens -with the lines quoted.--T. - -[129] - - "Right in the middle of the Ardennes - Stands a fine castle atop of a rock."--T. - - -[130] François de La Noue (1531-1591), nicknamed _Bras-de-Fer_, Iron -Arm, a famous Calvinist captain. Fighting at the head of the army of -the States-General against Spain, he was captured (1578) and kept -prisoner for five years in the fortresses of Limburg and Charlemont. He -was killed at the siege of Lamballe in Brittany, where he was sent by -Henry IV.--T. - -[131] CAZOTTE, _La Veillée de la Bonne femme_, supra.--T. - -[132] Orlando's famous steed.--T. - -[133] Most of the scenes in _As You Like It_ are laid in the Forest of -Arden.--T. - -[134] Charles Joseph Prince de Ligne (1735-1844), a Flemish general in -the Austrian service, famous for his wit, his personal graces, and his -military talent. Francis II. created him a field-marshal in 1808.--T. - -[135] - - "When he was in the town, - Brussels town in Brabant."--T. - - -[136] DANTE, _Inferno_, XXXVII. 127.--T. - -[137] Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (86-161), author or originator of -the _Itinerarium Provinciarum._--T. - -[138] Robert II., Duke of Normandy (_circa_ 1056-1134), nicknamed -Robert Curthose, eldest son of William the Conqueror. He was defeated -by his brother, Henry I., at Tinchebray (1106), and imprisoned at -Cardiff Castle until his death in 1134.--T. - -[139] St. Helerius, hermit and martyr, patron saint of Jersey. His head -was cut off by pirates. His feast falls on the 16th of July.--T. - -[140] William I., the Conqueror, King of England (1027-1087), is -generally called William the Bastard by French writers. He was the -illegitimate son of Robert I. the Devil, Duke of Normandy, and Arlotta, -a washerwoman of Falaise.--T. - -[141] VOLTAIRE, L'_Henriade_: - - "Then, far removed from Court, to this obscure retreat, - I come to mourn the blows with which my creed has met."--T. - - -[142] Armand Louis de Chateaubriand married in Guernsey, 14 September -1795, Mademoiselle Jeanne le Brun, of Jersey; the young couple settled -in Jersey, where were born Jeanne (16 June 1796) and Frédéric (11 -November 1799).--B. - -[143] Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince de Bouillon (1754-1816), born in -Jersey, was the son of Charles d'Auvergne, a poor lieutenant in the -British Navy, and had been adopted by the Duc Godefroy de Bouillon, who -saw his race threatened with extinction. Philippe d'Auvergne devoted -himself whole-heartedly to the cause of his new fellow-countrymen in -their difficulties with the English governors of the island. His career -was one of inconceivable adventures, and his end, which occurred in -London, was mysterious.--B. - -[144] François Marie Anne Joseph Hingant de La Tiemblais (1761-1827). -No less than twenty-two members of his family suffered as victims -of their religious and political faith. He furnished Chateaubriand -with many of the materials for the _Génie du Christianisme_, and -himself published some valuable literary and scientific works -and an interesting novel (1826), entitled _Le Capucin, anecdote -historique._--B. - -[145] Lamba Doria defeated Andrea Dandola, the Venetian admiral, before -the island of Curzola, off the coast of Dalmatia, in 1298.--T. - - - - -BOOK VIII[146] - - -The Literary Fund--My garret in Holborn--Decline in health--Visit -to the doctors--Emigrants in London--Peltier--Literary labours--My -friendship with Hingant--Our excursions--A night in Westminster -Abbey--Distress--Unexpected succour--Lodging overlooking a -cemetery--New companions in misfortune--Our pleasures--My cousin -de La Boüétardais--A sumptuous rout--I come to the end of my forty -crowns--Renewed distress--Table d'hôte--Bishops-Dinner at the London -Tavern--The Camden Manuscripts--My work in the country--Death of -my brother--Misfortunes of my family--Two Frances--Letters from -Hingant--Charlotte--I return to London--An extraordinary meeting--A -defect in my character--The _Essai historique sur les révolutions_--Its -effect--Letter from Lemierre, nephew to the poet--Fontanes--Cléry. - - -A society has been formed in London for the assistance of men of -letters, both English and foreign. This society invited me to its -annual meeting[147]; I made it my duty to attend and to present my -subscription[148]. H.R.H. the Duke of York[149] occupied the chair; on -his right were the Duke of Somerset[150] and Lords Torrington[151] and -Bolton[152]; I myself sat on his left. I met my friend Mr. Canning[153] -there. The poet, orator, and illustrious minister made a speech in -which occurred the following passage, which did me too great honour, -and which was reported in the newspapers: - -"Although the person of my noble friend, the Ambassador of France, is -as yet but little known here, his character and writings are well known -to all Europe. He began his career by expounding the principles of -Christianity, and continued it by defending those of monarchy; and now -he comes amongst us to unite the two countries by the common bonds of -monarchical principles and Christian virtues[154]." - -* - -[Sidenote: The literary fund.] - -It is many years since Mr. Canning, the man of letters, improved -himself by the political lessons of Mr. Pitt[155]; it is almost the -same number of years since I began obscurely to write in that same -English capital. Both of us have attained high station and are now -members of a society devoted to the relief of unfortunate authors. Is -it the affinity of our grandeurs or the relation of our sufferings -that brought us together in this place? What should the Governor of -the East Indies and the French Ambassador be doing at the banquet -of the afflicted muses? It was rather George Canning and François -de Chateaubriand who sat down to it, in remembrance of their former -adversity and perhaps of their former happiness: they drank to the -memory of Homer singing his verses for a morsel of bread. - - -If the Literary Fund had existed when I arrived in London from -Southampton on the 21st of May 1793, it would perhaps have paid a -doctor's visit to the garret in Holborn in which my cousin de La -Boüétardais[156], son of my uncle de Bedée, harboured me. It had been -hoped that the change of air would do marvels towards restoring to me -the strength essential to a soldier's life; but my health, instead of -recovering, declined. My chest became involved; I was thin and pale, -I coughed frequently, I breathed with difficulty; I had attacks of -perspiration and I spat blood. My friends, who were as poor as I, -dragged me from doctor to doctor. These Hippocrates kept the band of -beggars waiting at their door, and then told me, for the price of one -guinea, that I must bear my complaint patiently, adding: - -"That's all, my dear sir." - -Dr. Goodwyn[157], famous for his experiments relating to drowning -people, made on his own person by his own prescriptions, was more -generous: he assisted me with his advice gratis; but he said to me, -with the harshness which he employed towards himself, that I might -"last" a few months, perhaps one or two years, provided I gave up all -fatigue. - -"Do not look forward to a long career:" that was the substance of his -consultations. - -The certainty of my approaching end thus acquired, while increasing the -natural gloom of my imagination, gave me an incredible peace of mind. -This inner disposition explains a passage of the note placed at the -head of the _Essai historique_[158], as well as the following passage -from the _Essai_ itself: - - "Smitten as I am with an illness which leaves me little hope, - I behold objects with a tranquil eye; the calm atmosphere of - the tomb is perceptible to the traveller who is but a few - days' march removed from it[159]." - -The bitterness of the reflections spread over the _Essai_ will -therefore arouse no astonishment: I wrote that work while lying under -sentence of death, between the verdict and the execution. A writer who -believed himself to be drawing near his end, amid the destitution of -his exile, could scarcely cast a smiling glance upon the world. - -But how to spend the days of grace that had been granted me? I might -have lived or died promptly by my sword: I was forbidden to use it. -What remained? A pen? It was neither known nor proved, and I was -ignorant of its power. Would my innate taste for letters, the poems of -my childhood, the sketches of my travels suffice to attract the public -attention? The idea of writing a work on the comparative Revolutions -had occurred to me; I turned it over in my mind as a subject more -suited to the interests of the day; but who would undertake the -printing of a manuscript with none to extol its merits, and who would -support me during the composition of that manuscript? Even if I had -but a few days to spend on earth, I must nevertheless have some means -of support for those few days. My thirty louis, already seriously -curtailed, could not go very far, and, in addition to my own distress, -I had to support the general distress of the Emigration. My companions -in London all had occupations: some had embarked in the coal trade, -others with their wives made straw hats, others again taught the French -which they did not know. They were all merry. The fault of our nation, -its frivolity, had at that moment changed into virtue. They laughed in -Fortune's face: that thieving wench was quite abashed at carrying off -something which she was not asked to restore. - -* - -[Sidenote: Peltier.] - -Peltier, author of the _Domine salvum fac regem_[160] and principal -editor of the _Actes des Apôtres_, continued his Parisian enterprise in -London. He was not precisely vicious: but he was devoured by a vermin -of small faults of which it was impossible to purify him; he was a -rake, a good-for-nothing, earned a great deal of money and spent it as -lavishly, was at the same time the adherent of the Legitimacy and the -ambassador of the black King Christophe[161] to George III., diplomatic -correspondent of M. le Comte de "Limonade," and drank up in champagne -the salary which was paid him in sugar[162]. This sort of M. Violet -playing the grand airs of the Revolution on a pocket violin came to see -me, and offered his services as a Breton. I spoke to him of my plan of -the _Essai_; he loudly approved of it: - -"It will be superb!" he exclaimed, and offered me a room in the house -of his printer, Baylis, who would print the work piece by piece as I -wrote it. - -Deboffe the bookseller should have the sale of it; he, Peltier, would -trumpet it in his paper, the _Ambigu_, while one might obtain a footing -in the London _Courrier français_, the editorship of which was soon to -be transferred to M. de Montlosier[163]. Peltier never entertained a -doubt: he spoke of getting me the Cross of St. Louis for my siege of -Thionville. My Gil Blas, tall, lean, lanky, with powdered hair and a -bald forehead, always shouting and joking, put his round hat on one -ear, took me by the arm, and carried me off to Baylis the printer, -where, without any ceremony, he hired a room for me at a guinea a month. - -I was face to face with my golden future; but how to bridge over the -present? Peltier obtained translations from the Latin and the English -for me; I worked at translating by day, and at night at the _Essai -historique_, into which I introduced a portion of my travels and my -day-dreams. Baylis supplied me with the books, and I laid out a few -shillings to ill purpose on the purchase of old volumes displayed on -the bookstalls. - -Hingant, whom I had met on the Jersey packet, had become intimate -with me. He cultivated literature, he was well informed, and he wrote -novels in secret and read me pages of them. He had a lodging not far -from Baylis, at the end of a street leading into Holborn. I breakfasted -with him every morning at ten o'clock; we talked about politics -and above all about my work. I told him how much I had built of my -nocturnal edifice, the _Essai_; then I reverted to my labour of the -daytime, the translations. We met for dinner, at a shilling a head, in -a public-house; thence we made for the fields. Often also we walked -alone, for we were both of us fond of musing. - -I would then direct my steps towards Kensington or Westminster. -Kensington pleased me; I wandered about its solitary part, while the -part adjacent to Hyde Park became filled with a brilliant multitude. -The contrast between my penury and the display of wealth, between my -destitution and the crowd, was pleasant to me. I watched the young -Englishwomen pass in the distance with that sense of desirous confusion -which my sylph had formerly caused me to feel when, after decking -her with all my extravagances, I scarce dared lift my eyes upon my -handiwork. Death, which I thought that I was approaching, added a -mystery to this vision of a world from which I had almost departed. Did -ever a look rest upon the foreigner seated at the foot of a fir-tree? -Did some fair woman divine the invisible presence of René? - -[Sidenote: A night in Westminster Abbey.] - -At Westminster I found a different pastime: in that labyrinth of tombs -I thought of mine ready to open. The bust of an unknown man like myself -would never find a place amid those illustrious effigies! Then appeared -the sepulchres of the monarchs: Cromwell[164] was there no longer, -and Charles I.[165] was not there. The ashes of a traitor, Robert of -Artois[166], lay beneath the flagstones which I trod with my loyal -steps. The fate of Charles I. had just been extended to Louis XVI.; the -steel was reaping its daily harvest in France, and the graves of my -kindred were already dug. - -The singing of the choir and the conversation of the visitors -interrupted my reflections. I was not able often to repeat my visits, -for I was obliged to give to the guardians of those who lived no more -the shilling which was necessary to me to live. But then I would turn -round and round outside the abbey with the rooks, or stop to gaze at -the steeples, twins of unequal height, which the setting sun stained -red with its fiery light against the black hangings of the smoke of the -City. - -One day, however, it happened that, wishing towards evening to -contemplate the interior of the basilica, I became lost in admiration -of its spirited and capricious architecture. Dominated by the sentiment -of the "dowdy vastitie of our churches[167]," I wandered with slow -footsteps and became benighted: the doors were closed. I tried to find -an outlet; I called the usher, I knocked against the doors: all the -noise I made, spread and spun out in the silence, was lost; I had to -resign myself to sleeping among the dead. - -After hesitating in my choice of a resting-place I stopped near Lord -Chatham's[168] mausoleum, at the foot of the rood and of the double -stair of Henry the Seventh's and the Knights' Chapel. At the entrance -to those stairs, to those aisles enclosed with railings, a sarcophagus -built into the wall, opposite to a marble figure of death armed with -its scythe, offered me its shelter. The fold of a winding-sheet, also -of marble, served me for a niche: following the example of Charles -V.[169], I inured myself to my burial. I was in the best seats for -seeing the world as it is. What a mass of greatnesses were confined -beneath those vaults! What remains of them? Afflictions are no less -vain than felicities: the hapless Jane Grey[170] is not different -from the blithe Alice of Salisbury[171] save that the skeleton is -less horrible because it has no head; her body is beautified by her -punishment and by the absence of that which constituted its beauty. -The tournaments of the victor of Crecy[172], the sports of the Field -of the Cloth of Gold of Henry VIII.[173] will not be renewed in that -theatre of funereal spectacles. Bacon[174], Newton[175], Milton[176] -are interred as deeply, have passed away as completely, as their more -obscure contemporaries. Should I, an exile, a vagabond, a pauper, -consent to be no longer the petty, forgotten, sorrowful thing that I am -in order to have been one of those famous, mighty, pleasure-sated dead? -Ah, life is not all that! If from the shores of this world we cannot -distinctly discern matters divine, let us not be astonished: time is a -veil set between ourselves and God, even as our eyelids are interposed -between our eyes and the light. - -[Sidenote: Reflections and release.] - -Crouching under my marble sheet, I descended from these lofty thoughts -to the simple impressions of the place and moment. My anxiety mingled -with pleasure was analogous to that which I used to experience in -winter in my turret at Combourg, as I listened to the wind: a breeze -and a shadow possess a kindred nature. Little by little I grew -accustomed to the darkness and distinguished the figures placed over -the tombs. I looked up at the vaults of this English Saint-Denis, -whence one might say that the years that have been and the issues of -the past hung down like Gothic lamps: the entire edifice was as it were -a monolithic temple of ages turned to stone. - -I had counted ten o'clock, eleven o'clock by the abbey clock: the -hammer rising and falling upon the bell-metal was the only living -creature in those regions beside myself. Outside, the sound of a -carriage, the voice of the watchman: that was all; those distant sounds -of earth reached me as though from one world to another. The fog from -the Thames and the smoke of coal crept into the basilica, and spread a -denser dusk around. - -At last a twilight spread out in a corner filled with the dimmest -shadows: with fixed gaze I watched the progressive growth of the light; -did it emanate from the two sons[177] of Edward IV., assassinated by -their uncle? The great tragedian says: - - "O thus," quoth Dighton, "lay the gentle babes,"-- - "Thus, thus," quoth Forrest, "girdling one another - Within their alabaster innocent arms: - Their lips were four red roses on a stalk, - Which, in their summer beauty, kiss'd each other[178]." - -God did not send me those two sad and charming souls; but the light -phantom of a scarcely adolescent woman appeared carrying a light -sheltered in a sheet of paper twisted shell-wise: it was the little -bell-ringer. I heard the sound of a kiss, and the bell tolled the break -of day. The ringer was quite terrified when I went out with her through -the gate of the cloisters. I told her of my adventure; she said she -had come to do duty for her father, who was sick: we did not speak of -the kiss. - -* - -I amused Hingant with the story of my adventure, and we made a plan to -lock ourselves in at Westminster; but our distress summoned us to the -dead in a less poetic manner. - -My funds were becoming exhausted: Baylis and Deboffe had ventured, -against a written promise of reimbursement in case of non-sale, to -commence the printing of the _Essai_; there their generosity ended, -and very naturally; I was even astonished at their boldness. The -translations fell off; Peltier, a man of pleasure, grew weary of his -prolonged obligingness. He would willingly have given me what he had, -if he had not preferred to squander it; but to go looking here and -there for work, to do patient acts of kindness, was beyond him. Hingant -also saw his treasure diminishing; we were reduced to sixty francs -between us. We cut down our rations, as on a vessel when the passage -is prolonged. Instead of a shilling apiece, we spent only sixpence on -our dinner. With our morning tea we reduced the bread by one half, -and suppressed the butter. This abstinence vexed my friend's nerves. -His wits went wool-gathering; he would prick his ears and seem to be -listening to some one; he would burst out laughing in reply, or shed -tears. Hingant believed in magnetism, and had disordered his brain with -Swedenborg's[179] rubbish. He told me in the morning that he had heard -noises during the night; if I denied his fancies he grew angry. The -anxiety which he caused me prevented me from feeling my own sufferings. - -These were great, nevertheless: that rigorous diet, combined with -the work, chafed my diseased chest; I began to find a difficulty in -walking, and yet I spent my days and a part of my nights out of doors, -so as not to betray my distress. When we came to our last shilling, -my friend and I agreed to keep it in order to make a pretense of -breakfasting. We arranged that we should buy a penny roll; that we -should have the hot water and the tea-pot brought up as usual; that we -should not put in any tea; that we should not eat the bread, but that -we should drink the hot water with a few little morsels of sugar left -at the bottom of the bowl. - -Five days passed in this fashion. I was devoured with hunger; I burned -with fever; sleep had deserted me; I sucked pieces of linen which I -soaked in water; I chewed grass and paper. When I passed the bakers' -shops, the torment I endured was horrible. One rough winter's night, -I stood for two hours outside a shop where they sold dried fruits and -smoked meats, swallowing all I saw with my eyes: I could have eaten -not only the provisions, but the boxes and baskets in which they were -packed. - -On the morning of the fifth day, dropping from inanition, I dragged -myself to Hingant's; I knocked at the door: it was closed. I called -out; Hingant was some time without answering: at last he rose and -opened the door. He laughed with a bewildered air; his frock-coat was -buttoned; he sat down at the tea-table. - -"Our breakfast is coming," he said in a strange voice. - -I thought I saw some stains of blood on his shirt; I suddenly -unbuttoned his coat: he had given himself a wound with a penknife, -two inches deep, in his left breast. I called out for help. The -maid-servant went to fetch a surgeon. The wound was dangerous. - -This new misfortune obliged me to take a resolution. Hingant, who was -a counsellor to the Parliament of Brittany, had refused to take the -salary which the English Government allowed the French magistrates, in -the same way that I had declined the shilling a day doled out to the -Emigrants: I wrote to M. de Barentin[180] and disclosed my friend's -position to him. Hingant's relations hurried to his assistance and -took him away to the country. At that very moment my uncle de Bedée -forwarded me forty crowns, a touching offering from my persecuted -family. I seemed to see all the gold of Peru before my eyes: the mite -of the French prisoners supported the exiled Frenchman. - -[Sidenote: Destitution.] - -My destitution had impeded my work. As I delivered no more manuscript, -the printing was suspended. Deprived of Hingant's company, I did not -keep on my room at Baylis' at a guinea per month; I paid the quarter -that was due and went away. Below the needy Emigrants who had served -as my first protectors in London were others who were even more -necessitous. There are degrees among the poor as among the rich; one -can go from the man who in winter keeps himself warm with his dog -down to him who shivers in his torn rags. My friends found me a room -more suited to my diminishing fortune: one is not always at the height -of prosperity! They installed me in the neighbourhood of Marylebone -Street, in a garret whose dormer window overlooked a cemetery: every -night the watchman's rattle told me of the proximity of body-snatchers. -I had the consolation to hear that Hingant was out of danger. - -Friends came to see me in my work-room. To judge from our independence -and our poverty, we might have been taken for painters on the ruins of -Rome; we were artists in wretchedness on the ruins of France. My face -served as a model, my bed as a seat for my pupils. The bed consisted of -a mattress and a blanket. I had no sheets; when it was cold my coat and -a chair, added to my blanket, kept me warm. I was too weak to make my -bed; it remained turned down as God had left it. - -My cousin de La Boüétardais, turned out of a low Irish lodging for not -paying his rent, although he had put his violin in pawn, came to ask me -for a shelter against the constable: a vicar from Lower Brittany lent -him a trestle-bed. La Boüétardais, like Hingant, had been a counsellor -to the Parliament of Brittany; he did not possess a handkerchief to -tie round his head; but he had deserted with bag and baggage, that is -to say, he had brought away his square cap and his red robe, and he -slept under the purple by my side. Jocular, a good musician with a fine -voice, on nights when we could not sleep he would sit up quite naked -on his trestles, put on his square cap, and sing ballads, accompanying -himself on a guitar with only three strings. One night when the poor -fellow was in this way humming _Scendi propizia_ from Metastasio's[181] -_Hymn to Venus_, he was struck by a draught; he twisted his mouth, and -he died of it, but not at once, for I rubbed his cheek heartily. We -held counsel in our elevated room, argued on politics, and discussed -the gossip of the Emigration. In the evening, we went to our aunts and -cousins to dance, after the dresses had been trimmed with ribbons and -the hats made up. - -They who read this portion of my Memoirs are not aware that I have -interrupted them twice: once to offer a great dinner to the Duke of -York, brother of the King of England; and once to give a rout on the -anniversary of the entry of the King of France into Paris, on the 8th -of July. That rout cost me forty thousand francs. Peers and peeresses -of the British Empire, ambassadors, distinguished foreigners filled -my gorgeously-decorated rooms. My tables gleamed with the glitter of -London crystal and the gold of Sèvres porcelain. The most delicate -dainties, wines and flowers abounded. Portland Place was blocked with -splendid carriages. Collinet and the band from Almack's enraptured the -fashionable melancholy of the dandies and the dreamy elegance of the -pensively-dancing ladies. The Opposition and the Ministerial majority -had struck a truce: Mrs. Canning[182] talked to Lord Londonderry, Lady -Jersey to the Duke of Wellington. Monsieur, who this year sent me his -compliments on the sumptuousness of my entertainments in 1822, did -not know in 1793 that, not far from him, lived a future minister who, -while awaiting the advent of his greatness, fasted over a cemetery for -his sin of loyalty. I congratulate myself to-day on having experienced -shipwreck, gone through war, and shared the sufferings of the humblest -classes of society, as I applaud myself for meeting with injustice and -calumny in times of prosperity. I have profited by these lessons: life, -without the ills that make it serious, is a child's bauble. - -* - -I was the man with the forty crowns; but since fortunes had not yet -been levelled, nor the price of commodities reduced, there was nothing -to serve as a counterpoise to my rapidly diminishing purse. I could -not reckon on further help from my family, exposed in Brittany to the -double scourge of the Chouans[183] and the Terror. I saw nothing before -me but the workhouse or the Thames. - -[Sidenote: A contrast.] - -Some of the Emigrants' servants, whom their masters could no longer -feed, had turned into eating-house keepers in order to feed their -masters. God knows the merry meals that were made at these ordinaries! -God knows, too, what politics were talked there! All the victories -of the Republic were turned into defeats, and, if by chance one -entertained a doubt as to an immediate restoration, he was declared a -Jacobin. Two old bishops, who looked like live corpses, were walking -one morning in St James's Park: - -"Monseigneur," said one, "do you think we shall be in France by June?" - -"Why, monseigneur," replied the other, after ripe reflection, "I see -nothing against it." - -Peltier, the man of resource, unearthed me, or rather unnested me, -in my eyry. He had read in a Yarmouth newspaper that a society of -antiquarians was going to produce a history of the County of Suffolk, -and that they wanted a Frenchman able to decipher some French -twelfth-century manuscripts from the Camden[184] Collection. The parson -at Beccles was at the head of the undertaking; he was the man to whom -to apply. - -"That will just suit you," said Peltier; "go down there, decipher that -old waste-paper, go on sending copy for the _Essai_ to Baylis; I'll -make the wretch go on with his printing; and you will come back to -London with two hundred guineas in your pocket, your work done, and go -ahead!" I tried to stammer out some objections: - -"What the deuce!" cried my man. "Do you want to stay in this -_palace_, where I'm catching cold already? If Rivarol, Champcenetz, -Mirabeau-Tonneau and I had gone about pursing up our mouths, a fine -business we should have made of the _Actes des Apôtres!_ Do you know -that that story of Hingant is making the devil of a to-do? So you both -wanted to let yourself die of hunger, did you? Ha, ha, ha! Pouf!.... -Ha, ha!" - -Peltier, doubled in two, was holding his knees with laughter. He had -just received a hundred subscriptions to his paper from the colonies; -he had been paid for them, and jingled his guineas in his pocket. He -dragged me by main force, together with the apoplectic La Boüétardais -and two tattered Emigrants who were at hand, to dine at the London -Tavern. He made us drink port and eat roast beef and plum-pudding till -we were ready to burst. - -"Monsieur le comte," he asked my cousin, "what makes you carry your -potato-trap askew like that?" - -La Boüétardais, half shocked, half pleased, explained the thing as -best he could; he described how he had been suddenly seized while -singing the words, "_O bella Venere!_" My poor paralytic looked so -dead, so benumbed, so shabby, as he stammered out his "_bella Venere_" -that Peltier fell back, roaring with laughter, and almost upset the -table by striking it with his two feet underneath. - -[Sidenote: I go to Beccles.] - -Upon reflection, the advice of my fellow-countryman, a real character -out of my other fellow-countryman, Le Sage[185], did not appear to me -so bad. After three days spent in making inquiries and in obtaining -some clothes from Peltier's tailor, I set out for Beccles with some -money lent me by Deboffe, on the understanding that I was going on -with the _Essai._ I changed my name, which no Englishman was able to -pronounce, for that of Combourg, which had been borne by my brother, -and which reminded me of the sorrows and pleasures of my early youth. -I alighted at the inn, and handed the minister of the place a letter -from Deboffe, who was greatly esteemed in the English book-world. The -letter recommended me as a scholar of the first rank. I was very well -received, saw all the gentlemen of the district, and met two officers -of our Royal Navy who were giving French lessons in the neighbourhood. - -* - -My strength improved; my trips on horseback restored my health a -little. England, viewed thus in detail, was melancholy, but charming; -it was the same thing, the same outlook wherever I went. M. de Combourg -was invited to every party. I owed to study the first alleviation of -my lot. Cicero was right to recommend the commerce of letters in the -troubles of life. The women were delighted to meet a Frenchman to talk -French with. - -The misfortunes of my family, which I learnt from the newspapers, -and which made me known by my real name (for I was unable to conceal -my grief), increased the interest which my acquaintances took in me. -The public journals announced the death of M. de Malesherbes; of his -daughter, Madame la Présidente de Rosanbo; of his granddaughter, -Madame de Chateaubriand; and of his grandson-in-law, the Comte de -Chateaubriand, my brother, all immolated together, on the same day, -at the same hour, on the same scaffold[186]. M. de Malesherbes was -an object of admiration and veneration among the English; my family -connection with the defender of Louis XVI. added to the kindness of my -hosts. - -My uncle de Bedée informed me of the persecutions endured by the rest -of my relations. My old and incomparable mother had been flung into a -cart with other victims and carried from the depths of Brittany to the -gaols of Paris, in order to share the lot of the son whom she had loved -so well. My wife and my sister Lucile were awaiting their sentence in -the dungeons at Rennes; there had been a question of imprisoning them -at Combourg Castle, which had become a State fortress: their innocence -was accused of the crime of my emigration. What were our sorrows on -foreign soil compared with those of the French who had remained at -home? And yet, what unhappiness, amid the sufferings of exile, to know -that our very exile was made the pretext for the persecution of our kin. - -Two years ago my sister-in-law's wedding ring was picked up in the -kennel of the Rue Cassette; it was brought to me, broken; the two hoops -of the ring had come apart and hung linked together; the names were -clearly legible engraved inside. How had the ring come to be found -there? When and where had it been lost? Had the victim, imprisoned at -the Luxembourg, passed by the Rue Cassette on her way to execution? Had -she dropped the ring from the tumbril? Had the ring been torn from her -finger after the execution? I was shocked at the sight of this symbol, -which, both by its broken condition and its inscription, reminded me of -a destiny so cruel. Something fatal and mysterious was attached to this -ring, which my sister-in-law seemed to send me from among the dead, in -memory of herself and my brother. I have given it to her son[187]: may -it not bring him ill-luck! - - Cher orphelin, image de ta mère, - Au ciel pour toi, je demande, ici-bas, - Les jours heureux retranchés à ton père - Et les enfants que ton oncle n'a pas[188]. - -This halting stanza and two or three others are the only present I was -able to make my nephew on his marriage. - -[Sidenote: Execution of my brother.] - -Another relic remains to me of these misfortunes. The following is a -letter which M. de Contencin wrote to me when, in turning over the city -records, he found the order of the revolutionary tribunal which sent my -brother and his family to the scaffold: - - "Monsieur le vicomte, - - "There is a sort of cruelty in awaking in a mind that has - suffered much the memory of the ills which have affected it - most painfully. This consideration made me hesitate some time - before offering for your acceptance a very pathetic document, - upon which I alighted in the course of my historical - researches. It is a death-certificate, signed before the - decease by a man who always displayed himself as implacable - as death itself, whenever he found illustriousness and virtue - united in the same person. - - "I hope, monsieur le vicomte, that you will not take it too - ill of me if I add to your family records a document which - recalls such cruel memories. I presumed that it would have an - interest for you, since it had a value in my eyes, and I at - once thought of offering it to you. If I am not guilty of an - indiscretion, I shall be doubly gratified, as this proceeding - gives me the opportunity to express to you the feelings of - profound respect and sincere admiration with which you have - long inspired me, and with I am, monsieur le vicomte, - - "your most humble, obedient servant, - - "A. DE CONTENCIN. - - "Prefecture of the Seine, - - "Paris, 28 _March_ 1835." - -I replied to the above letter as follows: - - "I had had the Sainte-Chapelle searched, monsieur, for the - documents concerning the trial of my unfortunate brother and - his wife, but the 'order' which you have been good enough to - send me was not to be found. This order and so many others, - with their erasures and their mangled names, have doubtless - been presented to Fouquier before the tribunal of God; he - will have been compelled to acknowledge his signature. Those - are the times which people regret, and on which they write - volumes filled with admiration! For the rest, I envy my - brother: he, at least, has since many a long year quitted - this sad world. I thank you infinitely, monsieur, for the - esteem which you have shown me in your beautiful and noble - letter, and I beg you to accept the assurance of the very - distinguished consideration with which I have the honour to - be, etc." - - - -This death order is, above all, remarkable for the proof which it -affords of the levity with which the murders were committed: names -are wrongly spelt, others are effaced. These defects of form, which -would have been enough to stay the simplest sentence, did not stop -the headsmen; all they cared for was the exact hour of death: "at -five o'clock precisely." Here is the authentic document, I copy it -faithfully: - - "Executor of Criminal Judgments, - - "REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL. - - "The executor of criminal judgments will not fail to go to - the house of justice of the Conciergerie, there to execute - the judgment which condemns Mousset, d'Esprémenil, Chapelier, - Thouret, Hell, Lamoignon Malsherbes, the woman Lepelletier - Rosambo, Chateau Brian, and his wife [proper name effaced - and illegible], the widow Duchatelet, the wife of Grammont, - formerly duke, the woman Rochechuart [Rochechouart], and - Parmentier;--14, to the penalty of death. The execution will - take place to-day, at five o'clock precisely, on the Place de - la Révolution in this city. - - "H. Q. FOUQUIER, - - "Public Prosecutor. - - "Given at the Tribunal, 3 Floréal, Year II. of the French - Republic. - - "_Two conveyances._" - - -The 9 Thermidor saved my mother's days; but she was forgotten at the -Conciergerie. The conventional commissary found her: - -"What are you doing here, citizeness?" he asked. "Who are you? Why do -you stay here?" - -My mother replied that, having lost her son, she had not inquired what -was going on, and that it was indifferent to her whether she died in -prison or elsewhere. - -"But perhaps you have other children?" said the commissary. - -[Sidenote: Release of my mother.] - -My mother mentioned my wife and sisters detained in custody at Rennes. -An order was sent to place them at liberty, and my mother was compelled -to leave the prison. - -In the histories of the Revolution, the writers have omitted to set the -picture of outer France by the side of the picture of inner France, -to depict that great colony of exiles, changing its industry and its -sorrows in accordance with the diversity of climate and the difference -in national manners. - -Outside France, everything operated by individuals: changes of -condition, obscure afflictions, noiseless and unrewarded sacrifices; -and, in this variety of individuals of every rank, age and sex, one -fixed idea was preserved: that of Old France travelling with her -prejudices and her faithful sons, as formerly the Church of God had -wandered over the earth with her virtues and her martyrs. - -Inside France, everything operated in the mass: Barère announcing -murders and conquests, civil wars and foreign wars; the gigantic -combats of the Vendée and on the banks of the Rhine; thrones toppling -to the sound of the march of our armies; our fleets swallowed up by the -waves; the people disinterring the monarchs at Saint-Denis and flinging -the dust of the dead kings into the eyes of the living kings to blind -them; New France, glorying in her new-found liberties, proud even of -her crimes, steadfast on her own soil, while extending her frontiers, -doubly armed with the headsman's blade and the soldier's sword. - -In the midst of my family sorrows I received some letters from my -friend Hingant, to reassure me as to his fate: letters very remarkable -in themselves; he wrote to me in September 1795: - - "Your letter of the 23rd of August is full of the most - touching feeling. I showed it to a few people, whose eyes - filled with tears on reading it. I was almost tempted to say - what Diderot said on the day when J. J. Rousseau came and - cried in his prison at Vincennes: - - "'See how my friends love me.' - - "My illness, as a matter of fact, was only one of those - nervous fevers which cause great suffering, and for which - time and patience are the best remedies. During the fever I - read extracts from the _Phædo_ and _Timæus_, and I said with - Cato: - - "'It must be so, Plato; thou reason'st well[189]!' - - "I had formed an idea of my journey as one might form an idea - of a voyage to India. I imagined that I should see many new - objects in the 'spirit world,' as Swedenborg calls it, and - above all that I should be free from the fatigue and dangers - of the journey." - - -Eight miles from Beccles, in a little town called Bungay, lived an -English clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Ives[190], a great Hellenist and -mathematician. He had a wife who was still young, with a charming -appearance, mind and manners, and an only daughter, fifteen years of -age. I was introduced to this household, and was better received there -than anywhere else. We took our wine in the old English fashion, and -sat two hours at table after the ladies had left. Mr. Ives, who had -been to America, liked to tell of his travels, to hear the story of my -own, to talk of Newton and Homer. His daughter, who had become learned -in order to please her father, was an excellent musician, and sang as -Madame Pasta[191] sings to-day. She reappeared in time to pour out -tea, and charmed away the old parson's infectious drowsiness. Leaning -against the end of the piano, I listened to Miss Ives in silence. - -When the music was over, the young lady questioned me about France, -about literature; asked me to set her plans of studies; she wished -particularly to know the Italian authors, and begged me to give her -some notes on the _Divina Commedia_ and the _Gerusalemme._ Gradually -I began to experience a timid charm that issued from the soul: I had -decked the Floridans, I should not have ventured to pick up Miss Ives's -glove; I grew confused when I tried to translate a passage from Tasso. -I was more at my ease with that chaster and more masculine genius, -Dante. - -Charlotte Ives's age and my own were suited. Into friendships formed -in the midst of one's career, there enters a certain melancholy; -when two people do not meet at the very outset, the memories of the -person beloved are not mingled with that portion of our days in which -we breathed without knowing her: those days, which belong to another -society, are painful to the memory, and as though curtailed from -our existence. When there is a disproportion of age, the drawbacks -increase: the older of the two commenced life before the younger was -born; the younger is destined to remain alone in his turn: one has -walked in a solitude this side of a cradle, the other will cross a -solitude that side of a tomb; the past was a desert for the first, the -future will be a desert for the second. It is difficult to be in love -in all the conditions that produce happiness: youth, beauty, seasonable -time, harmony of hearts, tastes, character, graces, and years. - -Having had a fall from my horse, I stayed some time with Mr. Ives. It -was winter; the dreams of my life began to flee before reality. Miss -Ives became more reserved; she ceased to bring me flowers; she would no -longer sing. - -[Sidenote: Charlotte Ives.] - -If I could have been told that I should pass the rest of my life -unknown in the bosom of this retiring family, I should have died of -pleasure: love needs but permanency to become at once an Eden before -the fall and an Hosanna without end. Contrive that beauty lasts, that -youth remains, that the heart can never weary, and you reproduce -Heaven. Love is so surely the sovereign felicity that it is pursued -by the phantom of perpetuity; it will consent to pronounce only -irrevocable vows; in the absence of joys, it seeks to make endless -its sorrows; a fallen angel, it still speaks the language it spoke -in the incorruptible abode; its hope is that it may never cease; in -its twofold nature and its twofold illusion here below, it strives to -perpetuate itself by immortal thoughts and never-failing generations. - -I beheld with dismay the moment approach when I should be obliged to -go. On the eve of the day announced for my departure, our dinner was a -gloomy one. To my great surprise, Mr. Ives withdrew at dessert, taking -his daughter with him, and I remained alone with Mrs. Ives: she was -extremely embarrassed. I thought she was going to reproach me with -an inclination which she might have discovered, although I had never -mentioned it. She looked at me, lowered her eyes, blushed; herself -bewitching in her confusion, there was no sentiment which she might not -by right have claimed for herself. At last, overcoming with an effort -the obstacle which had prevented her from speaking: - -"Sir," she said in English, "you behold my confusion: I do not know if -Charlotte pleases you, but it is impossible to deceive a mother's eyes; -my daughter has certainly conceived an attachment for you. Mr. Ives and -I have consulted together: you suit us in every respect; we believe you -will make our daughter happy. You no longer possess a country; you have -lost your relations; your property is sold: what is there to take you -back to France? Until you inherit what we have, you will live with us." - -Of all the sorrows that I had undergone, this was the sorest and -greatest. I threw myself at Mrs. Ives's feet; I covered her hands with -my kisses and my tears. She thought I was weeping with happiness, and -herself began to sob for joy. She stretched out her arm to pull the -bell-rope; she called her husband and daughter: - -"Stop!" I cried. "I am a married man!" - -She fell back fainting. - -I went out and, without returning to my room, left the house on foot I -reached Beccles and took the mail for London, after writing a letter to -Mrs. Ives of which I regret that I did not keep a copy. - -I have retained the sweetest, the tenderest, the most grateful -recollection of that event. Before I made my name, Mr. Ives's family -was the only one that bore me good-will and welcomed me with genuine -affection. Poor, unknown, proscribed, with neither beauty nor -attraction, I was offered an assured future, a country, a charming -wife to take me out of my loneliness, a mother almost as beautiful to -fill the place of my old mother, a father full of information, loving -and cultivating literature, to replace the father of whom Heaven had -bereaved me: what did I bring to set off against all that? No illusion -could possibly enter into the choice they made of me; there was no -doubt that I was loved. Since that time, I have met with but one -attachment sufficiently lofty to inspire me with the same confidence. -As to any interest of which I may subsequently have been the object, I -have never been able to make out whether outward causes, a noisy fame, -official finery, the glamour of a high literary or political position -were not the covering which attracted the attentions shown to me. - -For the rest, if I had married Charlotte Ives, my part on earth would -have been changed: buried in an English county, I should have become a -sporting gentleman; not a single line would have fallen from my pen; I -should even have forgotten my language, for I wrote in English, and -my ideas were beginning to take shape in English in my head. Would -my country have lost much by my disappearance? If I could put on one -side that which has consoled me, I would say that I should already -have numbered days of calm, instead of the troubled days that have -fallen to my share. The Empire, the Restoration, the divisions and -quarrels of France: what would all that have mattered to me? I should -not each morning have to palliate faults, to contend with errors. Is -it certain that I possess a real talent, and that that talent is worth -the sacrifice of my whole life? Shall I outlast my tomb? If I do go -beyond it, in the transformation which is now being brought about, in -a changed world occupied with very different things, will there be a -public to hear me? Shall I not be a man of the past, unintelligible to -the new generations? Will not my ideas, my opinions, my very style seem -tedious and antiquated to a scornful posterity? Will my shade be able -to say, as the shade of Virgil said to Dante: - - "_Poeta fui e cantai_: I was a poet and I sang?"[192] - - -* - -[Sidenote: I return to London.] - -I returned to London, but found no repose: I had fled from my fate as -a miscreant from his crime. How painful it must have been to a family -so worthy of my homage, of my respect, of my gratitude, to receive a -sort of refusal from the unknown man whom they had welcomed, to whom -they had offered a new home with a simplicity, an absence of suspicion, -of precaution, almost patriarchal in character! I imagined Charlotte's -grief, the just reproaches with which I was liable and deserved to -be covered: for, after all, I had taken pleasure in yielding to an -inclination of which I knew the insuperable unlawfulness. Had I, in -fact, made a vain attempt at seduction, without taking into account the -heinousness of my conduct? But whether I stopped, as I did, in order to -remain an honest man, or overcame all obstacles in order to surrender -to an inclination stigmatized beforehand through my conduct, I could -only have plunged the object of that seduction into sorrow or regret. - -From these bitter reflections I abandoned myself to other thoughts no -less filled with bitterness: I cursed my marriage, which, according to -the false perception of a mind at that time very sick, had thrown me -out of my course and was robbing me of happiness. I did not reflect -that, on account of the ailing temperament to which I was subject, and -the romantic notions of liberty which I cherished, a marriage with Miss -Ives would have been as painful to me as a more independent union. - -One thing within me remained pure and charming, although profoundly -sad: the image of Charlotte; that image ended by prevailing over my -revolts against my fate. I was tempted a hundred times to return to -Bungay, not to appear before the troubled family, but to hide by the -road-side to see Charlotte pass, to follow her to the temple where -we had the same God, if not the same altar, in common, to offer that -woman, through the medium of Heaven, the inexpressible ardour of my -vows, to pronounce, at least in thought, the prayer from the nuptial -benediction which I might have heard from a clergyman's lips in that -temple: - - "O God,... look mercifully upon this thy handmaid. ... now to - be joined in wedlock.... May it be to her a yoke of love and - peace.... May she be fruitful in offspring ... that they may - both see their children's children unto the third and fourth - generation, and arrive at a desired old age[193]." - -Wavering between resolve and resolve, I wrote Charlotte long letters -which I tore up. A few unimportant notes which I had received from her -served me as a talisman; attached to my steps by my thought, Charlotte, -gracious and compassionate, followed me along the paths of my sylph, -purifying them as she went. She absorbed my faculties; she was the -centre through which my intelligence made its way, in the same way as -the blood passes through the heart; she disgusted me with all else, for -I made of her a perpetual object of comparison to her advantage. A real -and unhappy passion is a poisoned leaven which remains at the bottom of -the soul, and which would poison the bread of the angels. - -The spots by which I had wandered, the hours and words which I had -exchanged with Charlotte, were engraved on my memory: I saw the smile -of the wife who had been destined for me; I respectfully touched -her black tresses; I pressed her shapely arms to my breast, like a -chain which I might have worn round my neck. No sooner was I in some -sequestered spot than Charlotte, with her white hands, came to sit by -my side. I divined her presence, as at night one inhales the perfume of -unseen flowers. - -I had lost Hingant's company, and my walks, more solitary than before, -left me full liberty to carry with me the image of Charlotte. There was -not a common, a road, a church, within thirty miles of London, that I -did not visit. The most deserted places, a field of nettles, a ditch -planted with thistles, all that was neglected by men, became favourite -spots for me, and in those spots Byron already drew breath. Leaning my -head upon my hand, I contemplated the scorned sites; when their painful -impression affected me too greatly, the memory of Charlotte came to -enchant me: I was then like the pilgrim who, on reaching a solitude -within view of the rocks of Mount Sinai, heard the nightingale sing. - -In London, my habits aroused surprise. I looked at nobody, I never -replied, I did not know what was said to me: my old associates -suspected me of madness. - -* - -What happened at Bungay after my departure? What became of that family -to which I had brought joy and mourning? - -You will have remembered that I am at present Ambassador to the Court -of George IV., and that I am writing in London, in 1822, of what -happened to me in London in 1795. - -Some matters of business obliged me, a week ago, to interrupt the -narrative which I resume to-day. During this interval, my man came and -told me one morning, between twelve and one o'clock, that a carriage -had stopped at my door and that an English lady was asking to see me. -As I have made it a rule, in my public position, to deny myself to -nobody, I ordered the lady to be shown up. - -[Sidenote: Lady Sutton.] - -I was in my study, when Lady Sutton was announced; I saw a lady in -mourning enter the room, accompanied by two handsome boys also in -mourning: one might have been sixteen, the other fourteen years of age. -I went towards the stranger; her perturbation was such that she could -hardly walk. She said to me, in faltering accents: - -"My lord, do you remember me?" - -Yes, I remembered Miss Ives! The years which had passed over her head -had left only their spring-time behind. I took her by the hand, I made -her sit down, and I sat down by her side. I could not speak; my eyes -were full of tears; I gazed at her in silence through those tears; I -felt how deeply I had loved her by what I was now experiencing. At last -I was able to say, in my turn: - -"And you, madam, do you remember me?" - -She raised her eyes, which till then she had kept lowered, and for sole -reply gave me a smiling and melancholy glance, like a long remembrance. -Her hand still lay between mine. Charlotte said to me: - -"I am in mourning for my mother; my father has been dead many years. -These are my children." - -At these words, she drew away her hand and sank back into her chair, -covering her eyes with her handkerchief. Soon she resumed: - -"My lord, I am now speaking to you in the language which I practised -with you at Bungay. I am ashamed: excuse me. My children are the sons -of Admiral Sutton[194], whom I married three years after your departure -from England. But I am not sufficiently self-possessed to-day to tell -you the details. Permit me to come again." - -I asked her for her address, and gave her my arm to take her to her -carriage. She trembled, and I pressed her hand to my heart. - -I called on Lady Sutton the next day; I found her alone. Then there -began between us a long series of those "Do you remember?" questions -which cause a whole life-time to revive. At each "Do you remember?" -we looked at one another; we sought to discover in each other's -faces those traces of time which so cruelly mark the distance from -the starting-point and the length of the road traversed. I said to -Charlotte: - -"How did your mother tell you?" - -Charlotte blushed, and hastily interrupted me: - -"I have come to London to ask you to interest yourself on behalf of -Admiral Sutton's children. The eldest would like to go to Bombay. Mr. -Canning, who has been appointed Governor-General of India, is your -friend; he might consent to take my son with him. I should be very -grateful to you, and I should like to owe to you the happiness of my -first child." - -She laid a stress on these last words. - -"Ah, madam," I replied, "of what do you remind me? What a subversion of -destinies! You, who received a poor exile at your father's hospitable -board; you, who did not scorn his sufferings; you, who perhaps thought -of raising him to a glorious and unhoped-for rank: it is you who now -ask his protection in your own country! I will see Mr. Canning; your -son, however much it costs me to give him that name, your son shall go -to India, if it only depends on me. But tell me, madam, how does my new -position affect you? In what light do you look upon me at present? That -word, 'my lord,' which you employ seems very harsh to me." - -Charlotte replied: - -"I don't think you changed, not even aged. When I spoke of you to my -parents during your absence, I always gave you the title of 'my lord;' -it seemed to me that you had a right to bear it: were you not to me the -same as a husband, 'my lord and master'." - -[Sidenote: Sentimental memories.] - -That graceful woman reminded me of Milton's Eve, as she uttered these -words: she was not born in the womb of another woman; her beauty bore -the imprint of the divine hand that had moulded it. - -I went to Mr. Canning and to Lord Londonderry; they made as many -difficulties about a small place as would have been made in France, -but they promised, as people promise at Court. I gave Lady Sutton an -account of the measures I had taken. I saw her three times more: at -my fourth visit, she told me she was returning to Bungay. This last -interview was a sad one. Charlotte talked to me once more of the past, -of our secret life, of our reading, our walks, our music, the flowers -of yester-year, the hopes of bygone days. - -"When I knew you," she said, "no one spoke your name; now, who has -not heard it? Do you know that I have a work and several letters in -your handwriting? Here they are." And she handed me a packet. "Do not -be offended if I prefer to keep nothing of yours." She began to weep. -"Farewell, farewell," she said. "Think of my son. I shall not see you -again, for you will not come to see me at Bungay." - -"I will," I cried; "I shall come to bring you your son's appointment." - -She shook her head with an air of doubt, and withdrew. On returning to -the Embassy, I locked myself in and opened the packet. It contained -only a few unimportant notes from myself and a scheme of studies, with -remarks on the English and Italian poets. I had hoped to find a letter -from Charlotte: there was none; but, in the margins of the manuscript, -I perceived some notes in English, French, and Italian: the age of the -ink and the youthfulness of the hand in which they were written showed -that it was long since they had been inscribed upon those margins. - -That is the story of my relations with Miss Ives. As I finish telling -it, it seems to me as though I were losing a second Charlotte in the -same island in which I lost the first. But between that which I feel at -this moment and that which I felt at the hours whose tenderness I have -recalled lies the whole space of innocence: passions have interposed -themselves between Miss Ives and Lady Sutton. I could no longer bring -to an artless woman the candour of desire, the sweet ignorance of a -love that did not surpass the limits of a dream. I was writing then on -the wave of sadness; I am now no longer tossed on the wave of life. -Well, if I had pressed in my arms, as a wife and a mother, her who was -destined for me as a virgin and a bride, it would have been with a sort -of rage, to blight, to fill with sorrow, to crush out of existence -those seven-and-twenty years which had been given to another after -having been offered to me. - -I must look upon the sentiment which I have just recalled as the first -of that kind which entered my heart; it was nevertheless in no way -sympathetic with my stormy nature: the latter would have corrupted it -and made me incapable of long enjoying such sacred delectations. It -was then that, embittered as I was by misfortunes, already a pilgrim -from beyond the seas, having begun my solitary travels, it was then -that I became obsessed by the mad ideas depicted in the mystery of -René, which turned me into the most tormented being on the face of the -earth. However that may be, the chaste image of Charlotte, by causing a -few rays of true light to penetrate to the depths of my soul, at first -dissipated a cloud of phantoms: my dæmon, like an evil genius, plunged -back into the abyss, and awaited the effects of time in order to renew -her apparitions. - -* - -My relations with Deboffe in connection with the _Essai sur les -révolutions_ had never been completely interrupted, and it was -important for me to resume them in London at the earliest possible -moment to support my material existence. But whence had my last -misfortune arisen? From my obstinate bent for silence. In order to -understand this it is necessary to enter into my character. - -At no time of my life have I been able to overcome the spirit of -reticence and of mental solitude which prevents me from talking of my -private affairs. - -[Sidenote: My reserved nature.] - -No one can state without lying that I have told what most people tell -in a moment of pain, pleasure, or vanity. A name, a confession of any -seriousness never issues, or issues but rarely, from my lips. I never -talk to casual people of my interests, my plans, my work, my ideas, -my attachments, my joys, my sorrows, being persuaded of the profound -weariness which one causes to others by talking of one's self. Sincere -and truthful though I be, I am lacking in openness of heart: my soul -incessantly tends to close up; I do not tell anything wholly, and I -have never allowed my complete life to transpire, except in these -Memoirs. If I try to begin a story, I am suddenly terrified at the -idea of its length; after four words, the sound of my voice becomes -unendurable to me, and I am silent. As I believe in nothing except -religion, I distrust everything: malevolence and disparagement are the -two distinctive qualities of the French mind; derision and calumny, the -certain result of a confidence. - -But what have I gained by my reserved nature? To become, because I was -impenetrable, a fantastic something, having no relation with my real -being? My very friends are mistaken in me, when they think that they -are making me better known and when they adorn me with the illusions -of their love for me. All the small intellects of the ante-chambers, -the public offices, the newspapers, the cafés have assigned ambition -to me, whereas I have none at all. Cold and dry in matters of everyday -life, I have nothing of the enthusiast or the sentimentalist: my clear -and swift perception quickly pierces men and facts, and strips them of -all importance. Far from carrying me away, from idealizing apposite -truths, my imagination disparages the loftiest events and baffles -even myself; I see the petty and ridiculous side of things first of -all; great geniuses and great things scarcely exist in my eyes. While -I show myself polite, encomiastic and full of admiration for the -self-conceited minds which proclaim themselves superior intelligences, -my secret contempt laughs at all those faces intoxicated with incense, -and covers them with Callot[195] masks. In politics, the warmth of my -opinions has never exceeded the length of my speech or my pamphlet. -In the inner and theoretical life, I am the man of all the dreams; in -the outer and practical life, I am the man of realities. Adventurous -and orderly, passionate and methodical, I am the most chimerical and -the most positive, the most ardent and the most icy being that ever -existed, a whimsical androgynus, formed out of the different blood of -my mother and my father. - -The portraits, utterly without resemblance, that have been made of me, -are due in the main to the reticence of my speech. The crowd is too -thoughtless, too inattentive, to see individuals as they are. Whenever, -by chance, I have endeavoured to rectify some of these false judgments -in my prefaces, I have not been believed. In the ultimate result, all -things being indifferent to me, I have not insisted; an "as you please" -has always rid me of the irksomeness of persuading anyone or of seeking -to establish a truth. I return to my spiritual tribunal, like a hare -to its form: there I resume my contemplation of the moving leaf or the -bending blade of grass. - -I do not make a virtue of my guardedness, which is as invincible as it -is involuntary: although it is not deceitful, it has the appearance of -being so; it is not in harmony with natures happier, more amiable, more -facile, more candid, more ample, more communicative than mine. It has -often injured me in matters of sentiment and business, because I have -never been able to endure explanations, reconciliations brought about -by protests and elucidations, lamentations and tears, verbiage and -reproaches, details and apologies. - -In the case of the Ives family, this obstinate silence of mine -concerning myself proved extremely fatal to me. A score of times -Charlotte's mother had inquired into my family and given me the -opportunity of speaking openly. Not foreseeing whither my silence would -lead me, I contented myself, as usual, with replying in short, vague -sentences. Had I not been the victim of that odious mental perversity, -all misunderstanding would have become impossible, and I should not -have appeared to wish to deceive the most generous hospitality; the -truth, as I told it at the last moment, did not excuse me: genuine harm -had none the less been done. - -I resumed my work in the midst of my grief and of the just reproaches -with which I covered myself. I even took pleasure in this work, for -it struck me that, by achieving renown, I should be giving the Ives -family less cause to repent the interest which they had shown me. -Charlotte, with whom I thus sought to be reconciled through my glory, -presided over my studies. Her image was seated before me while I wrote. -When I raised my eyes from the paper, I lifted them upon the adored -image, as though the original were in fact there. The inhabitants -of Ceylon one morning saw the luminary of day rise in extraordinary -splendour; its orb opened out, and from it issued a dazzling being, who -said to the Cingalese: - -"I have come to reign over you." - -Charlotte, issuing from a ray of light, reigned over me. - -Let us leave these memories; memories grow old and dim like hopes. My -life is about to change, to speed under other skies, in other valleys. -First love of my youth, you flee with all your charms! I have just -seen Charlotte again, it is true; but after how many years did I see -her again? Sweet glimpse of the past, pale rose of the twilight which -borders the night, long after the sun has set! - -* - -[Sidenote: The _Essai Historique._] - -Life has often been represented (by me first of all) as a mountain -which we climb on one side and descend on the other: it would be as -true to compare it to an Alp, to the bare, ice-crowned summit which -has no reverse. Following up this figure, the traveller always climbs -upwards and never down; he then sees more clearly the space which he -has covered, the paths which he has not taken, although by doing so -he could have risen by a gentler slope: he looks down with sorrow and -regret upon the point where he commenced to stray. Thus I must mark -at the publication of the _Essai historique_ the first step which led -me out of the peaceful road. I finished the first part of the great -work which I had planned; I wrote the last word between the idea of -death (I had fallen ill again) and a vanished dream: _In somnis venit -imago conjugis._[196] The _Essai_, printed by Baylis, was published by -Deboffe in 1797[197]. This date marks one of the turning-points in my -life. There are moments at which our destiny, whether because it yields -to society, or obeys the laws of nature, or begins to make us what we -shall have to remain, suddenly turns aside from its first line, like a -river which changes its course with a sudden bend. - -The _Essai_ offers the compendium of my existence as a poet, a -moralist, a publicist, and a politician. To say that I hoped, in so far -at least as I am capable of hoping, to make a great success with the -work, goes without saying: we authors, petty prodigies of a prodigious -era, make a claim to keep up intelligence with future races; but we do -not, I firmly believe, know where posterity lives, and we put the wrong -address. When we grow numb in our graves, death will freeze our words, -written or sung, so hard that they will not melt like the "frozen -words" of Rabelais. - -The _Essai_ was to be a sort of historical encyclopædia. The only -volume published is in itself a fairly wide inquiry; I had the sequel -in manuscript; then came, beside the researches and annotations of the -annalist, the lays and roundelays of the poet, the _Natchez_, and so -on. I am hardly able to understand to-day how I could give myself up -to such extensive studies amid an active wandering life, subject to so -many reverses. My obstinacy in working explains this fertility: in my -young days I often wrote for twelve or fifteen hours without leaving -the table at which I sat, scratching out and recommencing the same page -ten times over. Age has not caused me to lose any part of this faculty -of application: to this day my diplomatic correspondence, which in no -way interrupts my literary composition, is entirely from my own hand. - -The _Essai_ made a stir among the Emigration: it was opposed to the -opinions of my companions in misfortune; in the different social -positions which I have occupied, my independence has nearly always -offended the men with whom I went. I have by turns been the leader of -different armies of which the soldiers did not belong to my side: I -have led the Old Royalists to the conquest of the public liberties, and -especially of the liberty of the press, which they detested; I have -rallied the Liberals, in the name of that same liberty, to the standard -of the Bourbons, whom they hold in abhorrence. As it happened, Emigrant -opinion attached itself to my person through self-love: the English -reviews having spoken of me with praise, the commendation was reflected -over the whole body of the "faithful." - -I had sent copies of the _Essai_ to La Harpe, Ginguené, and de -Sales. Lemierre[198], nephew of the poet of the same name[199], and -translator of Gray's _Poems_, wrote to me from Paris, on the 15th of -July 1797, that my _Essai_ had had the greatest success. One thing is -certain, that, if the _Essai_ became for a moment known, it was almost -immediately forgotten: a sudden shadow swallowed up the first ray of my -glory. - -[Sidenote: Mrs. O'Larry.] - -As I had become almost a personage, the upper Emigration began to seek -me out in London. I made my way from street to street; I first left -Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, and advanced as far as the Hampstead -Road. Here I stopped for some months at the house of Mrs. O'Larry, an -Irish widow, the mother of a very pretty daughter of fourteen, and -tenderly devoted to cats. Linked by this common passion, we had the -misfortune to lose two beautiful kittens, white all over, like two -ermines, with black tips to their tails. - -Mrs. O'Larry was visited by old ladies of the neighbourhood with whom -I was obliged to drink tea in the old-fashioned style. Madame de Staël -has depicted this scene in _Corinne_ at Lady Edgermond's: - - "'My dear, do you think the water has boiled long enough to - pour it on the tea?' - - "'My dear, I think it is a little too early[200].'" - - -There also came to these evenings a tall and beautiful young -Irishwoman, called Mary Neale, in the charge of her guardian. She -noticed a wound lurking in my gaze, for she said to me: - -"You carry your heart in a sling." - -I carried my heart anyhow. - -Mrs. O'Larry left for Dublin; then, moving once more from the -neighbourhood of the colony of the poor Emigration of the east, I -arrived, from lodging to lodging, in the quarter of the rich Emigration -of the west, among the bishops, the Court families, and the West -Indian planters. Peltier had come back to me: he had got married as -a joke; he was the same boaster as always, lavishly obliging, and -frequenting his neighbours' pockets rather than their society. I made -several new acquaintances, particularly in the society in which I had -family connections: Christian de Lamoignon[201], who had been seriously -wounded in the leg in the engagement at Quiberon, and who is now my -colleague in the House of Lords, became my friend. He presented me -to Mrs. Lindsay, who was attached to Auguste de Lamoignon[202], his -brother: the Président Guillaume[203] was not installed in this fashion -at Basville, in the midst of Boileau[204], Madame de Sévigné, and -Bourdaloue[205]. - -Mrs. Lindsay, a lady of Irish descent, with a material mind and a -somewhat snappish humour, an elegant figure and attractive features, -was gifted with nobility of soul and elevation of character: the -Emigrants of quality spent their evenings by the fireside of the -last of the Ninons[206]. The old monarchy was going under, with all -its abuses and all its graces. It will be dug up one day, like those -skeletons of queens, decked with necklaces, bracelets and ear-rings, -which they exhume in Etruria. At Mrs. Lindsay's I met M. Malouet[207] -and Madame du Belloy, a woman worthy of affection, the Comte de -Montlosier and the Chevalier de Panat[208]. The last had a well-earned -reputation for wit, dirtiness, and gluttony; he belonged to that -audience of men of taste who used formerly to sit with folded arms in -the presence of French society: idlers whose mission was to look on at -everything and criticize everything; they exercised the functions which -the newspapers fulfill to-day, without the same bitterness, but also -without attaining their great popular influence. - -[Sidenote: The Comte de Montlosier.] - -Montlosier continued to ride cock-horse on his famous phrase of the -"wooden cross," a phrase somewhat smoothed down by me, when I revived -it, but true at bottom. On leaving France he went to Coblentz: he was -badly received by the Princes, had a quarrel, fought a duel at night on -the bank of the Rhine, and was run through. Being unable to move and -quite unable to see, he asked the seconds if the point of the sword was -sticking out behind: - -"Only three inches," said they, feeling him. - -"Then it's nothing," replied Montlosier. "Sir, withdraw your weapon." - -Thus badly received for his royalism, Montlosier went to England, -and took refuge in literature, the great almshouse of the Emigrants, -in which I had a pallet next to his. He obtained the editorship of -the _Courrier français._[209] In addition to his newspaper, he wrote -physico-politico-philosophical works: in one of these works he proved -that blue is the colour of life, because our veins turn blue after -death, life coming to the surface of the body in order to evaporate and -return to the blue sky; as I am very fond of blue, I was quite charmed. - -Feudally liberal, aristocratic and democratic, with a motley mind, made -up of shreds and patches, Montlosier is delivered, with difficulty, -of incongruous ideas; but, once he has succeeded in extricating them -from their after-birth, they are sometimes fine, above all energetic: -an anti-clerical as a noble, a Christian through sophistry and as a -lover of the olden times, he would, in the days of paganism, have been -an eager partisan of freedom in theory and of slavery in practice, and -would have had the slave thrown to the lampreys in the name of the -liberty of the human race. Wrong-headed, cavilling, stiff-necked, and -hirsute, the ex-deputy of the nobles of Riom nevertheless indulges -in condescendences to the powers that be; he knows how to look after -his interests, but he does not suffer others to perceive this, and he -shelters his weaknesses as a man beneath his honour as a gentleman. I -do not wish to speak ill of my "smoky Auvernat," with his novels of the -_Mont-d'Or_ and his polemics of the _Plaine_; I like his heteroclitous -person. His long and obscure setting forth and twisting of ideas, with -parentheses, clearings of the throat, and tremulous "oh, ohs," bore me -(I abominate the tenebrous, the involved, the vaporous, the laborious); -but, on the other hand, I am amused by this naturalist of volcanoes, -this abortive Pascal, this mountain orator who holds forth in the -tribune as his little fellow-countrymen sing in the chimney-tops[210]; -I love this gazetteer of peat-bogs and castle-keeps, this Liberal -explaining the Charter through a Gothic window, this shepherd-lord half -married to his milkmaid, himself sowing his barley in the snow, in his -little pebbly field; I shall always thank him for dedicating to me, in -his chalet in the Puy-de-Dôme, an old black rock taken from a cemetery -of the Gauls discovered by himself. - -The Abbé Delille, another fellow-countryman of Sidonius Apollinarius, -of the Chancelier de l'Hospital, of La Fayette, of Thomas, of -Chamfort[211], had also come to settle in London, after being driven -from the Continent by the inundation of the Republican victories. -The Emigration was proud to number him in its ranks: he sang our -misfortunes, a reason the more for loving his muse. He did a great deal -of work; he could not help himself, for Madame Delille locked him up -and did not release him until he had earned his day's keep by writing -a certain number of verses. I called on him one day, and was kept -waiting; then he appeared with very red cheeks: it is said that Madame -Delille used to box his ears; I know nothing about it; I only say what -I saw. - -Who has not heard the Abbé Delille recite his verses? He told a very -good story: his ugly, irregular features, lit up by his imagination, -went admirably with his affected delivery, with the character of -his talent, and with his clerical profession. The Abbé Delille's -masterpiece is his translation of the _Georgics_, with the exception -of the sentimental pieces; but it is as though you were reading Racine -translated into the language of Louis XV. - -[Sidenote: The Abbé Delille.] - -The literature of the eighteenth century, saving a few fine talents -which dominate it, standing as it does between the classical literature -of the seventeenth century and the romantic literature of the -nineteenth, without lacking naturalness lacks nature; given up wholly -to arrangements of words, it was neither sufficiently original as a new -school, nor sufficiently pure as an ancient school. The Abbé Delille -was the poet of the modern country-houses, in the same way as the -troubadours were the poets of the old castles; the verses of the one -and the ballads of the other point the difference which existed between -aristocracy in its prime and aristocracy in its decrepitude: the abbé -describes the pleasures of reading and chess in the manor-houses in -which the troubadours sang of tourneys and crusades. - -The distinguished persons of our Church militant were at that time in -England: the Abbé Carron, who wrote the life of my sister Julie; the -Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon[212], a stern and narrow-minded prelate, -who contributed more and more to estrange M. le Comte d'Artois from his -country; the Archbishop of Aix[213], slandered perhaps because of his -success in society; another learned and pious bishop, but so avaricious -that, had he had the misfortune to lose his soul, he would never have -bought it back. Nearly all misers are men of wit: I must be a great -fool. - -Among the Frenchwomen in the West End was Madame de Boigne[214], -amiable, witty, filled with talent, extremely pretty, and the youngest -of them all; she has since, together with her father, the Marquis -d'Osmond[215], represented the Court of France in England much better -than my unsociability has done. She is writing now, and her talents -will reproduce admirably all that she has seen[216]. - -Mesdames de Caumont[217], de Gontaut[218], and du Cluzel also -inhabited the quarter of the exiled felicities, if at least I am -mistaking Madame de Caumont and Madame du Cluzel, both of whom I had -seen for a moment in Brussels. What is quite certain is that Madame la -Duchesse de Duras[219] was in London at that time: I was not to know -her till ten years later. How often in one's life one passes by that -which would constitute its charm, even as the navigator cuts through -the waters of a heaven-favoured land which he has only missed by one -horizon and one day's sail! I am writing this on the banks of the -Thames, and to-day a letter will go by post to tell Madame de Duras, on -the banks of the Seine, that I have come across my first memory of her. - -* - -From time to time the Revolution sent us Emigrants of new kinds and -opinions; different layers of exiles were formed: the earth contains -beds of sand or clay left behind by the waves of the Deluge. One of -those waves brought me a man whose loss I mourn to-day, a man who -was my guide in literature, and whose friendship was both one of the -honours and one of the consolations of my life. - -You have read, in an earlier book of these Memoirs, that I had known -M. de Fontanes in 1789: it was in Berlin, last year, that I learnt -the news of his death. He was born at Niort of a noble Protestant -family: his father had had the misfortune to kill his brother-in-law -in a duel. Young Fontanes, brought up by a brother of great merit, -came to Paris. He saw Voltaire[220] die, and that great representative -of the eighteenth century inspired his first verses: his poetic -attempts attracted the notice of La Harpe. He undertook some work for -the stage, and became intimate with a charming actress, Mademoiselle -Desgarcins. Living near the Odéon, wandering around the Chartreuse -he celebrated its solitude. He had made a friend destined to become -mine, M. Joubert[221]. When the Revolution occurred, the poet became -entangled with one of those stationary parties which always remain -torn by the progressive party which pulls them forwards and the -retrograde party which draws them back. The monarchists attached M. de -Fontanes to the staff of the _Modérateur._ When the bad days began, -he took refuge at Lyons, where he married. His wife was confined of -a son: during the siege of the town, which the revolutionaries had -called "Commune-Affranchie[222]," in the same way as Louis XI., when -banishing the citizens, had called Arras "Ville-Franchise[223]," Madame -de Fontanes was obliged to move her nursling's cradle in order to -place it within shelter from the bombs. Returning to Paris after the 9 -Thermidor, M. de Fontanes established the _Mémorial_[224] with M. de -La Harpe and the Abbé de Vauxelles[225]. He was proscribed on the 18 -Fructidor, and England became his haven of refuge. - -[Sidenote: The Marquis de Fontanes.] - -M. de Fontanes, together with Chénier, was the last writer of the -classic school in the elder line: his prose and verse resemble each -other and have a similar merit. His thoughts and images have a -melancholy unknown to the century of Louis XIV., which knew only the -austere and holy sadness of religious eloquence. That melancholy is -mingled with the works of the chanter of the _Jours des Morts_, as it -were the imprint of the period in which he lived: it fixes the date of -his coming; it shows that he was born after Rousseau, while connected -by taste with Fénelon. If the writings of M. de Fontanes were reduced -to two very small volumes, one of prose, the other of verse, it would -be the most graceful funeral monument that could be raised upon the -tomb of the classic school[226]. - -Among the papers which my friend left are several cantoes of his poem -of the _Grèce Sauvée_, books of odes, scattered poems, and so on. -He would not have published any more himself: for that critic, so -acute, so enlightened, so impartial when not blinded by his political -opinions, had a horrible dread of criticism. He was superlatively -unjust to Madame de Staël. An envious article by Garat[227] on the -_Forêt de Navarre_ almost stopped him short at the outset of his -political career. Fontanes, so soon as he appeared, killed the affected -school of Dorat[228], but he was unable to restore the classic -school, which was hastening to its end together with the language of -Racine[229]. - -If one thing in the world was likely to be antipathetic to M. de -Fontanes, it was my manner of writing. With me began the so-called -romantic school, a revolution in French literature: nevertheless, my -friend, instead of revolting against my barbarism, became enamoured -of it. I could see a great wonderment on his face when I read to him -fragments of the _Natchez, Atala_ and _René_; he was unable to bring -those productions within the scope of the common rules of criticism, -but he felt that he was entering into a new world; he saw a new form of -nature; he understood a language which he could not speak. He gave me -excellent advice; I owe to him such correctness of style as I possess; -he taught me to respect the reader's ear; he prevented me from falling -into the extravagance of invention and the ruggedness of execution of -my disciples. - -It was a great joy to me to see him again in London, received with open -arms by the Emigration; they asked him for cantoes from the _Grèce -Sauvée_; they crowded to hear him. He came to live near me; we became -inseparable. We were present together at a scene worthy of those -days of misfortune: Cléry[230], who had lately landed, read us his -Memoirs in manuscript. Imagine the emotion of an audience of exiles, -listening to the valet of Louis XVI. telling, as an eye-witness, of -the sufferings and death of the prisoner of the Temple! The Directory, -alarmed by Cléry's Memoirs, published an interpolated edition, in -which it made the author talk like a lackey and Louis XVI. like -a street-porter: this is, perhaps, one of the dirtiest of all the -instances of revolutionary turpitude. - - -[Sidenote: Emigrant society.] - -M. du Theil[231], who had charge of the affairs of M. le Comte d'Artois -in London, had hastened to seek out Fontanes; the latter asked me -to take him to the agent of the Princes. We found him surrounded by -all the defenders of the Throne and the Altar who were idling about -Piccadilly, by a crowd of spies and sharpers who had escaped from Paris -under various names and disguises, and by a swarm of adventurers, -Belgians, Germans, Irishmen, dealers in the Counter-revolution. In a -corner of the crowd was a man of thirty or thirty-two, at whom nobody -looked, and who himself seemed interested only in an engraving of the -Death of General Wolfe. Struck by his appearance, I asked who he was: -one of my neighbours answered: - -"It's nobody; it's a Vendean peasant who has brought a letter from his -leaders." - -This man, who was "nobody," had seen the deaths of Cathelineau[232], -the first general of the Vendée and a peasant like himself; Bonchamps, -in whom Bayard had come to life again; Lescure[233], armed with a -hair-cloth which was not bullet-proof; d'Elbée[234], shot in an -armchair, his wounds not permitting him to embrace death standing; La -Rochejacquelein[235], whose body was ordered to be "verified" in order -to reassure the Convention in the midst of its victories. That man, -who was "nobody," had assisted at two hundred captures and recaptures -of towns, villages, and redoubts, at seven hundred skirmishes, and -seventeen pitched battles; he had fought against three hundred thousand -regular troops and six or seven hundred thousand recruits and national -guards; he had assisted in taking one hundred guns and fifty thousand -muskets; he had passed through the "infernal columns," companies of -incendiaries commanded by Conventional; he had been in the midst of -the ocean of fire which, three several times, rolled its waves over -the woods of the Vendée; lastly, he had seen three hundred thousand -Hercules of the plough, the associates of his work, die, and one -hundred square leagues of fertile country change into a desert of ashes. - -The two Frances met upon this soil levelled by them. All that remained -in blood and memory of the France of the Crusades fought against the -new blood and hopes of the France of the Revolution. The conqueror -recognised the greatness of the conquered. Turreau[236], the Republican -general, declared that "the Vendeans would take their place in history -in the first rank of soldier peoples." Another general wrote to Merlin -de Thionville[237]: - -"Troops which have beaten such Frenchmen as those may well hope to beat -all other nations." - -The legions of Probus[238], in their song, said as much of our fathers. -Bonaparte called the combats of the Vendée "combats of giants." - -[Sidenote: A Vendean peasant.] - -In the crowd in the parlour, I was the only one to look with admiration -and respect upon the representative of those ancient "Jacques[239]," -who, while breaking the yoke of their lords, repelled the foreign -invasion under Charles V.[240]: I seemed to see a child of the Commons -of the time of Charles VII.[241], who, with the small provincial -nobility, foot by foot, furrow by furrow, reconquered the soil of -France. He wore the indifferent air of the savage; his look was grey -and inflexible as steel rod; his lower lip trembled over his clenched -teeth; his hair hung down from his head like a mass of torpid snakes, -ready, however, to dart erect again; his arms, hanging by his sides, -gave nervous jerks to a pair of huge fists slashed with sword-cuts: -one would have taken him for a sawyer. His physiognomy expressed a -homely, rustic nature, employed, by force of manners, in the service -of interests and ideas contrary to that nature; the native fidelity of -the vassal, the Christian's simple faith were mingled with the rough -plebeian independence accustomed to value itself and to take the law -into its own hands. The feeling of liberty in him seemed to be merely -the consciousness of the strength of his hand and the intrepidity of -his heart. He spoke no more than a lion; he scratched himself like -a lion, yawned like a lion, sat on his flank like a bored lion, and -seemed to dream of blood and forests. - -What men, in every party, were the French of that time, and what a race -are we to-day! But the Republicans had their principle in themselves, -in the midst of themselves, while the principle of the Royalists was -outside France. The Vendeans sent deputations to the exiles; the giants -sent to ask leaders of the pigmies. The rude messenger upon whom I -gazed had seized the Revolution by the throat and cried: - -"Enter; pass behind me; she will not hurt you; she shall not move; I -have got hold of her!" - -No one was willing to pass: then Jacques Bonhomme let go the -Revolution, and Charette[242] broke his sword. - -* - -While I was making these reflections on this tiller of the soil, as -I had made others of a different kind at the sight of Mirabeau and -Danton, Fontanes obtained a private audience of him whom he pleasantly -called "the controller-general of finance:" he came out of it greatly -satisfied, for M. du Theil had promised to encourage the publication of -my works, and Fontanes thought only of me. It was impossible to be a -better man than he: timid where he himself was concerned, he became all -courage in matters of friendship; he proved this to me at the time of -my resignation on the occasion of the death of the Duc d'Enghien[243]. -In conversation, he burst into ludicrous fits of literary rage. In -politics, he reasoned falsely: the crimes of the Convention had -inspired him with a horror of liberty. He detested the newspapers, -the band of false philosophers, the whole science of ideas, and he -communicated that hatred to Bonaparte, when he became connected with -the master of Europe. - -We went for walks in the country; we stopped under some of those -spreading elm-trees scattered about the fields. Leaning against the -trunk of these elms, my friend told me of his early journey to England -before the Revolution, and of the verses he then addressed to two young -ladies who had grown old in the shadow of the towers of Westminster: -towers which he found standing as he had left them, while at their base -lay buried the illusions and the hours of his youth. - -We often dined at some solitary tavern in Chelsea, on the Thames, where -we talked of Milton and Shakespeare: they had seen what we saw; they -had sat, like ourselves, on the bank of that stream, a foreign stream -to us, the national stream to them. We returned to London, at night, by -the faltering rays of the stars, drowned one after the other in the fog -of the city. We reached our lodging, guided by uncertain glimmers which -scarcely showed us the road across the coal smoke hovering red around -every lamp: thus speeds the poet's life. - -We saw London in detail; as an old exile, I acted as _cicerone_ to -the new recruits of banishment which the Revolution demanded, young -or old: there is no legal age for misfortune. In the course of one -of these excursions, we were surprised by a rain-storm, mingled with -thunder, and obliged to take shelter in the passage of a mean house, -of which the door had been left open by accident. There we met the Duc -de Bourbon[244]: I saw for the first time, at this Chantilly[245], a -prince who was not yet the Last of the Condés. - -[Sidenote: The Duc of Bourbon.] - -The Duc de Bourbon, Fontanes and I, all three outlaws, seeking a -shelter from the same storm, on foreign soil, under a poor man's roof! -_Fata viam invenient._ - -Fontanes was recalled to France. He embraced me, expressing wishes for -a speedy meeting. On arriving in Germany, he wrote me the following -letter: - - "28 July 1798. - - "If you have experienced any regrets at my departure from - London, I swear to you that mine have been no less real. You - are the second person in whom, in the course of my life, I - have found an imagination and a heart corresponding to my - own. I shall never forget the consolation you brought me in - exile and in a foreign land. My fondest and most constant - thoughts, since I have left you, have turned upon the - Natchez. What you have read to me, especially of recent days, - is admirable and will not leave my memory. But the charm of - the poetic ideas which you left in my mind disappeared for a - moment on my arrival in Germany. - - "The most hideous news from France followed on that which I - showed you on leaving you. I spent five or six days in the - cruellest perplexity. I even feared for persecutions directed - against my family. My fears are now greatly diminished. The - evil has even been very slight; they threaten rather than - strike, and it is not those of my 'date' whom they wish to - see exterminated. The last post has brought me assurances of - peace and good-will. I can continue my journey, and shall - set out early next month. I shall live near the Forest of - Saint-Germain, among my family, Greece, and my books: why - can I not also say the _Natchez!_ The unexpected storm which - has just taken place in Paris was due, I am certain, to the - follies of the agents and leaders you know of. I have a - clear proof of this in my hands. Convinced as I am of this, - I am writing to Great Pulteney Street[246] with all possible - politeness, but also with all the caution which prudence - demands. I wish to escape all correspondence in the coming - month, and I leave the greatest doubt upon the steps which I - am going to take and the residence which I intend to select. - - "For the rest, I am again speaking of you in the accents of - friendship, and I wish from the bottom of my heart that the - hopes of future usefulness which they may place in me may - revive the favourable dispositions which they showed me in - this matter, and which are so certainly due to your person - and your great talents. Work, work, my dear friend, and - become illustrious. You have it in your power: the future - is in your hands. I hope that the word so often given by - the 'controller-general of finance' has been at least in - part redeemed. That part consoles me, for I cannot bear the - thought of a fine work delayed for the sake of a little - assistance. Write to me; let our hearts be in communication, - let our muses remain ever friends. Do not doubt but that, - when I am able to move about freely in my country, I shall - prepare a hive and flowers for you beside my own. My - attachment is unalterable. I shall be alone so long as I am - not with you. Talk to me of your work. I want to gladden you - in conclusion: I wrote half of a new canto on the banks of - the Elbe, and I am better pleased with it than with all the - rest. - - "Farewell, I embrace you tenderly, and am your friend. - - "FONTANES." - -Fontanes tells me that he wrote verses on changing the spot of his -banishment. One can never take everything from the poet: he takes his -lyre with him. Leave the swan his wings; each evening unknown streams -will re-echo the melodious plaints which he would rather have sung to -Eurotas. - -"The future is in your hands": did Fontanes speak truly? Am I to -congratulate myself on his prophecy? Alas! That promised future is -already past: shall I have another? - -* - -[Sidenote: Death of Fontanes.] - -This first and affectionate letter from the first friend whom I had in -my life, the friend who walked by my side for twenty-three years from -the date of that letter, reminds me painfully of my gradual isolation. -Fontanes is no more; a profound sorrow, the tragic death of a son, -cast him into an untimely grave. Almost all the persons of whom I have -spoken in these Memoirs have disappeared; I am keeping an obituary -register. A few years more and I, doomed to catalogue the dead, shall -leave none to write my name in the book of the departed. - -But if it must be that I remain alone, if not one being who has loved -me is to stay by me to lead me to my last resting-place, I have less -need than another of a guide: I have inquired the road, I have studied -the places through which I should have to pass; I wished to see what -happens at the last moment. Often, by the side of a pit into which a -coffin was being lowered with ropes, I have heard the death-rattle of -those ropes; next, I have caught the sound of the first spadeful of -earth falling on the coffin: at each new spadeful the hollow sound -decreased; the earth, as it filled up the vault, gradually drove the -eternal silence to the surface of the grave. - -Fontanes, you wrote to me, "Let our muses remain ever friends:" you -have not written to me in vain. - - - -[146] This book was written in London between April and September 1822, -and revised in December 1846.--T. - -[147] The anniversary dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern, 21 May 1822.--T. - -[148] The amount of M. de Chateaubriand's donation was £20.--T. - -[149] Field-Marshal Frederick Duke of York and Albany, Bishop -of Osnaburg, K.G. (1763-1827), second son of George III., and -Commander-in-Chief of the army. A military commander of no capacity; -four defeats stand to his debit: Hondschoote (8th September 1793), -Turcoing (1794), Alxmaar (1799), Castricum (1799), not to mention the -scandals in connection with Mrs. Clarke and the sale of commissions in -the army.--T. - -[150] Edward Adolphus Seymour, eleventh Duke of Somerset, K.G. -(1775-1855).--T. - -[151] Vice-Admiral George Byng, sixth Viscount Torrington -(1768-1831).--T. - -[152] William Powlett Orde-Powlett, second Lord Bolton (1782-1850).--T. - -[153] George Canning (1770-1827), appointed Viceroy of India, but did -not take up the appointment. He became Premier in 1827.--T. - -[154] _Times_, 22nd May 1822. Chateaubriand had asked Canning to -return thanks on his behalf for the toast of "the illustrious foreign -personages who honoured the society with their company." These were -Chateaubriand and the Tripolitan Ambassador, who also "returned thanks -through the medium of another gentleman."--T. - -[155] Canning entered Parliament as a member of Pitt's party in 1793, -and joined his ministry as Under-Secretary of State in 1796. Pitt used -to speak of Canning and Arthur Wellesley as "the boys."--T. - -[156] Marie Joseph Annibal de Bedée, Comte de La Boüétardais -(1758-1809). He emigrated in 1790, after the death of his wife, never -returned to France, and died in London, 6 January 1809.--B. - -[157] Dr. Edmund Goodwyn (1756-1829), author of _Dissertatio Medica de -morte Submersorum_ (1786), and of a translation of the same work in -English (1788). He is supposed to have been the original of Thackeray's -Dr. Goodenough.--T. - -[158] "For the rest, my health, disturbed by much travel and many -cares, vigils and studies, is so deplorable that I fear I shall be -unable to fulfil forthwith my promise concerning the other volumes of -the _Essai historique._"--B. - -[159] _Essai historique sur les révolutions_, Book I. part i., -Introduction.--B. - -[160] One of Peltier's first pamphlets, published October 1789, and -denouncing the Duc d'Orléans and Mirabeau as the principal authors of -the day's work of the 5th and 6th of October.--B. - -[161] Henri Christophe (1767-1820), King of Haiti under the title of -Henry I. He led the negro insurrection in 1790, caused himself to be -proclaimed President in 1806, assumed the title of Emperor in 1811, and -reigned until 1820, when he committed suicide to escape being put to -death by his subjects.--T. - -[162] Peltier was paid his salary as Haitian Minister by shipments -of sugar and coffee, the sale of which brought him in some eight -thousand pounds a year. One of his epigrams against Louis XVIII., who -received him coldly after the Restoration, happening to be applicable -to Christophe, the supplies were stopped together with his ministerial -powers, and he died a poor man.--B. - -[163] François Dominique Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier (1755-1838). He -came to London after going through the campaign of the Princes, and -became editor, not of the _Courrier français_, but of the _Courrier de -Londres_, which had been founded by the Abbé de Calonne.--B. - -[164] Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was buried in Westminster, but dug up -at the Restoration, hanged at Tyburn, and buried under the gallows.--T. - -[165] The remains of King Charles I. are buried in St. George's Chapel, -Windsor.--T. - -[166] Robert, Count of Artois ( 1287-1343), endeavoured to recover -from his brother-in-law, Philip VI. of France, the county of Artois, -which had been taken from him in a former reign. He was sentenced to -perpetual banishment, but had before this fled from the kingdom and -began plotting against the King of France. Philip pursued him from -county to county, causing the various princes to refuse him refuge, -until he fled to England, where he was welcomed by Edward III. (1333). -In 1336 Philip proclaimed Robert of Artois a traitor and an enemy of -France, and forbade all his vassals of whatever rank, in or out of -France, to receive or aid him on penalty of confiscation of their -fiefs. Edward accepted the insult as addressed to himself, prepared for -war, proclaimed himself King of France in 1337, and invaded France in -1339, thus commencing the Hundred Years' War.--T. - -[167] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke II. Chap. xii.: _An Apologie of Raymond -Sebond._--T. - -[168] William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1708-1778). His monument by -Bacon stands in the North Transept near the entrance to the chapels -which lead to the Chapel of Henry VII. and the Knights of the Bath.--T. - -[169] Charles V., Emperor of Germany (1500-1558), abdicated in 1556 -and retired to the neighbourhood of the Monastery of San Yuste in -Estremadura. One month before his death (which occurred on the 21st -of September 1558) he was seized with a fancy for going through the -ceremonies of his own funeral, and, attired in a monk's dress, he -joined in the chants of the community around an empty coffin placed in -the convent chapel.--T. - -[170] Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554) was buried after her execution, -together with her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, in the Chapel of St. -Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London.--T. - -[171] Catharine, not Alice, Countess of Salisbury (_d._ _circa_ 1350), -_née_ Grandison, wife of William de Montacute, first Earl of Salisbury, -and heroine of the spurious Garter story, was buried in her husband's -foundation at Bisham.--T. - -[172] Edward III., King of England (1312-1377), is buried in the Chapel -of St. Edward the Confessor.--T. - -[173] Henry VIII., King of England (1491-1547), is buried in St. -George's Chapel, Windsor.--T. - -[174] Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, first Viscount St. Albans -(1561-1626), is buried in St. Michael's Church, St. Albans.--T. - -[175] Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is buried in the North Aisle of -Westminster Abbey. His monument is by Rysbrack.--T. - -[176] John Milton (1608-1674) has a monumental bust by Rysbrack in -Poets' Corner. He is buried in St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate.--T. - -[177] Edward V. King of England (1471-1483) and Richard Duke of York -(1474-1483), smothered in the Tower of London by order of their uncle -Richard Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III. Some bones, presumed to -be theirs, were found in the White Tower or Keep and removed to Henry -the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster, where they now lie.--T. - -[178] Shakespeare, _Life and Death of King Richard III._, Act IV. sc. -3.--T. - -[179] Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), the mystic theosophist. His -doctrines made a certain amount of way in England, and he died in -London.--T. - -[180] Charles Louis François de Barentin (1738-1819). He had opened the -States-General, as Keeper of the Seals, in 1789. He emigrated after -Mirabeau had denounced him, on the 15th of July, as an enemy of the -people.--B. - -[181] Pietro Bonaventure Trapassi (1698-1782), known as Metastasio, one -of the most graceful and charming of the Italian dramatic poets. He -settled in Vienna in 1730, by invitation of the Emperor Charles VI., -who gave him the title of _Poeta Cesareo_, and there wrote a multitude -of lyrical tragedies, operas, oratorios, and poems of all kinds.--T. - -[182] Mrs. Canning, _née_ Joan Scott, a sister to the Duchess of -Portland, married to Mr. Canning 8 July 1800.--T. - -[183] The insurrectionary Royalists in Brittany had adopted this -name from their rallying-cry, which imitated the note of the -_chat-huant_, or screech-owl. Their marauding excursions were somewhat -indiscriminate, and their presence not always welcome even to the loyal -inhabitants.--T. - -[184] William Camden (1551-1623), the famous antiquary, first -head-master of Westminster School and later Clarencieux King-at-Arms. -He has been surnamed the Strabo and the Pausanias of England.--T. - -[185] Alain René Le Sage (1668-1747), author of the _Aventures de Gil -Blas_, to whom Peltier has already been compared by Chateaubriand. Le -Sage was born at Sarzeau, in Brittany: hence Chateaubriand speaks of -him as his "fellow-countryman."--T. - -[186] 22 April 1794.--B. - -[187] The Comte Louis de Chateaubriand (1790-1873) followed a military -career. In 1823 King Louis XVIII. created him heir-presumptive to his -uncle's peerage. In 1830 he resigned his commission at the same time -that his uncle withdrew from the House of Peers. In 1870, when eighty -years of age, he refused to leave Paris, and inscribed his name on -the register of the defenders of the besieged capital. He died at the -Château de Malesherbes, 14 October 1873.--B. - -[188] - - "Dear orphan, of thy mother the close type, - Of Heaven above I ask for thee below - The happy days snatched from thy sire ere ripe, - The children whom your uncle may not know."--T. - -[189] ADDISON, _Cato_, Act V. sc. I.--T. - -[190] Rev. John Clement Ives (_d._ 1812) was incumbent of Ilketshall -St. Margaret, near Bungay, and of Great Holland in Essex.--T. - -[191] Giuditta Pasta (1798-1865), _née_ Negri, a famous Italian -operatic singer of Jewish birth. Her celebrity commenced in 1822, the -year in which Chateaubriand is writing, and lasted until 1835, when she -retired into private life.--T. - -[192] _Inferno_, I.--B. - -[193] Order of Marriage according to the Catholic ritual.--T. - -[194] Admiral Sir John Sutton was gazetted an Admiral of the Blue on -the 12th of August 1819. I have no certainty that either Ives or Sutton -(spelt Sulton in the original) are the real names of the individuals of -whom Chateaubriand speaks, although I have succeeded in establishing -that there was a clergyman of the name of Ives residing at Bungay in -1795, and an Admiral Sir John Sutton on the Navy List in 1822.--T. - -[195] Jacques Callot (1593-1635), a painter, engraver, and etcher of -the first order; his works amount to nearly 1600 pieces, and include an -array of immensely powerful grotesque subjects, in which he caricatures -the vices and absurdities of mankind.--T. - -[196] VIR., _Æn._, I. 357.--B. - -[197] Chateaubriand began to write the _Essai_ in 1794; the work was -printed in London in 1796, and published in the beginning of 1797. It -formed one volume, large 8vo, of 681 pages, without counting prefaces, -tables of contents, etc. The full title ran: _Essai historique, -politique et moral sur les Révolutions anciennes et modernes, -considérées dans leur rapports avec la Révolution françaises. Dédié à -tous les partis._ With this epigraph: _Experti invicem sumus ego et -fortuna._--TACITE. And at the foot of the title-page: _A Londres: Se -trouve chez_ J. DEBOFFE, _Gerrard-Street_; J. DEBRETT, _Piccadilly_; -Mme. LOWES, _Pall-Mall_; A. DULAU ET CO., _Wardour-Street_; BODSEY, -_Broad-Street_; et J.-F. FAUCHE, _à Hambourg._ The author's name did -not appear in the first edition.--B. - -[198] Auguste Jacques Lemierre (_circa_ 1760-1815). He also translated -Thomson's _Castle of Indolence_ and some German works. He died -in hospital, under a false name, of a disease arising from his -excesses.--T. - -[199] Antoine Marin Lemierre (1723-1793), the author of two didactic -poems and several tragedies, some of which achieved great success. His -versification is considered incorrect and harsh, but some of his poems -contain passages of great beauty.--T. - -[200] _Corinne_, XIV. i.--B. - -[201] Anne Pierre Christian Vicomte de Lamoignon (1770-1827), third son -of Chrétien François de Lamoignon, Marquis de Basville. Louis XVIII. -created him a peer of France in 1815. He never wholly recovered from -his wound.--B. - -[202] René Chrétien Auguste Marquis de Lamoignon (1765-1845), -Christian's elder brother, made a peer of France by Louis-Philippe in -1832.--B. - -[203] Guillaume I. de Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President of the -Parliament of Paris, and founder of the Lamoignon-de Basville-de -Malesherbes family.--T. - -[204] Nicolas Boileau (1636-1711), surnamed Despréaux, the -distinguished poet and critic, and friend of Lamoignon.--T. - -[205] Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704), the eminent Jesuit preacher.--T. - -[206] Ninon de Lenclos (1616-1706) was a lady of loose morals and -decent manners who retained her charms and her lovers to her dying day. -Her salon was frequented by the ladies of Louis XIV.'s Court and the -whole society of the time, and she was a distinguished protectress of -the contemporary men of letters.--T. - -[207] Pierre Victor Baron Malouet (1740-1814), Intendant of the -Navy before the Revolution and Commissary-General of the Navy under -Napoleon. Louis XVIII. appointed him Minister of the Navy in 1814, but -he died shortly after his nomination.--T. - -[208] The Chevalier de Panat (1762-1834) was a naval officer of -distinction. He became a rear-admiral and Secretary-General to the -Admiralty in 1814. He neglected his person to such an extent that -Rivarol said of him that he would stain mud.--T. - -[209] Or rather, the _Courrier de Londres_, as explained above.--B. - -[210] The Auvergnat lads in Paris were employed as chimney-sweeps.--T. - -[211] The Comte de Montlosier and the Abbé Delille were both born at -Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne; Sidonius Apollinarius (430-489) was -born near Lyons, and became Bishop of Clermont; Michel de l'Hôpital -(1505-1573), Chancellor of France, was born near Aigueperse in -Auvergne; La Fayette was born in the same province, as were Thomas and -Chamfort.--T. - -[212] Jean François de La Marche, Comte de Léon (1729-1805), Bishop of -Saint-Pol-de-Léon. The bishopric was suppressed in 1790 and was not -restored.--T. - -[213] Jean-de-Dieu Raymond de Boisgelin de Cicé (1732-1804), Archbishop -of Aix, and a member of the French Academy. After the Concordat he -became Archbishop of Tours and a cardinal.--T. - -[214] Madame de Boigne was the wife of Bénoît, Comte de Boigne -(1741-1831), who had seen service in India under one of the native -princes, and returned laden with colossal riches.--B. - -[215] The Marquis d'Osmond (1751-1838) was French Minister at the Hague -at the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1791 he was appointed Ambassador -in St. Petersburg, but resigned before going out, and emigrated. He -filled several diplomatic posts under the Empire, was Minister at Turin -under the First Restoration, and in 1815 was created a peer of France -and Ambassador to England, where he remained until January 1819.--B. - -[216] The Comtesse de Boigne wrote some novels, of which the chief -was _Une Passion dans le grand monde._ They were published after her -death under the Second Empire, none of them attaining the smallest -success.--B. - -[217] Marie Constance de Caumont La Force (1774-1823), _née_ de -Lamoignon, wife of François Philibert Bertrand Nompar de Caumont, -Marquis de La Force.--B. - -[218] The Duchesse de Gontaut, _née_ de Montault Navailles, married the -Vicomte de Gontaut-Biron in London in 1794. She became Governess of the -Children of France under the Restoration after the birth of the Duc de -Bordeaux, and Louis XVIII. gave her the rank and title of duchess.--B. - -[219] Claire Duchesse de Duras (1777-1828), _née_ Lechat de Kersaint, -the friend of Madame de Staël, and author of two novels, _Ottrika_ and -_Édouard_, which attained a great success.--T. - -[220] François Marie Arouet (1694-1778), known as Voltaire. He was -refused burial in Paris, and his remains were interred in the abbey -at Scellières and removed to the Panthéon, where they still lie, in -1791.--T. - -[221] Joseph Joubert (1754-1824), author of the _Pensées_, published in -1838, thanks to the care of Chateaubriand.--T. - -[222] 1793--The town was nearly destroyed, its 200,000 inhabitants -almost decimated by the commissaries of the Convention, and its name -changed as stated.--T. - -[223] 1477.--T. - -[224] The _Mémorial historique, politique et littéraire_ ran from 20 -May to 4 September 1797. It is full of articles of the rarest merit, -especially those by La Harpe, which are masterpieces.--B. - -[225] Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de Vauxelles (1734-1802).--T. - -[226] It has been raised by the filial piety of Madame Christine de -Fontanes. M. Sainte-Beuve has adorned the frontal of the monument with -his ingenious notice.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1839). - -[227] Dominique Joseph Garat (1749-1833), Minister of Justice under -the Revolution in succession to Danton, Minister of the Interior in -succession to Roland, and a writer of merit. He was elected a member of -the French Academy in 1806, but excluded at the Restoration.--T. - -[228] Claude Joseph Dorat (1734-1780), an artificial, fastidious, and -somewhat monotonous follower of Voltaire.--T. - -[229] I omit a reference to Fontanes' _Anniversaire de sa naissance_ -and a quotation from that ode.--T. - -[230] Jean Baptiste Cléry (1759-1809), the King's valet. His Memoirs -were published in London, in 1799; with the title. _Journal de ce qui -s'est passé à la Tour du Temple pendant la captivité de Louis XVI., roi -de France_, and printed the same year in France. In order to destroy -the interest attached to this publication, the Directory caused a -spurious edition to be disseminated, entitled _Mémoires de M. Cléry -sur la détention de Louis XVI._, and filled with matter calculated to -injure the memory of the unhappy Sovereign and the Royal Family. Cléry -protested against this with indignation so soon as it reached his -ears, his protest appearing in July 1801 in the _Spectateur du Nord_, -published in Hamburg.--B. - -[231] Jean François du Theil (_circa_ 1760-1822) emigrated in 1790, -returned to France in 1792, during the captivity of Louis XVI., and -exposed himself to the greatest dangers in order to communicate with -the King. After escaping arrest, almost by a miracle, inside the Temple -itself, he returned to Germany, where he joined the Comte d'Artois. He -and the Duc d'Harcourt were together charged with the affairs of the -Comte d'Artois and the Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII.) in connection -with the British Government.--B. - -[232] Jacques Cathelineau (1758-1793), a weaver by trade and -Commander-in-Chief of the Vendéan Army. He was mortally wounded in the -assault upon Nantes (29 June 1793).--T. - -[233] Louis Marie Marquis de Lescure (1766-1793), a brilliant Vendéan -general, killed at the Tremblaye (3 November 1793).--T. - -[234] Gigot d'Elbée (1752-1794), nicknamed General Providence, from his -habit of relying on Providence for victory. He succeeded Cathelineau as -general-in-chief, but was a far from capable commander. He was wounded -at Chollet, and captured and shot on the island of Noirmoutiers.--T. - -[235] Henri du Vergier, Comte de La Rochejacquelein (1773-1794) -succeeded Lescure and repeatedly defeated the troops of the Republic. -He was killed at the fight of Nouaillé, near Chollet, 4 March 1794.--T. - -[236] Louis Marie Baron Turreau de Garambouville (1756-1816), -Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the West (1793). He was French -Ambassador to the United States from 1804 to 1810.--T. - -[237] Merlin de Thionville (1762-1833), the Conventional, so called to -distinguish him from Merlin de Douay, the jurisconsult.--T. - -[238] Marcus Aurelius Probus, Emperor of Rome (_circa_ 232-282), -conquered and pacified Gaul, restoring the vineyards destroyed by order -of Domitian.--T. - -[239] The "Jacquerie" was a faction which ravaged France during the -captivity of King John in England (1358). It consisted of peasants -who had revolted against their feudal lords, and was led by a certain -Guillaume Caillet, nicknamed "Jacques Bonhomme," after whom the -"Jacques" called themselves.--T. - -[240] Charles V., King of France (1337-1380), known as Charles the -Wise, son and successor of John II. He successfully resisted the -English invasion under Edward III., and recovered a large portion of -the country, leaving Bordeaux, Calais, Cherbourg, Bayonne, and several -fortresses in the hands of the English at his death.--T. - -[241] Charles VII., King of France (1403-1461), surnamed Charles the -Victorious, with the assistance of Joan of Arc, drove the English out -of all France, with the sole exception of Calais.--T. - -[242] François Athanase Charette de La Contrie (1763-1796) was at the -head of the Poitou peasants in the rising of the Vendée and joined -forces with Cathelineau. Discords broke out between the Royalist -chiefs, and Charette left the army with his division and fought alone, -capturing the Republican camp at Saint-Christophe, near Challans, in -1794. In 1796, Hoche utterly destroyed his small force, and Charette -himself was taken prisoner and shot at Nantes.--T. - -[243] Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon-Condé, Duc d'Enghien (1772-1804), -son of the Duc de Bourbon and grandson of the Prince de Condé. He -was arrested on neutral territory and shot, after a mock trial, at -Vincennes, by order of Napoleon (21 March 1804). Chateaubriand resigned -his diplomatic appointment, as will appear, immediately after learning -the news of this crime.--T. - -[244] The Duc de Bourbon, father of the Duc d'Enghien, became "the Last -of the Condés" on the latter's death.--T. - -[245] Chantilly was the seat of the Condé family: the Duc de Bourbon -left it on his death (1830) to the Duc d'Aumale, who bequeathed it to -the French Nation.--T. - -[246] The street in which M. du Theil lived.--_Author's Note._ - - - - -BOOK IX[247] - - -Death of my mother--I return to religion--The _Génie du -Christianisme_--Letter from the Chevalier de Panat--My uncle, M. de -Bedée: his eldest daughter--English literature--Decline of the old -school--Historians--Poets--Publicists--Shakespeare--Old novels--New -novels--Richardson--Sir Walter Scott--New poetry--Beattie--Lord -Byron--England from Richmond to Greenwich--A trip with -Peltier--Blenheim--Stowe--Hampton Court--Oxford--Eton College--Private -manners--Political manners--Fox--Pitt--Burke--George III.--Return -of the emigrants to France--The Prussian Minister gives me a false -passport in the name of La Sagne, a resident of Neuchâtel in -Switzerland--Death of Lord Londonderry--End of my career as a soldier -and traveller--I land at Calais. - - - Alloquar? audiero nunquam tua facta loquentem? - Nunquam ego te, vita frater amabilior, - Aspiciam posthac? At certe semper amabo[248]. - - -I have just taken leave of a friend, I am about to take leave of -a mother: one has constantly to repeat the verses which Catullus -addressed to his brother. In our vale of tears, as in Hell, there -is a strange, eternal wailing, which forms the accompaniment or the -prevailing note of human lamentations; it is heard unceasingly, and it -would continue when all other created sorrows had come to be silent. - -A letter from Julie, which I received soon after that from Fontanes, -confirmed my sad remark on my gradual isolation: Fontanes urged me -to "work, to become illustrious;" my sister begged me to "give up -writing:" one put glory before me, the other oblivion. This train of -thought is described in the story of Madame de Farcy; she had grown to -hate literature, because she regarded it as one of the temptations of -her life. - - "SAINT-SERVAN, 1 _July_ 1798. - - "Dear, we have just lost the best of mothers: I grieve to - inform you of this fatal blow. When you cease to be the - object of our solicitude, we shall have ceased to live. If - you knew how many tears your errors had caused our venerable - mother to shed; how deplorable they appear to all who think - and profess not only piety, but reason: if you knew this, - perhaps it would help to open your eyes, to induce you - to give up writing; and if Heaven, moved by our prayers, - permitted us to meet again, you would find in the midst of us - all the happiness one is allowed on earth; you would give us - that happiness, for there is none for us so long as you are - not with us and we have cause to be anxious as to your fate." - -Ah, why did I not follow my sister's advice? Why did I continue to -write? Had my age remained without my writings, would anything have -been changed in the events and spirit of that age? - -And so I had lost my mother; and so I had distressed the last hour -of her life! While she was drawing her last breath far from her last -son, and praying for him, what was I doing in London? Perhaps I was -strolling in the cool morning air at the moment when the sweat of death -covered my mother's forehead without having my hand to wipe it away! - -[Sidenote: The _Génie du Christianisme._] - -The filial affection which I preserved for Madame de Chateaubriand was -deep. My childhood and youth were intimately linked with the memory -of my mother. The idea that I had poisoned the old days of the woman -who bore me in her womb filled me with despair: I flung copies of the -_Essai_ into the fire with horror, as the instrument of my crime; -had it been possible for me to destroy the whole work, I should have -done so without hesitation. I did not recover from my distress until -the thought occurred to me of expiating my first work by means of a -religious work: this was the origin of the _Génie du Christianisme._ - -* - -"My mother," I said, in the first preface to that work, "after being -flung, at the age of seventy-two years, into dungeons where she saw -part of her children die, expired at last on a pallet to which her -misfortunes had reduced her. The recollection of my errors cast a -great bitterness over her last days; when dying, she charged one of -my sisters to call me back to the religion in which I was brought up. -My sister acquainted me with my mother's last wish. When the letter -reached me across the sea, my sister herself was no more; she too had -died from the effects of her imprisonment. Those two voices from the -tomb, that death which acted as death's interpreter impressed me. I -became a Christian. I did not yield, I admit, to great supernatural -enlightenment: my conviction came from the heart; I wept and I -believed." - -* - -I exaggerated my fault: the _Essai_ was not an impious book, but a book -of doubt, of sorrow. Through the darkness of that book glides a ray -of the Christian light that shone upon my cradle. It needed no great -effort to return from the scepticism of the _Essai_ to the certainty of -the _Génie du Christianisme._ - -* - -When, after receiving the sad news of Madame de Chateaubriand's death, -I resolved suddenly to change my course, the title of _Génie du -Christianisme_, which I found on the spot, inspired me: I set to work; -I toiled with the ardour of a son building a mausoleum to his mother. -My materials were since long collected and rough-hewn by my previous -studies. I knew the works of the Fathers better than they are known in -our times; I had even studied them in order to oppugn them, and having -entered upon that road with bad intentions, instead of leaving it as a -victor, I left it vanquished. - -As to history properly so-called, I had occupied myself with it -specially in composing the _Essai sur les Révolutions._ The Camden -originals which I had lately examined had made me familiar with the -manners and institutions of the Middle Ages. Lastly, my terrible -manuscript of the _Natchez_, in 2393 pages folio, contained all that I -needed for the _Génie du Christianisme_ in the way of descriptions of -nature; I was able to draw largely upon that source, as I had done for -the _Essai_. - -I wrote the first part of the _Génie du Christianisme._ Messrs. -Dulau[249], who had become the booksellers of the French emigrant -clergy, undertook the publication. The first sheets of the first volume -were printed. The work thus begun in London in 1799 was completed -only in Paris in 1802: see the different prefaces to the _Génie du -Christianisme._ I was devoured by a sort of fever during the whole -time of writing: no one will ever know what it means to carry at the -same time in one's brain, in one's blood, and in one's soul, _Atala_ -and _René_, and to combine with the painful child-birth of those fiery -twins the labour of conception attending the other parts of the _Génie -du Christianisme._ The memory of Charlotte penetrated and warmed all -that, and to give me the finishing stroke, the first longing for fame -inflamed my exalted imagination. - -This longing came to me from filial affection: I wanted a great renown, -so that it might rise till it reached my mother's dwelling-place, and -that the angels might carry her my solemn expiation. - -As one study leads to another, I could not occupy myself with my French -scholia without taking note of the literature and men of the country -in which I lived: I was drawn into these fresh researches. My days and -nights were spent in reading, in writing, in taking lessons in Hebrew -from a learned priest, the Abbé Capelan, in consulting libraries and -men of attainments, in roaming about the fields with my everlasting -reveries, in paying and receiving visits. If such things exist as -retroactive and symptomatic effects of future events, I might have -foreseen the bustle and uproar created by the book which was to make my -name from the seething of my mind and the throbbing of my inner muse. - -Reading aloud to others my first rough drafts helped to enlighten -me. Reading aloud is an excellent form of instruction, when one does -not take the necessary compliments for gospel. Provided an author -be in earnest, he will soon feel, through the impression which he -instinctively receives from the others, which are the weak places in -his work, and especially whether that work is too long or too short, -whether he keeps, does not reach, or exceeds the right dimensions. - -[Sidenote: A letter from Panat.] - -I have discovered a letter from the Chevalier de Panat on the readings -from a work at that time so unknown. The letter is charming: the dirty -chevalier's positive and scoffing spirit did not seem susceptible of -thus rubbing itself with poetry. I have no hesitation in giving this -letter, a document of my history, although it is stained from end to -end with my praises, as though the sly author had taken pleasure in -emptying his ink-pot over his epistle: - - "_Monday._ - - "Heavens, what an interesting reading I owed to your extreme - kindness this morning! Our religion had numbered among - its defenders great geniuses, illustrious Fathers of the - Church: those athletes had wielded with vigour all the arms - of reasoning; incredulity was vanquished; but that was not - enough: it was still necessary to show all the charms of - that admirable religion; it was necessary to show how suited - it is to the human heart and what magnificent pictures it - offers to the imagination. It is no longer a theologian in - the school, it is the great painter and the man sensitive to - impressions who open up a new horizon for themselves. Your - work was wanted, and you were called upon to write it. Nature - has eminently endowed you with the great qualities which this - work requires: you belong to another age.... - - "Ah, if the truths of sentiment rank first in the order of - nature, none will have proved better than yourself those of - our religion; you will have confounded the unbelievers at the - gate of the Temple and introduced delicate minds and sensible - hearts into the sanctuaries. You bring back to me those - ancient philosophers who gave their lessons with their heads - crowned with flowers, their hands filled with sweet perfumes. - This is a very feeble image of your suave, pure and classic - mind. - - "I congratulate myself daily on the happy circumstance which - made me acquainted with you; I can never forget that it was - Fontanes who did me that kindness; I shall love him for it - the more, and my heart will never separate two names whom the - same glory is bound to unite, if Providence re-opens to us - the doors of our native land. - - "CHEV. DE PANAT." - - -The Abbé Delille also heard some fragments of the _Génie du -Christianisme_ read. He seemed surprised, and did me the honour, -soon after, to put into verse the prose which had pleased him. He -naturalized my wild American flowers in his various French gardens, and -put my somewhat hot wine to cool in the frigid water from his clear -spring. - -The unfinished edition of the _Génie du Christianisme_, commenced in -London, was a little different, in the order of the contents, from the -edition published in France. The consular censure, which soon became -imperial, showed itself very touchy on the subject of kings: their -persons, their honour and their virtue were dear to it beforehand. -Already Fouché's police saw the white pigeon, the symbol of Bonaparte's -candour and revolutionary innocence, descend from Heaven with the -sacred phial. The true believers who had taken part in the Republican -processions of Lyons compelled me to cut out a chapter entitled the -_Rois athées_, and to distribute paragraphs from it here and there in -the body of the work. - -* - -Before continuing these literary investigations I must interrupt -them for a moment to take leave of my uncle de Bedée; alas, that -means taking leave of the first joy of my life: _freno non remorante -dies_[250]! See the old sepulchres in the old crypts: themselves -overcome by age, decrepit and without memory, having lost their -epitaphs, they have forgotten the very names of those whose ashes they -contain. - -I had written to my uncle on the subject of my mother's death: he -replied with a long letter containing some touching words of regret; -but three-quarters of his double folio sheet were devoted to my -genealogy. He begged me above all, when I should return to France, -to look up the title-deeds of the "Bedée quartering," entrusted to -my brother. And so, to this venerable Emigrant, exile, ruin, the -destruction of his kin, the sacrifice of Louis XVI. alike failed to -make the fact of the Revolution clear to him; nothing had happened, -nothing come to pass; he had gone no farther than the States of -Brittany and the Assembly of the Nobles. This fixity of ideas in man is -very striking in the midst and as it were in presence of the alteration -of his body, the flight of his years, the loss of his relations and -friends. - -[Sidenote: Death of my uncle de Bedée.] - -On his return from the Emigration, my uncle de Bedée went to live at -Dinan, where he died, six leagues from Monchoix, without having seen it -again. My cousin Caroline[251], the oldest of my three cousins, still -lives. She has remained an old maid in spite of the formal requests -for her hand made in her former youth. She writes me letters, badly -spelt, in which she addresses me in the second person singular, calls -me "chevalier," and talks to me of our good time: _in illo tempore._ -She was endowed with a pair of fine dark eyes and a comely figure; she -danced like the Camargo[252], and she seems to recollect that I bore -a fierce passion for her in secret. I reply in the same tone, laying -aside, in imitation of her, my years, my honours and my reputation: - -"Yes, dear Caroline, your chevalier," etc. - -It must be some six or seven lustres since we met: Heaven be praised -for it, for God alone knows, if we came to embracing, what kind of -figure we should cut in each other's eyes! - -Sweet, patriarchal, innocent, creditable family friendship, your age -is past! We no longer cling to the soil by a multitude of blossoms, -sprouts and roots; we are born and die singly nowadays. The living -are in haste to fling the deceased to Eternity, and to be rid of his -corpse. Of his friends, some go and await the coffin at the church, -grumbling the while at being put out and disturbed in their habits; -others carry their devotion so far as to follow the funeral to the -cemetery: the grave once filled up, all recollection is obliterated. -You will never return, O days of religion and affection, in which the -son died in the same house, in the same arm-chair, by the same fireside -where died his father and his grandfather before him, surrounded, as -they had been, by weeping children and grandchildren, upon whom fell -the last paternal blessing! - -Farewell, my beloved uncle! Farewell, family of my mother, which are -disappearing like the other portion of my family! Farewell, my cousin -of days long past, who love me still as you loved me when we listened -together to our kind aunt de Boistelleul's ballad of the Sparrow-hawk, -or when you assisted at my release from my nurse's vow at the Abbey -of Nazareth! If you survive me, accept the share of gratitude and -affection which I here bequeath to you. Attach no belief to the false -smile outlined on my lips in speaking of you: my eyes, I assure you, -are full of tears. - -* - -My studies correlative to the _Génie du Christianisme_ had gradually, -as I have said, led me to make a more thorough examination of English -literature. When I took refuge in England in 1793, it became necessary -for me to redress most of the judgments which I had drawn from the -criticisms. As regards the historians, Hume[253] was reputed a Tory -and reactionary writer: he was accused, as was Gibbon, of over-loading -the English language with gallicisms; people preferred his continuer, -Smollett[254]. Gibbon[255], a philosopher during his lifetime, became a -Christian on his death-bed, and in that capacity was duly convicted of -being a sorry individual. Robertson[256] was still spoken of, because -he was dry. - -[Sidenote: English literature.] - -Where the poets were concerned, the "elegant extracts" served as a -place of banishment for a few pieces by Dryden[257]; people refused to -forgive Pope[258] for his verse, although they visited his house at -Twickenham and cut chips from the weeping-willow planted by him and -withered like his fame. - -Blair[259] was looked upon as a tedious critic with a French style; he -was placed far below Johnson[260]. As to the old _Spectator_[261], it -was relegated to the lumber-room. - -English political works have little interest for us. The economic -treatises are less stinted in their scope: their calculations on the -wealth of nations, the employment of capital, the balance of trade, -are applicable in part to the different European societies. Burke[262] -emerged from the national political individuality: by declaring himself -opposed to the French Revolution, he dragged his country into the long -road of hostilities which ended in the plains of Waterloo. - -However, great figures remained. One met with Milton and Shakespeare -on every hand. Did Montmorency[263], Byron[264], Sully[265], by turns -French Ambassadors to the Courts of Elizabeth[266] and James I.[267], -ever hear speak of a merry-andrew who acted in his own and other -writers' farces? Did they ever pronounce the name, so outlandish in -French, of Shakespeare? Did they suspect that there was here a glory -before which their honours, pomps and ranks would become as nothing? -Well, the comedian who undertook the part of the Ghost in _Hamlet_ was -the great spectre, the shade of the Middle Ages which rose over the -world like the evening star, at the moment when the Middle Ages were at -last descending among the dead: giant centuries which Dante[268] opened -and Shakespeare closed. - -In the Memorials of Whitelock[269], the contemporary of the singer of -Paradise Lost, we read of "one Mr. Milton, a blind man, parliamentary -secretary for Latin despatches." - -Molière[270], the "stage-player," performed his Pourceaugnac in the -same way that Shakespeare, the "buffoon," clowned his Falstaff. - -Those veiled travellers, who come from time to time to sit at our -board, are treated by us as ordinary guests; we remain unaware of their -nature until the day of their disappearance. On leaving the earth, they -become transfigured, and say to us, as the angel from heaven said to -Tobias: - -"I am one of the seven who stand before the Lord[271]." - -But, though misunderstood by men on their passage, those divinities do -not fail to recognise one another. Milton asks: - - What needs my Shakespeare, for his honour'd bones, - The labour of an age in piled stones[272]? - -Michael Angelo[273], envying Dante's lot and genius, exclaims: - - Pur fuss'io tal... - Per l'aspro esilio suo con sua virtute - Darci del mondo più felice stato. - -Tasso celebrates Camoëns, as yet almost unknown, and acts as his -"Fame." Is there anything more admirable than the society of -illustrious people revealing themselves, one to the other, by means of -signs, greeting one another and communing with each other in a language -understood by themselves alone? - -[Sidenote: Shakespeare.] - -Was Shakespeare lame, like Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott[274], and the -Prayers, the daughters of Jupiter? If he was so in fact, the "Boy" -of Stratford, far from being ashamed of his infirmity, as was Childe -Harold, is not afraid to remind one of his mistresses of it: - - So I, made lame by fortune's dearest spite[275]. - -Shakespeare must have had many loves, if we were to count one for each -sonnet. The creator of Desdemona and Juliet grew old without ceasing -to be in love. Was the unknown woman to whom he addresses his charming -verses proud and happy to be the object of Shakespeare's Sonnets? It -may be doubted: glory is to an old man what diamonds are to an old -woman; they adorn, but cannot make her beautiful. Says the English -tragic poet to his mistress: - - No longer mourn for me when I am dead - . . . . . . - Nay, if you read this line, remember not - The hand that writ it; for I love you so, - That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot, - If thinking on me then should make you woe. - O, if, I say, you look upon this verse - When I perhaps compounded am with clay, - Do not so much as my poor name rehearse, - But let your love even with my life decay[276]. - -Shakespeare loved, but believed no more in love than he believed in -other things: a woman to him was a bird, a zephyr, a flower, a thing -that charms and passes. Through his indifference to, or ignorance of, -his fame, through his condition, which set him without the pale of -society and of a position to which he could not hope to attain, he -seemed to have taken life as a light, unoccupied hour, a swift and -gentle leisure. - -Shakespeare, in his youth, met old monks driven from their cloister, -who had seen Henry VIII., his reforms, his destructions of monasteries, -his "fools," his wives, his mistresses, his headsmen. When the poet -departed from life, Charles I. was sixteen years of age. Thus, with one -hand, Shakespeare was able to touch the whitened heads once threatened -by the sword of the second of the Tudors and, with the other, the -brown head of the second of the Stuarts, destined to be laid low by -the axe of the Parliamentarians. Leaning upon those tragic brows, the -great tragedian sank into the tomb; he filled the interval of the days -in which he lived with his ghosts, his blind kings, his ambitious -men punished, his unfortunate women, so as to join together, through -analogous fictions, the realities of the past and of the future. - -Shakespeare is of the number of the five or six writers who have -sufficed for the needs and nutriment of thought: those parent -geniuses seem to have brought forth and suckled all the others. Homer -impregnated antiquity: Æschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, -Horace, Virgil are his sons. Dante engendered Modern Italy, from -Petrarch to Tasso. Rabelais created French literature: Montaigne, La -Fontaine, Molière descend from him. England is all Shakespeare, and in -these later days he has lent his language to Byron, his dialogue to -Walter Scott. - -Men often disown these supreme masters; they rebel against them; they -reckon up their faults: they accuse them of tediousness, of length, -of extravagance, of bad taste, what time they plunder them and deck -themselves in their spoils; but they struggle in vain against their -yoke. Everything wears their colours; they have left their traces -everywhere; they invent words and names which go to swell the general -vocabulary of the nations; their expressions become proverbs, their -fictitious characters change into real characters, with heirs and a -lineage. They open out horizons whence burst forth sheaves of light; -they sow ideas, the germs of a thousand others; they supply all the -arts with imaginations, subjects, styles: their works are the mines or -the bowels of the human mind. - -These geniuses occupy the first rank; their vastness, their variety, -their fruitfulness, their originality cause them to be accepted from -the very first as laws, models, moulds, types of the various forms of -intellect, even as there are four or five races of men issuing from one -single stock, of which the others are only branches. Let us take care -how we insult the disorders into which these mighty beings sometimes -fall: let us not imitate Ham, the accursed; let us not laugh if we see -the sole and solitary mariner of the deep lying naked and asleep, in -the shadow of the Ark resting upon the mountains of Armenia. Let us -respect that diluvial navigator, who recommenced the Creation after the -flood-gates of Heaven were shut up: let us, as pious children, blessed -by our father, modestly cover him with our cloak. - -Shakespeare, in his lifetime, never thought of living after his life: -what signifies to him to-day my hymn of admiration? Admitting every -supposition, reasoning from the truths or falsehoods with which the -human mind is penetrated or imbued, what cares Shakespeare for a renown -of which the sound cannot rise to where he is? A Christian? In the -midst of eternal bliss, does he think of the nothingness of the world? -A deist? Freed from the shades of matter, lost in the splendours of -God, does he cast down a look upon the grain of sand over which he -passed? An atheist? He sleeps the sleep without breathing or awakening -which we call death. Nothing therefore is vainer than glory beyond the -tomb, unless it have kept friendship alive, unless it have been useful -to virtue, helpful to misfortune, unless it be granted to us to rejoice -in Heaven in a consoling, generous, liberating idea left behind by us -upon earth. - -* - -[Sidenote: Samuel Richardson.] - -Novels, at the end of the last century, had been included in -the general proscription. Richardson[277] slept forgotten: his -fellow-countrymen discovered in his style traces of the inferior -society in which he had spent his life. Fielding[278] maintained his -success; Sterne[279], the purveyor of eccentricity, was out of date. -The _Vicar of Wakefield_ was still read[280]. - -If Richardson has no style, a question of which we foreigners are -unable to judge, he will not live, because one lives only by style. It -is vain to rebel against this truth: the best-composed work, adorned -with life-like portraits, filled with a thousand other perfections, is -still-born if the style be wanting. Style, and there are a thousand -kinds, is not learnt; it is the gift of Heaven, it is talent. But, -if Richardson has only been forsaken because of certain homely turns -of expression, insufferable to an elegant society, he may revive: -the revolution which is being worked, in lowering the aristocracy -and raising the middle classes, will render less apparent, or cause -entirely to disappear, the traces of homespun habits and of an inferior -language. - -From _Clarissa_ and _Tom Jones_ sprang the two principal branches of -the family of modern English novels: the novels of family pictures and -domestic dramas, and the novels of adventure and pictures of general -society. After Richardson, the manners of the West End invaded the -domain of fiction: the novels became filled with country-houses, lords -and ladies, scenes at the waters, adventures at the races, the ball, -the opera, Ranelagh, with a never-ending chit-chat and tittle-tattle. -The scene was rapidly changed to Italy; the lovers crossed the Alps -amid terrible dangers and sorrows of the soul calculated to move lions: -"the lion shed tears!" A jargon of good company was adopted. - -Of the thousands of novels which have flooded England since the last -fifty years, two have kept their places: _Caleb Williams_[281] and the -_Monk._ I did not see Godwin during my stay in London; but I twice -met Lewis[282]. He was a young member of the House of Commons, very -pleasant, with the air and manners of a Frenchman. The works of Ann -Radcliffe[283] are of a class apart Those of Mrs. Barbauld[284], Miss -Edgeworth[285], Miss Burney[286], etc., have a chance of living. - -* - -"There should," says Montaigne, "be some correction appointed by the -laws against foolish and unprofitable writers, as there is against -vagabonds and loiterers; so should both my selfe and a hundred others -of our people be banished.... Scribbling seemeth to be a symptome or -passion of an irregular and licentious age[287]." - -* - -[Sidenote: Sir Walter Scott.] - -But these different schools of sedentary novelists, of novelists -travelling by diligence or calash, of novelists of lakes and mountains, -ruins and ghosts, of novelists of cities and drawing-rooms, have -come to be lost in the new school of Walter Scott, even as poetry -has precipitated itself in the steps of Lord Byron. The illustrious -painter of Scotland started his career in literature during my exile -in London with his translation of Goethe's _Berlichingen._[288] He -continued to make himself known by poetry, and ultimately the bent of -his genius led him towards the novel. He seems to me to have created a -false manner: the romancer set himself to write historical romances, -and the historian romantic histories. If, in reading Walter Scott, I -am sometimes obliged to skip interminable conversations, the fault is -doubtless mine; but one of Walter Scott's great merits, in my eyes, is -that he can be placed in the hands of everybody. It requires greater -efforts of talent to interest while keeping within the limits of -decency than to please when exceeding all bounds; it is less easy to -rule the heart than to disturb it. - -Burke kept the politics of England in the past. Walter Scott -drove back the English to the Middle Ages; all that they wrote, -manufactured, built, became Gothic: books, furniture, houses, -churches, country-seats. But the barons of Magna Charta are to-day the -fashionables of Bond Street, a frivolous race camping in the ancient -manor-houses while awaiting the arrival of the new generations which -are preparing to drive them out. - -* - -At the same time that the novel was passing into the "romantic" stage, -poetry was undergoing a similar transformation. Cowper[289] abandoned -the French in order to revive the national school; Burns[290] commenced -the same revolution in Scotland. After them came the restorers of the -ballads. Several of those poets of 1792 to 1800 belonged to what was -called the "Lake school," a name which survived, because the romantic -poets lived on the shores of the Cumberland and Westmoreland lakes, -which they sometimes sang. - -Thomas Moore[291], Campbell[292], Rogers[293], Crabbe[294], -Wordsworth[295], Southey[296], Hunt[297], Knowles[298], Lord -Holland[299], Canning[300], Croker[301] are still living to do honour -to English literature; but one must be of English birth to appreciate -the full merit of an intimate class of composition which appeals -specially to men born on the soil. - -None is a competent judge, in living literature, of other than works -written in his own tongue. It is in vain that you believe yourself -thoroughly acquainted with a foreign idiom: you lack the nurse's milk, -together with the first words which she teaches you at her breast and -in your swaddling-clothes; certain accents belong to the mother country -alone. The English and Germans have the strangest notions concerning -our men of letters: they worship what we despise, and despise what -we worship; they do not understand Racine nor La Fontaine, nor even -Molière completely. It is ludicrous to know who are considered our -great writers in London, Vienna, Berlin, St Petersburg, Munich, -Leipzig, Göttingen, Cologne, to know what is read there with avidity -and what not at all. - -When an author's merit lies especially in his diction, no foreigner -will ever understand that merit. The more intimate, individual, -rational a talent is, the more do its mysteries escape the mind which -is not, so to speak, that talent's fellow-countryman. We admire the -Greeks and Romans on trust; our admiration comes to us by tradition, -and the Greeks and Romans are not there to laugh at our barbarian -judgments. Which of us has an idea of the harmony of the prose of -Demosthenes and Cicero, of the cadence of the verses of Alcæus and -Horace, as they were caught by a Greek or Latin ear? Men maintain that -real beauties are of all times, all countries: yes, beauties of feeling -and of thought; not beauties of style. Style is not cosmopolitan like -thought: it has a native land, a sky, a sun of its own. - -Burns, Mason[302], Cowper died during my emigration, before 1800 and -in 1800: they ended the century; I commenced it. Darwin[303] and -Beattie[304] died two years after my return from exile. - -[Sidenote: James Beattie.] - -Beattie had announced the new era of the lyre. The _Minstrel, or the -Progress of Genius_ is the picture of the first effects of the muse -upon a young bard who is as yet unaware of the inspiration with which -he is tossed. Now the future poet goes and sits by the sea-shore during -a tempest; again he leaves the village sports to listen in some lonely -spot to the distant sound of the pipes. Beattie has run through the -entire series of reveries and melancholy ideas of which a hundred other -poets have believed themselves the discoverers. Beattie proposed to -continue his poem; he did, in fact, write the second canto: Edwin one -evening hears a grave voice ascend from the bottom of the valley; it -is the voice of a solitary who, after tasting the illusions of the -world, has buried himself in that retreat, there to collect his soul -and to sing the marvels of the Creator. This hermit instructs the young -minstrel and reveals to him the secret of his genius. Beattie was -destined to shed tears; the death of his son broke his paternal heart: -like Ossian, after the loss of his son Oscar, he hung his harp on the -branches of an oak. Perhaps Beattie's son was the young minstrel whom a -father had sung and whose footsteps he no longer saw on the mountain. - -* - -Lord Byron's verses contain striking imitations of the Minstrel. At the -time of my exile in England, Lord Byron was living at Harrow School, -in a village ten miles from London. He was a child, I was young and -as unknown as he; he had been brought up on the heaths of Scotland, -by the sea-side, as I in the marshes of Brittany, by the sea-side; he -first loved the Bible and Ossian, as I loved them; he sang the memories -of his childhood in Newstead Abbey, as I sang mine in Combourg Castle: - - When I roved a young Highlander o'er the dark heath. - And climb'd thy steep summit, O Morven of snow! - To gaze on the torrent that thunder'd beneath, - Or the mist of the tempest that gather'd below[305]. - -In my wanderings in the neighbourhood of London, when I was so unhappy, -I passed through the village of Harrow a score of times, without -suspecting the genius it contained. I have sat in the churchyard at the -foot of the elm beneath which, in 1807, Lord Byron wrote these verses, -at the time when I was returning from Palestine: - - Spot of my youth! whose hoary branches sigh, - Swept by the breeze that fans thy cloudless sky; - Where now alone I muse, who oft have trod, - With those I loved, thy soft and verdant sod. - . . . . . . . . - When fate shall chill, at length, this fever'd breast, - And calm its cares and passions into rest, - . . . . . . . . - . . . . here my heart might lie; - Here might I sleep where all my hopes arose, - . . . . . . . . - Mix'd with the earth o'er which my footsteps moved; - . . . . . . . . - Deplored by those in early days allied, - And unremembered by the world beside[306]. - -And I shall say: Hail, ancient elm, at whose foot the child Byron -indulged in the fancies of his age, while I was dreaming of _René_ -beneath thy shade, the same shade beneath which later, in his turn, the -poet came to dream of _Childe Harold!_ Byron asked of the churchyard, -which witnessed the first sports of his life, an unknown grave: a -useless prayer, which fame will not grant. Nevertheless, Byron is no -longer what he has been; I had come across him in all directions living -at Venice: at the end of a few years, in the same town where I had -met with his name on every hand, I found him everywhere eclipsed and -unknown. The echoes of the Lido no longer repeat his name and, if you -ask after him of the Venetians, they no longer know of whom you speak. -Lord Byron is entirely dead for them; they no longer hear the neighing -of his horse: it is the same thing in London, where his memory is -fading. That is what we become. - -If I have passed by Harrow without knowing that the child Byron was -drawing breath there, Englishmen have passed by Combourg without -suspecting that a little vagabond, brought up in those woods, would -leave any trace. Arthur Young[307], the traveller, when passing through -Combourg, wrote: - - "To Combourg [from Pontorson] the country has a savage - aspect; husbandry has not much further advanced, at least in - skill, than among the Hurons, which appears incredible amidst - inclosures; the people almost as wild as their country, and - their town of Combourg one of the most brutal filthy places - that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so - broken as to impede all passengers, but ease none-yet here is - a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriand, - the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such - filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is - a fine lake, surrounded by well-wooded inclosures[308]." - - -That M. de Chateaubriand was my father; the residence which seemed so -hideous to the ill-humoured agriculturist is none the less a fine and -stately home, sombre and grave though it may be. As for me, a feeble -ivy-shoot commencing to climb at the foot of those fierce towers, would -Mr. Young have noticed me, he who was interested only in inspecting our -harvests? - -[Sidenote: Lord Byron.] - -Give me leave to add to the above pages, written in England in 1822, -the following written in 1824 and 1840: they will complete the portion -relating to Lord Byron; this portion will be more particularly -perfected when the reader has perused what I shall have to say of the -great poet on passing to Venice. - -There may perhaps be some interest in the future in remarking the -coincidence of the two leaders of the new French and English schools -having a common fund of nearly parallel ideas and destinies, if not of -morals: one a peer of England, the other a peer of France; both Eastern -travellers, not infrequently near each other, yet never seeing one -another: only, the life of the English poet has been connected with -events less great than mine. - -Lord Byron visited the ruins of Greece after me: in _Childe Harold_ -he seems to embellish with his own pigments the descriptions in the -_Itinéraire._ At the commencement of my pilgrimage I gave the Sire de -Joinville's farewell to his castle: Byron bids a similar farewell to -his Gothic home. - -In the _Martyrs_, Eudore sets out from Messenia to go to Rome: - - "Our voyage was long," he says; "... we saw all those - promontories marked by temples or tombstones.... My young - companions had heard speak of nought save the metamorphoses - of Jupiter, and they understood nothing of the remains they - saw before them; I myself had already sat, with the prophet, - on the ruins of devastated cities, and Babylon taught me to - know Corinth[309]." - - -The English poet is like the French prose-writer, following the letter -of Sulpicius to Cicero[310]: a coincidence so perfect is a singularly -proud one for me, because I anticipated the immortal singer on the -shore where we gathered the same memories and celebrated the same ruins. - -I have again the honour of being connected with Lord Byron in our -descriptions of Rome: the _Martyrs_ and my _Lettre sur la campagne -romaine_ possess, for me, the inestimable advantage of having divined -the aspirations of a fine genius. - -The early translators, commentators and admirers of Lord Byron were -careful not to point out that some pages of my works might have -lingered for a moment in the memory of the painter of _Childe Harold_; -they would have thought that they were depreciating his genius. Now -that the enthusiasm has grown a little calmer this honour is not so -consistently refused to me. Our immortal song-writer[311], in the last -volume of his Chansons, says: - - "In one of the foregoing stanzas I speak of the 'lyres' which - France owes to M. de Chateaubriand. I do not fear that that - verse will be contradicted by the new poetic school, which, - born beneath the eagle's wings, has often and rightly prided - itself on that origin. The influence of the author of the - _Génie du Christianisme_ has also made itself felt abroad, - and it would perhaps be just to recognise that the singer of - _Childe Harold_ belongs to the family of _René._" - -In an excellent article on Lord Byron, M. Villemain[312] re-echoes M. -de Béranger's remark: - - "Some incomparable pages in _René_" he says, "had, it is - true, exhausted that poetic character. I do not know whether - Byron imitated them or revived them with his genius." - -[Sidenote: Literary affinity.] - -What I have just said as to the affinity of imagination and destiny -between the chronicles of _René_ and the singer of _Childe Harold_ -does not detract in the smallest degree from the fame of the immortal -bard. What harm can my pedestrian and luteless muse do to the muse of -the Dee[313], furnished with a lyre and wings? Lord Byron will live -whether, a child of his century like myself, he gave utterance, like -myself and like Goethe before us, to its passion and misfortune, or -whether my circumnavigation and the lantern of my Gallic bark showed -the vessel of Albion the track across unexplored waters. - -Besides, two minds of an analogous nature may easily have similar -conceptions without being reproached with slavishly following the same -road. It is permitted to take advantage of ideas and images expressed -in a foreign language, in order with them to enrich one's own: that has -occurred in all ages and at all times. I recognise without hesitation -that, in my early youth, Ossian[314], _Werther_[315], the _Rêveries du -promeneur solitaire_[316] and the _Études de la nature_[317] may have -allied themselves to my ideas; but I have hidden or dissimulated none -of the pleasure caused me by works in which I delighted. - -If it were true that _René_ entered to some extent into the groundwork -of the one person represented under different names in _Childe-Harold, -Conrad, Lara, Manfred_, the _Giaour_; if, by chance, Lord Byron had -made me live in his own life, would he then have had the weakness never -to mention me[318]? Was I then one of those fathers whom men deny -when they have attained to power? Can Lord Byron have been completely -ignorant of me when he quotes almost all the French authors who are his -contemporaries? Did he never hear speak of me, when the English papers, -like the French papers, have resounded a score of times in his hearing -with controversies on my works, when the _New Times_ drew a parallel -between the author of the _Génie du Christianisme_ and the author of -_Childe-Harold?_ - -No intelligence, however favoured it be, but has its susceptibilities, -its distrusts: one wishes to keep the sceptre, fears to share it, -resents comparisons. In the same way, another superior talent has -avoided the mention of my name in a work on Literature[319]. Thank God, -rating myself at my just value, I have never aimed at empire; since -I believe in nothing except the religious truth, of which liberty is -a form, I have no more faith in myself than in any other thing here -below. But I have never felt a need to be silent, where I have admired; -that is why I proclaim my enthusiasm for Madame de Staël and Lord -Byron. What is sweeter than admiration? It is love in Heaven, affection -raised to a cult; we feel ourselves thrilled with gratitude for the -divinity which extends the bases of our faculties, opens out new views -to our souls, gives us a happiness so great and so pure, with no -admixture of fear or envy. - -For the rest, the little cavil which I have raised in these Memoirs -against the greatest poet whom England has possessed since Milton -proves only one thing: the high value which I would have attached to -the recollection of his muse. - -[Sidenote: The real Byron.] - -Lord Byron started a deplorable school: I presume he has been as much -distressed at the Childe-Harolds to whom he gave birth as I am at the -Renés who rave around me. - -The life of Lord Byron is the object of much investigation and calumny: -young men have taken magic words seriously; women have felt disposed -to allow themselves affrightedly to be seduced by that "monster," to -console that solitary and unhappy Satan. Who knows? He had perhaps -not found the woman he sought, a woman fair enough, a heart as big as -his own. Byron, according to the phantasmagorial opinion, is the old -serpent of seduction and corruption, because he sees the corruption -of the human race; he is a fatal and suffering genius, placed between -the mysteries of matter and mind, who is unable to solve the enigma of -the universe, who looks upon life as a frightful and causeless irony, -as a perverse smile of evil; he is the son of despair, who despises -and denies, who, bearing an incurable wound within himself, seeks his -revenge by leading through voluptuousness to sorrow all who approach -him; he is a man who has not passed through the age of innocence, who -has never had the advantage of being rejected and cursed by God: a -man who, issuing reprobate from nature's womb, is the damned soul of -nihility. - -This is the Byron of heated imaginations: it is by no means, to my -mind, the Byron of truth. Two different men are united in Lord Byron, -as in the majority of men: the man of _nature_ and the man of _system._ -The poet, perceiving the part which the public made him play, accepted -it and began to curse the world which at first he had only viewed -dreamily: this progress can be traced in the chronological order of his -works. His _genius_, far from having the extent attributed to it, is -fairly reserved; his poetic thought is no more than a moan, a plaint, -an imprecation; in that quality it is admirable: one must not ask the -lyre what it thinks, but what it sings. His _mind_ is sarcastic and -diversified, but of an exciting nature and a baneful influence: the -writer had read Voltaire to good purpose, and imitates him. - -Gifted with every advantage, Lord Byron had little with which to -reproach his birth; the very accident which made him unhappy and which -allied his superiority to the infirmity of mankind ought not to have -vexed him, since it did not prevent him from being loved. The immortal -singer knew from his own case the truth of Zeno's maxim: "The voice is -the flower of beauty." - -A deplorable thing is the rapidity with which, nowadays, reputations -pass away. At the end of a few years-what am I saying?--of a few -months, the infatuation disappears and disparagement follows upon -it. Already Lord Byron's glory is seen to pale; his genius is better -understood by ourselves; he will have altars longer in France than -in England. Since _Childe-Harold_ excels mainly in the depicting -of sentiments peculiar to the individual, the English, who prefer -sentiments common to all, will end by disowning the poet whose cry is -so deep and so sad. Let them look to it: if they shatter the image of -the man who has brought them to life again, what will they have left? - -* - -When, during my sojourn in London, in 1822, I wrote my opinion of -Lord Byron, he had no more than two years to live upon earth: he died -in 1824, at the moment when disenchantment and disgust were about to -commence for him. I preceded him in life; he preceded me in death; he -was called before his turn: my number was higher than his, and yet -his was drawn first. Childe-Harold should have remained; the world -could lose me without noticing my disappearance. On continuing my road -through life, I met Madame Guiccioli[320] in Rome, Lady Byron[321] in -Paris. Frailty and virtue thus appeared to me: the former had perhaps -too many realities, the latter too few dreams. - -* - -Now, after having talked to you of the English writers, at the period -when England served me as an asylum, it but remains for me to tell you -of England herself at that period, of her appearance, her sites, her -country-seats, her private and political manners. - -The whole of England may be seen in the space of four leagues, from -Richmond, above London, down to Greenwich and below. - -Below London lies industrial and commercial England, with her docks, -her warehouses, her custom-houses, her arsenals, her breweries, her -factories, her foundries, her ships; the latter, at each high tide, -ascend the Thames in three divisions: first, the smallest; then, the -middle-sized; lastly, the great vessels which graze with their sails -the columns of the Old Sailors' Hospital and the windows of the tavern -where the visitors dine. - -Above London lies agricultural and pastoral England, with her -meadows, her flocks and herds, her country-houses, her parks, whose -shrubs and lawns are bathed twice a day by the rising waters of the -Thames. Between these two opposite points, Richmond and Greenwich, -London blends all the characteristics of this two-fold England: the -aristocracy in the West End, the democracy in the East; the Tower of -London and Westminster Abbey are landmarks between which is laid the -whole history of Great Britain. - -[Sidenote: Richmond.] - -I passed a portion of the summer of 1799 at Richmond with Christian -de Lamoignon, occupying myself with the _Génie du Christianisme._ I -went on the Thames in a rowing-boat, or walked in Richmond Park. I -could have wished that Richmond by London had been the Richmond of -the treaty _Honor Richemundiæ_, for then I should have found myself -in my own country, and for this reason: William the Bastard made a -grant to Alan[322] Duke of Brittany, his son-in-law, of 442 English -feudal estates, which since formed the County of Richmond[323]: the -Dukes of Brittany, Alan's successors, enfeoffed these domains to Breton -knights, cadets of the families of Rohan, Tinténiac, Chateaubriand, -Goyon, Montboucher. But, in spite of my inclinations, I must look in -Yorkshire for the County of Richmond, raised to a duchy by Charles -II.[324] in favour of a bastard[325]: the Richmond on the Thames is -the Old Sheen of Edward III. There, in 1377, died Edward III., that -famous King robbed by his mistress, Alice Perrers[326], who was not -the same as the Alice or Catharine of Salisbury of the early days of -the life of the victor of Crecy: you should only love at the age when -you can be loved. Henry VIII. and Elizabeth also died at Richmond: -where does one not die? Henry VIII. took pleasure in this residence. -The English historians are greatly embarrassed by that abominable man: -on the one hand, they are unable to conceal the tyranny and servitude -to which the Parliament was subjected; on the other hand, if they too -heartily anathematized the Head of the Reformation, they would condemn -themselves in condemning him: - - Plus l'oppresseur est vil, plus l'esclave est infâme[327]. - -In Richmond Park is shown the mound which served Henry VIII. as an -observatory from which to spy for the news of the execution of Anne -Boleyn[328]. Henry leapt for joy when the signal shot up from the Tower -of London. What delight! The steel had cut through the slender neck, -and covered with blood the beautiful tresses to which the poet-King had -fastened his fatal kisses. - -In the deserted park at Richmond I awaited no murderous signal, I would -not even have wished the slightest harm to any who might have betrayed -me. I strolled among the peaceful deer: accustomed to run before a -pack of hounds, they stopped when they were tired; they were carried -back, very gay and quite amused with this game, in a cart filled with -straw. I went at Kew to see the kangaroos, ridiculous animals, the -exact opposite to the giraffe: these innocent four-footed grass hoppers -peopled Australia better than the old Duke of Queensberry's[329] -prostitutes peopled the lanes of Richmond. The Thames bathed the -lawn of a cottage half-hidden beneath a cedar of Lebanon and amidst -weeping-willows: a newly married couple had come to spend the honeymoon -in that paradise. - -One evening, as I was strolling over the swards of Twickenham, Peltier -appeared, holding his handkerchief to his mouth: - -"What an everlasting deuce of a fog!" he cried, so soon as he was -within earshot. "How the devil can you remain here? I have made out my -list: Stowe, Blenheim, Hampton Court, Oxford; with your dreamy ways, -you might live with John Bull _in vitam æternam_ and not see a thing!" - -[Sidenote: A journey with Peltier.] - -I asked in vain to be excused, I had to go. In the carriage, Peltier -enumerated his hopes to me; he had relays of them; no sooner had -one croaked beneath him than he straddled another, and on he would -go, a leg on either side, to his journey's end. One of his hopes, -the robustest, eventually led him to Bonaparte, whom he took by the -coat-collar: Napoleon had the simplicity to hit back[330]. Peltier -took Sir James Mackintosh[331] as his second; he was condemned by the -courts, and made a new fortune (which he incontinently ran through) by -selling the documents relating to his trial. - -Blenheim[332] was distasteful to me; I suffered so much the more from -an ancient reverse of my country in that I had had to endure the -insult of a recent affront: a boat going up the Thames caught sight -of me on the bank; seeing a Frenchman, the oarsmen gave cheers; the -news had just been received of the naval battle of Aboukir: these -successes of the foreigner, which might open the gates of France to me, -were hateful to me. Nelson[333], whom I had often met in Hyde Park, -wrapped his victories in Lady Hamilton's[334] shawl at Naples, while -the _lazzaroni_ played at ball with human heads. The admiral died -gloriously at Trafalgar[335], and his mistress wretchedly at Calais, -after losing beauty, youth and fortune. And I, taunted on the Thames -with the victory of Aboukir, have seen the palm-trees of Libya edging -the calm and deserted sea which was reddened with the blood of my -fellow-countrymen. - -Stowe Park[336] is famous for its ornamental buildings: I prefer its -shades. The cicerone of the place showed us, in a gloomy ravine, the -copy of a temple of which I was to admire the original in the dazzling -valley of the Cephisus. Beautiful pictures of the Italian school pined -in the darkness of some uninhabited rooms, whose shutters were kept -closed: poor Raphael, imprisoned in a castle of the ancient Britons, -far from the skies of the Farnesina[337]! - -At Hampton Court was preserved the collection of portraits of the -mistresses of Charles II.: you see how that Prince took things on -emerging from a revolution which cut off his father's head, and which -was to drive out his House. - -At Slough we saw Herschel[338], with his learned sister[339] and his -great forty-foot telescope; he was looking for new planets: this made -Peltier laugh, who kept to the seven old ones. - -We stopped for two days at Oxford. I took pleasure in this republic of -Alfred the Great[340]; it represented the privileged liberties and the -manners of the literary institutions of the Middle Ages. We hurried -through the twenty colleges, the libraries, the pictures, the museum, -the botanic garden. I turned over with extreme pleasure, among the -manuscripts of Worcester College, a life of the Black Prince, written -in French verse by the Prince's herald-at-arms. - -Oxford, without resembling them, recalled to my memory the modest -Colleges of Dol, Rennes and Dinan. I had translated Gray's[341] _Elegy -written in a Country Church-yard_: - - The curfew tolls the knell of parting day[342], - -which is imitated from Dante's - - Squilla di lontano - Che paja'l giorno pianger che si musre[343]. - - -[Sidenote: Oxford.] - -Peltier had hastened to trumpet my translation in his paper. At sight -of Oxford I remembered the same poet's _Ode on a distant Prospect of -Eton College_: - - Ah, happy hills! ah, pleasing shade! - Ah, fields beloved in vain! - Where once my careless childhood strayed, - A stranger yet to pain! - - I feel the gales that from ye blow, - . . . . . . - My weary soul they seem to soothe, - And redolent of joy and youth, - To breathe a second spring. - - Say, Father Thames,... - . . . . . . - What idle progeny succeed - To chase the rolling circle's speed - Or urge the flying ball? - - Alas! regardless of their doom - The little victims play! - No sense have they of ills to come, - Nor care beyond to-day[344]. - -Who has not experienced the feelings and regrets here expressed with -all the sweetness of the muse? Who has not softened at the recollection -of the games, the studies, the loves of his early years? But can they -be revived? The pleasures of youth reproduced by the memory are ruins -seen by torchlight. - -* - -Separated from the Continent by a long war, the English at the end -of the last century preserved their national manners and character. -There was still but one people, in whose name the sovereign power was -wielded by an aristocratic government; only two great friendly classes -existed, bound by a common interest: the patrons and the dependents. -That jealous class called the bourgeoisie in France, which is beginning -to arise in England, was then not known: nothing came between the rich -land-owners and the men occupied with their trades. Everything had not -yet become machinery in the manufacturing professions, folly in the -privileged classes. Along the same pavements where one now sees dirty -faces and men in surtouts, passed little girls in white cloaks, with -straw-hats fastened under the chin with a ribbon, a basket on their -arm, containing fruit or a book; all kept their eyes lowered, all -blushed when one looked at them: - -"Britain," says Shakespeare, is "in a great pool, a swan's nest[345]." - -Surtouts without coats beneath were so little worn in London in 1793 -that a woman who was weeping bitterly over the death of Louis XVI. said -to me: - -"But, my dear sir, is it true that the poor King was dressed in a -surtout when they cut off his head?" - -The "gentlemen farmers" had not yet sold their patrimony in order to -come and live in London; in the House of Commons they still formed the -independent fraction which, acting in opposition to the Ministry, kept -up ideas of liberty, order and property. They hunted the fox or shot -pheasants in autumn, ate fat geese at Christmas, shouted "Hurrah" for -roast beef, grumbled at the present, praised the past, cursed Pitt and -the war, which sent up the price of port, and went to bed drunk to -begin the same life over again next day. They were firmly convinced -that the glory of Great Britain would never fade so long as they sang -_God save the King_, maintained the rotten boroughs, kept the game laws -in vigour, and sent hares and partridges to market by stealth under the -name of "lions" and "ostriches." - -The Anglican clergy was learned, hospitable, and generous; it had -received the French clergy with true Christian charity. The University -of Oxford printed at its own cost and distributed gratis among the -curés a New Testament, according to the Latin Vulgate, with the -imprint, "_In usum cleri Gallicani in Anglia exulantis._" As to the -life of the English upper classes, I, a poor exile, saw nothing of -it but the outside. On the occasion of receptions at Court or at the -Princess of Wales's[346], ladies went by seated sideways in Sedan -chairs; their great hoop-petticoats protruded through the door of the -chair like altar-hangings. They themselves, on those altars of their -waists, resembled madonnas or pagodas. Those fine ladies were the -daughters whose mothers the Duc de Guiche and the Duc de Lauzun had -adored; those daughters are, in 1822, the mothers and grandmothers of -the little girls who now come to my house to dance in short frocks to -the sound of Collinet's clarinet, swift generations of flowers. - -[Illustration: William Pitt.] - -[Sidenote: English statesmen.] - -The England of 1688 was, at the end of the last century, at the apogee -of its glory. As a poor emigrant in London, from 1793 to 1800, I heard -Pitt, Fox[347], Sheridan[348], Wilberforce[349], Grenville[350], -Whitbread[351], Lauderdale[352], Erskine[353]; as a magnificent -ambassador in London to-day, in 1822, I could not say how far I am -impressed when, instead of the great orators whom I used to admire, I -see those get up who were their seconds at the time of my first visit, -the pupils in the place of the masters. General ideas have penetrated -into that particular society. But the enlightened aristocracy placed at -the head of this country since one hundred and forty years will have -shown to the world one of the finest and greatest societies that have -done honour to mankind since the Roman patricians. Perhaps some old -family, seated in the depths of its county, will recognise the society -which I have depicted and regret the time whose loss I here deplore. - -In 1792[354] Mr. Burke parted from Mr. Fox. The question at issue was -the French Revolution, which Mr. Burke attacked and Mr. Fox defended. -Never had the two orators, who till then had been friends, displayed -such eloquence. The whole House was moved, and Mr. Fox's eyes were -filled with tears when Mr. Burke concluded his speech with these words: - - "The right honourable gentleman in the speech he has just - made has treated me in every sentence with uncommon harshness - ... by declaring a censure upon my whole life, conduct, and - opinions. Notwithstanding this great and serious, though - on my part unmerited, attack.... I shall not be dismayed; - I am not yet afraid to state my sentiments in this House - or anywhere else.... I will tell all the world that the - Constitution is in danger.... It certainly is indiscretion - at any period, but especially at my time of life, to provoke - enemies, or to give my friends occasion to desert me; yet - if my firm and steady adherence to the British Constitution - places me in such a dilemma, I will risk all; and as public - duty and public prudence teach me, with my last words - exclaim, 'Fly from the French Constitution!'" - -Mr. Fox having said that there was "no loss of friends," Mr. Burke -exclaimed: - - "Yes, there is a loss of friends! I know the price of my - conduct; I have done my duty at the price of my friend; our - friendship is at an end.... I warn the two right honourable - gentlemen who are the great rivals in this House, that - whether they hereafter move in the political atmosphere as - two flaming meteors, or walk together like brethren hand in - hand, to preserve and cherish the British Constitution, to - guard against innovation, and to save it from the danger of - these new theories[355]." - -A memorable time in the world's history! - -[Illustration: Edmund Burke.] - -Mr. Burke, whom I knew towards the close of his life, crushed by the -death of his only son, had founded a school for the benefit of the -children of the poor Emigrants. I went to see what he called his -"nursery." He was amused at the vivacity of the foreign race which was -growing up under his paternal genius. Looking at the careless little -exiles hopping, he said to me: - -"Our boys could not do that." - -And his eyes filled with tears. He thought of his son who had set out -for a longer exile. - -[Sidenote: William Pitt.] - -Pitt, Fox, and Burke are no more, and the British Constitution has -undergone the influence of the "new theories." One must have witnessed -the gravity of the parliamentary debates of that time, one must have -heard those orators whose prophetic voices seemed to announce a coming -revolution, to form an idea of the scene which I am recalling. Liberty, -confined within the limits of order, seemed to struggle, at Westminster -under the influence of anarchical liberty, which spoke from the still -blood-stained rostrum of the Convention. - -Mr. Pitt was tall and thin, and wore a sad and mocking look. -His utterance was cold, his intonation monotonous, his gestures -imperceptible; nevertheless, the lucidity and fluency of his thought, -the logic of his arguments, suddenly lighted with flashes of eloquence, -raised his talent to something out of the common. I used often to see -Mr. Pitt, when he went from his house on foot across St. James's Park, -to wait upon the King. George III.[356], on his side, arrived from -Windsor after drinking beer out of a pewter pot with the neighbouring -farmers; he drove through the ugly court-yards of his ugly palace in -a dowdy carriage followed by a few Horse-guards. That was the master -of the Kings of Europe, as five or six City merchants are the masters -of India. Mr. Pitt, in a black coat, a steel-hilted sword at his side, -his hat under his arm, climbed the stairs, taking two or three steps at -a time. On his way he found only three or four unemployed Emigrants: -casting a scornful look in their direction, he went on, with his nose -in the air, and his pale face. - -The great financier maintained no order in his own affairs, had no -regular hours for his meals or his sleep. Over head and ears in debt, -he paid nobody, and could not bring himself to add up a bill. A footman -kept house for him. Badly dressed, with no pleasures, no passions, -greedy only for power, he scorned honours, and refused to be more than -plain William Pitt. - -Lord Liverpool, in the month of June last, 1822, took me to dine at -his country-place: when we were crossing Putney Heath, he showed me -the little house in which died, a poor man, the son of Lord Chatham, -the statesman who had taken Europe into his pay and with his own hand -distributed all the millions in the world[357]. - -George III. survived Mr. Pitt, but he had lost his reason and his -sight. Every session, at the opening of Parliament, the ministers read -to the silent and moved Houses the bulletin of the King's health. One -day I had gone to visit Windsor: a few shillings persuaded an obliging -door-keeper to hide me so that I might see the King. The monarch, -white-haired and blind, appeared, wandering like King Lear through his -palace and groping with his hands along the walls of the apartments. -He sat down to a piano, of which he knew the position, and played some -portions of a sonata by Handel[358]: a fine ending for Old England! - - -I began to turn my eyes towards my native land. A great revolution had -been operated. Bonaparte had become First Consul and was restoring -order by means of despotism; many exiles were returning; the upper -Emigration, especially, hastened to go and collect the remnants of its -fortune: loyalty was dying at the head, while its heart still beat in -the breasts of a few half-naked country-gentlemen. Mrs. Lindsay had -left; she wrote to Messrs, de Lamoignon to return; she also invited -Madame d'Aguesseau[359], sister of Messrs, de Lamoignon, to cross the -Channel. Fontaines wrote to me to finish the printing of the _Génie -du Christianisme_ in Paris. While remembering my country, I felt no -desire to see it again; gods more powerful than the paternal lares -kept me back; I had neither goods nor refuge in France; my motherland -had become to me a bosom of stone, a breast without milk: I should not -find my mother there, nor my brother, nor my sister Julie. Lucile still -lived, but she had married M. de Caud and no longer bore my name; my -young "widow" knew me only through a union of a few months, through -misfortune and through an absence of eight years. - -[Illustration: George III.] - -Had I been left to myself, I do not know that I should have had -the strength to leave; but I saw my little circle dissolving; Madame -d'Aguesseau proposed to take me to Paris: I let myself go. The -Prussian Minister procured me a passport in the name of La Sagne, an -inhabitant of Neuchâtel. Messrs. Dulau stopped the printing of the -_Génie du Christianisme_, and gave me the sheets that had been set up. -I separated the sketches of _Atala_ and _René_ from the _Natchez_; the -remainder of the manuscript I locked into a trunk, of which I entrusted -the deposit to my hosts in London, and I set out for Dover with Madame -d'Aguesseau: Mrs. Lindsay was awaiting us at Calais. - -[Sidenote: I return to France.] - -It was thus that I quitted England in 1800; my heart was differently -occupied from the manner in which it is at the time of writing, in -1822. I brought back from the land of exile only dreams and regrets; -to-day my head is filled with scenes of ambition, of politics, of -grandeurs and Courts, so ill suited to my nature. How many events are -heaped up in my present existence! Pass, men, pass; my turn will come. -I have unrolled only one-third of my days before your eyes; if the -sufferings which I have borne have weighed upon my vernal serenity, -now, entering upon a more fruitful age, the germ of _René_ is about -to develop, and bitterness of another kind will be blended with my -narrative! What shall I not have to tell in speaking of my country; -of her revolutions, of which I have already shown the fore-ground; -of the Empire and of the gigantic man whom I have seen fall; of the -Restoration in which I played so great a part, that Restoration -glorious to-day, in 1822, although nevertheless I am able to see it -only through I know not what ill-omened mist? - -I end this book, which touches the spring of 1800. Arriving at the -close of my first career, I see opening before me the writer's career; -from a private individual I am about to become a public man; I leave -the virginal and silent retreat of solitude to enter the dusty and -noisy cross-roads of the world; broad day is about to light up my -dreamy life, light to penetrate my kingdom of shadows. I cast a melting -glance upon those books which contain my unremembered hours; I seem to -be bidding a last farewell to the paternal house; I take leave of the -thoughts and illusions of my youth as of sisters, of loving women, whom -I leave by the family hearth and whom I shall see no more. - -We took four hours to cross from Dover to Calais. I stole into my -country under the shelter of a foreign name: doubly hidden beneath the -obscurity of the Swiss La Sagne and my own, I entered France with the -century[360]. - - - -[247] This book was written in London between April and September 1822, -and revised in February 1845.--T. - -[248] Cat. LXV. 9-11.--T. - -[249] M. A. Dulau was a Frenchman, and had been a Benedictine at Sorèze -College. He emigrated and opened a shop in Wardour Street, London.--B. - -[250] OV., _Fasti_, VI. 772.--T. - -[251] Charlotte Suzanne Marie de Bedée (1762-1849), whom Chateaubriand -called Caroline, survived him, and died at Dinan on the 28th of April -1849.--B. - -[252] Marie Anne Cuppi (1710-1770), known as the Camargo, and a famous -dancer, was born in Brussels of a reputed noble Spanish family. She -made her first appearance at the Opera in Pans in 1734, and continued -to dance there until 1751, when she retired from her profession. -Voltaire addressed a piece of verse to her.--T. - -[253] David Hume (1711-1776). His History of England, published from -1754 to 1761, goes down to 1688, whence it is continued by Smollett.--T. - -[254] Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771). That portion of his complete -_History of England_ which embraces the period from the Revolution to -the death of George II. is generally treated as carrying on Hume's -History, and is printed as a continuation of that work.--T. - -[255] Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), author of the _Decline and Fall of the -Roman Empire._--T. - -[256] William Robertson (1721-1793), a "moderate" historian, author -of a History of Scotland, a History of Charles V., and a History of -America.--T. - -[257] John Dryden (1631-1700), Poet-Laureate.--T. - -[258] Alexander Pope (1688-1744). His house at Twickenham stood on -the site of the modern Pope's Villa, now the property of Mr. Henry -Labouchere, M.P. The willow became rotten and was cut down.--T. - -[259] The Rev. Hugh Blair ( 1718-1800), Professor of Rhetoric at -Edinburgh University, and author of the _Lectures on Rhetoric_ and a -collection of famous Sermons.--T. - -[260] Dr. Samuel Johnson ( 1709-1783), author of the Dictionary and the -_Lives of the English Poets._--T. - -[261] Addison and Steele's _Spectator_ ran for nearly two years, from -January 1711 to December 1712.--T. - -[262] Edmund Burke (1729-1797), the great statesman. His _Reflections -on the Revolution in France_ appeared in 1790.--T. - -[263] François Duc de Montmorency (_circa_ 1530-1579) was Ambassador to -England in 1572, when Shakespeare was still a child.--T. - -[264] Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron (_circa_ 1562-1602), was -Ambassador from Henry IV. to Elizabeth at the close of the sixteenth -century. He was beheaded, 31 July 1602, at the Bastille, for conspiring -against the King.--T. - -[265] Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de Sully (1560-1641), Henry IV.'s -great minister.--T. - -[266] Elizabeth, Queen of England (1533-1603), reigned from 1558 to -1603, and the plays produced by Shakespeare during her reign include -_Love's Labours Lost_, the _Comedy of Errors_, _King Henry VI._, the -_Two Gentlemen of Verona_, the _Midsummer Alight's Dream_, the _Life -and Death of King Richard III._, _Romeo and Juliet_, the _Life and -Death of King Richard II._, _King John_, the _Merchant of Venice_, -_King Henry IV._, _King Henry V._, the _Taming of the Shrew_, the -_Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It, -Twelfth Night, or, What You Will, Julius Cæsar, All's Well that Ends -Well_, and _Hamlet Prince of Denmark._--T. - -[267] James I. King of England and VI. of Scotland (1566-1625). In -his reign were produced _Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, -Othello, the Moor of Venice, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, -Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles Prince of Tyre, Cymbeline_, the -_Tempest_, the _Winters Tale_, and _King Henry VIII._--T. - -[268] Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) flourished exactly three centuries -before Shakespeare.--T. - -[269] Bulstrode Whitelock (1605-1675), a prominent member of the Long -Parliament, and author of the _Memorials of the English Affairs_, -in which mention is made of the fact that the Swedish Ambassador -complains, in 1656, of the delay caused in the translation of certain -articles into Latin through their being entrusted to a blind man.--T. - -[270] Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), known as Molière, played the -principal part in his own comedies. _Monsieur de Pourceaugnac_, one of -the most farcical of these, was produced in 1669.--T. - -[271] JOB. XIII. 15.--T. - -[272] _An Epitaph on the admirable Dramatic Poet William Shakespeare_, -1-2.--T. - -[273] Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1474-1563) left a number of slight -poems in addition to his vast works of sculpture, painting, and -architecture.--T. - -[274] Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) lost the use of his right leg when -eighteen months old.--T. - -[275] _Sonnets_, XXXVII. 3.--T. - -[276] _Sonnets_, LXXI, I, 5-12.--T. - -[277] Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), the voluminous author of _Pamela, -Clarissa Harlowe_, and the _History of Sir Charles Grandison. Clarissa -Harlowe_ was published in 1748.--T. - -[278] Henry Fielding (1707-1754), author of _Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones_ -(1749), etc.--T. - -[279] Laurence Sterne (1713-1768), author of _Tristram Shandy_ -(1759-1767), etc.--T. - -[280] Goldsmith's _Vicar of Wakefield_ had appeared in 1766.--T. - -[281] Godwin's _Caleb Williams_ was published in 1794.--T. - -[282] Matthew Gregory Lewis (1773-1818), familiarly known as Monk Lewis -from the _Monk_, his principal novel, published in 1795.--T. - -[283] Mrs. Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823), _née_ Ward, author of the -_Mysteries of Udolpho_ (1794)--T. - -[284] Mrs. Anna Lætitia Barbauld (1743-1825), _née_ Aiken, author of -_Evenings at Horne_, etc.--T. - -[285] Maria Edgeworth (1766-1849), author of _Moral Tales, Castle -Rackrent, Tales of Fashionable Life_, etc., etc.--T. - -[286] Madame Fanny d'Arblay (1752-1840), _née_ Burney, author of -_Evelina_ (1778), _Cecilia_, and an interesting Diary and Letters.--T. - -[287] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. IX.: _Of Vanitie._--T. - -[288] Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) published his tragedy of -_Goetz von Berlichingen_ in 1773; Sir Walter Scott's translation -appeared in 1799.--T. - -[289] William Cowper (1731-1800), author of the _Task._--T. - -[290] Robert Burns (1759-1796), the Ayrshire ploughman-poet.--T. - -[291] Thomas Moore (1779-1852), the popular Irish poet, had published -his translation of Anacreon at the time of which Chateaubriand writes. -His Irish Melodies began to appear in 1807, and _Lalla Rookh_ was -published in 1817.--T. - -[292] Thomas Campbell (1777-1844) had published his _Pleasures of Hope_ -in 1799.--T. - -[293] Samuel Rogers (1763-1855), the banker-poet, was known at this -time by the _Pleasures of Memory_, published in 1792.--T. - -[294] George Crabbe (1754-1832) had published the _Library_ and the -_Village._--T. - -[295] William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Poet-Laureate (1843). The Lyrical -Ballads, composed with Coleridge, whom Chateaubriand omits to mention, -were published in 1798.--T. - -[296] Robert Southey (1774-1843), Poet-Laureate (1813). _Wat Tyler_ -and _Joan of Arc_ both appeared before the close of the eighteenth -century.--T. - -[297] James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) had not begun to write at this -time.--T. - -[298] James Sheridan Knowles (1784-1862), author of the _Hunchback_ and -other once much admired plays.--T. - -[299] Henry Richard Vassall Fox, third Lord Holland (1773-1840), Lord -Privy Seal in the ministry of his nephew Charles James Fox (1806), and -author of some translations from the Spanish poets.--T. - -[300] Canning was the author of a number of satirical poems, many of -which appeared in the _Anti-Jacobin._--T. - -[301] John Wilson Croker (1780-1857), Secretary to the Admiralty from -1809 to 1829, and one of the founders of the _Quarterly Review_ (1809) -and of the Athenæum Club (1824). He published occasional poems on -British victories, such as Trafalgar and Talavera.--T. - -[302] William Mason (1724-1797), a minor poet, author of the _English -Garden_ and of two tragedies, _Elfrida_ and _Caractacus._--T. - -[303] Dr. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), grandfather of Charles Darwin, -and author of the _Botanic Garden_ and the _Zoonomia, or the Laws of -Organic Life._--T. - -[304] James Beattie (1735-1803). The _Minstrel_ appeared in 1774 to -1777.--T. - -[305] _Hours of Idleness_, "When I roved a young Highlander," 1-4.--T. - -[306] _Hours of Idleness_, "Lines written beneath the Elm in the -Churchyard of Harrow," 1-4, 17-18, 24-25, 30, 33-34--T. - -[307] Arthur Young (1741-1820), a famous writer on agriculture, and -Secretary to the Board of Agriculture on its establishment in 1793.--T. - -[308] Arthur Young, _Travels in France during the Years_ 1787, 1788, -1789. The author passed by Combourg Castle on the 1st of September -1788.--T. - -[309] _Martyrs_, book IV.--T. - -[310] _Ad Familiares_, IV. 5: "In my return out of Asia, as I was -sailing from Ægina towards Megara, I amused myself with contemplating -the circumjacent countries. Behind me lay Ægina, before me Megara; on -my right I saw Piræus, and on my left Corinth. These cities, once so -flourishing and magnificent, now presented nothing to my view but a sad -spectacle of desolation" (MELMOTH's translation).--T. - -[311] Pierre Jean de Béranger (1780-1857), the national French -song-writer. The extract quoted occurs in the notes to Béranger's song, -_À M. de Chateaubriand_ (September 1831), which is quoted in a later -volume.--T. - -[312] Abel François Villemain (1790-1870), perpetual secretary of the -French Academy from 1835, and author of the notice of Lord Byron in the -_Biographie universelle_, from which the above sentences are quoted.--T. - -[313] Byron spent his childhood at Aberdeen.--T. - -[314] MACPHERSON's _Ossian_ was published in 1760.--T. - -[315] GOETHE's _Sorrows of Werther_ appeared in 1774.--T. - -[316] Rousseau's posthumous work, published in 1782.--T. - -[317] By Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1784).--T. - -[318] Chateaubriand cannot have read the _Age of Bronze_: it is true -that this poem was written in 1823, at Genoa, a year later than the -earlier portion of these remarks. In Stanza XVI. of the _Age of Bronze, -or Carmen Seculare et Annus haud Mirabilis_, treating of the Congress -of Verona (1822), occur the following lines: - - There Metternich, power's foremost parasite, - Cajoles; there Wellington forgets to fight; - There Chateaubriand forms new books of martyrs; - And subtle Greeks intrigue for stupid Tartars. - -And Byron appends the following note: - -"Monsieur de Chateaubriand, who has not forgotten the author in the -minister, receives a handsome compliment at Verona from a literary -sovereign: 'Ah! Monsieur C., are you related to that Chateaubriand -who-who-who has written _something?_' (_écrit quelque chose!_). It -is said that the author of _Atala_ repented him for a moment of his -legitimacy."--T. - -[319] _De la Littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec l'état moral -et politique des nations_, by Madame de Staël. As this book appeared in -1800, before _Atala_ and the _Génie du Christianisme_, Madame de Staël -may well be excused for not mentioning Chateaubriand's name in it.--B. - -[320] Teresa Contessa Guiccioli (1799-1873), _née_ Gamba, who became -famous by her _liaison_ with Lord Byron. In 1831, widowed of both her -husband and Lord Byron, she married the Marquis de Boissy, who had been -an attache to Chateaubriand's embassy in Rome. The Countess Guiccioli -published her Recollections of Lord Byron in 1863.--B. - -[321] Anne Isabella Lady Byron (1792-1860), _née_ Milbanke, daughter -of Sir Ralph Milbanke-Noel, and heiress of her mother, Judith Noel, -Viscountess Wentworth. She married Lord Byron on the 2nd of January -1815, and left him in January 1816, soon after the birth of their -daughter Augusta Ada.--T. - -[322] Alan IV. Duke of Brittany (_d._ 1112), known as Alan Rufus, -son-in-law and nephew of William the Conqueror, was created Earl of -Richmond and founded the borough of Richmond or Rich Mount.--T. - -[323] See _Domesday Book.--Author's Note._ - -[324] Charles II. King of England (1630-1685) created the Duchy of -Richmond in favour of... - -[325] Charles Lennox, first Duke of Richmond (peerage of England) and -Lennox (peerage of Scotland) in 1675. He was the illegitimate son -of the King and of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth and -Duchesse d'Aubigny. This last title of Aubigny was re-confirmed to the -fifth duke by King Louis XVIII. in 1816.--T. - -[326] Alice Perrers (d. 1400), married later to William de Windsor, -became Edward III.'s mistress in 1366. She stole the rings from off his -fingers when he was dying.--T. - -[327] LA HARPE, _Le Triomphe de la Religion, ou le Roi martyr_: - - "The viler the oppressor, the more infamous the slave."--T. - - -[328] Queen Anne Boleyn (1507-1536), second wife of Henry VIII., -executed on Tower Hill for adultery.--T. - -[329] William Douglas, fourth Duke of Queensberry, K.T. (1724-1810), -known as "Old Q.," the notorious veteran debauchee.--T. - -[330] Peltier attacked Bonaparte in the _Ambigu_, which he published -in London at the end of 1802. The First Consul, then at peace with -England, asked for his expulsion, or at least his indictment before a -British jury. Peltier was brought before the Court of King's Bench, was -brilliantly defended by Sir James Mackintosh, and was sentenced to pay -a trifling fine (21 February 1803).--B. - -[331] Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832) abandoned medicine for the -law. He received an Indian judgeship in 1804, and in 1811 returned -to England, entering Parliament in 1812. He was the author of some -masterly writings, including the famous _Dissertation on Ethics in the -Encyclopædia Britannica._--T. - -[332] Blenheim was founded in 1704 and bestowed by Parliament on John -Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough, in recognition of his military -and diplomatic services. It was named after the signal victory at -Blenheim over the French and Bavarian troops (2 August 1704).--T. - -[333] Admiral Horatio Viscount Nelson (1758-1805) destroyed the French -fleet in the battle known indifferently as the Battle of Aboukir or the -Nile (1 August 1798). For this he was created Baron Nelson by the King -of England and Duke of Bronte by the King of Naples.--T. - -[334] Emma Lady Hamilton (1763-1815), _née_ Lyon or Hart, the beautiful -mistress of Charles Greville and of his uncle, Sir William Hamilton, -foster-brother to George IV., and Minister at Naples from 1764 to 1800. -Sir William Hamilton married Emma Hart in 1791. Her intimacy with -Nelson began in 1793, and their daughter Horatia was born in 1801.--T. - -[335] 21 October 1805.--T. - -[336] At that time the residence of the Duke of Buckingham and -Chandos.--T. - -[337] The Farnesina Palace, in Rome, where Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) -died.--T. - -[338] Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), the famous astronomer, had -discovered the planet Uranus in 1781.--T. - -[339] Caroline Herschel (1750-1848), Sir William's sister, assisted him -in recording his observations.--T. - -[340] King Alfred (849-901), known as the Great, is said to have -founded the University of Oxford in 872.--T. - -[341] Thomas Gray (1716-1771).--T. - -[342] _Elegy_, I.--T. - -[343] _Purgatorio_, VIII. 5.--B. - -[344] _Ode_, 11-15, 18-21, 28-30, 51-55.--T. - -[345] _Cymbeline_, III. 4.--T. - -[346] Queen Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1768-1821) married the -Prince of Wales, afterwards King George IV., in 1795. The Prince and -Princess of Wales separated by mutual consent in 1796, after the birth -of Princess Charlotte.--T. - -[347] Charles James Fox (1749-1806) entered Parliament for Midhurst in -1768; held office under North, but left him and joined Burke in his -opposition to the American War; was Foreign Secretary in the Rockingham -Ministry; joined North's short-lived Coalition Ministry of 1783; and -during the next fourteen years distinguished himself as the great and -eloquent opponent of Pitt's Government. On Pitt's death, in 1806, he -again came into office as Foreign Secretary, but himself died shortly -after.--T. - -[348] Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan (1751-1816) had produced all his -plays and was owner of Drury Lane Theatre when he entered Parliament -in 1780 under Fox's patronage. In 1782 he became Under Secretary for -Foreign Affairs in Rockingham's Ministry. His two most famous speeches -were those impeaching Warren Hastings in 1787 and supporting the French -Revolution in 1794.--T. - -[349] William Wilberforce (1759-1833), the antagonist of the -slave-trade, entered Parliament as Member for Hull in 1780. He first -introduced his Abolition Bill in 1789; it was passed by the House of -Commons in 1801 and by the House of Lords in 1807.--T. - -[350] William Wyndham, first Lord Grenville (1759-1834), entered -Parliament in 1782. In 1789 he was Speaker of the House of Commons. In -1790 Pitt made him Home Secretary and a peer; in 1791 he was Foreign -Secretary, and Premier from 1806 to 1807.--T. - -[351] Samuel Whitbread (1758-1815) entered Parliament in 1790 as Member -for Bedford, and attached himself to Fox, to the maintenance of peace, -and to the cause of the Princess of Wales. He cut his throat on the 6th -of July 1815.--T. - -[352] James Maitland, eighth Earl of Lauderdale, K.T. (1759-1839), -entered the House of Commons in 1780 for Newport, and supported -Fox. In 1789 he succeeded to the Scottish peerage and was elected -a representative peer in 1790, and in 1806 created a peer of Great -Britain and Ireland. He veered from Whig to Tory over the Queen -Caroline question, and received the Thistle in reward.--T. - -[353] Thomas first Lord Erskine (1750-1823) was Attorney-General to the -Prince of Wales (1783), Chancellor of the Duchy of Cornwall (1802), and -in 1806 became Lord Chancellor and a peer.--T. - -[354] This should be 1791. _Vide note infra._--T. - -[355] 21 April 1791, in the course of an excursion on the French -Revolution during the debate on the Quebec Government Bill.--T. - -[356] George III., King of England (1738-1820). His frequent fits of -insanity began in 1810.--T. - -[357] Pitt died at his house at Putney on the 23rd of January 1806.--T. - -[358] George Frederick Handel (1684-1759), a German musician who -attained and still maintains great vogue in England.--T. - -[359] Marie Catherine Marouise d'Aguesseau (1759-1849), _née_ de -Lamoignon, married to the Marquis d'Aguesseau, who became a senator of -the Empire (1805) and a peer of the Restoration (1814).--B. - -[360] 8 May 1800.--B. - - - - -PART THE SECOND - - -1800-1814 - - - - -BOOK I[361] - - -My stay at Dieppe--Two phases of society--The position of my -Memoirs--The year 1800--Aspect of France--I arrive in Paris--Changes in -society--The year 1801--The _Mercure_--_Atala_--Madame de Beaumont and -her circle--Summer at Savigny--The year 1802--Talma--The year 1803--The -_Génie du Christianisme_--Failure prophesied--Cause of its final -success--Defects in the work. - - -You know that I have often moved from spot to spot while writing -these Memoirs; that I have often described those spots, spoken of the -feelings with which they inspired me, and recalled my memories, thus -mingling the history of my thoughts and of my wandering habitations -with the history of my life. - -You see where I am living now. Walking this morning on the cliffs -behind Dieppe Castle, I saw the postern which communicates with -the cliffs by means of a bridge thrown over a ditch: Madame de -Longueville[362] escaped by that way from Queen Anne of Austria[363]; -embarking secretly at the Havre, she landed at Rotterdam, and joined -the Maréchal de Turenne[364] at Stenay. The great captain's laurels -were no longer innocent, and the fair but caustic outlaw treated the -culprit none too well. - -Madame de Longueville, who had recovered from the Hôtel de Rambouillet, -the Throne of Versailles, and the Municipality of Paris, became smitten -with the author of the _Maximes_[365], and was as faithful to him as -she was able. The latter lives less by his "thoughts" than by the -friendship of Madame de La Fayette[366], Madame de Sévigné, the verses -of La Fontaine, and the love of Madame de Longueville: see whither -illustrious attachments lead. - -The Princesse de Condé[367], when on the point of death, said to Madame -de Brienne[368]: - - "My dear friend, acquaint that poor wretch who is at Stenay - of the state in which you see me, and let her learn how to - die." - -Fine words; but the Princess forgot that she herself had been loved by -Henry IV., and that, when her husband carried her to Brussels, she had -wanted to rejoin the Bearnese, "to escape at night by a window, and -then to do thirty or forty leagues on horse-back;" she was at that time -a "poor wretch" of seventeen. - -Descending the cliff, I found myself on the high-road to Paris; it -ascends swiftly on leaving Dieppe. On the right, on the rising slope -of a bank, stands the wall of a cemetery; by the side of that wall was -fixed the wheel of a rope-walk. Two rope-spinners, walking backwards -in line, and swinging from leg to leg, were softly singing together. I -listened: they had come to that couplet of the _Vieux caporal_, a fine -poetic lie, which has brought us to our present state: - - Qui là-bas sanglote et regarde? - Eh! c'est la veuve du tambour, etc[369]. - -Those men uttered the refrain: - - Conscrits au pas; ne pleurez pas - . . . Marchez au pas, au pas[370], - -in a voice so manly and so pathetic that the tears came to my eyes. -Whilst themselves keeping step and twisting their hemp, they appeared -to be spinning out the old corporal's dying moments: there was -something, I cannot say what, in that glory peculiar to Béranger, thus -lonesomely revealed by two sailors singing a soldier's death within -view of the sea. - -[Sidenote: Dieppe.] - -The cliff reminded me of a monarchical greatness, the road of -a plebeian celebrity: I compared in thought the men at the two -extremities of society, and I asked myself to which of those eras -I should have preferred to belong. When the present shall have -disappeared like the past, which of those two renowns will the most -attract the notice of posterity? - -And yet, if facts were all, if, in history, the value of names did -not counterbalance the value of events, what a difference between my -time and the time which elapsed between the deaths of Henry IV. and -Mazarin[371]! What are the troubles of 1648 compared to that Revolution -which has devoured the old world, of which it, the Revolution, will die -perhaps, leaving behind it neither an old nor a new state of society? -Had not I to paint in my Memoirs pictures of incomparably higher -importance than the scenes related by the Duc de La Rochefoucauld[372]? -At Dieppe itself, what was the careless and voluptuous idol of seduced -and rebellious Paris by the side of Madame la Duchesse de Berry[373]? -The salvoes of artillery which announced to the sea the presence of the -royal widow resound no longer[374]; the flattery of powder and smoke -has left nothing upon the shore save the moaning of the waves. - -The two daughters of Bourbon, Anne Geneviève and Marie Caroline, have -departed; the two sailors singing the song of the plebeian poet will -plunge into the abyss; Dieppe no longer contains myself: it was another -"I," an "I" of my early days, now past, that formerly inhabited these -regions, and that "I" has succumbed, for our days die before ourselves. -Here you have seen me, a sub-lieutenant in the Navarre Regiment, -drilling recruits on the pebbles; you have seen me here again, exiled -under Bonaparte; you shall find me here again when the days of July -surprise me in this place. Behold me here once more; I here resume my -pen to continue my confessions. - -In order that we may understand one another, it is well to cast a -glance at the present state of my Memoirs. - -* - -What happens to every contractor working on a large scale has happened -to me: I have, in the first place, built the outer wings of my -edifice, and then, removing and restoring my scaffoldings in different -positions, I have raised the stone and the mortar for the intermediate -structures: it used to take several centuries to complete a Gothic -cathedral. If Heaven grant me life, the work will be finished by -stages of my various years; the architect, always the same, will have -changed only in age. For the rest, it is a punishment to preserve one's -intellectual being intact, imprisoned in a worn-out material covering. -St Augustine, feeling that his clay was falling from him, said to God, -"Be Thou a tabernacle unto my soul," and to men he said, "When you -shall have known me in this book, pray for me." - -Thirty-six years must be reckoned between the things which commence -my Memoirs and those upon which I am now engaged. How shall I resume -with any spirit the narration of a subject formerly replete for me -with passion and fire, when it is no longer with living beings that I -am about to converse, when it becomes a question of arousing lifeless -effigies from the depths of Eternity, of descending into a funeral -vault there to play at life? Am I not myself almost dead? Have my -opinions not changed? Do I see objects from the same point of view? -Have not the general and prodigious events which have accompanied or -followed the personal events that so greatly perturbed me diminished -their importance in the eyes of the world, as well as in my own eyes? -Whosoever prolongs his career feels his hours grow cold; he no longer -finds on the morrow the interest which he felt on the eve. When I -seek in my thoughts, there are names and even persons that escape my -memory, and yet they may have caused my heart to throb: vanity of man -forgetting and forgotten! It is not enough to say to one's dreams, to -love, "Revive!" for them to come to life again: the realm of shadows -can be opened only with the golden bough, and it needs a young hand to -pluck it. - - _Aucuns venants des Lares patries_[375]. - -[Sidenote: Aspect of France in 1800.] - -Imprisoned for eight years in Great Britain, I had seen only the -English world, so different, especially at that time, from the European -world. As the Dover packet approached Calais, in the spring of 1800, -my gaze preceded me on shore. I was struck by the needy aspect of the -country: scarce a few masts were to be seen in the harbour; inhabitants -in carmagnole jackets and cotton caps came along the jetty to meet -us: the conquerors of the Continent made themselves known to me by a -clatter of wooden shoes. When we came alongside, the gendarmes and -custom-house officers leapt on deck to inspect our luggage and our -passports: in France a man is always suspected, and the first thing we -perceive in our business, as well as in our amusements, is a cocked hat -or a bayonet. - -Mrs. Lindsay was waiting for us at the inn; the next day we set out -with her for Paris: Madame d'Aguesseau, a young kinswoman of hers, and -I. On the road one saw hardly any men; blackened and sun-burnt women, -bare-footed, their heads bare or covered with a kerchief, were tilling -the fields: one would have taken them for slaves. I ought rather to -have been struck by the independence and virility of that land where -the women wielded the mattock while the men wielded the musket. The -villages looked as though a conflagration had passed over them; they -were wretched and half demolished: mud or dust on every hand, dunghills -and rubbish-heaps. - -To the right and left of the road appeared overthrown country mansions; -of their levelled thickets there remained only some squared trunks, -upon which children played. One saw battered enclosure walls, deserted -churches, from which the dead had been expelled, steeples without -bells, cemeteries without crosses, headless saints that had been -stoned in their niches. The walls were smeared with those Republican -inscriptions that had already grown old: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, -OR DEATH. Sometimes they had attempted to efface the word DEATH, but -the red or black letters showed through the coating of lime. This -nation, which seemed on the point of extinction, was commencing a new -world, like those peoples which issued from the dusk of the savagery -and destruction of the Middle Ages. - -Approaching the capital, between Écouen and Paris, the elms had not -been cut down; I was struck by those fine roadside avenues, unknown on -English soil. France was as new to me, as in former days, the forests -of America. Saint-Denis was laid bare, its windows were broken; the -rain penetrated into its grass-grown naves, and there were no more -tombs: I have since seen there the bones of Louis XVI., the Cossacks, -the coffin of the Duc de Berry, and the catafalque of Louis XVIII. - -Auguste de Lamoignon came to meet Mrs. Lindsay. His well-appointed -carriage formed a contrast with the clumsy carts, the dirty, -broken-down diligences, drawn by hacks harnessed with ropes, which I -had met since leaving Calais. Mrs. Lindsay lived at the Ternes. I was -put down on the Chemin de la Révolte, and made my way to my hostess' -house across the fields. I stayed with her for four-and-twenty hours; I -there met a great fat Monsieur Lasalle, whom she employed in arranging -emigrant business. She sent to inform M. de Fontanes of my arrival; in -eight-and-forty hours he came to fetch me in a little room which Mrs. -Lindsay had hired for me at an inn almost at her door. - -[Sidenote: Paris once more.] - -It was a Sunday: we entered Paris on foot by the Barrière de l'Étoile -at about three o'clock in the afternoon. We have no idea to-day of -the impression which the excesses of the Revolution had made on men's -minds in Europe, and chiefly among those absent from France during the -Terror: I felt literally as though I were about to descend into Hell. -I had, it is true, witnessed the beginnings of the Revolution; but the -great crimes had then not yet been accomplished, and I had remained -under the yoke of subsequent events as these had been related in the -midst of the peaceful and orderly society of England. - -Proceeding under my false name, and convinced that I was compromising -my friend Fontanes, to my great astonishment, on entering the -Champs-Élysées, I heard the sound of violins, horns, clarionets and -drums. I saw public balls, at which men and women were dancing; farther -on, the Tuileries Palace appeared to my eyes, against the background -of its two great clumps of chestnut-trees. As for the Place Louis -XV.[376], it was bare: it had the decay, the melancholy and deserted -look of an old amphitheatre; one crossed it quickly; I was quite -surprised to hear no moans; I was afraid of stepping in the blood of -which not a trace remained; my eyes could not tear themselves from -the place in the sky where the instrument of death had raised its -head; I thought I saw my brother and my sister-in-law in their shirts, -standing, bound, beside the blood-stained machine: it was there that -the head of Louis XVI. had fallen. In spite of the gaiety in the -streets the church-steeples were dumb; it seemed to me as though I had -returned on the day of infinite sorrow, on Good Friday. - -M. de Fontanes lived in the Rue Saint-Honoré, near Saint-Roch. He took -me home with him, introduced me to his wife, and then took me to his -friend, M. Joubert, where I found a temporary shelter: I was received -like a traveller of whom one has heard speak. - -The next day I went to the police, under the name of La Sagne, to -lodge my foreign passport and to receive in exchange a permit to -remain in Paris, which was renewed from month to month. In a few days -I hired an _entre-sol_ in the Rue de Lille, on the side of the Rue des -Saints-Pères. - -I had brought with me the _Génie du Christianisme_ and the first sheets -of the work, printed in London. I was directed to M. Migneret[377], a -worthy man, who consented to recommence the interrupted printing, and -to advance me something to live on. Not a soul knew of my _Essai sur -les révolutions_, notwithstanding what M. Lemierre had written to me. I -unearthed the old philosopher, Delisle de Sales, who had just published -his _Mémoire en faveur de Dieu_, and went to call on Ginguené. He -lodged in the Rue de Grenelle-Saint-Germain, near the Hôtel du Bon La -Fontaine. His porter's box still bore this inscription: - - "Here we honour each other with the title of citizen and say - thee and thou. Shut the door behind thee, if you please." - -I went up: M. Ginguené, who hardly recognised me, spoke to me from -the height of the grandeur of all that he was and had been. I humbly -retired, and did not endeavour to renew such disproportionate relations. - -I continued at the bottom of my heart to cherish regretful memories -of England; I had lived so long in that country that I had adopted -its habits: I could not reconcile myself to the dirt of our houses, -our staircases, our tables, to our uncleanliness, our noisiness, our -familiarity, the indiscretion of our loquacity; I was English in -manners, in taste, and to a certain degree in thought; for, if, as it -is said, Lord Byron sometimes drew inspiration for his _Childe-Harold_ -from _René_ it is also true to say that my eight years' residence -in Great Britain, preceded by a journey in America, together with -my long habit of talking, writing, and even thinking in English, -had necessarily influenced the turn and expression of my ideas. But -gradually I came to relish the good-fellowship for which we are -distinguished, that charming, swift, easy commerce of thought, that -utter absence of arrogance and prejudice, that heedlessness of fortune -and names, that natural level of all ranks, that equality of mind which -makes French society incomparable and redeems our faults: after a few -months' residence among us, one feels that he can no longer live except -in Paris. - -* - -I locked myself into my _entre-sol_ and gave myself up entirely to -work. In my intervals of rest, I went and reconnoitred in various -directions. The Circus in the middle of the Palais-Royal had been -filled up; Camille Desmoulins no longer held forth in the open air; one -no longer saw bands of prostitutes going round, virginal attendants of -the goddess Reason, and walking under the conduct of David, costumier -and corybant. At the outlet of each alley, in the galleries, one met -men crying sights: "galanty shows," "peep-shows," "physical cabinets," -"strange animals;" in spite of all the heads that had been cut off, -idlers still remained. From the cellars of the Palais-Marchand came -bursts of music, accompanied by the double diapason of the big -drums: it was perhaps there that dwelt the giants whom I sought, and -whom immense events must necessarily have produced. I went down: an -underground ball was jigging amidst seated spectators drinking beer. -A little hunchback, perched on a table, played the violin and sang a -hymn to Bonaparte, which ended with these lines: - - Par ses vertus, par ses attraits. - Il méritait d'être leur père[378]! - -He was given a sou after the _ritornello._ Such is the ground-work of -the human society which bore Alexander and was then bearing Napoleon. - -[Sidenote: Changes in Paris.] - -I visited the places where I had taken the reveries of my early years. -In my old-time convents, the club-men had been driven out after -the monks. Wandering behind the Luxembourg, my footsteps led me to -the Chartreuse: its demolition was being completed. The Place des -Victoires and the Place Vendôme mourned the missing effigies of the -Great King; the community-house of the Capuchins was sacked: the inner -cloisters served as a retreat for Robertson's[379] dissolving views. -At the Cordeliers, I inquired in vain for the Gothic nave where I had -seen Marat and Danton in their prime. On the Quai des Théatins[380], -the church of that Order[381] had been turned into a café and a -rope-dancers' theatre. At the door was a coloured poster representing -acrobats dancing on the tight-rope, with, in big letters, ADMISSION -FREE. I elbowed my way among the crowd into that perfidious cave: I had -no sooner taken my seat than waiters entered, napkin in hand, shouting -like mad-men-- - -"Give your orders, gentlemen, give your orders!" - -I did not wait to be told a second time, and I pitiably made my -escape amid the jeering cries of the assembly, because I had no money -wherewith to "give my orders." - -* - -The Revolution has become divided into three parts which have nothing -in common between them: the Republic, the Empire, and the Restoration; -those three different worlds, each as completely finished as the -others, seem separated by centuries. Each of these three worlds has had -its fixed principle: the principle of the Republic was equality, that -of the Empire force, that of the Restoration liberty. The Republican -era is the most original, and has made the deepest impression because -it has been unique in history: never had there been seen, nor ever will -be again, physical order produced by moral disorder, unity issuing from -the government of the multitude, the scaffold substituted for the law -and obeyed in the name of humanity. - -In 1801, I assisted at the second social transformation. The jumble was -a strange one: by an agreed travesty, a host of people became persons -who they were not; each carried his assumed or borrowed name hung -round his neck, as the Venetians at the carnival carry a little mask -in their hand to show that they are masked. One was reputed an Italian -or a Spaniard, another a Prussian or a Dutchman: I was a Swiss. The -mother passed for her son's aunt, the father for his daughter's uncle; -the owner of an estate was only its steward. This movement reminded -me, in an opposite sense, of the movement of 1789, when the monks and -religious issued from their cloisters and the old society was invaded -by the new: the latter, after supplanting the former, was supplanted in -its turn. - -Nevertheless, the orderly world commenced to spring up again; people -left the cafés and the streets to return to their houses; they gathered -together the remains of their family; they readjusted their inheritance -by collecting its remnants, as, after a battle, the troop is beaten -and the losses counted. Such churches as remained whole were opened: -I had the happiness to sound the trumpet at the gate of the Temple. -One distinguished the old republican generations which were retiring, -imperial generations which were coming to the front Generals of the -Requisition[382], poor, rude of speech, stern of mien, who, from all -their campaigns, had brought back nothing save wounds and ragged -coats, passed officers glittering with the gold lace of the Consular -Army. The returned Emigrant chatted quietly with the assassins of some -of his kindred. The porters, all great partisans of the late M. de -Robespierre, regretted the sights on the Place Louis XV., where they -cut off the heads of "women who," my own _concierge_ in the Rue de -Lille told me, "had necks white as chicken's flesh." - -The men of September, changing their names and their districts, sold -baked potatoes at the street-corners; but they were often obliged to -pack off, because the people, recognising them, upset their stalls -and tried to kill them. The Revolutionaries who had waxed rich began -to move into the great mansions of the Faubourg Saint-Germain that -had been sold. On the road to become barons and counts, the Jacobins -spoke only of the horrors of 1793, of the necessity for chastising the -proletarians and putting down the excesses of the populace. Bonaparte, -placing the Brutuses and Scævolas in his police, was preparing to -bedizen them with ribands, to befoul them with titles, to force them -to betray their opinions and dishonour their crimes. Amid all this, -sprang up a vigorous generation sown in blood and growing up to shed -none save that of the foreigner: from day to day, the metamorphosis was -accomplished which turned Republicans into Imperialists and the tyranny -of all into the despotism of one. - -* - -[Sidenote: My letter to Madame de Staël.] - -While occupied in curtailing, expanding, altering the sheets of the -_Génie du Christianisme_, I was driven by necessity to busy myself with -other work. M. de Fontanes was then editing the _Mercure de France_: -he suggested that I should write in that paper. These combats were not -without a certain danger: the only way to touch politics was through -literature, and half a word was enough for Bonaparte's police. A -singular circumstance, which prevented me from sleeping, lengthened my -hours and gave me more leisure. I had bought two turtle-doves; they -cooed a great deal: I enclosed them in vain at night in my little -travelling-trunk; they only cooed the more. In one of the moments of -sleeplessness which they caused me, I bethought myself of writing for -the _Mercure_ a letter to Madame de Staël[383]. This freak caused me -suddenly to emerge from the shade; a few pages in a newspaper did what -my two thick volumes on the Revolution had been unable to do. My head -showed a little above obscurity. - -This first success seemed to foretell that which was to follow. I was -engaged in correcting the proofs of _Atala_ (an episode contained, as -was _René_, in the _Génie du Christianisme_), when I perceived that -some sheets were missing. I was seized with fright: I thought they had -stolen my novel, assuredly a very ill-founded dread, for no one thought -that I was worth robbing. Be this as it may, I determined to publish -_Atala_ separately, and I declared my resolution in a letter addressed -to the _Journal des Débats_[384] and the _Publiciste._ - -Before venturing to expose the work to the light of day, I showed it to -M. de Fontanes: he had already read fragments of it in manuscript in -London. When he came to Father Aubry's speech beside Atala's deathbed, -he said brusquely, in a rough voice: - -"That's not right; it's bad: write that over again!" - -I went away disconsolate; I did not feel capable of doing better. I -wanted to throw the whole thing into the fire; I spent from eight till -eleven o'clock in the evening in my entresol, seated at my table, with -my forehead resting on the back of my hands opened and spread out over -my paper. I was angry with Fontanes; I was angry with myself; I did not -even try to write, so great was my despair of self. Towards midnight, I -heard the voice of my turtle-doves, softened by distance and rendered -more plaintive by the prison in which I kept them confined: inspiration -returned to me; I then and there wrote the speech of the missionary, -without a single interlineation, without erasing a word, just as it -remained and as it stands to-day. With a beating heart, I took it in -the morning to Fontanes, who exclaimed: - -"That's it, that's right! I told you you could do better!" - -The noise which I have made in this world dates from the publication -of _Atala._[385] I ceased to live for myself and my public career -commenced. After so many military successes, a literary success seemed -a prodigy: people were hungering for it. The uncommon nature of the -work added to the surprise of the crowd. _Atala_, falling into the -midst of the literature of the Empire, of that classic school whose -very sight, like that of a rejuvenated old woman, inspired boredom, was -a sort of production of an unknown kind. People did not know whether -to class it among the "monstrosities" or among the "beauties:" was it -a Gorgon or a Venus? The assembled academicians discoursed learnedly -upon its sex and its nature, in the same way as they made reports -upon the _Génie du Christianisme._ The old century rejected, the new -welcomed it. - -[Illustration: Napoléon.] - -[Sidenote: I publish _Atala._] - -_Atala_ became so popular that, with the Brinvilliers[386] she went -to swell Curtius' collection[387]. The wagoners' inns were decorated -with red, green and blue prints representing Chactas, Father Aubry, -and the daughter of Simaghan. My characters were displayed in wax, in -wooden boxes, on the quays, as images of the Virgin and the saints -are displayed at the fair. In a boulevard theatre, I saw my savage -woman, in a headdress of cock's feathers, talking to a savage of her -own kind of "the soul of solitude," in a way that brought the sweat to -my brow with confusion. At the Variétés, they played a piece in which -a little girl and a little boy, leaving their boarding-school, went -off by track-boat to get married in a small town; as, on landing, they -spoke with a wild look of nothing but crocodiles, storks and forests, -their parents thought that they had gone mad. I was overwhelmed with -parodies, caricatures and ridicule. The Abbé Morellet, in order to -confound me, took his maid-servant on his knees and was unable to -hold the young virgin's feet in his hands, as Chactas held Atala's -feet during the storm: if the Chactas of the Rue d'Anjou had had his -portrait painted in this attitude, I would have forgiven him his -criticism. - -All this bustle served to increase the fuss attendant upon my -appearance. I became the fashion. My head was turned: I was -unaccustomed to the delights of self-love and became intoxicated with -it I loved fame like a woman, like a first love. And yet, coward that I -was, my affright equalled my passion: I was a conscript and stood the -fire badly. My natural timidity, the doubts I have always had of my -talent, made me humble in the midst of my triumphs. I shrank from my -splendour; I wandered in lonely places, trying to extinguish the halo -with which my head was crowned. In the evenings, with my hat thrust -down over my eyes, lest the great man should be recognised, I went -to a public smoking-room to read my praises in secret, in some small, -unknown paper. Alone with my renown, I prolonged my walks as far as the -steam-pump at Chaillot[388], on the same road where I had suffered so -much on going to Court: I was no more at my ease with my new honours. -When my superiority dined for thirty sous in the Latin Quarter it -swallowed its food the wrong way, troubled as it was by the staring of -which it thought itself the object. I watched myself, I said to myself: - -"And yet it is you, extraordinary being, eating like any one else!" - -In the Champs-Élysées was a café which I liked because of some -nightingales which hung in a cage inside the coffee-room; Madame -Rousseau, who kept the place, knew me by sight, without knowing who -I was. At ten o'clock in the evening, they used to bring me a cup of -coffee, and I looked for _Atala_ in the _Petites-Affiches_, to the -sound of the voices of my half-dozen Philomelas. Alas! I soon saw poor -Madame Rousseau die; our society of the nightingales and of the fair -Indian who sang, "Sweet habit of loving, so needful to life!" lasted -but a moment. - -If success had no power to prolong in me this stupid infatuation of -vanity, or to pervert my reason, it was attended with dangers of -another kind: those dangers increased on the appearance of the _Génie -du Christianisme_ and on my resignation after the death of the Duc -d'Enghien. Then came thronging around me, together with the young -women who cry over novels, the crowd of Christian women, and those -other noble enthusiasts whose breast beats high at the sight of an -honourable action. The young girls of thirteen or fourteen were the -most dangerous; for, knowing neither what they want nor what they want -with you, they enticingly mingle your image with a multitude of fables, -ribbons and flowers. Jean Jacques Rousseau speaks of the declarations -which he received on the publication of the _Nouvelle Héloïse_[389] and -of the conquests which were offered him: I do not know if empires would -have been thus yielded to me, but I do know that I was buried beneath a -heap of scented notes; if those notes were not, to-day, notes from so -many grand-mothers, I should be puzzled how to relate, with becoming -modesty, how they fought for a line in my hand, how they picked up an -envelope addressed by me, and how, blushing and with lowered head, -they hid it beneath a flowing veil of long tresses. If I have not been -spoilt, it must be because my nature is good. - -[Sidenote: And become the fashion.] - -Whether from genuine politeness or inquisitive weakness, I sometimes -went so far as to think myself obliged to call and thank the unknown -ladies who signed the flattery they addressed to me with their names. -One day, I found a bewitching creature under her mother's wing, on a -fourth floor, where I have never set foot since. A fair Pole received -me in silk-hung rooms; half-odalisk, half-Valkyrie, she looked like -a snowdrop with its white flowers, or like one of those graceful -heather-blooms which replace the other daughters of Flora when the -season of the latter has not yet come or has passed: that female -chorus, varied in age and beauty, was the realisation of my former -sylph. The two-fold effect upon my vanity and my feelings was so much -the more to be dreaded inasmuch as, until then, excepting one serious -attachment, I had been neither sought out nor distinguished by the -crowd. At the same time I am bound to say that, even though it were -easy for me to take advantage of a passing illusion, my sincerity -revolted against the idea of a voluptuousness that would have come to -me by the chaste paths of religion: to be loved through the _Génie du -Christianisme_, loved for the _Extrème Onction_, loved for the _Fête -des Morts!_ I could never have been so shameful a Tartuffe. - -I knew a Provençal physician, Dr. Vigaroux[390]; he had arrived at an -age when every pleasure means the loss of a day, and he said "that -he had no regret for the time thus lost; without troubling himself -whether he gave the happiness which he received, he went towards the -death of which he hoped to make his last delight." Nevertheless, I was -a witness of his poor tears when he breathed his last; he could not -hide his affliction from me; it was too late: his white hairs were -not long enough to conceal and wipe away his tears. The only one to -be really unhappy on leaving the earth is the unbeliever: for the man -without faith, existence is terrible in this, that it carries a sense -of annihilation; if one had not been born, he would not experience -the horror of ceasing to be: the life of the atheist is a frightful -lightning-flash, which serves but to reveal an abyss. - -O great and merciful God, Thou hast not cast us upon earth for unworthy -troubles and a miserable happiness! Our inevitable disenchantment -admonishes us that our destinies are more sublime. Whatever may have -been our errors, if we have preserved a serious spirit and thought of -Thee in the midst of our weaknesses, we shall, whenever Thy goodness -sets us free, be carried to that region where attachments endure for -ever! - -* - -It was not long before I received the punishment of my literary -vanity, the most detestable of all, if not the most foolish: I had -thought that I should be able to relish in _petto_ the satisfaction -of being a sublime genius, not by wearing, as they do to-day, a beard -and an eccentric coat, but by remaining dressed like decent people, -distinguished only by superiority. Useless hope! My pride was to be -chastened; the correction was administered by the political persons -whom I was obliged to know: celebrity is a benefice with the cure of -souls. - -M. de Fontanes was acquainted with Madame Bacciochi[391]; he introduced -me to Bonaparte's sister, and soon after to the First Consul's brother -Lucien[392]. The latter had a country-place near Senlis le Plessis, -where I was coerced to go and dine; the château had once belonged to -the Cardinal de Bernis[393]. Lucien had in his garden the tomb of his -first wife[394], a lady half German and half Spanish, and the memory of -the poet-cardinal. The nutrient nymph of a stream dug with the spade -was a mule which drew water from a well: that was the commencement of -all the rivers which Bonaparte was to cause to flow in his Empire. -Efforts were being made to have my name struck off the lists; I was -already called, and called myself aloud, Chateaubriand, forgetting -that I ought to call myself Lassagne. Emigrants came to see me: among -others, Messrs, de Bonald[395] and de Chênedollé[396]. Christian de -Lamoignon, my companion in exile in London, took me to Madame Récamier: -the curtain fell suddenly between her and me. - -[Sidenote: The Comtesse de Beaumont.] - -The person who filled the largest place in my existence, on my -return from the Emigration, was Madame la Comtesse de Beaumont[397]. -She lived during a part of the year at the Château de Passy, near -Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, which M. Joubert inhabited during the summer. -Madame de Beaumont returned to Paris, and expressed a wish to meet me. - -So that my life might be one long chain of regrets, Providence willed -it that the first person who received me kindly at the outset of my -public career should also be the first to disappear. Madame de Beaumont -opens the funeral procession of those women who have passed away before -me. My most distant memories rest upon ashes, and they have continued -to fall from grave to grave: like the Indian pundit, I recite the -prayers for the dead until the flowers of my chaplet are faded. - -Madame de Beaumont was the daughter of Armand Marc de Saint-Hérem, -Comte de Montmorin, French Ambassador in Madrid, commandant in -Brittany, member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787, and Foreign -Minister under Louis XVI., by whom he was much liked: he perished on -the scaffold, where he was followed by a portion of his family[398]. - -Madame de Beaumont was ill rather than well-favoured, and very like -her portrait by Madame Lebrun[399]. Her face was thin and pale; her -eyes were almond-shaped and would have perhaps been too brilliant, if -an extraordinary suavity of expression had not half extinguished her -glances and caused them to shine languidly, as a ray of light becomes -mellowed by passing through crystal water. Her character had a sort of -rigidity and impatience, which arose from the strength of her feelings -and from the inward suffering which she experienced. Endowed with -loftiness of soul and great courage, she was born for the world, from -which her spirit had withdrawn through choice and unhappiness; but when -a friendly voice evoked that secluded intelligence, it came and spoke -to you in words from Heaven. Madame de Beaumont's extreme weakness -made her slow of expression, and this slowness was touching. I knew -this afflicted woman only at the moment of her flight; she was already -stricken with death, and I devoted myself to her sufferings. I had -taken a lodging in the Rue Saint-Honoré, at the Hôtel d'Étampes, near -the Rue Neuve-du-Luxembourg. In this latter street, Madame de Beaumont -occupied an apartment looking out upon the gardens of the Ministry -of Justice. I called to see her every evening, with her friends -and mine, M. Joubert, M. de Fontanes, M. de Bonald, M. Molé[400], -M. Pasquier[401], M. de Chênedollé, men who have filled a place in -literature and public life. - -[Sidenote: Joseph Joubert.] - -Full of oddities and eccentricities, M. Joubert will be an eternal -loss to those who knew him. He had an extraordinary grip upon one's -mind and heart; and, when once he had seized hold of you, his image -was there, like a fixed thought, like an obsession that refused to be -driven away. He made great pretensions to calmness, and no one was -so easily perturbed as he: he watched himself in order to stop those -emotions of the mind, which he thought injurious to his health, and -constantly his friends came and disturbed the precautions which he -had taken to keep well, for he could not prevent himself from being -affected by their sadness or joy: he was an egoist who troubled himself -only about others. In order to recover his strength, he often thought -himself obliged to close his eyes and refrain from speaking for hours -at a time. Heaven knows what noise and movement passed inwardly within -him during this repose and silence which he laid upon himself. M. -Joubert at every moment changed his diet and regimen, living one day -on milk, another on minced meat, causing himself to be jolted at full -speed over the roughest roads, or drawn at a snail's pace along the -smoothest alleys. When he read, he tore out of his books the leaves -which displeased him, thus forming a library for his own use, composed -of scooped-out works, contained in bindings too large for them. - -A profound metaphysician, his philosophy, thanks to an elaboration -peculiar to himself, became painting or poetry; a Plato with the heart -of a La Fontaine, he had formed an idea of perfection which prevented -him from finishing anything. In manuscripts found after his death, he -said: - -"I am like an Æolian harp, which gives forth a few beautiful sounds -and plays no tune." - -Madame Victorine de Chastenay[402] maintained that "he had the -appearance of a soul which had met with a body by accident, and put up -with it as best it could:" a definition both charming and true. - -We laughed at the enemies of M. de Fontanes, who tried to pass him off -for a deep and dissembling politician: he was simply an irascible poet, -frank to the pitch of anger, with a mind hedged in by contrariety, and -as little able to conceal its opinion as to accept that of others. The -literary principles of his friend Joubert were not his: the latter -found some good everywhere and in every writer; Fontanes, on the -contrary, held such and such a doctrine in abhorrence, and could not -hear the names mentioned of certain authors. He was the sworn enemy of -the principles of modern composition: to place before the reader's -eyes material action, the crime at work or the gibbet with its rope, -seemed to him so many enormities; he maintained that objects should -never be seen except amid poetic surroundings, as though under a -crystal globe. Sorrow spending itself mechanically through the eyes -seemed to him a sensation fit only for the Cirque or the Grève; he -understood the tragic sentiment only as ennobled by admiration and -changed, through the medium of art, into "a charming pity." I quoted -the Greek vases to him: in the arabesques of those vases one sees -Hector's body drawn behind the car of Achilles, while a little figure, -flying in the air, represents the shade of Patrocles, consoled by the -vengeance of the son of Thetis. - -"Well, Joubert," cried Fontanes, "what do you say to that metamorphosis -of the muse? How those Greeks respected the soul!" - -Joubert thought himself attacked, and placed Fontanes in contradiction -with himself by reproaching him with his indulgence for me. - -These discussions, highly comical as they often were, never came to an -end: one evening, at half-past eleven, when I lived on the Place Louis -XV., in the attic floor of Madame de Coislin's house, Fontanes climbed -up my eighty-four stairs again to come furiously, with many raps of his -cane, to finish an argument which he had left interrupted: it concerned -Picard[403], whom at that moment he placed far above Molière; he would -have taken good care not to have written a single word of what he said: -Fontanes talking and Fontanes pen in hand were two different men. - -It was M. de Fontanes, I like to repeat, who encouraged my first -attempts: it was he who announced the publication of the _Génie du -Christianisme_; it was his muse which, full of astonished devotion, -directed mine in the new paths along which it had precipitated itself: -he taught me to conceal the deformity of objects by the manner of -throwing light upon them; to put classic language into the mouths of my -romantic characters as far as in me lay. - -In former days there were men who were guardians of taste, like the -dragons who watched over the golden apples in the garden of the -Hesperides; they did not allow youth to enter until it was able to -touch the fruit without spoiling it. - -[Sidenote: And other literary friends.] - -My friend's writings take you by a happy road: the mind experiences -a sense of well-being, and finds itself in an harmonious situation -where everything charms and nothing wounds. M. de Fontanes incessantly -revised his productions; none was more convinced than that master of -the old days of the excellence of the maxim, "Hasten slowly." What, -then, would he say to-day when, both morally and physically, we exert -ourselves to do away with distances, and when we think we can never -go fast enough. M. de Fontanes preferred to travel at the will of a -delicious measure. You have read what I said of him when I found him -in London; the regrets which I expressed then I must repeat now: life -obliges us ever to weep in anticipation or in remembrance. - -M. de Bonald had a shrewd intelligence; his ingenuity was mistaken for -genius; he had dreamt out his political metaphysics with the Army of -Condé, in the Black Forest, in the same way as those Jena and Göttingen -professors who have since marched at the head of their pupils and let -themselves be killed for the liberty of Germany. An innovator, although -he had been a musketeer under Louis XVI., he looked upon the ancients -as children in politics and literature; and he maintained, while he was -the first to employ the fatuousness of the language now in use, that -the Grand-master of the University was "not yet sufficiently advanced -to understand that." - -Chênedollé, with knowledge and talent, not native but acquired, was so -sad that he nicknamed himself the "Crow[404]:" he went freebooting in -my works. We had made a compact: I yielded him my skies, my mists, -my clouds; but it was arranged that he should leave me my zephyrs, my -waves, and my forests. - -I am now speaking only of my literary friends; as to my political -friends, I do not know whether I shall tell you about them: principles -and speeches have sunk abysses between us! - -Madame Hocquart[405] and Madame de Vintimille[406] came to the meetings -in the Rue Neuve-du-Luxembourg. Madame de Vintimille, one of the women -of olden time, of whom few remain, went into the world and brought us -news of what was going on: I asked her if people were "still building -cities." The descriptions of little scandals upon which she entered -with a poignant but inoffensive raillery made us the more heartily -appreciate our own security. Madame de Vintimille had been sung, -together with her sister, by M. de La Harpe. Her language was guarded, -her character restrained, her wit acquired; she had lived with Mesdames -de Chevreuse[407], de Longueville, de La Vallière, de Maintenon[408], -with Madame Geoffrin[409] and Madame du Defiant[410]. She blended well -with a company whose charm depended upon the variety of its wits and -the combination of their different values. Madame Hocquart had been -fondly loved by Madame de Beaumont's brother[411], who had occupied -himself with the lady of his thoughts to the very scaffold, as Aubiac -had gone to the gallows kissing a sleeve of soft blue velvet which -remained to him from the favours of Margaret of Valois[412]. - -[Sidenote: Who are no more.] - -Never again will there assemble under the same roof so many -distinguished persons belonging to different ranks and of different -destinies, able to talk of the commonest as of the loftiest things: a -simplicity of speech which came not from poverty but from choice. It -is perhaps the last company in which the French genius of olden time -has appeared. Among the new French will not be found that urbanity -which is the fruit of education, and which was transformed by long -usage into aptness of character. What has become of that company? Make -plans, bring friends together: you but prepare for yourself an eternal -mourning! Madame de Beaumont is no more, Joubert is no more, Chênedollé -is no more, Madame de Vintimille is no more. I used to visit M. Joubert -at Villeneuve during the vintage; I walked with him on the Yonne Hills; -he picked mushrooms in the copses, and I yellow saffron in the fields. -We talked of everything, and particularly of our friend Madame de -Beaumont, for ever absent; we recalled the memory of our former hopes. -At night we returned to Villeneuve, a town surrounded by broken-down -walls, of the time of Philip Augustus[413], and by half-razed towers, -from above which rose the smoke from the vintagers' hearths. Joubert -showed me, in the distance from the hill, a sandy path among the woods -which he used to take when going to see his neighbour, who hid herself -at the Château de Passy during the Terror. - -I have passed four or five times through the Senonais since the death -of my dear host. I saw the hills from the high-road: Joubert walked -there no longer; I recognised the trees, the fields, the vines, the -little heaps of stones on which we used to rest ourselves. Driving -through Villeneuve, I have cast a glance on the deserted street and -the closed house of my friend. The last time when that happened, I was -going on an embassy to Rome: ah, if he had been at home, I would have -taken him with me to Madame de Beaumont's grave! It has pleased God to -open a celestial Rome to M. Joubert, even better suited to his soul, -which abandoned Platonism for Christianity. I shall not meet him again -here below: - -"I shall go to him rather: but he shall not return to me[414]." - -The success of _Atala_ having decided me to start afresh on the _Génie -du Christianisme_, of which two volumes were already in print, Madame -de Beaumont offered to give me a room in the country, in a house which -she had hired at Savigny[415]. I spent six months with her in this -retreat, with M. Joubert and our other friends. - -The house stood at the entrance to the village, on the Paris side, -near an old high-road known in that part as the Chemin de Henri IV.: -it leant against a vine-clad slope, and faced Savigny Park, ending in -a wooded screen, and crossed by the little River Orge. On the left, -the plain of Viry spread out as far as the springs of Juvisy. In every -direction, in this part of the country, lie valleys, where we used to -go in the evenings in search of new walks. - -In the morning, we breakfasted together; after breakfast, I withdrew to -my work; Madame de Beaumont had the goodness to copy out the quotations -which I marked for her. This noble woman offered me a shelter when I -had none: without the peace which she gave me, I should perhaps never -have finished a work which I had been unable to complete during my -misfortunes. - -I shall evermore remember certain evenings passed in this refuge of -friendship: on returning from walking we gathered near a fresh-water -basin, which stood in the middle of a grass-plot in the kitchen-garden. -Madame Joubert, Madame de Beaumont and I sat down on a bench; Madame -Joubert's son rolled on the grass at our feet; that child has already -disappeared. M. Joubert walked alone on a gravel path; two watch-dogs -and a cat played around us, while pigeons cooed on the edge of the -roof. What happiness for a man newly landed from exile, after spending -eight years in profound abandonment, excepting a few days quickly -lapsed! It was generally on these evenings that my friends made me -talk of my travels: I have never described the desert of the New -World so well as at that time. At night, when the windows of our -rustic drawing-room were opened, Madame de Beaumont noted different -constellations, telling me that I should remember one day that she had -taught me to know them: since I have lost her, I have several times, -not far from her grave in Rome, in the midst of the Campagna, looked -in the firmament for the stars whose names she told me: I have seen -them shining above the Sabine Hills; the protracted rays of those -stars shot down and struck the surface of the Tiber. The spot where I -saw them over the woods of Savigny, the spots where I have seen them -since, the fitfulness of my destinies, that sign which a woman had left -for me in the sky to remind me of her: all this broke my heart. By -what miracle does man consent to do what he does upon earth, he who is -doomed to die? - -One day, in our retreat, we saw a man enter stealthily by one window -and go out by another: it was M. de Laborie[416]; he was escaping from -Bonaparte's claws. Shortly after appeared one of those souls in pain -which are of a different species from other souls and which, on their -passage, mingle their unknown misfortune with the vulgar sufferings of -mankind: it was Lucile, my sister. - -[Sidenote: I meet my sisters.] - -After my arrival in France, I had written to my family to inform them -of my return. Madame la Comtesse de Marigny, my eldest sister, was the -first to come to me, went to the wrong street, and met five Messieurs -Lassagne, of whom the last climbed up through a cobbler's trap-door to -answer to his name. Madame de Chateaubriand came in her turn: she was -charming, and full of the qualities calculated to give me the happiness -which I found with her after we came together again. Madame la Comtess -de Caud, Lucile, came next. M. Joubert and Madame de Beaumont became -smitten with a passionate fondness and a tender pity for her. Then -commenced between them a correspondence which ended only with the death -of the two women who had bent over towards one another like two flowers -of the same species on the point of fading away. Madame Lucile having -stopped at Versailles on the 30th of September 1802, I received this -note from her: - - "I write to beg you to thank Madame de Beaumont on my behalf - for the invitation she has sent me to go to Savigny. I hope - to have that pleasure in about a fortnight, unless there be - any objection on Madame de Beaumont's side." - -Madame de Caud came to Savigny as she had promised. - -I have told you how, in my youth, my sister, a canoness of the Chapter -of the Argentière, and destined for that of Remiremont, cherished an -attachment for M. de Malfilâtre, a counsellor to the Parliament of -Brittany, which, remaining locked within her breast, had increased -her natural melancholy. During the Revolution she married M. le Comte -de Caud, and lost him after fifteen months of marriage. The death of -Madame la Comtesse de Farcy, a sister whom she fondly loved, added -to Madame de Caud's sadness. She next attached herself to Madame de -Chateaubriand, my wife, and gained an empire over the latter which -became painful, for Lucile was violent, masterful, unreasonable, and -Madame de Chateaubriand, subject to her caprices, hid from her in order -to render her the services which a richer shows to a susceptible and -less happy friend. - -Lucile's genius and character had almost reached the pitch of madness -of Jean Jacques Rousseau; she thought herself exposed to secret -enemies: she gave Madame de Beaumont, M. Joubert, myself, false -addresses at which to write to her; she examined the seals, seeking to -discover whether they had not been broken; she wandered from one home -to the other, unable to remain either with my sisters or my wife; she -had taken an antipathy to them, and Madame de Chateaubriand, after -showing her a devotion surpassing all that one could imagine, had ended -by breaking down under the burden of so cruel an affection. - -Another fatality had struck Lucile: M. de Chênedollé, then living -near Vire, had gone to see her at Fougères; soon there was talk of a -marriage, which fell through. Everything failed my sister at once, and, -thrown back upon herself, she no longer had the strength to bear up. -This plaintive spectre rested for a moment on a stone, in the smiling -solitude of Savigny: there were so many hearts there which would have -joyfully received her! They would so gladly have restored her to a -sweet reality of existence! But Lucile's heart could beat only in -an atmosphere made expressly for her and never breathed by others. -She swiftly devoured the days of the world apart in which Heaven had -placed her. Why had God created a being only to suffer? What mysterious -relation can there be between a long-suffering nature and an eternal -principle? - -My sister had not changed in any way; she had only taken the fixed -expression of her ills: her head had sunk a little, like a head on -which the hours had weighed heavily. She reminded me of my parents: -those first family memories, evoked from the grave, surrounded me like -wraiths which had gathered round at night to warm themselves at the -dying flame of a funeral pile. As I watched her, I seemed to see in -Lucile my whole childhood, looking out at me from behind her somewhat -wild eyes. - -The vision of pain faded away: that woman, borne down by life, seemed -to have come to fetch the other dejected woman whom she was to take -with her. - -* - -[Sidenote: Talma.] - -The summer passed: according to custom, I promised myself to begin it -again next year; but the hand of the clock does not return to the hour -which we would wish to call back. During the winter, in Paris, I made -some new acquaintances. M. Jullien, a rich man, obliging, and a jovial -table-companion, although belonging to a family in which they killed -themselves, had a box at the Français; he used to lend it to Madame de -Beaumont: I went four or five times to the play with M. de Fontanes -and M. Joubert. When I entered the world, old-fashioned comedy was in -all its glory; I found it again in a state of complete decomposition. -Tragedy still kept up, thanks to Mademoiselle Duchesnois[417] and, -above all, to Talma, who had attained the highest level of dramatic -talent. I had seen him when he made his first appearances; he was less -handsome and, so to speak, less young than at the age when I saw him -again: he had acquired the distinction, the nobility, and the gravity -of years. - -The portrait of Talma which Madame de Staël has drawn in her work on -Germany is only half true: the brilliant writer saw the great actor -through a woman's imagination, and attributed to him what he lacked. - -Of the intermediate world Talma did not know what to make: he did -not understand the man of gentle birth; he did not know our old-time -society; he had not sat at the table of high-born ladies, in the Gothic -tower enshrined in the wood; he knew nothing of the flexibility, the -variety of expression, the gallantry, the light charm of manner, the -ingenuousness, the tenderness, the heroism based upon honour, the -Christian devotion of chivalry: he was not Tancred, or Coucy, or at -least he turned them into heroes of a middle-age of his own creation; -his Othello was placed in the heart of Vendôme. - -Then what was Talma? Himself, his century and antiquity. He had the -deep and concentrated passions of love and of patriotism; they burst -from his breast with the force of an explosion. He had the baleful -inspiration, the deranged genius of the Revolution through which he -had passed. The terrible spectacles with which he was once surrounded -were renewed in his talent with the lamentable and distant accents -of the choruses of Sophocles and Euripides. His grace, which was not -conventional grace, took hold of you like misfortune. Dark ambition, -remorse, jealousy, melancholy of soul, physical pain, madness produced -by the gods and adversity, human affliction: those were what he knew. -His mere entrance upon the stage, the mere sound of his voice were -mightily tragic. Suffering and thought were mingled on his brow, -breathed in his immovability, in his poses, his gestures, his steps. -As a Greek, he would arrive, panting and ominous, from the ruins -of Argos, an immortal Orestes, tormented for three thousand years -by the Eumenides; as a Frenchman, he would come from the solitudes -of Saint-Denis, where the Parcæ of 1793 had cut the thread of the -sepulchral life of the Kings. The very picture of sorrow awaiting -something unknown, but decreed by an unjust Heaven, he went his way, -the galley-slave of fate, inexorably chained between fatality and -terror. - -Time casts an inevitable obscurity over the older dramatic -masterpieces: its projected shadow changes the purest Raphaëls into -Rembrandts[418]; but for Talma, a part of the marvels of Corneille -and Racine would have remained unknown. Dramatic talent is a torch: -it fires other half-extinguished torches and revives geniuses which -enrapture you with their renewed splendour. - -We owe to Talma the perfection of the actor's dress. But are stage -realism and rigour of costume so necessary to art as is supposed? -Racine's characters derive nothing from the cut of their clothes: in -the pictures of the first painters, the back-grounds are neglected and -the costumes incorrect. The "furies" of Orestes, or the "prophecies" of -Joad, read in a drawing-room by Talma in a dress-coat, made as great an -impression as when declaimed upon the stage by Talma in a Greek mantle -or a Jewish robe. Iphigenia was attired like Madame de Sévigné, when -Boileau addressed those fine verses to his friend: - - Jamais Iphigénie en Aulide immolée - N'a coûté tant de pleurs à la Grèce assemblée - Que, dans l'heureux spectacle à nos yeux étalé, - N'en a fait sous son nom verser la Champmeslé[419]. - -This correctness in the representation of inanimate objects is the -spirit of the arts of our time: it points to the decadence of lofty -poetry and of the true drama; we are content with lesser beauties, when -we are impotent to achieve the greater; we imitate armchairs and velvet -to perfection, when we are no longer able to paint the expression of -the man seated on that velvet and in those armchairs. Nevertheless, -once one has descended to that truthfulness of material forms, one -finds one's self obliged to reproduce it; for the public, itself -materialized, demands it. - - -[Sidenote: Comments on the _Génie._] - -Meanwhile I was finishing the _Génie du Christianisme_: Lucien asked -to see some of the proofs; I sent them to him; he added some rather -common-place notes in the margins. - -Although the success of my big book was as brilliant as that of my -little _Atala_, it was nevertheless more widely contested: this was a -serious work, in which I no longer fought the principles of the old -literature and of philosophy with a novel, but attacked them directly -with arguments and facts. The Voltairean empire uttered a cry and flew -to arms. Madame de Staël was mistaken as to the future of my religious -studies: they brought her the work uncut; she pushed her fingers -between the pages, came upon the chapter headed the _Virginité_, and -said to M. Adrien de Montmorency[420], who was with her: - -"Oh Heavens! Our poor Chateaubriand! That will fall to the ground!" - -The Abbé de Boulogne[421], who was shown some portions of my work -before it was sent to press, said to the bookseller who asked his -opinion: - -"If you want to ruin yourself, print that." - -And the Abbé de Boulogne has since written an all too splendid eulogy -of my book. - -Everything, in fact, seemed to prophesy failure. What hope could I -have, I with no name and no extollers, of destroying the influence -of Voltaire, which had prevailed for more than half a century, -of Voltaire, who had raised the huge edifice completed by the -Encyclopædists and consolidated by all the famous men in Europe? -What! were the Diderots, the d'Alemberts, the Duclos[422], the -Dupuis[423], the Helvétius[424], the Condorcets[425] minds that carried -no authority? What! was the world to return, to the Golden Legend, to -renounce the admiration it had acquired for masterpieces of science and -reason? How could I ever win a case which Rome armed with its thunders, -the clergy with its might, had been unable to save: a case defended -in vain by the Archbishop of Paris, Christophe de Beaumont[426], -supported by the decrees of the Parliament and the armed force and -name of the King? Was it not as ridiculous as it was rash on the part -of an unknown man to set himself against a philosophical movement so -irresistible as to have produced the Revolution? It was curious to see -a pygmy "toughen his little arms" to stifle the progress of a century, -stop civilization, and thrust back the human race! Thank God, a word -would be enough to pulverize the madman: wherefore M. Ginguené, when -trouncing the _Génie du Christianisme_ in the _Décade_[427] declared -that the criticism came too late, since my tautologous production -was already forgotten. He said this five or six months after the -publication of a work which the attack of the whole French Academy, on -the occasion of the decennial prizes, was not able to kill. - -[Sidenote: I publish my chief work.] - -It was amid the ruins of our temples that I published the _Génie du -Christianisme._[428] The faithful thought themselves saved: men at that -time felt a need of faith, a thirsting for religious consolations, -which arose from the want of those consolations experienced since -long years. What supernatural strength was required to bear all the -adversities undergone! How many mutilated families had to go to the -Father of mankind in search of the children they had lost! How many -broken hearts, how many solitary souls, were calling for a divine -hand to cure them! One threw one's self into the house of God, as one -enters a doctor's house on the outbreak of an infection. The victims -of our disturbances (and how many different kinds of victims!) saved -themselves at the altar: shipwrecked men clinging to the rock on which -they seek for salvation. - -Bonaparte, at that time hoping to found his power on the first basis -of society, had just made arrangements with the Court of Rome: he at -first raised no obstacle against the publication of a work calculated -to enhance the popularity of his schemes; he had to struggle against -the men about him and against the declared enemies of religion; he was -glad therefore to be defended from the outside by the opinion called up -by the _Génie du Christianisme._ Later, he repented him of his mistake; -ideas of regular monarchy had sprung into being together with ideas of -religion. - -An episode in the _Génie du Christianisme_, which at the time caused -less stir than _Atala_, fixed one of the characters of modern -literature; but I may say that, if _René_ did not exist, I should not -now write it: if it were possible for me to destroy it, I would do so. -A family of Renés, poets and prose-writers, has swarmed into being: -we have heard nothing but mournful and desultory phrases; it has been -a question of nothing but winds and storms, of unknown words directed -to the clouds and the night. No scribbler fresh from college but has -imagined himself the unhappiest of men; no babe of sixteen but has -believed himself to have exhausted life and to be tormented by his -genius, but has, in the abyss of his thoughts, abandoned himself to -the "wave of his passions," struck his pale and dishevelled brow, and -astonished stupefied mankind with a misfortune of which he did not know -the name, nor they either. - -In _René_ I had laid bare one of the infirmities of my century; but -it was a different madness in the novelists to try to make universal -such transcendental afflictions. The general sentiments which compose -the basis of humanity, paternal and maternal affection, filial -piety, friendship, love, are inexhaustible; but particular ways of -feeling, idiosyncrasies of mind and character, cannot be spread out -and multiplied over wide and numerous scenes. The small undiscovered -corners of the human heart are a narrow field; there is nothing left to -gather in that field after the hand which has been the first to mow it. -A malady of the soul is not a permanent nor natural state: one cannot -reproduce it, make a literature of it, make use of it as of a general -passion constantly modified at the will of the artists who handle it -and change its form. - -Be that as it may, literature became tinged with the colours of -my religious paintings, even as public affairs have retained the -phraseology of my writings on citizenship: the _Monarchy according to -the Charter_ has been the rudiment of our representative government, -and my article in the _Conservateur_, on "Moral Interests and Material -Interests," has bequeathed those two designations to politics. - -Writers did me the honour of imitating _Atala_ and _René_, in the -same way that the pulpit borrowed my accounts of the missions and -advantages of Christianity. The passages in which I show that, by -driving the pagan divinities from the woods, our broader religion has -restored nature to its solitudes; the paragraphs where I discuss the -influence of our religion upon our manner of seeing a painting, where -I examine the changes wrought in poetry and eloquence; the chapters -which I devote to inquiries into the foreign sentiments introduced -into the dramatic characters of antiquity contain the germ of the new -criticism. Racine's characters, as I have said, both are and are not -Greek characters: they are Christian characters; that is what no one -had understood. - -[Sidenote: Effects of the publication.] - -If the effect of the _Génie du Christianisme_ had been only a -reaction against doctrines to which the revolutionary misfortunes -were attributed, that effect would have ceased so soon as the cause -was removed; it would not have been prolonged to the time at which -I am writing. But the action of the _Génie du Christianisme_ upon -public opinion was not confined to the momentary resurrection of a -religion supposed to be in its grave: a more lasting metamorphosis was -operated. If the work contained innovations of style, it also contained -changes of doctrine; not only the manner, but the matter, was altered; -atheism and materialism were no longer the basis of the belief or -unbelief of young minds; the idea of God and of the immortality of -the soul resumed its empire: whence came an alteration in the chain -of ideas linked one to the other. A man was no longer riveted to his -place by an anti-religious prejudice; he no longer thought himself -obliged to remain a mummy of annihilation, wrapped in philosophical -swathing-bands; he permitted himself to examine any system, however -absurd it might seem to him, _even though it were Christian._ - -Besides the faithful who returned at the sound of their shepherd's -voice, there were formed, by this right of free examination, other -_à priori_ faithful. Lay down God as a principle, and the Word will -follow. The Son proceeds necessarily from the Father. - -The various abstract combinations succeed only in substituting for -the Christian mysteries other mysteries still more difficult of -comprehension. Pantheism, which, besides, exists in three or four -shapes, and which it is the fashion nowadays to ascribe to enlightened -intelligences, is the absurdest of Eastern dreams brought back to -light by Spinoza[429]. One has but to read the article by the sceptic -Bayle[430] on that Jew of Amsterdam. The positive tone in which -certain people speak of all these things would be revolting, were -it not that it arises from want of study; they take up words which -they do not understand, and imagine themselves to be transcendental -geniuses. Be assured that Abélard, that St. Bernard, that St. -Thomas Aquinas and their fellows brought to bear upon the study of -metaphysics a superiority of judgment which we do not approach; -that the Saint-Simonian[431], Phalansterian, Fourieristic[432], -Humanitarian[433] systems were discovered and practised by the -different heresies; that what is placed before us as progress and -discovery is so much old lumber hawked about for fifteen centuries -in the schools of Greece and the colleges of the Middle Ages. -The misfortune is that the first sectaries could not succeed in -founding their Neo-Platonic Republic, when Gallienus[434] permitted -Plotinus[435] to make the experiment in Campania; later, people made -the great mistake of burning the sectaries when they proposed to -establish the community of goods and to pronounce prostitution holy, by -urging that a woman cannot, without sin, refuse a man who asks of her a -transient union in the name of Jesus Christ: all that was needed, said -they, to accomplish this union was to annihilate one's soul and deposit -it for a moment in the bosom of God. - -The shock which the _Génie du Christianisme_ gave to men's minds caused -the eighteenth century to emerge from the old road and flung it for -ever out of its path. People began again, or rather they began for the -first time to study the sources of Christianity; on re-reading the -Fathers (presuming that they had read them before) they were struck at -meeting with so many curious facts, so much philosophical science, so -many beauties of style of every kind, so many ideas which, by a more -or less perceptible gradation, produced the transition from ancient -to modern society: an unique and memorable era of humanity, in which -Heaven communicates with earth through the medium of souls set in men -of genius. - -Beside the crumbling world of paganism there arose, in former times, -as though outside society, another world, looking on at those great -spectacles, poor, retiring, secluded, taking no part in the business -of life except when its lessons or its succour were needed. It was a -marvellous thing to see those early bishops, almost all honoured with -the name of saints and martyrs, those simple priests watching over the -relics and cemeteries; those monks and hermits in their convents or -in their caves, laying down laws of peace, morals, charity, when all -was war, corruption, barbarism; going between the tyrants of Rome and -the leaders of the Tartars and Goths, to prevent the injustice of the -former and the cruelty of the latter; stopping armies with a wooden -cross and a peaceful word; the weakest of men, and protecting the world -against Attila[436]; placed between two universes to be the link that -joined them, to console the last moments of an expiring society and -support the first steps of a society in its cradle. - -* - -[Sidenote: My own criticism.] - -It was impossible but that the truths unfolded in the _Génie du -Christianisme_ should contribute to a change of ideas. Again, it is to -this work that the present love for the buildings of the Middle Ages -is due: it is I who have called upon the young century to admire the -old temples. If my opinion has been misused; if it is not true that -our cathedrals approach the Parthenon in beauty; if it is false that -those churches teach us unknown facts in their documents of stone; if -it is madness to maintain that those granite memories reveal to us -things that escaped the learned Benedictines; if by dint of eternally -repeating the word Gothic people grow wearied to death of it: that -is not my fault. For the rest, with respect to the arts, I know the -shortcomings of the _Génie du Christianisme_; that portion of my work -is faulty, because, in 1800, I was not acquainted with the arts: -I had not seen Italy, nor Greece, nor Egypt. Also, I did not make -sufficient use of the lives of the saints and of the legends, although -they offered me a number of marvellous instances: by selecting with -taste, one could there reap a plentiful harvest. This field of the -wealth of mediæval imagination surpasses the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid -and the Milesian fables in fruitfulness. My work, moreover, contains -some scanty or false judgments, such as that which I pronounce upon -Dante, to whom I have since paid a brilliant tribute. In the serious -respect, I have completed the _Génie du Christianisme_ in my _Études -historiques_, one of my writings that has been least spoken of and most -plundered. - -The success of _Atala_ had delighted me, because my soul was still -fresh; that of the _Génie du Christianisme_ was painful to me: I was -obliged to sacrifice my time to a more or less useless correspondence -and to irrelevant civilities. A so-called admiration did not atone to -me for the vexations that await a man whose name the crowd remembers. -What good can supply the place of the peace which you have lost by -admitting the public to your intimacy? Add to that the restlessness -with which the Muses love to afflict those who attach themselves -to their cult, the worries attendant upon a compliant character, -inaptitude for fortune, loss of leisure, an uncertain temper, livelier -affections, unreasonable melancholy, groundless joys: who, if he had -the choice, would purchase on those conditions the uncertain advantages -of a reputation which you are not sure of obtaining, which will be -contested during your life, which posterity will refuse to confirm, and -which your death will snatch from you for ever? - -The literary controversy on innovations of style which _Atala_ -had aroused was renewed upon the publication of the _Génie du -Christianisme._ - -A characteristic feature of the imperial school, and even of the -republican school, must be noted: while society advanced for better or -for worse, literature remained stationary; foreign to the change of -the ideas, it did not belong to its own time. In comedy, the squires -of the village, the Colins, the Babets, or else the intrigues of the -drawing-rooms, which were no longer known, were played, as I have -already remarked, before coarse and blood-thirsty men, themselves the -destroyers of the manners whose picture was presented to them; in -tragedy, a plebeian pit interested itself in the families of nobles and -kings. - -Two things kept literature at the date of the eighteenth century: the -impiety which it derived from Voltaire and the Revolution, and the -despotism with which Bonaparte struck it. The head of the State found a -profit in those subordinate letters which he had put in barracks, which -presented arms to him, which sallied forth at the command of "Turn -out, the guard!" which marched in rank, and which went through their -evolutions like soldiers. Any form of independence seemed a rebellion -against his power; he would no more consent to a riot of words and -ideas than he suffered insurrection. He suspended the Habeas Corpus for -thought as well as for individual liberty. Let us also recognise that -the public, weary of anarchy, was glad to submit again to the yoke of -law and order. - -[Sidenote: New forms in literature.] - -The literature which expresses the new era did not commence to reign -until forty or fifty years after the time of which it was the idiom. -During that half-century, it was employed only by the opposition. -It was Madame de Staël, it was Benjamin Constant[437], it was -Lemercier[438], it was Bonald, it was myself, in short, who were the -first to speak that language. The alteration in literature of which -the nineteenth century boasts came to it from the Emigration and from -exile: it was M. de Fontanes who brooded on those birds of a different -species from himself, because, by going back to the seventeenth -century, he had gained the strength of that fertile period and lost the -barrenness of the eighteenth. One portion of the human intelligence, -that which treats of transcendental matters, alone advanced with an -even step with civilisation; unfortunately, the glory of knowledge -was not without stain: the Laplaces[439], the Lagranges[440], the -Monges[441], the Chaptals[442], the Berthollets[443], all the -prodigies, once haughty democrats, became Napoleon's most obsequious -servants. Let it be said to the honour of Letters: the new literature -was free, science was servile; character did not correspond with -genius, and they whose thought had sped to the uppermost sky were not -able to raise their souls above the feet of Bonaparte: they pretended -to have no need of God, that was why they needed a tyrant. - -The Napoleonic classic was the genius of the nineteenth century dressed -up in the periwig of Louis XIV., or curled as in the days of Louis -XV. Bonaparte had ordained that the men of the Revolution should not -appear at Court save in full dress, sword at side. One saw nothing -of the France of the moment; it was not order, it was discipline. -Nor could anything be more tiresome than that pale resuscitation of -the literature of former days. That cold copy, that unproductive -anachronism, disappeared when the new literature broke in noisily with -the _Génie du Christianisme._ The death of the Duc d'Enghien had for -me this advantage that, by causing me to step aside, it left me free -in my solitude to follow my own inspiration, and prevented me from -enlisting in the regular infantry of old Pindus: I owed my moral to my -intellectual liberty. - -In the last chapter of the _Génie du Christianisme_, I discuss what -would have become of the world if the Faith had not been preached at -the time of the invasion of the Barbarians; in another paragraph, -I speak of an important work to be undertaken on the changes -which Christianity introduced in the laws after the conversion of -Constantine[444]. - -Supposing religious opinion to exist in its present form, if the _Génie -du Christianisme_ were yet to be written, I would compose it quite -differently: instead of recalling the benefits and the institutions -of our religion in the past, I would show that Christianity is the -thought of the future and of human liberty; that that redeeming and -Messianic thought is the only basis of social equality; that it alone -can establish the latter, because it places by the side of that -equality the necessity of duty, the corrective and regulator of the -democratic instinct. Legality is no sufficient restraint, because -it is not permanent; it derives its strength from the law: now, the -law is the work of men who pass away and differ. A law is not always -obligatory; it can always be changed by another law: as opposed to -that, morals are constant; they have their force within themselves, -because they spring from the immutable order: they alone, therefore, -can ensure permanency. - -I would show that, wherever Christianity has prevailed, it has changed -ideas, rectified notions of justice and injustice, substituted -assertion for doubt, embraced the whole of humanity in its doctrines -and precepts. I would try to conjecture the distance at which we still -are from the total accomplishment of the Gospel, by calculating the -number of evils that have been destroyed and of improvements that have -been effected in the eighteen centuries which have elapsed on this side -of the Cross. Christianity acts slowly, because it acts everywhere; it -does not cling to the reform of any particular society, it works upon -society in general; its philanthropy is extended to all the sons of -Adam: that is what it expresses with a marvellous simplicity in its -commonest petitions, in its daily prayers, when it says to the crowd in -the temple: - -"Let us pray for every suffering thing upon earth." - -What religion has ever spoken in this way? The Word was not made flesh -in the man of pleasure, it became incarnate in the man of sorrow, with -a view to the enfranchisement of all, to an universal brotherhood and -an infinite salvation. - -If the _Génie du Christianisme_ had only given rise to such -investigations, I should congratulate myself on having published it. -It remains to be seen whether, at the time of the appearance of the -book, a different _Génie du Christianisme_, raised on the new plan the -outline of which I have barely indicated, would have obtained the same -success. In 1803, when nothing was granted to the old religion, when it -was the object of scorn, when none knew the first word of the question, -would one have done well to speak of future liberty as descending from -Calvary, at a time when people were still bruised from the excesses of -the liberty of the passions? Would Bonaparte have suffered such a work -to appear? It was perhaps useful to stimulate regrets, to interest the -imagination in a cause so misjudged, to call attention to the despised -object, to render it endearing before showing how serious it was, how -mighty and how salutary. - -Now, supposing that my name leaves some trace behind it, I shall owe -this to the _Génie du Christianisme_: with no illusion as to the -intrinsic value of the work, I admit that it possesses an accidental -value; it came just at the right moment. For this reason it caused me -to take my place in one of those historic periods which, mixing an -individual with things, compel him to be remembered. If the influence -of my work was not limited to the change which, in the past forty -years, it has produced among the living generations; if it still served -to resuscitate among late-comers a spark of the civilizing truths of -the earth; if the slight symptom of life which one seems to perceive -was there sustained in the generations to come, I should depart full of -hope in the divine mercy. O reconciled Christian, do not forget me in -thy prayers, when I am gone; my faults, perhaps, will stop me outside -those gates where my charity cried on thy behalf: - -"Be ye lifted up, O eternal gates[445]!" - - - -[361] This book was begun at Dieppe in 1836 and finished in Paris in -1837. It was revised in December 1846.--T. - -[362] Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchesse de Longueville -(1619-1679), sister of the great Condé, had intrigued against the -Court, and played a great part in the war of the Fronde (1648-1652). -The escape took place in 1650. Eventually, Mazarin defeating all her -intrigues, the Duchesse de Longueville withdrew into retirement and a -convent--T. - -[363] Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666), daughter of King Philip III. -of Spain, and wife of Louis XIII. of France, whom she married in 1615. -She gave birth to Louis XIV. in 1638, after twenty-three years of -marriage, and became Regent of the Kingdom on the death of Louis XIII. -in 1643.--T. - -[364] Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Maréchal Vicomte de Turenne -(1611-1688), joined the Fronde on Madame de Longueville's persuasion, -but returned to his allegiance the next year (1651). He was born a -Protestant, was converted by Bossuet, but abjured the Catholic Faith in -1678.--T. - -[365] François Duc de La Rochefoucauld (1605 or 1613-1680). He played -a small part in the Fronde through his infatuation for Madame de -Longueville. The _Maxims_ were published in 1665, under the title of -_Réflexions et sentences, ou Maximes morales._ He spent his old age in -the society of Madame de La Fayette and Madame de Sévigné.--T. - -[366] Marie Madeleine Comtesse de La Fayette (1634-1693), _née_ Pioche -de La Vergne, author of a number of successful novels and a History of -Henrietta of England.--T. - -[367] Charlotte Marguerite Princesse de Condé (1594-1650), _née_ de -Montmorency, and married in 1609 to Henry II. Prince de Condé, who -removed her to Brussels out of the reach of King Henry IV. "That poor -wretch," the Duchesse de Longueville, was her daughter.--T. - -[368] Madame de Brienne was the wife of Henri Auguste Comte de Loménie -de Brienne, author of the curious Memoirs.--T. - -[369] BÉRANGER, _Le Vieux Caporal_, 49, 50: - - "Who is sobbing and weeping down yonder? - Ah, 'tis the drummer's widow so sad."--T. - - -[370] BÉRANGER, _Le Vieux Caporal_, chorus: - - "Conscripts, keep step; do not weep; - . . . Keep step, the step keep." ---T. - -[371] Jules Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661), Prime Minister to the Regent -Anne of Austria, and eventual victor over the Fronde.--T. - -[372] The Duc de La Rochefoucauld left _Mémoires sur la règne d'Anne -d'Autriche_, in addition to the _Maximes._--T. - -[373] Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise Duchesse de Berry (1798-1870), -daughter of King Ferdinand I. of Naples, and married to the Duc de -Berry in 1816.--T. - -[374] The Duchesse de Berry brought Dieppe into fashion in the later -years of the Restoration; she visited it yearly, with her children, -during the bathing season.--B. - -[375] RABELAIS.--_Author's Note._ - -[376] Now the Place de la Concorde.--T. - -[377] Migneret's book-shop was at No. 1186, Rue Jacob. The houses were -at that time numbered by districts, not by streets.--B. - -[378] - -"Both through his virtues and his charms -To be their father he deserved." ---T. - -[379] Étienne Gaspard Robertson (1762-1837), a professor of physics who -perfected or improved the Archimedean mirror, the magic-lantern, and -the parachute.--T. - -[380] Now the Quai Malaquais.--T. - -[381] The Theatines, or "Regular Clerks," a very strict congregation, -founded in 1524 by St. Cajetan and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, Bishop of -Chieti, or Theate, from which the Order takes its name.--T. - -[382] The Requisition was a sort of levy in mass decreed by the -Committee of Public Safety on the 23rd of August 1793, and produced -1,400,000 men. It was the immediate forerunner of the Conscription.--T. - -[383] The title of this letter was _Lettre à M. de Fontanes sur la -deuxième édition de l'ouvrage de Mme. de Staël_ (_De la littérature -considérée dans ses rapports avec la morale_, etc.), and it was signed, -l'_Auteur du Génie du Christianisme._ It was printed in the _Mercure_ -of 1 Nivoise Year IX. (22 December 1800), and now figures in all the -editions of the _Génie du Christianisme._ It is one of Chateaubriand's -most eloquent writings.--B. - -[384] The letter appeared in the _Journal des Débats_ of 10 Germinal -Year IX. (31 March 1801).--B. - -[385] The volume is announced as "just out" in the _Journal des Débats_ -of 27 Germinal (17 April). It was a small duodecimo, of XXIV. +210 -pages, with the title _Atala, ou les Amours de deux sauvages dans le -désert._--B. - -[386] Marie Marguerite Marquise de Brinvilliers (1630-1676), _née_ -Dreux d'Avray, a famous poisoner, who with her lover, Gaudin de -Sainte-Croix, poisoned the marquise's father, sister, and two brothers. -The crimes were discovered on the death of Sainte-Croix in 1670. The -Brinvilliers took to flight, but was captured at Liège, brought back to -Paris, and tried and executed in 1676.--T. - -[387] A waxwork show established in the Palais-Royal and on the -Boulevard du Temple in 1770 by a German who called himself Curtius. The -establishment on the Boulevard du Temple remained open until the end of -the reign of Louis-Philippe. The figures are still sometimes met with -at village fairs.--B. - -[388] Chaillot, which now forms part of Paris, was at that time a -village at the gates, to the west, on the road to Versailles.--T. - -[389] The _Nouvelle Héloïse_, Rousseau's most popular work, was -published in 1759--T. - -[390] Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim Vigaroux (1759-1829), a native of -Montpellier, in Provence, and author of some medical works of no -special value.--T. - -[391] Marie Anne Elisa Bacciochi (1774-1820), Bonaparte's eldest -sister, married Felix Pascal Prince Bacciochi in 1797. Her husband -became Prince of Lucca and Piombino in 1805, Elisa exercising the real -power; and in 1808 Napoleon made her Grand-duchess of Tuscany. She was -dethroned in 1814, and assumed the title of Countess of Compignano. -Prince Bacciochi died in Rome in 1841.--T. - -[392] Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Napoleon's second brother, created -Prince of Canino in 1804, a prisoner in England from 1810 to 1814. He -was twice married to ladies of middle-class family (_vide infra_), by -whom he had eleven children.--T. - -[393] François Joachim Cardinal de Pierres de Bernis (1715-1794), -Anacreontic poet and religious controversialist. He had been Madame de -Pompadour's lover, and owed his advancement to her. Voltaire called him -Babet la Bouquetière, owing to the profusion of flowers of rhetoric -which he employed in his verses.--T. - -[394] Madame Lucien Bonaparte (_d._ 1800), _née_ Christine Éléonore -Boyer, married Lucien in 1794, and was the sister of the woman who kept -the inn at Saint-Maximin, where Lucien, then under age, was staying. -The marriage took place without the consent of Madame Bonaparte, the -mother, and was invalid by French law. Lucien's second wife, whom he -married in 1802, was Marie Alexandrine Charlotte Louise Laurence de -Bleschamp (1778-1855), the divorced wife of Jean François Hippolyte -Jouberthon, a retired stockbroker.--B. - -[395] Louis Gabriel Amboise, Vicomte de Bonald (1753-1840), a -distinguished monarchical writer, created a peer of France in 1823, and -a member of the French Academy.--T. - -[396] Charles Lioult de Chênedollé (1769-1833), author of the _Génie de -l'homme_ and other poems.--T. - -[397] Pauline Marie Michelle Frédérique Ulrique de -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de Beaumont (1768-1803).--T. - -[398] The Comte de Montmorin did not die on the scaffold, but was -butchered at the Abbaye on the 2nd of September 1792. On the next day -his cousin, Louis Victor Hippolyte Luce de Montmorin, had his throat -cut at the Conciergerie, where he had been taken after his acquittal -by the Criminal Tribunal on the 17th of August. Madame de Montmorin, -Madame de Beaumont's mother, was guillotined on the 10th of May 1794; -her second son was guillotined with her. Her daughter, wife of the -Comte de La Luzerne, died on the 10th of July 1794, at the Archbishop's -Palace, which had been turned into the prison hospital.--B. - -[399] Madame Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1756-1842), _née_ Vigée, the -famous French portrait painter. She left nearly 700 portraits, in -addition to some historical pictures and a crowd of landscapes.--T. - -[400] Matthieu Louis Molé (1781-1855), created a Count of the Empire -in 1813, when he became Minister of Justice, and held successive -ministries under the Restoration and Louis-Philippe. He was a moderate -statesman of much dignity of character and of great distinction of -person, manners, and speech. He was elected a member of the French -Academy in 1840.--T. - -[401] Étienne Duc Pasquier (1767-1862), appointed Prefect of Police in -1810. After holding various ministerial offices under the Restoration, -he was made President of the Chamber of Peers by Louis-Philippe in -1830, Chancellor in 1837, and a duke in 1844. Elected to the French -Academy in 1842.--T. - -[402] Louise Marie Victorine Comtesse de Chastenay-Lanty (1771-1855) -was never married. Her title of madame is due to the fact that -she became a canoness at an early age (1785). Her observation to -Chateaubriand on the subject of Joubert will be found repeated -in almost precisely the same words in Madame de Chastenay's -recently-published Memoirs (1896), vol. II. p. 82.--T. - -[403] Louis Bénoît Picard (1769-1828), an actor, theatrical manager, -and author of some eighty stage-plays of varying merit. He was received -into the French Academy in 1807.--T. - -[404] In the "small company" which, at the beginning of the -century, met in the drawing-room of Madame de Beaumont, in the Rue -Neuve-du-Luxembourg, or at Chateaubriand's, in his little apartment in -the Hôtel Coislin, on the Place Louis XV., or again, in the summer, -at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, under M. Joubert's roof, each one, according -to an ancient fashion, had his nickname. Chateaubriand was called _le -chat_, the "Cat," by way of abbreviation of his name, or possibly -because of his illegible handwriting; Madame de Chateaubriand, who -had claws, was the "She-cat." Chênedollé and Gueneau de Mussy, more -melancholy than René, had received the names of the "Big" and the -"Little Crow;" sometimes also Chateaubriand was called the "Illustrious -Crow of the Cordilleras," by allusion to his travels in America. -Fontanes was thickset, and had something athletic in his short stature. -His friends jestingly compared him to the boar of Erymanthus, and -called him the "Boar." Thin and slender, skimming over the earth which -she was soon to leave, Madame de Beaumont had received the nickname -of the "Swallow." Joubert, a lover of the woods, and at that time a -great walker, was the "Stag;" while his wife, who was goodness and -wit personified, but of a somewhat fierce humour, laughed when she -was called the "She-wolf." Never was so intellectual a collection of -"animals" seen before.--B. - -[405] Madame Hocquart was a lady possessed of many charms of beauty and -mind. She was the daughter of Pourrat and the sister of Madame Laurent -Lecoulteux.--B. - -[406] The Comtesse de Vintimille du Luc, _née_ de La Live de Jully, was -niece to Madame Hocquart.--B. - -[407] Marie Duchesse de Chevreuse (1600-1679), _née_ de -Rohan-Montbazon, married in 1617 to Albert Duc de Luynes, Constable -of France, and in 1622 to Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse. The -Duchesse de Chevreuse was a favourite of Anne of Austria, and is famed -for her beauty and her wit.--T. - -[408] Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (1635-1719), the last -mistress and eventual wife (1684-1685) of Louis XIV.--T. - -[409] Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777), _née_ Rodet, head of the famous -literary _salon_ in the Rue Saint-Honoré.--T. - -[410] Marie Marquise du Deffant (1697-1780), _née_ de Vichy-Chamroud, -a celebrated leader of eighteenth-century society in France. Her -correspondence with Walpole, Voltaire, d'Alembert, etc., was published -in 1809 to 1811.--T. - -[411] Antoine Hugues Calixte de Montmorin (1772-1794), guillotined 10th -May 1794.--B. - -[412] Margaret of Valois (1552-1615), Queen of France and Navarre, -daughter of King Henry II. of France. She married in 1672 the Prince -of Béarn, afterwards King of Navarre and of France (Henry IV.), who -imprisoned her at Usson, in Auvergne, and eventually divorced her -(1599). She left Memoirs of the period from 1565 to 1587, first -published in 1658.--T. - -[413] Philip II. (Augustus), King of France (1165-1223).--T. - -[414] Kings XII. 23.--T. - -[415] Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont took up their abode at -Savigny on the 22nd of May 1801.--B. - -[416] Antoine Athanase Roux de Laborie (1769-1840), a protégé of -Talleyrand's, who attained to some distinction as a politician. He had -been compromised in a Royalist conspiracy with the two brothers Bertin, -with whom he afterwards founded the _Journal des Débats._--T. - -[417] Catherine Joséphine Rafin (1777-1835), known as Mademoiselle -Duchesnois, made her first appearance in 1802 as Phèdre. She was an -ugly woman, but a fine actress. She continued to play until 1830.--T. - -[418] Paul Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1674); the allusion being to -Rembrandt's famous distribution of light and shade.--T. - -[419] - - "Ne'er did Iphigenia in Aulis laid dead - Cause so many tears in all Greece to be shed - As, in the fine spectacle shown us to-day, - We have wept at the bidding of our Champmeslé." - -Marie Desmare (1644-1698), known as Mademoiselle Champmeslé, made -her first appearance in 1669, and created the title-rôle in Racine's -_Iphigénie_ in 1674, under the poet's directions.--T. - -[420] Anne Pierre Adrien Prince de Montmorency, later Duc de Laval -(1767-1837), French Ambassador successively in Madrid (1814), Rome -(1821), Vienna (1828), and London (1829). He became a member of the -Chamber of Peers in 1820, in succession to his father, deceased, and -resigned his peerage, together with his diplomatic functions, in -1830.--B. - -[421] Étienne Antoine de Boulogne (1747-1825) was made Bishop of Troyes -by Napoleon in 1808. In 1811, Bonaparte imprisoned him at Vincennes, -until 1814, for protesting against the arrest of Pope Pius VII. He -resumed his see under the Restoration, became Archbishop of Vienne in -1817, and was raised to the peerage in 1822.--T. - -[422] Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), admitted to the French Academy -in 1747, and appointed its perpetual secretary in 1755, was author of -the _Considérations sur le Mœurs_, etc., and took the leading part in -the editing of the Dictionary.--T. - -[423] Charles François Dupuis (1742-1809), member of the Institute and -of the Academy of Inscriptions, and author of the _Origine de tous les -cultes, ou la Religion universelle._--T. - -[424] Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771), one of the leaders of the -French philosophy of the eighteenth century, and author of the book -_De l'Esprit_ (1758), condemned by the Sorbonne, the Pope, and the -Parliament of Paris, and burned by the public hangman in 1759.--T. - -[425] Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet -(1743-1794), perpetual secretary of the Academy of Science, and a -principal contributor to the Encyclopædia. The best known of his -voluminous works is the _Esquisse des progrès de l'esprit humain._ He -was arrested as a Girondin, and poisoned himself in prison (28 March -1794).--T. - -[426] Christophe de Beaumont (1703-1781), successively Bishop of -Bayonne, Archbishop of Vienne, and Archbishop of Paris (1746), the -redoubtable adversary of both the Jansenists and Philosophers.--T. - -[427] In Nos. 27, 28, and 29 of the Year X. (1802) of the _Décade -philosophique, littéraire et politique._ The articles were subsequently -collected into a pamphlet.--B. - -[428] It was published on the 24th of Germinal Year X. (14 April -1802), by Migneret, 28, rue du Sépulcre, Faubourg Saint-Germain and Le -Normant, 43, rue des Prêtres-Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, in five volumes -8vo (the fifth volume consisting entirely of notes and elucidations), -with the title, _Génie du Christianisme, ou Beautés de la religion -chrétienne_, by François Auguste Chateaubriand. The first page of each -volume bore the following epigraph, suppressed in the later editions: - - "Chose admirable! la religion chrétienne, qui ne semble avoir - d'objet que la félicité de l'autre vie, fait encore notre - bonheur dans celle-ci." - -MONTESQUIEU, _Esprit des Lois_, XXIV., iii.--B. - -[429] Baruch, or Benedict, Spinoza (1632-1677), the Portuguese-Jewish -philosopher of Amsterdam. His system of pantheism is set forth in his -_Ethica_ and other works.--T. - -[430] Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was born a Protestant, became a -Catholic, and then a professional sceptic. His reputation rests upon -his famous _Dictionnaire historique et critique_ (1697), with which he -paved the way for Voltaire and his friends.--T. - -[431] Claude Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) was the founder of -a sect, based upon more or less Socialistic principles, extinguished -by ridicule, and finally dissolved by the Courts for its attacks upon -public morals in 1833. Its author attempted suicide in 1823, but -escaped with the loss of an eye.--T. - -[432] Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of the Phalansterian -movement, based upon the Communistic principle.--T. - -[433] The system maintaining the simple humanity of Christ, and denying -His divinity.--T. - -[434] Publius Licinius Gallienus, Roman Emperor (233-268), gave leave -to Plotinus to build a town in Campania, to be recalled Platonopolis; -but the project fell through.--T. - -[435] Plotinus (_circa_ 205--_circa_ 270) opened his school of -Neo-Platonic philosophy in Rome about the year 245.--T. - -[436] Attila, King of the Huns (_d._ 453), when descending into Italy -in 452 after his defeat in France, was stopped outside Rome by Pope -St. Leo the Great, who persuaded him to return back after exacting a -tribute from the Emperor Valentinian III.--T. - -[437] Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (1767-1830), the well-known -publicist and Liberal politician.--T. - -[438] Népomucène Louis Lemercier (1772-1840), a member of the French -Academy, and author of a number of plays and poems all of a remarkable -character. The finest is his tragedy of Agamemnon. He was one of the -first to break through Boileau's rule of the three unities in dramatic -literature.--T. - -[439] Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827), a profound -geometrician and a _protégé_ of d'Alembert, was Minister of the -Interior for six weeks after the 18 Brumaire, entered the Senate in -1799, and became President of that body. He was a member of the French -Academy, and was created a marquis and a peer by Louis XVIII. on -becoming its President (1817).--T. - -[440] Joseph Louis Comte Lagrange (1736-1813), another famous -mathematician. He was for twenty years President of the Berlin Academy -(1766-1786). Napoleon made him a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, -a count, and a senator. He and Laplace may be said to have completed -Newton's work.--T. - -[441] Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (1746-1818), a member of the -Academy of Science, was for a month Minister of Marine under the -Revolution (1792). During the wars of the Republic he devoted his -knowledge to elaborating the national means of defense, was one of the -founders of the Polytechnic School, accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, and -became President of the Cairo Institute. Napoleon gave him his title, -created him a senator, and loaded him with honours, all of which he -lost at the Restoration.--T. - -[442] Jean Antoine Chaptal, Comte de Chanteloup (1756-1832), a -distinguished chemist and statesman. He was placed at the head of -the gunpowder factory at Grenelle in 1793, and there displayed an -incredible activity. In 1798 he became one of the original members of -the Institute, Minister of the Interior in 1800, a senator in 1805, and -a peer of France under the Restoration (1819).--T. - -[443] Claude Louis Comte Berthollet (1748-1822), another celebrated -chemist, worked with Monge and Chaptal in the fabrication of gunpowder -and the multiplication of the means of defense during the Republican -wars. He also accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, where he made many -important researches. The Emperor made him a senator in 1805, and he -received his peerage under the Restoration.--T. - -[444] Constantine I. Emperor of the West (274-337), known as -Constantine the Great, was converted, by a sign of the Cross in the -sky, in the year 312.--T. - -[445] Ps. XXIII. 7, 9.--T. - - - - -BOOK II[446] - - -The years 1802 and 1803--Country-houses--Madame de Custine--M. de -Saint-Martin--Madame de Houdetot and Saint-Lambert--Journey to -the south of France--M. de la Harpe--His death--Interview with -Bonaparte--I am appointed First Secretary of Embassy in Rome--Journey -from Paris to the Savoy Alps--From Mont Cenis to Rome--Milan to -Rome--Cardinal Fesch's palace--My occupations--Madame de Beaumont's -manuscripts--Letters from Madame de Caud--Madame de Beaumont's arrival -in Rome--Letters from my sister--Letter from Madame de Krüdener--Death -of Madame de Beaumont--Her funeral--Letters from M. de Chênedollé, -M. de Fontanes, M. Necker, and Madame de Staël--The years 1803 and -1804--First idea of my Memoirs--I am appointed French Minister to the -Valais--Departure from Rome--The year 1804--The Valais Republic--A -visit to the Tuileries--The Hôtel de Montmorin--I hear the death cried -of the Duc d'Enghien--I give in my resignation. - - -My life became quite disturbed so soon as it ceased to belong to -myself. I had a crowd of acquaintances outside my customary circle. I -was invited to the country-houses which were being restored. One did as -best he could in those half-unfurnished, half-furnished manor-houses, -in which old arm-chairs and new stood side by side. Nevertheless, some -of these manor-houses had remained intact, such as the Marais[447], -which had come into the possession of Madame de La Briche[448], an -excellent woman, whom happiness could never succeed in shaking off. I -remember that my immortality went to the Rue Saint-Dominique d'Enfer -to take a seat for the Marais in a wretched hired coach, where I met -Madame de Vintimille and Madame de Fezensac[449]. At Champlâtreux[450] -M. Molé was having some small rooms on the second floor rebuilt. -His father[451], who had been killed in the revolutionary style, was -replaced, in a dilapidated drawing-room, by a picture in which Matthieu -Molé was represented stopping a riot with his square cap: a picture -which brought home the difference in the times. A splendid intersection -of roads lined with lime-trees had been cut down; but one of the -avenues still remained in all the magnificence of its old shade; new -plantations have since been mixed with it: this is the age of poplars. - -On returning from the Emigration, there was no exile so poor but -laid out the winding walks of an English garden in the ten feet of -land or court-yard which he had recovered: did I myself, in days -past, not plant the Vallée-aux-Loups? Was it not there that I began -these Memoirs? Did I not continue them in Montboissier Park, whose -appearance, disfigured by neglect, its owners were then trying to -revive? Did I not lengthen them in the park at Maintenon[452], quite -recently restored, a new prey for the returning democracy? The castles -burnt in 1789 ought to have warned what remained of the castles to -remain hidden in their ruins: but the steeples of engulfed villages -which pierce through the lava of Vesuvius do not prevent new steeples -and new hamlets from being planted on the surface of that same lava. - -[Sidenote: The Marquise de Custine.] - -Among the bees adjusting their hive was the Marquise de Custine[453], -the heiress of the long tresses of Margaret of Provence[454], wife of -St. Louis, whose blood flowed in her veins. I was present when she took -possession of Fervacques[455], and I had the honour of sleeping in the -bed of the Bearnese, as I had of sleeping in Queen Christina's[456] -bed at Combourg. The journey was no trifling matter: we had to take -on board the carriage Astolphe de Custine[457], then a child, M. -Berstoecher, his tutor, an old Alsatian nurse, who spoke only German, -Jenny, the lady's maid, and Trim, a famous dog which ate up the -provisions for the journey. Would one not have thought that this colony -was going to Fervacques for good? And yet the furnishing of the house -was not quite finished when the signal for removal was given. I saw her -who faced the scaffold with such great courage[458], I saw her, whiter -than one of the Fates, dressed in black, her figure made thin by death, -her head adorned only with her silken tresses; I saw her smile to me -with her pale lips and her beautiful teeth when she left Sécherons, -near Geneva, to breathe her last at Bex, at the entrance to the Valais; -I heard her coffin pass at night along the deserted streets of Lausanne -to take up its eternal place at Fervacques: she was hastening to hide -herself in a property which she had possessed for but a moment, like -her life. I had read on the corner of a chimney-piece in the _château_ -those bad rhymes attributed to the lover of Gabrielle: - - La dame de Fervacques - Mérite de vives attacques[459]. - -The soldier-king had said as much to many others: passing declarations -of men, soon effaced and descending from beauty to beauty down to -Madame de Custine. Fervacques has been sold. - -I also met the Duchesse de Châtillon[460], who adorned my valley -at Aulnay during my absence in the Hundred Days. Mrs. Lindsay, -whom I continued to see, introduced me to Julie Talma[461]. Madame -de Clermont-Tonnerre invited me. We had a common grandmother, and -she was good enough to call me cousin. The widow of the Comte de -Clermont-Tonnerre[462], she was married again, later, to the Marquis -de Talaru[463]. She had converted M. de La Harpe in prison. It was -through her that I knew Neveu, the painter, who was enrolled among the -number of her _cicisbei_: Neveu brought me into momentary connection -with Saint-Martin[464]. - -M. de Saint-Martin thought he had discovered in _Atala_ a certain -cant which was far from my thoughts, but which to his mind proved an -affinity of doctrine between us. Neveu, in order to bring two brothers -together, asked us to dinner in a top room which he occupied in the -out-houses of the Palais-Bourbon. I reached the trysting-place at six -o'clock; the heavenly philosopher was at his post. At seven o'clock, a -discreet man-servant placed a tureen of soup upon the table, withdrew, -and closed the door. We sat down and began to eat in silence. M. de -Saint-Martin, who, for the rest, had a very fine manner, pronounced -only a few oracular phrases. Neveu replied with exclamations, uttered -with a painter's attitudes and grimaces. I said not a word. - -After half an hour, the necromancer returned, removed the soup, and -placed another dish on the table. The courses succeeded each other -in this way, one by one, and at long intervals. M. de Saint-Martin, -becoming gradually more excited, began to talk after the manner of -an archangel; the more he talked, the more obscure did his language -become. Neveu had hinted to me, squeezing my hand, that we should see -extraordinary things, that we should hear sounds. For six mortal hours -I listened and discovered nothing. At midnight, the man of visions -suddenly rose to his feet. I thought that the spirit of darkness or the -heavenly spirit was descending, that the bells were about to ring out -through the mysterious passages; but M. de Saint-Martin declared that -he was exhausted, and that we would resume the conversation another -time: he put on his hat and went away. Unhappily for himself, he was -stopped at the door and obliged to come back by an unexpected visit: -nevertheless he was not long in disappearing. I never saw him again: he -went off to die in the garden of M. Lenoir-Laroche[465], my neighbour -at Aulnay. - -[Sidenote: Swedenborgian nonsense.] - -I am a refractory subject for Swedenborgianism; the Abbé Faria[466], at -a dinner at Madame de Custine's, boasted of being able to kill a canary -by magnetizing it; the canary was the stronger of the two, and the -abbé, beside himself, was obliged to leave the party for fear of being -killed by the canary. The sole presence of myself, the Christian, had -rendered the tripod powerless. - -Another time, the celebrated Gall[467], again at Madame de Custine's, -dined next to me, without knowing me, mistook my facial angle, -took me for a frog, and tried, when he knew who I was, to patch up -his science in a way which made me blush for him. The shape of the -head can assist one in distinguishing the sex in individuals, in -indicating what belongs to the beast, to the animal passions; as to -the intellectual faculties, phrenology will never know them. If one -could collect the different skulls of the great men who have died since -the commencement of the world, and were to place them before the eyes -of the phrenologists without telling them to whom they belonged, they -would not forward one brain to its right address: the examination of -the "bumps" would produce the most comical mistakes. - -I feel conscience-smitten: I spoke of M. de Saint-Martin a trifle -scoffingly; I am sorry for it. That love of scoffing, which I am -constantly thrusting back and which incessantly returns to me, is a -cause of suffering to me; for I hate the satirical spirit as being the -pettiest, commonest, and easiest of all: of course, I am bringing no -charge against high comedy. M. de Saint-Martin was, when all is said -and done, a man of great merit, of noble and independent character. His -ideas, when they were explicable, were lofty and of a superior nature. -Ought I not to sacrifice the two foregoing pages to the generous and -much too flattering declaration of the author of the _Portrait de M. -de Saint-Martin fait par lui-même[468]?_ I should not hesitate to -suppress them, if what I say were able to do the smallest hurt to -the serious reputation of M. de Saint-Martin and to the esteem which -will always cling to his memory. I am glad, for the rest, to see that -my recollection has not deceived me: M. de Saint-Martin may not have -received quite the same impressions as myself at the dinner of which I -speak; but you will see that I have not invented the scene, and that M. -de Saint-Martin's account resembles mine at bottom: - - "On the 27th of January 1803," he says, "I had an interview - with M. de Chateaubriand at a dinner arranged for the purpose - at M. Neveu's, in the Polytechnic School[469]. It would have - been a great advantage to me to have known him earlier: he - is the only irreproachable man of letters with whom I have - come into contact in my existence, and even then I enjoyed - his conversation only during the meal. For, immediately - afterwards, there came a visit which made him dumb for the - rest of the evening, and I do not know when the occasion will - return, because the king of this world takes great care to - put a spoke in the wheel of my cart. For the rest, of whom do - I stand in need except God?" - -M. de Saint-Martin is worth a thousand of me: the dignity of his last -sentence crushes my harmless banter with all the weight of a serious -nature. - -I had seen M. de Saint-Lambert[470] and Madame de Houdetot[471] at the -Marais. Both represented the opinions and the freedom of days gone -by, carefully packed up and preserved: it was the eighteenth century -dying and married after its own fashion. One need but hold on to life -for unlawfulness to become lawful. Men feel an infinite esteem for -immorality because it has not ceased to exist and because time has -adorned it with wrinkles. In truth, a virtuous husband and wife, who -are not husband and wife, but who remain together out of consideration -for their fellow-creatures, suffer a little from their venerable -condition; they bore and detest each other cordially with all the -ill-humour of old age; that is God's justice: - - Malheur à qui le ciel accorde de longs jours[472]! - -[Sidenote: Madame de Houdetot.] - -It became difficult to understand certain pages of the _Confessions_ -when one had seen the object of Rousseau's transports. Had Madame de -Houdetot kept the letters which Jean Jacques wrote to her, and which he -says were more brilliant than those in the _Nouvelle Héloïse?_ It is -believed that she made a sacrifice of them to Saint-Lambert. - -When nearly eighty years of age, Madame de Houdetot still cried in -agreeable verses: - - Et l'amour me console! - Rien ne pourra me consoler de lui[473]. - -She never went to bed without striking the floor three times with her -slipper and saying, "Good-night, dear!" to the late author of the -_Saisons._ That was what the philosophy of the eighteenth century -amounted to in 1803. - -The society of Madame de Houdetot, Diderot, Saint-Lambert, Rousseau, -Grimm[474], and Madame d'Épinay rendered the Valley of Montmorency -insupportable to me, and though, with regard to facts, I am very glad -that a relic of the Voltairean times should have come under my notice, -I do not regret those times. I have lately again seen the house in -which Madame de Houdetot used to live at Sannois; it is now a mere -empty shell, reduced to the four walls. A deserted hearth is always -interesting; but what can we gather from hearth-stones by whose side -beauty has never sat, nor the mother of a family, nor religion, and -whose ashes, if they were not dispersed, would carry back the memory -only to days which were capable of nought save destruction? - -* - -A piracy of the _Génie du Christianisme_ at Avignon took me to the -south of France in the month of October 1802. I knew only my poor -Brittany and the northern provinces through which I had passed when -leaving my country. I was about to see the sun of Provence, the sky -which was to give me a fore-taste of Italy and Greece, towards -which my instinct and my muse alike urged me. I was in a happy mood; -my reputation made life seem light to me: there are many dreams -in the first intoxication of fame, and one's eyes at first become -rapturously filled with the rising light; but should that light become -extinguished, it leaves you in the dark: if it last, the habit of -seeing it soon renders you unmindful of it. - -Lyons pleased me extremely. I renewed my acquaintance with those works -of the Romans which I had not seen since the day when I read some -sheets of _Atala_ out of my knapsack in the amphitheatre at Trèves. -Sailing-boats crossed from one bank of the Saône to the other, carrying -a light at night; they were steered by women; a sailor lass of eighteen -who took me on board, at each turn of the helm, adjusted a nosegay -of flowers badly fastened to her hat. I was awakened in the morning -by the sound of bells. The convents poised upon the slopes seemed to -have recovered their solitary inmates. The son of M. Ballanche[475], -the owner, after M. Migneret, of the _Génie du Christianisme_, had -become my host: he has become my friend. Who does not know to-day the -Christian philosopher whose writings glow with that placid clearness on -which one loves to fix his eyes, as on the ray of a friendly star in -the sky? - -On the 27th of October the post-barge which was taking me to Avignon -was obliged to stop at Tain, owing to a storm. I thought myself -in America: the Rhone reminded me of my great wild rivers. I was -put into a little river-side inn; a conscript was standing at the -chimney-corner; he had his sack on his back, and was on his way to join -the Army of Italy. I wrote with the bellows of the chimney for a table, -opposite the landlady, who sat silently before me and showed her regard -for the traveller by preventing the dog and cat from making a noise. -What I was writing was an article which I had almost finished while -going down the Rhone, and which related to M. de Bonald's _Législation -primitive._ I foresaw what has since come to pass: - - "French literature," I said, "is about to change its aspect; - with the Revolution new thoughts will come into being, new - views of men and things. It is easy to foresee that our - writers will become divided. Some will strive to leave the - beaten paths; others will try to copy the old models, while - nevertheless displaying them in a new light. It is very - probable that the latter will end by getting the better - of their adversaries, because, in leaning upon the great - traditions and the great men, they will have surer guides and - more fruitful documents." - -The lines ending my travelling criticism are history; my mind was -beginning to move with my century: - - "The author of this article," I said, "cannot resist an - image drawn from the circumstances in which he finds himself - placed. At the very moment at which he is writing these - concluding words he is descending one of the greatest rivers - of France. On two opposite mountains stand two ruined towers; - at the top of those towers are fastened little bells, - which the mountaineers ring as we pass. This river, those - mountains, those sounds, those Gothic monuments, divert the - eyes of the spectators for a moment; but not one stops to go - whither the bell-tower calls him. Thus the men who to-day - preach morality and religion in vain give the signal from - the top of their ruins to those whom the torrent of the age - carries with it; the traveller is amazed at the grandeur of - the ruins, at the sweetness of the sounds that issue from - them, at the majesty of the memories that rise above them, - but he does not interrupt his journey, and at the first turn - in the stream all is forgotten[476]." - -[Sidenote: Avignon.] - -When I arrived at Avignon, on the eve of All Saints' Day, a child -hawking books offered them to me: I then and there bought three -different pirated editions of a little novel called _Atala_. By going -from one bookseller to the other, I unearthed the pirate, to whom I was -not known. He sold me the four volumes of the _Génie du Christianisme_ -at the reasonable price of nine francs per copy, and praised both book -and author highly to me. He lived in a fine house standing in its own -grounds. I thought I had made a great discovery: after four-and-twenty -hours, I grew weary of following fortune, and made terms for next to -nothing with the robber. - -I saw Madame de Janson, a little wizened, white-haired, determined -woman, who struggled with the Rhone for her estate, exchanged -musket-shots with the inhabitants of the banks, and defended herself -against the years. - -Avignon reminded me of my fellow-countryman. Du Guesclin was good for -more than Bonaparte, because he rescued France from her conquerors. On -reaching the city of the Popes with the adventurers whom his glory was -leading to Spain, he said to the provost sent by the Pontiff to meet -him: - -* - -"'Brother, do not deceive me: whence comes that treasure? Has the Pope -taken it from his treasure?' - -"And he answered no, and that the commons of Avignon had paid it, each -his portion. - -"'Then, provost,' said Bertrand, 'I promise you that we will not take -a farthing of it as we live, and wish that this money got together -be restored to them that paid it, and tell the Pope that he have it -restored to them; for if I knew that any other were done, it would lie -heavy on me; and had I crossed the sea, yet would I return thence.' - -"Thus was Bertrand paid with the Pope's money, and his folk absolved -again, and the said first absolution again confirmed." - -* - -In former days Avignon was considered the commencement of a Transalpine -journey: it was the entrance to Italy. The geographies say: - -"The Rhone belongs to the King, but the City of Avignon is watered by a -branch of the river, the Sorgue, which belongs to the Pope." - -Is the Pope very certain of long preserving the ownership of the Tiber? -At Avignon they used to visit the Celestine[477] monastery. Good King -René[478], who reduced the taxes when the tramontane wind blew, had -painted a skeleton in one of the halls of the Celestine monastery: it -was that of a woman of great beauty whom he had loved[479]. - -* - -I looked for the Palace of the Popes and was shown the _ice-house_: -the Revolution has done away with celebrated places; the memories -of the past are obliged to shoot up through it and to reblossom over -dead bones[480]. Alas, the groans of the victims die soon after them! -They scarcely reach some echo that causes them to survive a little -while after the voice from which they issued is extinguished for ever. -But, while the cry of sorrow was expiring on the banks of the Rhone, -one heard in the distance the sound of Petrarch's lute: a solitary -_canzone_, escaping from the tomb, continued to charm Vaucluse[481] -with an immortal melancholy and the love sorrows of olden time. - -Alain Chartier[482] had come from Bayeux to be buried at Avignon in the -Church of St. Anthony. He had written the _Belle Dame sans mercy_, and -the kiss of Margaret of Scotland[483] made him live. - -[Sidenote: Marseilles.] - -From Avignon I went to Marseilles. What is left to be desired by a town -to which Cicero addressed these words, of which the oratorical manner -was imitated by Bossuet: - -"Nor will I forget thee, O Massilia, who in virtue and dignity shouldst -rank not only before Greece, but for aught I know before the whole -world[484]!" - -Tacitus, in the Life of Agricola, also praises Marseilles as combining -the Greek urbanity with the economy of the Latin provinces. Daughter of -Hellas, foundress of Gaul, celebrated by Cicero, captured by Cæsar, is -not that sufficient glory united? I hastened to climb to _Notre Dame de -la Garde_, to admire the sea which the smiling coasts of all the famous -countries of antiquity line with their ruins. The sea, which does not -move, is the source of mythology, even as the ocean, which rises twice -a day, is the abyss to which Jehovah said: - -"Thou shalt go no farther[485]." - -In this same year, 1838, I climbed again to that summit; I saw again -that sea which I now know so well, and at the end of which rose the -Cross and the Tomb victorious. The mistral was blowing; I went into -the fort built by Francis I., where no longer a veteran of the army of -Egypt kept guard, but where stood a conscript destined for Algiers and -lost under the gloomy vaults. Silence reigned in the restored chapel, -while the wind moaned without. The hymn of the Breton sailors to Our -Lady of Succour returned to my mind; you know when and how I have -already quoted that plaint of my early ocean days: - - Je mets ma confiance, - Vierge, en votre secours. - -How many events it had needed to bring me back to the feet of the "Star -of the Sea," to whom I had been vowed in my childhood! When I gazed at -those votive offerings, those paintings of ship-wrecks hung all around -me, it was as though I were reading the story of my life. Virgil places -the Trojan hero beneath the Porches of Carthage, moved at the sight -of a picture representing the burning of Troy, and the genius of the -singer of Hamlet has made use of the soul of the singer of Dido. - -I no longer recognised Marseilles at the foot of that rock once covered -with a forest sung by Lucan: I could no longer lose my way in its long, -wide, straight streets. The harbour was crowded with ships; thirty-six -years ago I should with difficulty have found a "boat," steered by a -descendant of Pytheas[486], to carry me to Cyprus like Joinville[487]: -time rejuvenates cities, reversing its action upon men. I preferred my -old Marseilles, with its memories of the Bérengers[488], the Duke of -Anjou[489], King René, Guise and d'Épernon[490], with the monuments of -Louis XIV. and the virtues of Belsunce[491]: the wrinkles on its brow -pleased me. Perhaps, in regretting the years which it has lost, I but -bewail those which I have found. Marseilles received me graciously, it -is true; but the rival of Athens has grown too young for me. - -If the _Memoirs_ of Alfieri[492] had been published in 1802 I should -not have left Marseilles without visiting the rock from which the poet -used to bathe. That rugged man once succeeded in attaining the charm of -reverie and of expression: - - "After the performance," he writes, "one of my amusements, - at Marseilles, was to bathe almost every evening in the - sea; I had found a very agreeable spot, on a neck of land - situated to the right of the harbour, where, seated on the - sand, with my back leaning against a rock, which prevented - me from being seen from the land side, I could behold - the sky and sea without interruption. Between those two - immensities, embellished by the rays of the setting sun, I - passed delicious hours dreaming of future delights; and there - I might unquestionably have become a poet, could I have given - any language whatever to my thoughts and feelings[493]." - -[Sidenote: Jean Reboul.] - -I returned through Languedoc and Gascony. At Nîmes, the Arena[494] and -the Maison Carrée[495] had not yet been extricated: in the present -year, 1838, I have seen them exhumed. I have also looked up Jean -Reboul[496]. I had my doubts concerning those workmen poets, who are -generally neither poets nor workmen: I owe M. Reboul a reparation. I -found him in his bakery; I spoke to him without knowing whom I was -addressing, failing to distinguish him from his fellow-worshippers of -Ceres. He took my name and said he would go and see if the person for -whom I was asking was there. He returned soon after and introduced -himself: he took me into his shop; we wended our way through a -labyrinth of flour-sacks, and clambered up a sort of ladder into a -little closet resembling the upper room of a wind-mill. There we sat -down and talked. I was as happy as in my garret in London, and happier -than in my ministerial armchair in Paris. M. Reboul drew a manuscript -from a chest of drawers, and read me some powerful verses from a poem -which he is writing on the _Dernier Jour._ I congratulated him on his -religion and his talent[497]. - -I had to take leave of my host, not without wishing him the gardens -of Horace. I would have better loved to see him dream beside the -Cascade at Tivoli than gather the wheat crushed by the wheel above that -cascade. It is true that Sophocles was perhaps a blacksmith in Athens, -and that Plautus, in Rome, was a harbinger of Reboul at Nîmes[498]. - -Between Nîmes and Montpellier, I passed, on my left, Aigues-Mortes, -which I have visited in 1838. This town is still quite intact, with its -towers and its surrounding rampart; it resembles a large ship stranded -on the sands where St. Louis, time and the sea have left it. The -Saint-king gave "usages" and statutes to the town of Aigues-Mortes: - -"He wills that the prison be such that it serve not for the -extermination of the person, but for its safe-keeping; that no -information be granted for mere injurious words; that adultery itself -be not enquired into, except in certain cases; and that he who violates -a maid, _volente vel nolente_, shall not lose his life, nor any of his -members, _sed alio modo puniatur._" - -At Montpellier I again saw the sea, to which I would gladly have -written in the words of the Most Christian King to the Swiss -Confederation: "My trusty ally and well-beloved friend." Scaliger[499] -would have liked to make Montpellier "the nest of his old age." It -received its name from two virgin saints, _Mons puellarum_: hence the -beauty of its women. Montpellier[500], falling before the Cardinal de -Richelieu, witnessed the death of the aristocratic constitution of -France. - -On the road from Montpellier to Narbonne, I had a return to my native -disposition, an attack of my dreaminess. I should have forgotten that -attack if, like certain imaginary invalids, I had not entered the day -of my crisis on a tiny bulletin, the only note of that time which I -have found to aid my memory. This time it was an arid space covered -with fox-gloves that made me forget the world: my eyes glided over -that sea of purple stalks, and encountered at the distance only the -blue chain of the Cantal Mountains. In nature, with the exception -of the sky, the sea and the sun, it is not the immense objects that -inspire me; they give me only a sensation of greatness, which flings -my own littleness distraught and disconsolate at the feet of God. But a -flower which I pick, a stream of water hiding among the rushes, a bird -alternately flying and resting before my eyes lead me on towards all -kinds of dreams. Is it not better to be moved for no definite reason -than to go through life seeking blunted interests, chilled by their -repetition and their number? All is worn out nowadays, even misfortune. - -At Narbonne I reached the Canal des Deux-Mers[501]. Corneille, singing -this work, adds his own greatness to that of Louis XIV.[502] - -[Sidenote: Toulouse.] - -At Toulouse, from the bridge over the Garonne, I could see the line of -the Pyrenees; I was to cross it four years later: our horizons succeed -one another like our days. They offered to show me, in a cave, the -dried body of Fair Paule[503]: blessed are they that have not seen and -have believed! Montmorency[504] had been beheaded in the courtyard of -the town-hall: that head struck off must have been very important, -since they still speak of it after so many other heads have been taken -off? I do not know if, in the history of criminal proceedings, there -exists an eye-witness' evidence which has more clearly established a -man's identity: - - "The fire and smoke which covered him," said Guitaut, - "prevented me from recognising him; but seeing a man who, - after breaking six of our ranks, was still killing soldiers - in the seventh, I thought that it could be only M. de - Montmorency; I knew it for certain when I saw him thrown to - the ground under his dead horse." - -The deserted Church of St. Sernin impressed me by its architecture. -This church is connected with the history of the Albigenses, which the -poem so well translated by M. Fauriel[505] revives: - - "The gallant young count, his father's heir and the light of - his eyes, with the cross and the sword, enter together by - one of the doors. Not a single young girl remains in chamber - or on landing; the inhabitants of the town, great and small, - all come out to gaze upon the count as on a fair and blooming - rose." - -It is to the time of Simon de Montfort[506] that the loss of the -_langue d'Oc_ dates back: - -"Simon, seeing himself lord of so many lands, bestowed them among the -gentle men, both French and others, _atque loci leges dedimus_," say -the eight signatory archbishops and bishops. - -I should have liked to have had time to inquire at Toulouse after one -of my great admirations, Cujas[507], writing, flat on the ground, with -his books spread around him. I do not know whether the memory has -been preserved of his twice-married daughter Suzanne. Constancy had -no great attractions for Suzanne, she set it at naught; but she kept -one of her husbands alive with the same infidelities which caused the -other's death. Cujas was protected by the daughter of Francis I.[508], -Pibrac by the daughter of Henry II.[509]: two Margarets of the blood -of the Valois, the true blood of the Muses. Pibrac[510] is famous -through his quatrains, which have been translated into Persian. I was -perhaps lodged in the house of the president his father. That "good -Lord of Pibrac," according to Montaigne, was "a man of so quaint and -rare wit, of so sound judgment, and of so mild and affable behaviour." -His mind was "so dissonant and different in proportion from our -deplorable corruption, and so farre from agreeing with our tumultuous -stormes[511]." And Pibrac wrote the apology of St. Bartholomew's Night! - -I hurried on without being able to stop: fate threw me back to 1838 -to admire in detail the city of Raimond de Saint-Gilles[512], and to -speak of the new acquaintances I made there: M. de Lavergne[513], a -man of talent, wit, and sense; Mademoiselle Honorine Gasc[514], the -Malibran of the future. The latter reminded me, in my new quality of a -follower of Clémence Isaure[515], of those verses which Chapelle and -Bachaumont[516] wrote in the isle of Ambijoux, near Toulouse: - - Hélas! que l'on serait heureux - Dans ce beau lieu digne d'envie, - Si, toujours aimé de Sylvie, - On pouvait, toujours amoureux, - Avec elle passer sa vie[517]! - -Let Mademoiselle Honorine be on her guard against her beautiful voice! -Talents are "gold of Toulouse:" they bring misfortune. - -[Sidenote: Bordeaux.] - -Bordeaux was as yet scarce rid of its scaffolds and its dastardly -Girondins. All the towns which I saw had the appearance of beautiful -women lately risen from a violent malady, and hardly commencing to -breathe again. In Bordeaux, Louis XIV. had caused the Palais des -Tutelles to be razed, in order to build the Chateau Trompette[518]; -Spon[519] and the lovers of antiquity groaned: - -Pourquoi démolit-on ces colonnes des dieux, -Ouvrage des Césars, monument tutélaire[520]? - -There were but a few remains of the Arena to be seen. Were we to offer -a token of regret to all that falls, life would be too short for our -tears. - -I took ship for Blaye. I saw the castle, then unknown, to which in 1833 -I addressed these words: - -"O captive of Blaye[521], I am sorrow-stricken to be able to do nothing -to forward your present destinies!" - -I travelled towards Rochefort, and went on to Nantes through the Vendée. - -This district bore the mutilations and scars due to its valour, like an -old warrior. Bones bleached by time and ruins blackened by fire met the -gaze. When the Vendeans were on the point of attacking the enemy, they -knelt down to receive the blessing of a priest. Prayers uttered under -arms were not reckoned as weakness, for the Vendean who raised his -sword towards Heaven asked for victory, not for life. - -The diligence in which I found myself interred was full of travellers -who related the rapes and murders with which they had glorified their -lives in the wars of the Vendée. My heart throbbed when, after crossing -the Loire at Nantes, we entered Brittany. I passed by the College of -Rennes, which witnessed the last years of my childhood. I was able to -remain for only four-and-twenty hours with my wife and sisters, and I -returned to Paris. - -* - -I arrived in time for the death of a man who belonged to those superior -names of the second rank in the eighteenth century which, forming a -solid rear-line in society, gave it a certain fulness and consistency. - -I had known M. de La Harpe in 1789: like Flins, he had become smitten -with a great passion for my sister, Madame la Comtesse de Farcy. -He used to come up with three large volumes of his works under his -little arms, quite astounded to find that his glory did not triumph -over the most rebellious hearts. Loud-voiced, and eager in manner, -he thundered against every abuse, ordered an omelette to be made -for him at the ministers' houses when the dinner had not been to his -taste, eating with his fingers, dragging his cuffs in the dishes, -talking philosophical scurrilities to the greatest lords, who doted -on his impertinences; but, when all was said, his was an upright -and enlightened mind, impartial amid all its passions, with a quick -sense for talent, capable of admiration, of shedding tears over fine -poetry or a fine action, and possessing a foundation fit to support -repentance. He was not wanting at the end; I saw him die the death -of a brave Christian, with his taste enlarged by religion, and -retaining no pride except as against impiety, no hatred except that of -"Revolutionary language[522]." - -[Sidenote: Death of M. de La Harpe.] - -On my return from the Emigration, religion had disposed M. de La Harpe -in favour of my works: the illness which attacked him did not prevent -him from working himself; he read me passages from a poem which he was -writing on the Revolution[523]; in it occurred notably some pithy lines -directed against the crimes of the age and the "worthy men" who had -permitted them: - - Mais s'ils ont tout osé, vous avez tout permis: - Plus l'oppresseur est vil, plus l'esclave est infâme[524]. - -Forgetting that he was ill, dressed in a wadded spencer, with a white -cotton night-cap on his head, he recited with all his might; then, -dropping his copy-book, he said in a voice that hardly reached the ear: - -"I can't go on; I feel a grip of iron in my side." - -And if, unfortunately, a maid-servant should happen to pass by, he -would resume his stentorian voice and roar: - -"Go away! Shut the door!" - -I said to him one day: - -"You will live for the good of religion." - -"Ah, yes," he replied, "it would certainly be for God; but He does not -wish it, and I shall die within these few days." - -Falling back into his chair, and drawing his night-cap over his ears, -he expiated his former pride by his present resignation and humility. - -At a dinner at Migneret's, I had heard him speak of himself with -the greatest modesty, declaring that he had done nothing out of -the common, but that he believed that art and the language had not -degenerated in his hands. - -M. de La Harpe quitted this life on the 11th of February 1803; the -author of the _Saisons_ died almost at the same time, fortified with -all the consolations of philosophy, as M. de La Harpe died fortified -with all the consolations of religion: the one was visited by men, the -other by God. - -M. de La Harpe was buried on the 12th of February 1803 in the cemetery -at the Barrière de Vaugirard. The coffin was placed beside the grave -on the little mound of earth that was soon to cover it, and M. de -Fontanes delivered a funeral oration. It was a dismal scene: whirling -snow-flakes fell from the clouds and covered the pall with white, while -the wind blew it upwards, to allow the last words of friendship to -reach the ears of death. The cemetery has been destroyed and M. de La -Harpe disinterred: there was hardly anything left of his poor ashes. -M. de La Harpe had been married under the Directory, and had not been -happy with his beautiful wife; she had been seized with loathing at the -sight of him, and had persisted in refusing him any of his rights[525]. - -For the rest, M. de La Harpe, like everything else, had diminished -by the side of the Revolution, which was ever growing in dimensions: -reputations hastily shrank away before the representative of that -Revolution, even as dangers lost their power before him. - -* - -While we were engrossed with vulgar life and death, the gigantic -progress of the world was being realized; the Man of the Time was -taking the head of the table at the banquet of the human race. Amid -vast commotions, precursors of the universal displacement, I had landed -at Calais to bear my part in the general action, within the limits set -to each soldier. I arrived, in the first year of the century, at the -camp where Bonaparte was beating the destinies to arms: soon after, he -became First Consul for life. - -After the adoption of the Concordat by the Legislative Body in 1802, -Lucien, then Minister of the Interior, gave an entertainment to his -brother; I was invited, as having rallied the Christian forces and led -them back to the charge. I was in the gallery when Napoleon entered: -he struck me pleasantly; I had never seen him except at a distance. -His smile was beautiful and caressing; his eyes were admirable, owing -especially to the manner in which they were placed beneath his forehead -and framed in his eyebrows. There was as yet no charlatanism in his -glance, nothing theatrical or affected. The _Génie du Christianisme_, -which was then making a great stir, had worked upon Napoleon. A -prodigious imagination animated that so frigid politician: he would -not have been what he was, if the Muse had not been there; reason -but carried out the poet's ideas. All those men who lead the large -life are always a compound of two natures, for they must be capable -of inspiration and of action: one conceives the plan, the other -accomplishes it. - -[Sidenote: The First Consul.] - -Bonaparte saw me and recognised me, I know not by what. When he turned -in my direction no one knew whom he was making for; the ranks opened -successively; each hoped that the Consul would stop at him; he appeared -to feel a certain impatience with those misconceptions. I hid behind my -neighbours; suddenly Bonaparte raised his voice and said: - -"Monsieur de Chateaubriand!" - -I then remained standing out alone, for the crowd withdrew, and soon -formed again in a circle around the speakers. Bonaparte addressed -me with simplicity: without paying me any compliments, without idle -questions, without preamble, he spoke to me at once of Egypt and the -Arabs, as though I had been one of his intimates, and as though he were -only continuing a conversation already commenced between us. - -"I was always much impressed," he said, "when I saw the sheiks fall on -their knees in the middle of the desert, turn towards the East, and -touch the sand with their foreheads. What was that unknown thing which -they worshipped in the East?" - -Bonaparte interrupted himself and broached another idea without any -transition: - -"Christianity! Have not the ideologists tried to make a system of -astronomy of it? And if that should be so, do they think they can -persuade me that Christianity is small? If Christianity is the allegory -of the movement of the spheres, the geometry of the stars, the -free-thinkers may say what they please: in spite of themselves, they -have still left tolerable greatness to 'the infamous thing.'" - -Incontinently Bonaparte moved away. As with Job, in my night "a spirit -passed before me, the hair of my flesh stood up. There stood one whose -countenance I knew not ... and I heard the voice as it were of a -gentle wind[526]." - -My days have been but a series of visions; Hell and Heaven have -continually opened up beneath my feet or over my head, without giving -me time to explore their darkness or their light. One single time, on -the shore of the two worlds, I met the man of the last and the man of -the new century: Washington and Napoleon. I conversed for a moment with -each; both sent me back to solitude: the first through a kindly wish, -the second through a crime. - -I observed that, when going round among the crowd, Bonaparte cast -deeper glances on me than those which he had fixed upon me while -talking to me. I too followed him with my eyes: - - Chi è quel grande che non par che curi - L'incendio[527]? - -In consequence of this interview, Bonaparte thought of me for Rome: -he had decided at a glance where and how I could be of use to him. It -mattered little to him that I had no experience of public affairs, that -I was entirely unacquainted with practical diplomacy; he believed that -a given mind always understands and has no need of apprenticeship. He -was a great discoverer of men: but he wished them to possess talent -only for him, and even then on condition that that talent was not much -discussed; jealous of every renown, he regarded it as an usurpation -over his own: there was to be none save Napoleon in the universe. - -Fontanes and Madame Bacciochi spoke to me of the pleasure the Consul -had found in "my conversation:" I had not opened my mouth; that meant -that Bonaparte was pleased with himself. They urged me to avail myself -of fortune. The idea of being anything had never occurred to me; I -flatly refused. Then they persuaded an authority to speak whom it was -difficult for me to resist. - -The Abbé Émery[528], the superior of the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, -came and entreated me, in the name of the clergy, to accept, for -the good of religion, the post of first secretary to the embassy -which Bonaparte had reserved for his uncle, Cardinal Fesch[529]. He -gave me to understand that the cardinal's intelligence was not very -remarkable and that I should soon find myself the master of affairs. -A singular chance had brought me into connection with the Abbé Émery: -I had crossed to the United States with the Abbé Nagat and several -seminarists, as you know. That remembrance of my obscurity, my youth, -my life as a traveller, which reflected itself in my public life, -seized hold of my imagination and my heart. The Abbé Émery, who was -esteemed by Bonaparte, was subtle by nature and by reason of his cloth -and of the Revolution; but he used that threefold subtlety only on -behalf of his true merit; ambitious only to do good, he acted only in -the most prosperous circle of a seminary. Circumspect as he was in his -actions and words, it would have been superfluous to do violence to the -Abbé Émery, for he always held his life at your disposal, in exchange -for his will, which he never surrendered: his strength lay in waiting -for you, seated on his tomb. - -[Sidenote: I am sent to Rome.] - -He failed in his first attempt; he returned to the charge, and his -patience ended by persuading me. I accepted the place which he had -been commissioned to offer me, without being in the smallest degree -convinced of my usefulness in the post to which I was called: I am no -good at all in the second rank. I might perhaps have again withdrawn, -if the thought of Madame de Beaumont had not come to put an end to my -scruples. M. de Montmorin's daughter was dying; she had been told that -the climate of Italy would be favourable to her; if I went to Rome she -would make up her mind to cross the Alps. I sacrificed myself to the -hope of saving her. Madame de Chateaubriand prepared to come to join -me; M. Joubert spoke of accompanying her; and Madame de Beaumont set -out for Mont-Dore[530], in order afterwards to complete her cure on the -banks of the Tiber. - -M. de Talleyrand[531] occupied the Ministry for Foreign Affairs; he -sent me my nomination. I dined with him: he has always maintained in -my mind the place which he occupied at our first meeting. For the -rest, his fine manners made a contrast with those of the ruffians of -his environment; his profligacy assumed an astounding importance: in -the eyes of a brutal gang, moral corruption seemed genius, frivolity -profundity. The Revolution was over-modest; it did not sufficiently -appreciate its superiority: it is not the same thing to stand above -crimes or beneath them. - -I saw the ecclesiastics attached to the cardinal's person; I remarked -the gay Abbé de Bonnevie[532]: formerly, in his capacity as chaplain -to the Army of the Princes, he had taken part in the retreat from -Verdun; he had also been grand-vicar to the Bishop of Châlons, M. de -Clermont-Tonnerre[533], who set out behind us in order to claim a -pension from the Holy See, in his quality as a "Chiaramonte[534]." So -soon as my preparations were completed I started: I was to precede -Napoleon's uncle to Rome. - -* - -In Lyons I again saw my friend M. Ballanche. I witnessed the revival of -Corpus Christi: I felt as though I had in some way contributed to those -posies of flowers, to that joy of Heaven which I had called back to -earth. - -I continued my journey, finding a cordial welcome wherever I went: -my name was linked with the restoration of the altars. The keenest -pleasure which I have experienced has been to feel myself honoured in -France and abroad with marks of serious interest. It has sometimes -happened that, while resting in a village inn, I saw a father and -mother enter with their son: they told me they were bringing their -child to thank me. Was it self-conceit that then gave me the pleasure -of which I speak? How did it affect my vanity that lowly and honest -people should give me a token of their satisfaction on the high-road, -in a place where none overheard them? What did touch me, at least I -venture to think so, was that I had done some little good, consoled -a few distressed, caused the hope to revive in a mother's yearnings -of bringing up a Christian son: that is to say, a submissive son, -respectful, attached to his parents. Should I have tasted this pure joy -if I had written a book which morals or religion would have had cause -to bewail? - -[Sidenote: My journey to Rome.] - -The road is somewhat dreary on leaving Lyons: after leaving the -Tour-du-Pin, as far as Pont-de-Beauvoisin, it is shady and wooded. At -Chambéry, where Bayard's chivalrous soul showed itself so fine, a man -was welcomed by a woman, and by way of payment for the hospitality -received at her hands, thought himself philosophically obliged to -dishonour her. That is the danger of literature: the desire to make -a stir gets the better of generous sentiment; if Rousseau had never -become a celebrated writer, he would have buried in the valleys of -Savoy the frailties of the woman who had fed him; he would have -sacrificed himself to the very faults of his friend; he would have -relieved her in her old age, instead of contenting himself with giving -her a snuff-box and running away. Ah, may the voice of friendship -betrayed never be raised against our tombstones! - -After passing Chambéry, one comes to the stream of the Isère. On every -hand, in the valleys, one meets with road-side crosses and lady-statues -fixed in the trunks of the pine-trees. The little churches, surrounded -with trees, form a touching contrast with the great mountains. When the -winter whirlwinds come sweeping down from those ice-laden summits, the -Savoyard takes shelter in his rustic temple and prays. - -The valleys which one enters above Montmélian are hemmed by mountains -of different shapes, sometimes half bare, sometimes clad in forests. -Aiguebelle seems to shut in the Alps; but, on turning round an isolated -rock, fallen in the middle of the road, you catch sight of new valleys -attached to the course of the Arc. The mountains on either side stand -erect; their flanks become perpendicular; their barren summits begin to -display a few glaciers: torrents come rushing down to swell the Arc, -which runs madly along. Amid this tumult of the waters, one remarks -a light cascade which falls with infinite grace beneath a curtain of -willows. - -After crossing Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne I arrived towards sunset at -Saint-Michel, and found no horses. I was obliged to stop, and went for -a stroll outside the village. The air became transparent on the ridge -of the mountains; their denticulation was outlined with extraordinary -clearness, while a great darkness, issuing from their feet, rose -towards their crests. The note of the nightingale was heard below, the -cry of the eagle above; the blossoming lote-tree stood in the valley, -the white snow on the mountain. A castle, popularly believed to be the -work of the Carthaginians, showed upon the sheer-cut redan. There, -incorporated with the rock, had stood one man's hatred, overcoming all -obstacles. The vengeance of the human race weighed down upon a free -people, which was able to build its greatness only with the slavery and -blood of the rest of the world. - -I left at day-break and arrived at about two o'clock in the afternoon -at Lans-le-Bourg, at the foot of Mont Cenis. On entering the village, -I saw a peasant who held an eaglet by the feet; a pitiless band struck -the young king, insulted his youthful weakness and fallen majesty; the -father and mother of the noble orphan had been killed. They offered -to sell him to me: he died of the ill-treatment to which he had been -subjected before I was able to deliver him. I then remembered poor -little Louis XVII.; to-day I think of Henry V.: what swiftness of -downfall and misfortune! - -Here one begins to ascend Mont Cenis and leave the little River Arc, -which brings you to the foot of the mountain. On the other side of Mont -Cenis, the Dora opens the entrance of Italy to you. Rivers are not only -"moving high-roads," as Pascal calls them, but they also mark the road -for men. - -Standing for the first time on the summit of the Alps, I was seized -with a strange emotion. I was like the lark which had just crossed -the frozen upland, and which, after singing its little burden of the -plains, had alighted amid the snows, instead of dropping down upon the -harvest. The stanzas with which those mountains inspired me in 1822 -reflect with some accuracy my feeling on the same spot in 1803: - - Alpes, vous n'avez point subi mes destinées! - Le temps ne vous peut rien; - Vos fronts légèrement ont porté les années - Qui pèsent sur le mien. - - Pour la première fois, quand, rempli d'espérance, - Je franchis vos remparts, - Ainsi que l'horizon, un avenir immense - S'ouvrait à mes regards. - - L'Italie à mes pieds, et devant moi le monde[535]! - -That world, have I really penetrated into it? Christopher Columbus saw -an apparition which showed him the land of his dreams before he had -discovered it; Vasco de Gama met the giant of the storms on his road: -which of those two great men presaged my future? What I should have -loved above all would have been a life glorious through a brilliant -result, and obscure through its destiny. Do you know which were the -first European ashes to rest in America? They were those of Bjorn the -Scandinavian: he died on landing at Winland, and was buried by his -companions on a promontory. Who knows that[536]? Who knows of him whose -sail preceded the vessel of the Genoese pilot to the New World? Bjorn -sleeps on the point of an unknown cape, and since a thousand years his -name has been handed down to us only by the sagas of the poets, in a -language no longer spoken. - -* - -[Sidenote: Italy.] - -I had begun my wanderings in an opposite direction to that of other -travellers. The old forests of America had displayed themselves to -me before the old cities of Europe. I happened upon the latter when -they were at the same time renewing their youth and dying in a fresh -revolution. Milan was occupied by our troops; they were completing the -demolition of the castle, that witness to the wars of the Middle Ages. - -The French army was settling in the plains of Lombardy as a military -colony. Guarded here and there by their comrades on sentry, these -strangers from Gaul, with forage-caps on their heads and sabres by way -of reaping-hooks over their round jackets, presented the appearance -of gay and eager harvesters. They moved stones, rolled guns, drove -waggons, ran up sheds and huts of brushwood. Horses pranced, curveted, -reared among the crowd, like dogs fawning on their masters. Italian -women sold fruit on their flat baskets at the market of that armed -fair; our soldiers made them presents of their pipes and steels, saying -to them as the ancient barbarians, their ancestors, said to their -beloved: - -"I, Fotrad, son of Eupert, of the race of the Franks, give to -thee, Helgine, my dear wife, in honour of thy beauty (_in honore -pulchritudinis tuæ_), my dwelling in the quarter of the Pines[537]." - -We are curious enemies: we are at first considered rather insolent, -rather too gay, too restless; but we have no sooner turned our backs -than we are regretted. Lively, witty, intelligent, the French soldier -mixes in the occupations of the inhabitant on whom he is billeted: he -draws water at the well, as Moses did for the daughters of Madian, -drives away the shepherds, takes the lambs to the washing-place, chops -the wood, lights the fire, watches the pot, carries the baby in his -arms, or sends it to sleep in its cradle. His good humour and activity -put life into everything; one grows to look upon him as a conscript of -the family. Does the drum beat? The lodger runs to his musket, leaves -his host's daughters weeping on the threshold, and quits the cabin of -which he will never think again until he is admitted to the Invalides. - -On my passage through Milan, a great people aroused was for a moment -opening its eyes. Italy was recovering from her sleep, and remembering -her genius as it were a heavenly dream: useful to our reviving -country, she brought to the shabbiness of our poverty the grandeur -of the Transalpine nature, nurtured as she was, that Ausonia, on the -master-pieces of the arts and the lofty reminiscences of the famous -motherland. Austria has come; she has again laid her cloak of lead -over the Italians; she has forced them back into their coffin. Rome -has re-entered her ruins, Venice her sea. Venice sank down, while -beautifying the sky with her last smile; she set all charming in her -waves, like a star doomed to rise no more. - -General Murat was in command at Milan. I had a letter for him from -Madame Bacciochi. I spent the day with the aides-de-camp; these were -not so poor as my comrades before Thionville. French politeness -reappeared under arms; it was bent upon showing that it still belonged -to the days of Lautrec[538]. - -I dined in state, on the 23rd of June, with M. de Melzi[539], on the -occasion of the christening of a son of General Murat[540]. M. de -Melzi had known my brother; the manners of the Vice-President of the -Cisalpine Republic were distinguished; his household resembled that of -a prince who had never been anything else. He treated me politely and -coldly; he found me in exactly the same disposition as himself. - -[Sidenote: First glimpses of Rome.] - -I reached my destination on the evening of the 27th of June, the day -before the eve of St. Peter's Day[541]. The Prince of Apostles was -awaiting me, even as my indigent patron[542] received me since at -Jerusalem. I had followed the road of Florence, Siena, and Radicofani. -I hastened to go to call upon M. Cacault[543], whom Cardinal Fesch was -succeeding, while I was replacing M. Artaud[544]. - -On the 28th of June, I ran about all day, and cast a first glance upon -the Coliseum, the Pantheon, the Trajan Column, and the Castle of St. -Angelo. In the evening, M. Artaud took me to a ball at a house in the -neighbourhood of the Piazza San-Pietro. One saw the fiery girandole of -the dome of Michael Angelo in between the whirling waltzes spinning -before the open windows; the rockets of the fireworks on the Molo -d'Adriano spread out brilliantly at Sant' Onofrio, over Tasso's tomb: -silence, solitude and night filled the Roman Campagna. - -The next day, I assisted at the St. Peter's Mass. Pius VII.[545], pale, -sad and religious, was the real pontiff of tribulations. Two days later -I was presented to His Holiness: he made me sit beside him. A volume -of the _Génie du Christianisme_ lay open, in an obliging fashion, upon -his table. Cardinal Consalvi[546], supple and firm, gently and politely -resistant, was the living embodiment of the old Roman policy, minus the -faith of those days and plus the tolerance of the century. - -When going through the Vatican, I stopped to contemplate those -staircases which one can ascend on mule-back, those sloping galleries -folding one upon the other, adorned with master-pieces, along which -the popes of old used to pass with all their pomp, those _loggie_ -decorated by so many immortal artists, admired by so many illustrious -men, Petrarch, Tasso, Ariosto, Montaigne, Milton, Montesquieu, and -queens and kings, mighty or fallen, and a whole people of pilgrims from -the four quarters of the globe: all that now without movement or sound; -a theatre whose deserted tiers, open to solitude alone, are scarce -visited by a ray of the sun. - -I had been advised to take a walk by moonlight: from the top of the -Trinità-del-Monte, the distant buildings looked like a painter's -sketches or like softened coast-lines seen from the deck of a ship at -sea. The orb of night, that globe supposed to be an extinct world, -turned its pale deserts above the deserts of Rome; it cast its light -upon streets without inhabitants, closes, squares, gardens where none -passed, monasteries where the voices of the cenobites were no longer -heard, cloisters as mute and desolate as the porticoes of the Coliseum. - -What happened, eighteen centuries ago, at this very hour and in this -very spot? What men have here crossed the shadow of those obelisks, -after that shadow had ceased to fall upon the sands of Egypt? Not -only is Ancient Italy no more, but the Italy of the Middle Ages has -disappeared. Nevertheless, traces of the two Italies still linger in -the Eternal City: where modern Rome shows its St. Peter's and its -master-pieces, ancient Rome boasts its Pantheon and its remains; -where, on the one hand, the consuls walked down from the Capitol, on -the other, the pontiffs issued from the Vatican. The Tiber separates -the two glories: seated in the same dust, pagan Rome sinks deeper -and deeper into its tombs, and Christian Rome glides slowly into its -catacombs. - -* - -Cardinal Fesch had hired the Palazzo Lancelotti, not far from the -Tiber: I have since seen the Principessa Lancelotti there, in 1828. -The top floor of the palace was allotted to me; when I entered, so -large a number of fleas hopped on to my legs that my white trousers -were quite black with them. The Abbé de Bonnevie and I did the best -we could to get our lodging washed down. I had a feeling as though I -had returned to my kennel in the New Road; this memory of my poverty -was not altogether unpleasant. Once settled in this diplomatic corner, -I began to deliver pass-ports and to busy myself with functions of -similar importance. My handwriting was an obstacle to my talents, and -Cardinal Fesch shrugged his shoulders whenever he saw my signature. As -I had almost nothing to do in my aerial chamber, I looked across the -roofs at some washing-girls in a neighbouring house, who made signs to -me; a future opera-singer, practising her voice, persecuted me with her -everlasting _solfeggio_; I was happy when some funeral passed by for a -change! From my lofty window I saw, in the abyss of the street below, -the convoy of a young mother: she was carried, her face uncovered, -between two files of white pilgrims; her new-born babe, dead too and -crowned with flowers, lay at her feet. - -[Sidenote: My work at the embassy.] - -I committed a great mistake: I very innocently believed it my duty to -call upon illustrious personages; I coolly went and paid the tribute of -my respects to the ex-King of Sardinia[547]. This unusual proceeding -caused a terrible hubbub; the diplomatists all drew themselves up. - -"He is lost! he is lost!" whispered all the train-bearers and -_attachés_, with the charitable pleasure which men take in the mishaps -of any of their fellow-creatures. No diplomatic dunce but thought -himself superior to me by the full height of his stupidity. Every -one hoped for my fall, notwithstanding that I was nobody and counted -as nobody; no matter, it was some one who fell, and that is always -agreeable. I, in my simplicity, had no notion of my crime, nor, as ever -since, would I have given a straw for any place whatever. Kings, to -whom I was believed to attach so great an importance, had in my eyes -only that of misfortune. My shocking blunders were reported from Rome -to Paris: luckily I had to do with Bonaparte; what should have been my -ruin saved me. - -However, if at once and at the first leap to become First Secretary -of Embassy under a prince of the Church, an uncle of Napoleon, seemed -something, it was nevertheless as though I had been a copying-clerk in -a prefect's office. In the contests that were at hand, I might have -found work; but I was initiated into no mysteries. I was perfectly -satisfied to be set to the litigious business of the _chancellerie_: -but what was the use of wasting my time over details within the -capacity of all the clerks? - -On returning from my long walks and my rambles along the Tiber, all -that I found to interest me was the cardinal's parsimonious worrying, -the heraldic boasting of the Bishop of Châlons, and the incredible -lying of the future Bishop of Morocco[548]. The Abbé Guillon, taking -advantage of a similarity between his name and one almost identical -in sound, pretended that he was the man who, after escaping by a -miracle from the massacre at the Carmes, gave absolution to Madame de -Lamballe[549] at the Force. He bragged that he had been the author of -Robespierre's speech to the Supreme Being. I bet one day that I would -make him say that he had been to Russia: he did not quite agree to -this, but he modestly confessed that he had spent a few months in St. -Petersburg. - -M. de La Maisonfort[550], a man of intelligence, then in hiding, -applied to me for assistance, and soon M. Bertin the Elder[551], -proprietor of the _Débats_, helped me with his friendly offices in a -painful circumstance. Exiled to the island of Elba by the man who, when -himself returned from Elba, drove him to Ghent, M. Bertin, in 1803, had -obtained from the Republican M. Briot[552], whom I have known, leave -to complete his exile in Italy. With him I visited the ruins of Rome, -and was present at the death of Madame de Beaumont: two things which -have connected his life with mine. A refined critic, he gave me, as -did his brother, excellent advice about my works. Had he been elected -to Parliament, he would have shown a real talent for oratory. He had -long been a Legitimist, had undergone the trial of imprisonment in the -Temple and transportation to Elba, and his principles have in reality -remained the same. I will be true to the companion of my sad days; it -would be paying too high a price for all the political opinions of the -world to sacrifice one hour of sincere friendship: it is enough that -my opinions will never vary, and that I shall remain attached to my -memories. - -[Sidenote: The Princesse Borghèse.] - -About the middle of my stay in Rome, the Princesse Borghèse[553] -arrived; I had some shoes to deliver to her from Paris. I was -presented to her; she made her toilet in my presence; the slippers -which she put on her young and pretty feet were but for a moment to -tread this ancient soil. - -At last a sorrow came to give me occupation: we can always rely upon -that resource. - -* - -At the time of my departure from France we had greatly blinded -ourselves regarding Madame de Beaumont's condition; she cried much, -and her will has proved that she believed herself to be condemned. -Nevertheless her friends, refraining from communicating their fears -to one another, sought to console each other; they believed in the -miraculous powers of the waters, to be perfected later by the Italian -sun; they separated and took different roads; appointments were made in -Rome. - -Fragments written by Madame de Beaumont in Paris, at Mont-Dore, in -Rome, and discovered among her papers, display her state of mind: - - "PARIS. - - "For some years past my health has been perceptibly - declining. Symptoms which I thought to be the signal for - departure have supervened before I am ready to depart. The - illusions increase as the illness progresses. I have seen - many examples of that singular weakness, and I perceive that - they will avail me nothing. Already I find myself taking - remedies which are as irksome as they are insignificant, and - I shall doubtless have no greater strength to protect myself - against the cruel remedies with which they never fail to - martyrize those condemned to die of consumption. Like the - others, I shall abandon myself to hope: to hope! Can I, then, - wish to live? My past life has been a series of misfortunes, - my present life is full of excitements and disturbances: - peace of mind has fled from me for ever. My death would be a - momentary sorrow to a few, a boon to others, and the greatest - of boons to myself. - - "This 21st of Floréal, 10 May, is the anniversary of the - death of my mother and brother: - - Je péris la dernière et la plus misérable[554]! - - [Sidenote: Illness of madame de Beaumont.] - - "Oh, why have I not the courage to die? This illness, - which I was almost weak enough to dread, has subsided, and - perhaps I am condemned still to live long; it seems to me, - nevertheless, that I would gladly die: - - Mes jours ne valent pas qu'il m'en coûte un soupir[555]. - - "None has more cause than I to complain of nature: by - refusing me everything, it has given me the sense of all - I lack. At every moment I feel the weight of the complete - mediocrity to which I am condemned. I know that self-content - and happiness are often the price of this mediocrity of which - I complain so bitterly; but by not adding to it the gift of - illusion, nature, in my case, has turned it into a torture. - I am like a fallen creature who cannot forget what he has - lost, and who has not the force to recover it. That absolute - lack of illusion, and hence of enthusiasm, is the cause of my - unhappiness in a thousand ways. I judge myself as a stranger - might do, and I see my friends as they are. My only value - lies in an extreme kindness of heart, which is not active - enough to command appreciation, nor to be of any real use, - and which loses all its charm owing to the impatience of my - character: my suffering from the misfortunes of others is - greater than my power to relieve them. Nevertheless, I owe to - it the few real joys that have occurred in my life; I owe to - it especially my ignorance of envy, the common attribute of - conscious mediocrity." - - "MONT DORE. - - "I had intended to enter into a few details concerning - myself, but _ennui_ causes the pen to drop from my fingers. - - "All the bitterness and painfulness of my position would - change to happiness if I were sure that I had but a few - months to live. - - "Even if I had the strength myself to end my sorrows in - the only possible way, I should not exert it: it would - be defeating my own intention, showing the measure of my - suffering, and leaving too grievous a wound in the heart - which I have deemed worthy to sustain me in my trials. - - "I 'beseech myself in tears' to take a step which is as - rigorous as it is inevitable. Charlotte Corday says that - 'every act of self-sacrifice bestows more pleasure in the - execution than it has cost pain in the conception;' but her - death was near at hand, and I may still live long. What will - become of me? Where can I hide? What tomb shall I choose? How - can I shut out hope? What power can block up the door? - - "To go away in silence, to court oblivion, to bury myself - for ever, that is the duty laid upon me which I hope to have - the courage to fulfill. If the cup is too bitter, once I am - forgotten, nothing can compel me to empty it to the dregs, - and who knows but my life may, after all, not be so long as I - fear. - - "If I had decided upon the place of my retirement, I believe - I should be more calm; but the difficulty of the moment adds - to the difficulties that arise from my weakness, and it - requires something supernatural to act against one's self - with vigour, to treat one's self as harshly as a violent and - cruel enemy could do." - - "ROME, 28 _October._ - - "During the past ten months I have never ceased to suffer. - During the last six, all the symptoms of consumption, and - some in the last degree: I lack only the illusions, and maybe - I have some!" - -M. Joubert, alarmed at this desire for death which was torturing Madame -de Beaumont, addressed these words to her in his _Pensées_: - - "Love life and respect it, if not for its own sake, at least - for that of your friends. In whatever state your own may - be, I shall always prefer to know that you are occupied in - spinning it out rather than in tearing it to pieces." - -At the same time my sister was writing to Madame de Beaumont. I have -the correspondence, which death placed in my hands. The poetry of the -ancients pictures one of the Nereids as a flower floating on the deep; -Lucile was that flower. In comparing her letters with the fragments -just quoted, one is struck by the similarity of heart-heaviness -expressed in the different language of those unhappy angels. When I -think that I have lived in the company of such minds as those, I am -surprised at my own insignificance. My eyes never light without bitter -grief upon those pages written by two superlative women, who vanished -from this earth at a short distance one from the other. - - "LASCARDAIS, 30 _July._ - - "I was so much charmed, madame, at last to receive a letter - from you that I did not allow myself the time to have the - pleasure of reading it through at once: I interrupted its - perusal to go and tell all the inmates of this house that I - had heard from you, without considering that my gladness is - of but little importance here, and that hardly anyone even - knows that I am in correspondence with you. Seeing that I was - surrounded by indifferent faces, I went back to my room, and - determined to be glad by myself. I sat down to finish reading - your letter, and, although I have read it over many times, - in truth, madame, I do not know the whole contents. The joy - which I constantly feel at the sight of this so long desired - letter interferes with the attention which I ought to give to - it. - - [Sidenote: Letters from Lucile.] - - "And so you are going away, madame? Do not, once you have - reached Mont-Dore, forget your health; give it all your care, - I entreat you, with all the fervour and affection of my - heart. My brother has written to me that he hopes to see you - in Italy. Fate and nature alike are pleased to distinguish - him from me in a very favourable manner. But at least I will - not yield to my brother the happiness of loving you: that I - will share with him all my life. Alas, madame, how oppressed - and downcast is my heart! You cannot know the good your - letters do me, the contempt with which they inspire me for my - ills! The idea that you think of me, that you are interested - in me, exalts my courage extraordinarily. Write to me - therefore, madame, so that I may cherish an idea so essential - to me. - - "I have not yet seen M. Chênedollé; I long greatly for - his arrival. I shall be able to tell him of you and of M. - Joubert: that will be a great pleasure to me. Allow me, - madame, once more to urge you to think of your health, the - bad condition of which incessantly afflicts me and occupies - my thoughts. How can you not love yourself? You are so - lovable and so dear to all: have the justice, then, to do - much for yourself. - - "LUCILE." - - "2 _September._ - - "What you tell me, madame, of your health alarms and saddens - me; however, I reassure myself by thinking of your youth and - remembering that, although you are very delicate, you are - full of life. - - "I am disconsolate at your being in a country which you do - not like. I would wish to see you surrounded with objects - calculated to distract and to cheer you. I hope that, when - your health recovers, you will become reconciled to Auvergne: - there is no spot incapable of presenting some beauty to such - eyes as yours. I am now living at Rennes: my loneliness suits - me fairly well. I change my residence frequently, madame, as - you see; it looks much as though I were out of place on the - earth: in reality, it is long since I first began to look - upon myself as one of its superfluous products. I believe, - madame, that I spoke to you of my sorrows and perturbations. - At present, all that is over, and I enjoy an inward peace of - which none has it any longer in his power to rob me. In spite - of my age, having, through circumstances and taste, almost - constantly led a solitary life, I knew nothing whatever, - madame, of the world: I have at last made that disagreeable - acquaintance. Fortunately, reflection came to my aid. I asked - myself in what way that world could be so formidable and - where lay the worth of a world which can never, in evil and - good alike, be aught but an object of pity. Is it not true, - madame, that man's judgment is as shallow as the rest of his - being, as changeable and of an incredulity as great as its - ignorance? All these reasons, good or bad, have enabled me - to fling behind me with ease the fantastic garment in which - I had arrayed myself. I found myself full of sincerity and - strength; I am no longer capable of being troubled. I am - working with all my might to recover possession of my life, - to obtain entire control of it. - - "You must also, madame, believe that I am not too much to - be pitied, since my brother, the best part of myself, is - agreeably placed, and since I have eyes left with which to - admire the marvels of nature, God for my support, and for an - asylum a heart full of peace and gentle memories. If you have - the kindness, madame, to continue to write to me, that will - be a great added happiness to me." - -* - -Mystery of style, a mystery everywhere perceptible, nowhere present; -the revelation of a painfully privileged nature; the ingenuousness of -a girl whom one might imagine to be in her first youth; and the humble -simplicity of a genius unaware of its own power, all breathe out of -these letters, a large number of which I have suppressed. Did Madame -de Sévigné write to Madame de Grignan with a more grateful affection -than Madame de Caud to Madame de Beaumont? "Her tenderness might well -pretend to keep pace with her own." My sister loved my friend with all -the passion of the tomb, for she felt that she was going to die. Lucile -had hardly ever left the neighbourhood of the Rochers[556]; but she was -the daughter of her century and the Sévigné of solitude. - -* - -A letter from M. Ballanche, dated 30 Fructidor, informed me of the -arrival of Madame de Beaumont, who had come from Mont Dore on her -way to Italy. He told me that I need not fear the misfortune which I -dreaded, and that the health of the sufferer seemed to be improving. On -reaching Milan, Madame de Beaumont met M. Bertin, who had been called -there on business: he had the kindness to take charge of the poor -traveller and to escort her to Florence, where I had gone to meet her. -I was shocked at the sight of her. She had but sufficient strength left -to smile. After a few days' rest, we left for Rome, travelling at a -foot-pace, in order to avoid the jolting. Madame de Beaumont received -assiduous attentions everywhere: a charm interested you in this lovable -woman, so suffering and so forlorn. The very maids at the inns gave way -to this sweet commiseration. - -[Sidenote: Mournful days.] - -My feelings may be easily guessed: we have all accompanied friends to -the grave, but they were mute, and no remnant of inexplicable hope came -to render your sorrow more keen. I no longer saw the fine landscape -through which we passed. I had taken the Perugian road: what was Italy -to me? I still thought her climate too severe, and, if the wind blew -ever so little, its breezes seemed storms to me. At Terni, Madame de -Beaumont spoke of going to see the cascade; she made an effort to lean -on my arm, and sat down again, saying: - -"We must leave the waters to flow without us." - -I had hired for her in Rome a lonely house near the Piazza d'Espagna, -at the foot of the Monte Pincio[557]; it had a little garden with -orange-trees growing against the walls, and a court-yard in which stood -a fig-tree. There I set down my dying charge. I had had much difficulty -in procuring this retreat, for there is a prejudice in Rome against -diseases of the chest, which are considered as infectious. - -At that period of the revival of social order, all that had belonged -to the old monarchy was sought after. The Pope sent to inquire after -the daughter of M. de Montmorin; Cardinal Consalvi and the members -of the Sacred College followed His Holiness' example; Cardinal Fesch -himself showed Madame de Beaumont, to the day of her death, marks of -deference and respect which I should not have expected of him. I had -written to M. Joubert of the anxiety with which I was torn before -Madame de Beaumont's arrival: - - "Our friend writes to me from Mont Dore," I said, "letters - that shatter my soul: she says that she feels 'that there - is no more oil in the lamp;' she speaks of 'the last throbs - of her heart.' Why was she left alone on this journey? Why - did you not write to her? What will become of us if we lose - her? Who will console us for her? We realize the value of our - friends only at the moment when we are threatened with their - loss. We are even mad enough, when all is well, to think - that we can leave them with impunity. Heaven punishes us; it - snatches them from us, and we are appalled at the solitude - which they leave around us. Forgive me, my dear Joubert: - to-day I feel as though my heart were twenty years old; this - Italy has made me young again; I love all that is dear to - me with the same vehemence as in my early years. Sorrow is - my element: I am myself again only when I am unhappy. My - friends at present are of so rare a sort that the mere dread - of seeing them taken from me freezes my blood. Bear with my - lamentations: I am sure you are as unhappy as I. Write to me, - and write also to that other Breton unfortunate." - - -At first, Madame de Beaumont felt a little relieved. The sufferer -herself began again to believe in her life. I had the satisfaction -of thinking that at least Madame de Beaumont would not leave me -again: I expected to take her to Naples in the spring, and from there -to send in my resignation to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. M. -d'Agincourt[558], that true philosopher, came to see the light bird -of passage, which had stopped at Rome before proceeding to the unknown -land; M. Boquet, already the oldest of our painters, called. These -relays of hope kept up the sufferer, and lulled her with an illusion -which at the bottom of her soul she no longer retained. Letters, cruel -to read, expressing hopes and fears, reached me from every side. On the -4th of October, Lucile wrote to me from Rennes: - -* - -[Sidenote: Letters from Lucile.] - - "I commenced a letter for you the other day; I have just made - a useless search for it; in it I spoke to you of Madame de - Beaumont, and complained of her silence towards me. Dear, - what a sad, strange life I have led for some months! And the - words of the prophet are constantly recurring to my mind: 'He - will crown thee with tribulation, he will toss thee like a - ball[559].' But let us leave my troubles and speak of your - anxieties. I cannot persuade myself that they are justified. - I always see Madame de Beaumont full of life and youth, and - almost incorporeal; my heart can feel no foreboding where - she is concerned. Heaven, which knows our feelings for her, - will doubtless preserve her for us. Dear, we shall not lose - her; I seem to have an inward sense that that is certain. - I sincerely hope that, when you receive this letter, your - anxiety will have disappeared. Tell her from me of all the - real and tender interest I take in her; tell her that to - me her memory is one of the most beautiful things in this - world. Keep your promise and do not fail to let me have news - of her as often as possible. Alas, what a long time will - elapse before I receive a reply to this letter! How cruel a - thing is distance! What makes you speak of your return to - France? You are trying to humour me, you are deceiving me. - Amid all my troubles there arises one sweet thought, that of - your friendship, the thought that I exist in your memory in - the shape in which it has pleased God to fashion me. Dear, I - see no other safe shelter for me upon earth but your heart; - I am a stranger and unknown to all the rest. Adieu, my poor - brother. Shall I see you again? This idea does not present - itself to my mind very distinctly. If you see me again, I - fear you will find me quite out of my senses. Adieu, you to - whom I owe so much! Adieu, unmixed felicity! O memories of my - happy days, can you not now lighten a little my sad hours? - - "I am not one of those who exhaust all their sorrow at the - moment of separation; each day adds to the grief which I feel - at your absence and, if you were to stay in Rome a hundred - years, you would not come to the end of that grief. In order - to delude myself as to absence, not a day passes but I read - some pages of your work: I make every effort to imagine that - I hear you speak. My love for you is very natural: ever since - our childhood you have been my protector and my friend; you - have never cost me a tear, never made a friend but he has - become mine. My kind brother, Heaven, which is pleased to - make sport of all my other felicities, wills that I should - find my happiness wholly in you, that I should trust myself - to your heart. Give me news soon of Madame de Beaumont. - Address your letters to me at Mademoiselle Lamotte's, - although I do not know how long I shall be able to remain - there. Since our last separation, I have always, where my - house is concerned, been like a quicksand that gives way - beneath my feet: assuredly to anyone who does not know me I - must appear incomprehensible; nevertheless I vary only in - form, for inwardly I remain constantly the same." - - -The song of the swan preparing to die was conveyed by me to the dying -swan: I was the echo of that last ineffable music! - -* - -[Sidenote: And Madame de Krüdener.] - -Another letter, very different from the above, but written by a woman -who has played an extraordinary part, Madame de Krüdener[560], shows -the empire which Madame de Beaumont, with no strength of beauty, fame, -power, or wealth, exercised over people's minds: - - "PARIS, 24 _November_ 1803. - - "I learnt two days ago from M. Michaud[561], who has returned - from Lyons, that Madame de Beaumont was in Rome and that she - was very, very ill: that is what he told me. I was deeply - grieved by this; I had a nervous shock, and I thought a great - deal of this charming woman, whom I had not known long, - but whom I loved truly. How often have I wished for her - happiness! How often have I hoped that she might cross the - Alps and find beneath the sky of Italy the sweet and profound - emotions which I myself have there experienced! Alas, can - she have reached that delightful country only to know pain - and to be exposed to dangers which I dread! I cannot tell - you how this idea grieves me. Forgive me if I have been so - much absorbed by this that I have not yet spoken to you of - yourself, my dear Chateaubriand; you must know my sincere - attachment for you, and to show you the genuine interest - which I take in Madame de Beaumont is to touch you more than - I should have done by writing of yourself. I have that sad - spectacle before my eyes; I have the secret of sorrow, and - my soul is always torn at the sight of those souls to which - nature gives the power of suffering more than others. I had - hoped that Madame de Beaumont would enjoy the privilege which - she had received, of being happier; I had hoped that she - would recover some little health with the sun of Italy and - the happiness of having you by her side. Ah, reassure me, - speak to me; tell her that I love her sincerely, that I pray - for her! Has she had my letter written in reply to hers to - Clermont? Address your answer to Michaud: I ask you only for - one word, for I know, my dear Chateaubriand, how sensitive - you are, and how you suffer. I thought she was better; I did - not write to her; I was overwhelmed with business; but I - thought of the happiness she would find in seeing you again, - and I imagined how it would be. Tell me something of your own - health; believe in my friendship, in the interest which I - have vowed to you for ever, and do not forget me. - - "B. KRÜDENER." - -The improvement which the air of Rome had produced in Madame -de Beaumont did not last: true, the indications of an immediate -dissolution disappeared; but it seems that the last moment always -lingers as it were to deceive us. Two or three times, I had tried the -effect of a drive with the patient; I strove to divert her thoughts -by pointing out the country and the sky to her: she no longer cared -for anything. One day I took her to the Coliseum: it was one of those -October days that are to be seen only in Rome. She contrived to alight, -and went and sat upon a stone facing one of the altars placed in -the circle. She raised her eyes and turned them slowly around those -porticoes which had themselves so many years been dead, and which had -seen so many die; the ruins were adorned with briers and columbines -saffroned by autumn and bathed in light. The dying woman next lowered -her eyes, which had left the sun, stage by stage, till they came to the -arena; she fixed them upon the altar cross, and said: - -"Let us go; I am cold." - -I took her home again; she went to bed and rose no more. I was in -correspondence with the Comte de La Luzerne[562]; I sent him from Rome, -by each mail, the bulletin of his sister-in-law's health. He had taken -my brother with him when Louis XVI. charged him with a diplomatic -mission to London: André Chénier was a member of this embassy. - -The doctors, whom I called together again after the experiment of the -drive, declared to me that nothing but a miracle could save Madame de -Beaumont. She was impressed with the idea that she would not outlive -All Souls' Day, the 2nd of November; then she remembered that one of -her kinsmen, I do not know which, had died on the 4th of November. I -told her that her imagination was troubled; that she would come to see -the falsity of her alarms; she replied, to console me: - -"Ah, yes, I shall go farther!" - -She noticed a few tears which I was trying to conceal from her; she -held out her hand to me, and said: - -"You are a child; were you not prepared for it?" - -On the eve of her death, Thursday the 3rd of November, she seemed more -composed. She spoke to me of the disposal of her property, and said, -speaking of her will, "that all was settled, but that all had to be -done, and that she would have liked to have had only two hours in which -to see to it." - -In the evening, the doctor told me that he felt obliged to warn the -sufferer that the time had come for her to think of setting her -conscience in order: I broke down for a minute; I was staggered by the -fear of hastening the few moments which Madame de Beaumont had still to -live by the formal preparations for death. I railed at the doctor, and -then entreated him to wait at least till the next day. - -I passed a cruel night, with this secret locked in my bosom. The -patient did not permit me to spend it in her room. I remained outside, -trembling at every sound I heard: when the door was half opened, I -perceived the feeble gleam of an expiring night-light. - -[Sidenote: The last scene.] - -On Friday the 4th of November, I entered, followed by the doctor. -Madame de Beaumont observed my agitation, and said: - -"Why do you look like that? I have had a good night." - -The doctor thereupon intentionally told me aloud that he wished to -speak to me in the next room. I went out: when I returned, I no longer -knew if I lived. Madame de Beaumont asked me what the doctor wanted. I -flung myself at her bedside and burst into tears. She lay for a moment -without speaking, looked at me, and said in a firm voice, as though she -wished to give me strength: - -"I did not think that it was quite so near; well, the time has come to -say good-bye. Send for the Abbé de Bonnevie." - -The Abbé de Bonnevie, having obtained powers, went to Madame de -Beaumont. She told him that she had always had a deep religious feeling -at heart, but that the extraordinary misfortunes which had befallen -her during the Revolution had led her for some time to doubt the -justice of Providence; that she was ready to admit her errors and to -recommend herself to the eternal mercy; that she hoped, however, that -the ills which she had suffered in this world would shorten her time of -expiation in the next. She made a sign to me to withdraw, and remained -alone with her confessor. - -I saw him come back an hour later, wiping his eyes, and saying that he -had never heard more beautiful language, nor seen such heroism. The -parish priest was sent for to administer the sacraments. I returned to -Madame de Beaumont. When she saw me, she asked: - -"Well, are you pleased with me?" - -She spoke feelingly of what she deigned to call "my kindness" to her: -ah, if I had at that moment been able to buy back a single one of her -days by the sacrifice of all my own, how gladly would I have done -so! Madame de Beaumont's other friends, who were not present at this -sight, had at all events but once to weep for her: whereas I stood at -the head of the bed of pain in which man hears his last hour strike, -and each smile of the patient restored me to life and made me lose it -again as it died away. One lamentable thought distracted me: I noticed -that Madame de Beaumont had not until her last breath suspected the -real attachment which I bore for her; she did not cease to show her -surprise, and she seemed to die disconsolate and charmed. She had -believed herself a burden to me, and had wished to go to set me free. - -The priest arrived at eleven o'clock: the room filled with that -indifferent crowd of idlers which cannot be prevented from running -after the priest in Rome. Madame de Beaumont faced the formidable -solemnity without the least sign of fear. We fell upon our knees, and -the patient received Communion and Extreme Unction at once. When all -had retired, she made me sit on the edge of her bed and spoke to me for -half an hour of my affairs and of my plans with the greatest elevation -of mind and the most touching friendship; she urged me, above all, to -live with Madame de Chateaubriand and M. Joubert: but was M. Joubert -himself to live? - -She asked me to open the window, as she felt oppressed. A sun-ray came -and lit up her bed: this seemed to cheer her. She then reminded me of -plans for retiring to the country which we had sometimes discussed, and -she began to cry. - -Between two and three in the afternoon, Madame de Beaumont asked to be -changed to another bed by Madame Saint-Germain[563], an old Spanish -lady's-maid, who waited on her with the affection worthy of so kind -a mistress: the doctor forbade this, fearing lest Madame de Beaumont -might die during the moving. She then told me that she felt the agony -approach. Suddenly she flung back her blanket, held out her hand to me, -pressed mine convulsively; her eyes wandered. With her one free hand -she made signs to some one whom she saw standing at the foot of her -bed; then, bringing the hand back to her breast, she said: - -"It is there!" - -[Sidenote: Death of madame de Beaumont.] - -Dismayed, I asked her if she knew me: a faint smile broke through her -delirium; she gave me a little nod of the head: her speech already was -no longer of this world. The convulsions lasted only a few minutes. We -supported her in our arms, the doctor, the nurse, and myself: one of my -hands lay upon her heart, which could be felt against her wasted frame; -it beat swiftly, like a clock winding off its broken chain. Oh, moment -of fear and horror, I felt it stop! We let down upon her pillow the -woman who had found rest; her head drooped. Some locks of her uncurled -hair fell over her forehead; her eyes were closed, night had set in for -ever. The doctor held a mirror and a light to the stranger's mouth: the -mirror was not dimmed with the breath of life and the light remained -unmoved. All was ended. - -* - -Generally those who weep are able to indulge their tears in peace; -there are others to take upon themselves to attend to the last cares -of religion: as representing for France the Cardinal Minister, then -absent, and as the sole friend of M. de Montmorin's daughter and -responsible to her family, I was obliged to superintend everything; I -had to fix the place of burial, to look after the depth and width of -the grave, to order the winding-sheet and to give the carpenter the -dimensions of the coffin. - -Two monks watched by the coffin, which was to be carried to San Luigi -dei Francesi. One of these fathers was from Auvergne and a native of -Montmorin itself. Madame de Beaumont had expressed the wish to be -buried in a piece of cloth which her brother Auguste[564], the only -one to escape the scaffold, had sent her from the Mauritius. This -cloth was not in Rome; only a piece of it was found, which she always -carried with her. Madame Saint-Germain fastened this strip around the -body with a cornelian containing some of M. de Montmorin's hair. The -French ecclesiastics were invited; the Princesse Borghèse lent the -funeral car of her family; Cardinal Fesch had left orders, in case -of an accident but too clearly foreseen, to send his livery and his -carriages. On Saturday the 5th of November, at seven o'clock in the -evening, by the gleam of torch-light and amidst a large crowd, Madame -de Beaumont passed along the road where we have all to pass. On Sunday -the 6th of November, the burial mass was celebrated. The funeral would -have been less French in Paris than it was in Rome. That religious -architecture which displays in its ornaments the arms and inscriptions -of our ancient country; those tombs on which are inscribed the names of -some of the most historic families of our annals; that church, under -the protection of a great saint, a great king and a great man: all this -did not console misfortune, but honoured it. I had wished that the last -scion of a once exalted race should at least find some support in my -humble attachment, and that friendship should not fail it as fortune -had done. - -The people of Rome, accustomed to strangers, accept them as brothers -and sisters. Madame de Beaumont left a pious memory behind her on -that soil so hospitable to the dead; she is still remembered: I have -seen Leo XII.[565] pray at her tomb[566]. In 1828[567], I visited the -monument of her who was the soul of a vanishing society; the sound of -my footsteps around this silent monument, in a lonely church, was a -warning to me: - -"I shall always love thee," says the Greek epitaph; "but thou, among -the dead, drink not, I pray thee, of the cup which would cause thee to -forget thy former friends[568]." - -If the calamities of a private life were to be measured by the scale -of public events, those calamities would hardly deserve a word in a -writer's Memoirs. Who has not lost a friend? Who has not seen him die? -Who could not recall a similar scene of mourning? The comment is just, -yet no one has ever corrected himself of telling his own adventures: -sailors on board the ship that carries them have a family on shore of -whom they think and of whom they talk with one another. Every man has -within himself a world apart, foreign to the laws and to the general -destinies of the ages. It is, moreover, a mistake to believe that -revolutions, famous accidents, resounding catastrophes are the only -records of our nature: we all labour singly at the chain of our common -history, and all these separate existences together compose man's -universe in the eyes of God. - -[Sidenote: Letters of sympathy.] - -To collect regrets around the ashes of Madame de Beaumont is but to lay -upon her tomb the wreaths intended for her: - - M. DE CHÊNEDOLLÉ TO CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "You can have no doubt, my dear', unhappy friend, of the - great part which I take in your affliction. My grief is not - so great as yours, because that is impossible; but I am very - deeply afflicted by this loss, which darkens yet further this - existence which for so long has been nothing but suffering to - me. It is thus that all that is good, lovable and sensitive - vanishes from the face of the earth. My poor friend, hasten - back to France; come and seek consolation with your old - friend. You know how well I love you: come. - - "I was excessively anxious about you: it was more than three - months since I had heard from you, and three of my letters - have remained unanswered. Have you received them? Madame de - Caud suddenly ceased writing to me two months ago. This hurt - me mortally, and yet I cannot think that I have done anything - to offend her. But, whatever she may do, she can never take - from me the fond and respectful friendship which I have vowed - to her for life. Fontanes and Joubert also no longer write to - me; so that all whom I loved seem to have combined to forget - me at once. Do not you forget me, O my good friend: leave - me one heart upon which I can rely in this vale of tears! - Farewell, I embrace you weeping. Be sure, my good friend, - that I feel your loss as it should be felt. - - "23 _November_ 1803." - - M. DE FONTANES TO CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "I share all your regrets, my dear friend: I feel the - painfulness of your position. To die so young, and after - outliving all her family! But, at any rate, that interesting - and unhappy woman did not lack the help and the remembrance - of friendship. Her memory will live in hearts worthy of her. - I have forwarded to M. de La Luzerne the touching account - intended for him. Old Saint-Germain, your friend's servant, - has taken it with him. That faithful attendant made me shed - tears when talking of his mistress. I told him that he - had a legacy of ten thousand francs; but he did not give - it a single thought. If it were possible to talk of money - matters under such mournful circumstances, I would say that - it would have been very natural to have given you at least - the use of a fortune which will have to pass to distant and - almost unknown collaterals[569]. I approve of your conduct; - I know your delicacy; but I cannot be as disinterested for - my friend as he is for himself. I confess that this omission - surprises and pains me[570]. Madame de Beaumont spoke to you - on her death-bed, with the eloquence of a last farewell, - of the future and of your destinies. Her voice must needs - have greater strength than mine. But did she advise you to - throw up a salary of eight or ten thousand francs just when - your path was cleared of its first thorns? Could you rashly, - my dear friend, take so momentous a step? You know what a - pleasure it would be to me to see you again. Were I only - to consult my own happiness, I would say, 'Come at once.' - But your interests are as dear to me as my own, and I see - no immediate prospects for you which could make good the - advantages which you are voluntarily surrendering. I know - that your talents, your name and your industry will never - leave you in want of the first necessities; but in all that - I see more fame than fortune. Your education, your habits, - demand some little expenditure. Reputation alone will not - provide the wants of life, and the wretched science of 'bread - and cheese' takes precedence of all others, if you want to be - independent and at ease. I trust that nothing will persuade - you to seek your fortune among foreigners. Believe me, my - friend, after the first blandishments, they are worth even - less than one's fellow-countrymen. If your loving friend - made all these reflections, her last moments must have been - somewhat disturbed; but I hope that, at the foot of her - grave, you will find lessons and lights superior to any which - your remaining friends could give you. That amiable woman - loved you: she will advise you well. Her memory and your - heart will be a safe guide to you: I have no more concern if - you listen to them both. Adieu, my dear friend, I embrace you - tenderly." - -M. Necker wrote me the only letter which I ever received from him. -I had witnessed the delight of the Court at the dismissal of this -minister, the disregard of whose honest warnings contributed to the -overthrow of the monarchy. He had been M. de Montmorin's colleague. M. -Necker was shortly to die at the place whence his letter was dated; not -at that time having Madame de Staël by his side, he found some tears -for his daughter's friend: - -[Sidenote: M. Necker, Madame de Staël.] - - M. NECKER TO CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "SIR, - - "My daughter, when setting out for Germany, asked me to - open any packets of large size that might be addressed to - her, so as to decide whether they were worth the trouble - of forwarding by post. This is the reason of my learning - the news of Madame de Beaumont's death before she does. I - forwarded your letter to her, sir, at Frankfort, whence it - will probably be sent on farther to her, perhaps to Weimar or - Berlin. Do not, therefore, be surprised, sir, if you do not - receive a reply from Madame de Staël as early as you have the - right to expect. You must be assured, sir, of the grief which - Madame de Staël will feel on hearing of the loss of a friend - of whom I have always heard her speak with profound feeling. - I join in her sorrow, I join, sir, in yours, and I have my - own particular share when I think of the unhappy fate of the - whole family of my friend M. de Montmorin. - - "I see, sir, that you are on the point of leaving Rome to - return to France: I hope you will choose your road through - Geneva, where I shall spend the winter. I should be very - eager to do you the honours of a town where you are already - known by reputation. But where, sir, are you not so known? - Your last work, sparkling with incomparable beauties, is in - the hands of all who love to read. - - "I have the honour, sir, to offer you the assurance and the - homage of my most distinguished sentiments. - - "NECKER. - - "Coppet, 27 _November_ 1803." - - MADAME DE STAËL TO CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "FRANKFORT, 3 _December_ 1803. - - "Ah, Heavens, my dear Francis[571] with what sorrow was I - smitten on receiving your letter! Already, yesterday, this - frightful news was burst upon me through the papers, and now - comes your heart-rending narrative to engrave it for ever in - letters of blood on my heart. Can you, can you speak to me of - different opinions on religion, on the priests? Are there two - opinions where there is but one sentiment? I have read your - account through the most sorrowful tears. My dear Francis, - think of the time at which you felt the greatest friendship - for me; above all, do not forget that at which my whole heart - was drawn towards you, and tell yourself that those feelings, - more tender, more profound than ever, remain for you at the - bottom of my soul. I loved, I admired the character of Madame - de Beaumont: I knew not one more generous, more grateful, - more passionately sensitive. Since I first entered into - the world, I never ceased to have relations with her, and - I always felt, even in the midst of some differences, that - we held together by the same roots. My dear Francis, give - me a place in your heart. I admire you, I love you, I loved - her whom you regret. I am a devoted friend, I will be a - sister to you. I must respect your opinions more than ever. - Matthieu[572], who holds them, has been an angel to me in - this last sorrow which I have felt. Give me a new reason for - showing them my consideration: let me be useful or agreeable - to you in some way. Did you hear that I had been banished to - a distance of forty leagues from Paris[573]? I have taken - the occasion to go round Germany; but in the spring I shall - have returned to Paris itself, if my exile be ended, or near - Paris, or to Geneva. Arrange that, in some manner, we may - meet. Do you not feel that my mind and my soul understand - yours, and do you not feel wherein we resemble each other, - notwithstanding the differences? M. de Humboldt[574] wrote me - a letter a few days ago in which he spoke to me of your work - with an admiration which must flatter you in a man of his - merit and opinions. But why speak to you of your successes at - such a moment? Yet she loved those successes of yours, and - attached her own fame to them. Farewell, my dear François. I - will write to you from Weimar, in Saxony. Write to me there, - to the care of Messrs. Desport, bankers. What harrowing - phrases your story contains! And then your resolve to keep - poor Saint-Germain: you must bring her to my house one day. - - "Farewell, affectionately: and sorrowfully, farewell. - - "M. DE STAËL." - - -This eager and affectionately informal letter, written by an -illustrious woman, redoubled my emotion. Madame de Beaumont would have -been very happy at that moment had Heaven permitted her to return to -life! But our attachments, which are perceived by the dead, cannot free -them from their bonds: when Lazarus rose from the tomb he was bound -feet and hands with winding-bands, and his face was bound about with a -napkin; but friendship cannot say, as Christ said to Martha and Mary: - -"Loose him and let him go[575]." - -My consolers have also passed away, and they claim for themselves the -regrets which they gave to another. - -* - -[Sidenote: My grief.] - -I had determined to leave this official career in which personal -misfortunes had come in addition to the triviality of the work and to -paltry political annoyances. One does not know what desolation of the -heart means until one has remained alone, wandering through spots once -inhabited by a person who accepted your life: you seek her and do not -find her; she speaks to you, smiles to you, accompanies you; all that -she has worn or touched presents her image; between her and you there -is only a transparent curtain, but so heavy that you cannot raise it. -The remembrance of the first friend who has left you on the road is a -cruel one; for if your days have been prolonged, you have necessarily -suffered other losses: the dead who have followed each other become -linked to the first, and you mourn at one time and in one person all -those whom you have successively lost. - -At this distance from France, the arrangements which I was making -progressed slowly; meanwhile I remained forlorn among the ruins of -Rome. When I first walked out, the aspect of things seemed changed to -me: I did not recognise the trees, nor the monuments, nor the sky; I -wandered through the fields, along the cascades and aqueducts, as I -had done before beneath the overhanging forests of the New World. Then -I re-entered the Eternal City, which now added one more extinguished -life to so many spent existences. By dint of my many rambles in the -solitudes of the Tiber, they became so clearly engraved upon my memory -that I was able to describe them fairly accurately in my Letter to M. -de Fontanes[576]: - - "If the traveller be unhappy," I said, "if he have - mingled the ashes that he loved with so many ashes of the - illustrious, what a charm will he not find in passing from - the tomb of Cæcilia Metella to the grave of an ill-fortuned - woman!" - - -It was also in Rome that I first formed the idea of writing the Memoirs -of my Life; I find a few lines jotted down at random, from which I -decipher these few words: - - "After wandering over the world, spending the best years of - my youth far from my native land, and suffering nearly all - that man can suffer, not excluding hunger, I returned to - Paris in 1800." - -In a letter to M. Joubert[577] I thus sketched my plan: - - "My only pleasure is to snatch a few hours wherein to busy - myself with a work which alone can bring some assuagement - to my grief: it is the Memoirs of my Life. Rome will have a - place in it; it is in this way only that I can henceforth - speak of Rome. Have no fear; there will be no confessions - likely to give pain to my friends: if I am to count for - anything in the future, my friends' names will therein appear - glorified and respected. Nor shall I entertain posterity - with the details of my frailties; I shall say of myself only - what becomes my dignity as a man, and, I dare say it, the - elevation of my heart. One should show to the world only what - is beautiful; it is no lie against God to unveil of one's - life no more than may lead our fellows towards noble and - generous feelings. Not that, in truth, I have anything to - conceal: I have not caused the dismissal of a servant-girl - for a stolen ribbon, nor left my friend to die in the street, - nor dishonoured the woman who sheltered me, nor taken my - bastards to the Foundling Hospital[578]; but I have had my - moments of weakness, of faint-heartedness: one sigh over - myself will be sufficient to make others understand those - common miseries, meant to be left behind the veil. What would - society gain by the reproduction of sores that occur on every - side? There is no lack of examples, where it is a question of - triumphing over our poor human nature." - -* - -[Sidenote: I decide to write my memoirs.] - -In this plan which I made for myself I omitted my family, my childhood, -my youth, my travels, and my exile: yet these are the recitals in which -I took most pleasure. - -I had been like a happy slave: accustomed to apply his liberty to the -vine-stocks, he no longer knows what to do with his leisure when his -chains are broken. Whenever I decided to set to work, a figure came and -placed itself before me, and I could not take my eyes from it: religion -alone held me by its gravity and by the reflections of a higher order -which it suggested to me. - -And yet, while occupied with the thought of writing my Memoirs, I felt -the price which the ancients attached to the value of their name: there -is perhaps a touching reality in this perpetuity of the memories which -one may leave on the way. Perhaps, among the great men of antiquity, -this idea of an immortal life among the human race supplied the place -of the immortality of the soul which for them remained a problem. -If fame is but a small thing when it relates to ourselves, it must -nevertheless be agreed that to give an imperishable existence to all -that it has loved is one of the finest privileges attached to the -friendship of genius. - -I undertook a commentary upon certain books of the Bible, beginning -with _Genesis._ Upon the verse, "Behold, Adam is become as one of -us, knowing good and evil: now, therefore, lest perhaps he put forth -his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for -ever[579]," I remarked the tremendous irony of the Creator: "Behold -Adam is become as one of us, etc. Lest perhaps the man put forth his -hand and take of the tree of life." Why? Because he has tasted of the -fruit of knowledge, and knows good and evil, he is now loaded with -ills: "therefore, lest perhaps he live for ever." What a blessing from -God is death! - -There are prayers begun, some for "disquietude of soul," others "to -strengthen one's self against the prosperity of the wicked." I sought -to bring back to a centre of repose the thoughts which strayed beyond -me. - -As God was not pleased to let my life end there, reserving it for -prolonged trials, the storms which had arisen abated. Suddenly the -Cardinal Ambassador changed his manner towards me; I had an explanation -with him, and declared my resolve to resign. He opposed this: he -maintained that my resignation at that moment would have the appearance -of a disgrace; that I should be delighting my enemies, that the First -Consul would take offense, which would prevent me from remaining -undisturbed in the places to which I proposed to retire. He suggested -that I should go to spend a fortnight or a month at Naples. - -Just at this moment, I was being sounded on behalf of Russia with a -view to my accepting the place of governor to a grand-duke: it was as -much as I would have done had I proposed to sacrifice to Henry V. the -last years of my life. - -While wavering between a thousand resolutions, I received the news -that the First Consul had appointed me Minister to the Valais. He had -at first flown into a passion on the faith of some denunciations; but, -returning to his senses, he understood that I was of the race which -is of value only in the front rank, that I should not be mixed with -others, as otherwise I could never be used to advantage. There was no -place vacant: he created one, and, choosing it in conformity with my -instinct for solitude and independence, he placed me in the Alps; he -gave me a Catholic republic, in a world of torrents: the Rhone and our -soldiers would cross at my feet, the one descending towards France, -the others climbing towards Italy, while the Simplon opened its daring -road before me. The Consul was to allow me as frequent leave as I might -wish to travel in Italy, and Madame Bacciochi sent me a message through -Fontanes that the first important embassy available was reserved for -me. I thus won this first diplomatic victory without either expecting -or intending it; true that, at the head of the State, was a lofty -intelligence, which was not willing to sacrifice to official intrigues -another intelligence which it knew to be but too well disposed to -secede from the government. - -[Sidenote: Cardinal Fesch.] - -This remark is all the more true in that Cardinal Fesch, to whom I do -justice in these Memoirs in a manner upon which, perhaps, he did not -reckon, had sent two malicious dispatches to Paris, almost at the very -moment at which his manners had become more obliging, after the death -of Madame de Beaumont. Did his true thought lie in his conversations, -when he gave me leave to go to Naples, or in his diplomatic missives? -The conversations and the missives bear the same date and are -contradictory. It would have been easy for me to set M. le Cardinal, -right with himself by destroying all traces of the reports that -concerned me: I had but to remove the Ambassador's lucubrations from -the _cartons_ at the time when I was Minister for Foreign Affairs; I -should have done only what M. de Talleyrand did in the matter of his -correspondence with the Emperor. I did not consider that I had the -right to turn my power to my own advantage. If, by chance, any one -should look up these documents, he would find them in their place. That -this conduct is self-deceiving I readily admit; but, in order not to -make a merit of a virtue which I do not possess, I must say that this -respect for the correspondence of my detractors arises more from my -contempt than from my generosity. I have also seen, in the archives -of the Berlin Embassy, offensive letters from M. le Marquis de Bonnay -concerning myself: far from considering my own feelings, I shall make -them public. - -M. le Cardinal Fesch was no more reticent as to the poor Abbé Guillon -(the Bishop of Morocco): the latter was marked out as "a Russian -agent." Bonaparte called M. Lainé[580] "an English agent:" these are -instances of the gossip of which that great man had taken the bad habit -from the police reports. But was there nothing to be said against M. -Fesch himself? The Cardinal de Clermont-Tonnerre was at Rome like -myself, in 1803: what did he not write of Napoleon's uncle! I have the -letters. - -For the rest, to whom do these contentions, buried since forty years -in worm-eaten files, matter? Of the several actors of that period, one -alone will remain: Bonaparte. All of us who make pretensions to live -are dead already: can the insect's name be read by the feeble light -which it sometimes drags with it as it crawls? - -When M. le Cardinal Fesch met me again I was Ambassador to Leo XII.; he -gave me marks of his esteem: I on my side made a point of outdoing him -in deference. It is natural, moreover, that I should have been judged -with a severity which I have never spared myself. All this is past and -done with: I do not wish even to recognise the handwriting of those -who, in 1803, served as official or semi-official secretaries to M. le -Cardinal Fesch. - -I set out for Naples: there began a year without Madame de Beaumont, -a year of absence to be followed by so many others! I have never seen -Naples again since that time, although I was on the threshold of that -same town in 1828, having promised myself to go there with Madame de -Chateaubriand. The orange-trees were covered with their fruits, the -myrtles with their flowers. Baie, the Campi Elysei, and the sea were -delights of which I no longer had any one to whom to speak. I have -described the Bay of Naples in the _Martyrs._[581] I climbed Vesuvius -and descended into its crater. I pilfered from myself: I was enacting a -scene in _René._ - -At Pompeii I was shown a skeleton in irons, and mutilated Latin words -scribbled by soldiers on the walls. I returned to Rome. Canova[582] -permitted me to visit his studio while he was working at the statue of -a nymph. Elsewhere the models for the marbles of the tomb which I had -ordered had already attained much expression. I went to pray over ashes -at San Luigi, and I left for Paris on the 21st of January 1804, another -day of misfortune. - -Behold a prodigious misery: five and thirty years have sped since the -date of those events. Did not I flatter myself, in those distant days -of grief, that the bond just broken would be my last? And yet how soon -have I, not forgotten, but replaced what was dear to me! Thus man -goes from weakness to weakness. When he is young and drives his life -before him, a shadow of an excuse remains to him; but when he gets -between the shafts and laboriously drags it behind him, how is he to be -excused? The poverty of our nature is so intense that in our volatile -infirmities, in order to express our new affections, we can employ only -words which we have already worn threadbare in our former attachments. -There are words, nevertheless, which ought to be used but once: they -become profaned by repetition. Our betrayed and neglected friendships -reproach us with the new companionships that we have formed; our hours -arraign one another: our life is one perpetual blush, because it is one -continued fault. - -As my intention was not to remain in Paris, I alighted at the Hôtel de -France[583], in the Rue de Beaune, where Madame de Chateaubriand came -to join me to accompany me to the Valais. My former society, already -half dispersed, had lost the link which held it together. - -Bonaparte was marching towards the Empire; his genius rose in the -measure that events increased in importance: he was able, like -gunpowder when it expands, to carry away the world; already immense, -and yet not feeling himself at his zenith, he was tormented by his -strength; he groped, he seemed to be feeling his way; when I arrived in -Paris he was dealing with Pichegru and Moreau; through petty envy he -had consented to admit them as rivals: Moreau, Pichegru, and Georges -Cadoudal, who was greatly their superior, were arrested. - -This vulgar train of conspiracies, which we encounter in all the -affairs of life, was very distasteful to me, and I was glad to seek -flight in the mountains. - -The council of the town of Sion wrote to me. The simplicity of this -despatch has made a document of it to me; I was entering politics -through religion: the _Génie du Christianisme_ had opened the doors for -me. - -[Sidenote: I am promoted.] - - "REPUBLIC OF THE VALAIS. - - "SION, 20 _February_ 1804. - - "COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF SION. - - "_To Monsieur Chateaubriand, Secretary of Legation of the - French Republic in Rome._ - - "SIR, - - "An official letter from our High Bailiff apprizes us of your - nomination to the post of French Minister to our Republic. - We hasten to express to you the very complete satisfaction - which this choice gives us. We see in this nomination a - precious token of the good-will of the First Consul towards - our Republic, and we congratulate ourselves on the honour of - having you within our walls: we draw from it the happiest - auguries for the welfare of our country and of our town. - In order to give you a proof of these sentiments, we have - resolved to have a provisional lodging prepared for you, - worthy to receive you, fitted with furniture and effects - suited for your use, in so far as the locality and our - circumstances permit, pending the time when you will yourself - have been able to make arrangements to your own convenience. - - "Pray, sir, accept this offer as a proof of our sincere - inclination to honour the French Government in the person - of its envoy, the choice of whom must needs be peculiarly - pleasing to a religious people. We beg you to be so good as - to acquaint us with the date of your arrival in this town. - - "Accept, sir, the assurances of our respectful consideration. - - "DE RIEDMATTEN, - - "President of the Town Council of Sion. - - - "By order of the Town Council: - - "DE TORRENTÉ, - - "Secretary to the Council." - -Two days before the 21st of March[584], I dressed to go to take leave -of Bonaparte at the Tuileries; I had not seen him again since the -moment during which he had spoken to me at Lucien's. The gallery in -which he was receiving was full; he was accompanied by Murat and a -principal aide-de-camp; he passed through almost without stopping. -As he approached me, I was struck by the alteration in his face: -his cheeks were sunk and livid, his eyes hard, his complexion pale -and muddy, his aspect gloomy and terrible. The attraction which had -previously urged me towards him ceased; instead of remaining on his -passage, I made a movement to avoid him. He threw a glance at me as -though to seek to recognise me, took a few steps towards me, then -turned and walked away. Had I appeared to him as a warning? His -aide-de-camp noticed me: when the crowd covered me, the aide-de-camp -tried to catch sight of me between the persons standing before me, and -again drew the Consul in my direction. This sport continued for nearly -a quarter of an hour, I always drawing back, Napoleon always following -me without knowing it. I have never been able to explain to myself what -idea had struck the aide-de-camp. Did he take me for a suspicious man -whom he had never seen? Did he, if he knew who I was, wish to force -Bonaparte to speak to me? However this may be, Napoleon passed on to -another apartment. Content to have done my duty in presenting myself -at the Tuileries, I withdrew. From the joy which I have always felt at -leaving palaces, it is evident that I was not made to enter them. - -[Sidenote: Bonaparte.] - -On returning to the Hôtel de France, I said to several of my friends: - -"Something strange must be happening, of which we do not know, for -Bonaparte cannot have changed to that extent, unless he be ill." - -M. de Bourrienne[585] knew of my singular foresight: he has only -confused the dates; here is his sentence: - - "On returning from the First Consul's, M. de Chateaubriand - declared to his friends that he had remarked a great - alteration in the First Consul, and something very sinister - in his look[586]." - -Yes, I remarked it: a superior intelligence does not bring forth evil -without pain, because that is not its natural fruit, and it ought not -to bear it. - -Two days later, on the 21st of March[587], I rose early, for the sake -of a memory that was sad and dear to me. M. de Montmorin had built -himself a house at the corner of the Rue Plumet, on the new Boulevard -des Invalides. In the garden of that house, which was sold during the -Revolution, Madame de Beaumont, then almost a child, had planted a -cypress-tree, and she had sometimes taken pleasure in showing it to -me as we passed: it was to this cypress-tree, of which I alone knew -the origin and the history, that I went to bid adieu. It still exists, -but it is pining away, and scarce rises to the level of the casement -beneath which a hand which has vanished loved to tend it. I distinguish -that poor tree from among three or four others of its species; it seems -to know me and to rejoice when I approach; mournful breezes bend its -yellowed head a little towards me, and it murmurs at the window of the -deserted room: a mysterious intelligence reigns between us, which will -cease when one or the other shall have fallen. - -Having paid my pious tribute, I went down the Boulevard and Esplanade -des Invalides, crossed the Pont Louis XV. and the Tuileries Gardens, -which I left, near the Pavilion Marsan, by the gate which now opens -into the Rue de Rivoli. There, between eleven and twelve o'clock in the -morning, I heard a man and a woman crying official news; passers-by -were stopping, suddenly petrified by these words: - - "Verdict of the special military commission summoned at - Vincennes, condemning to pain of death THE MAN KNOWN AS LOUIS - ANTOINE HENRI DE BOURBON, BORN ON THE 2ND OF AUGUST 1772 AT - CHANTILLY." - -[Sidenote: Death of the Duc D'Enghien.] - -This cry fell upon me like a thunderbolt; it changed my life, as it -changed Napoleon's. I returned home; I said to Madame Chateaubriand: - -"The Duc d'Enghien has been shot." - -I sat down to a table and began to write my resignation[588]. Madame -de Chateaubriand raised no objection, and with great courage watched -me writing. She did not blind herself to my danger: General Moreau and -Georges Cadoudal were being prosecuted[589]; the lion had tasted blood, -this was not the moment to irritate him. - -M. Clausel de Coussergues[590] arrived in the interval; he also had -heard the sentence cried. He found me pen in hand: my letter, from -which, out of compassion for Madame de Chateaubriand, he made me -suppress certain angry phrases, was despatched; it was addressed to -the Minister of Foreign Relations. The wording mattered little: my -opinion and my crime lay in the fact of my resignation: Bonaparte made -no mistake as to that. Madame Bacciochi exclaimed loudly on hearing -of what she called my "disloyalty;" she sent for me and made me the -liveliest reproaches. M. de Fontanes at first went almost mad with -fear: he already saw me shot, with all the persons who were attached to -me. During several days, my friends went in dread of seeing me carried -off by the police; they called on me from one minute to the other, -always trembling as they approached the porter's lodge. M. Pasquier -came and embraced me on the day after my resignation, saying he was -happy to have such a friend as I. He remained for a fairly considerable -time in an honourably moderate opposition, removed from place and power. - -Nevertheless, the movement of sympathy which impels us to praise a -generous action came to an end. I had, in consideration of religion, -accepted a place outside France, a place conferred upon me by a mighty -genius, the conqueror of anarchy, a leader sprung from the popular -principle, the _consul_ of a _republic_, and not a king continuing an -usurped _monarchy_; at that time I stood alone in my feeling, because -I was consistent in my conduct; I retired when the conditions to which -I was able to subscribe altered; but, so soon as the hero had changed -himself into a murderer, there came a rush for his ante-chamber. Six -months after the 21st of March, one might have thought that there was -only one opinion in society, but for a few malicious jests in which -people indulged in private. _Fallen_ persons pretended to have been -_violated_, and only they, it was said, were _violated_ who possessed a -great name or great importance, and each one, to prove his importance -or his quarterings, contrived to be _violated_ by dint of solicitation. - -Those who had most loudly applauded me fell away; my presence was a -reproach to them: prudent people find imprudence in those who yield -to honour. There are times in which loftiness of soul is a real -infirmity; no one understands it; it passes for a sort of narrowness -of mind, for a prejudice, an unintelligent trick of education, a -crotchet, a whim which interferes with the judgment: an honourable -imbecility, perhaps, but a stupid helotism. What capacity can any one -find in shutting your eyes, in remaining indifferent to the march of -the century, to the movement of ideas, to the change of manners, to -the progress of society? Is it not a deplorable mistake to attach to -events an importance which they do not possess? Barricaded behind -your narrow principles, your mind as limited as your judgment, you -are like a man living at the back of a house, looking out only on a -little yard, unaware of what happens in the street or of the noise to -be heard outside. That is what a little independence reduces you to, -an object of pity to the average man: as to the great minds with their -affectionate pride and their haughty eyes, _oculos sublimes_[591], -their compassionate disdain forgives you, because they know that "you -cannot hear[592]." I therefore shrank back humbly into my literary -career, a poor Pindar destined in my first Olympic to praise "the -excellence of water," leaving wine to the happy. - -[Sidenote: I resign my Embassy.] - -Friendship put fresh heart into M. de Fontanes; Madame Bacciochi placed -her kindness between her brother's anger and my resolution; M. de -Talleyrand, through indifference or calculation, kept my resignation -for several days before speaking of it: when he announced it to -Bonaparte the latter had had time to reflect. On receiving from me the -only direct sign of blame from an honest man who was not afraid to defy -him, he uttered merely these two words: - -"Very well." - -Later, he said to his sister: - -"Were you very much alarmed for your friend?" - -Long after, in conversation with M. de Fontanes, he confessed that -my resignation was one of the things that had impressed him most -M. de Talleyrand had an official letter sent to me in which he -gracefully reproached me for depriving his department of my talents -and services[593]. I returned the expenses of installation, and all -was apparently finished. But, in daring to leave Bonaparte, I had -placed myself upon his level, and he was incensed against me with all -the strength of his perfidy, as I against him with all that of my -loyalty. Till the day of his fall, he held the sword suspended over -my head: sometimes he returned to me by a natural leaning and tried to -drown me in his fatal prosperity; sometimes I was drawn to him by the -admiration with which he inspired me, by the idea that I was assisting -at a transformation of society, not at a mere change of dynasty: but -antipathetic in so many respects, our respective natures gained the -upper hand, and if he would gladly have had me shot, I should have felt -no great compunction in killing him. - -Death makes a great man or unmakes him; it stops him on the stair which -he was about to descend, or on the step which he was about to climb: -his is a destiny that has succeeded or failed; in the first case, one -is reduced to examine what it has been, in the second to conjecture -what it might have become. - -If, in doing my duty, I had been prompted by far-seeing views of -ambition, I should have deceived myself. Charles X. learnt only at -Prague what I had done in 1804: he had but lately been King. - -"Chateaubriand," he said to me at the Castle of Hradschin, "had you -served Bonaparte?" - -"Yes, Sire." - -"Did you resign on the death of M. le Duc d'Enghien?" - -"Yes, Sire." - -Misfortune instructs or restores the memory. I have told you how one -day in London, when I had taken shelter with M. de Fontanes in a -passage during a storm, M. le Duc de Bourbon came and sought cover -under the same refuge: in France, his gallant father and he, who -so politely thanked whoever wrote a funeral oration on M. le Duc -d'Enghien, did not send me one word of remembrance; they were doubtless -unaware of my conduct: true, I never told them of it. - - - -[446] This book was commenced in Paris in 1837, continued and completed -in Paris in 1838, and revised in February 1845 and December 1846.--T. - -[447] The Château du Marais was built by M. Le Maître, a very rich -man, who left it to Madame de La Briche, his niece. It stands in the -commune of the Val-Saint-Maurice, canton of Dourdan, Department of -Seine-et-Oise, and is now the property of the Dowager Duchesse de -Noailles.--B. - -[448] Adélaïde Edmée de La Briche, _née_ Prévost, widow of Alexis -Janvier de La Live de La Briche, Introducer of Ambassadors and Private -Secretary to the Queen.--B. - -[449] Louise Joséphine Comtesse de Montesquiou-Fezensac (1764-1832), -_née_ de La Live de Jully, sister to Madame de Vintimille.--B. - -[450] The Château de Champlâtreux, in the commune of -Épinay-Champlâtreux, canton of Luzarches, Department of Seine-et-Oise, -was the old seat of the Molé family. It belongs now to M. le Duc de -Noailles. The Comte Molé died there, 25 November 1855.--B. - -[451] Édouard François Matthieu Molé de Champlâtreux (_d._ 1794), a -President in the Parliament of Paris, guillotined 20 April 1794.--B. - -[452] The domain, now in the Department of Eure-et-Loir, presented to -Madame de Maintenon by Louis XIV.--T. - -[453] Louise Éléonore Mélanie Marquise de Custine (1770-1826), _née_ de -Sabran, married in 1787 to Amand Louis Philippe François de Custine, -guillotined 4 January 1794.--B. - -[454] Margaret Queen of France (1219-1295), daughter of Raymond -Berengarius IV. Count of Provence, and married in 1234 to King Louis -IX.: a virtuous queen in every way worthy of her spouse.--T. - -[455] The Château de Fervacques is near Lisieux in Calvados. Madame -de Custine bought it of the Duc de Montmorency-Laval and his sister -the Duchesse de Luynes. It is now the property of M. le Comte de -Montgomery.--T. - -[456] Christina Queen of Sweden (1626-1689) spent some years in France -after her abdication in 1654.--T. - -[457] Astolphe Louis Léonor Marquis de Custine (1793-1857), author of -an excellent book on La Russie en 1839, in 4 volumes (1843), and many -other remarkable works that obtained a well-deserved success.--B. - -[458] Madame de Custine had been imprisoned at the Carmelites and had -escaped execution thanks only to the Revolution of 9 Thermidor.--T. - -[459] - - "The lady of Fervacques - Deserves a brisk attack."--T. - - -[460] Afterwards Madame de Bérenger.--B. - -[461] Louise Julie Talma (_d._ 1805), _née_ Carreau, married Talma on -the 19th of April 1791. They were divorced on the 6th of February 1801 -by mutual consent. Talma married next year (16 June 1802) Charlotte -Vanhove, the divorced wife of Louis Sébastien Olympe Petit, from whom -he was also separated shortly afterwards on the same terms.--B. - -[462] Stanislas Marie Adélaïde Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre (1747-1792), -a Monarchical member of the Constituent Assembly, butchered by the -populace on the 10th of August 1792.--T. - -[463] Louis Justin Marie Marquis de Talaru (1769-1850), for some time -French Ambassador in Madrid under the Restoration. He was created a -peer of France on the same day as Chateaubriand (17 August 1815).--B. - -[464] Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1743-1803), known as the Unknown -Philosopher, the exponent of "pure spiritualism." His principal works -are _Des Erreurs et de la vérité_ (1775), the _Homme de désir_ (1790), -and the _Ministère de l'Homme-Esprit_ (1802).--T. - -[465] Jean Jacques Comte Lenoir-Laroche (1749-1825) held office for a -few days in 1797, was a Conservative member of the Senate (1799-1814), -was made a count by Napoleon, and a peer of France by Louis XVIII. -(4 June 1814). On the 31st of August 1817, this dignity was declared -hereditary in his family.--B. - -[466] The Abbé Joseph Faria (_circa_ 1755-1819), a native of Goa, and -a famous magnetizer. He plays an important part in _Monte Cristo_, in -which Dumas makes him die at the Château d'If. He died, in fact, in -Paris.--B. - -[467] Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), a German doctor (naturalized a -Frenchman in 1819) who invented the science of craniology, now known as -phrenology.--T. - -[468] _Mon portrait historique et philosophique_, M. de Saint-Martin's -posthumous work, printed in a very much mutilated and incomplete -form.--B. - -[469] The Polytechnic School was installed at the time at the -Palais-Bourbon, and removed to the building of the former Collège de -Navarre in 1804.--B. - -[470] Henri François Marquis de Saint-Lambert (1717-1803), author -of a poem, the _Saisons_, which secured his admission to the French -Academy (1770), and of several philosophical works of a pronounced -materialistic tendency.--T. - -[471] Élisabeth Françoise Sophie Comtesse de Houdetot (1730-1813), -_née_ de La Live de Bellegarde. She married Lieutenant-General the -Comte de Houdetot in 1748. She was the author of a few _Pensées_, -but owes her reputation rather to the lively passion with which she -inspired Rousseau and to her liaison with Saint-Lambert, which lasted -nearly half a century.--T. - -[472] - - "Woe be unto him to whom Heaven grants long days!"--T. - - -[473] - - "And love consoles me still! - But nought will e'er console me for love's loss."--T. - - -[474] Friedrich Melchior Baron Grimm (1723-1807), the friend of -Rousseau and Diderot, created a baron by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, whom -he represented at the French Court from 1776-1790. In 1795 the Empress -Catherine II. made him her minister in Lower Saxony. His diverting -correspondence with both potentates was published in 1812-1813.--T. - -[475] Pierre Simon Ballanche (1778-1847) started life as a printer at -Lyons, where he published the second and third editions of the _Génie -du Christianisme._ He began to devote himself to literature in 1813, -wrote several notable works of Christian philosophy, and became elected -a member of the French Academy in 1844.--T. - -[476] The article on the _Législation primitive_ appeared in the -_Mercure_ of the 18 Nivôse Year XI. (8 January 1803).--B. - -[477] The Celestines were suppressed in 1778. They were founded in 1244 -by Pietro di Murrhone, the hermit Pope, who was elected to the Holy -See in 1294, when nearly eighty years of age, and assumed the title of -Celestine V. He was canonized in 1313.--T. - -[478] René I. Duke of Anjou, titular King of Naples (1408-1480), known -as Good King René, and father of Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI. -of England.--T. - -[479] I omit two or three pages devoted mainly to quotations from -Petrarch.--T. - -[480] A terrible revolutionary massacre took place at Avignon in -1791.--T. - -[481] Petrarch immortalized the source of the Sorgue, which rises near -Vaucluse, and is known as the Fountain of Vaucluse.--T. - -[482] Alain Chartier (1386-1458), the "Father of French Eloquence," an -early French poet, and Secretary to the Household to King Charles VI. -Margaret kissed him on the mouth, as he lay sleeping, to show the value -she set upon the mouth from which so many fair speeches had issued.--T. - -[483] Margaret of Scotland (1418-1445), daughter of James I. King of -Scots, was married to the Dauphin, later King Louis XI. of France, as a -child, in 1428, but was not united to him until 1436. He made her very -unhappy.--T. - -[484] _Pro. L. Flacco_, XXVI. 36.--T. - -[485] JOB XXXVIII. II.--T. - -[486] Pytheas (_circa_ 350 B.C.), the famous Greek navigator, was a -native of Massilia or Marseilles.--T. - -[487] Jean Sire de Joinville (_circa_ 1223--_circa_ 1319) accompanied -St. Louis on the Seventh Crusade (1248), which took Cyprus in its -course.--T. - -[488] Berengarius I. and II., Kings of Italy and Marquises of Ivrea in -the tenth century.--T. - -[489] Louis II., Duke of Anjou and titular King of Naples (1377-1417), -father of Good King René.--T. - -[490] Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duc d'Épernon (1554-1642), -one of the favourites of Henry III., was the head of a Languedoc family -and governor of Provence, of which Marseilles was one of the chief -cities.--T. - -[491] Henri François Xavier de Belsunce de Castel Moron, Bishop of -Marseilles (1671-1755), distinguished himself by his courage and zeal -during the plague which ravaged the city in the years 1720 and 1721, -and by his vigorous opposition to the Jansenistic doctrines.--T. - -[492] Vittorio Conte Alfieri (1749-1803), the Italian tragic poet, -secretly married in 1788 to the Countess of Albany, widow of Prince -Charles Edward Stuart. His _Memoirs_ were published in 1804.--T. - -[493] ALFIERI, _Memoirs_, chap. IV.--T. - -[494] The Roman amphitheatre or bull-arena at Nîmes was laid in ruins -by the English during their occupation in 1417.--T. - -[495] The famous Roman remains, in the Corinthian style.--T. - -[496] Jean Reboul (1796-1864), the baker-poet, author of _Poésies_ -(1836), the _Dernier Jour_ (1839), the _Martyre de Vivia_, a mystery -play, performed at the Odéon (1850), and the _Traditionnelles_ -(1857). He continued his trade throughout. In 1848 he was sent to the -Constituent Assembly as Royalist member for the Department of the -Gard.--B. - -[497] I omit a quotation from Reboul.--T. - -[498] Plautus spent some years in the service of a baker in Rome.--T. - -[499] Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), the Protestant philosopher, -Professor of Literature at the University of Leyden, a distinguished -philologist and founder of the system of modern chronology.--T. - -[500] 1622.--T. - -[501] The Canal des Deux-Mers, also known as the Canal du Midi or de -Languedoc, joins the Atlantic and Mediterranean.--T. - -[502] The project of the canal, first formed under Francis I., was -executed by Colbert's orders under Louis XIV. in the years 1666-1681. I -omit the quotation from Corneille.--T. - -[503] Paule Baronne de Fontenille (1518-1610), _née_ de Viguier, -nicknamed Fair Paule by King Francis I., who saw her as a child. She -married first the Sire de Bayganuet, and later Philippe de Laroche, -Baron de Fontenille. Her beauty, which she retained until extreme old -age, was so intense that her resolution to stay at home, in order to -save herself from being pestered with the admiration of the people, was -checkmated by a resolution of the _Capitouls_ or municipal officers of -Toulouse, who ordered her to show herself in public, with uncovered -features, two days in the week. _La Belle Paule_ was as virtuous as she -was beautiful.--T. - -[504] Henri II. Maréchal Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), revolted -against Louis XIII., was defeated and taken prisoner at Castelnaudary, -and tried and beheaded at Toulouse.--T. - -[505] Claude Fauriel (1772-1844), a capable literary critic and -considerable linguist. He translated and published in 1837 the -_Histoire de la croisade contre les hérétiques albigeois, écrits en -vers provençaux par un poète contemporain_, from which the above -extract is taken.--T. - -[506] Simon Baron, later Comte, de Montfort (_d._ 1218), known as -the Machabee of his century, the leader of the crusade against the -Albigenses, of whom he put some 60,000 or more to the sword. Simon de -Montfort was killed at Toulouse, 25 June 1218.--T. - -[507] Jacques de Cujas (1522-1590), the famous jurist.--T. - -[508] Margaret of France, Duchesse de Berry, afterwards Duchess of -Savoy (1523-1574), married in 1559 to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of -Savoy. Her subjects named her the Mother of the Peoples.--T. - -[509] Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (1552-1615), married in 1572 -to the Prince of Béarn, afterwards Henry IV., and III. King of France -and Navarre.--T. - -[510] Gui du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac (1529-1584), represented France -at the Council of Trent and accompanied Henry III. to Poland. His -_Quatrains moraux_ have been universally translated, and he also -published various political writings.--T. - -[511] Florio's MONTAIGNE, the Third Booke, chap. IX.: _Of Vanitie._--T. - -[512] Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse, Duke of Bordeaux, and Marquis of -Provence (_circa_ 1042-1105), one of the leaders of the First Crusade -(1096), and one of the first to storm the walls of Jerusalem.--T. - -[513] Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne (1809-1880), a member -of the Right in the Chamber of Deputies, became "reconciled" to the -Republic, and was ultimately elected a Life Senator in 1875.--B. - -[514] Mademoiselle Honorine Gasc, the owner of an admirable voice, -married Herr Ol de Kop, Danish Consul at Bordeaux and Paris.--B. - -[515] Clémence Isaure, a wealthy lady of Toulouse, who restored the -Floral Games at Toulouse in 1490, and left large sums of money to the -town to provide for the expenses of annual competitions in the art of -poetry.--T. - -[516] Claude Emmanuel Luillier Chapelle (1626-1686) and François Le -Coigneux de Bachaumont (1624-1702), joint authors of the _Voyage_ and -other Epicurean pieces.--T. - -[517] - - "Ah, how happy one would be - In this fair seductive spot - If, by Sylvia ne'er forgot, - Loving to eternity, - With her he could cast his lot!"--T - - -[518] The Chateau Trompette has also since been destroyed.--T. - -[519] Joseph Spon (1647-1685), a French Protestant antiquarian.--T. - -[520] - -"Ah, why do they throw down those columns of the gods, -The work of the great Cæsars, a tutelary shrine?"--T. - - -[521] The Duchesse de Berry was imprisoned at Blaye Castle in 1833.--T. - -[522] In 1797 La Harpe had published his eloquent _Du Fanatisme dans la -langue révolutionnaire._--B. - -[523] This poem appeared in 1814, with the title, _Le Triomphe de la -Religion, ou le Roi martyr._--B. - -[524] - -"But if they ventured all, 'twas you permitted all: -The viler the oppressor, the more infamous the slave."--T. - - -[525] On the 9th of August 1797, La Harpe, then a widower and -fifty-seven years of age, married, at the instance of his friend M. -Récamier, Mademoiselle de Hatte-Longuerue, a very beautiful girl -of twenty-three. Her mother, a penniless widow, concealed from the -bridegroom any repugnance that Mademoiselle de Longuerue entertained -for the match; but three weeks after the marriage the latter declared -this repugnance to be invincible, and asked for a divorce. La Harpe -behaved like a gallant gentleman and a Christian: he was unable to lend -himself to the divorce, forbidden as it was by the religious law; but -he allowed it to take place, and forgave the young lady the outcry and -scandal produced by this rupture.--B. - -[526] JOB IV. 15, 16.--T. - -[527] DANTE, _Inferno_, XIV. 46.--B. - -[528] The Abbé Jacques André Émery (1732-1811), author of the -_Esprit_ (later _Pensées) de Leibnitz_, the _Christianisme de Bacon_, -the _Pensées de Descartes_, and many other works of a religious -tendency.--T. - -[529] Joseph Cardinal Comte Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons (1763-1839), was -the half-brother of Madame Bonaparte, Napoleon's mother. He was made -Archbishop of Lyons in 1802, a cardinal and Ambassador to Rome in 1803, -Grand Almoner of the Empire, a count, and a senator in 1805. Later he -refused the Archbishopric of Paris, opposed Napoleon's wishes with -regard to Pius VII. in 1810, was disgraced and sent into exile in his -diocese, where he remained till 1814. After the Emperor's abdication, -he retired to Rome, where he lived for twenty-five years, refusing to -surrender his archbishopric till the day of his death, 13 May 1839.--T. - -[530] In Auvergne.--T. - -[531] Talleyrand was Foreign Minister from 1796 to 1807.--T. - -[532] The Abbé Pierre Étienne de Bonnevie (1761-1849), a great friend -of M. and Madame de Chateaubriand, and a very witty priest.--B. - -[533] Anne Antoine Jules Duc de Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of -Châlons-sur-Marne (1749-1830). Before returning from the Emigration, he -had placed his resignation in the hands of the Sovereign Pontiff, in -accordance with the terms of the Concordat. Under the Restoration he -became a peer of France (1814), Archbishop of Toulouse (1820), and a -cardinal (1822).--B. - -[534] Pope Pius VII. (_vide infra_, p. 220) was a Chiaramonti. This -name is the Italian equivalent for Clermont.--T. - -[535] - -"Alps, ye have not by my hard fate been torn! -On you time leaves no sign; -The years have lightly by your brows been borne -That heavy weigh on mine. - -When first across your rugged walls I passed, -Dazzled with hope's bright rays, -Like the horizon, a future, boundless, vast, -Lay spread before my gaze." - -Italy at my feet, and all the world before me!"--T. - - -[536] Chateaubriand himself had probably not known "that" long, and had -learnt it from his young friend Jean Jacques Ampère, the only man in -France who at that time interested himself in Scandinavian matters.--B. - -[537] This "Fotrad, son of Eupert," is a little far-fetched. When the -author was writing this part of his Memoirs his mind was still full -of his long and learned researches preparatory to the writing of his -_Études historiques_ and his chapters on the Franks.--B. - -[538] Odet de Foix, Maréchal Vicomte de Lautrec (1485-1528), was -Lieutenant-General in Italy under Francis I., and subdued a part of the -Duchy of Milan.--T. - -[539] Francesco di Melzi, Duca di Lodi (1753-1826), was Vice-president -of the Cisalpine Republic, organized by General Bonaparte in 1797, -which in 1802 took the name of the Italian Republic. When, in 1805, it -became the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon for its King and Eugène de -Beauharnais for its Viceroy, Melzi was appointed Grand Chancellor and -Keeper of the Seals. In 1807 he was created a duke.--B. - -[540] Napoleon Charles Lucien Prince Murat (1803-1873), second son of -Joachim Murat, was born 16 May 1803. He was made a senator in 1852, and -a member of the civil family of the Emperor Napoleon III. in 1853, with -the title of Imperial Highness. He was Grand Master of Freemasons from -1852 to 1862.--B. - -[541] The feast of SS. Peter and Paul falls on the 29th of June.--T. - -[542] St. Francis of Assisi, honoured on the 4th of October.--T. - -[543] François Cacault (1743-1805), French Minister Plenipotentiary in -Rome from 1801 to 1803.--B. - -[544] The Chevalier Artaud de Montor, author of several works, of which -the most important is his _Histoire du pape Pie VII._--B. - -[545] Gregorio Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti, Pope Pius VII. (1740-1823), -was elected to the Papacy in 1800. He signed the Concordat with -Bonaparte in 1801, crowned him Emperor in Paris in 1804, but -excommunicated him in 1809, after the invasion of the Papal States. -Napoleon had him kidnapped and taken to Savona, and thence to -Fontainebleau, where Pope Pius was kept in captivity until 1814. On -returning to his States he had the generosity to give an asylum to the -members of his persecutor's family.--T. - -[546] Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (1757-1824), Secretary of State to -Pius VII., and one of the greatest statesmen of the century. He too -signed the famous Concordat, and he too was imprisoned for some time by -Napoleon. He represented the Pope at the Congress of Vienna in 1814.--T. - -[547] Charles Emanuel IV., King of Sardinia (1751-1819), succeeded -his father Victor Amedeus III. in 1796, was obliged to surrender his -continental possessions to the French Republic in 1798, and retired to -Sardinia. In 1802 he abdicated and was succeeded by his brother Victor -Emanuel I. He ended his days in Rome as a Jesuit. Charles Emanuel IV. -became Heir in Line of the House of Stuart on the death of the Cardinal -of York (Henry IX.) in 1807, and appears in the Jacobite Calendars as -Charles IV. King of England.--T. - -[548] The Abbé Nicolas Silvestre Guillon (1760-1847) had been chaplain, -reader, and librarian to the Princesse de Lamballe. He hid himself -under the Terror and reappeared in 1801 to publish his _Recherches sur -le Concordat_, which caused him to be confined in the Temple for four -months. On returning from Rome he became Professor of Rhetoric at the -new University. In 1810 he was appointed to the Faculty of Theology in -Paris, and for thirty years professed sacred eloquence in that faculty, -of which he ultimately became the dean. He became chaplain to the -Orleans Family in 1818, and in 1831 Louis-Philippe named him for the -See of Beauvais, which, owing to a technical misdemeanour, he was not -allowed to accept. Having confessed his error, he was in the course of -the next year installed as Bishop of Morocco _in partibus._--T. - -[549] Marie Thérèse Princesse de Lamballe, _née_ Princesse de -Savoie-Carignan (1749-1792), was murdered at the prison of the Force in -September 1792.--T. - -[550] Antoine François Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis de La -Maisonfort (1778-1827), had returned from the Emigration at the -commencement of the Consulate, and was arrested and confined in the -island of Elba, whence he escaped to Rome. Under the Restoration, -he sat for a time in Parliament and represented France as Minister -Plenipotentiary at Florence.--B. - -[551] Louis François Bertin (1766-1841), usually known as Bertin the -Elder, to distinguish him from his brother Pierre Louis Bertin de Vaux, -together with whom he bought the _Journal des Débats_ in 1799, and -immeasurably improved the property. He was deprived of it in 1811, but -revived the paper in 1814, and vigorously supported the Restoration -until 1830, when he allied himself to Louis-Philippe and the new -monarchy.--T. - -[552] Pierre Joseph Briot (1771-1827) opposed Bonaparte in the Council -of the Five Hundred, but nevertheless obtained his appointment as -Government Commissary-General in Elba through the influence of Lucien -Bonaparte. On Napoleon's coronation as Emperor, Briot went to Italy, -and held various offices under Joseph and Joachim Murat, Kings of -Naples. He refused to accept titles or decorations from either of these -monarchs, which is probably the reason why Chateaubriand speaks of him -as "the Republican" Briot.--B. - -[553] The Princesse Pauline Borghèse (1780-1825), _née_ Bonaparte, -was Napoleon's second sister. She married General Leclerc in 1797, -and shortly after his death married Prince Camille Borghèse (1803), -from whom she soon separated, leaving Italy to reside at the Château -de Neuilly. She enjoyed the title of Duchess of Guastalla from 1806 -to 1814. In the latter year, she devoted herself wholly to Napoleon, -accompanying him to Elba, and placing her diamonds at his disposal. -In her later years, she became reconciled to her husband and lived -with him at Florence. Pauline Borghèse was one of the most beautiful -of women of her time. She sat to Canova for a nude Venus, and was -doubtless in no way shy of "making her toilet" before Chateaubriand.--T. - -[554] - - "I perish last and most wretched of all!"--T. - - -[555] - - "My days do not warrant the price of a sigh."--T. - - -[556] Madame de Sévigné's seat in Brittany.--B. - -[557] This house stood near the Trinità-del-Monte, and was known by the -name of the Villa Margherita.--B. - -[558] Jean Baptiste Louis Georges Seroux d'Agincourt (1730-1814), -a distinguished antiquarian and archæologist. He had been a -farmer-general under Louis XV., and amassed a huge fortune, which -he devoted to study and the cultivation of the arts. After visiting -England, Holland, Germany, and Italy, he settled in Rome, in 1778, -where he became intimate with the Cardinal de Bernis and Azara, the -Spanish Ambassador and art-patron, and compiled his great work, the -_Histoire de l'Art par les Monuments, depuis le IVe siècle -jusqu'au XVIe_, in 6 volumes folio, with 336 plates.--T. - -[559] ISAIAS XXII. 18.--T. - -[560] Barbara Juliana Baroness Krüdener (1764-1824), _née_ von -Vietinghoff-Scheel, a famous Russian mystic, was married, when fourteen -years of age, to Baron Krüdener, Russian Ambassador in Berlin. After -leading a very dissipated life, and publishing her well-known novel, -_Valérie, ou Lettres de Gustave de Linar à Ernest de G._ (1803), -she suddenly, in 1807, withdrew from the world, gave way to exalted -devotion, and pretended to have received from Heaven a mission for the -regeneration of Christianity. She travelled through Germany, visiting -the prisons, preaching in the open air, and converting men by the -thousand. In 1814, she came into contact with the foreign sovereigns -then in Paris, exercised a great ascendant over the Emperor Alexander, -foretold to him the return of Napoleon from Elba and his ultimate -fall, and inspired him with the idea of the Holy Alliance. She next -resumed her travels through Switzerland and the various States of -Germany, but her extraordinary influence began to be dreaded, and she -was expelled wherever she went. In 1822, she took refuge in the Crimea, -where she founded an institution for sinners and criminals, and died at -Karasu-Bazar on Christmas Day 1824.--T. - -[561] Joseph Michaud (1767-1839), author of the _Printemps d'un -proscrit_ and a History of the Crusades, and a member of the French -Academy. In 1795, he was condemned to death for professing Royalist -opinions in his paper, the _Quotidienne_, but succeeded in evading -execution of the sentence, which was revoked in 1796. He was appointed -Press Censor under the Restoration.--T. - -[562] The Comte Guillaume de La Luzerne, who in 1787 married Madame de -Beaumont's elder sister, Mademoiselle Victoire de Montmorin, was the -nephew of the Comte de La Luzerne, the ambassador, and son of César -Henri de La Luzerne, Minister of Marine under Louis XVI. Chateaubriand -appears to have confused the two.--B. - -[563] The Saint-Germains, husband (Germain Couhaillon) and wife, had -been for thirty-eight years in the service of the Montmorin family. -Chateaubriand afterwards took them into his own service, which they -never left.--B. - -[564] Auguste de Montmorin (_d._ 1793), a naval officer, had perished -in a storm when returning from the Mauritius.--B. - -[565] Annibale della Genga, Pope Leo XII. (1760-1829), succeeded Pope -Pius VII. in 1823.--T. - -[566] This tomb, which faces that of the Cardinal de Bernis at San -Luigi dei Francesi, was erected by Chateaubriand himself at a cost of -some nine thousand francs.--B. - -[567] And not in 1827, as is given in all the earlier editions of the -Memoirs. Chateaubriand spent the whole of the year 1827 in Paris. It -was not until 1828, under the Mortignac Ministry, that he was appointed -to the Embassy in Rome.--B. - -[568] _Greek Anthology_, VII. 346.--B. - -[569] M. de Fontanes' friendship goes much too far: Madame de Beaumont -knew me better; she no doubt felt that, if she had left me her fortune, -I should not have accepted it.--_Author's Note._ - -[570] Madame de Beaumont left her books to Chateaubriand in her will, -dated Paris, 15 May 1802.--B. - -[571] The words italicized are in English.--T. - -[572] Baron Matthieu de Staël, Madame de Staël's second son, who died -while still very young.--T. - -[573] In 1802, for her opposition to Bonaparte.--T. - -[574] Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Baron von Humboldt -(1767-1835), the eminent Prussian diplomatist and philologist, and the -friend and correspondent of all the literary eminences of his time.--T. - -[575] JOHN XI. 44.--T. - -[576] The _Lettre à M. de Fontanes_, on the Roman Campagna, is dated to -January 1804, and first appeared in the Mercure de France, in its issue -of March 1804.--B. - -[577] Rome, December 1803.--B. - -[578] Cf. ROUSSEAU'S _Confessions._--T. - -[579] _Gen._ III. 22.--T. - -[580] Jean Henri Joachim Hostein Vicomte Lainé (1767-1835) displayed -considerable independence in the Legislative Body, of which he was a -member for the Department of the Gironde. Under the Restoration, he -was Minister of the Interior from 1816 to 1818. In 1823, he was made -a viscount and a peer of France. He had become a member of the French -Academy in 1818, although he had never produced any literary work, -properly speaking.--T. - -[581] _Martyrs_, V.--B. - -[582] Antonio Canova (1757-1822), the famous sculptor. In 1819 he was -sent to Paris as a special ambassador from the Pope.--T. - -[583] Now the Hôtel de France et de Lorraine, at No. 5, Rue de -Beaune.--B. - -[584] Not the 20th, as the previous editions and the manuscript of the -Memoirs have it. This was clearly a slip of the pen. The execution of -the Duc d'Enghien took place, not on the 20th, but on the 21st of March -1804.--B. - -[585] Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (1769-1834), private -secretary to Napoleon I. and Minister of State under Louis XVIII. The -Revolution of 1830 and the consequent loss of his fortune caused him -to lose his reason, and he died in a madhouse. His Memoirs, written by -himself and revised by M. de Villemarest were published in ten volumes, -1829-1831.--T. - -[586] _Mémoires de M. de Bourrienne_, vol. V. p. 348.--B. - -[587] Here again the manuscript gives the 20th of March in error.--B. - -[588] Chateaubriand's letter of resignation ran as follows: - - "CITIZEN MINISTER, - - "The doctors have just stated that Madame de Chateaubriand's - state of health is such as to raise fears for her life. As - it is absolutely impossible for me to leave my wife in these - circumstances, or to expose her to the danger of a journey, - I beg Your Excellency to approve that I return to you the - credentials and instructions which you have sent me for the - Valais. I also trust to your extreme kindness to persuade the - First Consul to accept _the painful reasons_ which prevent me - to-day from undertaking the mission with which he was pleased - to honour me. As I do not know whether my position requires - me to take any other steps, I venture to appeal to your usual - indulgence, Citizen Minister, for orders and advice; I shall - receive these with the gratitude which I shall not cease to - feel for your past kindnesses. - - "I have the honour to greet you respectfully, - - "CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "HÔTEL DE FRANCE, RUE DE BEAUNE, PARIS. - - "1 _Germinal Year XII_ [22 _March_ 1804]."--B. - - - -[589] Moreau had been arrested on the 15th of February; Pichegru on the -28th of February; and Georges Cadoudal on the 9th of March 1804.--B. - -[590] Jean Claude Clausel de Coussergues (1759-1846), a distinguished -magistrate and orator. Under the Restoration, he became a deputy and -a member of the Court of Appeal. He resigned after the Revolution of -1830.--B. - -[591] _Prov._ VI. 17.--T. - -[592] JOHN VIII. 43.--T. - -[593] Talleyrand's letter did not arrive until ten days after the -letter of resignation, and was thus worded: - - "12 _Germinal_ [2 _April_ 1804]. - - "CITIZEN, - - "I have brought to the notice of the First Consul the motives - which prevent you from accepting the Legation in the Valais, - to which you had been appointed. - - "The Citizen Consul had been pleased to give you a proof of - confidence. The same feelings of good-will have caused him - to learn with regret the reasons which do not permit you to - fulfill that mission. - - "I must also express to you the great interest which I - attached to the new relations which I should have had to - maintain with you; and to this regret, which is personal to - myself, I add that of seeing my department deprived of your - talents and services."--B. - - - - - - -BOOK III[594] - - -Death of the Duc d'Enghien--The year 1804--General Hulin--The Duc de -Rovigo--M. de Talleyrand--Part played by each--Bonaparte, his sophistry -and remorse--Conclusions to be drawn from the whole story--Enmities -engendered by the death of the Duc D'Enghien--An article in the -_Mercure_--Change in the life of Bonaparte. - - -Like the migratory birds, I am seized in the month of October with a -restlessness which would oblige me to change my clime, were I still -strong on the wing and swift as the hours: the clouds flitting across -the sky make me long to flee. In order to cheat this instinct, I made -for Chantilly. I have wandered on the lawn, where old keepers crawl -along the border of the woods. Some crows, flying in front of me over -broom, coppice and glades, have led me to the Commelle Ponds. Death -has breathed upon the friends who used to accompany me to the castle -of Queen Blanche[595]: the sites of these solitudes were but a sad -horizon, half-opened for a moment on the side of my past. In the days -of René, I should have found mysteries of life in the little stream of -the Thève: it steals hidden among horse-tails and mosses; reeds screen -it from sight; it dies in the ponds which it feeds with its youth, ever -expiring, ever renewed: those ripples used to charm me when I bore -within myself the desert with the phantoms which smiled to me, for all -their melancholy, and which I decked with flowers. - -Walking back along the hedges, now scarcely traced, I was surprised by -the rain; I took shelter beneath a beech: its last leaves were falling -like my years; its top was stripping itself like my head; its trunk -was marked with a red circle, to be cut down like myself. Now that -I have returned to my inn, with a harvest of autumn plants and in a -mood little suited for joy, I will tell you of the death of M. le Duc -d'Enghien while within sight of the ruins of Chantilly. - -* - -[Sidenote: Protest of Louis XVIII.] - -This death at first froze all hearts with terror; men dreaded a return -of the reign of Robespierre. Paris thought it was seeing again one -of those days which men do not see more than once, the day of the -execution of Louis XVI. Bonaparte's servants, friends and family were -struck with consternation. Abroad, though the language of diplomacy -promptly stifled the popular feeling, the latter none the less stirred -the hearts of the crowd. In the exiled family of the Bourbons, the -blow struck through and through: Louis XVIII. returned to the King of -Spain[596] the Order of the Golden Fleece, with which Bonaparte had -just been decorated; it was accompanied by a letter which did honour to -the royal mind: - - "SIR AND DEAR COUSIN, - - "There can be nothing in common between me and the great - criminal whom audacity and fortune have placed on a throne - which he has had the barbarity to stain with the blood of a - Bourbon, the Duc d'Enghien. Religion may prompt me to forgive - an assassin; but the tyrant of my people must always be my - enemy. Providence, for inexplicable reasons, can condemn me - to end my days in exile; but never shall my contemporaries - nor posterity be able to say that I showed myself in time of - adversity unworthy to occupy, till my last breath, the throne - of my ancestors." - -We must not forget another name connected with that of the Duc -d'Enghien: Gustavus Adolphus[597], since dethroned and exiled, was the -only one of the kings then reigning who dared to raise a voice to save -the young French Prince. He dispatched an aide-de-camp from Carlsruhe -bearing a letter for Bonaparte; the letter arrived too late: the last -of the Condés was no more. Gustavus Adolphus returned the ribbon of the -Black Eagle to the King of Prussia[598], as Louis XVIII. had returned -the Golden Fleece to the King of Spain. Gustavus declared to the heir -of Frederic the Great that, "according to the laws of chivalry, he -could not consent to be the brother-in-arms of the butcher of the Duc -d'Enghien[599]." There is an inexpressibly bitter irony in these almost -mad memories of chivalry, everywhere extinct, save in the heart of an -unhappy king for a murdered friend; honour to the noble sympathies of -misfortune, which stand aloof, not understood, in a world unknown to -men! - -Alas, we had undergone too many different tyrannies; our characters, -broken by a succession of hardships and oppressions, lacked sufficient -energy to allow our grief long to wear mourning for the death of -young Condé: gradually the tears dried up; fear overflowed with -congratulations on the dangers from which the First Consul had just -escaped; it wept with gratitude at having been saved by a so sacred -immolation. Nero[600], at Seneca's[601] dictation, wrote to the Senate -a letter of apology for the murder of Agrippina[602]; the Senators, -delighted, heaped blessings upon the magnanimous son who had not feared -to pluck out his heart by so salutary an act of parricide! Society soon -returned to its pleasures; it was afraid of its mourning: after the -Terror, the victims who had been spared danced, forced themselves to -appear happy and, fearing lest they should be suspected guilty of the -crime of memory, displayed the same gaiety as when they went to the -scaffold. - -[Sidenote: The Duc D'Enghien's arrest.] - -The Duc d'Enghien was not arrested point-blank and without -precautions: Bonaparte had had a report drawn up of the number of -Bourbons in Europe. In a council to which Messieurs de Talleyrand and -Fouché were summoned, it was recognised that the Duc d'Angoulême was at -Warsaw, with Louis XVIII.; the Comte d'Artois and the Duc de Berry in -London, with the Princes de Condé and de Bourbon. The youngest of the -Condés was at Ettenheim, in the Duchy of Baden. It was found that two -English agents, Messrs. Taylor and Drake, had conducted intrigues in -that quarter. On the 16th of June 1803 the Duc de Bourbon[603] warned -his grandson against a possible arrest by means of a note addressed -to him from London, which is still preserved. Bonaparte summoned the -two Consuls, his colleagues, to his side. He first bitterly reproached -M. Réal[604] for having left him in ignorance of what was being -planned against him. He patiently listened to the objections. The -one to express himself with the greatest vigour was Cambacérès[605]. -Bonaparte thanked him and took no further notice. This is what I have -seen in the Memoirs of Cambacérès, which one of his nephews, M. de -Cambacérès, a peer of France, has permitted me to consult with an -obligingness of which I retain a grateful recollection. The bomb once -thrown does not return: it goes where the engineer flings it, and -falls. To execute Bonaparte's orders, it was necessary to violate the -territory of Germany, and the territory was violated forthwith. The -Duc d'Enghien was arrested at Ettenheim. With him were found, instead -of General Dumouriez, only the Marquis de Thumery and some other -Emigrants of little note: this ought to have shown the mistake. The Duc -d'Enghien was taken to Strasburg. The beginning of the catastrophe of -Vincennes has been narrated by the Prince himself: he has left a little -road-journal from Ettenheim to Strasburg; the hero of the tragedy steps -before the curtain to recite this prologue: - - "Thursday 15 March, at Ettenheim, my house surrounded," says - the Prince, "by a detachment of dragoons and some pickets of - gendarmes, total about two hundred men, two generals, the - colonel of the dragoons, Colonel Chariot of the Strasburg - Gendarmerie, at five o'clock[606]. At half-past five, doors - broken in, taken to the Mill, near the Tile-works. My papers - taken away, sealed up. Taken in a cart, between two lines of - fusiliers, to the Rhine. Put on board a boat for Rhisnau. - Landed and marched on foot as far as Pfortsheim. Breakfasted - at the inn. Got into a carriage with Colonel Chariot, the - quarter-master of the gendarmes, a gendarme on the box and - Grunstein. Arrived at Strasburg, at Colonel Chariot's, - about half-past five. Transferred half an hour after, in a - hackney-coach, to the citadel. - - . . . . . . . . - - "Sunday 18, they come to fetch me at half-past one in the - morning. They do not give me time to dress. I embrace my - unhappy companions, my servants. I leave alone with two - officers of gendarmes and two gendarmes. Colonel Chariot - told me that we were going to the general of division, - who has received orders from Paris. Instead of that, I - find a carriage with six post-horses in the Church Square. - Lieutenant Petermann gets in beside me, Blitersdorff the - quarter-master on the box, two gendarmes inside, the other - out." - - -Here the ship-wrecked man, on the point of being engulfed, interrupts -his log. - -The carriage arrived at about four o'clock in the evening at one of the -barriers of the capital, where the Strasburg road ends, and instead -of driving into Paris, followed the outer boulevard and stopped at -Vincennes Castle. The Prince alighted from the carriage in the inner -court-yard and was taken to a room of the fortress, where he was locked -in and went to sleep. As the Prince was approaching Paris, Bonaparte -affected an air of calmness which was not natural. - -On the 18th of March, which was Palm Sunday, he went to the Malmaison. -Madame Bonaparte[607], who, with all her family, was informed of the -Prince's arrest, spoke to him of this arrest. Bonaparte replied: - -"You don't understand politics." - -Colonel Savary[608] had become one of Bonaparte's intimates. Why? -Because he had seen the First Consul weep at Marengo. Exceptional -men should distrust their tears, which place them beneath the yoke -of vulgar men. Tears are one of those weaknesses which enable an -eyewitness to make himself master of a great man's resolutions. - -[Sidenote: He is taken to Vincennes.] - -They say that the First Consul himself had all the orders for Vincennes -drawn up. One of these orders provided that, if the expected sentence -was a death sentence, it was to be executed on the spot. - -I believe this version, although I cannot vouch for its truth, since -those orders are missing. Madame de Rémusat[609], who was playing chess -with the First Consul at the Malmaison on the evening of the 20th of -March, heard him mutter some verses on the clemency of Augustus[610]; -she thought that Bonaparte was coming to himself again and that the -Prince was saved[611]. No, destiny had pronounced its oracle! - -When Savary reappeared at Malmaison, Madame Bonaparte divined the whole -misfortune. The First Consul had locked himself up alone for many -hours. And then the wind blew, and all was ended. - -* - -An order of Bonaparte, dated 29 Ventôse, Year XII[612], had decreed -that a military commission, consisting of seven members appointed by -General the Governor of Paris[613] should meet at Vincennes to try -"the _ci-devant_ Duc d'Enghien, accused of bearing arms against the -Republic," etc. - -In fulfilment of this decree, Joachim Murat on the same day, 29 -Ventôse, appointed the seven officers who were to form the said -commission, namely: - -General Hulin[614], commanding the Foot Grenadiers of the Consular -Guard, president; - -Colonel Guitton, commanding the 1st Regiment of Cuirassiers; - -Colonel Bazancourt, commanding the 4th Regiment of Light Infantry; - -Colonel Ravier, commanding the 18th Regiment of Infantry of the Line; - -Colonel Barrois, commanding the 96th Regiment of Infantry of the Line; - -Colonel Rabbe, commanding the 2nd Regiment of the Municipal Guard of -Paris; - -Citizen Dautancourt, Major of the Gendarmerie d'Élite, with the -functions of captain-judge-advocate. - -Captain Dautancourt, Major Jacquin of the Légion d'Élite, two foot -gendarmes of the same corps, Lerva and Tharsis, and Citizen Noirot, a -lieutenant in the same corps, went to the Duc d'Enghien's and awoke -him: he had but four hours to wait before returning to his sleep. The -judge-advocate, assisted by Molin, a captain in the 18th Regiment, -chosen as registrar by the aforesaid judge-advocate, examined the -Prince. - -[Sidenote: And examined.] - -_Asked_: His surname, Christian names, age, and birthplace? - -_Answered_: That his name was Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc -d'Enghien, born 2 August 1772 at Chantilly. - -_Asked_: Where he had resided since he left France? - -_Answered_: That, after accompanying his relations, Condé's Corps -having been formed, he had served through the whole war, and that, -before that, he had been through the campaign of 1792, in Brabant, with -Bourbon's Corps. - -_Asked_: If he had not gone to England, and if that Power did not still -allow him a salary? - -_Answered_: That he had never been there; that England still allowed -him his pay, which was all he had to live upon. - -_Asked_: What rank he filled in Condé's Army? - -_Answered_: Commander of the Advance Guard in 1796; before that -campaign, as a volunteer at his grandfather's headquarters; and, ever -since 1796, Commander of the Advance Guard. - -_Asked_: If he knew General Pichegru, and if he had had relations with -him? - -_Answered_: "I have never seen him, to my knowledge. I have had no -relations with him. I know that he wished to see me. I am glad that I -never knew him, because of the base methods which he is said to have -wished to employ, if true." - -_Asked_: If he knew ex-General Dumouriez, and if he had had relations -with him? - -_Answered_: "Not with him either." - -* - -"Whence," continues the report, "were drawn up these presents, which -have been signed by the Duc d'Enghien, Major Jacquin, Lieutenant -Noirot, the two gendarmes, and captain-judge-advocate. - -"Before signing this present report the Duc d'Enghien said: - -"'I earnestly make a request to be granted a private audience of the -First Consul. My name, my rank, my way of thinking and the horror of my -situation make me hope that he will not refuse my request.'" - - -At two o'clock on the morning of the 21st of March, the Duc d'Enghien -was taken to the room in which the commission sat, and repeated what -he had said in examination by the judge-advocate. He persisted in his -declaration: he added that he was willing to make war, and that he -wished for service in the new war of England against France. - -"Asked whether he had anything to put forward in the plea of his -defense; answered that he had nothing more to say. - -"The president ordered the prisoner to withdraw; the council -deliberated with closed doors; the president took the votes, commencing -with the junior in rank; next, the president having given his opinion -last, the Duc d'Enghien was unanimously declared guilty, and the -Court applied Article ... of the law of the... thus worded.... and -in consequence condemned him to the penalty of death. Ordered, on -the demand of the captain-judge-advocate, that the present sentence, -after being read to the condemned man, shall be executed directly, in -presence of the different detachments of the corps of the garrison. - -"Given, concluded, and tried at one sitting, at Vincennes, on the day, -month and year as above, as witness our hands." - -* - -The grave having been "dug, filled up, and closed," ten years of -forgetfulness, of general assent and of unexampled glory sat down upon -it; the grass sprang up to the sound of the salvoes which proclaimed -victories, by the light of the illuminations which shed their lustre -over the pontifical coronation, the marriage of the daughter of the -Cæsars[615], and the birth of the King of Rome[616]. Only some rare -sympathizers rambled in the wood, hazarding a furtive glance at the -bottom of the moat in the direction of the lamentable spot, while a few -prisoners watched them from the top of the donjon in which they were -confined. Then came the Restoration: the earth of the tomb was stirred, -and with it men's consciences; each then thought it his duty to explain -himself. - -[Illustration: Duc D'Enghien.] - -M. Dupin the Elder[617] published his Discussion; M. Hulin, the -president of the military commission, spoke; M. le Duc de Rovigo -entered into the controversy by accusing M. de Talleyrand; a third -party replied on behalf of M. de Talleyrand; and Napoleon raised his -mighty voice on the rock of St. Helena. - -These documents must be reproduced and studied, in order to assign to -each the part due to him and the place which he should occupy in this -drama. It is night, and we are at Chantilly; it was night when the Duc -d'Enghien was at Vincennes. - -[Sidenote: M. Dupin's pamphlet.] - -When M. Dupin published his pamphlet he sent it to me with the -following letter: - - "PARIS, 10 _November_ 1823. - - "MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE, - - "Pray accept a copy of my publication relative to the murder - of the Duc d'Enghien. - - "It would have appeared long ago, had I not desired above all - to respect the wish of Monseigneur le Duc de Bourbon, who, - having been informed of my work, had communicated to me his - desire that this deplorable affair might not be disinterred. - - "But Providence having permitted others to take the - initiative, it has become necessary to make the truth known, - and after assuring myself that it was no longer insisted that - I should remain silent, I have spoken with frankness and - sincerity. - - "I have the honour to be, with profound respect, - - "monsieur le vicomte, - - "Your Excellency's most humble and obedient servant, - - "DUPIN." - -M. Dupin, whom I congratulated and thanked, revealed in his covering -letter an unknown and touching instance of the noble and merciful -virtues of the victim's father. M. Dupin commences his pamphlet thus: - - "The death of the unfortunate Duc d'Enghien is one of the - most afflicting events that ever befel the French nation: it - dishonoured the consular government. - - "A young prince, in the flower of his age, surprised by - treachery on foreign soil, where he was sleeping in peace - under the protection of the Law of Nations; dragged violently - to France; indicted before pretended judges, who could in - no case be his; accused of imaginary crimes; denied the - assistance of counsel; examined and sentenced behind closed - doors; put to death at night in the moat of the castle which - was used as a State prison; so many virtues unheeded, such - fond hopes destroyed, will ever stamp this catastrophe as one - of the most revolting acts that an absolute government ever - ventured to commit. - - "If no form was respected; if the judges were incompetent; - if they did not even take the trouble to mention in their - judgment the date and text of the laws upon which they - affected to ground their condemnation; if the unhappy Duc - d'Enghien was shot in pursuance of a sentence _signed in - blank._... and only made regular after execution! then we - have to do not only with the innocent victim of judicial - error; the thing assumes its true name: it is an odious - murder." - -This eloquent exordium brings M. Dupin to the examination of the -documents. He first proves the illegality of the arrest: the Duc -d'Enghien was not arrested in France; he was in no way a prisoner of -war, since he had not been taken with arms in his hands; he was not a -prisoner in the civil sense, for no extradition had been demanded; it -was a violent seizure of the person, comparable to the captures made -by the pirates of Tunis and Algiers, an inroad of robbers, _incursio -latronum._ - -The jurist proceeds to discuss the incompetency of the military -commission: cognizance of alleged plots hatched against the State has -never been conferred upon military commissions. - -Next follows the analysis of the judgment. - -* - - "The examination," continues M. Dupin, "took place on the 29 - Ventôse at midnight. On the 30 Ventôse, at two o'clock in the - morning, the Duc d'Enghien was brought before the military - commission. - - "On the minutes of the judgment we read, 'This day, the 30 - Ventôse, Year XII of the Republic, _at two o'clock in the - morning._' The words, 'at two o'clock in the morning,' which - were only inserted because it was in fact that time, are - obliterated on the minutes without being replaced by any - other indication. - - "Not a single witness was heard or produced against the - prisoner. - - "The accused 'was declared guilty!' Guilty of what? The - judgment does not say. - - "Every judgment that pronounces a penalty is bound to contain - a reference to the law by virtue of which such penalty is - inflicted. - - [Sidenote: A scathing indictment.] - - "Well, in this case, none of these forms has been fulfilled: - nothing in the official report bears witness that the - commissioners had _a copy of the law_ before them; nothing - shows that the president _read the text_ of the law before - applying it. Far from it: the judgment in its material form - affords the proof that the commissioners convicted without - knowing either the date or the tenor of the law; for, in - the minutes of the judgment, they have _left in blank_ the - date of the law, the number of the article, and the place - in which the precise words should have been quoted. And yet - it was on the minutes of a sentence framed in this state of - imperfection that the noblest blood was shed by butchers! - - "The deliberation must be secret, but the judgment must be - pronounced in public: again, it is the law that speaks. Now - the judgment of the 30 Ventôse certainly says, 'The council - deliberated _with closed doors_;' but it does not mention - that the doors were opened again, or intimate that the result - of the deliberation was pronounced in a public sitting. Even - had it said so, who would believe it? A public sitting at two - o'clock in the morning, in the donjon of Vincennes, while - all the issues of the castle were being guarded by gendarmes - d'élite! But the fact is that they did not even take the - precaution to resort to a lie: the judgment is silent on this - point. - - "This judgment is signed by the president and the six other - commissioners, including the judge-advocate; but observe - that the minutes _are not signed by the registrar_, whose - concurrence, however, is necessary to give them authenticity. - - "The sentence concludes with this terrible formula: - '_shall be executed_ FORTHWITH, _under the care of the - captain-judge-advocate._' - - "FORTHWITH! Cruel word, the work of the judges! FORTHWITH! - And an express law, that of the 15 Brumaire, Year VI, granted - the right of appeal for a new trial against any military - judgment!" - -Passing to the execution, M. Dupin continues as follows: - - "Examined at night and tried at night, the Duc d'Enghien - was also killed at night. This horrible sacrifice was to be - consummated in the dark, in order that it might be said that - all laws had been infringed, all, even those which prescribed - that executions shall take place in public." - -The jurist comes to the irregularities in the preliminaries: - - "Article 19 of the law of the 13 Brumaire, Year V, declares - that, after closing the examination, the judge-advocate shall - tell the prisoner to 'choose a friend as his defender.' The - prisoner shall have 'the power to choose that defender' among - every class of citizen present on the spot; if he declares - that he is unable to make that choice, the judge-advocate - shall make it for him. - - "Ah, no doubt the Prince had no _friends_[618] among those - who surrounded him; this fact was cruelly declared to him by - one of the abettors of that horrible scene!... Alas, why were - we not present! Why was the prince not allowed to make an - appeal to the bar of Paris! There he would have found friends - of his unhappiness, defenders of his misfortune. ... It was - apparently with a view to making the judgment presentable - in the eyes of the public that a new edition was drawn up - at leisure.... The tardy substitution of a second form of - judgment, in appearance more regular than the first (although - equally unjust), in no way detracts from the heinousness of - having put the Duc d'Enghien to death by virtue of a rough - draft of a judgment, hastily signed, and not even signed by - all the requisite parties." - -* - -Such is M. Dupin's luminous pamphlet. Nevertheless I do not know -that, in an act of the nature of that which the author examines, the -greater or lesser regularity holds an important place: whether the -Duc d'Enghien was strangled in a post-chaise between Strasburg and -Paris or killed in the wood of Vincennes makes no difference. But is -it not providential to see men, after long years, some showing the -irregularity of a murder in which they had taken no part, others -hastening, unasked, to the bar of public accusal? What, then have they -heard? What voice from on high has summoned them to appear? - -* - -After the great jurist, here comes a blind veteran: he has commanded -the Grenadiers of the Old Guard; what that means brave men know. His -last wound he received from Malet[619], whose powerless lead remained -lost in a face which had never turned from the fire. "Afflicted with -blindness, withdrawn from the world, consoled only by the care of his -family," to use his own words, the judge of the Duc d'Enghien appears -to issue from his tomb at the call of the sovereign judge; he pleads -his cause[620] without self-delusion or excuses: - -[Sidenote: General Hulin's pamphlet.] - - "Let there be no mistake," he says, "as to my intentions. I - am not writing through fear, since my person is under the - protection of laws emanating from the Throne itself, and - since, under the government of a righteous king, I have - nothing to dread from violence or lawlessness.... I write to - tell the truth, even in what may be to my own detriment! So I - do not pretend to justify even the form or the substance of - the judgment; but I wish to show under what a powerful union - of circumstances it was delivered; I wish to remove from - myself and my colleagues the suspicion of having acted as - party men. If we are still to receive blame, I wish also that - men should say of us: - - "'They were very unfortunate.'" - -* - -General Hulin asserts that he was appointed president of a military -commission without knowing its object; that when he arrived at -Vincennes he was no wiser; that the other members of the commission -knew as little; that M. Harel[621], the governor of the castle, told -him, on being asked, that he knew nothing himself, adding: - -"What can I do? I am nobody here now. Everything is done without my -orders or participation: another man is in command here." - -It was ten o'clock at night when General Hulin was relieved from -his uncertainty by the communication of the documents. The hearing -was opened at midnight, when the examination of the prisoner by the -judge-advocate had been finished. - - "The reading of the documents," says the president of the - commission, "gave rise to an incident. We observed that, at - the end of his examination before the judge-advocate, the - Prince, before signing, _wrote with his own hand some lines - in which he expressed a wish to have an explanation with the - First Consul._ One of the members proposed that this request - should be forwarded to the Government. The commission agreed; - but at the same moment General --------, who had come and - placed himself behind my chair, pointed out to us that this - request was 'inopportune.' Moreover, we found no provision in - the law authorizing us to suspend judgment. The commission - therefore proceeded, reserving to itself the right to satisfy - the prisoner's wishes after the trial." - -* - -So far General Hulin. Now, in a pamphlet by the Duc de Rovigo we read -the following passage: - - "There were, indeed, so many people that, as I arrived among - the last, I found it difficult to make my way to the back of - the president's chair, where I ultimately placed myself." - -And so it was the Duc de Rovigo who had "placed himself behind the -chair" of the president? But had he, or any other not forming one -of the commission, the right to interfere in the proceedings of the -commission, and to point out that a request was "inopportune"? - -Let us hear the commander of the Grenadiers of the Old Guard speak of -the courage of the young son of the Condés; he was a judge of it: - -[Sidenote: The Duc D'Enghien's courage.] - - "I proceeded to examine the prisoner; I must say that - he stood up to us with a noble confidence, spurned the - accusation that he had been directly or indirectly implicated - in a plot to assassinate the First Consul; but also admitted - that he had borne arms against France, saying, with a courage - and a pride which did not for a moment permit us, in his - own interest, to shake him on this point, 'that he had - supported the rights of his family, and that a Condé could - never re-enter France without arms in his hands. My birth and - convictions,' he added, 'make me for ever the enemy of your - government.' - - "His resolute confessions distressed his judges to the - utmost. Ten times did we give him the opportunity to revise - his statements, but throughout he persisted unshaken: - - "'I perceive,' he said at intervals, 'the honourable - intentions of the members of the commission; but I cannot - avail myself of the terms they offer me.' - - "And on being warned that military commissions judged without - appeal: - - "'I know that,' he replied, 'and I am quite aware of the - danger which I am running; I only wish to have an interview - with the First Consul.'" - -Does the whole of our history contain a more pathetic page? New -France sitting in judgment upon Old France, doing homage to her, -presenting arms to her, saluting her colours, even while condemning -her; the tribunal set up in the fortress in which the great Condé, -when a prisoner, cultivated flowers; the General of the Grenadiers -of Bonaparte's Guard seated face to face with the last descendant of -the victor of Rocroi, feeling himself moved with admiration before -the prisoner left without a defender and abandoned by the world, -questioning him while the sound of the gravedigger digging the grave -mingled with the young soldier's firm replies! A few days after the -execution, General Hulin exclaimed: - -"Oh, the brave young man! What courage! I should like to die like that!" - -General Hulin, after speaking of the "minutes" and of the "second -edition" of the judgment, says: - - "As to the second edition, the only true one, as it did not - convey the order _for immediate execution, but only for the - immediate reading of the judgment_ to the condemned man, - the immediate execution could not have been the act of the - commission, but only of those who took upon themselves the - responsibility of hastening the fatal execution. - - "Alas, our thoughts were engaged elsewhere! The judgment was - scarcely signed when I began to write a letter in which, with - the unanimous consent of the commission, I wrote to inform - the First Consul of the desire which the Prince had expressed - to have an interview with him, and also to entreat him to - remit a penalty which the difficulty of our position did not - permit us to elude. - - "At that moment a man, who had never left the council-hall, - and whom I would name at once did I not consider that, even - when defending myself, I ought not to become an accuser, - approached me and asked: - - "'What are you doing there?' - - "'I am writing to the First Consul,' I replied, 'to convey to - him the wishes of the council and of the condemned man.' - - "'Your business is done,' said he, taking the pen; 'this is - now my affair.' - - "I protest that I thought, as did several of my colleagues, - that he meant to say, 'This is my affair, to inform the First - Consul.' Taken in this sense, the reply left us the hope that - the information would be none the less conveyed. And how - could it have occurred to us that there was any one among us - _that had orders to neglect the formalities prescribed by - law?_" - - -The whole secret of this mournful catastrophe lies in this deposition. -The veteran who, in daily expectation of dying on the battlefield, had -learned from death the language of truth, concludes with these final -words: - - "I was talking of what had just happened, in the lobby - adjoining the hall in which we had deliberated. Separate - conversations were going forward; I was waiting for my - carriage, which had not been allowed to drive into the inner - court-yard, nor had those of the other members, thus delaying - my departure and theirs. We were closed in, none of us having - means to communicate with the outside, when an explosion was - heard: a terrible noise that resounded at the bottom of our - souls and froze them with terror and affright. - - "Yes, I swear, in the name of all my colleagues, that this - execution was not authorized by us: our judgment stated - that a copy of it should be sent to the Minister for War, - to the Chief Judge the Minister for Justice, and to the - General-in-Chief the Governor of Paris. - - "The order of execution could be given regularly only by - the last-named; the copies had not yet been dispatched; - they could not be finished before a portion of the day had - elapsed. On my return to Paris I should have gone in search - of the Governor, the First Consul, anybody! And suddenly - a dreadful sound comes to reveal to us that the Prince no - longer lives! - - "We did not know whether he who so cruelly hastened on - this fatal execution _had orders: if he had none, he alone - was responsible; if he had orders, the commission, knowing - nothing of those orders, the commission, forcibly and - illegally detained_, the commission, whose last wish was for - the Prince's safety, could neither foresee nor prevent their - effect. It cannot be accused of the result. - - "The lapse of twenty years has not allayed the bitterness of - my regret!... Let me be accused of ignorance, of error, I - acquiesce; let me be reproached with an obedience from which - to-day, under similar circumstances, I should certainly know - how to escape; with my attachment to a man whom I thought - destined to promote the happiness of my country; with my - loyalty to a government which I then considered lawful, and - which had received my oath; but let some allowance be made to - me, and also to my colleagues, for the fatal circumstances - under which we were summoned to decide." - -A weak defense, but you repent, general: peace be with you! If your -sentence became the marching-orders of the last of the Condés, you will -join the last conscript of our old mother-land in the advance-guard -of the dead. The young soldier will gladly share his couch with the -grenadier of the Old Guard: the France of Freiburg[622] and the France -of Marengo will sleep together. - -[Sidenote: Enter the Duc de Rovigo.] - -M. le Duc de Rovigo, beating his breast, takes his place in the -procession that comes to confess at the tomb. I had long been under the -power of the Minister of Police; he fell under the influence which -he supposed to be restored to me on the return of the Legitimacy: -he communicated a portion of his Memoirs to me. Men in his position -speak with wonderful candour of what they have done; they have no -idea of what they are saying against themselves: accusing themselves -without perceiving it, they do not suspect the existence of an opinion -differing from theirs, both as regards the functions which they had -undertaken and the line of conduct which they have observed. If -they have been wanting in loyalty, they do not think that they have -broken their oath; if they have taken upon themselves parts which are -repugnant to other characters, they believe that they have done great -services. Their ingenuousness does not justify them, but it excuses -them. - -M. le Duc de Rovigo consulted me on the chapters in which he treats of -the death of the Duc d'Enghien: he wished to know my mind, precisely -because he knew how I had acted; I valued this mark of his esteem and, -repaying frankness with frankness, I advised him to publish nothing: - -"Leave all this," said I, "to die out; in France, oblivion is not slow -in coming. You imagine that you will clear Napoleon of a reproach, and -throw back the fault upon M. de Talleyrand; but you do not sufficiently -exonerate the former, nor do you sufficiently accuse the latter. You -lay yourself open to attack from your enemies; they will not fail to -reply to you. Why need you remind the public that you were in command -of the Gendarmerie d'Élite at Vincennes? They were not aware of the -direct part which you played in this fatal deed, and now you tell them -of it. Throw the manuscript into the fire, general: I speak in your own -interest." - -Steeped in the maxims of the imperial government, the Duc de Rovigo -thought that those maxims could be as well applied to the legitimate -throne; he felt convinced that his pamphlet[623] would reopen the doors -of the Tuileries to him. - -It is partly by the light of this publication that posterity will trace -the outlines of the phantoms of grief. I offered to hide the suspect -who had come to ask shelter of me during the night; he did not accept -the protection of my house. - -M. de Rovigo tells the story of the departure of M. de -Caulaincourt[624], whom he does not mention by name: he speaks of the -kidnapping at Ettenheim, the prisoner's passing through Strasburg, and -his arrival at Vincennes. After an expedition on the coast of Normandy, -General Savary had returned to the Malmaison. He was summoned, at -five o'clock in the evening of the 19th of March 1804, to the closet -of the First Consul, who handed him a sealed letter to be carried to -General Murat, the Governor of Paris. He flew to the general, crossing -with the Minister of Foreign Relations on his way, and received the -order to take the Gendarmerie d'Élite and go to Vincennes. He went -there at eight o'clock in the evening, in time to see the members of -the commission arrive. He soon made his way into the hall where the -Prince was being tried, at one o'clock in the morning of the 21st, -and took a seat behind the president. He gives the Duc d'Enghien's -replies in about the same terms as they are given in the report of -the one sitting. He told me that the Prince, after making his final -explanations, with a quick movement took off his cap, laid it on the -table and, with the air of a man resigning his life, said to the -president: - -[Sidenote: His pitiful defense.] - -"I have nothing more to say, sir." - -M. de Rovigo insists upon it that this sitting was in no way secret: - - -"The doors of the hall," he declares, "were open and free to any who -cared to attend _at that hour._" - - -M. Dupin had already pointed out the confusion of this argument. In -this connection M. Achille Roche[625], who appears to write for M. de -Talleyrand, exclaims: - -"The sitting was in no way secret! At midnight! Held in the inhabited -portion of the castle, in the inhabited portion of a prison! Who, then, -was present at this sitting? Gaolers, soldiers, executioners!" - -* - -No one was in a position to give more exact details concerning the -moment and place of the thunder-clap than M. le Duc de Rovigo; let us -hear what he says: - -"After sentence had been pronounced, I withdrew with the officers of -my corps, who like myself had been present during the proceedings, -and joined the troops stationed on the esplanade of the castle. The -officer who commanded the infantry of my legion came and told me, with -deep emotion, that a piquet of men was required of him to execute the -sentence of the military commission: - -"'Give it,' I replied. - -"'But where am I to post it?' - -"'Where you may be sure to hurt nobody.' - -"For already the roads were full of inhabitants of the populous -environs of Paris on their way to attend the different markets. - -"After carefully examining the ground, the officer chose the moat as -the place where there was least danger of any one being hurt. M. le Duc -d'Enghien was taken there by the stairs of the entrance-tower, on the -park side, and there heard the sentence pronounced, which was put into -effect." - -* - -Below this paragraph, the author of the memorial appends the following -footnote: - -"Between the passing of the sentence and its execution, a grave was -dug, which gave rise to the report that it had been prepared prior to -the judgment." - -Unfortunately, we meet here with deplorable inaccuracies: - - "M. de Rovigo contends," says M. Achille Roche, M. de - Talleyrand's apologist, "that he obeyed orders! Who conveyed - to him the order for the execution? It appears that it was - a certain M. Delga, killed at Wagram. But whether it be M. - Delga or not, if M. Savary is mistaken in mentioning M. Delga - to us, no one, doubtless, to-day, will lay claim to the fame - conferred upon that officer. M. de Rovigo is accused of - having hastened the execution; it was not he, he replies: a - man who is now dead told him that orders had been given to - hasten it." - -The Duc de Rovigo is not well inspired on the subject of the execution, -which he describes as taking place in daylight; that would, besides, -have altered nothing in the fact, and would simply mean the absence of -a torch at the punishment. - -"At the hour of sunrise, in the open air," asks the general, "what -need was there for a lantern to see a man _at six paces!_ Not that -the sun," he adds, "was altogether bright and clear; a fine rain had -fallen all night, and a damp mist still retarded, in some degree, its -appearance. The execution took place at six o'clock in the morning: -this fact is witnessed by irrefutable documents." - -* - -[Sidenote: The execution.] - -But the general neither produces these documents nor tells us where to -find them. The course of the trial shows that the Duc d'Enghien was -tried at two o'clock in the morning and shot forthwith. Those words, -"two o'clock in morning," which originally appeared on the first -minutes of the sentence, were subsequently erased from the minutes. -The official report of the exhumation proves, by the depositions of -three witnesses, Madame Bon, the Sieur Godard and the Sieur Bounelet -(the latter had helped to dig the grave), that the death penalty was -effected at night. M. Dupin the Elder records the circumstance of a -lantern fastened over the Duc d'Enghien's heart to serve as a mark, or -held, with the same object, in the Prince's firm hand. Stories were -told of a heavy stone taken from the grave with which the victim's head -was crushed in. Lastly, the Duc de Rovigo is supposed to have boasted -of possessing some of the spoils of the sacrifice; I myself have -believed in these rumours; but the legal documents prove that they were -unfounded. - -From the official report, dated Wednesday the 20th of March 1816, -of the physicians and surgeons entrusted with the exhumation of the -corpse, it has been certified that the skull was broken, that "the -upper jaw, separated entirely from the facial bones, contained twelve -teeth; that the lower jaw, fractured in the middle, was divided in two, -and showed only three teeth." - -The body was lying flat upon its abdomen, the head being lower than the -feet; there was a gold chain around the vertebrae of the neck. - -The second official report of the exhumation (of the same date, 20 -March 1816), "the general report," states that with the remains of the -skeleton were found a purse in morocco-leather containing eleven pieces -of gold, seventy pieces of gold enclosed in sealed rolls, some hair, -shreds of clothing, remnants of his cap bearing marks of the bullets by -which it had been pierced. - -M. de Rovigo therefore took none of the spoils; the earth which had -held them has restored them, and has borne witness to the general's -honesty; no lantern was fastened over the Prince's heart, its -fragments would have been found, as were those of the perforated cap; -no heavy stone was taken from the grave; the fire of the piquet _at six -paces_ was enough to blow the head to pieces, to "separate the upper -jaw from the facial bones," and so on. - -To complete this mockery of human vanities were needed only the similar -immolation of Murat, the Governor of Paris, the death of Bonaparte in -captivity, and the inscription engraved upon the Duc d'Enghien's coffin: - -"Here lies the _body_ of the most high and mighty Prince of the Blood, -Peer of France, _died_ at Vincennes, 21 March 1804; aged 31 years, 7 -months and 19 days." - -The "body" was mere bare and shattered bones; the "high and mighty -Prince," the broken fragments of a soldier's carcase; not a word to -recall the catastrophe, not a word of blame or grief in this epitaph -carved by a sorrowing family; a prodigious result of the respect which -the century shows to the works and susceptibilities of the Revolution! -In the same way, no time was lost in removing all traces of the -mortuary chapel of the Duc de Berry. - -What a sum total of annihilation! Bourbons, who returned to so little -purpose to your palaces, you have busied yourselves with naught save -exhumations and funerals: your time of life was passed. God has willed -it so! The ancient glory of France perished beneath the eyes of the -shade of the Great Condé, in a moat at Vincennes: perhaps at the very -place where Louis IX., "to whom men resorted as to a saint.... seated -himself at the foot of an oak, and where all who had any business with -him came without ceremony and without hindrance from any usher or -others; and whenever he heard anything that could be amended in the -speeches of those who pleaded for others he most graciously corrected -it himself, and all the people who had a cause to bring before him -stood round him[626]." - -The Duc d'Enghien asked leave to speak to Bonaparte: "he had a cause -to bring before him;" he was not heard! Who, standing at the edge -of the ravelin, looked down into the moat upon those muskets, those -soldiers dimly lighted by a lantern in the mist and gloom, as in night -everlasting? Where was the light placed? Did the Duc d'Enghien stand -over his open grave? Was he obliged to step across it to place himself -at the distance of "six paces" specified by the Duc de Rovigo. - -There exists a letter written by M. le Duc d'Enghien, at the age of -nine, to his father the Duc de Bourbon; he says: - -"All the Enguiens[627] are _lucky_; the one[628] of the Battle of -Cerizoles, the one who won the Battle of Rocroi[629]: I hope to be so -too." - -Is it true that the victim was refused a priest? Is it true that he -only with difficulty found a hand willing to convey to a woman a last -pledge of affection? What did the executioners care for sentiments of -religion or love? They were there to kill, the Duc d'Enghien to die. - -The Duc d'Enghien had been secretly married, through the offices of -a priest, to the Princesse Charlotte de Rohan[630]: in those days of -a roving mother-land, a man, by the very reason of his elevation, -was impeded by a thousand political obstacles; to enjoy that which -society accords to all, he was obliged to hide himself. This lawful -marriage, to-day no more a secret, enhances the splendour of a tragic -doom; it substitutes the glory for the clemency of Heaven: religion -perpetuates the pomp of misfortune when, after the catastrophe has been -accomplished, the cross rises on the deserted spot. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Duc de Talleyrand.] - -M. de Talleyrand, according to M. de Rovigo's pamphlet, had presented -a vindicatory memorial to Louis XVIII.; this memorial, which I have -not seen, should have thrown light upon everything, and threw light -upon nothing. In 1820, when I was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary -to Berlin, I discovered in the archives of the embassy a letter from -"the Citizen Laforest[631]," addressed to "the Citizen Talleyrand," -on the subject of the Duc d'Enghien. This strongly-worded letter does -its author the more credit in that he did not fear to compromise his -career, without earning the reward of public opinion, since the step he -had taken was to remain unknown: a noble act of self-denial on the part -of a man who, through his very obscurity, had relegated to obscurity -the good which he had done. - -M. de Talleyrand took his lesson, and kept silence; at least, I found -nothing from him in the same archives concerning the death of the -Prince. The Minister of Foreign Relations had nevertheless, on the 2 -Ventôse, informed the Minister of the Elector of Baden "that the First -Consul had thought it necessary to order some detachments to proceed -to Offenburg and Ettenheim, there to seize the instigators of the -scandalous conspiracies which, by their character, place without the -pale of the Law of Nations all those who have manifestly taken part in -them." - -A passage from Generals Gourgaud[632], Montholon[633], and D. Ward, -brings Bonaparte upon the scene: - - "My Minister," says the latter, "strongly represented to - me the need for seizing the Duc d'Enghien, although he was - upon neutral territory. But I continued to hesitate, and the - Prince de Bénévent twice brought me the order for his arrest - for signature. Nevertheless I consented to sign it only after - convincing myself of the urgency of this act." - -According to the _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_[634], the following words -must have dropped from Bonaparte: - - "The Duc d'Enghien bore himself before the tribunal with - great gallantry. On his arrival at Strasburg, he wrote me a - letter; this letter was handed to Talleyrand, who kept it - until the execution." - -* - -I have no great belief in this letter: Napoleon probably turned into a -letter the request made by the Duc d'Enghien to speak to the conqueror -of Italy, or rather the few lines expressing this request which, before -signing the examination undergone before the judge-advocate, the Prince -had written with his own hand. Nevertheless, the fact that this letter -was not to be found should not lead us too vigorously to conclude that -it was never written: - - "I know," says the Duc de Rovigo, "that in the early days - of the Restoration, in 1814, one of M. de Talleyrand's - secretaries was incessantly making researches in the archives - under the gallery of the Museum. I have this fact from the - man who received the order to pass him in. The same thing was - done at the repository of the War Office for the documents of - the trial of M. le Duc d'Enghien, of which only the sentence - remained." - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's complicity.] - -The fact is true; all the diplomatic papers, and notably the -correspondence of M. de Talleyrand with the "Emperor" and the "First -Consul," were transferred from the archives of the Museum to the house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin[635]; part of them were destroyed; the -remainder were put into a stove, to which they forgot to set light; -this was all that the Minister's prudence could do against the Prince's -indifference. The documents that were not burned were recovered; some -one thought it was right to preserve them: I have held in my hands -and read with my eyes a letter from M. de Talleyrand, dated 8 March -1804, and treating of the arrest, not yet carried out, of M. le Duc -d'Enghien. The Minister invites the First Consul to deal vigorously -with his enemies. I was not permitted to keep the letter, and I have -retained only these two passages in my memory: - - "If justice obliges us to punish vigorously, policy exacts - that we should punish without exception.................... I - will suggest to the First Consul M. de Caulaincourt, to whom - he might give his orders, and who would execute them with as - much discretion as fidelity." - - -Will this report of the Prince de Talleyrand one day be published in -full? I do not know; but what I do know is that it was in existence no -more than two years ago. - -There was a meeting of the Council for the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. -Cambacérès, in his unpublished Memoirs, declares, and I believe him, -that he opposed the arrest; but, while recording what he said, he does -not say what the others replied. - -For the rest, the _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_ denies the entreaties -for mercy to which Bonaparte is said to have been exposed. The -pretended scene of Joséphine on her knees asking for pardon for the Duc -d'Enghien, clinging to the skirt of her husband's coat and allowing -that inexorable husband to drag her about, is one of those melodramatic -inventions with which our latter-day fabulists compose veracious -history. Joséphine did not know, on the evening of the 19th of March, -that the Duc d'Enghien was to be judged; she only knew that he had -been arrested. She had promised Madame de Rémusat to interest herself -in the Prince's fate. As this lady was returning to the Malmaison -with Joséphine on the evening of the 19th, it was noticed that the -future Empress, instead of being preoccupied solely with the perils of -the prisoner of Vincennes, frequently put her head to the window of -the carriage to look out at a general riding in her suite: a woman's -coquetry had carried elsewhere the thought which might have saved the -Duc d'Enghien's life. It was not until the 21st of March that Bonaparte -said to his wife: - -"The Duc d'Enghien has been shot." - -These Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat, whom I have known, contained -extremely curious details on the inner life of the imperial Court. The -author burnt them during the Hundred Days[636], and afterwards wrote -them anew: they are now no more than memories reproduced by memories; -their colour has faded; but Bonaparte is throughout exposed to the -light and judged with impartiality. - -Men attached to Napoleon say that he knew of the death of the Duc -d'Enghien only after the Prince's execution: this story would -seem to derive some value from the anecdote related by the Duc de -Rovigo concerning Réal's going to Vincennes, if the anecdote were -true[637]. Once the death had taken place through the intrigues of -the revolutionary party, Bonaparte recognised the accomplished fact, -so as not to irritate men whom he thought powerful: this ingenious -explanation is not admissible. - -* - -[Sidenote: Bonaparte's responsibility.] - -Now, to resume these facts, here is what they have proved to me: -Bonaparte wished the Duc d'Enghien's death; no one had made that death -a condition of his mounting the throne. To suppose this condition is -one of the subtleties of the politicians who claim to find occult -causes for everything. Nevertheless it is probable that certain -compromised persons did not without a certain pleasure see the First -Consul sever himself for good from the Bourbons. The Vincennes sentence -was an instance of Bonaparte's violent temperament, an outburst of cold -anger fed by the reports of his Minister. - -M. de Caulaincourt is guilty only of having executed the order for the -arrest. - -Murat has to reproach himself only with conveying general orders and -with not having had the strength to withdraw: he was not at Vincennes -during the trial. - -The Duc de Rovigo found himself charged with the execution; he probably -had secret orders: General Hulin hints as much. What man would have -dared to take upon himself to order the execution _forthwith_ of a -sentence of death upon the Duc d'Enghien, if he had not acted on an -imperative mandate? - -As to M. de Talleyrand, priest and nobleman, he inspired and prepared -the murder by persistently alarming Bonaparte: he feared the return -of the Legitimacy. It would be possible, by collecting what Napoleon -said at St. Helena and the letters written by the Bishop of Autun, -to prove that the latter took a very great part in the death of -the Duc d'Enghien. It would be vain to object that the Minister's -light-heartedness, character, and education ought to make him averse -to violence, that his corruption ought to take away his energy; it -would remain none the less a fact that he persuaded the Consul to the -fatal arrest. This arrest of the Duc d'Enghien on the 15th of March was -not unknown to M. de Talleyrand: he was in daily communication with -Bonaparte and conferred with him; during the interval that elapsed -between the arrest and the execution, did M. de Talleyrand, he, the -instigating Minister, repent, did he say a single word to the First -Consul in favour of the unhappy Prince? It is natural to believe that -he applauded the execution of the sentence. - -The military commission sentenced the Duc d'Enghien, but with sorrow -and repentance. - -This, conscientiously, impartially and strictly considered, is the -exact part played by each. My fate has been too closely connected with -this catastrophe that I should not endeavour to throw light upon its -dark places and to lay bare its details. If Bonaparte had not killed -the Duc d'Enghien, if he had brought me closer and closer to him (and -his inclination prompted him to do so), what would have been the result -for me? My literary career would have been ended; I should at one -jump have entered the political career, in which I have proved what I -could have done by the Spanish War; and I should have become rich and -powerful. France might have been the gainer by my association with the -Emperor; I should have been the loser. Possibly I might have succeeded -in maintaining some ideas of liberty and moderation in the great man's -head; but my life, ranking among those which are called happy, would -have been deprived of that which has constituted its character and its -honour: poverty, strife and independence. - -* - -Lastly, the principal accused rises after all the others; he brings -up the rear of the blood-stained penitents. Suppose that a judge -were to have brought up before him "the man named Bonaparte," as -the captain-judge-advocate had brought up before him "the man named -d'Enghien;" suppose that the minutes of the later examination copied -upon the former had been preserved to us; compare and read: - -_Asked_: His surname and Christian names? - -_Answered_: That his name was Napoleon Bonaparte. - -_Asked_: Where he had resided since he had left France? - -_Answered_: At the Pyramids, in Berlin, Madrid, Vienna, Moscow, St -Helena. - -_Asked_: What rank he filled in the army? - -_Answered_: Commander in the advance-guard of the armies of God. No -other reply issues from the prisoner's lips. - -* - -[Sidenote: Bonaparte defended.] - -The different actors in the tragedy mutually accused each other: -Bonaparte alone throws the blame for it upon nobody; he preserves his -greatness beneath the weight of malediction; he does not bow his head -but stands erect; he exclaims with the stoic, "Pain, I will never admit -that thou art an evil!" But that which, in his pride, he refuses to -admit to the living he is constrained to confess to the dead. This -Prometheus, with the vulture at his breast, who stole the fire from -heaven, thought himself superior to all things, and he is compelled to -reply to the Duc d'Enghien, whom he has made into dust before his time: -the skeleton, the trophy over which he stumbled, questions him and -dominates him by a providential dispensation. - -Personal attendance and the army, the ante-room and the tent had their -representatives at St. Helena: a servant, estimable for his fidelity to -the master he had chosen, had come to place himself near Napoleon as -an echo at his service. Simplicity repeated the fable, while giving it -an accent of sincerity. Bonaparte was "Destiny;" like the latter, he -deceived men's fascinated minds in _outward form_, but at the bottom of -his impostures this inexorable truth was heard to resound: "I am!" And -the universe felt its weight. - -The author of the most credited work on St. Helena sets forth the -theory which Napoleon invented for the murderer's benefit; the -voluntary exile accepts as Gospel truth an homicidal talk, with -pretensions to profundity, which would only explain Napoleon's life as -he wished to arrange it, and as he contended that it should be written. -He left instructions for his neophytes: M. le Comte de Las Cases[638] -learnt his lesson without being aware of it; the stupendous captive, -wandering along solitary paths, drew his credulous worshipper after him -by means of lies, even as Hercules hung men to his mouth by chains of -gold. - -* - -"The first time," says the honest chamberlain, "that I heard -Napoleon pronounce the name of the Duc d'Enghien, I turned red with -embarrassment. Fortunately I was walking behind him in a narrow path; -otherwise, he would certainly have observed my confusion. Nevertheless, -when the Emperor for the first time developed the whole of this -incident, with all its details and accessories; when he set forth -his various motives with his close, luminous, persuasive reasoning, -I must confess that the matter seemed to me gradually to assume a -new aspect.... The Emperor often resumed this subject, which gave me -an opportunity of observing in him certain very pronounced shades of -character. I was able on this occasion, and repeatedly, most distinctly -to see in him the private individual struggling with the public man, -and the natural sentiments of his heart contending against those of -his pride and of the dignity of his position. In the confidence of -intimacy, he did not show himself indifferent to the unfortunate -Prince's fate; but so soon as it became a question of the public, it -was quite a different thing. One day, after talking with me of the -untimely end and of the youth of this ill-fated man, he concluded by -saying: - -"'And I have since learnt, my dear fellow, that he was rather in my -favour; I have been told that he spoke of me with some admiration; such -is retributive justice here below!' - -"And the last words were spoken with so much feeling, all the features -of his face displayed such harmony with the words that, if he whom -Napoleon was pitying had at that moment been in his power, I am quite -sure that, whatever his intentions or his acts, he would have been -eagerly pardoned.... The Emperor used to consider this matter from two -very different points of view: that of common law, or the established -rules of justice, and that of the law of nature, or acts of violence...." - -[Sidenote: By the Comte de Las Cases.] - - "To us, in the intimacy of private conversation, the Emperor - would say that the blame in France might be ascribed to an - excess of zeal in those around him, or to private objects or - mysterious intrigues. He said that he had been precipitately - urged in this affair; that they had as it were taken his mind - unawares, hastened his measures, anticipated their result.... - - "'Without doubt,' he said, 'if I had been informed in time - of certain particulars concerning the Prince's opinions and - disposition; more still, if I had seen the letter which - he wrote to me and which, God knows for what reason, was - not handed to me until after he was no more, I should most - certainly have pardoned him.' - - "It was easy for us to see that it was the Emperor's heart - and nature alone which dictated these words, and that they - were intended only for us; for he would have felt humiliated - to think that any one could for an instant believe that he - was trying to shift the burden from his own shoulders, or - condescending to justify himself; his fear in this respect, - or his susceptibility, was such that, in speaking of it to - strangers, or dictating on this matter for the public, he - confined himself to saying that, if he had known of the - Prince's letter, he would perhaps have pardoned him, in - view of the great political advantages which he could have - derived from it; and when, writing with his own hand his last - thoughts, which he concludes will be recorded in the present - age and reach posterity, he states, with reference to this - subject, which he regards as one of the most delicate for his - memory, that, if it were to be done over again, he would do - it again." - -This passage, in so far as the writer is concerned, possesses all the -characteristics of the most perfect sincerity; this shines through -to the very phrase in which M. le Comte de Las Cases declared that -Bonaparte would have eagerly pardoned a man who was not guilty. But -the theories of the master are subtleties by aid of which an effort -is made to reconcile the irreconcilable. In making the distinction -between "common law or established justice, and natural law or the -errors of violence," Napoleon seemed to be content with a piece of -sophistry which in reality did not content him! He was unable to -subject his conscience as he had subjected the world. A weakness -natural to superior men and to little men, when they have committed -a fault, is to wish to represent it as a work of genius, a vast -combination beyond the understanding of the vulgar. Pride says those -things, and folly believes them. Bonaparte doubtless regarded as the -mark of the ruling mind the sentence which he delivered in his great -man's compunction: "My dear fellow, such is retributive justice here -below!" O truly philosophical emotion! What impartiality! How well -it justifies, by laying it to the charge of destiny, the evil which -has sprung from ourselves! A man nowadays thinks it an all-sufficient -excuse to exclaim, "After all, it was my nature, it was the infirmity -of mankind." When he has killed his father he repeats, "I am made -like that!" And the crowd stands open-mouthed, and they examine the -mighty man's bumps, and they recognise that he was "made like that." -And what care I that you are made like that! Must I submit to this -manner of being? The world would be a fine chaos if all the men who are -"made like that" were to take it into their heads to force themselves -one upon the other. Those who are unable to wipe out their errors -deify them: they make a dogma of their evil-doing, they turn acts of -sacrilege into religion, and they would think themselves apostates were -they to renounce the cult of their iniquities. - -* - -There is a serious lesson to be drawn from Bonaparte's life. Two -actions, both bad, began and caused his fall: the death of the Duc -d'Enghien and the war with Spain. It was vain for him to ride over them -with his glory: they remained there to ruin him. He perished on the -very side in which he thought himself strong, profound, invincible, -when he violated the moral law while neglecting and scorning his real -strength, that is, his superior qualities of order and equity. So long -as he confined himself to attacking anarchy and foreigners hostile to -France, he was victorious; he found himself robbed of his vigour so -soon as he entered upon the paths of corruption: the shaving of the -locks by Delilah is nothing other than the loss of virtue. Every crime -bears within itself a radical incapacity and a germ of misfortune: let -us then practise good to be happy, and let us be just to be able. - -In proof of this truth, observe that, at the very moment of the -Prince's death, commenced the dissent which, growing in proportion -to ill-fortune, decided the fall of the ordainer of the tragedy of -Vincennes. The Russian Cabinet, in reference to the arrest of the Duc -d'Enghien, addressed vigorous representantions against the violation -of the territory of the Empire: Bonaparte felt the blow, and replied in -the _Moniteur_ with a fulminating article bringing up the death of Paul -I[639]. A funeral service had been celebrated in St. Petersburg for -young Condé. On the cenotaph was read: - -"To the Duc d'Enghien _quem devoravit bellua Corsica._" - -The two mighty adversaries subsequently became reconciled in -appearance; but the mutual wound which policy had inflicted and -insult-enlarged remained in their hearts. Napoleon did not think -himself revenged until he came to sleep in Moscow; Alexander[640] was -not satisfied before he entered Paris. - -[Sidenote: European indignation.] - -The hatred of the Cabinet of Berlin arose from the same origin: I have -spoken of the noble letter of M. de Laforest, in which he told M. de -Talleyrand of the effect which the murder of the Duc d'Enghien had -produced at the Court of Potsdam. Madame de Staël was in Prussia when -the news from Vincennes arrived: - - "I was living in Berlin," he said, "on the Spree Quay, and - my apartment was on the ground floor. At eight o'clock - one morning, they woke me to tell me that Prince Louis - Ferdinand[641] was under my windows on horse-back, and asked - me to come and speak to him.... - - "'Do you know,' he asked, 'that the Duc d'Enghien has been - kidnapped on Baden territory, handed over to a military - commission, and shot within four-and-twenty hours after his - arrival in Paris?' - - "'What nonsense!' I replied. 'Do you not see that this can - only be a rumour spread by the enemies of France?' - - "In fact, I admit that my hatred of Bonaparte, strong as it - was, did not go so far as to make me credit the possibility - of his committing so great a crime. - - "'As you doubt what I tell you,' replied Prince Louis, 'I - will send you the _Moniteur_, in which you can read the - sentence.' - - "With these words he left me, and the expression of his - face was the presage of vengeance or death. A quarter of an - hour later, I had in my hands the _Moniteur_ of the 21st of - March (30 Pluviôse), which contained a sentence of death - passed by the military commission, sitting at Vincennes, - upon 'the man called Louis d'Enghien!' It was thus that - Frenchmen described the descendant of heroes who were the - glory of their country! Even if one were to abjure all the - prejudices in favour of illustrious birth which the return of - monarchical forms would necessarily recall, was it possible - thus to blaspheme the memories of the Battle of Lens[642] - and of Rocroi? This Bonaparte, who has won so many battles, - does not even know how to respect them; for him there is - neither past nor future; his imperious and scornful soul will - recognise nothing for opinion to hold sacred; he admits only - respect for the force in power. Prince Louis wrote to me, - beginning his note with these words: 'The man called Louis - of Prussia begs Madame de Staël,' etc. He felt the insult - offered to the Blood Royal whence he sprang, to the memory of - the heroes among whom he was longing to enroll himself. How, - after this horrible deed, could a single king in Europe ally - himself with such a man? Necessity, you will say. There is a - sanctuary in the soul to which its empire may not penetrate; - were this not so, what would virtue be upon this earth? A - liberal amusement, suited only to the peaceful leisure of - private men[643]." - - -This resentment on the part of the Prince, for which he was to pay with -his life, was still lasting when the Prussian Campaign opened in 1806. -Frederic William, in his manifesto of the 9th of October, said: - -"The Germans have not revenged the death of the Duc d'Enghien; but the -memory of that crime will never fade among them." - -These historical particulars, rarely observed, deserved to be so; -for they explain enmities of which one would be puzzled to discover -the primary cause elsewhere, and at the same time they disclose the -steps by which Providence leads a man's destiny from the crime to the -expiation. - -* - -Happy, at least, my life, which was not troubled by fear, nor attacked -by contagion, nor carried away by examples! The satisfaction which I -experience to-day at what I did then is my warrant that my conscience -is no illusion. More content than all those potentates, than all those -nations fallen at the feet of the glorious soldier, I turn again -with pardonable pride to this page, which I have retained as my only -belonging and which I owe only to myself. In 1807, with my heart still -moved by the murder which I have just related, I wrote the following -lines; they caused the _Mercure_ to be suppressed, and jeopardized my -liberty once more: - -[Sidenote: I utter my protest.] - - "When, amid the silence of abjection, no sound is heard - save that of the chains of the slave and the voice of the - informer; when all tremble before the tyrant, and when - it is as dangerous to incur his favour as to deserve his - displeasure, the historian appears, entrusted with the - vengeance of the nations. Nero prospers in vain, Tacitus - already is born within the Empire; he grows up unknown beside - the ashes of Germanicus, and already a just Providence has - surrendered to an obscure child the glory of the master of - the world. If the historian's part is fine, it is often - dangerous; but there are altars such as that of honour which, - although deserted, demand further sacrifices: the god is - not annihilated because the temple is empty. Wherever there - remains a chance for fortune, there is no heroism in trying - it; magnanimous actions are those of which adversity and - death are the foreseen result After all, what do reverses - matter, if our name, pronounced by posterity, makes one - generous heart beat two thousand years after our life[644]?" - -The death of the Duc d'Enghien, by introducing a new principle into -Bonaparte's conduct, marred the correctness of his intelligence: he -was obliged to adopt as a shield maxims of which he had not the whole -force at his disposal, for his glory and his genius incessantly blunted -them. He was looked upon with suspicion, with fear; men lost confidence -in him and in his destiny; he was constrained to see, if not to seek -out, men whom he would never have seen, and who, through his action, -considered themselves to have become his equals: the contagion of -their defilement was overtaking him. His great qualities remained the -same, but his good dispositions became impaired and no longer upheld -his great qualities: under the influence of the corruption of that -original stain his nature deteriorated. God commanded his angels to -disturb the harmonies of that world, to change its laws, to tilt it on -its poles. As Milton says: - - They with labour push'd - Oblique the centric Globe: some say, the Sun - Was bid turn reins from th' equinoctial road - Like distant breadth. . . . . - . . . . . . . . - Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud - And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn[645]. - -Will the ashes of Bonaparte be exhumed, as were those of the Duc -d'Enghien? If I had been the master, the latter victim would still -be sleeping unhonoured in the moat of Vincennes Castle. That -"excommunicated one" would have been left, like Raymond of Toulouse, -in an open coffin; no man's hand would have dared to conceal beneath -a plank the sight of the witness to the incomprehensible judgments -and angers of God. The abandoned skeleton of the Duc d'Enghien and -Napoleon's deserted tomb at St Helena would be the counterpart of each -other: there would be nothing more commemorative than those remains, -face to face, at opposite ends of the earth. - -At least the Duc d'Enghien did not remain on foreign soil, like the -exiled of kings: the latter took care to restore the former to his -country, a little harshly, it is true; but will it be for ever? France -(how much dust winnowed by the breath of the Revolution bears witness -to it) is not faithful to the bones of the dead. Old Condé, in his -will, declares "that he is not sure which country he will be inhabiting -on the day of his death." O Bossuet, what would you not have added to -the masterpiece of your eloquence, if, when you were speaking over the -grave of the Great Condé, you had been able to foresee the future! - -* - -It was at this very spot, at Chantilly, that the Duc d'Enghien -was born: "Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, born 2 August 1772, at -Chantilly," says the sentence of death. It was on this lawn that -he played in childhood; the traces of his footsteps have become -obliterated. And the victor of Friburg, of Nördlingen, of Lens, of -Senef, where has he gone with his "victorious and now feeble hands"? -And his descendants, the Condé of Johannisberg and of Bentheim[646], -and his son, and his grandson, where are they? That castle, those -gardens, those fountains "which were silent neither by day nor by -night:" what has become of them? Mutilated statues, lions with a claw -or a jaw restored; trophies of arms sculptured in a crumbling wall; -escutcheons with obliterated fleurs-de-lis; foundations of razed -turrets; a few marble coursers above the empty stables no longer -livened by the neighing of the steed of Rocroi; near a riding-school, -a high unfinished gate: that is what remains of the memories of -an heroic race; a will tied with a rope changed the owners of the -inheritance[647]. - -The whole forest has repeatedly fallen under the axe. Persons of bygone -times have run over those once resounding chases, mute to-day. What was -their age, what their passions, when they stopped at the foot of those -oaks? O my useless Memoirs, I should not now be able to say to you: - - Qu'à Chantilly Condé vous lise quelquefois; - Qu'Enghien en soit touché[648]! - -Obscure men that we are, what are we beside those famous men? We shall -disappear never to return; you, sweet William, who lie upon my table -beside this paper, whose belated little flower I have gathered among -the heather will blossom again; but we, we shall not come to life again -with the perfumed solitary which has diverted my thoughts. - - - -[594] This book was written at Chantilly in November 1838.--T. - -[595] Blanche of Castile, Queen of France (1187-1252), daughter of -Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, wife of Louis VIII. King of France, and -mother of St. Louis IX. A hunting-lodge, at Chantilly, stands on the -site of the old Castle of Queen Blanche, near the Commelle Ponds.--T. - -[596] Charles IV. King of Spain (1748-1819). On the 18th of March -1808, forced by the revolt of Aranjuez, he abdicated in favour of his -son Ferdinand. Napoleon compelled him to withdraw this abdication and -to make a fresh one in favour of himself (5 May 1808), after which -Napoleon's brother Joseph was placed on the throne of Spain. Charles -IV. was sent to Compiègne and Marseilles, and died in Rome in 1819. On -the fall of Joseph, in 1813, Charles's son Ferdinand VII. ascended the -throne.--T. - -[597] Gustavus IV. (1778-1837) was the last Legitimist King of Sweden. -A revolt of the nobles in 1809 compelled him to abdicate, and his -uncle, the Duke of Sudermania, was proclaimed King with the title of -Charles XIII., ultimately adopting General Bernadotte as his heir. -Gustavus spent the remaining years of his life in Germany, Holland, and -Switzerland, under the names of Count of Holstein-Gottorp and Colonel -Gustawson. He died at Saint-Gall in 1837.--T. - -[598] Frederic William III. King of Prussia (1770-1840), son of -Frederic William II. and grand-nephew to Frederic the Great. He -was married to the beautiful Queen Louisa, daughter of the Duke of -Mecklenburg-Strelitz.--T. - -[599] Bonaparte had the Black Eagle.--_Authors Note._ - -[600] Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero, later Nero Claudius Cæsar -Drusus Germanicus, Roman Emperor (37-68), son of Domitius Ahenobarbus -and Agrippina, by whose uncle and third husband, the Emperor Claudius, -he was adopted, succeeding him, to the exclusion of the natural heir, -Britannicus, in 54.--T. - -[601] Lucius Annæus Seneca (3-65), the Stoic philosopher, was Nero's -tutor and principal minister. He is accused, not only of writing the -apology for the murder of Agrippina, but of approving the poisoning of -Britannicus in 55.--T. - -[602] Julia Agrippina (_circa_ 15-59 or 60), daughter of the Emperor -Germanicus and of Agrippina, grand-daughter of Augustus. She poisoned -Claudius to secure the Empire for Nero, her son by her first husband, -and was herself murdered by Nero's orders in 59.--T. - -[603] The Duc de Bourbon was the Due d'Enghien's father, not his -grandfather. The grandfather was the Prince de Condé, the writer of the -letter in question. Chateaubriand's mistake is due to a slip of the -pen, which we occasionally find in more than one other historian of the -period.--B. - -[604] Pierre François Comte Réal (1765-1834) was an attorney at the -Châtelet at the outbreak of the Revolution. He attached himself to -Danton and became Public Accuser and Solicitor to the Commune of Paris. -He was imprisoned by Robespierre and released on the 9 Thermidor. -Bonaparte made him a State Councillor and appointed him a deputy at the -Ministry of Police. In 1804 Réal discovered the conspiracy of Georges -Cadoudal. He was made Prefect of Police during the Hundred Days, and -was exiled under the Second Restoration. He returned to Paris in -1818.--T. - -[605] Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753-1824), an eminent jurist -and a moderate revolutionary, who voted for the reprieve at the trial -of Louis XVI. He was Minister of Justice under the Directory. Bonaparte -chose him as Second Consul in 1799, with Lebrun as Third Consul. When -Napoleon became Emperor he appointed Cambacérès Arch-chancellor and -created him a Prince of the Empire and Duke of Parma. Cambacérès is -responsible for the greater portion of the Code civil. He was exiled by -the Bourbons and recalled in 1818.--T. - -[606] In the morning.--_Author's Note._ - -[607] Madame Joséphine Bonaparte (1763-1814), _née_ Tascher de La -Pagerie, and widow of Alexandre Vicomte de Beauharnais, who was -guillotined in 1794. She married Bonaparte in 1796, was crowned Empress -in 1804, and was divorced in 1809.--T. - -[608] Anne Jean Marie René Savary, Duc de Rovigo (1774-1833), was in -1804 Colonel of the Gendarmerie d'Élite, in which capacity he was -charged with the execution of the sentence on the Duc d'Enghien. At the -battle of Marengo (14 June 1800) he was aide-de-camp to General Desaix, -and was by his side when that general was shot through the heart. He -became a general of brigade in 1803, a general of division in 1805, a -duke in 1808, and succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police in 1810. He -followed the Emperor on to the _Bellérophon_ in 1815, but was separated -from him and kept a prisoner for seven months in Malta, where he drew -up the plan of his Memoirs (published in 1828). On the Restoration, -he was sentenced to death in his absence. He returned to France in -1819 in order to obtain the quashing of the sentence. A pamphlet -which he subsequently wrote upon the death of the Duc d'Enghien, -accusing Talleyrand of complicity, brought about his disgrace, and he -was obliged to retire to Rome. He returned once more to France after -the Revolution of 1830, and in 1831 received from Louis-Philippe the -command-in-chief of the Army of Algiers, which he retained till his -death in 1833.--T. - -[609] Claire Élisabeth Jeanne Comtesse de Rémusat (1780-1821), _née_ -Gravier de Vergennes, wife of the Comte de Rémusat, Chamberlain to -Napoleon and Superintendent of Theatres, and lady-in-waiting to the -Empress Joséphine. She was the author of an _Essai sur l'éducation des -femmes_ (1823) and of some excellent Memoirs (1880).--T. - -[610] Cf. CORNEILLE, _Cinna_, Act II. Sc. I.--T. - -[611] Cf. _Mémoires de Madame de Rémusat_, vol. I.--B. - -[612] 20 March 1804.--B. - -[613] Murat.--_Author's Note._ - -[614] Lieutenant-General Pierre Auguste Comte Hulin (1758-1841) was -one of the foremost among the conquerors of the Bastille on the 14th -of July 1789, and at the end of the same year was made Commander of -the National Guard of Paris. He accompanied Bonaparte to Italy as -Adjutant-General, was appointed Commander of Milan in 1797 and 1798, -and in 1803 became a general of division and Commander of the Consular -Guard. He took part in the several German campaigns, and was selected -for the command of the places around Vienna and of Berlin (1806). He -was at the head of the armed forces in Paris when the Malet conspiracy -broke out in 1812, and caused the plot to fail, having his lower -jaw shattered by Malet with a pistol-shot. Hulin lost the command -of the City of Paris on the return of the Bourbons, and was obliged -to leave France in 1816. He returned in 1819, and ended his days in -retirement.--T. - -[615] Marie Louise Empress of the French (1791-1847), daughter of -Francis I. Emperor of Austria, and married to Napoleon in 1810. She -left him after his first abdication, protested against his restoration -and, in reward for her docility, received the Duchy of Parma at -the hands of the Congress of Vienna. There she spent the remainder -of her days, living with the Count von Niepperg, whom she married -morganatically after Napoleon's death.--T. - -[616] Francis Charles Joseph Napoleon Duke of Reichstadt (1811-1832), -son of Napoleon and Marie Louise, was proclaimed King of Rome at his -birth. On his father's abdication there was an idea of proclaiming -him Emperor, as Napoleon II.; but this was speedily abandoned and he -was brought up at the Court of his maternal grandfather, who in 1818 -gave him the title of Duke of Reichstadt, together with a regiment of -cavalry.--T. - -[617] André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin (1783-1865), known as Dupin the -Elder, was a deputy from 1827 to 1848, a member of the Constituent -Assembly of 1848 and of the Legislative Assembly of 1849, a senator of -the Second Empire (1857), and Attorney-General to the Court of Appeal -from 1830 to 1852. He resigned the latter post in order to dissociate -himself from the decrees confiscating the possessions of the Orleans -Family; but resumed it five years later when summoned to the Imperial -Senate. He had been a member of the French Academy since 1832. The -pamphlet to which Chateaubriand refers was published in 1823, and -entitled, _Pièces judiciaires et historiques relatives au procès du -duc dEnghien, avec le Journal de ce prince depuis l'instant de son -arrestation; précédées de la Discussion des actes de la commission -militaire instituée en l'an XII, par le gouvernement consulaire, pour -juger le duc d'Enghien, par l'auteur de l'opuscule intitulé: "De la -Libre Défense des accusés._"--B. - -[618] An allusion to the abominable reply said to have been made to M. -le Duc d'Enghien.--_Author's Note._ - -The Duke is reported to have cried, "Shoot straight, my friends," to -the soldiers about to fire their volley. - -"You have no friends here," replied the officer in command!--T. - -[619] General Claude François de Malet (1754-1812) played a -distinguished part in the campaigns of the Revolution, became a general -of brigade in 1799, and was appointed Governor of Pavia by Masséna -in 1805. His republicanism, however, made him suspect in the eyes of -Napoleon, who had him imprisoned in Paris in 1808. Availing himself -of the facilities awarded him by his transfer to a mad-house, he -organized a conspiracy against the Empire, involving Generals Guidal -and Lahorie in the plot. He escaped from prison on the night of the -23rd of October 1812, rapidly visited the Paris barracks, spreading the -news of Napoleon's death, and was on the point of succeeding, when the -resistance of General Hulin, who was at the head of the Staff, caused -the whole plot to fail. Malet was brought before a military commission -and shot on the 29th of October 1812.--T - -[620] General Hulin's pamphlet, published in 1823, is entitled, -_Explications offertes aux hommes impartiaux par M. le Comte Hulin, au -sujet de la Commission militaire institute en l'an XII pour juger le -duc d'Enghien._--B. - -[621] Jacques Harel (_b._ 1755) had received the command of Vincennes -Castle in 1800 as his reward for his services in betraying his -fellow-conspirators in a plot to kill the First Consul. The story is -told at length in the Memoirs of M. de Bourrienne.--B. - -[622] Freiburg-in-Breisgau (Baden), where the great Condé defeated the -Imperial forces in 1644.--T. - -[623] Savary's pamphlet appeared in the same year as General Hulin's -and M. Dupin's, and was entitled, _Extrait des Mémoires du duc de -Rovigo, concernant le catastrophe de M. le duc d'Enghien._--B. - -[624] Armand Augustin Louis Marquis de Caulaincourt, Duc de Vicence -(1773-1827), had in his youth been a page to the Prince de Condé. He -took part in nearly all the wars of the Revolution, and was made Master -of the Horse by Napoleon when the latter assumed the imperial crown, a -general of division, a duke (1805), and Ambassador to Russia (1807). -In 1813, he became Foreign Minister, and represented France at the -Congress of Châtillon in 1814.--T. - -[625] Achille Roche (1801-1834), a publicist and secretary to -Benjamin Constant. The work from which Chateaubriand quotes is a -pamphlet entitled, _De Messieurs le duc de Rovigo et le prince de -Talleyrand._--B. - -[626] JOINVILLE, _Memoirs of Louis IX., King of France_, Part I.--T. - -[627] Misspelt as printed: _Enguiens_ for Enghien, proper names not -taking the plural in French.--T. - -[628] François de Bourbon-Vendôme, Comte d'Enghien (1519-1545), brother -of Anthony de Bourbon, King of Navarre, defeated the Imperial forces at -Cérisoles in 1544--T. - -[629] The Great Condé was Duc d'Enghien when he defeated the Spaniards -at Rocroi in 1643.--T. - -[630] The Princesse Charlotte de Rohan-Rochefort. The Prince de Condé -refused to acknowledge the marriage, although he himself had married a -Rohan. After the death of the Duc d'Enghien, the Duc de Bourbon tardily -offered to acknowledge his son's marriage, but the Princess refused the -offer. Nevertheless she visited the Duchesse de Bourbon in the early -days of the Restoration, when the latter addressed her as "my daughter" -(_Cf._ MURET, _Histoire de l'armée de Condé_). The Duchess of Madrid -(_de jure_ Queen of Spain and France), _née_ Princesse Marie Berthe de -Rohan, and married to the Duke of Madrid in 1894, is a member of the -same (Rochefort) branch of the Rohan family. Their motto is, _Roi ne -puis, prince ne daigne, Rohan suis._--T. - -[631] Antoine René Charles Mathurin Comte de Laforest (1756-1846) -entered the diplomatic service under Louis XVI. He was Consul-General -in the United States, Secretary of Legation to Joseph Bonaparte at the -Congress of Lunéville, and Chargé-d'affaires Extraordinary at Munich -and Ratisbon. He was Ambassador in Berlin from 1805 to 1808, and in -Madrid from 1808 to 1813. Napoleon created him a count in 1808. On -the fall of the Empire, in 1814, he directed the Ministry of Foreign -Affairs for six weeks _ad interim_, and was charged by the King to -prepare the Treaty of Paris. Under the Second Restoration, he was sent -as Minister Plenipotentiary to various Powers. He was made a peer of -France in 1819, and a minister of State and privy councillor in 1825. -He lost his places and dignities at the Revolution of 1830.--B. - -[632] Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1783-1852), a distinguished artillery -officer who had twice saved Napoleon's life, at Moscow and Brienne. He -accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena, where he remained until 1817, and -where he wrote the _Campagne de 1815_, published in 1818, which was -the cause of his being struck off the roll of the French army by Louis -XVIII. Louis-Philippe reinstated him and made him his aide-de-camp, -and in 1840 he accompanied the Prince de Joinville to St. Helena to -bring back the remains of Napoleon. On his return, he was raised -to the peerage. Gourgaud is part-author, together with Montholon, -of the _Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous Napoléon_ -(1823-1825), from which the above quotation is taken.--T. - -[633] Charles Tristan Comte de Montholon (1782-1853), Gourgaud's -collaborator, was one of Napoleon's bravest and most reckless officers. -He too accompanied Napoleon to St Helena, remained with him to the day -of his death, and was one of his executors and the depositary of his -manuscripts, which were subsequently published in eight volumes under -the title given in the preceding note. In 1840, Montholon took part -in Louis Napoleon's futile descent at Boulogne, and suffered a short -confinement.--T. - -[634] LAS CASES, _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_ (8 volumes, 1822-1824).--T. - -[635] Talleyrand's residence.--T. - -[636] Lest they should compromise her friends. See M. Paul de Rémusat's -Preface to the Memoirs.--T. - -[637] This is the anecdote: - -"After the execution of the sentence," says the Duc de Rovigo, "I took -the road back to Paris. I was approaching the barriers, when I met -M. Réal going to Vincennes in the dress of a councillor of State. I -stopped him to ask him where he was going: - -"'To Vincennes,' he replied; 'I received orders yesterday to repair -there to examine the Duc d'Enghien.' - -"I told him what had just happened, and he appeared as much astonished -at what I had told him as I at what he had told me. I began to ponder. -My meeting with the Minister of Foreign Relations at General Murat's -recurred to my mind, and I began to doubt whether the death of the Duc -d'Enghien was the work of the First Consul."--B. - -[638] Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné Comte de Las Cases (1766-1842) was -a lieutenant in the navy when he emigrated in 1789 and joined Condé's -Army. He returned to France after the 18 Brumaire, and devoted himself -for several years to literary work, until in 1809 he enlisted as a -volunteer to assist in repelling the English, who were threatening -a descent upon Flushing. He attracted the notice of Napoleon, who -made him one of his chamberlains, and he was one of the four men who -followed Napoleon into exile. He remained eighteen months at St. -Helena, gathering the talk that fell from Napoleon's lips into his -famous _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_; but losing favour with Sir Hudson -Lowe, he was removed from Napoleon's service, taken to the Cape of -Good Hope, and thence to Europe, where he was kept for some time in -confinement. Las Cases was not allowed to return to France until after -the Emperor's death. In 1830 he was returned for the Seine to the -Chamber of Deputies, where he sat in the Opposition.--T. - -[639] Paul I. Emperor of Russia (1754-1801), son of Catherine II. and -Peter III. On the death of Catherine in 1796, he placed himself at the -head of the second coalition against France; but in 1799, suddenly -smitten with a passionate admiration for Bonaparte, he contracted an -alliance with him, and paved the way for the treaties of Lunéville and -Amiens. He was strangled by some of his nobles on the 23rd of March -1801.--T. - -[640] Alexander I. Emperor of Russia (1777-1825), was at war with -Napoleon from 1805 to 1807, and in alliance with him from 1807 to -1812, when war broke out anew. The retreat from Moscow took place in -the latter year, and Alexander entered Paris at the head of the allied -forces on the 31st of March 1814.--T. - -[641] Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772-1806), son of Prince -Ferdinand, brother to Frederic the Great, was killed in 1806 at the -Battle of Saalfeld.--T. - -[642] The Great Condé defeated the Imperial forces at Lens in 1648.--T. - -[643] MADAME DE STAËL, _Dix années d'exil._--B. - -[644] These lines are taken from the article, published by -Chateaubriand in the _Mercure_ of 4 July 1807, on M. Alexandre de -Laborde's _Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne._--B. - -[645] MILTON, _Paradise Lost_, X., 670-673, 698-699.--T. - -[646] The Prince de Condé co-operated with the Prince de Soubise in -winning the Battle of Johannisberg, during the Seven Years' War, in -1762, and performed prodigies of valour to no purpose at Bentheim in -1799.--T. - -[647] The Duc de Bourbon was found hanged or strangled in his apartment -a few days after the Revolution of 1830. He left Chantilly and the -greater part of his fortune to the late Duc d'Aumale, fourth son of -Louis Philippe.--T. - -[648] BOILEAU, _Ep. VII. A.M. Racine_: - -"May Condé sometimes at Chantilly read you; -And may Enghien be touched." ---T. - - - - -BOOK IV[649] - - -The year 1804--I move to the Rue de Miromesnil-Verneuil--Alexis de -Tocqueville--Le Ménil--Mézy--Mérévil--Madame de Coislin--Journey to -Vichy, in Auvergne, and to Mont Blanc--Return to Lyons--Excursion -to the Grande Chartreuse--Death of Madame de Caud--The years 1805 -and 1806--I return to Paris--I leave for the Levant--I embark in -Constantinople on a ship carrying pilgrims for Syria--From Tunis to -my return to France through Spain--Reflections on my voyage--Death of -Julien. - - -Henceforth removed from active life, and nevertheless saved from -Bonaparte's anger by the protection of Madame Bacciochi, I left my -temporary lodging in the Rue de Beaune and went to live in the Rue -de Miromesnil. The little house which I hired was occupied later by -M. De Lally-Tolendal and Madame Denain, his "best-beloved," as they -said in the days of Diane de Poitiers[650]. My garden abutted on a -timber-yard, and near my window I had a tall poplar-tree, which M. de -Lally-Tolendal, in order to breathe a less moist air, himself felled -with his coarse hand, which to his eyes was transparent and fleshless: -it was an illusion like any other. The pavement of the street at that -time came to an end before my door; higher up, the street or road wound -across a piece of waste-land called the Butte-aux-Lapins, or Rabbit -Hill. The Butte-aux-Lapins, sprinkled with a few isolated houses, -joined on the right the Jardin de Tivoli, whence I had set out with my -brother for the emigration, and on the left the Parc de Monceaux. I -strolled pretty often in that abandoned park, where the Revolution had -commenced among the orgies of the Duc d'Orléans: this retreat had been -embellished with marble nudities and mock ruins, a symbol of the light -and vicious policy which was about to cover France with prostitutes and -wreckage. - -I busied myself with nothing: at the utmost I conversed in the park -with some pine-trees, or talked of the Duc d'Enghien with three rooks -at the edge of an artificial river hidden beneath a carpet of green -moss. Deprived of my Alpine Legation and of my Roman friendships, even -as I had been suddenly separated from my attachments in London, I did -not know how to dispose of my imagination and my feelings; I sent them -every evening after the sun, and its rays were unable to carry them -over the seas. I returned indoors and tried to fall asleep to the sound -of my poplar tree. - -Nevertheless my resignation had increased my reputation; in France a -little courage always looks well. Some of the members of Madame de -Beaumont's former company introduced me to new country-houses. - -[Sidenote: The Tocqueville family.] - -M. de Tocqueville[651], my brother's brother-in-law, and guardian -of my two orphaned nephews, occupied Madame de Senozan's[652] -country-seat[653]. On every hand were scaffold legacies. There I saw -my nephews grow up with their three Tocqueville cousins, among whom -Alexis[654], the author of the _Démocratie en Amérique_, was prominent. -He was more spoilt at Verneuil than I had been at Combourg. Is this the -last renown that I shall have seen unknown in its swaddling clothes? -Alexis de Tocqueville has travelled through the civilized America, of -which I have travelled through the forests. - -Verneuil has changed masters; it has become the property of Madame -de Saint-Fargeau, famous through her father[655] and through the -Revolution, which adopted her as its daughter. - -Near Mantes, at the Ménil[656], was Madame de Rosanbo: my nephew, Louis -de Chateaubriand, eventually married Mademoiselle d'Orglandes there, -niece to Madame de Rosanbo; the latter no longer airs her beauty around -the pond and under the beeches of the manor: it has passed. When I went -from Verneuil to the Ménil, I came to Mézy[657] on the road: Madame -de Mézy was romance wrapped up in virtue and maternal grief. If only -her child, which fell from a window and broke its head, had been able, -like the young quails which we shot, to fly over the _château_ and take -refuge in the Île-Belle, the smiling island of the Seine: _Coturnix per -stipulas pascens!_ - -On the other side of the Seine, not far from the Marais, Madame de -Vintimille had introduced me to Méréville[658]. Méréville was an -oasis created by the smile of a muse, but of one of those muses whom -the Gallic poets call "the learned fairies." Here the adventures of -Blanca[659] and of Velléda were read before fashionable generations -which, falling one from the other like flowers, to-day listen to the -wailing of my years. - -By degrees my brain, wearying of rest in my Rue de Miromesnil, saw -phantoms form before it in the distance. The _Génie du Christianisme_ -inspired me with the idea of proving that work by mixing Christian -and mythological characters together. A shade which long afterwards I -called Cymodocée sketched itself vaguely in my head; not one of its -features was fixed. Cymodocée once conceived, I shut myself up with -her, as I always do with the daughters of my imagination; but, before -they have issued from the dreamy state and arrived from the banks -of Lethe through the ivory portals, they often change their shape. -If I create them through love, I undo them through love, and the one -cherished object which I, later, present to the light is the offspring -of a thousand infidelities. - -I remained only a year in the Rue de Miromesnil, because the house was -sold. I arranged with Madame la Marquise de Coislin[660], who let me -the top floor of her house on the Place Louis XV[661]. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Marquise de Coislin.] - -Madame de Coislin was a woman of the grandest air. She was nearly -eighty years of age, and her proud and domineering eyes bore an -expression of wit and irony. Madame de Coislin was in no way lettered, -and took pride in the fact; she had passed through the Voltairean -age without being aware of it; if she had conceived any idea of it -whatever, it was that of a time of a voluble middle-class. Not that she -ever spoke of her birth; she was too great to make herself ridiculous: -she very well knew how to see "small people" without compromising -her rank; but, after all, she was born of the Premier Marquis of -France[662]. If she was descended from Drogon de Nesle, killed in -Palestine in 1096; from Raoul de Nesle[663], the Constable, knighted -by Louis IX.; from Jean II. de Nesle, Regent of France during the last -crusade of St. Louis, Madame de Coislin vowed that this was a stupidity -on the part of fate for which she ought not to be held responsible; she -was naturally of the Court, as others, more happy, are of the streets, -as one may be a thorough-bred mare or a cab-hack: she could not help -this accident, and had no choice but to endure the ill with which -Heaven had been pleased to afflict her. - -Had Madame de Coislin had relations with Louis XV.? She never owned so -much to me: she admitted, however, that she had been very much loved, -but she pretended that she had treated the royal lover with the utmost -harshness. - -"I have seen him at my feet," she would say to me; "he had charming -eyes, and his language was seductive. He offered one day to give me a -porcelain dressing-table, like that which Madame de Pompadour had. - -"'Oh, Sire,' cried I, 'then I must use it to hide under!'" - -By a singular chance I came across this dressing-table at the -Marchioness Conyngham's in London; she had received it from George IV., -and showed it to me with amusing simplicity. - -Madame de Coislin occupied in her house a room opening under the -colonnade corresponding to the colonnade of the Wardrobe. Two -sea-pieces by Vernet[664], which Louis "the Well-beloved" had given to -the noble dame, were hung up on an old green satin tapestry. Madame -de Coislin remained lying till two o'clock in the afternoon in a -large bed, with curtains also of green silk, seated and propped up by -pillows; a sort of nightcap, badly fastened to her head, allowed her -grey hairs to escape. Sprigs of diamonds mounted in the old-fashioned -way fell upon the shoulder-pieces of her bed-cloak, all covered with -snuff, as in the time of the fashionable ladies of the Fronde. Around -her, on the bed-clothes, lay scattered the addresses of letters, torn -off the letters themselves, and on these addresses Madame de Coislin -wrote down her thoughts in every direction: she bought no stationery, -the post supplied her with it. From time to time a little dog called -Lili put her nose outside the sheets, came to bark at me for five or -six minutes, and crept back growling into her mistress' kennel. Thus -had time settled the young loves of Louis XV. - -Madame de Châteauroux[665] and her two sisters were cousins of Madame -de Coislin; the latter would not have been of the humour, as was -Madame de Mailly[666], repentant and a Christian, to reply to a man who -insulted her with a coarse name in the church of Saint-Roch: - -"My friend, since you know me, pray to God for me." - -Madame de Coislin, miserly as are many people of wit, piled up her -money in cupboards. She lived all devoured by a vermin of crown-pieces -which clung to her skin; her servants relieved her. When I found -her plunged in a maze of figures, she reminded me of the miser -Hermocrates[667], who, when dictating his will, appointed himself his -own heir. Nevertheless she gave a dinner occasionally; but she would -rail against coffee, which nobody liked, according to her, and which -served only to prolong the repast. - -Madame de Chateaubriand took a journey to Vichy with Madame de Coislin -and the Marquis de Nesle; the marquis went on ahead, and had excellent -dinners prepared. Madame de Coislin came after, and asked only for half -a pound of cherries. On leaving, she was presented with huge bills, and -then there was a terrible outcry. She would not hear of anything except -the cherries; the landlord maintained that, whether you ate or did not -eat, the custom was, at an inn, to pay for your dinner. - -Madame de Coislin had invented a form of illuminism to her own taste. -Credulous and incredulous, she was led by her want of faith to laugh -at those beliefs the superstition of which frightened her. She had met -Madame de Krüdener; the mysterious Frenchwoman was illuminated only -under reserve; she did not please the fervent Russian, whom she herself -liked no better. Madame de Krüdener said passionately to Madame de -Coislin: - -"Madame, who is your inside confessor?" - -"Madame," replied Madame de Coislin, "I know nothing about my inside -confessor; I only know that my confessor is in the inside of his -confessional." - -Thereupon the two ladies saw each other no more. - -Madame de Coislin prided herself on having introduced a novelty at -Court, the fashion of floating chignons, in spite of Queen Marie -Leczinska[668], who was very pious and who opposed this dangerous -innovation. She held that formerly no genteel person would ever have -thought of paying her doctor. Crying out against the plentifulness of -women's linen: - -"That smacks of the upstart," she said; "we women of the Court had only -two shifts: when they were worn out, we renewed them; we were dressed -in silk gowns, and we did not look like grisettes, like the young -ladies of nowadays." - -Madame Suard[669], who lived in the Rue Royale, had a cock whose -crowing annoyed Madame de Coislin. She wrote to Madame Suard: - -"Madame, have your cock's throat cut." - -Madame Suard sent back the messenger with this note: - -"Madame, I have the honour to reply to you that I shall not have my -cock's throat cut." - -The correspondence went no further. Madame de Coislin said to Madame de -Chateaubriand: - -"Ah, my heart, what a time we live in! And yet it's that Panckoucke -girl, the wife of that member of the Academy[670], you know." - -M. Hennin[671], a former clerk at the Foreign Office, and as tedious -as a protocol, used to scribble fat novels. One day he was reading a -description to Madame de Coislin: a tearful and abandoned love-lorn -woman was mournfully fishing a salmon. Madame de Coislin, who was -growing impatient, and who disliked salmon, interrupted the author and -said with the serious air which made her so comical: - -"Monsieur Hennin, could you not make that lady catch a different fish?" - -The stories which Madame de Coislin told could not be recollected, -for there was nothing in them; all lay in the pantomime, the accent, -and the expression of the narrator: she never laughed. There was one -dialogue between "Monsieur and Madame Jacqueminot," the perfection -of which surpassed everything. When, in the conversation between -the husband and wife, Madame Jacqueminot rejoined, "But, _Monsieur -Jacqueminot!_" the name was pronounced in such a tone that you were -seized with immoderate laughter. Obliged to let this pass, Madame de -Coislin gravely waited, taking snuff. - -Reading in a newspaper of the death of several kings, she took off her -spectacles, and blowing her nose, said: - -"There is an epizootic among crowned cattle." - -[Sidenote: Death of Madame de Coislin.] - -At the moment when she was ready to breathe her last, they were -maintaining by her bedside that one succumbed only through letting -one's self go; that, if one paid great attention, and never lost sight -of the enemy, one would not die at all. - -"I believe it," she said; "but I fear that something would distract me." - -She expired. - -I went down to her room the next day; I found Monsieur[672] and Madame -d'Avaray, her brother-in-law and sister, sitting before the fire-place, -with a little table between them, counting the louis in a bag which -they had taken from a hollow wainscoting. The poor dead woman was there -in her bed, behind the half-closed curtains: she no longer heard the -sound of the gold which ought to have awaked her, and which fraternal -hands were counting. - -Among the thoughts written down by the defunct on margins of printed -paper and addresses of letters were some which were extremely -beautiful. Madame de Coislin showed me what remained of the Court of -Louis XV. under Bonaparte and after Louis XVI., even as Madame de -Houdetot had enabled me to see what still lingered, in the nineteenth -century, of philosophic society. - -* - -In the summer of the year 1805, I went to join Madame de Chateaubriand -at Vichy, where Madame de Coislin had taken her, as I have said. I -did not find Jussac, Termes, Flamarens there, whom Madame de Sévigné -had "before and behind her" in 1677: they had been sleeping since one -hundred and twenty and so many years. I left my sister, Madame de Caud, -in Paris, where she had fixed her residence since the autumn of 1804. -After a short stay at Vichy, Madame de Chateaubriand proposed that we -should travel, in order to be away for some time from the political -troubles. - -Two little _Journeys_[673] which I then took in Auvergne and to Mont -Blanc have been collected in my works. After an absence of thirty-four -years, I have lately received at Clermont, from men unacquainted with -my person, the reception usually shown to an old friend. He who has -long occupied himself with the principles which the human race enjoys -in common has friends, brothers and sisters in every family; for, if -man is thankless, humanity is grateful. To those who have connected -themselves with you through a kindly reputation, and who have never -seen you, you are always the same; you have always the age which they -ascribed to you; their attachment, which is not disturbed by your -presence, always beholds you young and beautiful, like the sentiments -which they love in your writings. - -When I was a child, in my Brittany, and heard speak of Auvergne, I -imagined it a very distant, very distant country, where one saw strange -things, where one could not go without great danger, and travelling -under the protection of the Blessed Virgin. I never meet without a -sort of melting curiosity those little Auvergnats who go to seek their -fortunes in this great world with a small deal chest. They have little -besides hope in their box, as they climb down their rocks: lucky are -they if they bring it back with them! - -Alas, Madame de Beaumont had not lain two years on the bank of the -Tiber when I trod her natal soil in 1805; I was at but a few leagues -from that Mont Dore where she had come in search of the life which -she lengthened a little in order to reach Rome. Last summer, in 1838, -I once more travelled through this same Auvergne. Between those two -dates, 1805 and 1838, I can place the transformations which society has -undergone around me. - -We left Clermont and, on our way to Lyons, passed through Thiers -and Roanne. This road, then little frequented, followed at intervals -the banks of the Lignon. The author of the _Astrée_[674], who is not -a great genius, nevertheless invented places and persons that live: -such is the creative power of fiction, when it is appropriate to the -age in which it appears. There is, moreover, something ingeniously -fantastic in that resurrection of the nymphs and naiads who mingle with -shepherds, ladies and knights: those different worlds go well together, -and one is agreeably pleased with the fables of mythology united to the -lies of fiction; Rousseau has related how he was taken in by d'Urfé. - -[Sidenote: Geneva.] - -At Lyons, we again found M. Ballanche: he made the excursion to Geneva -and Mont Blanc with us. He went wherever one took him, without having -the smallest business there. At Geneva, I was not received at the -gate of the city by Clotilda, the betrothed of Clovis: M. de Barante, -senior[675], had become Prefect of the Léman. At Coppet, I went to see -Madame de Staël: I found her alone, buried in her castle, which was -built round a melancholy court-yard. I spoke to her of her fortune and -of her solitude as a precious means of independence and happiness: I -offended her. Madame de Staël loved society; she looked upon herself -as the most wretched of women, in an exile with which I should have -been enchanted. Where in my eyes was the unhappiness of living on one's -property with all the comforts of life? Where was the misfortune of -enjoying fame, leisure, peace, in a sumptuous retreat within sight of -the Alps, in comparison with those thousands of breadless, nameless, -helpless victims, banished to all the corners of Europe, while their -parents had perished on the scaffold? It is sad to be attacked by -an ill which the crowd cannot understand. For the rest, that ill is -therefore only the more intense: it is not lessened by being confronted -with other ills; one is not judged by another's pain; that which -afflicts the one rejoices the other; hearts have varied secrets, -incomprehensible to other hearts. Let us deny none his sufferings; it -is with sorrows as with countries: each man has his own. - -Madame de Staël called the next day on Madame de Chateaubriand at -Geneva, and we left for Chamouny. My opinion on the scenery of the -mountains caused it to be said that I was seeking to make myself -singular. It will be seen, when I come to speak of the Saint-Gothard, -that I have kept to my opinion. In the _Voyage au Mont-Blanc_ appears -a passage which I will recall as linking together the past events of -my life and the events of that same life then still future, and to-day -also past: - - "There is one circumstance alone in which it is true that the - mountains produce an oblivion of earthly troubles: that is - when one withdraws far from the world to consecrate himself - to religion. An anchorite devoting himself to the service - of mankind, a saint wishing to meditate in silence on the - greatness of God, may find peace and joy on desert rocks; - but it is not then the tranquillity of the spot that passes - into the soul of those solitaries: it is, on the contrary, - their soul that diffuses its serenity through the region of - storms.... - - "There are mountains which I would still visit with extreme - pleasure: those, for instance, of Greece and Judæa. I should - like to go over the spots with which my new studies lead - me daily to occupy myself: I would gladly seek, upon the - Tabor and Taygetus, other colours and other harmonies, after - painting the unfamed mountains and unknown valleys of the New - World." - -The last phrase foretold the voyage which, in fact, I performed in the -next year, 1806. - -[Sidenote: The Comte de Forbin.] - -On our return to Geneva, without being able to see Madame de Staël -again at Coppet, we found the inns crammed. But for the cares of -M. de Forbin[676], who arrived unexpectedly and procured us a bad -dinner in a dark waiting-room, we should have left the birth-place of -Rousseau without eating. M. de Forbin was at that time in a state of -beatitude; he displayed in his looks the inner felicity with which he -was inundated; his feet did not touch the ground. Wafted on his talent -and his blissfulness, he came down from the mountain as though from -the sky, with his close-fitting painter's jacket, his pallet on his -thumb, his brushes in a quiver. A good fellow, nevertheless, although -excessively happy, preparing to imitate me one day, when I should -have made my voyage to Syria, wishing even to go as far as Calcutta, -to make his loves return to him by an uncommon road, when they failed -him on the beaten track. His eyes showed a protecting pity: I was -poor, humble, uncertain of myself, and I did not hold the hearts of -princesses in my mighty hands. In Rome, I have had the honour of -returning M. de Forbin his lake-side dinner; I had the merit of having -become an ambassador. In these days one sees the poor devil whom one -has left that morning in the street turned into a king by evening. - -The noble gentleman, a painter in right of the Revolution, began -that generation of artists who dress themselves up like sketches, -grotesques, caricatures. Some wear prodigious mustachioes: one would -think they were going to conquer the world; their brushes are halberds, -their erasing-knives sabres: others have huge beards, and hanging or -puffed-out hair; they smoke a cigar by way of vulcano. These "cousins -of the rainbow," as our old Régnier[677] says, have their heads filled -with deluges, seas, rivers, forests, cataracts, tempests, or else with -carnages, executions and scaffolds. In their rooms they have human -skulls, foils, mandolines, morions, and dolmans. Bragging, pushing, -uncivil, liberal (as far as the portrait of the tyrant whom they are -painting), they endeavour to form a separate species between the -ape and the satyr; they are anxious to make it understood that the -secrecy of the studio has its dangers, and that there is no safety -for the models. But how handsomely do they not redeem these oddities -by a fevered existence, a suffering and sensitive nature, an entire -abnegation of self, an incalculable devotion to the miseries of others, -a delicate, superior, idealized manner of feeling, a poverty proudly -welcomed and nobly endured; lastly, sometimes by immortal talents: the -offspring of work, passion, genius, and solitude! - -Leaving Geneva at night to return to Lyons, we were stopped at the foot -of the Fort de l'Écluse, waiting for the gates to be opened. During -this stay of the witches in _Macbeth_ on the heath, strange things -passed within me. My dead years came to life again and surrounded me -like a band of phantoms; my burning seasons returned to me in their -flame and sadness. My life, hollowed out by the death of Madame de -Beaumont, had remained empty: airy forms, houris or dreams, issuing -from that abyss, took me by the hand and led me back to the days of -the sylph. I was no longer in the spot which I occupied, I dreamed of -other shores. Some secret influence urged me to the regions of the -Dawn, whither I was drawn besides by the plan of my new work and the -religious voice which released me from the vow of the village woman, -my foster-mother. As all my faculties had extended, as I had never -misused life, it superabounded with the pith of my intelligence, and -art, triumphing in my nature, added to the poet's inspirations. I had -what the Fathers of the Thebaïde called "ascensions" of the heart. -Raphael--forgive the blasphemy of the simile--Raphael, before the -Transfiguration only sketched upon the easel, could not have been more -electrified by his master-piece than was I by Eudore and Cymodocée, -whose names I did not yet know and whose images I dimly saw through an -atmosphere of love and fame. - -Thus does the native genius which tormented me in the cradle sometimes -return on its steps after deserting me; thus are my former sufferings -renewed; nothing heals within me; if my wounds close instantly, they -open again suddenly like those of the crucifixes of the Middle Ages, -which bleed on the anniversary of the Passion. I have no alternative, -to obtain relief during these crises, but to give a free course to the -fever of my thoughts, in the same way as one has his veins lanced when -the blood rushes to the heart or rises to the head. But of what am I -speaking! O religion, where then are thy powers, thy restraints, thy -balsams! Am I not writing all these things at a distance of countless -years from the hour at which I gave birth to René? I had a thousand -reasons to believe myself dead, and I live! 'Tis a great pity. Those -afflictions of the isolated poet, condemned to suffer the spring in -spite of Saturn, are unknown to the man who does not go outside the -common laws; for him the years are ever young: - -"The young kids," says Oppian, "watch over the author of their being; -when he comes to fall into the huntsman's net, they offer him in their -mouths the tender, flowering grass, which they have gone to gather from -afar, and bring him in their lips fresh water, drawn from the adjacent -brook[678]." - -* - -On my return from Lyons I found letters from M. Joubert: they informed -me that it was not possible for him to be at Villeneuve before -September. I replied: - -[Sidenote: Lyons and M. Saget.] - - "Your departure from Paris is too remote and distresses me; - you well know that my wife will never consent to arrive at - Villeneuve before you: she has a head of her own, and since - she has been with me, I find myself at the head of two heads - very difficult to govern. We shall remain at Lyons, where - they make us eat so prodigiously that I hardly have the - courage to leave this excellent town. The Abbé de Bonnevie is - here, back from Rome; he is wonderfully well; he is merry, he - preachifies, and no longer thinks of his woes; he embraces - you and will write to you. In short, everybody is in high - spirits, except myself; you are the only one to grumble. Tell - Fontanes that I have dined with M. Saget." - -This M. Saget was the providence of the canons; he lived on the hill of -Sainte-Foix, in the district of the good wine. The way to his house led -up near the spot where Rousseau had spent the night on the banks of the -Saône: - - "I remember," he says, "spending a delightful night outside - the town, on a road which skirted the Saône. Gardens raised - terrace-wise bordered the road on the opposite side: it had - been very warm that day; the evening was charming, the dew - moistened the parched grass; no wind, a quiet night; the - air was cool without being chill; the sun after setting - had left red vapours in the sky, and their reflection made - the water rose-coloured; the trees on the terraces were - laden with nightingales which replied one to the other. I - walked along in a sort of ecstasy, abandoning my senses and - my heart to the enjoyment of all this, and only sighing a - little with regret at enjoying it alone. Absorbed in my - sweet reverie, I prolonged my walk well into the night, - without perceiving that I was tired. I perceived it at last: - I lay down voluptuously on the shelf of a sort of niche or - false door, sunk into a terrace-wall; the canopy of my bed - consisted of the tops of the trees, a nightingale was exactly - over my head; I fell asleep to its singing: my slumbers were - sweet, my awakening even more so. It was broad day-light: my - eyes on opening beheld the water, the verdure, an admirable - landscape." - -* - -With Rousseau's charming itinerary in one's hand, one arrived at M. -Saget's. This ancient and lean bachelor, formerly married, wore a -green cap, a grey camlet coat, nankeen pantaloons, blue stockings and -beaver shoes. He had lived long in Paris, and had been intimate with -Mademoiselle Devienne[679]. She wrote him very witty letters, scolded -him, and gave him very good advice: he ignored it, for he did not take -the world seriously, believing apparently, like the Mexicans, that -the world had already used four suns, and that at the fourth (which -is lighting us at present) men had been changed into maggots. He did -not trouble his mind about the martyrdom of St. Pothin[680] and St. -Ireneus[681], nor of the massacre of the Protestants drawn up side by -side by order of Mandelot[682], the Governor of Lyons, all of them -having their throats cut on the same side. Opposite the field of the -shooting at the Brotteaux[683], he would tell me details of it, while -strolling among his vines, mingling with his narrative verses of Loyse -Labbé[684]: he would not have missed a single mouthful during the last -misfortunes of Lyons, under the Charte-Vérité. - -On certain days a certain calf's head was served up at Sainte-Foix, -after being soused for five nights, boiled in madeira, and stuffed -full of exquisite things; very pretty peasant-girls waited at table; -they served excellent homegrown wine out of demi-johns the size of -three bottles. We swooped upon the Saget banquet, I and the cassocked -chapter: the hill-side was quite black with us. - -Our _dapifer_ soon came to the end of his provisions: in the ruin of -his last moments he was taken in by two or three of the old mistresses -who had plundered his life, "a kind of women," says St. Cyprian[685], -"who live as though they could be loved: _quæ sic vivis ut possis -adamari._" - - -* - -[Sidenote: The Grande Chartreuse.] - -We tore ourselves from the delights of Capua to go and see the -Chartreuse, still accompanied by M. Ballanche. We hired a calash whose -disjointed wheels made a lamentable noise. On reaching Voreppe we -stopped at an inn at the top of the town. The next morning, at break of -day, we mounted on horseback and set out preceded by a guide. At the -village of Saint-Laurent, at the bottom of the Grande-Chartreuse, we -crossed the threshold of the valley, and passing between two walls of -rocks, followed the road leading up to the monastery. When speaking of -Combourg, I have told you what I experienced in that spot. The deserted -buildings were cracking under the supervision of a kind of farmer -of the ruins. A lay-brother had remained to take care of an infirm -solitary who had just died: religion had imposed loyalty and obedience -upon friendship. We saw the narrow grave freshly covered over: Napoleon -was just about to dig a huge one at Austerlitz. We were shown the -convent enclosure, the cells, each with its garden and workshop; we -noticed joiners' boards and turners' wheels: the hand had dropped the -chisel. In a gallery were displayed the portraits of the superiors of -the Chartreuse. The ducal palace at Venice preserves the series of the -_ritratti_ of the doges: what different spots and memories! Higher -up, at some distance, we were taken to the chapel of Le Sueur's[686] -immortal recluse[687]. - -After dining in an immense kitchen, we set out again and met, carried -in a palanquin like a rajah, M. Chaptal, formerly an apothecary, then a -senator, next owner of Chanteloup and inventor of beetroot sugar, the -greedy heir of the beautiful Indian reed-canes of Sicily, perfected by -the Otaheitan sun. As I descended from the forests, my thoughts turned -to the cenobites of old; for centuries, they carried, together with a -little earth, in the skirts of their gowns, fir plants which have grown -into trees on the rocks. Happy O ye who travelled noiselessly through -the world, nor even turned your heads in passing! - -No sooner had we reached the entrance to the valley than a storm burst; -a deluge dashed down, and vexed torrents rushed roaring from every -ravine. Madame de Chateaubriand, becoming reckless for very fear, -galloped through the flint stones, the water and the lightning-flashes. -She had flung away her umbrella the better to hear the thunder; the -guide cried to her: - -"Recommend your soul to God! In the name of the Father, and of the Son, -and of the Holy Ghost!" - -We reached Voreppe to the sound of the tocsin; what remained of the -cloven storm lay before us. In the distant landscape, we saw a blazing -village and the moon rounding out the upper portion of his disc above -the clouds, like the pale, bald forehead of St. Bruno, the founder of -the order of silence. M. Ballanche, all dripping with rain, said with -his immovable placidity: - -"I am like a fish in the water." - -I have just seen Voreppe again, in this year 1838: the storm was -there no longer; but two witnesses of it still remain, Madame de -Chateaubriand and M. Ballanche. I mention this because I have too -often, in these Memoirs, had to call attention to the dead. - -On returning to Lyons we left our companion there, and went to -Villeneuve. I have told you about this little town, my walks and my -regrets on the banks of the Yonne with M. Joubert. Three old maids -used to live there, Mesdemoiselles Piat; they reminded me of my -grandmother's three friends at Plancoët, saving the difference in -social position. The virgins of Villeneuve died one after the other, -and I thought of them when I saw a grass-grown flight of steps, running -up outside their empty house. What used these village damsels to talk -about in their time! They spoke of a dog, and of a muff which their -father had once bought them at Sens Fair. To me this was as charming -as the council of the same town at which St. Bernard had Abélard, my -fellow-Breton, condemned. The maids of the muff were Heloïses perhaps; -perhaps they loved, and their letters, brought to light, will one day -entrance posterity. Who knows? Perhaps they wrote to their "lord, also -their father, also their brother, also their spouse: _domino suo, imo -patri_," etc., that they felt honoured by the name of friend, by the -name of "mistress" or of "courtesan: _concubinæ vel scorti._" - -"In the midst of his learning," says a grave doctor, "I find that -Abélard played an admirably foolish prank when he suborned with love -his pupil Héloïse." - -[Sidenote: Illness of Lucile.] - -A great and new sorrow surprised me at Villeneuve. To tell it you, -I must go back to a few months before my Swiss journey. I was still -occupying the house in the Rue Miromesnil when, in the autumn of -1804, Madame de Caud came to Paris. The death of Madame de Beaumont -had finished the affecting of my sister's reason; she was very near -refusing to believe in the death, suspecting some mystery in the -disappearance, or including Heaven in the number of the enemies who -mocked at her misfortunes. She had nothing; I had chosen an apartment -in the Rue Caumartin for her, deceiving her as to the rent and as -to the arrangements which I told her to make with the keeper of an -eating-house. Like a flame ready to expire, her genius shed the -brightest light; she was all illumined with it. She would write a few -lines which she threw into the fire, or else copy from books some -thoughts in harmony with the disposition of her soul. She did not -remain long in the Rue Caumartin; she went to live with the Dames -Saint-Michel, in the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques: Madame de Navarre -was the superior of the convent. Lucile had a little cell overlooking -the garden: I noticed that she followed with her eyes, with I know -not what gloomy longing, the nuns who walked in the enclosure around -the vegetable beds. One could guess that she envied the saints and, -going further, aspired to the angels. I will sanctify these Memoirs by -deposing in them, as relics, the following letters of Madame de Caud, -written before she had taken flight for her eternal country: - - "17 _January._ - - "I had placed all my happiness in you and in Madame de - Beaumont; I fled from my cares and my sorrows in the thought - of you two: my whole occupation was to love you. Last night - I made long reflections upon your character and your ways. - As you and I are always near each other, it needs some time, - I think, to know me, such is the variety of ideas in my - head! Such is the opposition of my timidity and my peculiar - external weakness to my real inner strength! Too much about - myself. My illustrious brother, accept my fondest thanks for - all the favours and all the marks of friendship which you - have never ceased to show me. This is the last letter you - will receive from me in the morning. Albeit I communicate - my ideas to you, they nevertheless remain quite completely - within myself." - - (_No date._) - - "Do you seriously, dear, think me safe from some impertinence - on the part of M. Chênedollé? I am quite determined not to - invite him to continue his visits; I resign myself to look - upon Tuesday's as the last. I do not wish to trouble his - politeness. I am closing for ever the book of my fate, and - sealing it with the seal of reason; I shall now consult its - pages no more on the trifles than on the important things of - life. I give up all my foolish notions; I wish neither to - occupy nor to vex myself with those of other people; I will - abandon myself with heart and soul to all the events of my - passage through this world. What a pity that I should pay - myself so much attention! God can now afflict me only in you. - I thank Him for the precious, kind and dear present which He - has made me in your person and for having preserved my life - without stain: those are all my treasures. I could take for - an emblem of my life the moon in a cloud, with this device: - 'Often obscured, never tarnished.' Farewell, dear. You will - perhaps be surprised at my words since yesterday morning. - Since I saw you, my heart has raised itself to God, and I - have laid it wholly at the foot of the Cross, its sole and - true place." - - "_Thursday._ - - "Good-morning, dear. What colour are your ideas this morning? - As for me, I remember that the only person who was able to - relieve me when I was fearing for Madame de Farcy's life was - she who said to me, 'But it is within the range of possible - things that you may die before her.' Could any one have - spoken more to the point? There is nothing, dear, like the - idea of death to rid us of the future. I hasten to rid you of - myself this morning, for I feel myself too much in the mood - to say fine things. Good-bye, my poor brother. Keep joyful." - - (_No date._) - - "While Madame de Farcy lived, always by her side, I had not - noticed the need of being in communion of thought with some - one. I possessed that advantage unconsciously. But since we - lost that friend, and circumstances having separated me from - you, I have known the torture of never being able to refresh - and renew one's mind in some one's conversation; I feel that - my ideas hurt me when I am unable to get rid of them; this - has surely to do with my bad organization. Nevertheless I am - fairly satisfied, since yesterday, with my courage. I pay no - attention to my grief and to the sort of inward faintness - which I feel. I have abandoned myself. Continue to be always - kind to me: before long it will be humanity. Good-bye, dear. - Till soon, I hope." - -[Sidenote: Lucile's letters.] - - (_No date._) - - "Be easy, dear; my health is recovering visibly. I often ask - myself why I take so much pains to bolster it up. I am like a - madman who should build a fortress in the middle of a desert. - Farewell, my poor brother." - - (_No date._) - - "As I have a bad headache to-night, I have just simply, and - at haphazard, written down some thoughts of Fénelon's for - you, so as to keep my promise: - - '"We are confined within narrow limits when we shut ourselves - up in our own existence; on the contrary, we feel at liberty - when we quit this prison to enter into the immensity of God.' - - "'We shall soon find once more all that we have lost We are - daily approaching it with rapid strides. Yet a little while, - and we shall no more have cause to weep. It is we who die: - what we love still lives and shall never die.' - - "'You impart to yourself a deceitful strength, such as a - raging fever gives to a sick man. For some days past, a - sort of convulsive movement has been visible in you, from - the effort to affect an air of gaiety and courage, whilst a - silent anguish filled your soul.' - - "That is as much as my head and my bad pen permit me to - write to you this evening. If you like, I will begin again - to-morrow, and perhaps tell you some more. Good-evening, - dear. I shall never cease telling you that my heart - prostrates itself before that of Fénelon, whose tenderness - seems to me so profound, and his virtue so exalted. Good-bye, - dear. - - "I am awake, and offer you a thousand loves and a hundred - blessings. I feel well this morning and am anxious as to - whether you will be able to read me, and whether those - thoughts of Fénelon's will seem to you well chosen. I fear my - heart has concerned itself too much with the selection." - - (_No date._) - - "Could you think that since yesterday I have been madly - occupied in correcting you? The Blossacs have trusted me - with one of your novels in the greatest secrecy. As I do not - think that you have made the most of your ideas, I am amusing - myself by trying to render them in their full value. Can - audacity go further than that? Forgive me, great man, and - remember that I am your sister, and that I have some little - right to make an ill use of your riches." - - "SAINT-MICHEL. - - "I will no longer say, 'Do not come to see me again,' - because, having from now but a few days to spend in Paris, - I feel that your presence is essential to me. Do not come - to-day until four; I expect to be out till then. Dear, I have - in my head a thousand contradictory ideas touching things - which seem to me to exist and not to exist, which to me have - the effect of objects of which one only caught sight in a - glass, and of which, consequently, one could not make sure, - however distinctly one saw them. I wish to trouble about all - this no longer; from this moment I abandon myself. Unlike - you, I have not the resource of changing banks, but I feel - sufficient courage to attach no importance to the persons - and things on my shore, and to fix myself entirely and - irrevocably in the Author of all justice and all truth. There - is only one displeasure to which I fear that I shall grow - insensible with great difficulty, that of unintentionally, in - passing, striking against the destiny of some other person, - not because of any interest that might be taken in me: I am - not mad enough for that." - - "SAINT-MICHEL. - - "Dear, never did the sound of your voice give me so much - pleasure as when I heard it yesterday on my staircase. My - ideas then strove to overcome my courage. I was seized with - content to feel you so near me; you appeared, and my whole - inner being returned to orderliness. I sometimes feel a great - repugnance at heart to drinking my cup. How can that heart, - which is so small a space, contain so much existence and so - much grief? I am greatly dissatisfied with myself, greatly - dissatisfied. My affairs and my ideas carry me away; I - scarcely occupy myself with God now, and I confine myself to - saying to Him a hundred times a day, 'O Lord, make haste to - hearken unto my prayer, for my spirit waxeth faint.'" - -[Sidenote: More letters from Lucile.] - - - (_No date._) - - "Brother, do not grow weary of my letter, nor of my company; - think that soon you will be for ever released from my - importunities. My life is casting its last light, like a - lamp which has burnt out in the darkness of a long night, - and which sees the rise of the dawn in which it is to die. - Please, brother, cast a single glance at the early moments - of our existence; remember that we have often been seated - on the same lap, and pressed both together to the same - bosom; that already you added tears to mine, that from - the earliest days of your life you protected and defended - my frail existence, that our games united us and that I - shared your first studies. I will not speak to you of our - adolescence, of the innocence of our thoughts and of our - joys, nor of our mutual need to see each other incessantly. - If I retrace the past, I candidly confess, brother, that - it is to make me revive the more in your heart. When you - left France for the second time, you placed your wife in my - hands, you made me promise never to part from her. True to - this dear engagement, I voluntarily stretched out my hands - to the irons, and entered into the regions destined alone - for the victims vowed to death. In those abodes I have had - no anxiety save as to your fate; incessantly I questioned - the forebodings of my heart touching yourself. When I had - recovered my liberty, amidst the ills which came to overwhelm - me, the thought alone of our meeting kept me up. To-day, when - I am irretrievably losing the hope of running my course by - your side, bear with my griefs. I shall become resigned to my - destiny, and it is only because I am still fighting against - it that I suffer such cruel anguish; but when I shall have - grown submissive to my fate.... And what a fate! Where are - my friends, my protectors and my treasures! To whom matters - my existence, that existence abandoned by all, and weighing - down entirely upon itself? My God, are not my present woes - enough for my weakness, without yet adding to them the dread - of the future? Forgive me, my too dear friend, I will resign - myself; I will fall asleep, in a slumber as of death, upon - my destiny. But, during the few days which I have to spend in - this town, let me seek my last consolations in you; let me - believe that my presence is sweet to you. Believe me, among - the hearts that love you, none approaches the sincerity and - tenderness of my impotent friendship for you. Fill my memory - with agreeable recollections, which prolong my existence - beside you. Yesterday, when you spoke to me of coming to - you, you seemed to me anxious and serious, while your words - were affectionate. Why, brother, could I be to you also a - subject of aversion and annoyance? You know it was not I - that proposed the amiable distraction of going to see you, - and that I promised you to make no ill use of it; but, if - you have changed your opinion, why did you not tell me so - frankly? I have no courage to set against your politeness. - Formerly you used to distinguish me a little more from the - common herd and to do me more justice. As you reckon upon me - to-day, I will come to see you presently, at eleven o'clock. - We will arrange together what seems best to you for the - future. I have written to you, feeling sure that I should not - have the courage to say to you a single word of what this - letter contains." - -This so affecting and quite admirable letter is the last which I -received; it alarmed me through the increase of sadness of which it -bears the impress. I hurried to the Dames Saint-Michel; my sister was -walking in the garden with Madame de Navarre; she went in when she knew -that I had gone up to her room. She made visible efforts to collect her -ideas, and at intervals she had a slight convulsive movement of the -lips. I entreated her to return entirely to reason, to cease writing -such unjust things to me, things that rent my heart, to cease thinking -that I could ever grow weary of her. She appeared to grow a little -calmer at the words which I repeated to distract and console her. She -told me that she believed that the convent was doing her harm, that she -would feel better living alone, in the neighbourhood of the Jardin des -Plantes, there where she could see doctors and walk about. I urged her -to please her own taste, adding that in order to help Virginie, her -maid, I would give her old Saint-Germain. This proposal seemed to give -her great pleasure, in memory of Madame de Beaumont, and she assured me -that she would go to look out for her new lodging. She asked me how I -was thinking of spending the summer. I said that I should go to Vichy -to join my wife, and then to M. Joubert at Villeneuve, to return to -Paris from there. I suggested to her to accompany us. She answered that -she wished to spend the summer alone, and that she was going to send -Virginie back to Fougères. I left her; she was more at ease. - -Madame de Chateaubriand left for Vichy, and I prepared to follow her. -Before leaving Paris I went again to see Lucile. She was affectionate; -she spoke to me of her little writings. I encouraged the great poet to -work; she kissed me, wished me a good journey, made me promise to come -back soon. She saw me to the landing of the staircase, leant over the -baluster, and quietly watched me go down. When I reached the bottom I -stopped, and lifting my head, cried to the unhappy woman who was still -looking at me: - -"Farewell, dear sister! I shall see you soon! Take great care of -yourself! Write to me at Villeneuve. I will write to you. I hope that -next winter you will agree to live with us." - -[Sidenote: Death of Lucile.] - -That evening I saw the worthy Saint-Germain; I gave him orders and some -money, so that he might secretly reduce the prices of anything she -might require. I enjoined him to keep me informed of everything and not -to fail to call me back in case he should want to see me. Three months -passed. When I reached Villeneuve, I found two fairly tranquillizing -letters about Madame de Caud's health: but Saint-Germain forgot to -speak to me of my sister's new lodging. I had begun to write her a long -letter, when suddenly Madame de Chateaubriand fell dangerously ill: I -was at her bedside when I was brought a new letter from Saint-Germain; -I opened it: a withering line told me of the sudden death of Lucile. - -I have cared for many tombs in my life: it fell to my lot and to my -sister's destiny that her ashes should be flung to the skies. I was not -in Paris when she died; I had no relations there; kept at Villeneuve by -my wife's critical condition, I was unable to go to the sacred remains; -orders sent from a distance arrived too late to prevent a common -burial. Lucile knew no one and had not a friend; she was known only to -Madame de Beaumont's old servant: it was as though he had been charged -to link two destinies. He alone followed the forsaken coffin, and he -himself was dead before Madame de Chateaubriand's sufferings allowed me -to bring her back to Paris. - -My sister was buried among the poor: in what grave-yard was she laid? -In what motionless wave of an ocean of dead was she swallowed up? In -what house did she die, after leaving the community of the Dames de -Saint-Michel? If, by making researches, if, by examining the archives -of the municipalities, the registers of the parishes, I should come -across my sister's name, what would that avail me[688]? Should I -find the same keeper of the cemetery? Should I find the man who dug -a grave that remained nameless and unlabelled? Would the rough hands -that were the last to touch so pure a clay have remembered it? What -nomenclator of the shades could point out to me the obliterated tomb? -Might he not make a mistake as to the dust? Since Heaven has willed it -so, let Lucile be for ever lost! I find in this absence of locality a -distinction from the burials of my other friends. My predecessor in -this world and in the next is praying to the Redeemer for me; she is -praying to Him from the midst of the pauper remains among which her -own lie confounded: even so does Lucile's mother and mine rest lost -among the preferred of Jesus Christ. God will certainly have been able -to recognise my sister; and she, who was so little attached to earth, -ought to leave no trace there. She has left me, that sainted genius. -Not a day has passed but I have wept for her. Lucile loved to hide -herself; I have made her a solitude in my heart: she shall leave it -only when I shall have ceased to live[689]. - -Those are the true, the only events of my real life! What mattered -to me, at the moment when I was losing my sister, the thousands of -soldiers falling on the battlefields, the destruction of thrones, the -changes in the face of the world? - -Lucile's death struck at the sources of my soul: it was my childhood -in the midst of my family, the first vestiges of my existence, that -were disappearing. Our life resembles those frail buildings, shored -up in the sky by flying buttresses: they do not crumble at once, but -become loose piecemeal; they still support some gallery or other, while -already they have become separated from the chancel or vault of the -edifice. Madame de Chateaubriand, still bruised by Lucile's imperious -whims, saw only a deliverance for the Christian who had gone to rest in -the Lord. Let us be gentle if we would be regretted; the loftiness of -genius and the higher qualities are mourned only by the angels. But I -cannot enter into the consolation of Madame de Chateaubriand. - -* - -[Sidenote: My journey to the East.] - -When, returning to Paris by the Burgundy road, I caught sight of the -cupola of the Val-de-Grâce and the dome of Sainte-Geneviève, which -overlooks the Jardin des Plantes, my heart was broken: one more -companion of my life left on the wayside! We went back to the Hôtel de -Coislin, and although M. de Fontanes, M. Joubert, M. de Clausel, M. -Molé came to spend the evenings with me, I was distraught by so many -memories and thoughts that I was utterly exhausted. Remaining alone -behind the objects that had quitted me, like a foreign mariner whose -engagement has expired, and who has neither home nor country, I struck -the shore with my foot; I longed to swim in a new ocean to refresh -myself and cross it. Nursed on Mount Pindus, a crusader to Hierosolyma, -I was impatient to go to mingle my loneliness with the ruins of Athens, -my tears with those of the Magdalen. - -I went to see my family[690] in Brittany, returned to Paris, and -left for Trieste on the 13th of July 1806; Madame de Chateaubriand -accompanied me as far as Venice, where M. Ballanche came to join her. - -As my life is set forth hour by hour in the _Itinéraire_, I should -have no more to say here, if I had not kept some hitherto unknown -letters written or received during and after my voyage. Julien, my -servant and companion, wrote his own Itinerary side by side with mine, -just as passengers on a vessel keep their private logs on a journey -of discovery. The little manuscript which he places at my disposal -will serve as a check upon my narrative: I shall be Cook, he will be -Clarke[691]. - -In order to bring into clearer light the different manner in which one -is impressed according to one's place in the social order and in the -intellectual hierarchy, I will mingle my narrative with Julien's[692]. -I shall let him begin by speaking first, because he relates some days' -sailing without me from Modon to Smyrna. - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "We went on board[693] on Friday the 1st of August; but, - the wind not being favourable to leave harbour, we waited - until daybreak the next morning. Then the harbour-pilot - came to tell us that he could bring us out. As I had never - been on the sea, I had formed an exaggerated idea of the - danger, for I saw none during two days. But, on the third, a - tempest rose; lightning, thunder and, in short, a terrible - storm attacked us and beat up the sea frightfully. Our - crew consisted of only eight sailors, a captain, a mate, a - pilot and a cook, and five passengers, including Monsieur - and myself, which made seventeen men in all. Then we all - set ourselves to help the seamen in furling the sails, in - spite of the rain with which we were soon drenched, having - taken off our coats to move more freely. This work filled my - thoughts and made me forget the danger, which, indeed, is - more terrible through the idea which one forms of it than it - is in reality. The storms followed one another during two - days, which seasoned me in my first days of sea-faring; I was - in no way inconvenienced. Monsieur was afraid lest I should - be ill at sea; when calm set in again, he said to me: - - "'Now I am reassured about your health; as you have borne - these two stormy days so well, you can set your mind at rest - as to any other mischance.' - - "None occurred during the remainder of our crossing to - Smyrna. On the 10th, which was a Sunday, Monsieur made them - heave-to near a Turkish town called Modon, where he landed to - go to Greece. Among the passengers who were with us were two - Milanese, who were going to Smyrna to follow their trade of - tinmen and pewter-founders. One of the two, called Joseph, - spoke the Turkish language fairly well, and Monsieur proposed - that he should go with him as servant interpreter, and - mentions him in his _Itinéraire._ He told us, on leaving us, - that the journey would only take a few days, that he would - join the vessel at an island where we were to pass in four - or five days, and that he would wait for us in that island - if he arrived there before us. As Monsieur found that man to - suit him for that short journey[694], he left me on board - to continue my voyage to Smyrna and to look after all our - luggage. He had given me a letter of recommendation to the - French Consul, in case he did not join us, which was what - happened. On the fourth day, we arrived at the appointed - island and Monsieur was not there. We passed the night and - waited for him till seven o'clock in the morning. The captain - went back on shore to leave word that he was compelled to - go on, having a fair wind and being obliged to take his - crossing into consideration. Besides, he saw a pirate who was - trying to approach us, and it was urgent that we should place - ourselves promptly on the defensive. He made the men load his - four pieces of cannon and bring on deck his muskets, pistols - and side-arms; but, as the wind favoured us, the pirate gave - us up. We arrived, on Monday the 18th, at seven o'clock in - the evening, at the port of Smyrna." - - * - - [Sidenote: Greece.] - - After crossing Greece, and touching Zea and Chio, I found - Julien at Smyrna. To-day I see Greece in my memory as one - of those dazzling circles which one sometimes beholds on - closing one's eyes. Against that mysterious phosphorescence - are outlined ruins of a delicate and admirable architecture, - the whole rendered still more resplendent by I know not - what brightness of the Muses. When shall I see again the - thyme of Mount Hymettus, the oleanders of the banks of the - Eurotas? One of the men whom I have left with the greatest - envy on foreign shores is the Turkish custom-house officer - of the Piræus: he lived alone, the guardian of three - deserted ports, turning his gaze over bluey isles, gleaming - promontories, golden seas. There I heard nought save the - sound of the billows in the shattered tomb of Themistocles - and the murmur of distant memories; in the silence of the - ruins of Sparta, fame itself was dumb. - - In the cradle of Melesigene I left my poor dragoman, - Joseph, the Milanese, at his tinman's shop, and set out for - Constantinople. I went to Pergamos, wishing first to go to - Troy, from motives of poetic piety; a fall from my horse - awaited me at the commencement of my road; not that Pegasus - stumbled, but I slept. I have recalled this accident in my - _Itinéraire_; Julien relates it also, and he makes remarks - concerning the roads and the horses to the exactness of which - I can certify. - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "Monsieur, who had fallen asleep on his horse, tumbled off - without waking. His horse stopped forthwith, as did mine, - which followed it. I at once alighted to know the reason, for - it was impossible for me to see it at a fathom's distance. - I saw Monsieur half asleep beside his horse, and quite - astonished to find himself on the ground; he assured me that - he had not hurt himself. His horse did not try to run away, - which would have been dangerous, for there were precipices - very near to the spot where we were." - - On leaving the Soma, after passing Pergamos, I had the - dispute with my guide which I describe in the _Itinéraire._ - Here is Julien's version: - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "We left that village very early, after renewing our canteen. - A little way from the village, I was greatly surprised to - see Monsieur angry with our guide; I asked him the reason. - Monsieur then told me that he had arranged with the guide, - at Smyrna, that he would take him to the plains of Troy on - the way, and that he was now refusing, saying that the plains - were infested with brigands. Monsieur declined to believe - a word of it, and would listen to no one. As I saw that he - was getting more and more out of temper, I made a sign to - the guide to come near the interpreter and the janissary to - explain to me what he had been told about the dangers to be - risked in the plains which Monsieur wished to visit. The - guide told the interpreter that he had been assured that one - had to be in great numbers not to be attacked; the janissary - told me the same thing. Thereupon I went to Monsieur and - told him what they had all three said, and that, besides, we - should find a little village at a day's march where there - was a sort of consul who would be able to inform us of the - truth. After this statement, Monsieur composed himself, and - we continued our road till we reached that place. He at - once went to the consul, who told him of all the dangers he - would risk if he persisted in his wish to go in such small - numbers to those plains of Troy. Thereupon Monsieur was - obliged to abandon his project, and we continued our road for - Constantinople." - -[Sidenote: Constantinople.] - -I arrived at Constantinople. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "The almost total absence of women, the dearth of wheeled - carriages, and the packs of ownerless dogs were the three - distinctive characteristics that first struck me in this - extraordinary town. As nearly every one walks in papouches, - as there is no noise of carriages and carts, as there are - no bells and scarcely any hammering trades, the silence - is continual. You see around you a voiceless crowd which - seems to wish to pass unnoticed, and which always looks as - though it were stealing away from its master's sight. You - constantly come to a bazaar or a cemetery, as though the - Turks were only there to buy, sell, or die. The cemeteries, - unwalled and placed in the middle of the streets, are - magnificent cypress-woods: the doves build their nests in the - cypress-trees and share the peace of the dead. Here and there - one discovers some ancient monuments which have no connection - with the modern men, nor with the new monuments by which they - are surrounded; it is as though they had been transported to - this eastern town by the working of a talisman. No sign of - joy, no appearance of happiness shows itself to your eyes; - what you see is not a people but a herd whom an iman drives - and a janissary slays. Amidst the prisons and the gaols rises - a seraglio, the capitol of servitude: it is there that a - sacred guardian carefully preserves the germs of pestilence - and the primitive laws of tyranny." - -Julien does not soar so near the clouds[695]. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "We were about two hundred passengers on the ship, men, - women, children and old people. As many mats lay ranged in - rows on both sides of the steerage. In this kind of republic, - each kept house as he pleased: the women looked after their - children, the men smoked or prepared their dinners, the - popes talked together. On every side was heard the sound - of mandolines, fiddles and lyres. They sang, they danced, - they laughed, they prayed. Every one was joyful. They said - to me, 'Jerusalem!' pointing to the south; and I replied, - 'Jerusalem!' In short, but for the fright, we should have - been the happiest people in the world; but at the least wind - the seamen furled the sails, the pilgrims cried, '_Christos, - Kyrie eleison!_' When the storm had passed, we resumed our - boldness." - -Here I am beaten by Julien. - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "We had to busy ourselves with our departure for Jaffa, which - took place on Thursday the 18th of September. We embarked on - board a Greek ship, where there were at least, men, women, - and children, one hundred and fifty Greeks who were going on - a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, which caused much disturbance on - board. - - "Like the other passengers, we too had our supply of - provisions and our cooking utensils, which I had bought in - Constantinople. I had, besides, a further and fairly complete - supply which M. l'Ambassadeur had given us, consisting of - very fine biscuits, hams, sausages, saveloys, different sorts - of wine, rum, sugar, lemons, and even quinine-wine against - the fever. I was therefore furnished with a very plentiful - provision, which I husbanded and only consumed with great - economy, knowing that we had more than this one crossing to - make: everything was locked up where the passengers were not - allowed to go. - - "Our crossing, which lasted only thirteen days, seemed - very long to me through all sorts of unpleasantness and - uncleanliness on board. During several days of bad weather - which we encountered, the women and children were sick, - throwing up everywhere, so much so that we were obliged to - leave our cabin and sleep on deck. There we took our meals - much more comfortably than elsewhere, as we decided to wait - until all our Greeks had finished their littering." - -[Sidenote: Mount Carmel.] - -I passed through the Dardanelles, touched at Rhodes, and took a pilot -for the Syrian coast. We were stopped by a calm below the Asiatic -continent, almost opposite the old Cape Chelidonia. We remained two -days at sea without knowing where we were. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "The weather was so fine and the air so mild that all the - passengers spent the night on deck. I had contended for a - place on the quarter-deck with two fat caloyers, who yielded - it to me only after much grumbling. I was lying asleep there - at six o'clock in the morning on the 30th of September, - when I was aroused by a confused noise of voices: I opened - my eyes, and saw the pilgrims looking towards the prow of - the vessel. I asked what it was; they shouted '_Signor, - il Carmelo!_' Mount Carmel! The wind had risen at eight - o'clock the previous evening, and we had arrived in sight of - the Syrian coast during the night. As I was sleeping fully - dressed, I was soon on my feet, asking the whereabouts of the - sacred mountain. Everyone was eager to point it out to me; - but I perceived nothing, owing to the sun which was beginning - to rise opposite to us. That moment had about it something - religious and august: all the pilgrims, their beads in their - hands, had remained silently in the same attitude, awaiting - the apparition of the Holy Land; the chief of the popes - prayed aloud: one heard only that prayer and the sound of the - running of the vessel, which the most favourable wind was - impelling across a dazzling sea. From time to time a shout - rose from the prow, when one caught sight of Mount Carmel - again. At last I myself perceived the mountain, like a round - patch beneath the rays of the sun. I then went on my knees in - the manner of the Latins. I did not feel the peculiar trouble - which I experienced on discovering the coast of Greece: but - the sight of the cradle of the Israelites and the native land - of the Christians filled me with joy and respect. I was about - to step upon the land of prodigies, near the sources of the - most astounding poetry, in the region where, even humanly - speaking, the greatest event took place that ever changed the - face of the world. . . . . . . . . . . - - "The wind dropped at noon; it rose again at four o'clock; but - through the ignorance of the pilot we went beyond our aim.... - At two o'clock in the afternoon we saw Jaffa again. - - "A boat left the shore with three monks. I stepped into the - launch with them; we entered the harbour through an opening - effected between the rocks, and dangerous even for a ship's - boat. - - "The Arabs on the beach came out into the water to their - waists, in order to take us on their shoulders. Then there - followed a rather laughable scene: my servant was dressed in - a whitish frock-coat; white being the colour of distinction - among the Arabs, they deemed that Julien was the sheik. They - caught hold of him and carried him off in triumph, despite - his protests, while, thanks to my blue coat, I made my escape - humbly on the back of a ragged beggar." - -Now let us hear Julien, the principal actor in the scene: - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "What surprised me greatly was to see six Arabs come to carry - me on land, while there were only two for Monsieur, which - amused him much, to see me carried like a reliquary. I do not - know whether my apparel seemed to them more brilliant than - Monsieur's: he wore a brown frock-coat and buttons of the - same; mine was whitish, with buttons of white metal which - gave off a certain gleam in the bright sunshine: this may, no - doubt, have caused the mistake. - - "We went, on Wednesday the 1st of October, to the monks of - Jaffa, who belong to the Order of Cordeliers, speaking Latin - and Italian, but very little French. They received us very - well, and did all that in them lay to procure for us all we - needed." - -I arrived in Jerusalem. On the advice of the Fathers of the convent, -I passed quickly through the Holy City to go to the Jordan. After -stopping at the monastery at Bethlehem, I set out with an Arab escort; -I stopped at St. Sabas. At midnight, I found myself on the shore of the -Dead Sea. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "When one travels in Judæa, at first the heart is seized - with a great sense of tediousness; but when, as you pass from - solitude to solitude, space stretches limitless before your - eyes, that feeling gradually wears away, and you experience - a secret terror which, far from casting down the soul, gives - courage and raises the spirit. Extraordinary views discover - on every side a land laboured by miracles: the burning sun, - the swooping eagle, the barren fig-tree, all the poetry, all - the scenes of the Scriptures are there. Every name contains - a mystery; every grotto declares the future; every summit - resounds with a prophet's accents. God Himself has spoken on - those shores: the dried-up torrents, the cleft rocks, the - half-open tombs testify to the working of wonders; the desert - appears to be still mute with terror, and it is as though - it had not ventured to break the silence since it heard the - voice of the Almighty. - - "We descended from the brow of the mountain, in order to go - to spend the night on the shore of the Dead Sea, and next to - go up to the Jordan[696]. - - . . . . . . . . . . - - "We broke up our camp, and made our way for an hour and a - half with excessive difficulty through a fine white dust. - We were proceeding towards a small wood of balsam-trees and - tamarinds, which I saw to my great astonishment rising from - the midst of a sterile soil. Suddenly the Bethlemites stopped - and pointed to something which I had not perceived, at the - bottom of a ravine. Without being able to say what it was, I - caught a glimpse as though of a kind of sand moving over the - immobility of the soil. I approached this singular object, - and I saw a yellow river which I had some difficulty in - distinguishing from the sand of its two banks. It was deeply - embanked, and flowed slowly in a thick stream: it was the - Jordan.... - - "The Bethlemites stripped and plunged into the Jordan. I did - not dare to follow their lead, because of the fever which - still troubled me." - -[Sidenote: Jerusalem.] - -We returned to Jerusalem; Julien was not much struck with the sacred -places: like a true philosopher, he was dry[697]. - -I left Jerusalem, arrived at Jaffa, and took ship for Alexandria. From -Alexandria I went to Cairo, and I left Julien with M. Drovetti, who had -the kindness to charter an Austrian vessel for me for Tunis. Julien -continued his journal at Alexandria: - -"There are Jews here," he says, "who gamble in stocks, as they do -wherever they are. Half a league from the city stands Pompey's Column, -which is in reddish granite, mounted on a block of hewn stone." - - MY ITINERARY. - - "On the 23rd of November, at midday, the wind having - become favourable, I went on board the vessel. I embraced - M. Drovetti on the shore, and we made mutual promises of - friendship and remembrance: I am paying my debt to-day. - - "We heaved the anchor at two o'clock. A pilot brought us - out of harbour. The wind was faint and southerly. We kept - for three days within sight of Pompey's Column, which we - discovered on the horizon. On the evening of the third day we - heard the evening gun of the port of Alexandria. This was as - it were the signal for our definite departure, for the north - wind rose and we made sail for the west. - - "On the 1st of December, the wind, veering due west, stopped - our way. Gradually it fell to the south-west and turned into - a tempest which did not cease until we reached Tunis. To - occupy my time, I copied out and set in order my notes on - this voyage and my descriptions for the _Martyrs._ At night, - I walked the deck with the mate, Captain Dinelli. Nights - spent amid the waves, on a vessel beaten by the storm, are - not barren; the uncertainty of our future gives objects - their true value: the land, contemplated from the midst of a - tempestuous sea, resembles life as it presents itself to a - man about to die[698]." - -We continued our voyage and anchored before the Kerkenna Isles. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "A gale rose, to our great delight, from the south-east, and - in five days we arrived in the waters of the island of Malta. - We came into sight of it on Christmas Eve; but, on Christmas - Day, the wind, shifting to west-north-west, drove us to the - south of Lampedusa. We remained for eighteen days off the - east coast of the Kingdom of Tunis, between life and death. - I shall never in my life forget the day of the 28th. - - "We cast anchor before the Kerkenna Isles. For eight days - we lay at anchor in the Gulf of Cabes, where I saw the - commencement of the year 1807. Under how many planets and - amid what varied fortunes had I already seen the years renew - for me, years which pass so quickly or which are so long! - How far away from me were those times of my childhood in - which, with a heart beating with joy, I received the paternal - blessing and the paternal gifts! How I used to look forward - to New Year's Day! And now, on a foreign vessel, in the - middle of the sea, within sight of a barbarous land, that New - Year's Day sped for me without witnesses, without pleasures, - without the kisses of my family, without the fond wishes of - happiness which a mother shapes with such sincerity for her - sons! That day, born in the womb of the tempests, let fall on - my head nought but cares, regrets and silver hairs." - - -[Sidenote: The Kerkenna Isles.] - -Julien is exposed to the same fate, and he rebukes me for one of those -fits of impatience of which I have, fortunately, corrected myself. - - JULIEN'S ITINERARY. - - "We were very near the island of Malta, and we had reason - to fear that we might be seen by some English vessel, which - could have forced us to enter the harbour; but we encountered - none. Our crew was greatly exhausted, and the wind continued - to be unfavourable to us. The captain, seeing on his chart - an anchorage called Kerkenna, from which we were at no great - distance, made sail for it without telling Monsieur, who, - seeing that we were approaching that anchorage, became angry - at not having been consulted, and said to the captain that - he ought to continue his course, having been through worse - weather. But we had gone too far to resume our course, and - besides, the captain's prudence was highly approved, for - that night the wind grew much stronger and the sea very bad. - Finding that we were obliged to remain in the anchoring-place - four-and-twenty hours longer than was foreseen, Monsieur gave - the captain lively marks of his discontent, in spite of the - good reasons which the latter gave him. - - "We had been a month at sea, and we only wanted seven or - eight hours to reach the port of Tunis. Suddenly the wind - became so violent that we were obliged to stand out to sea, - and we remained three weeks without being able to touch the - port. Thereupon Monsieur once more reproached the captain - with having wasted thirty-six hours at the anchorage. It was - impossible to persuade him that a greater misfortune would - have befallen us if the captain had been less foreseeing. - The misfortune which I anticipated was to see our provisions - diminishing, without knowing when we should arrive." - -At last I trod Carthaginian soil. I found the most generous hospitality -at the hands of M. and Madame Devoise. Julien describes my host well; -he also speaks of the country and the Jews: - -"They pray and weep," says he. - -An American man-of-war brig gave me a passage on board, and I crossed -the lake of Tunis to go to the port. - -"On the way," says Julien, "I asked Monsieur if he had taken the gold -which he had put into the writing-table in his bed-room; he told me he -had forgotten it, and I was obliged to return to Tunis." - -I can never keep money in my mind. - -When I arrived from Alexandria, we cast anchor opposite the ruins of -the city of Hannibal[699]. I looked at them from the deck without -guessing what they were. I saw a few Moorish huts, a Mussulman -hermitage on the point of a prominent head-land, some sheep grazing -among ruins, ruins so unapparent that I could hardly distinguish them -from the ground on which they stood: that was Carthage. I visited it -before embarking for Europe. - - MY ITINERARY. - - "From the top of Byrsa, the eye embraces the ruins of - Carthage, which are more numerous than is generally believed: - they resemble those of Sparta, having nothing in a good state - of preservation, but occupying a considerable space. I saw - them in the month of February; the fig-trees, olive-trees, - and carobs were already putting out their young leaves; - large angelicas and acanthas formed tufts of verdure among - the ruins of marble of every colour. In the distance, I - turned my gaze over the isthmus, a two-fold sea, far islands, - a smiling country-side, bluey lakes, azured mountains; I - descried forests, ships, aqueducts, Moorish villages, - Mohammedan hermitages, minarets, and the white houses of - Tunis. Millions of starlings, gathered into battalions and - resembling clouds, flew above my head. Surrounded by the - greatest and most touching memories, I thought of Dido[700], - of Sophonisba[701], of Hasdrubal's noble spouse[702]; I - viewed the vast plains in which the legions of Hannibal, - Scipio[703], and Cæsar[704] lie buried; my eyes tried to - recognise the site of the Palace of Utica. Alas, the remains - of the palace of Tiberius[705] still exist at Capri, and we - look in vain at Utica for the spot where stood Cato's[706] - house! Lastly, the terrible Vandals, the light Moors passed - in turn before my memory, which showed me, as a final - picture, St. Louis dying on the ruins of Carthage[707]." - -* - -[Sidenote: The ruins of Carthage.] - -Julien, like myself, takes his last view of Africa at Carthage[708]. - -Julien briefly narrates our passage from Tunis to the Bay of Gibraltar; -from Algeciras he promptly arrives at Cadiz, and from Cadiz at Granada. -Careless of Blanca, he observes only that "the Alhambra and other lofty -buildings stand on rocks of immense height." My own _Itinéraire_ does -not give many more details on Granada; I content myself with saying: - -"The Alhambra seems to me to be worthy of note, even after the temples -of Greece. The valley of Granada is delightful, and much resembles -that of Sparta: it is easy to conceive that the Moors regret so fine a -country." - -I have described the Alhambra in the _Dernier des Abencerages._[709] -The Alhambra, the Generalife, the Monte-Santo are impressed upon my -mind like those fantastic landscapes of which often, at peep of day, -one imagines that one catches a glimpse in the first brilliant ray of -the dawn. I still feel that I possess sufficient sense of nature to -paint the Vega[710]; but I should not dare to attempt it, for fear -of "the Archbishop of Granada[711]." During my stay in the town of -the sultanas, a guitar-player, driven by an earthquake from a village -through which I had just passed, had devoted himself to me. Deaf as a -post, he followed me wherever I went: when I sat down on a ruin in the -Palace of the Moors, he stood and sang by my side, accompanying himself -on his guitar. The harmonious vagrant would not perhaps have composed -the symphony of the _Creation_[712], but his dusky skin showed through -his tattered cloak, and he would have had a great need to write as did -Beethoven[713] to Fraülein Breuning: - -"Revered Eleonora, my dearest friend, how gladly would I be the -possessor of a rabbits'-wool waistcoat of your knitting." - -I travelled from end to end of that Spain in which, sixteen years -later, Heaven reserved to me a great part, that of aiding in stamping -out anarchy in a noble nation and delivering a Bourbon: the honour of -our arms was restored, and I should have saved the Legitimacy, had the -Legitimacy been able to understand the conditions of its continuance. - -Julien does not allow me to escape until he has brought me back to -the Place Louis XV. at three o'clock in the afternoon of the 5th of -June 1807. From Granada he conducts me to Aranjuez, to Madrid, to the -Escurial, whence he jumps to Bayonne. - - "We left Bayonne," he says, "on Tuesday the 9th of May, for - Pau, Tarbes, Barèges and Bordeaux, where we arrived on the - 18th, very tired, and both with a touch of fever. We left on - the 19th and went to Angoulême and Tours, and we arrived on - the 28th at Blois, where we slept. On the 31st we continued - our journey to Orleans, and later we spent our last night at - Angerville." - -* - -[Sidenote: Back in France.] - -I was there, at one stage from a country-seat[714] whose inhabitants -my long voyage had not caused me to forget. But the gardens of Armida, -where were they? Two or three times, when returning to the Pyrenees, -I have caught sight of the Column of Méréville[715]; like Pompey's -Column, it acquainted me with the presence of the desert: like my -fortunes at sea, all has changed. - -I reached Paris before the news I sent of myself: I had out-distanced -my life. Insignificant as are the letters which I wrote, I go -through them as one looks over inferior sketches representing the -places one has visited. Those notes, dated from Modon, Athens, Zea, -Constantinople, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Tunis, Granada, Madrid, -and Burgos, those lines written on every manner of paper, with every -manner of ink, carried by all the winds, interest me. I love unrolling -even my very firmans: it is a pleasure to me to touch the vellum, to -observe the elegant caligraphy, to wonder at the pomp of the style. -How great a personage I must have been! And what poor devils we are, -with our letters and our forty-sou passports, beside those lords of the -turban! - -Osman Seïd, Pasha of Morea, thus addresses to whomsoever it may concern -my firman for Athens: - - "Men of law of the townships of Misitra[716] and Argos, - cadis, nadirs, and eflendis, of whom may the wisdom ever - increase; you who are the honour of your peers and our - great men, vaïvodes, and you through whose eyes your master - sees, who replace him in each of your jurisdictions, public - officers and business men, whose credit can only grow greater. - - "We inform you that of the nobles of France, one noble in - particular from Paris, the bearer of this order, accompanied - by an armed janissary and by a servant as his escort, has - solicited permission and explained his intention to pass - through some of the places and localities which are within - your jurisdictions in order to go to Athens, which is an - isthmus lying beyond and separated from your jurisdictions. - - "Wherefore, effendis, vaïvodes, and all others - above-mentioned, when the aforesaid person shall arrive at - the places subject to your jurisdiction, you shall take the - greatest care that he be treated with all the particular - consideration of which friendship makes a law, etc., etc - - "Year 1221 of the Hegira." - -My passport from Constantinople for Jerusalem says: - - "To the sublime tribunal of His Grandeur the Cadi of - Kouds[717], Scherif and Most Excellent Effendi: - - "Most Excellent Effendi, may Your Grandeur seated on your - august tribunal accept our sincere blessings and our - affectionate greetings. - - "We inform you that a noble personage from the Court of - France, named François Auguste de Chateaubriand, is at - present on his way towards you to make the _holy_ pilgrimage - (of the Christians)." - -Would we extend a like protection to the unknown traveller with the -mayors and gendarmes who inspect his passport? In these firmans we can -also read the revolutions of the nations: how many "permits" has it -required that God should grant to the empires, before a Tartar slave -could lay orders upon a vaïvode of Misistra, that is, a magistrate of -Sparta; before a Mussulman could recommend a Christian to the Cadi of -Kouds, that is, of Jerusalem! - -The _Itinéraire_ has entered into the elements that compose my life. -When I set out in 1806, a pilgrimage to Jerusalem appeared a great -undertaking. Now that the crowd has followed in my steps and that the -whole world is in the diligence, the wonder of it has vanished; I have -little left of my own save Tunis: people have travelled less in that -direction, and it has been allowed that I pointed out the real sights -of the ports of Carthage. This creditable letter proves it: - - "MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE, - - "I have just received a plan of the ground and ruins of - Carthage, giving the exact outlines and inclinations of the - soil; it has been taken trigonometrically on a basis of - 1500 meters, and rests upon barometrical observations made - with corresponding barometers. It is a work of ten years - of precision and patience; and it confirms your opinions - regarding the position of the ports of Byrsa. - - "With this exact plan I have gone over all the ancient texts, - and have, I believe, determined the outer circumference and - the other portions of the Cothon, Byrsa, Megara, etc., etc. - I wish to do you the right which is your due upon so many - scores. - - "If you are not afraid to see me swoop down upon your genius - with my trigonometry and my heavy erudition, I will be with - you at the first sign from yourself. If we, my father[718] - and I, follow you in literature _longissimo intervallo_, - at least we shall have tried to imitate you in the noble - independence of which you set France so fine an example. - - "I have the honour to be, and I am proud of it, your frank - admirer, - - "DUREAU DE LA MALLE[719]." - -[Sidenote: My geographical accuracy.] - -So accurate a rectification of localities would formerly have been -sufficient to give me a name in geography. From this time forward, -if I still had a mania for being talked about, I do not know where -I could go in order to attract the attention of the public: perhaps -I should resume my old plan of discovering the passage to the North -Pole; perhaps I should ascend the Ganges. There I should see the long, -straight, dark line of the woods which defend the approach to the -Himalayas; when, after reaching the neck which joins the two principal -peaks of Mount Ganghur, I descried the immeasurable amphitheatre of -the eternal snows, and should ask my guides, as did Heber[720], the -Anglican Bishop of Calcutta, the name of the other mountains in the -East, they would reply that they marked the border of the Chinese -Empire: well and good! But to return from the Pyramids is as though -you returned from Montlhéry[721]. By the by, I remember that a pious -antiquary, who lived near Saint-Denis in France wrote to me to ask if -Pontoise did not resemble Jerusalem. - -The last page of the _Itinéraire_ is as though I had written it this -moment, so exactly does it reproduce my present sentiments. - - "For twenty years," I said, "I have devoted myself to study - amid hazards and troubles of every kind, _diversa exsilia et - desertas quærere terras_: many of the pages of my books have - been written under canvas, in the deserts, upon the ocean; I - have often held the pen without knowing how I should for a - few instants prolong my existence.... If Heaven grant me a - repose which I have never tasted, I will try in silence to - raise a monument to my country; if Providence refuse me that - repose, I must think only of shielding my last days from the - cares which have embittered the first. I am no longer young, - I no longer have the love of fame; I know that literature, - the commerce of which is so sweet when it is secret, only - draws down storms upon us from the outside. In any case, I - have written enough if my name is to live; far too much if it - is to die." - -It is possible that my _Itinéraire_ may survive as a manual for the -use of Wandering Jews like myself: I have scrupulously noted the -halting-places, and drawn a map of the roads. All the travellers to -Jerusalem have written to congratulate me and thank me for my accuracy; -I will quote one witness[722]. - -* - -I see before me, of the sites of Syria, Egypt and Carthage, only -the spots in harmony with my solitary nature; these pleased me -independently of antiquity, art or history. The Pyramids struck me not -so much on account of their size, as of the desert against which they -were set; Diocletian's Column did not catch my eye as did the segments -of the sea along the sands of Lybia. At the Pelusian mouth of the Nile, -I should not have wished fora monument to remind me of the scene thus -depicted by Plutarch: - - "The enfranchised slave, casting his eyes over the shore, - spied the old remains of a fishing-boat, which, though not - large, would make a sufficient pile for a poor naked body - that was not quite entire. While he was collecting the pieces - of plank, and putting them together, an old Roman, who had - made some of his first campaigns under Pompey, came up, and - said to Philip: - - "Who are you that are preparing the funeral of Pompey the - Great?' - - "Philip answered: - - "'I am his freedman.' - - "'But you shall not,' said the old Roman, 'have this honour - entirely to yourself. As a work of piety offers itself, let - me have a share in it; that I may not absolutely repent my - having passed so many years in a foreign country; but, to - compensate many misfortunes, may have the consolation of - doing some of the last honours to the greatest general Rome - ever produced[723].'" - -Cæsar's rival no longer has a tomb near Lybia, and a young Lybian -slave-girl has received burial at the hands of a Pompey not far from -the Rome whence the great Pompey was banished. From these freaks of -fortune one conceives how the Christians used to go and hide themselves -in the Thebaïde[724]. - -The winds have scattered the personages of Europe, Asia, Africa, -amid whom I appeared and of whom I have told you: one fell from the -Acropolis at Athens, another from the shore of Chios, another flung -himself from Mount Sion, yet another will never emerge from the waves -of the Nile or the tanks of Carthage. The places themselves have -changed: in the same way, as in America, cities have sprung up where I -saw forests, an empire is being formed on those sands of Egypt where -my eyes encountered only "horizons bare and rounded like the boss of a -shield," as the Arab poems say, "and wolves so thin that their jaws are -like a cleft stick." Greece has recovered the liberty which I wished -her when travelling across her under the guard of a janissary. But -does she enjoy her national liberty, or has she merely changed her yoke? - -[Sidenote: The future of the East.] - -In some measure I am the last visitor of the Turkish Empire under -its old customs. The revolutions which have everywhere immediately -preceded, or followed upon, my footsteps have spread over Greece, -Syria, Egypt. Is a new East about to be formed? What will it bring -forth? Shall we receive our just punishment for having taught -the modern art of warfare to nations whose social state is based -upon slavery and polygamy? Have we carried civilization beyond -our boundaries, or have we brought barbarism within the circle of -Christianity? What will result from the new interests, the new -political relations, the creation of the Powers which may spring up in -the Levant? No one can tell. I do not allow myself to be dazzled by -steam-boats and railways, by the sale of the produce of manufactures, -and by the fortunes of a few French, English, German, Italian soldiers -enrolled in a pasha's service: all that is not civilization. Perhaps we -shall behold the return, through the aid of the disciplined troops of -future Ibrahims, of the perils which threatened Europe at the time of -Charles the Hammer[725], and from which we were saved by the generous -Poland. I pity the travellers who shall succeed me: the harem will no -longer hide its secrets from them; they will not have seen the old sun -of the East and the turban of Mahomet. The little Bedouin called out to -me in French, when I passed into the mountains of Judæa: - -"Forward, march!" - -The order was given, and the East marched. - -* - -[Sidenote: _MEMENTO MORI._] - -What became of Ulysses' companion, Julien? He asked, when handing me -his manuscript, to be made _concierge_ of my house in the Rue d'Enfer: -this place was occupied by an old porter and his family, whom I could -not send away. The wrath of Heaven having made Julien headstrong and -a drunkard, I supported him for a long time; at last we were obliged -to part. I gave him a small sum, and granted him a little pension on -my privy purse, a somewhat light one, but always copiously filled -with excellent notes mortgaged on my castles in Spain. I obtained -Julien's admission, at his wish, to the Old Men's asylum: there -he finished the last great journey. I shall soon go to occupy his -empty bed, even as, in the camp of Etnir-Capi, I slept on a mat from -which a plague-stricken Mussulman had just been removed. My vocation -is positively for the almshouse, in which the old society lies. It -pretends to live, but is none the less at death's door. When it has -expired, it will decompose in order to be reproduced under new forms, -but it must first succumb; the first necessity for peoples, as for man, -is to die: - -"When God bloweth, there cometh frost," says Job[726]. - - - -[649] This book was written in Paris in 1839, and revised in December -1846.--T. - -[650] Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566) was the daughter of Jean de -Poitiers, Seigneur de Saint-Vallier, and married in 1512 Louis de -Brézé, Comte de Maulevrier, who died in 1531. Some years later she -became mistress to Henry II., then Duc d'Orléans, who shortly after -his accession created her Duchesse de Valentinois. She retained her -empire over the King and her power in France until Henry's death, which -occurred in 1559.--T. - -[651] Hervé Louis François Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte de -Tocqueville (1772-1856) was made a peer of France and a prefect -under the Restoration. He was married to Mademoiselle de Rosanbo, a -grand-daughter of Malesherbes.--T. - -[652] Anne Nicole Marquise de Senozan (1718-1794), _née_ de Lamoignon -de Blancménil, sister to Malesherbes and wife of the Président de -Senozan. She mounted the scaffold on the 10th of May 1794, on the same -day as Madame Élisabeth, at the age of seventy-six, and her estate -passed later into the possession of her grand-nephew, the Comte de -Tocqueville.--B. - -[653] The Château de Verneuil in the Department of Seine-et-Oise.--B. - -[654] Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (1805-1859) was -appointed an assistant judge, and in 1831 was sent to America, in -company with Gustave de Beaumont, to study the penal system on that -continent. On his return he published a treatise on this subject, and -in 1835 appeared his great work on American Democracy, which secured -his election to the Academy of Moral Science in 1839 and to the French -Academy in 1841. Two years earlier he had been sent to the Chamber -as deputy for the Arrondissement of Valognes, in Normandy, in which -his father's property of Tocqueville was situated, and this seat he -retained until his withdrawal from political life in 1851. He was -Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Presidency of Louis Napoleon -Bonaparte from June to October 1849.--T. - -[655] Michel Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (1760-1793), a renegade -representative of the Paris nobility, which sent him to the -States-General in 1789. In 1792 he became a member of the Convention, -where he voted in favour of the death of Louis XVI.; and on the 20th -of January 1793, the day before the execution of the King, he was -assassinated in a restaurant by an old Bodyguard called Paris. His body -was conveyed to the Pantheon in state, and the Convention adopted his -daughter, then eight years old.--T. - -[656] The Château du Ménil is in the commune of Fontenay-Saint-Père, -canton of Limay, Arrondissement of Mantes, Department of Seine-et-Oise. -It is now the property of M. le Marquis de Rosanbo.--B. - -[657] The Château de Mézy is in the canton of Meulan, Department of -Seine-et-Oise.--B. - -[658] The Château de Méréville is in Beauce. It had formerly belonged -to a celebrated Court banker, Jean Joseph de La Borde, guillotined in -1794, who had turned it into a dwelling of finished splendour. The -park, laid out by Robert, the landscape-painter, was a marvel. One of -La Borde's daughters had married the Comte de Noailles, later Duc de -Mouchy.--B. - -[659] Blanca is the heroine of the _Aventures du dernier -Abencerage._--T. - -[660] Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde Marquise de Coislin (1732-1817), _née_ -de Mailly, of the Rubempré and Nesle branch, was the daughter of Louis -de Mailly, Comte de Rubempré and cousin to the four Mesdemoiselles de -Mailly, daughters of the Marquis de Nesle--the Comtesse de Mailly, the -Comtesse de Vintimille, the Duchesse de Lauraguais, and the Marquise -de La Tournelle, afterwards Duchesse de Châteauroux--who successively -became mistresses to Louis XV. She married first, in 1750, Charles -Georges René de Cambout, Marquis de Coislin, who died in 1771, leaving -no children living. More than twenty years later, in 1793, the Marquise -de Coislin, then over sixty, married one of her cousins, twelve years -younger than herself, Louis Marie Duc de Mailly, who died and left her -a widow for the second time in 1795. There is reason to believe that -this marriage was never legally consecrated, as the Duchesse de Mailly -continued to be called Marquise de Coislin.--B. - -[661] Now the Place de la Concorde. The house stands at the corner -of the Rue Royale, facing the Ministry of Marine, formerly the Crown -Wardrobe.--T. - -[662] This title is the appanage of the Marquisate of Nesle.--T. - -[663] Killed at the Battle of Courtrai in 1302.--T. - -[664] Claude Joseph Vernet (1714-1789), the father of Carle and -grandfather of Horace Vernet. Louis XV. commissioned him to paint the -principal French ports. The majority of his sea-pieces are now at the -Louvre.--T. - -[665] Marie Anne de Mailly (1719-1744) married the Marquis de La -Tournelle in 1734. He left her a widow at the age of twenty-three, -and she became mistress, in succession to her sisters Mesdames de -Vintimille and de Mailly, to Louis XV., who created her Duchesse de -Châteauroux. She obtained the support of the Duc de Richelieu, and was -for a time all-powerful at Court, accompanying Louis at the head of -his armies in Flanders and Alsace. In 1744, when the King fell ill, -she was sent back to Paris in disgrace, but was restored to favour on -his recovery, and was on the point of becoming Superintendent of the -Dauphiness' Household, when she died a sudden death, attributed by some -to poison.--T. - -[666] Louise Julie Comtesse de Mailly (1710-1751), the first of the -Nesle family to become the mistress of Louis XV. She amended her life -when deserted in favour of one of her sisters, and was doubtless the -most estimable and sympathetic of the four.--T. - -[667] A reference to an epigram in the Anthology.--B. - -[668] Queen Marie Leczinska (1703-1768), daughter of Stanislaus -Leczinski, ex-King of Poland, and married to Louis XV. in 1725.--T. - -[669] Madame Suard (1750-1830), _née_ Panckoucke, sister of Panckoucke, -the printer, founder of the _Moniteur universel_, and herself -the author of several agreeable works. Her salon was a favourite -meeting-place of the Encyclopædists under Louis XVI.--B. - -[670] Jean Baptiste Antoine Suard (1734-1817) took part in the editing -of an English newspaper printed in Paris, became a member of the -Academy in 1772, and obtained a censorship in 1774. At the Revolution, -he became a moderate member of the new party. In 1803 he was appointed -perpetual secretary to the Institute. His works consist mainly of -translations from the English: Cook's _Voyages_, Robertson's _History -of America_, etc.--T. - -[671] Pierre Michel Hennin (1728-1807) was Secretary of Embassy in -Poland in 1759, Resident at Warsaw in 1763, Resident at Geneva in -1765, and in 1779 became First Clerk at the Foreign Office, a post -in which he did eminent service until 1792, when he was dismissed by -General Dumouriez. He was obliged to sell his collections, and took to -"scribbling fat novels" for a livelihood, working at learning languages -and at his writing until his death, on the 5th of July 1807, at the age -of nearly eighty.--B. - -[672] Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc d'Avaray (1740-1829), brother to -the Comte d'Avaray, Louis XVIII.'s companion in exile and chief agent. -D'Avaray was imprisoned during the Terror, recovered his liberty on the -9 Thermidor, and emigrated, returning to France in 1814. Louis XVIII. -raised him to the peerage in 1815, created him a duke in 1817, and made -him his First Chamberlain in 1820.--B. - -[673] _Cinq jours à Clermont (Auvergne) 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 août_ 1805 and -_Le Mont-Blanc, paysages de montagnes, fin d'août_ 1805. They appear in -Vol. VI. of the complete works.--B. - -[674] Honoré d'Urfé (1567-1625), after a life spent in war and -diplomacy, wrote the famous pastoral romance of the _Astrée_, in which -he depicted the happiness of the shepherds of the Lignon. The singular -book was received with the greatest favour, and gave rise to a whole -school of bucolic novelists. D'Urfé died before completing his work, -and his secretary, Baro, finished it from the author's manuscripts or -his own imagination.--T. - -[675] Claude Ignace Brugière de Barante (1745-1814). Napoleon dismissed -him because of the indulgence shown by him to Madame de Staël, and he -died at the moment when the return of the Bourbons appeared to promise -him a just reparation.--B. - -[676] Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste Comte de Forbin (1779-1841), a -successful writer and painter, and a member of the Academy of Fine -Arts. Under the Restoration he became Director of the Museums.--T. - -[677] Mathurin Régnier (1573-1613), the first of the French satiric -poets. He received the tonsure at the age of thirteen, obtained a rich -canonry before he was thirty, and died at forty of his pleasures and -excesses.--T. - -[678] OPPIAN, _Cynegetica_, II. 348.--B. - -[679] Jeanne Françoise Thévenin (1763-1841), known as Sophie Devienne, -acted at the Comédie Française from 1785 to 1813, and was one of the -best "waiting-maids" at that classic theatre.--B. - -[680] St. Pothin (87-177), one of the first apostles to the Gauls, -became Bishop of Lyons, where he suffered martyrdom at the age of -nearly ninety years. He is honoured on the 2nd of June.--T. - -[681] St. Ireneus (_circa_ 120--_circa_ 202) succeeded St. Pothin in -the Bishopric of Lyons, and suffered martyrdom like his predecessor, -his feast falling on the 28th of June.--T. - -[682] François de Mandelot (1520-1588), Governor of Lyonnais, -distinguished himself by his wholesale murder of the Lyons Protestants -on St. Bartholomew's Night.--T. - -[683] The Allées des Brotteaux, Lyons, where the condemned were shot -under the Revolution.--T. - -[684] Loyse Labbé (1526-1566), known as _la Belle Cordière_, married a -rich merchant cord-spinner of Lyons called Perrin. She had been well -educated, devoted herself to literature, and left a number of poems.--T. - -[685] St. Cyprian (_circa_ 200-258), Bishop of Carthage, persecuted -under Decius, and exiled and martyred under Valerian. He was the author -of the famous treatise on the Lapsed from which the above quotation is -taken. St. Cyprian is honoured on the 16th of September.--T. - -[686] Eustache Le Sueur (1617-1655), known as the French Raphael, the -first painter of the French school under Louis XIV. Persecuted by his -envious rivals, he retired to the Chartreuse on the death of his wife, -and painted for the monastery his greatest work, the Life of St. Bruno, -in twenty-two pictures.--T. - -[687] St. Bruno (_circa_ 1040-1101), Founder of the Carthusian Order, -and honoured on the 6th of October.--T. - -[688] The certificate of death has since been discovered. Madame de -Caud died in the Marais, at No. 6, Rue d'Orléans, on the 18 Brumaire, -Year XIII (9 November 1804).--B. - -[689] On the 13th of November 1804, Chateaubriand, who was then staying -at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne with his friend Joubert, wrote to Chênedollé: - - "Madame de Caud is no more. She died in Paris on the 9th. We - have lost the most beautiful soul, the most exalted genius, - that ever existed. You see that I am born for every sorrow. - In how few days has Lucile gone to join Pauline [Madame - de Beaumont]! Come, my dear friend, and weep with me this - winter, in January. You will find a man who is inconsolable, - but who is your friend for life.--Joubert sends you a million - loves."--B. - -[690] Chateaubriand's family at that date comprised Madame la Comtesse -de Marigny; Madame la Comtesse de Chateaubourg, and their children; the -daughter of the Comtesse Julie de Farcy; and the sons of the Comte de -Chateaubriand.--B. - -[691] The juxtaposition of the names of Julien and Clarke, is somewhat -forced. Edward Clarke was not Cook's valet, but his companion and his -rival in fame. He three times circumnavigated the world. Both left -Plymouth together, on the 12th of July 1776, Captain Cook commanding -the _Discovery_ and Captain Clarke the _Resolution._ After the death of -Cook, killed by the natives of Owhyhee, on the 14th of February 1779, -Clarke succeeded him in the command of the expedition, and himself died -as he was arriving in Kamchatka. The _Discovery_ and the _Resolution_ -returned to England on the 4th of October 1780.--B. - -[692] I omit a portion of the extracts from the servant's Itinerary. -These will be indicated in their places.--T. - -[693] At Trieste.--T. - -[694] _De Sparte et d'Athènes._--_Author's Note._ - -[695] I omit Julien's description of the streets of Constantinople.--T. - -[696] I omit a quotation from Julien's narrative.--T. - -[697] I omit Julien's observations here.--T. - -[698] I omit a quotation from Julien's Itinerary.--T. - -[699] Hannibal (247-183 B.C.), the famous Carthaginian general.--T. - -[700] Dido Queen of Tyre founded Carthage _circa_ 860 B.C.--T. - -[701] Sophonisba (235-203 B.C.), daughter of the third Hasdrubal, -was betrothed to Masinissa King of Massylia and Numidia, but married -in his stead his rival Syphax. Masinissa recaptured his domains from -the latter, and with them his wife, whom he married. When Scipio, -however, insisted upon Sophonisba's appearance in his triumph in Rome, -Masinissa, to save her from this disgrace, sent her poison. Her story -is the subject of one of Voltaire's tragedies.--T. - -[702] When the fourth Hasdrubal (170-100 B.C.), then commander of -Carthage, surrendered to Scipio, his wife, horrified at his treachery, -killed her children before his eyes, and then threw herself into the -flames, 146 B.C.--T. - -[703] Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (_circa_ 235-184 B.C.).--T. - -[704] Caius Julius Cæsar (100-44 B.C.) defeated Metellus Scipio and -Cato at Carthage in 46 B.C.--T. - -[705] Tiberius Claudius Nero (42 B.C.-37 A.D.), the second Roman -Emperor. Capri contains the ruins of his twelve palaces.--T. - -[706] Marcus Portius Cato (95-46 B.C.), known as Cato the Younger, or -Uticensis, sided against Cæsar with Pompey, and retired to Utica after -the defeat of the latter. He prepared to resist Cæsar in Africa, but -when Metellus had been beaten, stabbed himself rather than fall into -his enemy's hands.--T. - -[707] In 1270, on his way to Palestine, in the course of his second -(the Eighth) Crusade.--T. - -[708] I omit this portion of Julien's Itinerary.--T. - -[709] Written under the Empire, but first published in 1827, in Volume -XVI. of the Complete Works, with the title, _Les Aventures du dernier -Abencerage._--B. - -[710] The beautiful valley overlooking Granada referred to above.--T. - -[711] _Cf._ LE SAGE, _Gil Blas._--T. - -[712] By Joseph Haydn (1732-1809).--T. - -[713] Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), the great composer.--T. - -[714] The Château de Malesherbes, situated at six kilometers from -Angerville, and belonging to Louis de Chateaubriand, the writer's -nephew. It is to-day the property of Madame la Marquise de Beaufort, -_née_ de Chateaubriand.--T. - -[715] The column standing in the grounds of the Château de Méréville, -equalling the column of the Place Vendôme in height, and commanding a -view of over twenty leagues in extent.--B. - -[716] Sparta.--_Author's Note._ - -[717] Jerusalem.--_Author's Note._ - -[718] Jean Baptiste René Dureau de La Malle (1742-1807), a native of -San Domingo, who settled in Paris and devoted his large fortune to -literature. He published translations of Seneca (1776), Sallust (1808), -and Tacitus (1793), the last of which was twice reprinted (1808 and -1816), and he was at work on a translation of Livy when he died. He -became a member of the Institute in 1804.--T. - -[719] Adolphe Jules César Auguste Dureau de La Malle (1777-1857), -author of a number of learned works and some poems, and a considerable -authority on the geography and statistics of the nations of antiquity. -In the year in which the above letter was written he published his -_Géographie physique de la Méditerranée et de la mer Noire._ He was -admitted in 1818 to the Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1840 published -his greatest work, the _Économie politique des Romains._--T. - -[720] Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1783-1826), was appointed to -his bishopric in 1822. He was the author of a volume of Hymns (1819), -and of a narrative of a Journey through India, published after his -death by his widow.--T. - -[721] A market town in the Department of Seine-et-Oise, some twelve -miles from Paris.--T. - -[722] I omit this letter and some others addressed to the author from -the East; also a letter addressed by Fénelon to Bossuet on the eve of -the former's departure for Greece.--T. - -[723] Langhorne's PLUTARCH: _Life of Pompey._--T. - -[724] I omit a quotation from the Anthology.--T. - -[725] Charles Martel, or the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia (_circa_ -691-741), reigned over France with the title of Mayor of the Palace, -and in 732 gained a complete victory over the Saracens between Tours -and Poitiers, which put an end to the Mussulman invasion, and assured -the Christianization of Europe.--T. - -[726] JOB, XXXVII. 10.--T. - -END OF VOL. II. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte -de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, by François René Chateaubriand -and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS; V 2/6 *** - -***** This file should be named 54788-0.txt or 54788-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/8/54788/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/54788-0.zip b/old/54788-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e5d3d54..0000000 --- a/old/54788-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h.zip b/old/54788-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 76a37ff..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/54788-h.htm b/old/54788-h/54788-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 7de20c3..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/54788-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25986 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand, by F. R. de Chateaubriand. - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%} -hr.full {width: 95%;} - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - - .tdl {text-align: left;} - .tdr {text-align: right;} - .tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - color: #A9A9A9; -} /* page numbers */ - -.linenum { - position: absolute; - left: 70%; - text-align: right; -} /* content number */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -a:link {color: #000099; text-decoration: underline; } - -v:link {color: #000099; text-decoration: underline; } - -.sidenote { - width: 20%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; - padding-right: .5em; - margin-left: 1em; - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-top: 1em; - font-size: smaller; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} - -.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} - -.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} - -.br {border-right: solid 2px;} - -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.caption {font-family: arial; - font-size: 0.8em; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: - 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poem { - margin-left:10%; - margin-right:10%; - text-align: left; -} - -.poem br {display: none;} - -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, by François René Chateaubriand -and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. v 2/6 - Being a Translation by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos of the - Mémoires d'outre-tombe - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 26, 2017 [EBook #54788] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS; V 2/6 *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h1>THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ</h1> - -<h1>VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND</h1> - -<h3>SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND</h3> - -<h4>BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS<br /> -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. II</h4> - -<h4> -"NOTRE SANG A TEINT<br /> -LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE"<br /> -</h4> - -<h5>LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII</h5> - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<h4><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h4> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">VOLUME II</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">(PART THE FIRST<br /> - 1768-1800 cont.)</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_VII">BOOK VII</a> <span class="linenum">3-67</span></p> - -<p>I go to see my mother—Saint-Malo—Progress of the Revolution -—My marriage—Paris—Old acquaintances and new—The Abbé -Barthélemy—Saint-Ange—The theatres—Changes in Paris—The -Club des Cordeliers—Marat—Danton—Camille Desmoulins—Fabre -d'Églantine—M. de Malesherbes' opinion on the emigration—I play -and lose—Adventure of the hackney-coach—Madame Roland—Barère at -the Hermitage—Second Federation of the 14th of July—Preparations -for the emigration—I emigrate with my brother—Adventure of -Saint-Louis—We cross the frontier—Brussels—Dinner at the Baron -de Breteuil's—Rivarol—Departure for the army of the Princes—The -journey—I meet the Prussian army—I arrive at Trèves—The Army of the -Princes—A Roman amphitheatre—<i>Atala</i>—The shirts of Henry IV.—A -soldier's life—Last appearance of old military France—Commencement -of the siege of Thionville—The Chevalier de La Baronnais—Continuation -of the siege—A contrast—Saints in the woods—Battle of Bouvines—A -patrol—An unexpected encounter—Effects of a cannon-ball and a -shell—Market in camp—Night amid piled arms—The Dutch dog—A -recollection of the <i>Martyrs</i>—The nature of my company—With the -outposts—Eudora—Ulysses—Passage of the Moselle—A fight—Libba, the -deaf and dumb girl—Assault of Thionville—The siege is raised—We -enter Verdun—The Prussian evil—The retreat—Smallpox—The -Ardennes—The Prince de Ligne's baggage-wagons—The women of Namur—I -meet my brother at Brussels—Our last farewell—Ostend—I take -passage for Jersey—I land at Guernsey—The pilot's wife—Jersey—My -uncle de Bedée and his family—Description of the island—The Duc de -Berry—Lost friends and relations—The misfortune of growing old—I go -to England—Last meeting with Gesril</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_VIII">BOOK VIII</a> <span class="linenum">68-113</span></p> - -<p>The Literary Fund—My garret in Holborn—Decline in health—Visit -to the doctors—Emigrants in London—Peltier—Literary labours—My -friendship with Hingant—Our excursions—A night in Westminster -Abbey—Distress—Unexpected succour—Lodging overlooking a -cemetery—New companions in misfortune—Our pleasures—My cousin -de La Boüétardais—A sumptuous rout—I come to the end of my forty -crowns—Renewed distress—Table d'hôte—Bishops-Dinner at the London -Tavern—The Camden Manuscripts—My work in the country—Death of -my brother—Misfortunes of my family—Two Frances—Letters from -Hingant—Charlotte—I return to London—An extraordinary meeting—A -defect in my character—The <i>Essai historique sur les révolutions</i>—Its -effect—Letter from Lemierre, nephew to the poet—Fontanes—Cléry</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_IX">BOOK IX</a> <span class="linenum">114-148</span></p> - -<p>Death of my mother—I return to religion—The <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>—Letter from the Chevalier de Panat—My uncle, M. de -Bedée: his eldest daughter—English literature—Decline of the old -school—Historians—Poets—Publicists—Shakespeare—Old novels—New -novels—Richardson—Sir Walter Scott—New poetry—Beattie—Lord -Byron—England from Richmond to Greenwich—A trip with -Peltier—Blenheim—Stowe—Hampton Court—Oxford—Eton College—Private -manners—Political manners—Fox—Pitt—Burke—George III.—Return -of the emigrants to France—The Prussian Minister gives me a false -passport in the name of La Sagne, a resident of Neuchâtel in -Switzerland—Death of Lord Londonderry—End of my career as a soldier -and traveller—I land at Calais</p> - - -<p class="center">PART THE SECOND</p> - -<p class="center">1800-1814</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_I">BOOK I</a> <span class="linenum">151-190</span></p> - -<p>My stay at Dieppe—Two phases of society—The position of my -Memoirs—The year 1800—Aspect of France—I arrive in Paris—Changes in -society—The year 1801—The <i>Mercure</i>—<i>Atala</i>—Madame de Beaumont and -her circle—Summer at Savigny—The year 1802—Talma—The year 1803—The -<i>Génie du Christianisme</i>—Failure prophesied—Cause of its final -success—Defects in the work</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_II">BOOK II</a> <span class="linenum">191-255</span></p> - -<p>The years 1802 and 1803—Country-houses—Madame de Custine—M. de -Saint-Martin—Madame de Houdetot and Saint-Lambert—Journey to -the south of France—M. de la Harpe—His death—Interview with -Bonaparte—I am appointed First Secretary of Embassy in Rome—Journey -from Paris to the Savoy Alps—From Mont Cenis to Rome—Milan to -Rome—Cardinal Fesch's palace—My occupations—Madame de Beaumont's -manuscripts—Letters from Madame de Caud—Madame de Beaumont's arrival -in Rome—Letters from my sister—Letter from Madame de Krüdener—Death -of Madame de Beaumont—Her funeral—Letters from M. de Chênedollé, -M. de Fontanes, M. Necker, and Madame de Staël—The years 1803 and -1804—First idea of my Memoirs—I am appointed French Minister to the -Valais—Departure from Rome—The year 1804—The Valais Republic—A -visit to the Tuileries—The Hôtel de Montmorin—I hear the death cried -of the Duc d'Enghien—I give in my resignation</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_III">BOOK III</a> <span class="linenum">256-293</span></p> - -<p>Death of the Duc d'Enghien—The year 1804—General Hulin—The Duc de -Rovigo—M. de Talleyrand—Part played by each—Bonaparte, his sophistry -and remorse—Conclusions to be drawn from the whole story—Enmities -engendered by the death of the Duc D'Enghien—An article in the -<i>Mercure</i>—Change in the life of Bonaparte</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a> <span class="linenum">294-339</span></p> - -<p>The year 1804—I move to the Rue de Miromesnil-Verneuil—Alexis de -Tocqueville—Le Ménil—Mézy—Mérévil—Madame de Coislin—Journey to -Vichy, in Auvergne, and to Mont Blanc—Return to Lyons—Excursion -to the Grande Chartreuse—Death of Madame de Caud—The years 1805 -and 1806—I return to Paris—I leave for the Levant—I embark in -Constantinople on a ship carrying pilgrims for Syria—From Tunis to -my return to France through Spain—Reflections on my voyage—Death of -Julien</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h4>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h4> - -<h5>VOL. II</h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;">Portrait of</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;"> -<a href="#chat02front">Napoleon Bonaparte</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02001">The Comte de Rivarol</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02002">Frederic William II</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02003">Peltier, editor of the <i>Actes des Apôtres</i></a><br /> -<a href="#chat02004">William Pitt</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02005">Edmund Burke</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02006">George III</a><br /> -<a href="#chat02007">The Duc D'Enghien</a><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;"> -<a id="chat02front"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_front.jpg" width="475" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Napoléon Bonaparte.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h3>THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</h3> - - -<h5>VOLUME II</h5> - - -<h5>(PART THE FIRST 1768-1800 cont.)</h5> - -<hr /> -<h4><a id="BOOK_VII">BOOK VII</a><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h4> - - -<p>I go to see my mother—Saint-Malo—Progress of the Revolution—My -marriage—Paris—Old acquaintances and new—The Abbé -Barthélemy—Saint-Ange—The theatres—Changes in Paris—The -Club des Cordeliers—Marat—Danton—Camille Desmoulins—Fabre -d'Églantine—M. de Malesherbes' opinion on the emigration—I play -and lose—Adventure of the hackney-coach—Madame Roland—Barère at -the Hermitage—Second Federation of the 14th of July—Preparations -for the emigration—I emigrate with my brother—Adventure of -Saint-Louis—We cross the frontier—Brussels—Dinner at the Baron -de Breteuil's—Rivarol—Departure for the army of the Princes—The -journey—I meet the Prussian army—I arrive at Trèves—The Army of the -Princes—A Roman amphitheatre—<i>Atala</i>—The shirts of Henry IV.—A -soldier's life—Last appearance of old military France—Commencement of -the siege of Thionville—The Chevalier de La Baronnais—Continuation -of the siege—A contrast—Saints in the woods—Battle of Bouvines—A -patrol—An unexpected encounter—Effects of a cannon-ball and a -shell—Market in camp—Night amid piled arms—The Dutch dog—A -recollection of the <i>Martyrs</i>—The nature of my company—With the -outposts—Eudora—Ulysses—Passage of the Moselle—A fight—Libba, the -deaf and dumb girl—Assault of Thionville—The siege is raised—We -enter Verdun—The Prussian evil—The retreat—Smallpox—The -Ardennes—The Prince de Ligne's baggage-wagons—The women of Namur—I -meet my brother at Brussels—Our last farewell—Ostend—I take -passage for Jersey—I land at Guernsey—The pilot's wife—Jersey—My -uncle de Bedée and his family—Description of the island—The Duc de -Berry—Lost friends and relations—The misfortune of growing old—I go -to England—Last meeting with Gesril.</p> - - -<p class="p2">I wrote to my brother in Paris giving him particulars of my crossing, -telling him the reasons for my return, and asking him to lend me the -money wherewith to pay my passage. My brother answered that he had -forwarded my letter to my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> mother. Madame de Chateaubriand did not keep -me waiting: she enabled me to clear my debt and to leave the Havre. -She told me that Lucile was with her, also my uncle de Bedée and his -family. This intelligence persuaded me to go to Saint-Malo, so that I -might consult my uncle on the question of my proposed emigration.</p> - -<p>Revolutions are like rivers: they grow wider in their course; I found -that which I had left in France enormously swollen and overflowing its -banks: I had left it with Mirabeau under the "Constituent," I found it -with Danton<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> under the "Legislative<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>" Assembly.</p> - -<p>The Treaty of Pilnitz, of the 27th of August 1791, had become known in -Paris. On the 14th of December 1791, while I was being tossed by the -storms, the King announced that he had written to the Princes of the -Germanic Body, and in particular to the Elector of Trèves, touching -the German armaments. The brothers of Louis XVI., the Prince de Condé, -M. de Calonne, the Vicomte de Mirabeau, and M. de Laqueville<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> were -almost immediately impeached. As early as the 9th of November, a -previous decree had been hurled against the other Emigrants: it was to -enter these ranks, already proscribed, that I was hastening; others -might perhaps have retreated, but the threats of the stronger have -always made me take the side of the weaker: the pride of victory is -unendurable to me.</p> - -<p>On my way from the Havre to Saint-Malo I was able to observe the -divisions and misfortunes of France: the country-seats were burnt -and abandoned; the owners, to whom distaffs had been sent, had left; -the women were living sheltered in the towns. The hamlets and small -market-towns groaned under the tyranny of clubs affiliated to the -central Club des Cordeliers, since amalgamated with the Jacobins. The -antagonist of the latter, the Société Monarchique, or des<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> Feuillants, -no longer existed; the vulgar nickname of <i>sans-culotte</i> had become -popular; the King was never spoken of save as "Monsieur Veto" or -"Monsieur Capet."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My marriage.</div> - -<p>I was tenderly welcomed by my mother and my family, although they -deplored the inopportune moment which I had selected for my return. -My uncle, the Comte de Bedée, was preparing to go to Jersey with his -wife, his son, and his daughters. It was a question of finding money to -enable me to join the Princes. My American journey had made a breach -in my fortune; my property was reduced to almost nothing, where my -younger son's portion was concerned, through the suppression of the -feudal rights; and the benefices that were to accrue to me by virtue of -my affiliation to the Order of Malta had fallen, with the remainder of -the goods of the clergy, into the hands of the nation. This conjuncture -of circumstances decided the most serious step in my life: my family -married me in order to procure me the means of going to get killed in -support of a cause which I did not love.</p> - -<p>There was living in retirement, at Saint-Malo, M. de Lavigne<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, a -knight of Saint-Louis, and formerly Commandant of Lorient. The Comte -d'Artois had stayed with him there when he visited Brittany: the Prince -was charmed with his host, and promised to grant him any favour he -might at any time demand. M. de Lavigne had two sons: one of them<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> -married Mademoiselle de La Placelière. Two daughters, born of this -marriage, were left orphans on both sides at a tender age. The elder -married the Comte du Plessix-Parscau<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>, a captain in the Navy, the -son and grandson of admirals, himself to-day a rear-admiral, a red -ribbon<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> and commander of the corps of naval cadets at Brest; the -younger<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> was living with her grandfather, and was seventeen years of -age when I arrived at Saint-Malo on my return from America. She was -white, delicate, slender and very pretty: she wore her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> beautiful fair -hair, which curled naturally, hanging low like a child's. Her fortune -was valued at five or six hundred thousand francs.</p> - -<p>My sisters took it into their heads to make me marry Mademoiselle de -Lavigne, who had become greatly attached to Lucile. The affair was -managed without my knowledge. I had seen Mademoiselle de Lavigne three -or four times at most; I recognised her at a distance on the "Furrow" -by her pink pelisse, her white gown and her fair hair blown out by -the wind, when I was on the beach abandoning myself to the caresses -of my old mistress, the sea. I felt myself to possess none of the -good qualities of a husband. All my illusions were alive, nothing was -spent within me; the very energy of my existence had doubled through -my travels. I was racked by the muse. Lucile liked Mademoiselle de -Lavigne, and saw the independence of my fortune in this marriage:</p> - -<p>"Have your way!" said I.</p> - -<p>In me the public man is inflexible; the private man is at the mercy of -whomsoever wishes to seize hold of him, and, to save myself an hour's -wrangling, I would become a slave for a century.</p> - -<p>The consent of the grandfather, the paternal uncle and the principal -relatives was easily obtained: there remained to be overcome the -objections of a maternal uncle, M. de Vauvert<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, a great democrat, -who opposed the marriage of his niece with an aristocrat like myself, -who was not one at all. We thought ourselves able to do without him, -but my pious mother insisted that the religious marriage should be -performed by a "non-juror" priest, which could only be done in secret. -M. de Vauvert knew this, and let loose the law upon us, under pretext -of rape and breach of the laws, and pleading the imaginary state of -second childhood into which the grandfather, M. de Lavigne, had fallen. -Mademoiselle de Lavigne, who had become Madame de Chateaubriand, -without my having held any communication with her, was taken away in -the name of the law and put into the Convent of Victory at Saint-Malo, -pending the decision of the courts.</p> - -<p>There was no rape, breach of the laws, adventure, nor love in the -whole matter; the wedding had only the bad side of a novel: truth. -The case was tried and the court pronounced the marriage civilly -valid. The members of both families<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> being in agreement, M. de Vauvert -abandoned the proceedings. The constitutional clergyman, lavishly -feed, withdrew his protest against the first nuptial benediction, and -Madame de Chateaubriand was released from the convent, where Lucile had -imprisoned herself with her.</p> - -<p>It was a new acquaintance that I had to make, and it brought me all -that I could wish. I doubt whether a finer intelligence than my wife's -has ever existed: she guesses the thought and the word about to spring -to the brow or the lips of the person with whom she converses; to -deceive her is impossible. Madame de Chateaubriand has an original and -cultured mind, writes most cleverly, tells a story to perfection, and -admires me without ever having read two lines of my works: she would -dread to find ideas in them that differ from hers, or to discover that -people are not sufficiently enthusiastic over my merit. Although a -passionate judge, she is well-informed and a good judge.</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand's defects, if she have any, proceed from the -superabundance of her good qualities; my own very serious defects -result from the sterility of mine. It is easy to possess resignation, -patience, a general obligingness, equanimity of temper, when one -interests himself in nothing, when one is wearied by everything, -when one replies to good and bad fortune alike with a desperate and -despairing "What does it matter?"</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand is better than I, although less accessible in -her intercourse with others. Have I been irreproachable in my relations -with her? Have I offered my companion all the sentiments which she -deserved and which were hers by right? Has she ever complained? What -happiness has she tasted in reward for her consistent affection? She -has shared my adversities; she has been plunged into the prisons of -the Terror, the persecutions of the Empire, the disgraces of the -Restoration; she has not known the joys of maternity to counterbalance -her sufferings. Deprived of children, which she might perhaps have had -in another union, and which she would have loved madly; having none of -the honours and affections which surround the mother of a family and -console a woman for the loss of her prime, she has travelled, sterile -and solitary, towards old age. Often separated from me, disliking -literature, to her the pride of bearing my name makes no amends. Timid -and trembling for me alone, she is deprived, through her ever-renewed -anxiety, of sleep and of the time to cure her ills: I am her chronic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> -infirmity and the cause of her relapses. Can I compare an occasional -impatience which she has shown me with the cares which I have caused -her? Can I set my good qualities, such as they are, against her -virtues, which support the poor, which have established the Infirmerie -de Marie-Thérèse in the face of all obstacles? What are my labours -beside the works of that Christian woman? When the two of us appear -before God, it is I who shall be condemned.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, when I consider my nature with all its imperfections, -is it certain that marriage has spoilt my destiny?</p> - -<p>I should no doubt have had more leisure and repose; I should have been -better received in certain circles and by certain of the great ones of -this earth; yet in politics, though Madame de Chateaubriand may have -crossed me, she never checked me, for here, as in matters affecting -my honour, I judge only by my own feeling. Should I have produced a -greater number of works if I had remained independent, and would those -works have been any better? Have there not been circumstances, as shall -be seen, in which, by marrying outside France, I should have ceased -to write and disowned my country? If I had not married, would not my -weakness have made me the prey of some worthless creature? Should not -I have squandered and polluted my days like Lord Byron<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>? To-day, -when I am sinking into old age, all my wildness would have passed; -nothing would remain to me but emptiness and regrets: I should be an -old bachelor, unesteemed, either deceived or undeceived, an old bird -repeating my worn-out song to whosoever refused to listen to it. The -full indulgence of my desires would not have added one string more -to my lyre, nor one more earnest note to my voice. The constraint of -my feelings, the mystery of my thoughts have perhaps increased the -forcefulness of my accents, quickened my works with an internal fever, -with a hidden flame, which would have spent itself in the free air -of love. Held back by an indissoluble tie, I purchased at first, at -the cost of a little bitterness, the sweets which I taste to-day. Of -the ills of my existence I have preserved only the incurable part. I -therefore owe an affectionate and eternal gratitude to my wife, whose -attachment has been as touching as it has been profound and sincere. -She has rendered my life more grave, more noble, more honourable, by -always inspiring me with respect for duty, if not always with the -strength to perform it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<p>I was married at the end of March 1792, and on the 20th of April the -Legislative Assembly declared war against Francis II.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>, who had just -succeeded his father Leopold; on the 10th of the same month Benedict -Labre<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> was beatified in Rome: there you have two different worlds. -The war hurried the remaining nobles out of France. Persecutions were -being redoubled on the one hand; on the other, the Royalists were no -longer permitted to stay at home without being accounted as cowards: it -was time for me to make my way to the camp which I had come so far to -seek. My uncle de Bedée and his family took ship for Jersey, and I set -out for Paris with my wife and my sisters Lucile and Julie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">We go to Paris.</div> - -<p>We had secured an apartment in the little Hôtel de Villette, in the -Cul-de-Sac Férou, Faubourg Saint-Germain. I hastened in search of -my first friends. I saw the men of letters with whom I had had some -acquaintance. Among new faces I noticed those of the learned Abbé -Barthélemy<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and the poet Saint-Ange<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>. The abbé modelled the -<i>gynecœa</i> of Athens too closely upon the drawing-rooms at Chanteloup. -The translator of Ovid was not a man without talent; talent is a gift, -an isolated thing: it can come together with other mental faculties, -it can be separated from them. Saint-Ange supplied a proof of this; he -made the greatest efforts not to be stupid, but was unable to prevent -himself. A man whose pencil I admired and still admire, Bernardin de -Saint-Pierre<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, was lacking in intelligence, and unfortunately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> his -character was on a level with his intelligence. How many pictures in -the <i>Études de la nature</i> are spoilt by the writer's limited mind and -want of elevation of soul.</p> - -<p>Rulhière had died suddenly, in 1791<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>, before my departure for -America. I have since seen his little house at Saint-Denis, with the -fountain and the pretty statue of Love, at the foot of which one reads -these verses:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -D'Egmont avec l'Amour visita cette rive:<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Une image de sa beauté</span><br /> -Se peignit un moment sur l'onde fugitive:<br /> -D'Egmont a disparu; l'Amour seul est resté<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>When I left France the theatres of Paris were still ringing with the -<i>Réveil d'Épiménide</i><a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>, and with this stanza:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -J'aime la vertu guerrière<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De nos braves défenseurs,</span><br /> -Mais d'un peuple sanguinaire<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Je déteste les fureurs.</span><br /> -À l'Europe redoutables,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soyons libres à jamais,</span><br /> -Mais soyons toujours aimables<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Et gardons l'esprit français<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>When I returned, the <i>Réveil d'Épiménide</i> had been forgotten; and, if -the stanza had been sung, the author would have been badly handled. -<i>Charles IX.</i> was now the rage. The popularity of this piece depended -principally upon the circumstances of the time: the tocsin, a nation -armed with poniards, the hatred of the kings and the priests, all these -offered a reproduction between four walls of the tragedy which was -being publicly enacted. Talma, still at the commencement of his career, -was continuing his successes.</p> - -<p>While tragedy dyed the streets, the pastoral flourished on the stage; -there was question of little but innocent shepherds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> and virginal -shepherdesses: fields, brooks, meadows, sheep, doves, the golden age -beneath the thatch, were revived to the sighing of the shepherd's -pipe before the cooing Tirces and the simple-minded knitting-women -who had but lately left that other spectacle of the guillotine. Had -Sanson had time, he would have played Colin to Mademoiselle Théroigne -de Méricourt's<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Babet. The Conventionals plumed themselves upon -being the mildest of men: good fathers, good sons, good husbands, they -went out walking with the children, acted as their nurses, wept with -tenderness at their simple games; they lifted these little lambs gently -in their arms to show them the "gee-gees" of the carts carrying the -victims to execution. They sang the praises of nature, peace, pity, -kindness, candour, the domestic virtues; these devout philanthropists, -with extreme sensibility, sent their neighbours to have their heads -sliced off for the greater happiness of mankind.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Paris in 1792.</div> - -<p>Paris in 1792 no longer presented the outward aspect of 1789 and 1790: -one saw no longer the budding Revolution, but a people marching drunk -to its destinies, across abysses and by uncertain roads. The appearance -of the people was no longer tumultuous, curious, eager: it was -threatening. In the streets one met none but frightened or ferocious -figures, men creeping along the houses so as not to be seen, or others -seeking their prey: timid and lowered eyes were turned away from you, -or else harsh eyes were fixed on yours in order to sound and fathom you.</p> - -<p>All diversity of costume had ceased; the old world kept in the -background; men had donned the uniform cloak of the new world, a -cloak which had become merely the last garment of the future victims. -Already the social license displayed at the rejuvenation of France, -the liberties of 1789, those fantastic and unruly liberties of a state -of things which is engaged in self-destruction and which has not yet -turned to anarchy were levelling themselves beneath the sceptre of the -people; one felt the approach of a plebeian tyranny, fruitful, it is -true, and filled with expectations, but also formidable in a manner -very different from the decaying despotism of the old monarchy: for, -the sovereign people being ubiquitous, when it turns tyrant the tyrant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -is ubiquitous; it is the universal presence of an universal Tiberius.</p> - -<p>With the Parisian population was mingled an exotic population of -cut-throats from the south; the advance-guard of the Marseillese, whom -Danton was bringing up for the day's work of the 10th of August and the -massacres of September, were recognisable by their rags, their bronzed -complexions, their look of cowardice and crime, but of crime of another -sun: <i>in vultu vitium.</i></p> - -<p>In the Legislative Assembly there was no one whom I recognised; -Mirabeau and the early idols of our troubles either were no more or had -been hurled from their altars. In order to put together the thread of -history broken by my journey in America, I must trace matters a little -further back.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The flight of the King, on the 21st of June 1791, caused the Revolution -to take an immense step forward. Brought back to Paris on the 25th -of that month, he was then dethroned for the first time, since the -National Assembly declared that its decrees would have the force of -law without there being any need of royal sanction or acceptance. A -high court of justice, anticipating the revolutionary tribunal, was -established at Orleans. Thenceforward Madame Roland<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> demanded the -head of the Queen, until such time as her own head should be demanded -by the Revolution. The mob-gathering had taken place in the Champ de -Mars, to protest against the decree which suspended the King from his -functions instead of putting him upon his trial. The acceptance of -the Constitution, on the 14th of September, had no calming effect. -There was a question of declaring the dethronement of Louis XVI.; -had this been done, the crime of the 21st of January would not have -been committed; the position of the French people in relation to the -monarchy and in the eyes of posterity would have been different. The -Constituents who opposed the dethronement thought they were saving the -Crown, whereas they undid it; those who thought to undo it by demanding -the dethronement would have saved it. In politics the result is almost -invariably the opposite of what is foreseen.</p> - -<p>On the 30th of that same month of September 1791, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> Constituent -Assembly held its last sitting; the imprudent decree of the 17th of May -previous, which prohibited the re-election of the retiring members, -gave birth to the Convention. There is nothing more dangerous, more -inadequate, more inapplicable to general affairs than resolutions -appropriate to individuals or bodies of men, however honourable in -themselves.</p> - -<p>The decree of the 29th of September for regulating popular societies -served only to make them more violent. This was the last act of the -Constituent Assembly: it dissolved on the following day, bequeathing to -France a revolution.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Legislative Assembly.</div> - -<p>The Legislative Assembly, installed on the 1st of October 1791, -revolved within the whirlwind which was about to sweep away the living -and the dead. Troubles stained the departments with blood; at Caen -the people were surfeited with massacres and ate the heart of M. de -Belsunce<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>.</p> - -<p>The King set his veto to the decree against the Emigrants and to that -which deprived the non-juror ecclesiastics of all emolument. These -lawful acts increased the excitement. Pétion had become Mayor of -Paris<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>. The deputies preferred a bill of impeachment against the -Emigrant Princes on the 1st of January 1792; on the 2nd, they fixed the -commencement of the Year IV. of Liberty on that same 1st of January. -About the 13th of February, red caps were seen in the streets of Paris, -and the municipality ordered pikes to be manufactured. The manifesto -of the Emigrants appeared on the 1st of March. Austria armed. Paris -was divided into more or less hostile sections<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>. On the 20th of -March 1792, the Legislative Assembly adopted the sepulchral piece of -mechanism without which the sentences of the Terror could not have been -executed; it was first tried on dead bodies, so that these might teach -it its trade. One may speak of the instrument as of an executioner, -since<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> persons who were touched by its good services presented it with -sums of money for its support<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. The invention of the murder-machine, -at the very moment when it had become necessary to crime, is a -noteworthy proof of the intelligence of co-ordinate facts, or rather a -proof of the hidden action of Providence when it proposes to change the -face of empires.</p> - -<p>Minister Roland had been summoned to the King's Council at the -instigation of the Girondins<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. On the 20th of April, war was -declared against the King of Hungary and Bohemia<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. Marat published -the <i>Ami du peuple</i> in spite of the decree by which he was stricken. -The Royal German Regiment and the Berchiny Regiment deserted. -Isnard<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> spoke of the perfidy of the Court, Gensonné<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> and -Brissot<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> denounced the Austrian Committee. An insurrection broke -out on the subject of the Royal Guard, which was disbanded<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>. On -the 28th of May, the Assembly declared its sittings permanent. On the -20th of June, the Palace of the Tuileries was forced by the mob of -the Faubourgs Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marceau, the pretext being the -refusal of Louis XVI. to sanction the proscription of the priests; the -King was in peril of his life. The country was declared in danger. -M. de La Fayette was burnt in effigy. The federates of the second -Federation were arriving; the Marseilleise, called up by Danton, were -on the march: they entered Paris on the 30th of July and were billeted -by Pétion at the Cordeliers.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>By the side of the national tribune, two competing tribunes had sprung -up: that of the Jacobins and that of the Cordeliers, then the more -formidable because it sent members to the famous Commune of Paris and -supplied it with means of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> action. If the formation of the Commune had -not taken place, Paris, for want of a point of concentration, would -have split up, and the various mayoralties become rival powers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Club of Cordeliers.</div> - -<p>The Club des Cordeliers had its abode in the monastery, whose church -was built in the reign of St Louis, in 1259<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>, with funds paid as -damages for a murder: in 1590 it became the resort of the most famous -Leaguers. Certain places seem to be the laboratories of factions: -"Intelligence was brought," says L'Estoile (12 July 1593), "to the -Duc de Mayenne<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> of two hundred Cordeliers newly arrived in Paris, -supplying themselves with arms and concerting with the Sixteen<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>, -who held council daily at the Cordeliers of Paris.... On that day the -Sixteen, assembled at the Cordeliers, cast aside their arms."</p> - -<p>The fanatics of the League had therefore handed down the monastery of -the Cordeliers to our philosophical revolutionaries as a dead-house.</p> - -<p>The pictures, the carved and painted images, the veils, the curtains -of the convent had been pulled down; the basilica, flayed of its -skin, presented its bare skeleton to the eye. In the apsis of the -church, where the wind and the rain entered through the broken panes -of the rose-windows, some joiners' benches served as a table for the -president, when the sittings were held in the church. On these benches -lay red caps, with which each speaker covered his head before ascending -the tribune. The latter consisted of four buttressed stop-planks, -crossed at their <b>X</b> by a single plank, like a scaffolding. -Behind the president, together with a statue of Liberty, one saw -so-called instruments of ancient justice, instruments whose place had -been supplied by one other, the blood-machine, in the same way as -complicated machinery has been replaced by the hydraulic ram. The Club -des Jacobins <i>épurés</i>, or purged Jacobin Club, borrowed some of these -arrangements of the Cordeliers.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The orators, who had met for purposes of destruction, were unable to -agree in electing their leaders or in the methods to be employed; they -treated each other as scoundrels, pickpockets, thieves, butchers, to -the cacophony of the hisses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and groans of their several groups of -devils. Their metaphors were taken from the stock of murders, borrowed -from the filthiest objects of every kind of sewer and dunghill, or -drawn from the places consecrated to the prostitution of men and -women. Gestures accentuated these figures of speech; everything was -called by its name, with cynical indecency, in an obscene and impious -pageantry of oaths and blasphemies. Destruction and production, death -and generation, one distinguished naught else through the savage -slang which deafened the ears. The speech-makers, with their shrill -or thundering voices, had interrupters other than their opponents: -the little brown owls of the cloisters without monks and the steeple -without bells played in the broken windows, in the hope of booty; -they interrupted the speeches. They were first called to order by the -jingling of the impotent bell; but when they failed to stop their -clamour, shots were fired at them to compel them to silence: they fell, -throbbing, wounded and fatidical, in the midst of the pandemonium. -Broken-down timber-work, rickety pews, ramshackle stalls, fragments -of saints rolled and pushed against the walls, served as benches -for the dirty, grimy, drunken, sweating spectators, in their ragged -<i>carmagnoles</i>, with their shouldered pikes or bare crossed arms.</p> - -<p>The most deformed of the band obtained the readiest hearing. Mental -and bodily infirmities have played a part in our troubles: wounded -self-love has made great revolutionaries.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Following this precedence of hideousness, there appeared in succession, -mingled with the ghosts of the Sixteen, a series of gorgon heads. -The former doctor of the Comte d'Artois' Bodyguards, the Swiss fœtus -Marat<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, his bare feet in wooden clogs or hob-nailed shoes, was the -first to hold forth, by virtue of his incontestable claims. Holding -the office of "jester" at the Court of the people, he exclaimed, with -an insipid expression and the smirk of trite politeness which the old -bringing-up set on every face:</p> - -<p>"People, you must cut off two hundred and seventy thousand heads!"</p> - -<p>To this Caligula of the public places succeeded the atheistical -shoemaker Chaumette<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>. He was followed by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> "Attorney-General -to the Lantern," Camille Desmoulins, a stuttering Cicero, a public -counsellor of murders worn out with debauchery, a frivolous Republican -with his puns and jokes, a maker of graveyard jests, who said that, in -the massacres of September, "all had passed off orderly." He consented -to become a Spartan, provided the making of the black broth was left to -Méot the tavern-keeper<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>.</p> - -<p>Fouché<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, who had hastened up from Juilly or Nantes, studied disaster -under those doctors: in the circle of wild beasts seated attentively -round the chair he looked like a dressed-up hyena. He smelt the -effluvium of the blood to come; already he inhaled the incense of the -procession of asses and executioners, pending the day on which, driven -from the Club des Jacobins as a thief, an atheist and an assassin, he -should be chosen as a minister.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Marat.</div> - -<p>When Marat had climbed down from his plank, that popular Triboulet<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> -became the sport of his masters: they filliped him on the nose, trod -on his feet, hustled him with "gee-ups," all of which did not prevent -him from becoming the leader of the multitude, climbing to the clock -of the Hôtel de Ville, sounding the tocsin for a general massacre, and -triumphing in the revolutionary tribunal.</p> - -<p>Marat, like Milton's Sin, was violated by death<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>: Chénier wrote his -apotheosis, David<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> painted him in his blood-stained bath; he was -compared to the divine Author of the Gospel. A prayer was dedicated to -him: "Heart of Jesus, Heart of Marat; O Sacred Heart of Jesus, O Sacred -Heart of Marat!" This heart of Marat had for a ciborium a costly pyx -from the Royal Repository. In a grass-grown cenotaph, erected on the -Place du Carrousel, were exhibited the divinity's bust, his bath, lamp, -and inkstand. Then the wind changed: the unclean thing, poured from its -agate urn into a different vase, was emptied into the sewer.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The scenes at the Cordeliers, of which I witnessed some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> three or four, -were dominated and presided over by Danton, a Hun of Gothic stature, -with a flat nose, outspread nostrils, furrowed jaws, and the face of -a gendarme combined with that of a lewd and cruel attorney. In the -shell of his church, as it were the skeleton of the centuries, Danton, -with his three male furies, Camille Desmoulins, Marat, and Fabre -d'Églantine<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>, organized the assassinations of September. Billaud de -Varennes<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> proposed to set fire to the prisons and burn all those -inside; another Conventional voted that all the untried prisoners -should be drowned; Marat declared himself in favour of a general -massacre. Danton was besought to show mercy to the prisoners:</p> - -<p>"——the prisoners!" he replied.</p> - -<p>As author of the circular of the Commune, he invited free men to repeat -in the departments the enormities perpetrated at the Carmelites and the -Abbaye.</p> - -<p>Let us consider history: Sixtus V.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> pronounced the devotion of -Jacques Clément<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> to be equal, for the salvation of mankind, to the -mystery of the Incarnation, even as Marat was compared to the Saviour -of the World; Charles IX.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> wrote to the governors of provinces to -imitate the St. Bartholomew<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> massacres, even as Danton summoned -the patriots to copy the massacres of September. The Jacobins were -plagiaries; they were still more so when they offered up Louis XVI. -in imitation of Charles I.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> As these crimes were connected with a -great social movement, some have, very unaptly, imagined that those -crimes produced the greatness of the Revolution, of which they were -but the hideous <i>pasticcios</i>: while watching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> a fine nature suffering, -passionate or systematic minds have admired only its convulsions.</p> - -<p>Danton, more candid than the English, said:</p> - -<p>"We will not try our King, we will kill him."</p> - -<p>He also said:</p> - -<p>"Those priests and nobles are not guilty, but they must die, because -they are out of place; they trammel the movement of things and obstruct -the future."</p> - -<p>These words, beneath an appearance of horrible depth, possess no extent -of genius, for they presume that innocence is nothing, and that moral -order can be withdrawn from political order without causing the latter -to perish, which is false.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Danton.</div> - -<p>Danton had not the conviction of the principles he maintained; he had -donned the revolutionary cloak only to make his fortune.</p> - -<p>"Come and 'brawl' with us," he advised a young man: "when you have -grown rich, you can do as you please."</p> - -<p>He admitted that, if he had not sold himself to the Court, it was -because it would not pay a high enough price for him: an instance -of the effrontery of a mind that knows itself and a corruption that -reveals itself open-mouthed.</p> - -<p>Though inferior, even in ugliness, to Marat, whose agent he had been, -Danton was superior to Robespierre, without, like the latter, having -given his name to his crimes. He preserved the religious sense:</p> - -<p>"We have not," he said, "destroyed superstition to establish atheism."</p> - -<p>His passions might have been good ones, if only because they were -passions. We must allow for character in the actions of men; culprits -with heated imaginations like Danton seem, by reason of the very -exaggeration of their sayings and doings, to be more froward than the -cool-headed culprits, whereas in fact they are less so. This remark -applies also to the people: taken collectively, the people is a poet, -author and ardent actor of the piece which it plays or is made to play. -Its excesses partake not so much of the instinct of a native cruelty -as of the delirium of a crowd intoxicated with sights, especially when -these are tragic: a thing so true that, in popular horrors, there is -always something superfluous added to the picture and the emotion.</p> - -<p>Danton was caught in the trap himself had laid. It availed him nothing -to flick pellets of bread at his judges' noses, to reply nobly and -courageously, to cause the tribunal to hesitate, to endanger and -terrify the Convention, to reason<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> logically upon crimes by which the -very power of his enemies had been created, to exclaim, smitten with -barren repentance, "It was I who instituted this infamous tribunal: I -crave pardon for it of God and men!" a phrase which has been pilfered -more than once. It was before being indicted before the tribunal that -he should have declared its infamy.</p> - -<p>It only remained to Danton to show himself as pitiless for his own -death as he had been for that of his victims, to hold his head higher -than the hanging knife: and this he did. From the stage of the Terror, -where his feet stuck in the clotted blood of the previous day, after -turning a glance of contempt and domination over the crowd, he said to -the headsman:</p> - -<p>"Show my head to the people; it is worth showing."</p> - -<p>Danton's head remained in the executioner's hands, while the acephalous -shade went to join the decapitated shades of his victims: a further -instance of equality. Danton's deacon and sub-deacon, Camille -Desmoulins and Fabre d'Églantine, died in the same manner as their -priest.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Camille Desmoulins.</div> - -<p>At a time when pensions were being paid to the guillotine, when one -wore at the buttonhole of one's carmagnole, by way of a flower, a -little guillotine in gold, or else a small piece of a guillotined -person's heart; at a time when people shouted, "Hell for ever!" when -they celebrated the joyful orgies of blood, steel and fury, when they -toasted annihilation, when they danced the dance of the dead quite -naked, so as not to have the trouble of undressing when about to -join them; at that time one was bound in the end to come to the last -banquet, the last pleasantry of sorrow. Desmoulins was invited to -Fouquier-Tinville's<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> tribunal.</p> - -<p>"What is your age?" asked the president.</p> - -<p>"The age of the Sans-Culotte Jesus," replied Camille facetiously<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>.</p> - -<p>An avenging obsession compelled the assassins of Christians unceasingly -to confess the name of Christ.</p> - -<p>It would be unfair to forget that Camille Desmoulins dared to defy -Robespierre and to atone for his errors by his courage. He gave the -signal for the reaction against the Terror. A young and charming wife, -full of energy, had, by making him capable of love, made him capable -of virtue and sacrifice. Indignation instilled eloquence into the -tribune's coarse and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> reckless irony: he attacked in the grand manner -the scaffolds he had helped to erect. Adapting his conduct to his -speech, he refused to consent to his execution; he struggled with the -headsman in the tumbril, and arrived at the edge of the last gulf with -his clothes half tom from his back.</p> - -<p>Fabre d'Églantine, author of a play which will live<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>, displayed, -quite contrary to Desmoulins, a signal weakness. Jean Roseau, public -executioner of Paris under the League, who was hanged for lending his -offices to the assassins of the Président Brisson<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>, could not bring -himself to accept the rope. It seems that one does not learn how to die -by killing others.</p> - -<p>The debates at the Cordeliers established for me the fact of a state of -society at the most rapid moment of its transformation. I had seen the -Constituent Assembly commence the murder of the kingship in 1789 and -1790; I found the body, still quite warm, of the old monarchy handed -over in 1792 to the legislative gut-workers: they disembowelled and -dissected it in the cellars of their clubs, as the halberdiers cut up -and burnt the body of the Balafré<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> in the garret of Blois Castle.</p> - -<p>Of all the men whom I recall, Danton, Marat. Camille Desmoulins, Fabre -d'Églantine, Robespierre, not one is alive. I met them for a moment on -my passage between a nascent society in America and an expiring society -in Europe; between the forests of the New World and the solitudes of -exile: before I had reckoned a few months on foreign soil, those lovers -of death had already spent themselves in her arms. At the distance -at which I now find myself from their appearance, it seems to me as -though, after descending into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> the infernal regions of my youth, I -retain a confused recollection of the shades which I vaguely saw wander -by the bank of Cocytus: they complete the varied dreams of my life, and -come to be inscribed on my tablets of beyond the tomb.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It was a great pleasure to meet M. de Malesherbes again and speak to -him of my old projects. I stated my plans for a second journey, which -was to last nine years; all I had to do first was to take another -little journey to Germany: I was to run to the Army of the Princes, and -come back at a run to kill the Revolution; all this would be finished -in two or three months, when I should hoist my sail and return to the -New World, having got rid of a revolution and enriched myself by a -marriage.</p> - -<p>And yet my zeal exceeded my faith; I felt that the emigration was a -stupidity and a madness:</p> - -<p>"I was shaven on all hands," says Montaigne. "To the Ghibelin I was a -Guelf, to Guelf a Ghibelin<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>."</p> - -<p>My distaste for absolute monarchy left me with no illusions concerning -the step I was taking. I cherished scruples, and, although resolved -to sacrifice myself to honour, I desired to have M. de Malesherbes' -opinion on the emigration. I found him much incensed: the crimes -continued under his eyes had caused the friend of Rousseau to lose his -political toleration; between the cause of the victims and that of the -butchers he did not hesitate. He believed that anything was better than -the existing state of things; he thought that, in my particular case, a -man wearing the sword was bound to join the brothers of a King who was -oppressed and delivered to his enemies. He approved of my returning to -America, and urged my brother to go with me.</p> - -<p>I raised the ordinary objections based upon the assistance of -foreigners, the interests of the country, and so on. He replied -and, passing from general arguments to details, quoted some awkward -examples. He put before me the case of the Guelphs and Ghibhelinnes, -relying on the troops of the Emperor and the Pope; in England, the -barons rising against John Lackland. Finally, in our times, he quoted -the case of the Republic of the United States imploring the assistance -of France.</p> - -<p>"In the same way," continued M. de Malesherbes, "the men most devoted -to liberty and philosophy, the Republicans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> and Protestants, have never -considered themselves to blame when they have borrowed a force which -could ensure the victory of their opinion. Would the New World be free -today without our gold, our ships, and our soldiers? I, Malesherbes, -who am speaking to you, did not I, in 1776, receive Franklin, who -came to renew the relations entered into by Silas Deane<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>, and yet -was Franklin a traitor? Was American liberty any the less honourable -for being assisted by La Fayette and won by French grenadiers? Every -government which, instead of securing the fundamental laws of society, -itself transgresses the laws of equity, the rules of justice, ceases to -exist, and restores man to the state of nature. It is then lawful to -defend one's self as best one may, to resort to the means that appear -most calculated to overthrow tyranny and to restore the rights of one -and all."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talks with Malesherbes.</div> - -<p>The principles of natural right as set forth by the greatest -publicists, developed by such a man as M. de Malesherbes, and supported -by numerous historical examples, struck me without convincing me; -I yielded in reality only to the impulse of my age, to the point -of honour. I will add some more recent examples to those of M. de -Malesherbes: during the Spanish War of 1823, the French Republican -Party went to serve under the banner of the Cortès, and did not scruple -to bear arms against its own country; in 1830 and 1831, the Poles and -the constitutional Italians invoked the assistance of France, and the -Portuguese of the "Charter" invaded their country with the aid of -foreign money and foreign soldiers. We have two standards of weight -and measurement: we approve in the case of one idea, one system, one -interest, one man of that which we condemn in the case of another idea, -another system, another interest, another man.</p> - -<p>These conversations between myself and the illustrious defender of the -King took place at my sister-in-law's; she had just given birth to a -second son, to whom M. de Malesherbes stood god-father and gave his -name, Christian. I was present at the baptism of this child, which -was to see its father and mother only at an age at which life leaves -no memory and appears at a distance like an ill-remembered dream. The -preparations for my departure lagged. They had thought that they were -making me contract a rich marriage:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> it appeared that my wife's fortune -was invested in Church securities; the nation undertook to pay them -after its own fashion. Not only that, but Madame de Chateaubriand had, -with the consent of her trustees, lent the scrip of a large portion of -these securities to her sister, the Comtesse du Plessix-Parscau, who -had emigrated. Money was still wanting, therefore; it became necessary -to borrow.</p> - -<p>A notary procured ten thousand francs for us: I was taking them home to -the Cul-de-sac Férou, in <i>assignats</i>, when, in the Rue de Richelieu, I -met one of my old messmates in the Navarre Regiment, the Comte Achard. -He was a great gambler; he proposed that we should go to the rooms of -M——, where we could talk; the devil urged me: I went upstairs, I -played, I lost all, except fifteen hundred francs, with which, full of -remorse and humiliation, I climbed into the first coach that passed. -I had never played before: play produced in me a sort of painful -intoxication; if the passion had attacked me, it would have turned -my brain. With half-disordered wits, I stepped out of the coach at -Saint-Sulpice, and left my pocket-book behind, containing the remnant -of my treasure. I ran home and said that I had left the ten thousand -francs in a hackney-coach.</p> - -<p>I went out again, turned down the Rue Dauphine, crossed the Pont-Neuf, -feeling half inclined to throw myself into the water; I went to the -Place du Palais-Royal, where I had taken the ill-omened vehicle. I -questioned the Savoyards who watered the screws, and described my -conveyance; they told me a number at random. The police commissary of -the district informed me that that number belonged to a job-master -living at the top of the Faubourg Saint-Denis. I went to the -man's house; I remained all night in the stable, waiting for the -hackney-coaches to return: a large number arrived in succession which -were not mine; at last, at two o'clock in the morning, I saw my chariot -drive in. I had hardly time to recognise my two white steeds, when the -poor beasts, utterly worn out, dropped down upon the straw, stiff, -their stomachs distended, their legs stretched out, as though dead.</p> - -<p>The coachman remembered driving me. After me, he had taken up a -citizen, whom he had set down at the Jacobins; after the citizen, a -lady, whom he had taken to the Rue de Cléry, number 13; after that -lady, a gentleman, whom he had put down at the Recollects in the Rue -Saint-Martin. I promised the driver a gratuity, and, the moment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -daylight had come, set out on the discovery of my fifteen hundred -francs, as I had gone in search of the North-West Passage. It seemed -clear to me that the citizen of the Jacobins had confiscated them by -right of his sovereignty. The young person of the Rue de Cléry averred -that she had seen nothing in the coach. I reached the third station -without any hope; the coachman gave a tolerably good description of the -gentleman he had driven. The porter exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"It's the Père So-and-so!"</p> - -<p>He led me through the passages and the deserted apartments to a -Recollect who had remained behind alone to make an inventory of the -furniture of his convent. Seated on a heap of rubbish, in a dusty -frock-coat, the monk listened to my story:</p> - -<p>"Are you," he asked, "the Chevalier de Chateaubriand?"</p> - -<p>"Yes," I replied.</p> - -<p>"Here is your pocket-book," said he. "I would have brought it when I -had finished: I found your address inside."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">An honest monk.</div> - -<p>It was this hunted and plundered monk, engaged in conscientiously -counting up the relics of his cloister for his proscribes, who restored -to me the fifteen hundred francs with which I was about to make my -way to exile. Failing this small sum, I should not have emigrated: -what should I have become? My whole life would have changed. I will be -hanged if I would to-day move a step to recover a million.</p> - -<p>This happened on the 16th of June 1792. Obeying the promptings of -my instinct, I had returned from America to offer my sword to Louis -XVI., not to associate myself with party intrigues. The disbanding of -the King's new guard, of which Murat<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> was a member; the successive -ministries of Roland<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>, Dumouriez, Duport du Tertre<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>; the little -conspiracies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> of the Court and the great popular risings filled me -only with weariness and contempt. I heard much talk of Madame Roland, -whom I never saw: her Memoirs show that she possessed an extraordinary -strength of mind. She was said to be very agreeable: it remains to be -known whether she was sufficiently so to make at all tolerable the -cynicism of her unnatural virtues. Certainly the woman who, at the -foot of the guillotine, asked for pen and ink to describe the last -moments of her journey, to write down the discoveries she had made in -the course of her progress from the Conciergerie to the Place de la -Révolution, that woman displayed an absorption in futurity, a contempt -for life, of which there are few examples. Madame Roland possessed -character rather than genius: the first can give the second, the second -cannot give the first.</p> - -<p>On the 19th of June, I went to the Vale of Montmorency to visit the -Hermitage of J. J. Rousseau: not that I delighted in the memories of -Madame d'Épinay<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and of that depraved and artificial society; but -I wished to take leave of the solitude of a man whose morals were -antipathetic to mine, although he himself was endowed with a talent -whose accents stirred my youth. On the next day, the 20th of June, I -was still at the Hermitage, and there met two men walking, like myself, -in that deserted spot during the fatal day of the monarchy, indifferent -as they were or might be, thought I, to the affairs of this world: -one was M. Maret<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>, of the Empire, the other M. Barère<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, of the -Republic. The amiable Barère had come, far from the uproar, in his -sentimental, philosophical way, to whisper soft revolutionary nothings -to the shade of Julie. The troubadour of the guillotine, on whose -report the Convention decreed that the Terror was the order of the -day, escaped the same Terror by hiding in the head-basket; from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> the -bottom of the bloody trough, beneath the scaffold, he was heard only to -croak the word, "Death!" Barère belonged to the species of tigers which -Oppian represents as born of the wind's light breath: <i>velocis Zephyri -proles.</i></p> - -<p>Ginguené, Chamfort, my old friends among the men of letters, were -delighted with the 20th of June. La Harpe, continuing his lectures at -the Lycée, shouted in a stentorian voice:</p> - -<p>"Fools! To all the representations of the people you answered, -'Bayonets! Bayonets!' Well, you have them now, your bayonets!"</p> - -<p>Although my travels in America had made a less insignificant personage -of me, I was unable to rise to so great a height of principle and -eloquence. Fontanes was in danger through his former connection -with the Société Monarchique. My brother was a member of a club of -<i>enragés.</i> The Prussians were marching by virtue of a convention -between the Cabinets of Vienna and Berlin; a rather fierce engagement -had already taken place between the French and Austrians near Mons. It -was more than time for me to take a decision.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My brother and I emigrate.</div> - -<p>My brother and I procured false passports for Lille: we were two -wine-merchants and national guards of Paris, wearing the uniform -and proposing to tender for the army supplies. My brother's valet, -Louis Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, travelled under his own name; -he came from Lamballe, in Lower Brittany, but was going to see his -family in Flanders. The day of our emigration was settled for the -15th of July, the day after the second Federation. We spent the 14th -in the Tivoli garden, with the Rosanbo family, my sisters and my -wife. Tivoli belonged to M. Boutin<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>, whose daughter had married -M. de Malesherbes<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>. Towards the end of the day we saw a good many -federates wandering about after disbanding; on their hats was written -in chalk, "Pétion or death!" Tivoli, the starting-point of my exile, -was to become a centre of amusements and fêtes. Our relations took -leave of us without sadness; they were persuaded that we were going on -a pleasure-trip. My recovered fifteen hundred francs seemed a treasure -sufficient to bring me back in triumph to Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 10th of July, at six o'clock in the morning, we climbed into the -diligence: we had booked our seats in the front part, by the guard; -the valet, whom we were supposed not to know, stuffed himself into the -inside with the other passengers. Saint-Louis walked in his sleep; in -Paris he used to go looking for his master at night, with his eyes -open, but quite asleep. He used to undress my brother and put him to -bed, sleeping all the time, answering, "I know, I know," to all that -was said to him during his attacks, and waking only when cold water was -thrown in his face: he was a man of about forty, nearly six feet high, -and as ugly as he was tall. This poor fellow, who was very respectful -by nature, had never served any master except my brother; he was quite -confused when he had to sit down to table with us at supper. The -passengers, great patriots all, talking of hanging the aristocrats from -the lanterns, increased his dismay. The thought that, at the end of all -this, he would be obliged to pass through the Austrian Army, in order -to fight in the Army of the Princes, completely turned his brain. He -drank heavily and climbed into the diligence again; we went back to the -coupé.</p> - -<p>In the middle of the night we heard the passengers shouting, with their -heads out of the windows:</p> - -<p>"Stop, postilion, stop!"</p> - -<p>They stopped, the door of the diligence was opened, and immediately -male and female voices exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"Get down, citizen, get down! We can't stand this! Get down, you beast! -He's a brigand! Get down, get down!"</p> - -<p>We got down too, and saw Saint-Louis hustled, flung out of the coach, -stand up, turn his wide-open but sleeping eyes around him, and take -to flight in the direction of Paris, without his hat, and as fast as -his legs would carry him. We were unable to acknowledge him, or we -should have betrayed ourselves; we had to leave him to his fate. He was -caught and taken up at the first village, and stated that he was the -servant of M. le Comte de Chateaubriand, and that he lived in the Rue -de Bondy, Paris. The rural police passed him on from brigade to brigade -to the Président de Rosanbo's; the unhappy man's depositions served to -prove our emigration, and to send my brother and sister-in-law to the -scaffold.</p> - -<p>The next day, when the diligence stopped for breakfast, we had to -listen to the whole story a score of times:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> - -<p>"That man had a perturbed imagination; he was dreaming out loud; he -said strange things; he was no doubt a conspirator, an assassin fleeing -from justice."</p> - -<p>The well-bred citizenesses blushed and waved large green-paper -"Constitutional" fans. We easily recognised through these stories the -effects of somnambulism, fear and wine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">We cross the frontier.</div> - -<p>On reaching Lille, we went in search of the person who was to take -us across the frontier. The Emigration had its agents of safety who -eventually became agents of perdition. The monarchical party was still -powerful, the question undecided: the weak and cowardly served, while -awaiting the turn of events. We left Lille before the gates were -closed: we stopped at a remote house, and did not start until ten -o'clock at night, when it was quite dark; we carried nothing with us; -we had a little cane in our hands; it was no more than a year since I, -in the same way, followed my Dutchman in the American forests.</p> - -<p>We crossed cornfields through which wound hardly traceable footpaths. -The French and Austrian patrols were beating the country-side: we -were liable to fall in with either, or to find ourselves in front of -the pistols of a vedette. We saw single horsemen in the distance, -motionless, weapon in hand; we heard the hoofs of horses in the hollow -roads; laying our ears against the ground, we heard the regular tramp -of infantry marching. After three hours spent alternately in running -and in creeping along on tiptoe, we reached a cross-road in a wood -where some belated nightingales were singing. A troop of uhlans, posted -behind a hedge, fell upon us with raised sabres. We shouted:</p> - -<p>"Officers going to join the Princes!"</p> - -<p>We asked to be taken to Tournay, saying we were in a position to make -ourselves known. The officer in command placed us between his troopers -and carried us off. When day broke, the uhlans perceived our national -guards' uniforms under our surtouts, and insulted the colours in which -France was soon to dress her vassal, Europe.</p> - -<p>In Tournaisis, the primitive kingdom of the Franks, Clovis resided -during the early years of his reign; he set out from Tournay with his -companions, summoned as he was to the conquest of the Gauls: "Arms -always have right on their side," says Tacitus. Through this town, from -which, in 486, the first King of the First Race<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> rode to found his -long and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> mighty monarchy, I passed in 1792 to go and join the Princes -of the Third Race on foreign soil, and I passed through it again in -1815, when the last King of the French abandoned the kingdom of the -first King of the Franks: <i>omnia migrant.</i></p> - -<p>When we reached Tournay, I left my brother to grapple with the -authorities, and in the custody of a soldier visited the cathedral. In -days of old, Odo of Orleans, the scholasticus of the cathedral, seated -at night before the church porch, taught his disciples the course of -the planets, and pointed out to them the Milky Way and the stars. -I would rather have found this artless eleventh-century astronomer -at Tournay than the Pandours. I delight in those days in which the -chronicles tell me, under the year 1049, that, in Normandy, a man had -been transformed into a donkey: that was like to have happened to me, -as the reader knows, at the house of the Demoiselles Couppart, who -taught me to read. Hildebert<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>, in 1114, saw a girl from whose ears -grew spikes of corn: perhaps it was Ceres. The Meuse, which I was -soon to cross, was suspended in mid-air in the year 1118, as witness -Guillaume de Nangis<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> and Albéric<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>. Rigord<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> assures us that, -in 1194, between Compiègne and Clermont in Beauvoisis, there fell a -storm of hail, mixed with ravens which carried charcoal and caused a -fire. If the tempest, as Gervase of Tilbury<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> tells us, was unable to -extinguish a candle on the window-sill of the priory of Saint-Michel -"de Camissa," we also know through him that, in the Diocese of Uzès, -there was a fair and clear spring which changed its place when anything -unclean was thrown into it: our latter-day consciences do not put -themselves out for so little.</p> - -<p>Reader, I am not wasting time; I am chatting with you to keep you in -patience while waiting for my brother, who is arranging things: here -he comes, after explaining himself to the satisfaction of the Austrian -commander. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> have leave to go on to Brussels, an exile purchased with -too much care and trouble.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Brussels.</div> - -<p>Brussels was the head-quarters of the upper Emigration: the most -elegant women of Paris and the most fashionable men, those who were -able to march only as aides-de-camp, were awaiting amid pleasures the -moment of victory. They had fine brand-new uniforms; they paraded -the very pedantry of frivolity. Considerable sums, enough to keep -them for a few years, were squandered in a few days: it was not worth -while economizing, since we should be in Paris directly. Those gallant -knights, reversing the practice of the olden chivalry, were preparing -for glory with successes in love. They scornfully watched us trudging -on foot, knapsack on back, small provincial gentlemen that we were, or -poor officers turned into private soldiers. Those Hercules sat at the -feet of their Omphales spinning the distaffs which they had sent us and -which we handed back to them as we passed, contenting ourselves with -our swords.</p> - -<p>In Brussels I found my scanty luggage, which had fraudulently passed -the customs ahead of me: it consisted of my Navarre uniform, a little -linen, and my precious papers, with which I could not part. I was -invited with my brother to dine at the Baron de Breteuil's; I there met -the Baronne de Montmorency, then young and beautiful, at this moment -dying; martyr bishops in watered-silk cassocks and gold crosses; young -magistrates transformed into Hungarian colonels; and Rivarol, whom I -saw only once in my life. His name had not been mentioned; I was struck -by the conversation of a man who held forth all alone and was listened -to, with some right, as an oracle. Rivarol's wit was prejudicial to his -talent, as his tongue was to his pen. Talking of revolutions, he said:</p> - -<p>"The first blow aims at God, the second strikes only a senseless slab -of marble."</p> - -<p>I had resumed my uniform of a petty infantry subaltern; I was to start -on rising from dinner, and my knapsack was behind the door. I was still -bronzed by the American sun and the sea air; I wore my hair uncurled -and unpowdered. My face and my silence troubled Rivarol; the Baron de -Breteuil, perceiving his restless curiosity, satisfied it:</p> - -<p>"Where does your brother the chevalier come from?" he asked my brother.</p> - -<p>I answered:</p> - -<p>"From Niagara."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> - -<p>Rivarol cried:</p> - -<p>"From the cataract!"</p> - -<p>I was silent. He hazarded an uncompleted question:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur is going——?"</p> - -<p>"Where they are fighting," I broke in.</p> - -<p>We rose from table.</p> - -<p>This fatuous Emigrant society was hateful to me; I was eager to see my -peers, Emigrants like myself with six hundred francs a year. We were -very stupid, no doubt, but at least we aired our sword-blades, and, if -we had obtained any successes, we should have been the last to profit -by victory.</p> - -<p>My brother remained at Brussels with the Baron de Montboissier<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, who -appointed him his aide-de-camp; I set out alone for Coblentz.</p> - -<p>There is no more historic road than that which I followed; it recalled -in every part some memory or greatness of France. I passed through -Liège, one of those municipal republics which so often rose against -their bishops or against the Counts of Flanders. Louis XI.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, the -ally of the Liégeois, was obliged to assist at the sack of their town -in order to escape from his ridiculous prison of Péronne. I was about -to join and to become one of the soldiers who glory in such things. In -1792, the relations between Liège and France were more peaceful: the -Abbot of Saint-Hubert was obliged every year to send two hounds to King -Dagobert's successors.</p> - -<p>At Aix-la-Chapelle there was another offering, but on the part of -France: the pall that had served at the funeral of a Most Christian -King was sent to the tomb of Charlemagne as a vassal banner to the -lord's fief. Our kings thus did fealty and homage on taking possession -of the inheritance of Eternity: laying their hands between the knees -of their liege-lady, Death, they swore to be faithful to her, after -pressing the feudal kiss on her mouth. This, however, was the only -suzerain of whom France acknowledged herself the vassal.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02001"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_001.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Le Comte de Rivarol.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>The Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle was built by Karl the Great and -consecrated by Leo III<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>. Two prelates failing to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> attend the -ceremony, their places were filled by two Bishops of Maastricht, long -deceased, and resuscitated for the purpose. Charlemagne, having lost -a beautiful mistress, pressed her body in his arms and refused to be -separated from it. His passion was attributed to a charm: the young -corpse was examined, and a tiny pearl found beneath the tongue. The -pearl was flung into a marsh; Charlemagne became madly enamoured of -the marsh, and ordered it to be filled up: there he built a palace and -a church, to spend his life in one and his death in the other. The -authorities here are Archbishop Turpin<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> and Petrarch<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.</p> - -<p>At Cologne I admired the cathedral: if it were finished, it would be -the finest Gothic monument in Europe. The monks were the painters, -the sculptors, the architects, and the masons of their basilicas; -they gloried in the title of master-mason, <i>cœmentarius.</i> It is -curious to hear ignorant philosophers and chattering democrats cry out -to-day against the monks, as though those frocked proletarians, those -mendicant orders to whom we owe almost everything, had been gentlemen!</p> - -<p>Cologne reminded me of Caligula<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> and St. Bruno<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>; I have seen the -remains of the dykes built by the former at Baiæ, and the deserted -cell of the latter at the Grande Chartreuse.</p> - -<p>I went up the Rhine as far as Coblentz: <i>Confluentia.</i> The Army of the -Princes was no longer there. I crossed those empty kingdoms: <i>inania -regna</i>; I saw the beautiful valley of the Rhine, the Tempe of the -barbarian muses, where the knights appeared around the ruins of their -castles, where one hears the clash of arms at night, when war is at -hand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Frederic William II.</div> - -<p>Between Coblentz and Trèves, I fell in with the Prussian Army: I was -passing along the column when, coming up with the guards, I noticed -that they were marching in battle order, with cannon in line; the -King<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> and the Duke of Brunswick<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> were in the centre of the -square, composed of Frederic's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> old grenadiers. My white uniform caught -the King's eye: he sent for me; the Duke of Brunswick and he took off -their hats and saluted the old French Army in my person. They asked me -my name, my regiment, the place where I was going to join the Princes. -This military welcome touched me: I replied with emotion that, on -learning in America of my King's misfortunes, I had returned to shed my -blood in his service. The generals and officers surrounding Frederic -William made a movement of approbation, and the Prussian sovereign said:</p> - -<p>"Sir, one always recognises the sentiments of the French nobility."</p> - -<p>He took off his hat again and stood uncovered and motionless, until I -had disappeared behind the mass of the grenadiers. Nowadays people cry -out against the Emigrants: they are "tigers who rent their mother's -bosom;" at the time of which I speak, men loved the examples of old, -and honour ranked as high as country. In 1792, fidelity to one's oath -was still accounted a duty; to-day, it has become so rare that it is -regarded as a virtue.</p> - -<p>A strange scene, already rehearsed with others than myself, almost made -me retrace my steps. They refused to admit me at Trèves, where the Army -of the Princes was:</p> - -<p>"I was one of those men who await the course of events before making -up their minds; I ought to have joined the cantonment three years ago; -I came when victory was assured. They had no use for me; they had only -too many of those heroes after the battle. Every day, squadrons of -cavalry were deserting; even the artillery was melting away in a body; -and, if that went on, they would not know what to do with those people!"</p> - -<p>O prodigious illusionment of parties!</p> - -<p>I met my cousin Armand de Chateaubriand: he took me under his -protection, assembled the Bretons and pleaded my cause. They sent for -me; I made my explanation: I told them that I had come from America -to have the honour of serving beside my comrades; that the campaign -was opened, not commenced, so that I was still in time for the first -fire; that, however, I would go back if they insisted, but not before -I had obtained satisfaction for an undeserved insult. The matter was -arranged: as I was a good fellow, the ranks were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> opened to receive -me, and my only difficulty was to make my selection.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02002"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_002.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Frederic William II.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Emigrant army.</div> - -<p>The Army of the Princes was composed of gentlemen, classed by provinces -and serving as private soldiers: the nobility was harking back to its -origin and to the origin of the monarchy, at the very moment when -both the nobility and monarchy were coming to an end, even as an old -man returns to childhood. There were, moreover, brigades of Emigrant -officers of different regiments, who had also become soldiers: among -these were my messmates of Navarre, with their colonel, the Marquis -de Mortemart, at their head. I was strongly tempted to enlist with -La Martinière, even though he should still be in love; but Armorican -patriotism won the day. I enrolled myself in the seventh Breton -Company, commanded by M. de Goyon-Miniac<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>. The nobles of my province -had furnished seven companies; to these was added an eighth consisting -of young men of the Third Estate: the steel-grey uniform of this -last company differed from that of the others, which was royal blue -with ermine facings. Men attached to the same cause and exposed to -the same dangers perpetuated their political inequalities by odious -distinctions: the true heroes were the plebeian soldiers, since no -consideration of personal interest entered into the sacrifice they made.</p> - -<p>Enumeration of our little army:</p> - -<p>Infantry of gentlemen-soldiers and officers; four companies of -deserters, dressed in the different uniforms of the regiments -from which they came; one company of artillery; a few officers of -engineers, with some guns, howitzers, and mortars of various calibres -(the artillery and engineers, almost all of whom embraced the cause -of the Revolution, achieved its success across the borders). A very -fine cavalry, consisting of German carabineers, musketeers under -the command of the old Comte de Montmorin and naval officers from -Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon, supported our infantry. The wholesale -emigration of these last-named officers plunged naval France back into -the condition of weakness from which Louis XVI. had extricated it. -Never since the days of Duquesne and Tourville<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> had our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> squadrons -covered themselves with more glory. My comrades were delighted: I had -tears in my eyes when I saw pass before them those ocean dragons, who -no longer commanded the ships with which they had humbled the English -and delivered America. Instead of going in search of new continents to -bequeath to France, these companions of La Pérouse sank into the mud of -Germany. They rode the horse dedicated to Neptune; but they had changed -their element, and the land was not for them. In vain their commander -carried at their head the tattered ensign of the <i>Belle-Poule</i>, the -sacred relic of the White Flag, from whose shreds honour still hung, -but victory had fallen.</p> - -<p>We had tents; we lacked all beside. Our muskets, of German make, -trumpery weapons and frightfully heavy, broke our shoulders, and were -often not in a condition to be fired. I went through the whole campaign -with one of these firelocks, the hammer of which refused to fall.</p> - -<p>We remained two days at Trèves. It was a great pleasure to me to see -Roman ruins after having seen the nameless ruins of Ohio, to visit that -town so often sacked, of which Salvianus<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> said:</p> - -<p>"O fugitives from Trèves, you ask again for theatres, you demand a -circus of the princes: for what State, I pray you; for what people, for -what city? <i>Theatra igitur quæritis, circum a principibus postulatis? -Cui, quæso, statut, cui populo, cui civitati?</i>"</p> - -<p>Fugitives from France, where was the people for which we wished to -restore the monuments of St. Louis?</p> - -<p>I sat down, with my musket, among the ruins; I took from my knapsack -the manuscript of my travels in America; I arranged the separate sheets -on the grass around me; I read over and corrected a description of a -forest, a passage of <i>Atala</i>, in the fragments of a Roman amphitheatre, -preparing in this way to make the conquest of France. Then I put away -my treasure, the weight of which, combined with that of my shirts, my -cloak, my tin can, my wicker bottle, and my little Homer, made me throw -up blood.</p> - -<p>I tried to stuff <i>Atala</i> into my cartridge-box with my useless -ammunition; my comrades made fun of me, and pulled at the sheets which -stuck out on either side of the leather cover. Providence came to my -rescue: one night, after sleeping in a hay-loft, I found, when I woke, -that my shirts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> were no longer in my sack; the thieves had left the -papers. I praised God: that accident assured my "fame" and saved my -life, for the sixty pounds that pressed upon my shoulders would have -driven me into a consumption.</p> - -<p>"How many shirts have I?" asked Henry IV. of his body-servant.</p> - -<p>"One dozen, Sire, and some of them are torn."</p> - -<p>"And of handkerchiefs, is it not eight that I have?"</p> - -<p>"There are only five left now."</p> - -<p>The Bearnese won the Battle of Ivry<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> without shirts; the loss of -mine did not enable me to restore his kingdom to his descendants.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>We received orders to march on Thionville. We did five to six leagues -a day. The weather was terrible; we tramped through the rain and -slush singing, <i>Ô Richard! ô mon roi!</i> and <i>Pauvre Jacques!</i><a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> On -arriving at the encamping-place, having neither wagons nor provisions, -we went with donkeys, which followed the column like an Arab caravan, -to hunt for food in the farms and villages. We paid for everything -scrupulously; nevertheless I had to do fatigue duty for taking two -pears from the garden of a country-house without thinking. A great -steeple, a great river and a great lord are bad neighbours, says the -proverb.</p> - -<p>We pitched our tents at random, and were constantly obliged to beat the -canvas in order to flatten out the threads and prevent the water from -coming through. We were ten soldiers to every tent; each in turn took -charge of the cooking: one went for meat, another for bread, another -for wood, another for straw. I made wonderful soup; I received great -compliments on it, especially when I mixed milk and cabbage with the -stew, in the Breton way. I had learnt among the Iroquois not to mind -smoke, so that I bore myself bravely before my fire of green and damp -boughs. This soldier's life is very amusing; I imagined myself still -among the Indians. As we sat at mess in our tent my comrades asked me -for tales of my travels; they told me some fine stories in return; -we all lied like a corporal in a tavern, with a conscript paying the -reckoning.</p> - -<p>One thing tired me: washing my linen; it had to be done, and often, -for the obliging robber had left me only one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> shirt, borrowed from -my cousin Armand, besides the one on my back. When I lay soaping my -stockings, my pocket-handkerchiefs and my shirt by the edge of a -stream, with my head down and my loins up, I was seized with fits of -giddiness; the motion of the arms gave me an unbearable pain in the -chest. I was obliged to sit down among the horsetails and watercress; -and, in the midst of the stir of war, I amused myself by watching the -water flow peacefully past. Lope de Vega<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> makes a shepherdess wash -the bandage of Love; that shepherdess would have been very useful to me -for a little birch-cloth turban which my Floridans had given me.</p> - -<p>An army is generally composed of soldiers of nearly the same age, the -same height, the same strength. Very different was ours, a jumbled -gathering of grown men, old men, children fresh from the dovecot, -jabbering Norman, Breton, Picard, Auvergnat, Gascon, Provençal, -Languedocian. A father served with his sons, a father-in-law with his -son-in-law, an uncle with his nephews, a brother with a brother, a -cousin with a cousin. This <i>arrière ban</i>, ridiculous as it appeared, -had something honourable and touching about it, because it was animated -with sincere convictions; it presented the spectacle of the old -monarchy and afforded a last glimpse of a dying world. I have seen old -noblemen, with stern looks, grey hair, torn coats, knapsack on back, -musket slung over the shoulder, drag themselves along with a stick and -supported by the arm by one of their sons; I have seen M. de Boishue, -the father of my schoolfellow killed at the States of Rennes in my -sight, march solitary and sad, with his bare feet in the mud, carrying -his shoes at the point of his bayonet for fear of wearing them out; -I have seen young wounded men lie under a tree, while a chaplain, in -surtout and stole, knelt by their side, sending them to St. Louis, -whose heirs they had striven to defend. The whole of this needy band, -which received not a sou from the Princes, made war at its own expense, -while the decrees finished despoiling it and threw our wives and -mothers into prison.</p> - -<p>The old men of former times were less unhappy and less lonely than -those of to-day: if, in lingering upon earth, they had lost their -friends, there was but little changed around them besides; they -were strangers to youth, but not to society. Nowadays, a lagger in -this world has witnessed the death not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> only of men, but of ideas: -principles, manners, tastes, pleasures, pains, opinions, none of these -resemble what he used to know. He belongs to a race different from that -among which he ends his days.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Old France.</div> - -<p>And yet, O nineteenth-century France, learn to prize that old France -which was as good as you. You will grow old in your turn and you will -be accused, as we were accused, of clinging to obsolete ideas. The -men whom you have vanquished are your fathers; do not deny them, you -are sprung from their blood. Had they not been generously faithful -to the ancient traditions, you would not have drawn from that native -fidelity the energy which has been the cause of your glory in the new -traditions: between the old France and the new, all that has happened -is a transformation of virtue.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Near our poor and obscure camp was another which was brilliant and -rich. At the staff, one saw nothing but wagons full of eatables, met -with none save cooks, valets, aides-de-camp. Nothing could have better -reproduced the Court and the provinces, the monarchy expiring at -Versailles and the monarchy dying on Du Guesclin's heaths. We had grown -to hate the aides-de-camp; whenever there was an engagement outside -Thionville, we shouted, "Forward, the aides-de-camp!" just as the -patriots used to shout, "Forward, the officers!"</p> - -<p>I felt a chill at my heart when, arriving one dark day in sight of -some woods that lined the horizon, we were told that those woods were -in France. To cross the frontier of my country in arms had an effect -upon me which I am unable to convey. I had, as it were, a sort of -revelation of the future, inasmuch as I shared none of my comrades' -illusions, either with regard to the cause they were supporting or the -thoughts of triumph with which they deluded themselves: I was there -like Falkland<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> in the army of Charles I. There was not a Knight of -the Mancha, sick, lame, wearing a night-cap under his three-cornered -beaver, but was most firmly convinced of his ability, unaided, to -put fifty young and vigorous patriots to flight. This honourable and -agreeable pride, at another time the source of prodigies, had not -attacked me: I did not feel so sure of the strength of my invincible -arm.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> - -<p>We reached Thionville unconquered on the 1st of September; for we had -met nobody on the road. The cavalry encamped to the right, the infantry -to the left of the high-road running from the town towards Germany. -The fortress was not visible from the camping-ground, but, six hundred -paces ahead, one came to the ridge of a hill whence the eye swept the -Valley of the Moselle. The mounted men of the navy joined the right of -our infantry to the Austrian corps of the Prince of Waldeck<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, while -the left of the infantry was covered by 1800 horse of the Maison-Rouge -and Royal German Regiments. We entrenched our front with a fosse, -along which the arms were stalked in line. The eight Breton companies -occupied two intersecting streets of the camp, and below us was dressed -the company of the Navarre officers, my former messmates.</p> - -<p>When these field-works, which took three days, were completed, Monsieur -and the Comte d'Artois arrived; they reconnoitred the place, which -was called upon in vain to surrender, although Wimpfen<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> seemed -willing to do so. Like the Grand Condé<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>, we had not won the Battle -of Rocroi, and so we were not able to capture Thionville; but we were -not beaten under its walls, like Feuquières<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>. We took up a position -on the high-road, at the end of a village which formed a suburb of the -town, outside the horn-work which defended the bridge over the Moselle. -The troops fired at each other from the houses; our post remained in -possession of those which it had taken. I was not present at this first -action. Armand, my cousin, was there and behaved well. While they were -fighting in the village, my company was requisitioned to establish a -battery on the skirt of a wood which capped the summit of a hill. Along -the slope of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> hill, vineyards ran down to the plain joining the -outer fortifications of Thionville.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The siege of Thionville.</div> - -<p>The engineer directing us made us throw up a gazoned cavalier for -our guns; we drew a parallel open trench to place us below the -cannon-balls. These earthworks took long in making, for we were all, -young officers and old alike, unaccustomed to wield the mattock and -spade. We had no wheelbarrows and carried the earth in our coats, which -we used as sacks. Fire was opened on us from a lunette; it was the -more irksome to us in that we were unable to reply: eight-pounders and -a Cohorn howitzer, which was outranged, formed all our artillery. The -first shell we fired fell outside the glacis and aroused the jeers of -the garrison. A few days later, we were joined by some Austrian guns -and gunners. One hundred infantry men and a picket of the naval cavalry -were relieved at this battery every twenty-four hours. The besieged -prepared to attack it; we could distinguish a movement on the rampart -through the telescope. When night fell, we saw a column issue through -a postern and reach the lunette under shelter of the covert way. My -company was ordered up as a reinforcement.</p> - -<p>At daybreak, five or six hundred patriots began operations in the -village, on the high-road above the town; then, turning to the left, -they came through the vineyards to take our battery in flank. The -sailors charged bravely, but were overthrown and unmasked us. We were -too badly armed to return the fire; we pushed forward with fixed -bayonets. The attacking party retreated, I know not why; had they held -their ground, they would have wiped us out.</p> - -<p>We had several wounded and a few dead, among others the Chevalier de La -Baronnais<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>, captain of one of the Breton companies. I brought him -ill-luck: the bullet which took his life ricochetted against the barrel -of my musket and struck him with such force as to pierce both his -temples; his brains were scattered over my face. Noble and unnecessary -victim of a lost cause! When the Maréchal d'Aubeterre<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> held the -States of Brittany, he went to M. de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> La Baronnais, the father, a -poor nobleman, living at Dinard, near Saint-Malo. The Marshal, who -had begged him to invite nobody, saw, on entering, a table laid for -twenty-five, and scolded his host in friendly fashion.</p> - -<p>"Monseigneur," said M. de La Baronnais, "I have only my children to -dinner."</p> - -<p>M. de La Baronnais had twenty-two boys and a girl, all by the same -mother. The Revolution reaped this rich family harvest before it was -ripe.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Waldeck's Austrian corps began operations. The attack became livelier -on our side. It was a fine spectacle at night: fire-pots lit up the -works of the place covered with soldiers; sudden gleams struck the -clouds or the blue firmament when the guns were fired, and the bombs, -crossing each other in the air, described a parabola of light. In -the intervals between the reports, one heard drums rolling, gusts of -military music, and the voices of the sentries on the ramparts of -Thionville and at our own posts; unfortunately, they called out in -French in both camps:</p> - -<p>"<i>Sentinelles, prenez garde à vous!</i> All's well!"</p> - -<p>When the fighting took place, at dawn, it would happen that the lark's -morning hymn followed upon the sound of musketry, while the guns, -which had ceased firing, silently stared at us, with gaping mouths, -through the embrasures. The song of the bird, recalling the memories of -pastoral life, seemed to utter a reproach to mankind. It was the same -when I came across some dead bodies in the middle of fields of lucerne -in flower, or by the edge of a stream of water which bathed the hair of -the slain. In the woods, at a few steps from the stress of war, I found -little statues of the Saints and the Virgin. A goat-herd, a neat-herd, -a beggar carrying his wallet knelt beside these peace-makers, telling -their beads to the distant sound of cannon. A whole township once came -with its minister to present flowers to the patron of a neighbouring -parish, whose image dwelt in a wood, opposite a spring. The curate was -blind: a soldier in God's army, he had lost his sight in doing good -works, like a grenadier on the battlefield. The vicar administered -communion for his curate, because the latter could not have laid the -consecrated wafer upon the lips of the communicants. During this -ceremony, and from the depths of night, he blessed the light!</p> - -<p>Our fathers believed that the patrons of the hamlets, John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> "the -Silent<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>," Dominic "Loricatus<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>," James "Intercisus<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>," Paul -"the Simple<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>," Basil "the Hermit<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>," and so many others, were no -strangers to the triumph of the arms which protect the harvests. On the -very day of the Battle of Bouvines<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>, robbers broke into a convent -dedicated to St. Germanus<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> at Auxerre, and stole the consecrated -vessels. The sacristan went to the shrine of the blessed bishop and -said plaintively:</p> - -<p>"Germanus, where wert thou when those thieves dared to violate thy -sanctuary?"</p> - -<p>A voice issuing from the shrine replied:</p> - -<p>"I was near Cisoing, not far from Bouvines Bridge; together with other -saints, I was helping the French and their King, to whom a brilliant -victory has been given by our aid: <i>cui fuit auxilio victoria præstita -nostro.</i>"</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fierce fighting.</div> - -<p>We beat the plain and pushed as far as the hamlets lying under the -first entrenchments of Thionville. The village on the high-road -crossing the Moselle was constantly being captured and recaptured. I -took part in two of these assaults. The patriots abused us as "enemies -of liberty," "aristocrats" and "Capet's satellites." We called them -"brigands," "murderers," "traitors" and "revolutionaries." Sometimes -we stopped fighting while a duel took place in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> the midst of the -combatants, who became impartial seconds: O strange French character, -which even passions were unable to stifle!</p> - -<p>One day, I was on patrol in a vineyard; twenty paces from me was an -old sporting nobleman who banged the muzzle of his musket against the -vine-stocks, as though to start a hare, and then looked sharply round, -in the hope of seeing a "patriot" leap out: every one had brought his -own habits with him.</p> - -<p>Another day, I went to visit the Austrian camp. Between the camp and -that of the naval cavalry, a wood spread its screen, against which the -place was directing an inexpedient fire; the town was shooting too -much, it believed us to be more numerous than we were, which explains -the pompous bulletins of the commander of Thionville. While crossing -this wood, I saw something move in the grass: a man lay stretched at -full length with his nose against the ground, showing only his broad -back. I thought he was wounded: I took him by the nape of the neck and -half lifted his head. He opened a pair of terror-struck eyes and raised -himself a little upon his hands. I burst out laughing: it was my cousin -Moreau! I had not seen him since our visit to Madame de Chastenay.</p> - -<p>He had lain flat on his stomach to escape a bomb, and found it -impossible to get up again. I had all the difficulty in the world to -set him on his legs; his paunch was three times its former size. He -told me that he was serving on the commissariat, and that he was on his -way to offer some oxen to the Prince of Waldeck. In addition to this, -he carried a rosary. Hugues Métel<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> tells of a wolf which resolved -to embrace the monastic condition, but which, failing to accustom -itself to the fasting diet, became a canon.</p> - -<p>As I returned to camp, an officer of engineers passed close by me, -leading his horse by the bridle; a cannon-ball struck the animal in -the narrowest part of the neck and cut it right off; the head and neck -remained hanging in the officer's hand and dragged him to the ground -with their weight. I had seen a bomb fall in the middle of a ring of -naval officers who were sitting eating in a circle. The mess-platter -disappeared; the officers, tumbling head over heels and run, as it -were, on a sand-bank, shouted like the old sea captain:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Fire starboard guns, fire larboard guns, fire all guns, fire my wig!"</p> - -<p>These singular shots seem to pertain to Thionville. In 1558, François -de Guise<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> laid siege to the place. Marshal Strozzi<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> was killed, -"while talking in the trenches to the aforesaid Sieur de Guise, who had -his hand on his shoulder at the time."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Market in camp.</div> - -<p>A sort of market had been formed behind our camp. The peasants had -brought octaves of white Moselle wine, which remained on the wagons: -the horses were taken out and ate fastened to one end of the cart, -while the soldiers drank at the other end. Here and there gleamed the -fires of ovens. Sausages were fried in pans, hasty puddings boiled -in basins, pancakes tossed on iron dishes, puffcakes swollen out on -hampers. Cakes flavoured with aniseed, rye loaves at one sou, maize -cakes, green apples, red and white eggs, pipes and tobacco were sold -under a tree from whose branches hung coarse cloth great-coats, for -which the passers-by haggled. Village women, seated astride portable -stools, milked cows, while each presented his cup to the dairy-woman -and waited his turn. Before the stoves roamed cutlers in smocks and -soldiers in uniform. The canteen-women went about crying aloud in -German and French. There were groups standing, others seated at deal -tables planted askew on the uneven ground. One sought shelter at -random under a packing cloth or under branches cut in the forest, as -on Palm Sunday. I believe also that there were weddings in the covered -wagons, in memory of the Frankish kings. The patriots could easily have -followed Majorian's<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> example and carried away the bride's chariot: -<i>Rapit esseda victor, nubentemque nurum.</i><a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> All sang, laughed, -smoked. The scene was extremely gay at night, between the fires which -lit up the earth and the stars shining overhead.</p> - -<p>When I was neither on guard at the batteries nor on duty in the tent, -I liked supping at the fair. There the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> stories of the camp were told -again; but under the influence of liquor and good cheer they became -much finer. One of our fellows, a brevet-captain, whose name I have -forgotten in that of "Dinarzade" which we gave him, was famous for -his yarns; it would have been more correct to say "Scheherazade," but -we were not so careful as that. As soon as we saw him, we ran up to -him, fought for him: we vied with each other as to who should have him -on his score. Short of body, long of leg, with sunk cheeks, drooping -mustachios, eyebrows forming a comma at the outer angle, a hollow -voice, a huge sword in a coffee-coloured scabbard, the carriage of a -soldier poet, something between the suicide and the jolly dog, that -solemn wag Dinarzade never laughed, and it was impossible to look at -him without laughing. He was the necessary second in all the duels and -the lover of all the barmaids. He viewed all he said on the dark side, -and interrupted his recitals only to take a pull at a bottle, relight -his pipe, or swallow a sausage.</p> - -<p>One night, when it was drizzling, we were seated round the tap of a -wine-cask tilted towards us in a cart with its shafts in the air. -A candle stuck on the cask lighted us; a piece of packing-cloth, -stretched from the end of the shafts to two posts, served us for a -roof. Dinarzade, with his sword awry after the manner of Frederic II., -stood between one of the wheels and a horse's crupper, telling a story -to our great content. The canteen-women who brought us our rations -stayed with us to listen to our Arab. The attentive group of bacchantes -and Silenuses which formed the chorus accompanied the narrative with -marks of its surprise, approval, or disapproval.</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen," said the story-teller, "you all knew the Green Knight, who -lived in the days of King John<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>?"</p> - -<p>Every one said:</p> - -<p>"Yes, yes."</p> - -<p>Dinarzade swallowed down a rolled pancake, burning himself as he did so.</p> - -<p>"This Green Knight, gentlemen, as you know, since you have seen him, -was very good-looking: when the wind blew<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> back his ruddy locks over -his casque, it looked like a twist of tow round a green turban."</p> - -<p>The audience: "Bravo!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Dinarzade's tales.</div> - -<p>"One evening in May, he sounded his horn at the draw-bridge of a castle -in Picardy, or Auvergne, no matter which. In that castle lived "the -Lady of Great Companies." She welcomed the knight, told her servants -to disarm him and lead him to the bath, and came and sat with him at a -splendid table; and the pages-in-waiting were mute."</p> - -<p>The audience: "Oh, oh!"</p> - -<p>"The lady, gentlemen, was tall, flat, lean, and shambling, like the -major's wife; otherwise she had plenty of expression and an arch look. -When she laughed and showed her long teeth beneath her stumpy nose, one -did not know what one was about. She fell in love with the knight and -the knight with her, although he was afraid of her."</p> - -<p>Dinarzade emptied the ashes of his pipe on the rim of the wheel and -wanted to refill his cutty; they made him continue: "The Green Knight, -utterly dumfoundered, resolved to leave the castle; but, before taking -his leave, he asked the lady of the keep for an explanation of many -strange things; at the same time he made her an offer of marriage, -always provided she was not a witch."</p> - -<p>Dinarzade's rapier was planted stiff and straight between his knees. -Seated and leaning forward with our pipes, we made a garland of -fire-flakes beneath him, like Saturn's ring. Suddenly Dinarzade -shouted, as though beside himself:</p> - -<p>"Well, gentlemen, the Lady of Great Companies was Death!"</p> - -<p>And the captain, breaking the ranks and shouting "Death! Death!" put -the canteen-women to flight. The meeting was closed: the uproar was -great, the laughter prolonged. We approached Thionville amid the roar -of the cannon of the place.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The siege continued, or rather, there was no siege, for the trenches -were not opened, and troops were wanting to invest the place regularly. -We reckoned on receiving intelligence, and waited for news of the -successes of the Prussian Army or of Clerfayt's<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Army, with which -was the French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> corps of the Duc de Bourbon. Our scanty supplies were -becoming exhausted; Paris seemed to draw farther away. The bad weather -never ceased; we were flooded in the midst of our works; I sometimes -woke in a trench with water up to my neck: the next day, I was a -cripple.</p> - -<p>Among my fellow-Bretons I had met Ferron de La Sigonnière<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>, my old -class-fellow at Dinan. We slept badly under our tent; our heads went -beyond the canvas and received the rain from that sort of gutter. I -would get up and go with Ferron to walk in front of the stacked arms; -for all our evenings were not so gay as those with Dinarzade. We walked -in silence, listening to the voices of the sentries, looking at the -lights of our streets of tents as we had formerly watched the lamps -in the passages at our college. We discussed the past and the future, -the mistakes that had been made, those that would still be made; we -deplored the blindness of our Princes, who imagined that they could -return to their country with a handful of adherents and consolidate the -crown on their brother's head with the aid of the foreigner. I remember -saying to my friend, in the course of these conversations, that France -wished to imitate England, that the King would perish on the scaffold, -and that our expedition before Thionville would probably be one of the -principal counts in the indictment of Louis XVI. Ferron was struck by -my prophecy: it was the first I ever made. Since that time, I have -made many others quite as true, quite as unheeded: when the accident -occurred, the others took shelter and left me to struggle with the -misfortune which I had foreseen. When the Dutch encounter a squall -on the open sea, they retreat to the interior of the ship, close the -hatches, and drink punch, leaving a dog on deck to bark at the storm; -the danger past, Trust is sent back to his kennel in the hold, and the -captain returns to enjoy the fine weather on the quarter-deck. I have -been the Dutch dog of the Legitimist ship.</p> - -<p>The memories of my life as a soldier have engraved themselves upon -my thoughts; I have related them in the sixth book of the <i>Martyrs.</i> -Armorican barbarian in the Princes' camp as I was, I carried Homer with -my sword; I preferred "my country, the poor, small isle of Aaron, to -the hundred cities of Crete." I said with Telemachus:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> - -<p>"The harsh country which only feeds goats is dearer to me than those in -which horses are reared<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>."</p> - -<p>My words would have brought a smile to the lips of the warlike -Menelaus: άγάθος Μενἐλαος.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The rumour spread that we were at last coming to action; the Prince of -Waldeck was to attempt an assault while we were to cross the river and -make a diversion by a feint attack on the place from the French side.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My company.</div> - -<p>Five Breton companies, including mine, the company of the Picardy -and Navarre officers, and the regiment of volunteers, composed of -young Lorraine peasants and of deserters from various regiments, were -ordered up for duty. We were to be supported by the Royal Germans, -the squadrons of musketeers and the different corps of dragoons which -covered our left: my brother was with this cavalry with the Baron de -Montboissier, who had married a daughter of M. de Malesherbes, sister -to Madame de Rosanbo, and therefore aunt to my sister-in-law. We -escorted three companies of Austrian artillery with heavy guns and a -battery of three mortars.</p> - -<p>We started at six o'clock in the evening; at ten we crossed the -Moselle, above Thionville, on a coppered pontoon bridge:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 8em;">Amæna fluenta</span><br /> -Subterlabentis tacito rumore Mosellæ<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>At daybreak, we were drawn up in order of battle on the left bank, with -the heavy cavalry in echelons on both flanks, and the light cavalry -in front. At our second movement, we formed in column and began to -defile. At about nine o'clock, we heard a volley fired on our left. -A carabineer officer came dashing up at full speed to tell us that -a detachment of Kellermann's army was about to join issue with us, -and that the action had already begun between the skirmishers. The -officer's horse had been struck by a bullet on the forehead; it reared, -with the foam streaming from its mouth and the blood from its nostrils: -the carabineer, seated sword in hand on this wounded horse, was superb. -The corps which had come out of Metz manœuvred to take us in flank: -they had field-pieces with them, whose fire reached our volunteer -regiment. I heard the exclamations of some recruits struck by the -cannon-balls; the last cries of youth snatched living from life gave me -a feeling of profound pity: I thought of the poor mothers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> - -<p>The drums beat the charge, and we rushed in disorder upon the enemy. -We came so close that the smoke did not prevent us from seeing the -terrible expression on the faces of men ready to shed your blood. The -patriots had not yet acquired the assurance that comes from the long -habit of fighting and victory. Their movements were slack, they felt -their way; fifty grenadiers of the Old Guard would have made head -against an heterogeneous mass of undisciplined nobles, old and young: -ten to twelve hundred foot-soldiers were taken aback by a few gun-shots -from the Austrian heavy artillery; they retreated; our cavalry pursued -them for two leagues.</p> - -<p>A deaf-and-dumb German girl, called Libbe, or Libba, had become -attached to my cousin Armand and had followed him. I found her sitting -on the grass, which stained her dress with blood: her elbow rested -on her upturned knees; her hand, passed through her tangled yellow -tresses, supported her head. She wept as she looked at three or four -killed men, new deaf-mutes, lying around her. She had not heard the -clap of the thunderbolts of which she saw the effect, nor could she -hear the sighs which escaped her lips when she looked at Armand; she -had never heard the sound of the voice of him she loved, and she would -not hear the first cry of the child she bore in her womb: if the grave -contained only silence, she would not know that she had sunk into it.</p> - -<p>For that matter, fields of slaughter lie on every hand: in the Eastern -Cemetery<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> in Paris, twenty-seven thousand tombstones, two hundred -and thirty thousand corpses, will show you the extent of the battle -which death wages day and night at your doors.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The assault of Thionville.</div> - -<p>After a somewhat long halt, we resumed our march, and arrived under the -walls of Thionville at nightfall. The drums did not beat; the word of -command was given in a whisper. The cavalry, in order to repulse any -sortie, stole along the roads and hedges to the gate which we were to -cannonade. The Austrian artillery, protected by our infantry, took up -a position at fifty yards from the advanced works, behind a hastily -thrown-up epaulement of gabions. At one o'clock on the morning of the -1st of September, a rocket, sent up from the Prince of Waldeck's camp -on the other side of the place, gave the signal. The Prince commenced a -smart fire, to which the town made a vigorous reply. We began to fire -forthwith.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> - -<p>The besieged, not thinking that we had troops on that side, and not -foreseeing this assault, had left the southern ramparts unprotected; we -did not lose for waiting: the garrison armed a double battery, which -penetrated our epaulements and dismounted two of our guns. The sky was -aflame; we were shrouded in torrents of smoke. I behaved like a little -Alexander: weakened by fatigue, I fell sound asleep, almost under the -wheels of the gun-carriage where I was on guard. A shell, bursting six -inches off the ground, sent a splinter into my right thigh. I awoke -with the shock, but felt no pain, and perceived only by my blood that I -was wounded. I bound up my thigh with my hand-kerchief. In the affair -on the plain, two bullets had struck my knapsack during a wheeling -movement. <i>Atala</i>, like a devoted daughter, placed herself between her -father and the lead of the enemy: she had still to withstand the fire -of the Abbé Morellet<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>.</p> - -<p>At four o'clock in the morning, the Prince of Waldeck's fire ceased: we -thought the town had surrendered; but the gates were not opened, and we -had to think of retiring. We returned to our positions, after a tiring -march of three days.</p> - -<p>The Prince of Waldeck had gone as far as the edge of the ditches, which -he had tried to cross, hoping to bring about a surrender by means of -the simultaneous attack: divisions were still supposed to exist in the -town, and we flattered ourselves that the Royalist party would bring -the keys to the Princes. The Austrians, having fired in barbette, lost -a considerable number of men; the Prince of Waldeck had an arm shot -off. While a few drops of blood flowed under the walls of Thionville, -blood was flowing in torrents in the prisons of Paris: my wife and -sisters were in greater danger than I.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>We raised the siege of Thionville and set out for Verdun, which had -been restored to the Allies on the 2nd of September. Longwy, the -birthplace of François de Mercy<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>, had fallen on the 23rd of August. -Wreaths and festoons of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> flowers bore evidence on every side of the -passage of Frederic William. Among the peaceful trophies, I observed -the Prussian Eagle affixed to Vauban's<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> fortifications: it was -not to stay there long; as to the flowers, they were soon to see the -innocent creatures who had gathered them fade away like themselves. One -of the most atrocious murders of the Terror was that of the young girls -of Verdun.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Fourteen young girls of Verdun," says Riouffe<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>, "of -unexampled purity, who had the air of young virgins decked -for a public festival, were led together to the scaffold. -They disappeared suddenly and were gathered in their -springtime; the 'Court of Women,' on the morrow of their -death, looked like a garden-plot stripped of its flowers by a -storm. Never have I witnessed such despair as that which this -act of barbarity excited among us."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Verdun is famous for its female sacrifices. According to Gregory of -Tours<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>, Deuteric, to protect his daughter from the prosecution of -Theodebert<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>, placed her in a cart drawn by two untamed oxen and had -her flung into the Meuse. The instigator of the massacre of the young -girls of Verdun was the regicide poetaster Pons de Verdun<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>, who was -infuriated against his native city. The number of agents of the Terror -supplied by the <i>Almanach des Muses</i> is incredible; the unsatisfied -vanity of the mediocrities produced as many revolutionaries as the -wounded pride of the cripples and abortions: a revolt analogous to -that of the infirmities of mind and body. Pons attached the point of a -dagger to his blunt epigrams. Faithful, as it seemed, to the traditions -of Greece, the poet was willing to offer none save the blood of virgins -to his gods: for the Convention decreed, on his motion, that no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> woman -with child could be put on her trial. He also caused the sentence to -be annulled condemning Madame de Bonchamps to death, the widow of the -celebrated Vendean general<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>. Alas, we Royalists in the train of the -Princes attained the reverses of the Vendée without passing through its -glory!</p> - -<p>We had not at Verdun, to pass the time, "that famous Comtesse de -Saint-Balmont<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>, who laid aside her female apparel, mounted -on horseback, and herself served as an escort to the ladies who -accompanied her or whom she had left in her chariot..." We had no -passion for "old Gallic," nor did we write "notes in the language of -Amadis<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>."</p> - -<p>The Prussian evil<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> communicated itself to our little army: I caught -it. Our cavalry had gone to join Frederic William at Valmy. We knew -nothing of what was happening, and were hourly expecting the order to -march forward: we received the order to beat a retreat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I am weakened by my wound.</div> - -<p>Very greatly weakened, and prevented by my troublesome wound from -walking without pain, I dragged myself as best I could in the wake of -my company, which soon dispersed. Jean Balue<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>, son of a miller at -Verdun, left his father's house at a very early age with a monk, who -burdened him with his wallet. On leaving Verdun, "Ford Hill" according -to Saumaise<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>, <i>ver dunum</i>, I carried the wallet of the Monarchy, -but I did not become Comptroller of Finance, nor a bishop or cardinal.</p> - -<p>If, in the novels which I have written, I have drawn upon my own -history, in the histories which I have told I have placed memories of -the living history in which I took part.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> Thus, in my life of the Duc -de Berry<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, I described some of the scenes which took place before -my eyes:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"When an army is disbanded, it returns to its homes; but had -the soldiers of Condé's Army any homes? Whither was the stick -to lead them which they were hardly permitted to cut in the -forests of Germany, after laying down the musket which they -had taken up in defense of their King?...</p> - -<p>"The time had come to part. The brothers-in-arms bade each -other a last farewell, and took different roads on earth. -All, before setting out, went to salute their father and -captain, white-haired old Condé: the patriarch of glory gave -his blessing to his children, wept over his dispersed tribe, -and saw the tents of his camp fall with the grief of a man -witnessing the destruction of his ancestral roof<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>Less than twenty years later, the leader of the new French Army, -Bonaparte, also took leave of his companions: so quickly do men and -empires pass, so little does the most extraordinary renown save one -from the most common destiny!</p> - -<p>We left Verdun. The rains had broken up the roads; everywhere one saw -ammunition-wagons, gun-carriages, cannon stuck in the mire, chariots -overturned, cutler-women with their children on their backs, soldiers -dying or dead in the mud. Crossing a ploughed field, I sank down to -my knees; Ferron and another comrade dragged me out despite myself: I -begged them to leave me there; I had rather died.</p> - -<p>On the 16th of October, at the camp near Longwy, the captain of my -company, M. de Goyon-Miniac, handed me a very honourable certificate. -At Arlon, we saw a file of wagons with their teams on the high-road: -the horses, some standing, others kneeling down, others with their -noses on the ground, were dead, and their bodies had grown stiff -between the shafts: it was as though one saw the shades of a -battlefield bivouacking on the shores of Styx.</p> - -<p>Ferron asked me what I meant to do, and I answered that, if I could go -as far as Ostend, I would take ship for Jersey, where I should find my -uncle de Bedée; from there I should be able to join the Royalists in -Brittany.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">And catch the smallpox.</div> - -<p>The fever was sapping my strength; I could only with difficulty support -myself on my swollen thigh. I felt a new ailment lay hold of me. After -twenty-four hours' vomiting, my face and body were covered with an -eruption: confluent smallpox broke out; it appeared to be affected by -the temperature of the air. In this condition, I set out on foot to -make a journey of two hundred leagues, rich as I was to the extent -of eighteen livres Tournois: all this for the greater glory of the -Monarchy. Ferron, who had lent me my six small crowns of three francs, -left me, he having arranged to be met in Luxembourg.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>As I was leaving Arlon, a peasant took me up in his cart for the sum of -four sous, and put me down five leagues farther on a heap of stones. I -hopped a few paces with the aid of my crutch, and washed the bandage -round my scratch, which had developed into a sore, in a spring rustling -by the roadside, which did me a great deal of good. The smallpox had -come quite out, and I felt relieved. I had not abandoned my knapsack, -the straps of which cut my shoulders.</p> - -<p>I spent that first night in a barn, and had nothing to eat. The wife -of the farmer who owned the barn refused payment for my lodging. At -daybreak she brought me a great basin of coffee and milk, with a black -loaf which I thought excellent. I resumed my road quite merrily, -although I often fell. I was joined by four or five of my comrades, -who carried my knapsack; they were also very ill. We met villagers; -by taking cart after cart we covered a sufficient distance in the -Ardennes, in five days, to reach Attert, Flamizoul, and Bellevue. On -the sixth day I found myself alone. My smallpox had grown paler and was -less puffy.</p> - -<p>After walking two leagues, which took me six hours, I saw a gipsy -family encamped behind a ditch around a furze fire, with two goats -and a donkey. I had no sooner reached them than I let myself drop to -the ground, and the strange creatures hastened to succour me. A young -woman in rags, lively, dark, and mischievous, sang, leaped, skipped -around, holding her child aslant upon her breast, as though it were a -hurdy-gurdy with which she was enlivening her dance; she next squatted -on her heels close by my side, examined me curiously by the light of -the fire, took my dying hand to tell me my fortune, and asked me for "a -little sou:" it was too dear. It would be difficult to possess more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -knowledge, charm, and wretchedness than my sybil of the Ardennes. I -do not know when the nomads, of whom I should have been a worthy son, -left me; they were not there when I woke from my torpor at dawn. My -fortune-teller had gone away with the secret of my future. In exchange -for my "little sou," she had laid by my head an apple which served to -refresh my mouth. I shook myself, like John Rabbit, among the "thyme" -and the "dew"; but I was not able to "browse," nor to "trot," nor to -cut many "pranks<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>." Nevertheless, I rose with the intention of -"paying my court to Aurora:" she was very beautiful and I very ugly; -her rosy face proclaimed her good health; she was better than the poor -Cephalus<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> of Armorica. Although both of us young, we were old -friends, and I imagined that her tears that morning were shed for me.</p> - -<p>I penetrated into the forest, feeling not too sad; solitude had -restored me to my own nature. I hummed the ballad by the ill-fated -Cazotte<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Tout au beau milieu des Ardennes,</span><br /> -Est un château sur le haut d'un rocher<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Was it not in the donjon of this ghostly castle that Philip II. King -of Spain imprisoned my fellow-Breton, Captain La Noue<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>, who had a -Chateaubriand for his grand-mother? Philip consented to release the -illustrious prisoner if the latter consented to have his eyes put out; -La Noue was on the point of accepting the proposal, so great was his -longing to return to his dear Brittany. Alas! I was possessed with the -same desire, and to lose my sight I needed only the ailment with which -it had pleased God to afflict me. I did not meet "Sir Enguerrand coming -from Spain<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>," but poor wretches, small pedlars who, like myself, -carried their whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> fortune on their back. A wood-cutter, with felt -knee-caps, entered the woods: he should have taken me for a dead branch -and cut me down. A few carrion crows, a few larks, a few buntings, a -kind of large finches, hopped along the road or stood motionless on the -border of stones, watchful of the sparrow-hawk which hovered circling -in the sky. From time to time, I heard the sound of the horn of the -swine-herd watching his sows and their little ones acorning. I rested -in a shepherd's movable hut; I found no one at home except Puss, who -made me a thousand graceful caresses. The shepherd was standing a long -way off, in the centre of a common pasture, with his dogs sitting at -irregular distances around the sheep; by day that herdsman gathered -simples: he was a doctor and a wizard; by night, he watched the stars: -then he was a Chaldean shepherd.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A weary journey.</div> - -<p>I stood still, half a league farther, in a pasturage of deer: hunters -went by at the other end. A spring murmured at my feet; at the bottom -of this spring Orlando (Inamorato, not Furioso) saw a palace of crystal -filled with ladies and knights. If the paladin, who joined the dazzling -water-nymphs, had at least left Golden Bridle<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> at the brink of the -well; if Shakespeare had sent me Rosalind and the Exiled Duke<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>, -they would have been very helpful to me.</p> - -<p>After taking breath I continued my road. My impaired ideas floated -in a void that was not without charm; my old phantoms, having scarce -the consistency of shades three parts effaced, crowded round me to -bid me farewell. I had no longer the power of memory; I beheld at -an indeterminate distance the aerial forms of my relations and my -friends, mingled with unknown figures. When I sat down to rest against -a mile stone, I thought I saw faces smile to me in the threshold of -the distant cabins, in the blue smoke escaping from the roofs of the -cottages, in the tree-tops, in the transparency of the clouds, in the -luminous sheaves of the sun dragging its beams over the heather like a -golden rake. These apparitions were those of the Muses coming to assist -the poet's death: my tomb, dug with the uprights of their lyres under -an oak of the Ardennes, would have fairly well suited the soldier and -the traveller. Some hazel-hens, which had strayed into the forms of -the hares under the privets, alone, with the insects, produced a few -murmurs around me: lives as slender, as unknown, as my life. I could -walk no farther;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> I felt extremely ill; the smallpox was turning in and -choking me.</p> - -<p>Towards the end of the day, I lay down on my back, in a ditch, with -Atala's knapsack under my head, my crutch by my side, my eyes fixed -upon the sun, whose light was going out with my own. I greeted in all -gentleness of thought the luminary which had lighted my first youth on -my paternal moors: we retired to rest together, he to rise in greater -glory, I, according to all appearances, never to wake again. I fainted -away in a feeling of religion: the last sounds I heard were the fall of -a leaf and the whistling of a bullfinch.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It seems that I lay unconscious for nearly two hours. The wagons of the -Prince de Ligne<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> happened to pass; one of the drivers, stopping to -cut a birch twig, stumbled over me without seeing me: he thought me -dead and pushed me with his foot; I gave a sign of life. The driver -called his comrades and, prompted by an instinct of pity, they threw -me into a cart. The jolting revived me; I was able to talk to my -deliverers; I told them that I was a soldier of the Princes' Army, and -that if they would take me as far as Brussels, where I was going, I -would reward them for their trouble.</p> - -<p>"All right, mate," said one of them, "but you'll have to get down at -Namur, for we're forbidden to carry anybody. We'll take you up again -t'other side of the town."</p> - -<p>I asked for something to drink; I swallowed a few drops of brandy, -which threw the symptoms of my disease out again and relieved my chest -for a moment: nature had endowed me with extraordinary strength.</p> - -<p>We reached the suburbs of Namur at ten o'clock in the morning. I got -down and followed the waggons at a distance; I soon lost sight of -them. I was stopped at the entrance to the town. I sat down under the -gateway, while my papers were being examined. The soldiers on guard, -seeing my uniform, offered me a scrap of ammunition bread, and the -corporal handed me some peppered brandy in a blue glass drinking-cup. -I made some ceremony about drinking out of the cup of military -hospitality:</p> - -<p>"Catch hold!" he exclaimed angrily, accompanying his injunction with a -<i>Sackerment der Teufel!</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> - -<p>My passage through Namur was a laborious one: I walked leaning against -the houses. The first woman who saw me left her shop, gave me her arm -with a pitying air, and helped me to drag myself along. I thanked her, -and she replied:</p> - -<p>"No, no, soldier,"</p> - -<p>Soon other women came running up, bringing bread, wine, fruit, milk, -soup, old clothes, blankets.</p> - -<p>"He is wounded," said some, in their Brabançon French dialect.</p> - -<p>"He has the smallpox," cried others, and kept back their children.</p> - -<p>"But, young man, you will not be able to walk; you will die if you do; -stay in the hospital."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The women of Namur.</div> - -<p>They wanted to take me to the hospital, they relieved each other from -door to door, and in this way helped me to the gate of the town, -outside which I found the wagons again. You have seen a peasant-woman -succour me; you shall see another woman show me hospitality in -Guernsey. Women who have aided me in my distress, if you be still -living, may God help you in your old age and in your sorrows! If you -have departed this life, may your children share the happiness which -Heaven has long refused me!</p> - -<p>The women of Namur assisted me to climb into the wagon, recommended me -to the driver's care, and compelled me to accept a woollen blanket. -I noticed that they treated me with a sort of respect and deference: -there is something superior, something delicate, in the nature of -Frenchmen which other nations recognise.</p> - -<p>The Prince de Ligne's men put me down for the second time on the road -just outside Brussels, and refused to accept my last crown-piece. In -Brussels, not one inn-keeper was willing to take me in. The wandering -Jew, the popular Orestes, whom the ballad represents as going to that -town:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Quand il fut dans la ville<br /> -De Bruxelle en Brabant<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>met with a better reception than I, for he had always five sous in his -pocket. I knocked: they opened; when they saw me they said, "Move on, -move on!" and shut the door in my face. I was driven out of a café. My -hair hung over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> my face, hidden behind my beard and mustachios; I had a -hay bandage round my thigh; over my tattered uniform I wore the blanket -of the Namur women, knotted round my throat by way of a cloak. The -beggar in the <i>Odyssey</i> was more insolent, but not so poor as I.</p> - -<p>I had at first presented myself to no purpose at the hotel where I had -stayed with my brother: I made a second attempt; as I approached the -door I saw the Comte de Chateaubriand stepping from a carriage with -the Baron de Montboissier. He was alarmed at my spectral appearance. -They looked for a room outside the hotel, for the proprietor absolutely -refused to admit me. A wig-maker offered me a den suited to my -wretchedness. My brother brought me a surgeon and a doctor. He had -received letters from Paris: M. de Malesherbes invited him to return -to France. He told me of the day's work of the 10th of August, the -massacres of September, and the political news, of which I knew not -a word. He approved of my plan to cross to Jersey, and advanced me -twenty-five louis. My impaired sight hardly permitted me to distinguish -my brother's features; I believed that that gloom emanated from myself, -whereas it was the shadow which Eternity was spreading around him: -without knowing it, we were seeing each other for the last time. All of -us, such as we are, have only the present moment for our own: the next -belongs to God; there are always two chances of not seeing again the -friend who is leaving us: our death and his. How many men have never -reclimbed the staircase they have descended!</p> - -<p>Death touches us more before than after the decease of a friend: -it is a piece of ourselves that is torn away, a world of childish -recollections, of familiar intimacy, of affections and interests in -common, that dissolves. My brother preceded me in my mother's womb; he -was the first to dwell in those same sainted entrails whence I issued -after him; he sat before me by the paternal hearth; he waited several -years to welcome me, to give me my name in the Name of Jesus Christ, -and to ally himself with the whole of my youth. My blood, mingled with -his blood in the revolutionary receptacle, would have had the same -savour, like a draught of milk supplied by the pasturage of the same -mountain. But, if men caused the head of my elder, my god-father, -to fall before its time, the years will not spare mine; already my -forehead is shedding its covering;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> I feel an Ugolino, Time, stooping -over me and gnawing at my skull:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -... come'l pan perf ame si manduca<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The doctor could not recover from his astonishment: he looked upon -that which did not kill me, which came to none of its natural crises, -as a phenomenon unprecedented in the history of medicine. Gangrene had -set in in my wound; they dressed it with quinine. Having obtained this -first aid, I insisted on departing for Ostend. Brussels was hateful to -me, I burned to leave it; it was once again filling with those heroes -of domesticity who had returned from Verdun in their carriages, and -whom I did not see in Brussels when I accompanied the King there during -the Hundred Days.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I reached Guernsey.</div> - -<p>I travelled pleasantly to Ostend by the canals: I found some Bretons -there, my comrades-in-arms. We chartered a decked barge and went down -the Channel. We slept in the hold, on the shingle which served as -ballast. The strength of my constitution was at last exhausted. I could -no longer speak; the motion of a rough sea broke me down completely. -I swallowed scarce a few drops of water and lemon, and, when the bad -weather compelled us to put in to Guernsey, they thought I was going to -breathe my last: an emigrant priest read me the prayers for the dying. -The captain, not wishing to have me die on board his ship, ordered me -to be put down on the quay; they set me down in the sun, with my back -leaning against a wall, and my head turned towards the open sea, facing -that Isle of Alderney where, eight months before, I had beheld death in -another shape.</p> - -<p>It would seem that I was vowed to pity. The wife of an English pilot -happened to pass by; she was moved and called her husband, who, -assisted by two or three sailors, carried me into a fisherman's house: -me, the friend of the waves; they laid me on a comfortable bed, between -very white sheets. The young barge-woman took every possible care of -the stranger: I owe her my life. The next day I was taken on board -again. My hostess almost wept on taking leave of her patient: women -have a heaven-born instinct for misfortune. My fair-haired and comely -guardian, who resembled a figure in the old English prints, pressed -my bloated and burning hands between her own, so cool and long; I was -ashamed to touch anything so charming with anything so unseemly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> - -<p>We set sail and reached the westernmost point of Jersey. One of my -companions, M. du Tilleul, went to St. Helier's to my uncle. M. de -Bedée sent a carriage to fetch me the next morning. We drove across the -entire island: dying as I was, I was charmed with its groves; but I -only talked nonsense about them, having fallen into a delirium.</p> - -<p>I lay four months between life and death. My uncle, his wife, his son -and his three daughters took it in turns to watch by my bedside. I -occupied an apartment in one of the houses which they were beginning to -build along the harbour: the windows of my room came down to the level -of the floor, and I was able to see the sea from my bed. The doctor, -M. Delattre, had forbidden them to talk to me of serious things, and -especially of politics. Towards the end of January 1793, seeing my -uncle enter my room in deep mourning, I trembled, for I thought we had -lost one of our family: he informed me of the death of Louis XVI. I was -not surprised: I had foreseen it. I asked for news of my relatives: -my sisters and my wife had returned to Brittany after the September -massacres; they had had great difficulty in leaving Paris. My brother -had gone back to France, and was living at Malesherbes. I began to get -up; the smallpox was gone; but I suffered with my chest, and a weakness -remained which I long retained.</p> - -<p>Jersey, the Cæsarea of the Itinerary of Antoninus<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>, has remained -subject to the Crown of England since the death of Robert, Duke -of Normandy<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>; we have often tried to capture it, but always -unsuccessfully. The island is a remnant of our early history: the -saints coming to Brittany-Armorica from Hibernia and Albion rested at -Jersey. St. Hélier<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>, a solitary, dwelt in the rocks of Cæsarea; he -was butchered by the Vandals. In Jersey, one finds a specimen of the -old Normans; it is as though one heard William the Bastard<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> speak, -or the author of the <i>Roman du Rou.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - -<p>The island is fertile: it has two towns and twelve parishes; it is -covered with country-houses and herds of cattle. The ocean wind, which -seems to belie its rudeness, gives Jersey exquisite honey, cream -of extraordinary sweetness, and butter deep-yellow in colour and -violet-scented. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre conjectures that the apple -came to us from Jersey; he is mistaken: we have the apple and the pear -from Greece, as we owe the peach to Persia, the lemon to Media, the -plum to Syria, the cherry to Cerasus, the chestnut to Castanea, the -quince to Canea, and the pomegranate to Cyprus.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And Jersey.</div> - -<p>I took great pleasure in going out in the early days of May. Spring in -Jersey preserves all her youth; she might still be called by her former -name of Primavera, a name which, as she grew older, it left to her -daughter, the first flower with which it crowns itself.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Here I will copy for you two pages from the Life of the Duc de Berry; -it is as though I told you my own:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"After twenty-two years of fighting, the brazen barrier with -which France was girt about was forced: the hour of the -Restoration drew nigh; our Princes left their retreats. Each -of them made for a different point of the frontier, like -travellers who, at the risk of their lives, seek to penetrate -into a country of which marvels are related. Monsieur set out -for Switzerland; Monseigneur le Duc d'Angoulême for Spain, -and his brother for Jersey. In that island, in which some of -the judges of Charles I. died unknown to their fellow-men, -Monseigneur le Duc de Berry found French Royalists grown old -in exile and forgotten for their virtues, as in former days -the English regicides for their crime. He met old priests, -henceforth consecrated to solitude; he realized with them the -fiction of the poet who makes a Bourbon land on the island -of Jersey after a storm. One of these confessors and martyrs -might say to the heir of Henry IV., as the hermit of Jersey -said to that great king:</p></blockquote> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Loin de la cour alors, dans cette grotte obscure<br /> -De ma religion je viens pleurer l'injure<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>"Monseigneur le Duc de Berry spent some months in Jersey; the sea, the -winds, politics bound him there. Everything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> opposed his impatience; he -found himself on the point of renouncing his enterprise and taking ship -for Bordeaux. A letter from him to Madame la Maréchale Moreau gives us -a vivid idea of his occupations on his rock:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"'8 <i>February</i> 1814.</p> - -<p>"'Here I am like Tantalus, in sight of that unhappy France -which finds so much difficulty in breaking its chains. -You whose soul is so beautiful, so French, can judge of -my feelings; how much it would cost me to move away from -that shore which I should need but two hours to reach! -When the sun lights it, I climb the tallest rocks and, -with my spy-glass in my hand, I follow the whole coast: -I can see the rocks of Coutances. My imagination rises, -I see myself leaping on shore, surrounded by Frenchmen, -wearing the white cockade in their hats; I hear the cry of -'Long live the King!' that cry which no Frenchman has ever -heard with composure; the loveliest woman of the province -girds me with a white sash, for love and glory always go -together. We march on Cherbourg; some rascally fort, with a -garrison of foreigners, tries to defend itself: we carry it -by assault, and a vessel puts out to fetch the King, with -the White Ensign which recalls the days of France's glory -and happiness! Ah, madame, when removed by but a few hours -from so likely a dream, can one think of betaking himself -elsewhere!'"</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It is three years since I wrote these pages in Paris; I had gone before -M. le Duc de Berry in Jersey, the city of the exiled, by twenty-two -years; I was to leave my name behind me, since Armand de Chateaubriand -was married, and his son Frédéric born there<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>.</p> - -<p>Gaiety had not abandoned the family of my uncle de Bedée; my aunt -continued to nurse a big dog, descended from the one whose virtues I -have related: as it bit everybody and had the mange, my cousins had -it secretly hanged, notwithstanding its nobility. Madame de Bedée -persuaded herself that some English officers, charmed with Azor's -beauty, had stolen it, and that it was living, laden with honours and -dinners, in the richest castle of the Three Kingdoms. Alas, our present -hilarity was compounded only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> out of our past gaiety! By recalling the -scenes at Monchoix we found means of laughter in Jersey. The case is -rare enough, for in the human heart pleasures do not keep up the same -relations one to the other that sorrows do: new joys do not restore -their springtime to former joys, but recent sorrows cause old sorrows -to blossom over again.</p> - -<p>For the rest, the Emigrants at that time excited general sympathy; -our cause appeared to be the cause of European order: an honoured -unhappiness, such as ours, is something.</p> - -<p>M. de Bouillon<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> was the protector of the French refugees in Jersey: -he dissuaded me from my plan of crossing over to Brittany, unfit as -I was to endure a life of caves and forests; he advised me to go -to England, and there seek the opportunity of entering the regular -service. My uncle, who was very ill provided with money, began to feel -straitened with his large family; he had found himself obliged to send -his son to London to feed himself on starvation and hope. Fearing lest -I should be a burden to M. de Bedée, I decided to relieve him of my -presence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I set sail for England.</div> - -<p>Thirty louis, which a Saint-Malo smuggler brought me, enabled me to -put my plan into execution, and I booked a berth on the packet for -Southampton. I was deeply touched, on bidding farewell to my uncle: he -had nursed me with the affection of a father; with him were connected -the few happy moments of my childhood; he knew all I loved; I found -in his features a certain resemblance to my mother. I had left that -excellent mother, and was never to see her again; I had left my sister -Julie and my brother, and was doomed to meet them no more; I was -leaving my uncle, and his genial countenance was never again to gladden -my eyes. A few months had sufficed to bring all these losses, for the -death of our friends is not reckoned from the moment at which they die, -but from that at which we cease to live with them.</p> - -<p>Were it possible to say to Time, "Not so fast!" one would stop it at -the hours of delight; but, as this is not possible, let us not linger -here below; let us go away before witnessing the flight of friends -and of those years which the poet considers alone worthy of life: -<i>Vitâ dignior ætas.</i> That which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> delights us in the age of friendships -becomes an object of suffering and regret in the age of destitution. -We no longer desire the return of the smiling months to the earth; -we dread it rather: the birds, the flowers, a fine evening at the -end of April, a fine night commencing in the evening with the first -nightingale and ending in the morning with the first swallow, those -things which give the need and longing for happiness kill one. You -still feel their charms, but they are no longer for you: youth which -tastes them by your side, and which looks down upon you with scorn, -fills you with jealousy and makes you realize the completeness of your -desolation. The grace and freshness of nature, while recalling your -past happiness, adds to the unsightliness of your misery. You have -become a mere blot upon that nature; you spoil its harmony and its -suavity by your presence, by your words, and even by the sentiments -which you venture to express. You may love, but you can no longer be -loved. The vernal fountain has renewed its waters without restoring -your youth to you, and the sight of all that is born again, of all that -is happy, reduces you to the sorrowful remembrance of your pleasures.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The packet on which I embarked was crowded with Emigrant families. -I there made the acquaintance of M. Hingant<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>, an old colleague -of my brother's in the Parliament of Brittany, a man of taste and -intelligence, of whom I shall have much to say. A naval officer was -playing chess in the captain's room; he did not recollect my features, -so greatly was I changed; but I recognised Gesril. We had not met -since Brest; we were destined to part at Southampton. I told him of -my travels, he told me of his. This young man, born near me among the -waves, embraced his first friend for the last time in the midst of the -waves which were about to witness his glorious death. Lamba Doria<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>, -admiral of the Genoese, after beating the Venetian fleet, learnt that -his son had been killed:</p> - -<p>"Bury him in the sea," said this Roman father, as though he had said, -"Bury him in his victory."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> - -<p>Gesril voluntarily left the billows into which he had flung himself -only the better to show them his "victory" on shore.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And land at Southampton.</div> - -<p>I gave the certificate of my landing from Jersey at Southampton at the -commencement of the sixth book of these Memoirs. Behold me, therefore, -after my travels in the forests of America and the camps of Germany, -arriving, as a poor Emigrant, in 1793, in the land in which I am -writing all this in 1822, and in which I am living to-day a splendid -ambassador.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This book was written in London between April and -September 1822, and revised in February 1845 and December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Georges Jacques Danton (1759-1794), perhaps the least -contemptible of the demagogues of the time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The National or Constituent Assembly passed the -Constitution on the 3rd of September 1791, the King accepting it on -the 13th. This Constitution created a Legislative Assembly, which -alone was to retain the power of making laws, subject to the veto of -the Sovereign. On the 30th of September the Constituent Assembly was -dissolved and immediately succeeded by the Legislative Assembly, which -consisted of 745 deputies elected by the people, and sat from 1 October -1791 to 21 September 1792. It was in this assembly that the parties of -the Mountain and the Gironde were formed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Jean Claude Marin Victor Marquis de Laqueville (1742-1810) -commanded the corps of the nobles of Auvergne under the Comte d'Artois. -He was impeached on the 1st of January 1792. He returned to France -under the Consulate, and lived in retirement until his death.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> M. Buisson de La Vigne, a retired captain of the Indian -Company's fleet, had been ennobled in 1776.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Alexis Jacques Buisson de La Vigne, the Indian Company's -manager at Lorient, married in 1770 Mademoiselle Céleste Rapion de La -Placelière, of Saint-Malo.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Anne Buisson de La Vigne (1772-1813) married, in 1789, -Hervé Louis Joseph Marie Comte du Plessix de Parscau (1762-1831). She -died at Lymington in Hampshire, and is buried there with seven of her -thirteen children. In 1814, the Comte de Parscau married Mademoiselle -de Kermalun, a lady of forty, for the sake of the six young children -left to him.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Knight of St. Louis.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Céleste Buisson de La Vigne (1774-1847), who became Madame -de Chateaubriand.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Michel Bossinot de Vauvert (1724-1809), formerly a king's -counsel and attorney to the Admiralty. He was an uncle, "Brittany -fashion," of Mademoiselle Buisson de La Vigne.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> George Gordon, sixth Lord Byron (1788-1824), the -poet.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Francis II. Emperor of Germany (1768-1835) ascended the -Imperial Throne in 1792. In 1808 he renounced his title and assumed -that of Emperor of Austria, as Francis I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Blessed Benedict Joseph Labre (1748-1783) had died, -after a life supported by unsolicited alms and spent in constant -mortifications, of a tumour in the leg resulting from his habit of -being always upon his knees.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The Abbé Jean Jacques Barthélemy (1716-1795), Keeper -of the Royal Cabinet of Medals, member of the French Academy and the -Academy of Inscriptions, and a distinguished archæologist. In 1788 -he published his <i>Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce vers le milieu -du IV<sup>e</sup>. siècle avant l'ère vulgaire</i>, which made his name. -He spent the greater portion of his life with the Duc and Duchesse de -Choiseul on their estate of Chanteloup, near Amboise.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Ange François Fariau (1747-1810), known as M. de -Saint-Ange, became a member of the French Academy just before his -death. His translations in verse of the <i>Metamorphoses</i> and other -of Ovid's works are of great merit; but he appears to have been -cursed with inordinate vanity, in addition to the stupidity of which -Chateaubriand speaks.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737-1814), the -famous author of the <i>Études de la nature</i> and of <i>Paul et Virginie.</i> -He preached virtue in all his works; his personal character and conduct -were far from being irreproachable.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> 30 January 1791.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> -"D'Egmont with Love one day this bank her presence gave;<br /> -For a moment the water stained<br /> -With the image of her beauty upon the fleeting wave:<br /> -Then D'Egmont disappeared; and Love alone remained.—T."<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> By Carbon de Flins des Oliviers.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> -"Our brave defenders' warlike zeal<br /> -Wakes pride within my breast,<br /> -But when through gore the people reel,<br /> -Their fury I detest.<br /> -Let Europe of us dwell in fear,<br /> -Let us live ever free,<br /> -But Gallic wit our lives shall cheer,<br /> -And amiability."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Anne Joseph Terwagne, Demoiselle Théroigne de Méricourt -(1762-1817), a formidable virago of the Revolution. She was fustigated -and driven insane by her fellow-bacchanals in October 1792, and died -mad at the Salpétrière.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Manon Jeanne Roland (1754-1793), <i>née</i> Philipon, wife of -Jean Marie Roland de La Platière, Minister of the Interior in 1791. She -and her husband espoused the party of the Girondins; and Madame Roland -was guillotined at the instance of the Mountain, 8 November 1793. Her -husband killed himself on hearing the news.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Major the Comte de Belsunce (<i>d.</i> 1790). He was cut up -into pieces and his heart was eaten by a woman.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (1759-1794) was elected -mayor on the 14th of November 1791. He took no step to suppress the -insurrections of June and August 1792, nor the massacres of September. -Having voted, however, at the trial of Louis XVI. for "death with delay -and appeal to the people," he became odious to the revolutionaries and -was proscribed with the Girondins, 31 May 1793. He fled and perished in -the Bordeaux marshes, where his body was half eaten by wolves.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Before 1789, Paris was divided into 21 quarters. On the -23rd of April 1789 the King ruled that, for the convocation of the -three Estates, the town should be divided into 60 arrondissements, -or wards, and districts, for which, on the 27th of June 1790, the -Constituent Assembly substituted 48 sections.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> On the 17th of Germinal Year II. (6 April 1794) a citizen -presented himself at the bar of the Convention and offered a sum -of money "towards the expenses of the support and repairing of the -guillotine" (<i>Moniteur</i>, 7 April 1794).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> 23 March 1792.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Francis II., Emperor of Germany, etc., etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Maximin Isnard (1751-1825) voted for the death of -the King, but, after distinguishing himself by the violence of his -language and opinions, underwent a remarkable religious and political -conversion. He was a member of the Council of Five Hundred, but took no -part in public affairs after the advent of Bonaparte.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Armand Gensonné (1758-1793), the friend and confidant of -Dumouriez, executed 31 October 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Jean Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793), at one time -editor of the <i>Moniteur</i> and of the <i>Patriote français</i>, and prime -mover in the declaration of war against Austria. He was guillotined on -the same day as Gensonné.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The decree ordering the dissolution of the King's -Constitutional Guard was voted 29 May 1792.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> It was burnt down in 1580.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Charles de Lorraine, Duc de Mayenne (1554-1611), second -son of François Duc de Guise, and head of the League.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> A political club connected with the League and called the -Sixteen from the number of its leading members, each of whom was put in -charge of one of the then sixteen quarters of Paris.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Jean Paul Marat (1743-1793) was born either at Geneva or -at Boudry, near Neufchâtel, in Switzerland.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Pierre Gaspard Chaumette (1763-1794), the inventor of the -Feast of Reason, self-known as "Anaxagoras Chaumette," and guillotined -13 April 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Méot kept the best tavern in Paris, in the -Palais-Royal.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Joseph Fouché, Duc d'Otrante (1754-1820), had been a -schoolmaster at Juilly and principal of the Oratorian College at -Nantes, when he was sent to the Convention. He became subsequently -a Conservative senator under Napoleon, a duke and a peer, and was -Minister of Police under the Directory, Napoleon, and Louis XVIII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Triboulet (1479-<i>circa</i> 1536), Court Fool to Louis XII. -and Francis I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Paradise Lost</i>, II. 790-814, in which Sin is represented -as being violated by her own offspring, Death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Jacques Louis David (1748-1825), the great painter of the -Revolution and the Empire.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Philippe François Nazaire Fabre d'Églantine (1755-1794), -a light dramatic poet of no mean order, acted as Danton's secretary. -He was subsequently traduced for accepting bribes from the Indian -Company, and guillotined on the same day (5 April 1794) as Danton and -Desmoulins, who protested at being "coupled with a thief."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756-1819), a very -bloodthirsty member of the Convention. Billaud was transported with -Collot d'Herbois to Cayenne, and succeeded in making his escape, after -twenty years, to the Republic of San Domingo, the President of which -gave him a pension.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Felice Peretti, Pope Sixtus V. (1521-1590), was elected -to the Holy See on the death of Gregory XIII. in 1585. His short reign -was marked by a magnificent internal administration. In France he -patronized and encouraged the League.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Jacques Clément (1564-1589), the Dominican monk who -assassinated Henry III. and was himself killed on the spot. It is a -fact that some of the extreme Leaguers called for his canonization.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Charles IX. (1550-1574), elder brother and predecessor of -Henry III.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> 24 August 1572.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> King Charles I. (1600-1649) was murdered on the 30th of -January 1649; King Louis XVI. on the 21st of January 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville (1747-1795), Public -Prosecutor to the Revolutionary Tribunal, guillotined 6 May 1795.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> The blasphemy was not even accurate. Desmoulins was in -his thirty-fourth year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Le Philinte de Molière, ou, la suite du Misanthrope</i>, a -comedy in five acts, in verse, first performed at the Théâtre Français -on the 22nd of February 1790, is Fabre d'Églantine's best piece: it is -one of our good comedies of the second rank. What will live longest of -Fabre d'Églantine's is his ballad, "Il pleut, il pleut, bergère" ("O -shepherdess, 'tis raining").—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Barnabé Brisson (1531-1591), made First President of the -Parliament of Paris by the Sixteen (<i>vide supra</i>, p. 15), when Henry -III. had left the capital, instead of Achille de Harlay, whom they had -sent to the Bastille; but they were dissatisfied with him, owing to -the attachment he preserved for the royal authority, and eventually -murdered him by hanging him.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise (1550-1588), nicknamed -the <i>Balafré</i> from a disfiguring scar which he received at the -engagement of Dormans (1575). He was the son of François Duc de Guise, -and brother to the Duc de Mayenne (<i>vide supra</i>, p. 15) and Louis de -Lorraine, Cardinal de Guise. In 1576 he became the head of the newly -formed League. In 1588, after conducting a long and active opposition -to the Throne, he attended the States-General summoned by Henry III. at -his castle at Blois, and was murdered by the royal guards at the door -of the King's closet, 23 December 1588. His brother Louis II., Cardinal -de Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, was put to death by the King's orders -on the following day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Florio's <span class="smcap">Montaigne</span>, Booke III. chap. 12: <i>Of -Physiognomy.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Silas Deane (1737-1789), a member of the first American -Congress, was sent to Paris to rally the Court of France to the cause -of the insurgents. His negotiations were fruitless, and Franklin was -sent to second him. The latter was more successful, and signed two -treaties with the Cabinet of Versailles in February 1778.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Joachim Murat (1767-1815), later King of Naples. He -was the son of an inn-keeper, enlisted at the commencement of the -Revolution, and was a member of the King's Constitutional Guard for -about a month in the spring of 1792. He was in command of the sixty -grenadiers who dispersed the Council of Five Hundred, and Bonaparte -rewarded him with the hand of his sister Caroline. When Bonaparte -became Emperor, Murat received his marshal's baton and the title of -prince. In 1808, Napoleon made him King of the Two Sicilies. He did -not cross the Straits, but reigned peacefully on the mainland until -1812. In 1814, the Powers consented to leave him on the throne, but, -declaring in favour of Napoleon on his return from Elba, he was -defeated at Tolentino, captured at Pizzo in Calabria, and shot, by -order of King Ferdinand II., on the 13th of October 1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Jean Marie Roland de La Platière (1734-1793), twice -Minister of the Interior, and husband of the more famous Madame Roland. -He committed suicide with a sword-stick on hearing of his wife's -execution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Louis François Duport du Tertre (1754-1793), Minister of -the Interior from 1790 to 1792, and guillotined 28 November 1793. His -wife committed suicide in despair a few days later.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Louise Florence Pétronille de La Live d'Épinay -(1725-1783), <i>née</i> Tardieu d'Esclavelles, wife of Denis Joseph de La -Live d'Épinay, a rich farmer-general. She built the Hermitage for -Rousseau in the Forest of Montmorency, ten miles north of Paris, and -lavished benefits upon him. Eventually, however, the philosopher grew -jealous of Grimm, and turned ungrateful for the favours shown him.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc de Bassano (1763-1839). -Bonaparte made him Secretary-general to the Consuls, and, in 1804, -Secretary of State, in which capacity he accompanied the Emperor on all -his campaigns. In 1811, he was created Duc de Bassano, and appointed -Foreign Minister; in 1813, Minister for War. In 1815, he was exiled, -returning to France in 1820. Louis Philippe made him a peer of France, -and he held office for less than a week in 1834.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841), one of the -meanest turn-coats and time-servers of revolutionary France. He was -exiled on the Restoration, and returned to France on the usurpation of -Louis-Philippe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> M. Boutin (<i>d.</i> 1794), Treasurer to the Navy, had -built the Tivoli garden in the middle of the Rue de Clichy. He was -guillotined 22 July 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> This is not accurate. Madame de Malesherbes was Françoise -Thérèse Grimod, daughter of Gaspard Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynière, -farmer-general. M. and Madame de Malesherbes were married on the 4th of -February 1749.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Clovis I. (465-511), grandson of Merovius or Merowig, was -the real founder of the First or Merovingian Race of Kings of France -(418-752). The second was the Carlovingian Race or Dynasty (715-987); -the third the Capetians (987), who were subdivided into numerous -branches, and preserve their right to the French Throne to this -day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours (<i>circa</i> 1057-1134), -author of a number of Latin treatises, letters, and poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Guillaume de Nangis (<i>d.</i> 1300), a Benedictine of -Saint-Denis, author of a Chronicle of the Kings of France, etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Albéric, a Cistercian monk of the Abbey of -Trois-Fontaines, near Châlons-sur-Marne, who lived in the thirteenth -century, and wrote a Chronicle which goes from the Creation to -1241.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Rigord, Rigordus, or Rigoltus (<i>d. circa</i> 1207), author -of a History of Philip Augustus, in Latin, continued by Guillaume le -Breton.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Gervase of Tilbury (<i>fl.</i> 1211), author of the <i>Otia -Imperialia.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The Baron de Montboissier was Malesherbes' son-in-law, -and uncle by marriage to Chateaubriand's brother.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Louis XI., King of France (1423-1479), who had incited -the town of Liège to revolt, was enticed to Péronne by Charles the -Bold, Duke of Burgundy, on the pretext of a conference, held as a -prisoner, and released only on condition that he accompanied the Duke -to the siege of the insurgent city.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Pope Leo III. (<i>d.</i> 816), elected to the Papacy in 795, -was driven from Rome by a conspiracy to murder him, and took shelter -with Charlemagne. He consecrated the octagonal Cathedral of Aix in 799; -and in 800, in Rome, crowned Charles Emperor of the West.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> John Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims (<i>d. circa</i> 794), -Charlemagne's secretary, friend, and comrade-in-arms. He was falsely -reputed the author of the be <i>Vitâ Caroli Magni et Rolandi</i>, popularly -known as Archbishop Turpin's Chronicle.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch (1304-1374), tells -the legend in his poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Caligula (12-41) was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina, -at whose instance Germanicus enlarged Cologne, calling it Colonia -Agrippina.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> St. Bruno (<i>circa</i> 1030-1101), founder of the Carthusian -order, was born at Cologne.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Frederic William II., King of Prussia (1744-1797), nephew -and successor (1786) of Frederic the Great.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Charles Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg -(1735-1806), Commander-in-Chief of the allied Prussian and Austrian -armies. He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Auerstadt (14 October -1806), and was the father of "Brunswick's fated chieftain" killed at -Waterloo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Pierre Louis Alexandre de Gouyon (not Goyon) de Miniac -(<i>circa</i> 1754-1818).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Anne Hilarion de Contentin, Comte de Tourville -(1642-1701), a famous French admiral; fought under Duquesne, commanded -under the Maréchal de Vivonne at Palermo (1677), went to Ireland in -1690 to support the cause of James II., was defeated by the English at -the Battle of the Hogue (1692), but defeated them at the first Battle -of St. Vincent (1693).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Salvianus (<i>circa</i> 390-484), author of the treatises, <i>De -Gubernatione Dei, Adversus Avaritiam</i>, and some letters—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Henry IV. defeated the Leaguers at Ivry in 1590.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Words and music by the Marquise de Travanet, <i>née</i> de -Bombelles, lady to Madame Élisabeth.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Lope Felix de Vega Carpia (1562-1635), the fertile -Spanish poet, author of the <i>Arcadia</i> and some 2000 plays and an -endless number of poems of every description.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Lucius Cary, second Viscount Falkland (1610-1643), -Secretary of State to Charles I. Although at first favouring the -rebellion, he joined the King's side and died fighting for Charles at -Newbury.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Christian Augustus Prince of Waldeck (1744-1798), fought -for Austria against the Turks and against the French, lost an arm -at the siege of Thionville, took part in the attack on the lines of -Weissemberg, replaced Mack, and went to Portugal, where he died.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Louis Félix Baron de Wimpfen (1744-1814), a Royalist -brigadier in the Revolutionary service. He defended Thionville for -fifty-five days, until he was relieved by the victory of Valmy. He -concealed himself during the Terror. The Consulate restored him to his -rank as general of division, and Napoleon appointed him inspector of -studs, and created him a baron in 1809.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Louis II. Prince de Condé (1621-1686), known as the Grand -Condé, captured Thionville in 1643, after first causing the Spaniards -to raise the siege of Rocroi, and signally defeating them on the 19th -of May.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Manassès de Pas, Marquis de Feuquières (1590-1639), -besieged Thionville in 1639, but was defeated by the garrison, and -himself wounded and taken prisoner. He died of his wounds a few months -later.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> The Chevalier de La Baronnais was one of the numerous -sons of François Pierre Collas, Seigneur de La Baronnais, married in -1750 to Renée de Kergu. Chateaubriand is not quite accurate as to the -proportions of his family. There were twenty children in all, twelve -sons and eight daughters.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Joseph Henri Bouchard d'Esparbès, Maréchal Marquis -d'Aubeterre (1714-1788), after fulfilling several important embassies, -was appointed Commandant of Brittany in 1775.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> St. John the Silent (454-<i>circa</i> 589), so called from -his love of silence and retirement. At the age of twenty-eight he was -consecrated Bishop of Colonus, near Athens, but resigned his see in -nine years, and withdrew to the Monastery of St. Sabar in Jerusalem. -His feast falls on the 13th of May.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> St. Dominic Loricatus (<i>d.</i> 1060) spent his life in the -Apennines, wearing a coat of mail, which he laid aside only to scourge -himself. He is honoured on the 14th of October.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> St. James Intercisus (<i>d.</i> 421). Born in Persia, he at -first abjured Christianity in obedience to a decree of King Yezdedjerd -I.; but, repenting of his apostasy, he resumed the faith, and was -condemned to be cut to pieces while living, a martyrdom which he -heroically endured on the 27th of November 421. His feast is celebrated -on the anniversary of that day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> St. Paul the Simple (229-342) retired at the age of -twenty-two to the Thebaïde Desert, where he became a disciple of St. -Anthony and lived for ninety-one years. He is honoured on the 7th of -March.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> St. Basil the Hermit (<i>d.</i> circa 640), a native of -Limousin, spent forty years wrestling with the Evil One in a retreat -which he had built for himself in the neighbourhood of Verzy, in -Champagne. His feast falls on the 26th of November.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Philip Augustus defeated the Emperor Otho IV. and his -allies at Bouvines, 27 August 1214.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> St. Germanus of Auxerre, Bishop of Auxerre (380-448), was -Governor of the province of Auxerre for the Emperor of the West, when -he was ordained priest by Amador, the bishop of the diocese, whom he -succeeded after the latter's death in 418. He visited England in 428 -and 446 to preach against the Pelagian heresy. He is honoured on the -26th of July.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Hugues Métel (1080-1157), a twelfth-century -ecclesiastical writer. The allusion is to an apologue entitled, <i>D'un -loup qui se fit hermite</i>, which stands at the head of the poems.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> François de Lorraine, Duc de Guise (1519-1563), one of -the greatest French captains, and leader of the Catholic army. He was -assassinated at the siege of Orléans by a Huguenot nobleman called -Poltrot de Méré.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Pietro Strozzi (1550-1558), a marshal in the French -service, and commander-in-chief of the army of Pope Paul IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Julius Majorianus, known as the Emperor Majorian (<i>d.</i> -461) defeated Theodoric II., King of the Visigoths, in Gaul, and was -about to attack Genseric, King of the Vandals, in Africa, when he was -deposed and put to death by Ricimer, who had raised him to power.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Sidonius Apollinaris</span>.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> John II., King of France (1319-1364), known as John -the Good, taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers by Edward the -Black Prince (1356). Peace was concluded in 1360, and John returned -to France, leaving his son as a hostage. The latter escaped, and King -John voluntarily returned to London and surrendered, saying that "if -good faith was banished from the earth, it should find an asylum in the -hearts of kings." He died shortly after his arrival in London (8 April -1364).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de -Clerfayt (1733-1798), created, in 1795, a field-marshal in the Austrian -Army. He was a native of Brussels, at that time the capital of the -Austrian Netherlands, and was a very fine general. Not the least of his -feats was his masterly retreat after the Battle of Jemmapes (6 November -1792). In 1795, he defeated three French army corps in succession, and -relieved Mayence, which was besieged by one of them.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> François Prudent Malo Ferron de La Sigonnière -(1768-1815).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Cf. <i>Odyssey</i>, IV. 606.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Ausonius</span>, <i>Eidyllia</i>, CCCXXXIV. 21, <i>Ausonii -Mosella.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Now known as the cemetery of Père Lachaise.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> The Abbé André Morellet (1727-1819), a Member of the -Academy, and at one time a leading member of Madame Geoffrin's circle. -His attacks on Chateaubriand are mentioned later, when Chateaubriand -speaks of the publication of <i>Atala.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Field-Marshal Franz Baron von Mercy (<i>d.</i> 1645), one of -the great generals of the seventeenth century. He took service under -the Elector of Bavaria, and distinguished himself in the German wars -against France. In 1645 he defeated Turenne at Mariendal, but was -himself beaten by Condé in the plains of Nördlingen (7 August 1645), -and received a wound of which he died the next day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), the famous -French engineer. Longwy was one of the many fortifications constructed -by Vauban along the German frontier. He was created a marshal in 1703 -by Louis XIV., who in 1693 had founded the order of St. Louis at -Vauban's instance.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Honoré Jean Riouffe (1764-1813), created a baron of -the Empire in 1810; author of the <i>Mémoires d'un détenu, pour servir -à l'histoire de la tyrannie de Robespierre</i>, from which the above -quotation is taken.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> St. Gregory of Tours (<i>circa</i> 540—<i>circa</i> 594), Bishop -of Tours, and author of a <i>History of the Franks</i> extending from 417 to -591.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Theodebert I., King of Metz or Austrasia (<i>d.</i> 548).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Philippe Laurent Pons (1759-1844), known as Pons de -Verdun, was, before the Revolution, a regular contributor to the -<i>Almanach des Muses.</i> He was sent to the Convention by the Meuse -and voted for the death of the King. As a member of the Council -of Five Hundred, he rallied to the cause of Bonaparte, and became -advocate-general to the Court of Appeal under the Empire.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Artus de Bonchamp (1769-1793), mortally wounded outside -Cholet (17 October 1793).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt, Dame de Saint-Balmon -(1608-1660), took up arms during her husband's absence in the Thirty -Years' War, and defended her house against the marauders.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Amadis of Gaul, hero of the famous prose romance written -in the fourteenth century by different authors, partly in Spanish, -partly in French.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> A loathsome form of vermin.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Jean La Balue (1421-1491) became a bishop, Almoner -to King Louis XI., Intendant of Finance, and was for many years -virtual Prime Minister of France. He abolished the Pragmatic Sanction -(1461), and was created a cardinal by Pope Pius II. Subsequently he -corresponded with the King's enemies and (1469) was imprisoned by Louis -XI. in an iron cage, from which he was released only upon the King's -death, eleven years later. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII. sent La Balue -to France as legate <i>in latere</i>; but he was so badly received that he -was obliged to return to Rome.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Claude de Saumaise (1588-1658), known as Salmasius, or -the Prince of Commentators.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Charles Ferdinand Duc de Berry (1778-1820), second son -of the Comte d'Artois, later Charles X., and father of the Duc de -Bordeaux, known later as Comte de Chambord and Henry V. The Duc de -Berry was assassinated by Louvel on leaving the Opera House in Paris, 6 -February 1820.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Mémoires, lettres, et pièces authentiques touchant la -vie et la mort de S. A. R. Ch. F. d'Artois, fils de France, Duc de -Berry</i>, II. viii.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <span class="smcap">La Fontaine's</span> <i>Fables</i>, book VII., fab. 16: <i>The Cat, -the Weasel, and the Young Rabbit</i>, 7—9.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Cephalus of Thessaly, husband of Procris, and beloved by -Aurora because of his surpassing beauty.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Jean Cazotte (1720-1792), the facile Royalist poet, -author of the <i>Veillée de la Bonne femme; ou, le Réveil d'Enguerrand</i>, -which opens with the lines quoted.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> -"Right in the middle of the Ardennes<br /> -Stands a fine castle atop of a rock."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> François de La Noue (1531-1591), nicknamed -<i>Bras-de-Fer</i>, Iron Arm, a famous Calvinist captain. Fighting at the -head of the army of the States-General against Spain, he was captured -(1578) and kept prisoner for five years in the fortresses of Limburg -and Charlemont. He was killed at the siege of Lamballe in Brittany, -where he was sent by Henry IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Cazotte</span>, <i>La Veillée de la Bonne femme</i>, supra.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Orlando's famous steed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Most of the scenes in <i>As You Like It</i> are laid in the -Forest of Arden.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Charles Joseph Prince de Ligne (1735-1844), a -Flemish general in the Austrian service, famous for his wit, his -personal graces, and his military talent. Francis II. created him a -field-marshal in 1808.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> -"When he was in the town,<br /> -Brussels town in Brabant."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Dante</span>, <i>Inferno</i>, XXXVII. 127.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (86-161), author or -originator of the <i>Itinerarium Provinciarum.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Robert II., Duke of Normandy (<i>circa</i> 1056-1134), -nicknamed Robert Curthose, eldest son of William the Conqueror. He was -defeated by his brother, Henry I., at Tinchebray (1106), and imprisoned -at Cardiff Castle until his death in 1134.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> St. Helerius, hermit and martyr, patron saint of Jersey. -His head was cut off by pirates. His feast falls on the 16th of -July.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> William I., the Conqueror, King of England (1027-1087), -is generally called William the Bastard by French writers. He was the -illegitimate son of Robert I. the Devil, Duke of Normandy, and Arlotta, -a washerwoman of Falaise.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>, L'<i>Henriade</i>: -</p> -<p> -"Then, far removed from Court, to this obscure retreat,<br /> -I come to mourn the blows with which my creed has met." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Armand Louis de Chateaubriand married in Guernsey, 14 -September 1795, Mademoiselle Jeanne le Brun, of Jersey; the young -couple settled in Jersey, where were born Jeanne (16 June 1796) and -Frédéric (11 November 1799).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince de Bouillon (1754-1816), -born in Jersey, was the son of Charles d'Auvergne, a poor lieutenant -in the British Navy, and had been adopted by the Duc Godefroy de -Bouillon, who saw his race threatened with extinction. Philippe -d'Auvergne devoted himself whole-heartedly to the cause of his new -fellow-countrymen in their difficulties with the English governors of -the island. His career was one of inconceivable adventures, and his -end, which occurred in London, was mysterious.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> François Marie Anne Joseph Hingant de La Tiemblais -(1761-1827). No less than twenty-two members of his family suffered -as victims of their religious and political faith. He furnished -Chateaubriand with many of the materials for the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>, and himself published some valuable literary and -scientific works and an interesting novel (1826), entitled <i>Le Capucin, -anecdote historique.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Lamba Doria defeated Andrea Dandola, the Venetian -admiral, before the island of Curzola, off the coast of Dalmatia, in -1298.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VIII" id="BOOK_VIII">BOOK VIII</a><a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></h4> - - -<p>The Literary Fund—My garret in Holborn—Decline in health—Visit -to the doctors—Emigrants in London—Peltier—Literary labours—My -friendship with Hingant—Our excursions—A night in Westminster -Abbey—Distress—Unexpected succour—Lodging overlooking a -cemetery—New companions in misfortune—Our pleasures—My cousin -de La Boüétardais—A sumptuous rout—I come to the end of my forty -crowns—Renewed distress—Table d'hôte—Bishops-Dinner at the London -Tavern—The Camden Manuscripts—My work in the country—Death of -my brother—Misfortunes of my family—Two Frances—Letters from -Hingant—Charlotte—I return to London—An extraordinary meeting—A -defect in my character—The <i>Essai historique sur les révolutions</i>—Its -effect—Letter from Lemierre, nephew to the poet—Fontanes—Cléry.</p> - - -<p class="p2">A society has been formed in London for the assistance of men of -letters, both English and foreign. This society invited me to its -annual meeting<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>; I made it my duty to attend and to present my -subscription<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>. H.R.H. the Duke of York<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> occupied the chair; on -his right were the Duke of Somerset<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> and Lords Torrington<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> and -Bolton<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>; I myself sat on his left. I met my friend Mr. Canning<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> -there. The poet, orator, and illustrious minister made a speech in -which occurred the following passage, which did me too great honour, -and which was reported in the newspapers:</p> - -<p>"Although the person of my noble friend, the Ambassador<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> of France, is -as yet but little known here, his character and writings are well known -to all Europe. He began his career by expounding the principles of -Christianity, and continued it by defending those of monarchy; and now -he comes amongst us to unite the two countries by the common bonds of -monarchical principles and Christian virtues<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The literary fund.</div> - -<p>It is many years since Mr. Canning, the man of letters, improved -himself by the political lessons of Mr. Pitt<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>; it is almost the -same number of years since I began obscurely to write in that same -English capital. Both of us have attained high station and are now -members of a society devoted to the relief of unfortunate authors. Is -it the affinity of our grandeurs or the relation of our sufferings -that brought us together in this place? What should the Governor of -the East Indies and the French Ambassador be doing at the banquet -of the afflicted muses? It was rather George Canning and François -de Chateaubriand who sat down to it, in remembrance of their former -adversity and perhaps of their former happiness: they drank to the -memory of Homer singing his verses for a morsel of bread.</p> - - -<p>If the Literary Fund had existed when I arrived in London from -Southampton on the 21st of May 1793, it would perhaps have paid a -doctor's visit to the garret in Holborn in which my cousin de La -Boüétardais<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, son of my uncle de Bedée, harboured me. It had been -hoped that the change of air would do marvels towards restoring to me -the strength essential to a soldier's life; but my health, instead of -recovering, declined. My chest became involved; I was thin and pale, -I coughed frequently, I breathed with difficulty; I had attacks of -perspiration and I spat blood. My friends, who were as poor as I, -dragged me from doctor to doctor. These Hippocrates kept the band of -beggars waiting at their door, and then told me, for the price of one -guinea, that I must bear my complaint patiently, adding:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - -<p>"That's all, my dear sir."</p> - -<p>Dr. Goodwyn<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, famous for his experiments relating to drowning -people, made on his own person by his own prescriptions, was more -generous: he assisted me with his advice gratis; but he said to me, -with the harshness which he employed towards himself, that I might -"last" a few months, perhaps one or two years, provided I gave up all -fatigue.</p> - -<p>"Do not look forward to a long career:" that was the substance of his -consultations.</p> - -<p>The certainty of my approaching end thus acquired, while increasing the -natural gloom of my imagination, gave me an incredible peace of mind. -This inner disposition explains a passage of the note placed at the -head of the <i>Essai historique</i><a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>, as well as the following passage -from the <i>Essai</i> itself:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Smitten as I am with an illness which leaves me little hope, -I behold objects with a tranquil eye; the calm atmosphere of -the tomb is perceptible to the traveller who is but a few -days' march removed from it<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The bitterness of the reflections spread over the <i>Essai</i> will -therefore arouse no astonishment: I wrote that work while lying under -sentence of death, between the verdict and the execution. A writer who -believed himself to be drawing near his end, amid the destitution of -his exile, could scarcely cast a smiling glance upon the world.</p> - -<p>But how to spend the days of grace that had been granted me? I might -have lived or died promptly by my sword: I was forbidden to use it. -What remained? A pen? It was neither known nor proved, and I was -ignorant of its power. Would my innate taste for letters, the poems of -my childhood, the sketches of my travels suffice to attract the public -attention? The idea of writing a work on the comparative Revolutions -had occurred to me; I turned it over in my mind as a subject more -suited to the interests of the day; but who would undertake the -printing of a manuscript with none to extol its merits, and who would -support me during the composition of that manuscript? Even if I had -but a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> days to spend on earth, I must nevertheless have some means -of support for those few days. My thirty louis, already seriously -curtailed, could not go very far, and, in addition to my own distress, -I had to support the general distress of the Emigration. My companions -in London all had occupations: some had embarked in the coal trade, -others with their wives made straw hats, others again taught the French -which they did not know. They were all merry. The fault of our nation, -its frivolity, had at that moment changed into virtue. They laughed in -Fortune's face: that thieving wench was quite abashed at carrying off -something which she was not asked to restore.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Peltier.</div> - -<p>Peltier, author of the <i>Domine salvum fac regem</i><a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> and principal -editor of the <i>Actes des Apôtres</i>, continued his Parisian enterprise in -London. He was not precisely vicious: but he was devoured by a vermin -of small faults of which it was impossible to purify him; he was a -rake, a good-for-nothing, earned a great deal of money and spent it as -lavishly, was at the same time the adherent of the Legitimacy and the -ambassador of the black King Christophe<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> to George III., diplomatic -correspondent of M. le Comte de "Limonade," and drank up in champagne -the salary which was paid him in sugar<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>. This sort of M. Violet -playing the grand airs of the Revolution on a pocket violin came to see -me, and offered his services as a Breton. I spoke to him of my plan of -the <i>Essai</i>; he loudly approved of it:</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02003"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_003.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Peltier</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>"It will be superb!" he exclaimed, and offered me a room in the house -of his printer, Baylis, who would print the work piece by piece as I -wrote it.</p> - -<p>Deboffe the bookseller should have the sale of it; he, Peltier, would -trumpet it in his paper, the <i>Ambigu</i>, while one might obtain a footing -in the London <i>Courrier français</i>, the editorship of which was soon to -be transferred to M. de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> Montlosier<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>. Peltier never entertained a -doubt: he spoke of getting me the Cross of St. Louis for my siege of -Thionville. My Gil Blas, tall, lean, lanky, with powdered hair and a -bald forehead, always shouting and joking, put his round hat on one -ear, took me by the arm, and carried me off to Baylis the printer, -where, without any ceremony, he hired a room for me at a guinea a month.</p> - -<p>I was face to face with my golden future; but how to bridge over the -present? Peltier obtained translations from the Latin and the English -for me; I worked at translating by day, and at night at the <i>Essai -historique</i>, into which I introduced a portion of my travels and my -day-dreams. Baylis supplied me with the books, and I laid out a few -shillings to ill purpose on the purchase of old volumes displayed on -the bookstalls.</p> - -<p>Hingant, whom I had met on the Jersey packet, had become intimate -with me. He cultivated literature, he was well informed, and he wrote -novels in secret and read me pages of them. He had a lodging not far -from Baylis, at the end of a street leading into Holborn. I breakfasted -with him every morning at ten o'clock; we talked about politics -and above all about my work. I told him how much I had built of my -nocturnal edifice, the <i>Essai</i>; then I reverted to my labour of the -daytime, the translations. We met for dinner, at a shilling a head, in -a public-house; thence we made for the fields. Often also we walked -alone, for we were both of us fond of musing.</p> - -<p>I would then direct my steps towards Kensington or Westminster. -Kensington pleased me; I wandered about its solitary part, while the -part adjacent to Hyde Park became filled with a brilliant multitude. -The contrast between my penury and the display of wealth, between my -destitution and the crowd, was pleasant to me. I watched the young -Englishwomen pass in the distance with that sense of desirous confusion -which my sylph had formerly caused me to feel when, after decking -her with all my extravagances, I scarce dared lift my eyes upon my -handiwork. Death, which I thought that I was approaching, added a -mystery to this vision of a world from which I had almost departed. Did -ever a look rest upon the foreigner seated at the foot of a fir-tree? -Did some fair woman divine the invisible presence of René?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">A night in Westminster Abbey.</div> - -<p>At Westminster I found a different pastime: in that labyrinth of tombs -I thought of mine ready to open. The bust of an unknown man like myself -would never find a place amid those illustrious effigies! Then appeared -the sepulchres of the monarchs: Cromwell<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> was there no longer, -and Charles I.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> was not there. The ashes of a traitor, Robert of -Artois<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>, lay beneath the flagstones which I trod with my loyal -steps. The fate of Charles I. had just been extended to Louis XVI.; the -steel was reaping its daily harvest in France, and the graves of my -kindred were already dug.</p> - -<p>The singing of the choir and the conversation of the visitors -interrupted my reflections. I was not able often to repeat my visits, -for I was obliged to give to the guardians of those who lived no more -the shilling which was necessary to me to live. But then I would turn -round and round outside the abbey with the rooks, or stop to gaze at -the steeples, twins of unequal height, which the setting sun stained -red with its fiery light against the black hangings of the smoke of the -City.</p> - -<p>One day, however, it happened that, wishing towards evening to -contemplate the interior of the basilica, I became lost in admiration -of its spirited and capricious architecture. Dominated by the sentiment -of the "dowdy vastitie of our churches<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>," I wandered with slow -footsteps and became benighted: the doors were closed. I tried to find -an outlet; I called the usher, I knocked against the doors: all the -noise I made, spread and spun out in the silence, was lost; I had to -resign myself to sleeping among the dead.</p> - -<p>After hesitating in my choice of a resting-place I stopped near Lord -Chatham's<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> mausoleum, at the foot of the rood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> and of the double -stair of Henry the Seventh's and the Knights' Chapel. At the entrance -to those stairs, to those aisles enclosed with railings, a sarcophagus -built into the wall, opposite to a marble figure of death armed with -its scythe, offered me its shelter. The fold of a winding-sheet, also -of marble, served me for a niche: following the example of Charles -V.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>, I inured myself to my burial. I was in the best seats for -seeing the world as it is. What a mass of greatnesses were confined -beneath those vaults! What remains of them? Afflictions are no less -vain than felicities: the hapless Jane Grey<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> is not different -from the blithe Alice of Salisbury<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> save that the skeleton is -less horrible because it has no head; her body is beautified by her -punishment and by the absence of that which constituted its beauty. -The tournaments of the victor of Crecy<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>, the sports of the Field -of the Cloth of Gold of Henry VIII.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> will not be renewed in that -theatre of funereal spectacles. Bacon<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, Newton<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>, Milton<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> -are interred as deeply, have passed away as completely, as their more -obscure contemporaries. Should I, an exile, a vagabond, a pauper, -consent to be no longer the petty, forgotten, sorrowful thing that I am -in order to have been one of those famous, mighty, pleasure-sated dead? -Ah, life is not all that! If from the shores of this world we cannot -distinctly discern matters divine, let us not be astonished: time is a -veil set between ourselves and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> God, even as our eyelids are interposed -between our eyes and the light.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reflections and release.</div> - -<p>Crouching under my marble sheet, I descended from these lofty thoughts -to the simple impressions of the place and moment. My anxiety mingled -with pleasure was analogous to that which I used to experience in -winter in my turret at Combourg, as I listened to the wind: a breeze -and a shadow possess a kindred nature. Little by little I grew -accustomed to the darkness and distinguished the figures placed over -the tombs. I looked up at the vaults of this English Saint-Denis, -whence one might say that the years that have been and the issues of -the past hung down like Gothic lamps: the entire edifice was as it were -a monolithic temple of ages turned to stone.</p> - -<p>I had counted ten o'clock, eleven o'clock by the abbey clock: the -hammer rising and falling upon the bell-metal was the only living -creature in those regions beside myself. Outside, the sound of a -carriage, the voice of the watchman: that was all; those distant sounds -of earth reached me as though from one world to another. The fog from -the Thames and the smoke of coal crept into the basilica, and spread a -denser dusk around.</p> - -<p>At last a twilight spread out in a corner filled with the dimmest -shadows: with fixed gaze I watched the progressive growth of the light; -did it emanate from the two sons<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> of Edward IV., assassinated by -their uncle? The great tragedian says:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -"O thus," quoth Dighton, "lay the gentle babes,"—<br /> -"Thus, thus," quoth Forrest, "girdling one another<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Within their alabaster innocent arms:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Their lips were four red roses on a stalk,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Which, in their summer beauty, kiss'd each other<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>God did not send me those two sad and charming souls; but the light -phantom of a scarcely adolescent woman appeared carrying a light -sheltered in a sheet of paper twisted shell-wise: it was the little -bell-ringer. I heard the sound of a kiss, and the bell tolled the break -of day. The ringer was quite terrified when I went out with her through -the gate of the cloisters. I told her of my adventure;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> she said she -had come to do duty for her father, who was sick: we did not speak of -the kiss.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I amused Hingant with the story of my adventure, and we made a plan to -lock ourselves in at Westminster; but our distress summoned us to the -dead in a less poetic manner.</p> - -<p>My funds were becoming exhausted: Baylis and Deboffe had ventured, -against a written promise of reimbursement in case of non-sale, to -commence the printing of the <i>Essai</i>; there their generosity ended, -and very naturally; I was even astonished at their boldness. The -translations fell off; Peltier, a man of pleasure, grew weary of his -prolonged obligingness. He would willingly have given me what he had, -if he had not preferred to squander it; but to go looking here and -there for work, to do patient acts of kindness, was beyond him. Hingant -also saw his treasure diminishing; we were reduced to sixty francs -between us. We cut down our rations, as on a vessel when the passage -is prolonged. Instead of a shilling apiece, we spent only sixpence on -our dinner. With our morning tea we reduced the bread by one half, -and suppressed the butter. This abstinence vexed my friend's nerves. -His wits went wool-gathering; he would prick his ears and seem to be -listening to some one; he would burst out laughing in reply, or shed -tears. Hingant believed in magnetism, and had disordered his brain with -Swedenborg's<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> rubbish. He told me in the morning that he had heard -noises during the night; if I denied his fancies he grew angry. The -anxiety which he caused me prevented me from feeling my own sufferings.</p> - -<p>These were great, nevertheless: that rigorous diet, combined with -the work, chafed my diseased chest; I began to find a difficulty in -walking, and yet I spent my days and a part of my nights out of doors, -so as not to betray my distress. When we came to our last shilling, -my friend and I agreed to keep it in order to make a pretense of -breakfasting. We arranged that we should buy a penny roll; that we -should have the hot water and the tea-pot brought up as usual; that we -should not put in any tea; that we should not eat the bread, but that -we should drink the hot water with a few little morsels of sugar left -at the bottom of the bowl.</p> - -<p>Five days passed in this fashion. I was devoured with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> hunger; I burned -with fever; sleep had deserted me; I sucked pieces of linen which I -soaked in water; I chewed grass and paper. When I passed the bakers' -shops, the torment I endured was horrible. One rough winter's night, -I stood for two hours outside a shop where they sold dried fruits and -smoked meats, swallowing all I saw with my eyes: I could have eaten -not only the provisions, but the boxes and baskets in which they were -packed.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the fifth day, dropping from inanition, I dragged -myself to Hingant's; I knocked at the door: it was closed. I called -out; Hingant was some time without answering: at last he rose and -opened the door. He laughed with a bewildered air; his frock-coat was -buttoned; he sat down at the tea-table.</p> - -<p>"Our breakfast is coming," he said in a strange voice.</p> - -<p>I thought I saw some stains of blood on his shirt; I suddenly -unbuttoned his coat: he had given himself a wound with a penknife, -two inches deep, in his left breast. I called out for help. The -maid-servant went to fetch a surgeon. The wound was dangerous.</p> - -<p>This new misfortune obliged me to take a resolution. Hingant, who was -a counsellor to the Parliament of Brittany, had refused to take the -salary which the English Government allowed the French magistrates, in -the same way that I had declined the shilling a day doled out to the -Emigrants: I wrote to M. de Barentin<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> and disclosed my friend's -position to him. Hingant's relations hurried to his assistance and -took him away to the country. At that very moment my uncle de Bedée -forwarded me forty crowns, a touching offering from my persecuted -family. I seemed to see all the gold of Peru before my eyes: the mite -of the French prisoners supported the exiled Frenchman.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Destitution.</div> - -<p>My destitution had impeded my work. As I delivered no more manuscript, -the printing was suspended. Deprived of Hingant's company, I did not -keep on my room at Baylis' at a guinea per month; I paid the quarter -that was due and went away. Below the needy Emigrants who had served -as my first protectors in London were others who were even more -necessitous. There are degrees among the poor as among the rich; one -can go from the man who in winter keeps himself warm with his dog -down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> to him who shivers in his torn rags. My friends found me a room -more suited to my diminishing fortune: one is not always at the height -of prosperity! They installed me in the neighbourhood of Marylebone -Street, in a garret whose dormer window overlooked a cemetery: every -night the watchman's rattle told me of the proximity of body-snatchers. -I had the consolation to hear that Hingant was out of danger.</p> - -<p>Friends came to see me in my work-room. To judge from our independence -and our poverty, we might have been taken for painters on the ruins of -Rome; we were artists in wretchedness on the ruins of France. My face -served as a model, my bed as a seat for my pupils. The bed consisted of -a mattress and a blanket. I had no sheets; when it was cold my coat and -a chair, added to my blanket, kept me warm. I was too weak to make my -bed; it remained turned down as God had left it.</p> - -<p>My cousin de La Boüétardais, turned out of a low Irish lodging for not -paying his rent, although he had put his violin in pawn, came to ask me -for a shelter against the constable: a vicar from Lower Brittany lent -him a trestle-bed. La Boüétardais, like Hingant, had been a counsellor -to the Parliament of Brittany; he did not possess a handkerchief to -tie round his head; but he had deserted with bag and baggage, that is -to say, he had brought away his square cap and his red robe, and he -slept under the purple by my side. Jocular, a good musician with a fine -voice, on nights when we could not sleep he would sit up quite naked -on his trestles, put on his square cap, and sing ballads, accompanying -himself on a guitar with only three strings. One night when the poor -fellow was in this way humming <i>Scendi propizia</i> from Metastasio's<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> -<i>Hymn to Venus</i>, he was struck by a draught; he twisted his mouth, and -he died of it, but not at once, for I rubbed his cheek heartily. We -held counsel in our elevated room, argued on politics, and discussed -the gossip of the Emigration. In the evening, we went to our aunts and -cousins to dance, after the dresses had been trimmed with ribbons and -the hats made up.</p> - -<p>They who read this portion of my Memoirs are not aware<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> that I have -interrupted them twice: once to offer a great dinner to the Duke of -York, brother of the King of England; and once to give a rout on the -anniversary of the entry of the King of France into Paris, on the 8th -of July. That rout cost me forty thousand francs. Peers and peeresses -of the British Empire, ambassadors, distinguished foreigners filled -my gorgeously-decorated rooms. My tables gleamed with the glitter of -London crystal and the gold of Sèvres porcelain. The most delicate -dainties, wines and flowers abounded. Portland Place was blocked with -splendid carriages. Collinet and the band from Almack's enraptured the -fashionable melancholy of the dandies and the dreamy elegance of the -pensively-dancing ladies. The Opposition and the Ministerial majority -had struck a truce: Mrs. Canning<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> talked to Lord Londonderry, Lady -Jersey to the Duke of Wellington. Monsieur, who this year sent me his -compliments on the sumptuousness of my entertainments in 1822, did -not know in 1793 that, not far from him, lived a future minister who, -while awaiting the advent of his greatness, fasted over a cemetery for -his sin of loyalty. I congratulate myself to-day on having experienced -shipwreck, gone through war, and shared the sufferings of the humblest -classes of society, as I applaud myself for meeting with injustice and -calumny in times of prosperity. I have profited by these lessons: life, -without the ills that make it serious, is a child's bauble.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I was the man with the forty crowns; but since fortunes had not yet -been levelled, nor the price of commodities reduced, there was nothing -to serve as a counterpoise to my rapidly diminishing purse. I could -not reckon on further help from my family, exposed in Brittany to the -double scourge of the Chouans<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> and the Terror. I saw nothing before -me but the workhouse or the Thames.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A contrast.</div> - -<p>Some of the Emigrants' servants, whom their masters could no longer -feed, had turned into eating-house keepers in order to feed their -masters. God knows the merry meals that were made at these ordinaries! -God knows, too, what politics were talked there! All the victories -of the Republic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> were turned into defeats, and, if by chance one -entertained a doubt as to an immediate restoration, he was declared a -Jacobin. Two old bishops, who looked like live corpses, were walking -one morning in St James's Park:</p> - -<p>"Monseigneur," said one, "do you think we shall be in France by June?"</p> - -<p>"Why, monseigneur," replied the other, after ripe reflection, "I see -nothing against it."</p> - -<p>Peltier, the man of resource, unearthed me, or rather unnested me, -in my eyry. He had read in a Yarmouth newspaper that a society of -antiquarians was going to produce a history of the County of Suffolk, -and that they wanted a Frenchman able to decipher some French -twelfth-century manuscripts from the Camden<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> Collection. The parson -at Beccles was at the head of the undertaking; he was the man to whom -to apply.</p> - -<p>"That will just suit you," said Peltier; "go down there, decipher that -old waste-paper, go on sending copy for the <i>Essai</i> to Baylis; I'll -make the wretch go on with his printing; and you will come back to -London with two hundred guineas in your pocket, your work done, and go -ahead!" I tried to stammer out some objections:</p> - -<p>"What the deuce!" cried my man. "Do you want to stay in this -<i>palace</i>, where I'm catching cold already? If Rivarol, Champcenetz, -Mirabeau-Tonneau and I had gone about pursing up our mouths, a fine -business we should have made of the <i>Actes des Apôtres!</i> Do you know -that that story of Hingant is making the devil of a to-do? So you both -wanted to let yourself die of hunger, did you? Ha, ha, ha! Pouf!.... -Ha, ha!"</p> - -<p>Peltier, doubled in two, was holding his knees with laughter. He had -just received a hundred subscriptions to his paper from the colonies; -he had been paid for them, and jingled his guineas in his pocket. He -dragged me by main force, together with the apoplectic La Boüétardais -and two tattered Emigrants who were at hand, to dine at the London -Tavern. He made us drink port and eat roast beef and plum-pudding till -we were ready to burst.</p> - -<p>"Monsieur le comte," he asked my cousin, "what makes you carry your -potato-trap askew like that?"</p> - -<p>La Boüétardais, half shocked, half pleased, explained the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> thing as -best he could; he described how he had been suddenly seized while -singing the words, "<i>O bella Venere!</i>" My poor paralytic looked so -dead, so benumbed, so shabby, as he stammered out his "<i>bella Venere</i>" -that Peltier fell back, roaring with laughter, and almost upset the -table by striking it with his two feet underneath.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I go to Beccles.</div> - -<p>Upon reflection, the advice of my fellow-countryman, a real character -out of my other fellow-countryman, Le Sage<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>, did not appear to me -so bad. After three days spent in making inquiries and in obtaining -some clothes from Peltier's tailor, I set out for Beccles with some -money lent me by Deboffe, on the understanding that I was going on -with the <i>Essai.</i> I changed my name, which no Englishman was able to -pronounce, for that of Combourg, which had been borne by my brother, -and which reminded me of the sorrows and pleasures of my early youth. -I alighted at the inn, and handed the minister of the place a letter -from Deboffe, who was greatly esteemed in the English book-world. The -letter recommended me as a scholar of the first rank. I was very well -received, saw all the gentlemen of the district, and met two officers -of our Royal Navy who were giving French lessons in the neighbourhood.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My strength improved; my trips on horseback restored my health a -little. England, viewed thus in detail, was melancholy, but charming; -it was the same thing, the same outlook wherever I went. M. de Combourg -was invited to every party. I owed to study the first alleviation of -my lot. Cicero was right to recommend the commerce of letters in the -troubles of life. The women were delighted to meet a Frenchman to talk -French with.</p> - -<p>The misfortunes of my family, which I learnt from the newspapers, -and which made me known by my real name (for I was unable to conceal -my grief), increased the interest which my acquaintances took in me. -The public journals announced the death of M. de Malesherbes; of his -daughter, Madame la Présidente de Rosanbo; of his granddaughter, -Madame de Chateaubriand; and of his grandson-in-law, the Comte de -Chateaubriand, my brother, all immolated together, on the same day, -at the same hour, on the same scaffold<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>. M. de Malesherbes was -an object of admiration and veneration among the English;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> my family -connection with the defender of Louis XVI. added to the kindness of my -hosts.</p> - -<p>My uncle de Bedée informed me of the persecutions endured by the rest -of my relations. My old and incomparable mother had been flung into a -cart with other victims and carried from the depths of Brittany to the -gaols of Paris, in order to share the lot of the son whom she had loved -so well. My wife and my sister Lucile were awaiting their sentence in -the dungeons at Rennes; there had been a question of imprisoning them -at Combourg Castle, which had become a State fortress: their innocence -was accused of the crime of my emigration. What were our sorrows on -foreign soil compared with those of the French who had remained at -home? And yet, what unhappiness, amid the sufferings of exile, to know -that our very exile was made the pretext for the persecution of our kin.</p> - -<p>Two years ago my sister-in-law's wedding ring was picked up in the -kennel of the Rue Cassette; it was brought to me, broken; the two hoops -of the ring had come apart and hung linked together; the names were -clearly legible engraved inside. How had the ring come to be found -there? When and where had it been lost? Had the victim, imprisoned at -the Luxembourg, passed by the Rue Cassette on her way to execution? Had -she dropped the ring from the tumbril? Had the ring been torn from her -finger after the execution? I was shocked at the sight of this symbol, -which, both by its broken condition and its inscription, reminded me of -a destiny so cruel. Something fatal and mysterious was attached to this -ring, which my sister-in-law seemed to send me from among the dead, in -memory of herself and my brother. I have given it to her son<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>: may -it not bring him ill-luck!</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Cher orphelin, image de ta mère,<br /> -Au ciel pour toi, je demande, ici-bas,<br /> -Les jours heureux retranchés à ton père<br /> -Et les enfants que ton oncle n'a pas<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> - -<p>This halting stanza and two or three others are the only present I was -able to make my nephew on his marriage.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Execution of my brother.</div> - -<p>Another relic remains to me of these misfortunes. The following is a -letter which M. de Contencin wrote to me when, in turning over the city -records, he found the order of the revolutionary tribunal which sent my -brother and his family to the scaffold:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monsieur le vicomte</span>,</p> - -<p>"There is a sort of cruelty in awaking in a mind that has -suffered much the memory of the ills which have affected it -most painfully. This consideration made me hesitate some time -before offering for your acceptance a very pathetic document, -upon which I alighted in the course of my historical -researches. It is a death-certificate, signed before the -decease by a man who always displayed himself as implacable -as death itself, whenever he found illustriousness and virtue -united in the same person.</p> - -<p>"I hope, monsieur le vicomte, that you will not take it too -ill of me if I add to your family records a document which -recalls such cruel memories. I presumed that it would have an -interest for you, since it had a value in my eyes, and I at -once thought of offering it to you. If I am not guilty of an -indiscretion, I shall be doubly gratified, as this proceeding -gives me the opportunity to express to you the feelings of -profound respect and sincere admiration with which you have -long inspired me, and with I am, monsieur le vicomte,</p> - -<p>"your most humble, obedient servant,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">A. de Contencin</span>.</p> - -<p>"Prefecture of the Seine,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 5%;">"Paris, 28 <i>March</i> 1835."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I replied to the above letter as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I had had the Sainte-Chapelle searched, monsieur, for the -documents concerning the trial of my unfortunate brother and -his wife, but the 'order' which you have been good enough to -send me was not to be found. This order and so many others, -with their erasures and their mangled names, have doubtless -been presented to Fouquier before the tribunal of God; he -will have been compelled to acknowledge his signature. Those -are the times which people regret, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> on which they write -volumes filled with admiration! For the rest, I envy my -brother: he, at least, has since many a long year quitted -this sad world. I thank you infinitely, monsieur, for the -esteem which you have shown me in your beautiful and noble -letter, and I beg you to accept the assurance of the very -distinguished consideration with which I have the honour to -be, etc." -</p></blockquote> - - -<p>This death order is, above all, remarkable for the proof which it -affords of the levity with which the murders were committed: names -are wrongly spelt, others are effaced. These defects of form, which -would have been enough to stay the simplest sentence, did not stop -the headsmen; all they cared for was the exact hour of death: "at -five o'clock precisely." Here is the authentic document, I copy it -faithfully:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Executor of Criminal Judgments</span>,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 5%;">"REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL.</p> - -<p>"The executor of criminal judgments will not fail to go to -the house of justice of the Conciergerie, there to execute -the judgment which condemns Mousset, d'Esprémenil, Chapelier, -Thouret, Hell, Lamoignon Malsherbes, the woman Lepelletier -Rosambo, Chateau Brian, and his wife [proper name effaced -and illegible], the widow Duchatelet, the wife of Grammont, -formerly duke, the woman Rochechuart [Rochechouart], and -Parmentier;—14, to the penalty of death. The execution will -take place to-day, at five o'clock precisely, on the Place de -la Révolution in this city.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">H. Q. Fouquier</span>,<br /> -"Public Prosecutor.</p> - -<p>"Given at the Tribunal, 3 Floréal, Year II. of the French -Republic.</p> - -<p>"<i>Two conveyances.</i>" -</p></blockquote> - -<p>The 9 Thermidor saved my mother's days; but she was forgotten at the -Conciergerie. The conventional commissary found her:</p> - -<p>"What are you doing here, citizeness?" he asked. "Who are you? Why do -you stay here?"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> - -<p>My mother replied that, having lost her son, she had not inquired what -was going on, and that it was indifferent to her whether she died in -prison or elsewhere.</p> - -<p>"But perhaps you have other children?" said the commissary.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Release of my mother.</div> - -<p>My mother mentioned my wife and sisters detained in custody at Rennes. -An order was sent to place them at liberty, and my mother was compelled -to leave the prison.</p> - -<p>In the histories of the Revolution, the writers have omitted to set the -picture of outer France by the side of the picture of inner France, -to depict that great colony of exiles, changing its industry and its -sorrows in accordance with the diversity of climate and the difference -in national manners.</p> - -<p>Outside France, everything operated by individuals: changes of -condition, obscure afflictions, noiseless and unrewarded sacrifices; -and, in this variety of individuals of every rank, age and sex, one -fixed idea was preserved: that of Old France travelling with her -prejudices and her faithful sons, as formerly the Church of God had -wandered over the earth with her virtues and her martyrs.</p> - -<p>Inside France, everything operated in the mass: Barère announcing -murders and conquests, civil wars and foreign wars; the gigantic -combats of the Vendée and on the banks of the Rhine; thrones toppling -to the sound of the march of our armies; our fleets swallowed up by the -waves; the people disinterring the monarchs at Saint-Denis and flinging -the dust of the dead kings into the eyes of the living kings to blind -them; New France, glorying in her new-found liberties, proud even of -her crimes, steadfast on her own soil, while extending her frontiers, -doubly armed with the headsman's blade and the soldier's sword.</p> - -<p>In the midst of my family sorrows I received some letters from my -friend Hingant, to reassure me as to his fate: letters very remarkable -in themselves; he wrote to me in September 1795:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Your letter of the 23rd of August is full of the most -touching feeling. I showed it to a few people, whose eyes -filled with tears on reading it. I was almost tempted to say -what Diderot said on the day when J. J. Rousseau came and -cried in his prison at Vincennes:</p> - -<p>"'See how my friends love me.'</p> - -<p>"My illness, as a matter of fact, was only one of those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -nervous fevers which cause great suffering, and for which -time and patience are the best remedies. During the fever I -read extracts from the <i>Phædo</i> and <i>Timæus</i>, and I said with -Cato: </p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"'It must be so, Plato; thou reason'st well<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>!'</p> - -<p>"I had formed an idea of my journey as one might form an idea -of a voyage to India. I imagined that I should see many new -objects in the 'spirit world,' as Swedenborg calls it, and -above all that I should be free from the fatigue and dangers -of the journey."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Eight miles from Beccles, in a little town called Bungay, lived an -English clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Ives<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>, a great Hellenist and -mathematician. He had a wife who was still young, with a charming -appearance, mind and manners, and an only daughter, fifteen years of -age. I was introduced to this household, and was better received there -than anywhere else. We took our wine in the old English fashion, and -sat two hours at table after the ladies had left. Mr. Ives, who had -been to America, liked to tell of his travels, to hear the story of my -own, to talk of Newton and Homer. His daughter, who had become learned -in order to please her father, was an excellent musician, and sang as -Madame Pasta<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> sings to-day. She reappeared in time to pour out -tea, and charmed away the old parson's infectious drowsiness. Leaning -against the end of the piano, I listened to Miss Ives in silence.</p> - -<p>When the music was over, the young lady questioned me about France, -about literature; asked me to set her plans of studies; she wished -particularly to know the Italian authors, and begged me to give her -some notes on the <i>Divina Commedia</i> and the <i>Gerusalemme.</i> Gradually -I began to experience a timid charm that issued from the soul: I had -decked the Floridans, I should not have ventured to pick up Miss Ives's -glove; I grew confused when I tried to translate a passage from Tasso. -I was more at my ease with that chaster and more masculine genius, -Dante.</p> - -<p>Charlotte Ives's age and my own were suited. Into friendships formed -in the midst of one's career, there enters a certain melancholy; -when two people do not meet at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> very outset, the memories of the -person beloved are not mingled with that portion of our days in which -we breathed without knowing her: those days, which belong to another -society, are painful to the memory, and as though curtailed from -our existence. When there is a disproportion of age, the drawbacks -increase: the older of the two commenced life before the younger was -born; the younger is destined to remain alone in his turn: one has -walked in a solitude this side of a cradle, the other will cross a -solitude that side of a tomb; the past was a desert for the first, the -future will be a desert for the second. It is difficult to be in love -in all the conditions that produce happiness: youth, beauty, seasonable -time, harmony of hearts, tastes, character, graces, and years.</p> - -<p>Having had a fall from my horse, I stayed some time with Mr. Ives. It -was winter; the dreams of my life began to flee before reality. Miss -Ives became more reserved; she ceased to bring me flowers; she would no -longer sing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Charlotte Ives.</div> - -<p>If I could have been told that I should pass the rest of my life -unknown in the bosom of this retiring family, I should have died of -pleasure: love needs but permanency to become at once an Eden before -the fall and an Hosanna without end. Contrive that beauty lasts, that -youth remains, that the heart can never weary, and you reproduce -Heaven. Love is so surely the sovereign felicity that it is pursued -by the phantom of perpetuity; it will consent to pronounce only -irrevocable vows; in the absence of joys, it seeks to make endless -its sorrows; a fallen angel, it still speaks the language it spoke -in the incorruptible abode; its hope is that it may never cease; in -its twofold nature and its twofold illusion here below, it strives to -perpetuate itself by immortal thoughts and never-failing generations.</p> - -<p>I beheld with dismay the moment approach when I should be obliged to -go. On the eve of the day announced for my departure, our dinner was a -gloomy one. To my great surprise, Mr. Ives withdrew at dessert, taking -his daughter with him, and I remained alone with Mrs. Ives: she was -extremely embarrassed. I thought she was going to reproach me with -an inclination which she might have discovered, although I had never -mentioned it. She looked at me, lowered her eyes, blushed; herself -bewitching in her confusion, there was no sentiment which she might not -by right have claimed for herself. At last, overcoming with an effort -the obstacle which had prevented her from speaking:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Sir," she said in English, "you behold my confusion: I do not know if -Charlotte pleases you, but it is impossible to deceive a mother's eyes; -my daughter has certainly conceived an attachment for you. Mr. Ives and -I have consulted together: you suit us in every respect; we believe you -will make our daughter happy. You no longer possess a country; you have -lost your relations; your property is sold: what is there to take you -back to France? Until you inherit what we have, you will live with us."</p> - -<p>Of all the sorrows that I had undergone, this was the sorest and -greatest. I threw myself at Mrs. Ives's feet; I covered her hands with -my kisses and my tears. She thought I was weeping with happiness, and -herself began to sob for joy. She stretched out her arm to pull the -bell-rope; she called her husband and daughter:</p> - -<p>"Stop!" I cried. "I am a married man!"</p> - -<p>She fell back fainting.</p> - -<p>I went out and, without returning to my room, left the house on foot I -reached Beccles and took the mail for London, after writing a letter to -Mrs. Ives of which I regret that I did not keep a copy.</p> - -<p>I have retained the sweetest, the tenderest, the most grateful -recollection of that event. Before I made my name, Mr. Ives's family -was the only one that bore me good-will and welcomed me with genuine -affection. Poor, unknown, proscribed, with neither beauty nor -attraction, I was offered an assured future, a country, a charming -wife to take me out of my loneliness, a mother almost as beautiful to -fill the place of my old mother, a father full of information, loving -and cultivating literature, to replace the father of whom Heaven had -bereaved me: what did I bring to set off against all that? No illusion -could possibly enter into the choice they made of me; there was no -doubt that I was loved. Since that time, I have met with but one -attachment sufficiently lofty to inspire me with the same confidence. -As to any interest of which I may subsequently have been the object, I -have never been able to make out whether outward causes, a noisy fame, -official finery, the glamour of a high literary or political position -were not the covering which attracted the attentions shown to me.</p> - -<p>For the rest, if I had married Charlotte Ives, my part on earth would -have been changed: buried in an English county, I should have become a -sporting gentleman; not a single line would have fallen from my pen; I -should even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> have forgotten my language, for I wrote in English, and -my ideas were beginning to take shape in English in my head. Would -my country have lost much by my disappearance? If I could put on one -side that which has consoled me, I would say that I should already -have numbered days of calm, instead of the troubled days that have -fallen to my share. The Empire, the Restoration, the divisions and -quarrels of France: what would all that have mattered to me? I should -not each morning have to palliate faults, to contend with errors. Is -it certain that I possess a real talent, and that that talent is worth -the sacrifice of my whole life? Shall I outlast my tomb? If I do go -beyond it, in the transformation which is now being brought about, in -a changed world occupied with very different things, will there be a -public to hear me? Shall I not be a man of the past, unintelligible to -the new generations? Will not my ideas, my opinions, my very style seem -tedious and antiquated to a scornful posterity? Will my shade be able -to say, as the shade of Virgil said to Dante:</p> - -<p> -"<i>Poeta fui e cantai</i>: I was a poet and I sang?"<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I return to London.</div> - -<p>I returned to London, but found no repose: I had fled from my fate as -a miscreant from his crime. How painful it must have been to a family -so worthy of my homage, of my respect, of my gratitude, to receive a -sort of refusal from the unknown man whom they had welcomed, to whom -they had offered a new home with a simplicity, an absence of suspicion, -of precaution, almost patriarchal in character! I imagined Charlotte's -grief, the just reproaches with which I was liable and deserved to -be covered: for, after all, I had taken pleasure in yielding to an -inclination of which I knew the insuperable unlawfulness. Had I, in -fact, made a vain attempt at seduction, without taking into account the -heinousness of my conduct? But whether I stopped, as I did, in order to -remain an honest man, or overcame all obstacles in order to surrender -to an inclination stigmatized beforehand through my conduct, I could -only have plunged the object of that seduction into sorrow or regret.</p> - -<p>From these bitter reflections I abandoned myself to other thoughts no -less filled with bitterness: I cursed my marriage, which, according to -the false perception of a mind at that time very sick, had thrown me -out of my course and was robbing me of happiness. I did not reflect -that, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> account of the ailing temperament to which I was subject, and -the romantic notions of liberty which I cherished, a marriage with Miss -Ives would have been as painful to me as a more independent union.</p> - -<p>One thing within me remained pure and charming, although profoundly -sad: the image of Charlotte; that image ended by prevailing over my -revolts against my fate. I was tempted a hundred times to return to -Bungay, not to appear before the troubled family, but to hide by the -road-side to see Charlotte pass, to follow her to the temple where -we had the same God, if not the same altar, in common, to offer that -woman, through the medium of Heaven, the inexpressible ardour of my -vows, to pronounce, at least in thought, the prayer from the nuptial -benediction which I might have heard from a clergyman's lips in that -temple:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"O God,... look mercifully upon this thy handmaid. ... now to -be joined in wedlock.... May it be to her a yoke of love and -peace.... May she be fruitful in offspring ... that they may -both see their children's children unto the third and fourth -generation, and arrive at a desired old age<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Wavering between resolve and resolve, I wrote Charlotte long letters -which I tore up. A few unimportant notes which I had received from her -served me as a talisman; attached to my steps by my thought, Charlotte, -gracious and compassionate, followed me along the paths of my sylph, -purifying them as she went. She absorbed my faculties; she was the -centre through which my intelligence made its way, in the same way as -the blood passes through the heart; she disgusted me with all else, for -I made of her a perpetual object of comparison to her advantage. A real -and unhappy passion is a poisoned leaven which remains at the bottom of -the soul, and which would poison the bread of the angels.</p> - -<p>The spots by which I had wandered, the hours and words which I had -exchanged with Charlotte, were engraved on my memory: I saw the smile -of the wife who had been destined for me; I respectfully touched -her black tresses; I pressed her shapely arms to my breast, like a -chain which I might have worn round my neck. No sooner was I in some -sequestered spot than Charlotte, with her white hands, came to sit by -my side. I divined her presence, as at night one inhales the perfume of -unseen flowers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> - -<p>I had lost Hingant's company, and my walks, more solitary than before, -left me full liberty to carry with me the image of Charlotte. There was -not a common, a road, a church, within thirty miles of London, that I -did not visit. The most deserted places, a field of nettles, a ditch -planted with thistles, all that was neglected by men, became favourite -spots for me, and in those spots Byron already drew breath. Leaning my -head upon my hand, I contemplated the scorned sites; when their painful -impression affected me too greatly, the memory of Charlotte came to -enchant me: I was then like the pilgrim who, on reaching a solitude -within view of the rocks of Mount Sinai, heard the nightingale sing.</p> - -<p>In London, my habits aroused surprise. I looked at nobody, I never -replied, I did not know what was said to me: my old associates -suspected me of madness.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>What happened at Bungay after my departure? What became of that family -to which I had brought joy and mourning?</p> - -<p>You will have remembered that I am at present Ambassador to the Court -of George IV., and that I am writing in London, in 1822, of what -happened to me in London in 1795.</p> - -<p>Some matters of business obliged me, a week ago, to interrupt the -narrative which I resume to-day. During this interval, my man came and -told me one morning, between twelve and one o'clock, that a carriage -had stopped at my door and that an English lady was asking to see me. -As I have made it a rule, in my public position, to deny myself to -nobody, I ordered the lady to be shown up.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lady Sutton.</div> - -<p>I was in my study, when Lady Sutton was announced; I saw a lady in -mourning enter the room, accompanied by two handsome boys also in -mourning: one might have been sixteen, the other fourteen years of age. -I went towards the stranger; her perturbation was such that she could -hardly walk. She said to me, in faltering accents:</p> - -<p>"My lord, do you remember me?"</p> - -<p>Yes, I remembered Miss Ives! The years which had passed over her head -had left only their spring-time behind. I took her by the hand, I made -her sit down, and I sat down by her side. I could not speak; my eyes -were full of tears; I gazed at her in silence through those tears; I -felt how deeply I had loved her by what I was now experiencing. At last -I was able to say, in my turn:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> - -<p>"And you, madam, do you remember me?"</p> - -<p>She raised her eyes, which till then she had kept lowered, and for sole -reply gave me a smiling and melancholy glance, like a long remembrance. -Her hand still lay between mine. Charlotte said to me:</p> - -<p>"I am in mourning for my mother; my father has been dead many years. -These are my children."</p> - -<p>At these words, she drew away her hand and sank back into her chair, -covering her eyes with her handkerchief. Soon she resumed:</p> - -<p>"My lord, I am now speaking to you in the language which I practised -with you at Bungay. I am ashamed: excuse me. My children are the sons -of Admiral Sutton<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>, whom I married three years after your departure -from England. But I am not sufficiently self-possessed to-day to tell -you the details. Permit me to come again."</p> - -<p>I asked her for her address, and gave her my arm to take her to her -carriage. She trembled, and I pressed her hand to my heart.</p> - -<p>I called on Lady Sutton the next day; I found her alone. Then there -began between us a long series of those "Do you remember?" questions -which cause a whole life-time to revive. At each "Do you remember?" -we looked at one another; we sought to discover in each other's -faces those traces of time which so cruelly mark the distance from -the starting-point and the length of the road traversed. I said to -Charlotte:</p> - -<p>"How did your mother tell you?"</p> - -<p>Charlotte blushed, and hastily interrupted me:</p> - -<p>"I have come to London to ask you to interest yourself on behalf of -Admiral Sutton's children. The eldest would like to go to Bombay. Mr. -Canning, who has been appointed Governor-General of India, is your -friend; he might consent to take my son with him. I should be very -grateful to you, and I should like to owe to you the happiness of my -first child."</p> - -<p>She laid a stress on these last words.</p> - -<p>"Ah, madam," I replied, "of what do you remind me? What a subversion of -destinies! You, who received a poor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> exile at your father's hospitable -board; you, who did not scorn his sufferings; you, who perhaps thought -of raising him to a glorious and unhoped-for rank: it is you who now -ask his protection in your own country! I will see Mr. Canning; your -son, however much it costs me to give him that name, your son shall go -to India, if it only depends on me. But tell me, madam, how does my new -position affect you? In what light do you look upon me at present? That -word, 'my lord,' which you employ seems very harsh to me."</p> - -<p>Charlotte replied:</p> - -<p>"I don't think you changed, not even aged. When I spoke of you to my -parents during your absence, I always gave you the title of 'my lord;' -it seemed to me that you had a right to bear it: were you not to me the -same as a husband, 'my lord and master'."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sentimental memories.</div> - -<p>That graceful woman reminded me of Milton's Eve, as she uttered these -words: she was not born in the womb of another woman; her beauty bore -the imprint of the divine hand that had moulded it.</p> - -<p>I went to Mr. Canning and to Lord Londonderry; they made as many -difficulties about a small place as would have been made in France, -but they promised, as people promise at Court. I gave Lady Sutton an -account of the measures I had taken. I saw her three times more: at -my fourth visit, she told me she was returning to Bungay. This last -interview was a sad one. Charlotte talked to me once more of the past, -of our secret life, of our reading, our walks, our music, the flowers -of yester-year, the hopes of bygone days.</p> - -<p>"When I knew you," she said, "no one spoke your name; now, who has -not heard it? Do you know that I have a work and several letters in -your handwriting? Here they are." And she handed me a packet. "Do not -be offended if I prefer to keep nothing of yours." She began to weep. -"Farewell, farewell," she said. "Think of my son. I shall not see you -again, for you will not come to see me at Bungay."</p> - -<p>"I will," I cried; "I shall come to bring you your son's appointment."</p> - -<p>She shook her head with an air of doubt, and withdrew. On returning to -the Embassy, I locked myself in and opened the packet. It contained -only a few unimportant notes from myself and a scheme of studies, with -remarks on the English and Italian poets. I had hoped to find a letter -from Charlotte: there was none; but, in the margins of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> manuscript, -I perceived some notes in English, French, and Italian: the age of the -ink and the youthfulness of the hand in which they were written showed -that it was long since they had been inscribed upon those margins.</p> - -<p>That is the story of my relations with Miss Ives. As I finish telling -it, it seems to me as though I were losing a second Charlotte in the -same island in which I lost the first. But between that which I feel at -this moment and that which I felt at the hours whose tenderness I have -recalled lies the whole space of innocence: passions have interposed -themselves between Miss Ives and Lady Sutton. I could no longer bring -to an artless woman the candour of desire, the sweet ignorance of a -love that did not surpass the limits of a dream. I was writing then on -the wave of sadness; I am now no longer tossed on the wave of life. -Well, if I had pressed in my arms, as a wife and a mother, her who was -destined for me as a virgin and a bride, it would have been with a sort -of rage, to blight, to fill with sorrow, to crush out of existence -those seven-and-twenty years which had been given to another after -having been offered to me.</p> - -<p>I must look upon the sentiment which I have just recalled as the first -of that kind which entered my heart; it was nevertheless in no way -sympathetic with my stormy nature: the latter would have corrupted it -and made me incapable of long enjoying such sacred delectations. It -was then that, embittered as I was by misfortunes, already a pilgrim -from beyond the seas, having begun my solitary travels, it was then -that I became obsessed by the mad ideas depicted in the mystery of -René, which turned me into the most tormented being on the face of the -earth. However that may be, the chaste image of Charlotte, by causing a -few rays of true light to penetrate to the depths of my soul, at first -dissipated a cloud of phantoms: my dæmon, like an evil genius, plunged -back into the abyss, and awaited the effects of time in order to renew -her apparitions.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My relations with Deboffe in connection with the <i>Essai sur les -révolutions</i> had never been completely interrupted, and it was -important for me to resume them in London at the earliest possible -moment to support my material existence. But whence had my last -misfortune arisen? From my obstinate bent for silence. In order to -understand this it is necessary to enter into my character.</p> - -<p>At no time of my life have I been able to overcome the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> spirit of -reticence and of mental solitude which prevents me from talking of my -private affairs.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My reserved nature.</div> - -<p>No one can state without lying that I have told what most people tell -in a moment of pain, pleasure, or vanity. A name, a confession of any -seriousness never issues, or issues but rarely, from my lips. I never -talk to casual people of my interests, my plans, my work, my ideas, -my attachments, my joys, my sorrows, being persuaded of the profound -weariness which one causes to others by talking of one's self. Sincere -and truthful though I be, I am lacking in openness of heart: my soul -incessantly tends to close up; I do not tell anything wholly, and I -have never allowed my complete life to transpire, except in these -Memoirs. If I try to begin a story, I am suddenly terrified at the -idea of its length; after four words, the sound of my voice becomes -unendurable to me, and I am silent. As I believe in nothing except -religion, I distrust everything: malevolence and disparagement are the -two distinctive qualities of the French mind; derision and calumny, the -certain result of a confidence.</p> - -<p>But what have I gained by my reserved nature? To become, because I was -impenetrable, a fantastic something, having no relation with my real -being? My very friends are mistaken in me, when they think that they -are making me better known and when they adorn me with the illusions -of their love for me. All the small intellects of the ante-chambers, -the public offices, the newspapers, the cafés have assigned ambition -to me, whereas I have none at all. Cold and dry in matters of everyday -life, I have nothing of the enthusiast or the sentimentalist: my clear -and swift perception quickly pierces men and facts, and strips them of -all importance. Far from carrying me away, from idealizing apposite -truths, my imagination disparages the loftiest events and baffles -even myself; I see the petty and ridiculous side of things first of -all; great geniuses and great things scarcely exist in my eyes. While -I show myself polite, encomiastic and full of admiration for the -self-conceited minds which proclaim themselves superior intelligences, -my secret contempt laughs at all those faces intoxicated with incense, -and covers them with Callot<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> masks. In politics, the warmth of my -opinions has never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> exceeded the length of my speech or my pamphlet. -In the inner and theoretical life, I am the man of all the dreams; in -the outer and practical life, I am the man of realities. Adventurous -and orderly, passionate and methodical, I am the most chimerical and -the most positive, the most ardent and the most icy being that ever -existed, a whimsical androgynus, formed out of the different blood of -my mother and my father.</p> - -<p>The portraits, utterly without resemblance, that have been made of me, -are due in the main to the reticence of my speech. The crowd is too -thoughtless, too inattentive, to see individuals as they are. Whenever, -by chance, I have endeavoured to rectify some of these false judgments -in my prefaces, I have not been believed. In the ultimate result, all -things being indifferent to me, I have not insisted; an "as you please" -has always rid me of the irksomeness of persuading anyone or of seeking -to establish a truth. I return to my spiritual tribunal, like a hare -to its form: there I resume my contemplation of the moving leaf or the -bending blade of grass.</p> - -<p>I do not make a virtue of my guardedness, which is as invincible as it -is involuntary: although it is not deceitful, it has the appearance of -being so; it is not in harmony with natures happier, more amiable, more -facile, more candid, more ample, more communicative than mine. It has -often injured me in matters of sentiment and business, because I have -never been able to endure explanations, reconciliations brought about -by protests and elucidations, lamentations and tears, verbiage and -reproaches, details and apologies.</p> - -<p>In the case of the Ives family, this obstinate silence of mine -concerning myself proved extremely fatal to me. A score of times -Charlotte's mother had inquired into my family and given me the -opportunity of speaking openly. Not foreseeing whither my silence would -lead me, I contented myself, as usual, with replying in short, vague -sentences. Had I not been the victim of that odious mental perversity, -all misunderstanding would have become impossible, and I should not -have appeared to wish to deceive the most generous hospitality; the -truth, as I told it at the last moment, did not excuse me: genuine harm -had none the less been done.</p> - -<p>I resumed my work in the midst of my grief and of the just reproaches -with which I covered myself. I even took pleasure in this work, for -it struck me that, by achieving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> renown, I should be giving the Ives -family less cause to repent the interest which they had shown me. -Charlotte, with whom I thus sought to be reconciled through my glory, -presided over my studies. Her image was seated before me while I wrote. -When I raised my eyes from the paper, I lifted them upon the adored -image, as though the original were in fact there. The inhabitants -of Ceylon one morning saw the luminary of day rise in extraordinary -splendour; its orb opened out, and from it issued a dazzling being, who -said to the Cingalese:</p> - -<p>"I have come to reign over you."</p> - -<p>Charlotte, issuing from a ray of light, reigned over me.</p> - -<p>Let us leave these memories; memories grow old and dim like hopes. My -life is about to change, to speed under other skies, in other valleys. -First love of my youth, you flee with all your charms! I have just -seen Charlotte again, it is true; but after how many years did I see -her again? Sweet glimpse of the past, pale rose of the twilight which -borders the night, long after the sun has set!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Essai Historique.</i></div> - -<p>Life has often been represented (by me first of all) as a mountain -which we climb on one side and descend on the other: it would be as -true to compare it to an Alp, to the bare, ice-crowned summit which -has no reverse. Following up this figure, the traveller always climbs -upwards and never down; he then sees more clearly the space which he -has covered, the paths which he has not taken, although by doing so -he could have risen by a gentler slope: he looks down with sorrow and -regret upon the point where he commenced to stray. Thus I must mark -at the publication of the <i>Essai historique</i> the first step which led -me out of the peaceful road. I finished the first part of the great -work which I had planned; I wrote the last word between the idea of -death (I had fallen ill again) and a vanished dream: <i>In somnis venit -imago conjugis.</i><a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> The <i>Essai</i>, printed by Baylis, was published by -Deboffe in 1797<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>. This date marks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> one of the turning-points in my -life. There are moments at which our destiny, whether because it yields -to society, or obeys the laws of nature, or begins to make us what we -shall have to remain, suddenly turns aside from its first line, like a -river which changes its course with a sudden bend.</p> - -<p>The <i>Essai</i> offers the compendium of my existence as a poet, a -moralist, a publicist, and a politician. To say that I hoped, in so far -at least as I am capable of hoping, to make a great success with the -work, goes without saying: we authors, petty prodigies of a prodigious -era, make a claim to keep up intelligence with future races; but we do -not, I firmly believe, know where posterity lives, and we put the wrong -address. When we grow numb in our graves, death will freeze our words, -written or sung, so hard that they will not melt like the "frozen -words" of Rabelais.</p> - -<p>The <i>Essai</i> was to be a sort of historical encyclopædia. The only -volume published is in itself a fairly wide inquiry; I had the sequel -in manuscript; then came, beside the researches and annotations of the -annalist, the lays and roundelays of the poet, the <i>Natchez</i>, and so -on. I am hardly able to understand to-day how I could give myself up -to such extensive studies amid an active wandering life, subject to so -many reverses. My obstinacy in working explains this fertility: in my -young days I often wrote for twelve or fifteen hours without leaving -the table at which I sat, scratching out and recommencing the same page -ten times over. Age has not caused me to lose any part of this faculty -of application: to this day my diplomatic correspondence, which in no -way interrupts my literary composition, is entirely from my own hand.</p> - -<p>The <i>Essai</i> made a stir among the Emigration: it was opposed to the -opinions of my companions in misfortune; in the different social -positions which I have occupied, my independence has nearly always -offended the men with whom I went. I have by turns been the leader of -different armies of which the soldiers did not belong to my side: I -have led the Old Royalists to the conquest of the public liberties, and -especially of the liberty of the press, which they detested; I have -rallied the Liberals, in the name of that same liberty, to the standard -of the Bourbons, whom they hold in abhorrence. As it happened, Emigrant -opinion attached itself to my person through self-love: the English -reviews having spoken of me with praise, the commendation was reflected -over the whole body of the "faithful."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> - -<p>I had sent copies of the <i>Essai</i> to La Harpe, Ginguené, and de -Sales. Lemierre<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, nephew of the poet of the same name<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>, and -translator of Gray's <i>Poems</i>, wrote to me from Paris, on the 15th of -July 1797, that my <i>Essai</i> had had the greatest success. One thing is -certain, that, if the <i>Essai</i> became for a moment known, it was almost -immediately forgotten: a sudden shadow swallowed up the first ray of my -glory.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mrs. O'Larry.</div> - -<p>As I had become almost a personage, the upper Emigration began to seek -me out in London. I made my way from street to street; I first left -Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, and advanced as far as the Hampstead -Road. Here I stopped for some months at the house of Mrs. O'Larry, an -Irish widow, the mother of a very pretty daughter of fourteen, and -tenderly devoted to cats. Linked by this common passion, we had the -misfortune to lose two beautiful kittens, white all over, like two -ermines, with black tips to their tails.</p> - -<p>Mrs. O'Larry was visited by old ladies of the neighbourhood with whom -I was obliged to drink tea in the old-fashioned style. Madame de Staël -has depicted this scene in <i>Corinne</i> at Lady Edgermond's:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"'My dear, do you think the water has boiled long enough to -pour it on the tea?'</p> - -<p>"'My dear, I think it is a little too early<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>.'"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>There also came to these evenings a tall and beautiful young -Irishwoman, called Mary Neale, in the charge of her guardian. She -noticed a wound lurking in my gaze, for she said to me:</p> - -<p>"You carry your heart in a sling."</p> - -<p>I carried my heart anyhow.</p> - -<p>Mrs. O'Larry left for Dublin; then, moving once more from the -neighbourhood of the colony of the poor Emigration of the east, I -arrived, from lodging to lodging, in the quarter of the rich Emigration -of the west, among the bishops, the Court families, and the West -Indian planters. Peltier had come back to me: he had got married as -a joke; he was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> same boaster as always, lavishly obliging, and -frequenting his neighbours' pockets rather than their society. I made -several new acquaintances, particularly in the society in which I had -family connections: Christian de Lamoignon<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>, who had been seriously -wounded in the leg in the engagement at Quiberon, and who is now my -colleague in the House of Lords, became my friend. He presented me -to Mrs. Lindsay, who was attached to Auguste de Lamoignon<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>, his -brother: the Président Guillaume<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> was not installed in this fashion -at Basville, in the midst of Boileau<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>, Madame de Sévigné, and -Bourdaloue<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Lindsay, a lady of Irish descent, with a material mind and a -somewhat snappish humour, an elegant figure and attractive features, -was gifted with nobility of soul and elevation of character: the -Emigrants of quality spent their evenings by the fireside of the -last of the Ninons<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>. The old monarchy was going under, with all -its abuses and all its graces. It will be dug up one day, like those -skeletons of queens, decked with necklaces, bracelets and ear-rings, -which they exhume in Etruria. At Mrs. Lindsay's I met M. Malouet<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> -and Madame du Belloy, a woman worthy of affection, the Comte de -Montlosier and the Chevalier de Panat<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>. The last had a well-earned -reputation for wit, dirtiness, and gluttony; he belonged to that -audience of men of taste who used formerly to sit with folded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> arms in -the presence of French society: idlers whose mission was to look on at -everything and criticize everything; they exercised the functions which -the newspapers fulfill to-day, without the same bitterness, but also -without attaining their great popular influence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Comte de Montlosier.</div> - -<p>Montlosier continued to ride cock-horse on his famous phrase of the -"wooden cross," a phrase somewhat smoothed down by me, when I revived -it, but true at bottom. On leaving France he went to Coblentz: he was -badly received by the Princes, had a quarrel, fought a duel at night on -the bank of the Rhine, and was run through. Being unable to move and -quite unable to see, he asked the seconds if the point of the sword was -sticking out behind:</p> - -<p>"Only three inches," said they, feeling him.</p> - -<p>"Then it's nothing," replied Montlosier. "Sir, withdraw your weapon."</p> - -<p>Thus badly received for his royalism, Montlosier went to England, -and took refuge in literature, the great almshouse of the Emigrants, -in which I had a pallet next to his. He obtained the editorship of -the <i>Courrier français.</i><a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> In addition to his newspaper, he wrote -physico-politico-philosophical works: in one of these works he proved -that blue is the colour of life, because our veins turn blue after -death, life coming to the surface of the body in order to evaporate and -return to the blue sky; as I am very fond of blue, I was quite charmed.</p> - -<p>Feudally liberal, aristocratic and democratic, with a motley mind, made -up of shreds and patches, Montlosier is delivered, with difficulty, -of incongruous ideas; but, once he has succeeded in extricating them -from their after-birth, they are sometimes fine, above all energetic: -an anti-clerical as a noble, a Christian through sophistry and as a -lover of the olden times, he would, in the days of paganism, have been -an eager partisan of freedom in theory and of slavery in practice, and -would have had the slave thrown to the lampreys in the name of the -liberty of the human race. Wrong-headed, cavilling, stiff-necked, and -hirsute, the ex-deputy of the nobles of Riom nevertheless indulges -in condescendences to the powers that be; he knows how to look after -his interests, but he does not suffer others to perceive this, and he -shelters his weaknesses as a man beneath his honour as a gentleman. I -do not wish to speak ill of my "smoky Auvernat," with his novels of the -<i>Mont-d'Or</i> and his polemics of the <i>Plaine</i>; I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> like his heteroclitous -person. His long and obscure setting forth and twisting of ideas, with -parentheses, clearings of the throat, and tremulous "oh, ohs," bore me -(I abominate the tenebrous, the involved, the vaporous, the laborious); -but, on the other hand, I am amused by this naturalist of volcanoes, -this abortive Pascal, this mountain orator who holds forth in the -tribune as his little fellow-countrymen sing in the chimney-tops<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>; -I love this gazetteer of peat-bogs and castle-keeps, this Liberal -explaining the Charter through a Gothic window, this shepherd-lord half -married to his milkmaid, himself sowing his barley in the snow, in his -little pebbly field; I shall always thank him for dedicating to me, in -his chalet in the Puy-de-Dôme, an old black rock taken from a cemetery -of the Gauls discovered by himself.</p> - -<p>The Abbé Delille, another fellow-countryman of Sidonius Apollinarius, -of the Chancelier de l'Hospital, of La Fayette, of Thomas, of -Chamfort<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>, had also come to settle in London, after being driven -from the Continent by the inundation of the Republican victories. -The Emigration was proud to number him in its ranks: he sang our -misfortunes, a reason the more for loving his muse. He did a great deal -of work; he could not help himself, for Madame Delille locked him up -and did not release him until he had earned his day's keep by writing -a certain number of verses. I called on him one day, and was kept -waiting; then he appeared with very red cheeks: it is said that Madame -Delille used to box his ears; I know nothing about it; I only say what -I saw.</p> - -<p>Who has not heard the Abbé Delille recite his verses? He told a very -good story: his ugly, irregular features, lit up by his imagination, -went admirably with his affected delivery, with the character of -his talent, and with his clerical profession. The Abbé Delille's -masterpiece is his translation of the <i>Georgics</i>, with the exception -of the sentimental pieces; but it is as though you were reading Racine -translated into the language of Louis XV.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Abbé Delille.</div> - -<p>The literature of the eighteenth century, saving a few fine talents -which dominate it, standing as it does between the classical literature -of the seventeenth century and the romantic literature of the -nineteenth, without lacking naturalness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> lacks nature; given up wholly -to arrangements of words, it was neither sufficiently original as a new -school, nor sufficiently pure as an ancient school. The Abbé Delille -was the poet of the modern country-houses, in the same way as the -troubadours were the poets of the old castles; the verses of the one -and the ballads of the other point the difference which existed between -aristocracy in its prime and aristocracy in its decrepitude: the abbé -describes the pleasures of reading and chess in the manor-houses in -which the troubadours sang of tourneys and crusades.</p> - -<p>The distinguished persons of our Church militant were at that time in -England: the Abbé Carron, who wrote the life of my sister Julie; the -Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, a stern and narrow-minded prelate, -who contributed more and more to estrange M. le Comte d'Artois from his -country; the Archbishop of Aix<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, slandered perhaps because of his -success in society; another learned and pious bishop, but so avaricious -that, had he had the misfortune to lose his soul, he would never have -bought it back. Nearly all misers are men of wit: I must be a great -fool.</p> - -<p>Among the Frenchwomen in the West End was Madame de Boigne<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>, -amiable, witty, filled with talent, extremely pretty, and the youngest -of them all; she has since, together with her father, the Marquis -d'Osmond<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>, represented the Court of France in England much better -than my unsociability has done. She is writing now, and her talents -will reproduce admirably all that she has seen<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>.</p> - -<p>Mesdames de Caumont<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, de Gontaut<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, and du Cluzel also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -inhabited the quarter of the exiled felicities, if at least I am -mistaking Madame de Caumont and Madame du Cluzel, both of whom I had -seen for a moment in Brussels. What is quite certain is that Madame la -Duchesse de Duras<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> was in London at that time: I was not to know -her till ten years later. How often in one's life one passes by that -which would constitute its charm, even as the navigator cuts through -the waters of a heaven-favoured land which he has only missed by one -horizon and one day's sail! I am writing this on the banks of the -Thames, and to-day a letter will go by post to tell Madame de Duras, on -the banks of the Seine, that I have come across my first memory of her.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>From time to time the Revolution sent us Emigrants of new kinds and -opinions; different layers of exiles were formed: the earth contains -beds of sand or clay left behind by the waves of the Deluge. One of -those waves brought me a man whose loss I mourn to-day, a man who -was my guide in literature, and whose friendship was both one of the -honours and one of the consolations of my life.</p> - -<p>You have read, in an earlier book of these Memoirs, that I had known -M. de Fontanes in 1789: it was in Berlin, last year, that I learnt -the news of his death. He was born at Niort of a noble Protestant -family: his father had had the misfortune to kill his brother-in-law -in a duel. Young Fontanes, brought up by a brother of great merit, -came to Paris. He saw Voltaire<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> die, and that great representative -of the eighteenth century inspired his first verses: his poetic -attempts attracted the notice of La Harpe. He undertook some work for -the stage, and became intimate with a charming actress, Mademoiselle -Desgarcins. Living near the Odéon, wandering around the Chartreuse -he celebrated its solitude. He had made a friend destined to become -mine, M. Joubert<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>. When the Revolution occurred, the poet became -entangled with one of those stationary parties which always remain -torn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> by the progressive party which pulls them forwards and the -retrograde party which draws them back. The monarchists attached M. de -Fontanes to the staff of the <i>Modérateur.</i> When the bad days began, -he took refuge at Lyons, where he married. His wife was confined of -a son: during the siege of the town, which the revolutionaries had -called "Commune-Affranchie<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a>," in the same way as Louis XI., when -banishing the citizens, had called Arras "Ville-Franchise<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>," Madame -de Fontanes was obliged to move her nursling's cradle in order to -place it within shelter from the bombs. Returning to Paris after the 9 -Thermidor, M. de Fontanes established the <i>Mémorial</i><a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> with M. de -La Harpe and the Abbé de Vauxelles<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>. He was proscribed on the 18 -Fructidor, and England became his haven of refuge.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Marquis de Fontanes.</div> - -<p>M. de Fontanes, together with Chénier, was the last writer of the -classic school in the elder line: his prose and verse resemble each -other and have a similar merit. His thoughts and images have a -melancholy unknown to the century of Louis XIV., which knew only the -austere and holy sadness of religious eloquence. That melancholy is -mingled with the works of the chanter of the <i>Jours des Morts</i>, as it -were the imprint of the period in which he lived: it fixes the date of -his coming; it shows that he was born after Rousseau, while connected -by taste with Fénelon. If the writings of M. de Fontanes were reduced -to two very small volumes, one of prose, the other of verse, it would -be the most graceful funeral monument that could be raised upon the -tomb of the classic school<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>.</p> - -<p>Among the papers which my friend left are several cantoes of his poem -of the <i>Grèce Sauvée</i>, books of odes, scattered poems, and so on. -He would not have published any more himself: for that critic, so -acute, so enlightened, so impartial when not blinded by his political -opinions, had a horrible dread of criticism. He was superlatively -unjust to Madame de Staël. An envious article by Garat<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> on the -<i>Forêt de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Navarre</i> almost stopped him short at the outset of his -political career. Fontanes, so soon as he appeared, killed the affected -school of Dorat<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>, but he was unable to restore the classic -school, which was hastening to its end together with the language of -Racine<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a>.</p> - -<p>If one thing in the world was likely to be antipathetic to M. de -Fontanes, it was my manner of writing. With me began the so-called -romantic school, a revolution in French literature: nevertheless, my -friend, instead of revolting against my barbarism, became enamoured -of it. I could see a great wonderment on his face when I read to him -fragments of the <i>Natchez, Atala</i> and <i>René</i>; he was unable to bring -those productions within the scope of the common rules of criticism, -but he felt that he was entering into a new world; he saw a new form of -nature; he understood a language which he could not speak. He gave me -excellent advice; I owe to him such correctness of style as I possess; -he taught me to respect the reader's ear; he prevented me from falling -into the extravagance of invention and the ruggedness of execution of -my disciples.</p> - -<p>It was a great joy to me to see him again in London, received with open -arms by the Emigration; they asked him for cantoes from the <i>Grèce -Sauvée</i>; they crowded to hear him. He came to live near me; we became -inseparable. We were present together at a scene worthy of those -days of misfortune: Cléry<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>, who had lately landed, read us his -Memoirs in manuscript. Imagine the emotion of an audience of exiles, -listening to the valet of Louis XVI. telling, as an eye-witness, of -the sufferings and death of the prisoner of the Temple! The Directory, -alarmed by Cléry's Memoirs, published an interpolated edition, in -which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> it made the author talk like a lackey and Louis XVI. like -a street-porter: this is, perhaps, one of the dirtiest of all the -instances of revolutionary turpitude.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">Emigrant society.</div> - -<p>M. du Theil<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>, who had charge of the affairs of M. le Comte d'Artois -in London, had hastened to seek out Fontanes; the latter asked me -to take him to the agent of the Princes. We found him surrounded by -all the defenders of the Throne and the Altar who were idling about -Piccadilly, by a crowd of spies and sharpers who had escaped from Paris -under various names and disguises, and by a swarm of adventurers, -Belgians, Germans, Irishmen, dealers in the Counter-revolution. In a -corner of the crowd was a man of thirty or thirty-two, at whom nobody -looked, and who himself seemed interested only in an engraving of the -Death of General Wolfe. Struck by his appearance, I asked who he was: -one of my neighbours answered:</p> - -<p>"It's nobody; it's a Vendean peasant who has brought a letter from his -leaders."</p> - -<p>This man, who was "nobody," had seen the deaths of Cathelineau<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>, -the first general of the Vendée and a peasant like himself; Bonchamps, -in whom Bayard had come to life again; Lescure<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>, armed with a -hair-cloth which was not bullet-proof; d'Elbée<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>, shot in an -armchair, his wounds not permitting him to embrace death standing; La -Rochejacquelein<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a>, whose body was ordered to be "verified" in order -to reassure the Convention in the midst of its victories. That man, -who was "nobody," had assisted at two hundred captures and recaptures -of towns, villages, and redoubts, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> seven hundred skirmishes, and -seventeen pitched battles; he had fought against three hundred thousand -regular troops and six or seven hundred thousand recruits and national -guards; he had assisted in taking one hundred guns and fifty thousand -muskets; he had passed through the "infernal columns," companies of -incendiaries commanded by Conventional; he had been in the midst of -the ocean of fire which, three several times, rolled its waves over -the woods of the Vendée; lastly, he had seen three hundred thousand -Hercules of the plough, the associates of his work, die, and one -hundred square leagues of fertile country change into a desert of ashes.</p> - -<p>The two Frances met upon this soil levelled by them. All that remained -in blood and memory of the France of the Crusades fought against the -new blood and hopes of the France of the Revolution. The conqueror -recognised the greatness of the conquered. Turreau<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>, the Republican -general, declared that "the Vendeans would take their place in history -in the first rank of soldier peoples." Another general wrote to Merlin -de Thionville<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Troops which have beaten such Frenchmen as those may well hope to beat -all other nations."</p> - -<p>The legions of Probus<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>, in their song, said as much of our fathers. -Bonaparte called the combats of the Vendée "combats of giants."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A Vendean peasant.</div> - -<p>In the crowd in the parlour, I was the only one to look with admiration -and respect upon the representative of those ancient "Jacques<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>," -who, while breaking the yoke of their lords, repelled the foreign -invasion under Charles V.<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a>: I seemed to see a child of the Commons -of the time of Charles VII.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>, who, with the small provincial -nobility, foot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> by foot, furrow by furrow, reconquered the soil of -France. He wore the indifferent air of the savage; his look was grey -and inflexible as steel rod; his lower lip trembled over his clenched -teeth; his hair hung down from his head like a mass of torpid snakes, -ready, however, to dart erect again; his arms, hanging by his sides, -gave nervous jerks to a pair of huge fists slashed with sword-cuts: -one would have taken him for a sawyer. His physiognomy expressed a -homely, rustic nature, employed, by force of manners, in the service -of interests and ideas contrary to that nature; the native fidelity of -the vassal, the Christian's simple faith were mingled with the rough -plebeian independence accustomed to value itself and to take the law -into its own hands. The feeling of liberty in him seemed to be merely -the consciousness of the strength of his hand and the intrepidity of -his heart. He spoke no more than a lion; he scratched himself like -a lion, yawned like a lion, sat on his flank like a bored lion, and -seemed to dream of blood and forests.</p> - -<p>What men, in every party, were the French of that time, and what a race -are we to-day! But the Republicans had their principle in themselves, -in the midst of themselves, while the principle of the Royalists was -outside France. The Vendeans sent deputations to the exiles; the giants -sent to ask leaders of the pigmies. The rude messenger upon whom I -gazed had seized the Revolution by the throat and cried:</p> - -<p>"Enter; pass behind me; she will not hurt you; she shall not move; I -have got hold of her!"</p> - -<p>No one was willing to pass: then Jacques Bonhomme let go the -Revolution, and Charette<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> broke his sword.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While I was making these reflections on this tiller of the soil, as -I had made others of a different kind at the sight of Mirabeau and -Danton, Fontanes obtained a private audience of him whom he pleasantly -called "the controller-general of finance:" he came out of it greatly -satisfied, for M. du Theil had promised to encourage the publication of -my works, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> Fontanes thought only of me. It was impossible to be a -better man than he: timid where he himself was concerned, he became all -courage in matters of friendship; he proved this to me at the time of -my resignation on the occasion of the death of the Duc d'Enghien<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>. -In conversation, he burst into ludicrous fits of literary rage. In -politics, he reasoned falsely: the crimes of the Convention had -inspired him with a horror of liberty. He detested the newspapers, -the band of false philosophers, the whole science of ideas, and he -communicated that hatred to Bonaparte, when he became connected with -the master of Europe.</p> - -<p>We went for walks in the country; we stopped under some of those -spreading elm-trees scattered about the fields. Leaning against the -trunk of these elms, my friend told me of his early journey to England -before the Revolution, and of the verses he then addressed to two young -ladies who had grown old in the shadow of the towers of Westminster: -towers which he found standing as he had left them, while at their base -lay buried the illusions and the hours of his youth.</p> - -<p>We often dined at some solitary tavern in Chelsea, on the Thames, where -we talked of Milton and Shakespeare: they had seen what we saw; they -had sat, like ourselves, on the bank of that stream, a foreign stream -to us, the national stream to them. We returned to London, at night, by -the faltering rays of the stars, drowned one after the other in the fog -of the city. We reached our lodging, guided by uncertain glimmers which -scarcely showed us the road across the coal smoke hovering red around -every lamp: thus speeds the poet's life.</p> - -<p>We saw London in detail; as an old exile, I acted as <i>cicerone</i> to -the new recruits of banishment which the Revolution demanded, young -or old: there is no legal age for misfortune. In the course of one -of these excursions, we were surprised by a rain-storm, mingled with -thunder, and obliged to take shelter in the passage of a mean house, -of which the door had been left open by accident. There we met the Duc -de Bourbon<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a>: I saw for the first time, at this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Chantilly<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>, a -prince who was not yet the Last of the Condés.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duc of Bourbon.</div> - -<p>The Duc de Bourbon, Fontanes and I, all three outlaws, seeking a -shelter from the same storm, on foreign soil, under a poor man's roof! -<i>Fata viam invenient.</i></p> - -<p>Fontanes was recalled to France. He embraced me, expressing wishes for -a speedy meeting. On arriving in Germany, he wrote me the following -letter:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"28 July 1798.</p> - -<p>"If you have experienced any regrets at my departure from -London, I swear to you that mine have been no less real. You -are the second person in whom, in the course of my life, I -have found an imagination and a heart corresponding to my -own. I shall never forget the consolation you brought me in -exile and in a foreign land. My fondest and most constant -thoughts, since I have left you, have turned upon the -Natchez. What you have read to me, especially of recent days, -is admirable and will not leave my memory. But the charm of -the poetic ideas which you left in my mind disappeared for a -moment on my arrival in Germany.</p> - -<p>"The most hideous news from France followed on that which I -showed you on leaving you. I spent five or six days in the -cruellest perplexity. I even feared for persecutions directed -against my family. My fears are now greatly diminished. The -evil has even been very slight; they threaten rather than -strike, and it is not those of my 'date' whom they wish to -see exterminated. The last post has brought me assurances of -peace and good-will. I can continue my journey, and shall -set out early next month. I shall live near the Forest of -Saint-Germain, among my family, Greece, and my books: why -can I not also say the <i>Natchez!</i> The unexpected storm which -has just taken place in Paris was due, I am certain, to the -follies of the agents and leaders you know of. I have a -clear proof of this in my hands. Convinced as I am of this, -I am writing to Great Pulteney Street<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> with all possible -politeness, but also with all the caution which prudence -demands. I wish to escape all correspondence in the coming -month, and I leave the greatest doubt upon the steps which I -am going to take and the residence which I intend to select.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - -<p>"For the rest, I am again speaking of you in the accents of -friendship, and I wish from the bottom of my heart that the -hopes of future usefulness which they may place in me may -revive the favourable dispositions which they showed me in -this matter, and which are so certainly due to your person -and your great talents. Work, work, my dear friend, and -become illustrious. You have it in your power: the future -is in your hands. I hope that the word so often given by -the 'controller-general of finance' has been at least in -part redeemed. That part consoles me, for I cannot bear the -thought of a fine work delayed for the sake of a little -assistance. Write to me; let our hearts be in communication, -let our muses remain ever friends. Do not doubt but that, -when I am able to move about freely in my country, I shall -prepare a hive and flowers for you beside my own. My -attachment is unalterable. I shall be alone so long as I am -not with you. Talk to me of your work. I want to gladden you -in conclusion: I wrote half of a new canto on the banks of -the Elbe, and I am better pleased with it than with all the -rest.</p> - -<p>"Farewell, I embrace you tenderly, and am your friend.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Fontanes</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Fontanes tells me that he wrote verses on changing the spot of his -banishment. One can never take everything from the poet: he takes his -lyre with him. Leave the swan his wings; each evening unknown streams -will re-echo the melodious plaints which he would rather have sung to -Eurotas.</p> - -<p>"The future is in your hands": did Fontanes speak truly? Am I to -congratulate myself on his prophecy? Alas! That promised future is -already past: shall I have another?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Fontanes.</div> - -<p>This first and affectionate letter from the first friend whom I had in -my life, the friend who walked by my side for twenty-three years from -the date of that letter, reminds me painfully of my gradual isolation. -Fontanes is no more; a profound sorrow, the tragic death of a son, -cast him into an untimely grave. Almost all the persons of whom I have -spoken in these Memoirs have disappeared; I am keeping an obituary -register. A few years more and I, doomed to catalogue the dead, shall -leave none to write my name in the book of the departed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> - -<p>But if it must be that I remain alone, if not one being who has loved -me is to stay by me to lead me to my last resting-place, I have less -need than another of a guide: I have inquired the road, I have studied -the places through which I should have to pass; I wished to see what -happens at the last moment. Often, by the side of a pit into which a -coffin was being lowered with ropes, I have heard the death-rattle of -those ropes; next, I have caught the sound of the first spadeful of -earth falling on the coffin: at each new spadeful the hollow sound -decreased; the earth, as it filled up the vault, gradually drove the -eternal silence to the surface of the grave.</p> - -<p>Fontanes, you wrote to me, "Let our muses remain ever friends:" you -have not written to me in vain.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> This book was written in London between April and -September 1822, and revised in December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The anniversary dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern, 21 May -1822.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> The amount of M. de Chateaubriand's donation was -£20.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Field-Marshal Frederick Duke of York and Albany, -Bishop of Osnaburg, K.G. (1763-1827), second son of George III., and -Commander-in-Chief of the army. A military commander of no capacity; -four defeats stand to his debit: Hondschoote (8th September 1793), -Turcoing (1794), Alxmaar (1799), Castricum (1799), not to mention the -scandals in connection with Mrs. Clarke and the sale of commissions in -the army.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Edward Adolphus Seymour, eleventh Duke of Somerset, K.G. -(1775-1855).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Vice-Admiral George Byng, sixth Viscount Torrington -(1768-1831).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> William Powlett Orde-Powlett, second Lord Bolton -(1782-1850).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> George Canning (1770-1827), appointed Viceroy of India, -but did not take up the appointment. He became Premier in 1827.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>Times</i>, 22nd May 1822. Chateaubriand had asked Canning -to return thanks on his behalf for the toast of "the illustrious -foreign personages who honoured the society with their company." These -were Chateaubriand and the Tripolitan Ambassador, who also "returned -thanks through the medium of another gentleman."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Canning entered Parliament as a member of Pitt's party -in 1793, and joined his ministry as Under-Secretary of State in 1796. -Pitt used to speak of Canning and Arthur Wellesley as "the boys."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Marie Joseph Annibal de Bedée, Comte de La Boüétardais -(1758-1809). He emigrated in 1790, after the death of his wife, never -returned to France, and died in London, 6 January 1809.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Dr. Edmund Goodwyn (1756-1829), author of <i>Dissertatio -Medica de morte Submersorum</i> (1786), and of a translation of the same -work in English (1788). He is supposed to have been the original of -Thackeray's Dr. Goodenough.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> "For the rest, my health, disturbed by much travel and -many cares, vigils and studies, is so deplorable that I fear I shall be -unable to fulfil forthwith my promise concerning the other volumes of -the <i>Essai historique.</i>"—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <i>Essai historique sur les révolutions</i>, Book I. part i., -Introduction.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> One of Peltier's first pamphlets, published October -1789, and denouncing the Duc d'Orléans and Mirabeau as the principal -authors of the day's work of the 5th and 6th of October.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Henri Christophe (1767-1820), King of Haiti under the -title of Henry I. He led the negro insurrection in 1790, caused himself -to be proclaimed President in 1806, assumed the title of Emperor in -1811, and reigned until 1820, when he committed suicide to escape being -put to death by his subjects.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Peltier was paid his salary as Haitian Minister by -shipments of sugar and coffee, the sale of which brought him in some -eight thousand pounds a year. One of his epigrams against Louis -XVIII., who received him coldly after the Restoration, happening to be -applicable to Christophe, the supplies were stopped together with his -ministerial powers, and he died a poor man.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> François Dominique Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier -(1755-1838). He came to London after going through the campaign of -the Princes, and became editor, not of the <i>Courrier français</i>, but -of the <i>Courrier de Londres</i>, which had been founded by the Abbé de -Calonne.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was buried in Westminster, -but dug up at the Restoration, hanged at Tyburn, and buried under the -gallows.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> The remains of King Charles I. are buried in St. -George's Chapel, Windsor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Robert, Count of Artois ( 1287-1343), endeavoured to -recover from his brother-in-law, Philip VI. of France, the county -of Artois, which had been taken from him in a former reign. He was -sentenced to perpetual banishment, but had before this fled from the -kingdom and began plotting against the King of France. Philip pursued -him from county to county, causing the various princes to refuse him -refuge, until he fled to England, where he was welcomed by Edward -III. (1333). In 1336 Philip proclaimed Robert of Artois a traitor and -an enemy of France, and forbade all his vassals of whatever rank, in -or out of France, to receive or aid him on penalty of confiscation -of their fiefs. Edward accepted the insult as addressed to himself, -prepared for war, proclaimed himself King of France in 1337, and -invaded France in 1339, thus commencing the Hundred Years' War.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Florio's <span class="smcap">Montaigne</span>, Booke II. Chap. xii.: <i>An Apologie -of Raymond Sebond.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham (1708-1778). His -monument by Bacon stands in the North Transept near the entrance to the -chapels which lead to the Chapel of Henry VII. and the Knights of the -Bath.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Charles V., Emperor of Germany (1500-1558), abdicated -in 1556 and retired to the neighbourhood of the Monastery of San Yuste -in Estremadura. One month before his death (which occurred on the -21st of September 1558) he was seized with a fancy for going through -the ceremonies of his own funeral, and, attired in a monk's dress, he -joined in the chants of the community around an empty coffin placed in -the convent chapel.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554) was buried after her -execution, together with her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, in the -Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Catharine, not Alice, Countess of Salisbury (<i>d.</i> -<i>circa</i> 1350), <i>née</i> Grandison, wife of William de Montacute, first -Earl of Salisbury, and heroine of the spurious Garter story, was buried -in her husband's foundation at Bisham.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Edward III., King of England (1312-1377), is buried in -the Chapel of St. Edward the Confessor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Henry VIII., King of England (1491-1547), is buried in -St. George's Chapel, Windsor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, first Viscount St. Albans -(1561-1626), is buried in St. Michael's Church, St. Albans.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is buried in the North -Aisle of Westminster Abbey. His monument is by Rysbrack.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> John Milton (1608-1674) has a monumental bust by -Rysbrack in Poets' Corner. He is buried in St. Giles's Church, -Cripplegate.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Edward V. King of England (1471-1483) and Richard Duke -of York (1474-1483), smothered in the Tower of London by order of -their uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III. Some bones, -presumed to be theirs, were found in the White Tower or Keep and -removed to Henry the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster, where they now -lie.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Shakespeare</span>, <i>Life and Death of King Richard III.</i>, Act -IV. sc. 3.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), the mystic theosophist. -His doctrines made a certain amount of way in England, and he died in -London.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Charles Louis François de Barentin (1738-1819). He -had opened the States-General, as Keeper of the Seals, in 1789. He -emigrated after Mirabeau had denounced him, on the 15th of July, as an -enemy of the people.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Pietro Bonaventure Trapassi (1698-1782), known as -Metastasio, one of the most graceful and charming of the Italian -dramatic poets. He settled in Vienna in 1730, by invitation of the -Emperor Charles VI., who gave him the title of <i>Poeta Cesareo</i>, and -there wrote a multitude of lyrical tragedies, operas, oratorios, and -poems of all kinds.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Mrs. Canning, <i>née</i> Joan Scott, a sister to the Duchess -of Portland, married to Mr. Canning 8 July 1800.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> The insurrectionary Royalists in Brittany had adopted -this name from their rallying-cry, which imitated the note of the -<i>chat-huant</i>, or screech-owl. Their marauding excursions were somewhat -indiscriminate, and their presence not always welcome even to the loyal -inhabitants.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> William Camden (1551-1623), the famous antiquary, first -head-master of Westminster School and later Clarencieux King-at-Arms. -He has been surnamed the Strabo and the Pausanias of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Alain René Le Sage (1668-1747), author of the -<i>Aventures de Gil Blas</i>, to whom Peltier has already been compared -by Chateaubriand. Le Sage was born at Sarzeau, in Brittany: hence -Chateaubriand speaks of him as his "fellow-countryman."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> 22 April 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> The Comte Louis de Chateaubriand (1790-1873) followed a -military career. In 1823 King Louis XVIII. created him heir-presumptive -to his uncle's peerage. In 1830 he resigned his commission at the same -time that his uncle withdrew from the House of Peers. In 1870, when -eighty years of age, he refused to leave Paris, and inscribed his name -on the register of the defenders of the besieged capital. He died at -the Château de Malesherbes, 14 October 1873.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> - -"Dear orphan, of thy mother the close type,<br /> -Of Heaven above I ask for thee below<br /> -The happy days snatched from thy sire ere ripe,<br /> -The children whom your uncle may not know."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Addison</span>, <i>Cato</i>, Act V. sc. I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Rev. John Clement Ives (<i>d.</i> 1812) was incumbent -of Ilketshall St. Margaret, near Bungay, and of Great Holland in -Essex.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Giuditta Pasta (1798-1865), <i>née</i> Negri, a famous -Italian operatic singer of Jewish birth. Her celebrity commenced in -1822, the year in which Chateaubriand is writing, and lasted until -1835, when she retired into private life.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>Inferno</i>, I.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Order of Marriage according to the Catholic ritual.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Admiral Sir John Sutton was gazetted an Admiral of the -Blue on the 12th of August 1819. I have no certainty that either Ives -or Sutton (spelt Sulton in the original) are the real names of the -individuals of whom Chateaubriand speaks, although I have succeeded in -establishing that there was a clergyman of the name of Ives residing -at Bungay in 1795, and an Admiral Sir John Sutton on the Navy List in -1822.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Jacques Callot (1593-1635), a painter, engraver, and -etcher of the first order; his works amount to nearly 1600 pieces, and -include an array of immensely powerful grotesque subjects, in which he -caricatures the vices and absurdities of mankind.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Vir.</span>, <i>‚Æn.</i>, I. 357.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Chateaubriand began to write the <i>Essai</i> in 1794; the -work was printed in London in 1796, and published in the beginning -of 1797. It formed one volume, large 8vo, of 681 pages, without -counting prefaces, tables of contents, etc. The full title ran: -<i>Essai historique, politique et moral sur les Révolutions anciennes -et modernes, considérées dans leur rapports avec la Révolution -françaises. Dédié à tous les partis.</i> With this epigraph: <i>Experti -invicem sumus ego et fortuna.</i>—<span class="smcap">Tacite</span>. And at the foot of the -title-page: <i>A Londres: Se trouve chez</i> <span class="smcap">J. Deboffe</span>, <i>Gerrard-Street</i>; -<span class="smcap">J. Debrett</span>, <i>Piccadilly</i>; Mme. <span class="smcap">Lowes</span>, <i>Pall-Mall</i>; <span class="smcap">A. Dulau et -Co.</span>, <i>Wardour-Street</i>; <span class="smcap">Bodsey</span>, <i>Broad-Street</i>; et <span class="smcap">J.-F. Fauche</span>, <i>à -Hambourg.</i> The author's name did not appear in the first edition.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Auguste Jacques Lemierre (<i>circa</i> 1760-1815). He also -translated Thomson's <i>Castle of Indolence</i> and some German works. He -died in hospital, under a false name, of a disease arising from his -excesses.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Antoine Marin Lemierre (1723-1793), the author of two -didactic poems and several tragedies, some of which achieved great -success. His versification is considered incorrect and harsh, but some -of his poems contain passages of great beauty.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Corinne</i>, XIV. i.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Anne Pierre Christian Vicomte de Lamoignon (1770-1827), -third son of Chrétien François de Lamoignon, Marquis de Basville. Louis -XVIII. created him a peer of France in 1815. He never wholly recovered -from his wound.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> René Chrétien Auguste Marquis de Lamoignon (1765-1845), -Christian's elder brother, made a peer of France by Louis-Philippe in -1832.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Guillaume I. de Lamoignon (1617-1677), First President -of the Parliament of Paris, and founder of the Lamoignon-de Basville-de -Malesherbes family.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> Nicolas Boileau (1636-1711), surnamed Despréaux, the -distinguished poet and critic, and friend of Lamoignon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704), the eminent Jesuit -preacher.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Ninon de Lenclos (1616-1706) was a lady of loose morals -and decent manners who retained her charms and her lovers to her dying -day. Her salon was frequented by the ladies of Louis XIV.'s Court and -the whole society of the time, and she was a distinguished protectress -of the contemporary men of letters.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Pierre Victor Baron Malouet (1740-1814), Intendant of -the Navy before the Revolution and Commissary-General of the Navy under -Napoleon. Louis XVIII. appointed him Minister of the Navy in 1814, but -he died shortly after his nomination.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> The Chevalier de Panat (1762-1834) was a naval officer -of distinction. He became a rear-admiral and Secretary-General to the -Admiralty in 1814. He neglected his person to such an extent that -Rivarol said of him that he would stain mud.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Or rather, the <i>Courrier de Londres</i>, as explained -above.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The Auvergnat lads in Paris were employed as -chimney-sweeps.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> The Comte de Montlosier and the Abbé Delille were both -born at Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne; Sidonius Apollinarius (430-489) -was born near Lyons, and became Bishop of Clermont; Michel de l'Hôpital -(1505-1573), Chancellor of France, was born near Aigueperse in -Auvergne; La Fayette was born in the same province, as were Thomas and -Chamfort.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Jean François de La Marche, Comte de Léon (1729-1805), -Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon. The bishopric was suppressed in 1790 and -was not restored.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Jean-de-Dieu Raymond de Boisgelin de Cicé (1732-1804), -Archbishop of Aix, and a member of the French Academy. After the -Concordat he became Archbishop of Tours and a cardinal.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Madame de Boigne was the wife of Bénoît, Comte de Boigne -(1741-1831), who had seen service in India under one of the native -princes, and returned laden with colossal riches.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The Marquis d'Osmond (1751-1838) was French Minister at -the Hague at the outbreak of the Revolution. In 1791 he was appointed -Ambassador in St. Petersburg, but resigned before going out, and -emigrated. He filled several diplomatic posts under the Empire, was -Minister at Turin under the First Restoration, and in 1815 was created -a peer of France and Ambassador to England, where he remained until -January 1819.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> The Comtesse de Boigne wrote some novels, of which the -chief was <i>Une Passion dans le grand monde.</i> They were published after -her death under the Second Empire, none of them attaining the smallest -success.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Marie Constance de Caumont La Force (1774-1823), <i>née</i> -de Lamoignon, wife of François Philibert Bertrand Nompar de Caumont, -Marquis de La Force.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> The Duchesse de Gontaut, <i>née</i> de Montault Navailles, -married the Vicomte de Gontaut-Biron in London in 1794. She became -Governess of the Children of France under the Restoration after the -birth of the Duc de Bordeaux, and Louis XVIII. gave her the rank and -title of duchess.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Claire Duchesse de Duras (1777-1828), <i>née</i> Lechat de -Kersaint, the friend of Madame de Staël, and author of two novels, -<i>Ottrika</i> and <i>Édouard</i>, which attained a great success.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> François Marie Arouet (1694-1778), known as Voltaire. He -was refused burial in Paris, and his remains were interred in the abbey -at Scellières and removed to the Panthéon, where they still lie, in -1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Joseph Joubert (1754-1824), author of the <i>Pensées</i>, -published in 1838, thanks to the care of Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> 1793—The town was nearly destroyed, its 200,000 -inhabitants almost decimated by the commissaries of the Convention, and -its name changed as stated.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> 1477.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> The <i>Mémorial historique, politique et littéraire</i> ran -from 20 May to 4 September 1797. It is full of articles of the rarest -merit, especially those by La Harpe, which are masterpieces.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de Vauxelles (1734-1802).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> It has been raised by the filial piety of Madame -Christine de Fontanes. M. Sainte-Beuve has adorned the frontal of the -monument with his ingenious notice.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1839).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Dominique Joseph Garat (1749-1833), Minister of Justice -under the Revolution in succession to Danton, Minister of the Interior -in succession to Roland, and a writer of merit. He was elected a member -of the French Academy in 1806, but excluded at the Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Claude Joseph Dorat (1734-1780), an artificial, -fastidious, and somewhat monotonous follower of Voltaire.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> I omit a reference to Fontanes' <i>Anniversaire de sa -naissance</i> and a quotation from that ode.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Cléry (1759-1809), the King's valet. His -Memoirs were published in London, in 1799; with the title. <i>Journal de -ce qui s'est passé à la Tour du Temple pendant la captivité de Louis -XVI., roi de France</i>, and printed the same year in France. In order to -destroy the interest attached to this publication, the Directory caused -a spurious edition to be disseminated, entitled <i>Mémoires de M. Cléry -sur la détention de Louis XVI.</i>, and filled with matter calculated to -injure the memory of the unhappy Sovereign and the Royal Family. Cléry -protested against this with indignation so soon as it reached his -ears, his protest appearing in July 1801 in the <i>Spectateur du Nord</i>, -published in Hamburg.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Jean François du Theil (<i>circa</i> 1760-1822) emigrated in -1790, returned to France in 1792, during the captivity of Louis XVI., -and exposed himself to the greatest dangers in order to communicate -with the King. After escaping arrest, almost by a miracle, inside -the Temple itself, he returned to Germany, where he joined the Comte -d'Artois. He and the Duc d'Harcourt were together charged with the -affairs of the Comte d'Artois and the Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII.) -in connection with the British Government.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Jacques Cathelineau (1758-1793), a weaver by trade and -Commander-in-Chief of the Vendéan Army. He was mortally wounded in the -assault upon Nantes (29 June 1793).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Louis Marie Marquis de Lescure (1766-1793), a brilliant -Vendéan general, killed at the Tremblaye (3 November 1793).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Gigot d'Elbée (1752-1794), nicknamed General Providence, -from his habit of relying on Providence for victory. He succeeded -Cathelineau as general-in-chief, but was a far from capable commander. -He was wounded at Chollet, and captured and shot on the island of -Noirmoutiers.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Henri du Vergier, Comte de La Rochejacquelein -(1773-1794) succeeded Lescure and repeatedly defeated the troops of the -Republic. He was killed at the fight of Nouaillé, near Chollet, 4 March -1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Louis Marie Baron Turreau de Garambouville (1756-1816), -Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the West (1793). He was French -Ambassador to the United States from 1804 to 1810.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Merlin de Thionville (1762-1833), the Conventional, so -called to distinguish him from Merlin de Douay, the jurisconsult.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Marcus Aurelius Probus, Emperor of Rome (<i>circa</i> -232-282), conquered and pacified Gaul, restoring the vineyards -destroyed by order of Domitian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> The "Jacquerie" was a faction which ravaged France -during the captivity of King John in England (1358). It consisted of -peasants who had revolted against their feudal lords, and was led by a -certain Guillaume Caillet, nicknamed "Jacques Bonhomme," after whom the -"Jacques" called themselves.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Charles V., King of France (1337-1380), known as Charles -the Wise, son and successor of John II. He successfully resisted the -English invasion under Edward III., and recovered a large portion of -the country, leaving Bordeaux, Calais, Cherbourg, Bayonne, and several -fortresses in the hands of the English at his death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Charles VII., King of France (1403-1461), surnamed -Charles the Victorious, with the assistance of Joan of Arc, drove the -English out of all France, with the sole exception of Calais.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> François Athanase Charette de La Contrie (1763-1796) -was at the head of the Poitou peasants in the rising of the Vendée and -joined forces with Cathelineau. Discords broke out between the Royalist -chiefs, and Charette left the army with his division and fought alone, -capturing the Republican camp at Saint-Christophe, near Challans, in -1794. In 1796, Hoche utterly destroyed his small force, and Charette -himself was taken prisoner and shot at Nantes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon-Condé, Duc d'Enghien -(1772-1804), son of the Duc de Bourbon and grandson of the Prince -de Condé. He was arrested on neutral territory and shot, after a -mock trial, at Vincennes, by order of Napoleon (21 March 1804). -Chateaubriand resigned his diplomatic appointment, as will appear, -immediately after learning the news of this crime.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> The Duc de Bourbon, father of the Duc d'Enghien, became -"the Last of the Condés" on the latter's death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Chantilly was the seat of the Condé family: the Duc de -Bourbon left it on his death (1830) to the Duc d'Aumale, who bequeathed -it to the French Nation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> The street in which M. du Theil lived.—<i>Author's -Note.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_IX" id="BOOK_IX">BOOK IX</a><a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></h4> - - -<p>Death of my mother—I return to religion—The <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>—Letter from the Chevalier de Panat—My uncle, M. de -Bedée: his eldest daughter—English literature—Decline of the old -school—Historians—Poets—Publicists—Shakespeare—Old novels—New -novels—Richardson—Sir Walter Scott—New poetry—Beattie—Lord -Byron—England from Richmond to Greenwich—A trip with -Peltier—Blenheim—Stowe—Hampton Court—Oxford—Eton College—Private -manners—Political manners—Fox—Pitt—Burke—George III.—Return -of the emigrants to France—The Prussian Minister gives me a false -passport in the name of La Sagne, a resident of Neuchâtel in -Switzerland—Death of Lord Londonderry—End of my career as a soldier -and traveller—I land at Calais.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span class="smcap">Alloquar</span>? audiero nunquam tua facta loquentem?<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Nunquam ego te, vita frater amabilior,</span><br /> -Aspiciam posthac? At certe semper amabo<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>.<br /> -</p> - - -<p class="p2">I have just taken leave of a friend, I am about to take leave of -a mother: one has constantly to repeat the verses which Catullus -addressed to his brother. In our vale of tears, as in Hell, there -is a strange, eternal wailing, which forms the accompaniment or the -prevailing note of human lamentations; it is heard unceasingly, and it -would continue when all other created sorrows had come to be silent.</p> - -<p>A letter from Julie, which I received soon after that from Fontanes, -confirmed my sad remark on my gradual isolation: Fontanes urged me -to "work, to become illustrious;" my sister begged me to "give up -writing:" one put glory before me, the other oblivion. This train of -thought is described in the story of Madame de Farcy; she had grown to -hate literature, because she regarded it as one of the temptations of -her life.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Saint-Servan</span>, 1 <i>July</i> 1798.</p> - -<p>"Dear, we have just lost the best of mothers: I grieve to -inform you of this fatal blow. When you cease to be the -object of our solicitude, we shall have ceased to live. If -you knew how many tears your errors had caused our venerable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> -mother to shed; how deplorable they appear to all who think -and profess not only piety, but reason: if you knew this, -perhaps it would help to open your eyes, to induce you -to give up writing; and if Heaven, moved by our prayers, -permitted us to meet again, you would find in the midst of us -all the happiness one is allowed on earth; you would give us -that happiness, for there is none for us so long as you are -not with us and we have cause to be anxious as to your fate."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Ah, why did I not follow my sister's advice? Why did I continue to -write? Had my age remained without my writings, would anything have -been changed in the events and spirit of that age?</p> - -<p>And so I had lost my mother; and so I had distressed the last hour -of her life! While she was drawing her last breath far from her last -son, and praying for him, what was I doing in London? Perhaps I was -strolling in the cool morning air at the moment when the sweat of death -covered my mother's forehead without having my hand to wipe it away!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i></div> - -<p>The filial affection which I preserved for Madame de Chateaubriand was -deep. My childhood and youth were intimately linked with the memory -of my mother. The idea that I had poisoned the old days of the woman -who bore me in her womb filled me with despair: I flung copies of the -<i>Essai</i> into the fire with horror, as the instrument of my crime; -had it been possible for me to destroy the whole work, I should have -done so without hesitation. I did not recover from my distress until -the thought occurred to me of expiating my first work by means of a -religious work: this was the origin of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i></p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"My mother," I said, in the first preface to that work, "after being -flung, at the age of seventy-two years, into dungeons where she saw -part of her children die, expired at last on a pallet to which her -misfortunes had reduced her. The recollection of my errors cast a -great bitterness over her last days; when dying, she charged one of -my sisters to call me back to the religion in which I was brought up. -My sister acquainted me with my mother's last wish. When the letter -reached me across the sea, my sister herself was no more; she too had -died from the effects of her imprisonment. Those two voices from the -tomb, that death which acted as death's interpreter impressed me. I -became a Christian. I did not yield, I admit, to great supernatural -enlightenment:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> my conviction came from the heart; I wept and I -believed."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I exaggerated my fault: the <i>Essai</i> was not an impious book, but a book -of doubt, of sorrow. Through the darkness of that book glides a ray -of the Christian light that shone upon my cradle. It needed no great -effort to return from the scepticism of the <i>Essai</i> to the certainty of -the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i></p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>When, after receiving the sad news of Madame de Chateaubriand's death, -I resolved suddenly to change my course, the title of <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>, which I found on the spot, inspired me: I set to work; -I toiled with the ardour of a son building a mausoleum to his mother. -My materials were since long collected and rough-hewn by my previous -studies. I knew the works of the Fathers better than they are known in -our times; I had even studied them in order to oppugn them, and having -entered upon that road with bad intentions, instead of leaving it as a -victor, I left it vanquished.</p> - -<p>As to history properly so-called, I had occupied myself with it -specially in composing the <i>Essai sur les Révolutions.</i> The Camden -originals which I had lately examined had made me familiar with the -manners and institutions of the Middle Ages. Lastly, my terrible -manuscript of the <i>Natchez</i>, in 2393 pages folio, contained all that I -needed for the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> in the way of descriptions of -nature; I was able to draw largely upon that source, as I had done for -the <i>Essai</i>.</p> - -<p>I wrote the first part of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> Messrs. -Dulau<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>, who had become the booksellers of the French emigrant -clergy, undertook the publication. The first sheets of the first volume -were printed. The work thus begun in London in 1799 was completed -only in Paris in 1802: see the different prefaces to the <i>Génie du -Christianisme.</i> I was devoured by a sort of fever during the whole -time of writing: no one will ever know what it means to carry at the -same time in one's brain, in one's blood, and in one's soul, <i>Atala</i> -and <i>René</i>, and to combine with the painful child-birth of those fiery -twins the labour of conception attending the other parts of the <i>Génie -du Christianisme.</i> The memory of Charlotte penetrated and warmed all -that, and to give me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> the finishing stroke, the first longing for fame -inflamed my exalted imagination.</p> - -<p>This longing came to me from filial affection: I wanted a great renown, -so that it might rise till it reached my mother's dwelling-place, and -that the angels might carry her my solemn expiation.</p> - -<p>As one study leads to another, I could not occupy myself with my French -scholia without taking note of the literature and men of the country -in which I lived: I was drawn into these fresh researches. My days and -nights were spent in reading, in writing, in taking lessons in Hebrew -from a learned priest, the Abbé Capelan, in consulting libraries and -men of attainments, in roaming about the fields with my everlasting -reveries, in paying and receiving visits. If such things exist as -retroactive and symptomatic effects of future events, I might have -foreseen the bustle and uproar created by the book which was to make my -name from the seething of my mind and the throbbing of my inner muse.</p> - -<p>Reading aloud to others my first rough drafts helped to enlighten -me. Reading aloud is an excellent form of instruction, when one does -not take the necessary compliments for gospel. Provided an author -be in earnest, he will soon feel, through the impression which he -instinctively receives from the others, which are the weak places in -his work, and especially whether that work is too long or too short, -whether he keeps, does not reach, or exceeds the right dimensions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A letter from Panat.</div> - -<p>I have discovered a letter from the Chevalier de Panat on the readings -from a work at that time so unknown. The letter is charming: the dirty -chevalier's positive and scoffing spirit did not seem susceptible of -thus rubbing itself with poetry. I have no hesitation in giving this -letter, a document of my history, although it is stained from end to -end with my praises, as though the sly author had taken pleasure in -emptying his ink-pot over his epistle:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<i>Monday.</i></p> - -<p>"Heavens, what an interesting reading I owed to your extreme -kindness this morning! Our religion had numbered among -its defenders great geniuses, illustrious Fathers of the -Church: those athletes had wielded with vigour all the arms -of reasoning; incredulity was vanquished; but that was not -enough: it was still necessary to show all the charms of -that admirable religion; it was necessary to show how suited -it is to the human heart and what magnificent pictures it -offers to the imagination. It is no longer a theologian in -the school,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> it is the great painter and the man sensitive to -impressions who open up a new horizon for themselves. Your -work was wanted, and you were called upon to write it. Nature -has eminently endowed you with the great qualities which this -work requires: you belong to another age....</p> - -<p>"Ah, if the truths of sentiment rank first in the order of -nature, none will have proved better than yourself those of -our religion; you will have confounded the unbelievers at the -gate of the Temple and introduced delicate minds and sensible -hearts into the sanctuaries. You bring back to me those -ancient philosophers who gave their lessons with their heads -crowned with flowers, their hands filled with sweet perfumes. -This is a very feeble image of your suave, pure and classic -mind.</p> - -<p>"I congratulate myself daily on the happy circumstance which -made me acquainted with you; I can never forget that it was -Fontanes who did me that kindness; I shall love him for it -the more, and my heart will never separate two names whom the -same glory is bound to unite, if Providence re-opens to us -the doors of our native land.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Chev. de Panat."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>The Abbé Delille also heard some fragments of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i> read. He seemed surprised, and did me the honour, -soon after, to put into verse the prose which had pleased him. He -naturalized my wild American flowers in his various French gardens, and -put my somewhat hot wine to cool in the frigid water from his clear -spring.</p> - -<p>The unfinished edition of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, commenced in -London, was a little different, in the order of the contents, from the -edition published in France. The consular censure, which soon became -imperial, showed itself very touchy on the subject of kings: their -persons, their honour and their virtue were dear to it beforehand. -Already Fouché's police saw the white pigeon, the symbol of Bonaparte's -candour and revolutionary innocence, descend from Heaven with the -sacred phial. The true believers who had taken part in the Republican -processions of Lyons compelled me to cut out a chapter entitled the -<i>Rois athées</i>, and to distribute paragraphs from it here and there in -the body of the work.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Before continuing these literary investigations I must interrupt -them for a moment to take leave of my uncle de Bedée; alas, that -means taking leave of the first joy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> my life: <i>freno non remorante -dies</i><a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>! See the old sepulchres in the old crypts: themselves -overcome by age, decrepit and without memory, having lost their -epitaphs, they have forgotten the very names of those whose ashes they -contain.</p> - -<p>I had written to my uncle on the subject of my mother's death: he -replied with a long letter containing some touching words of regret; -but three-quarters of his double folio sheet were devoted to my -genealogy. He begged me above all, when I should return to France, -to look up the title-deeds of the "Bedée quartering," entrusted to -my brother. And so, to this venerable Emigrant, exile, ruin, the -destruction of his kin, the sacrifice of Louis XVI. alike failed to -make the fact of the Revolution clear to him; nothing had happened, -nothing come to pass; he had gone no farther than the States of -Brittany and the Assembly of the Nobles. This fixity of ideas in man is -very striking in the midst and as it were in presence of the alteration -of his body, the flight of his years, the loss of his relations and -friends.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of my uncle de Bedée.</div> - -<p>On his return from the Emigration, my uncle de Bedée went to live at -Dinan, where he died, six leagues from Monchoix, without having seen it -again. My cousin Caroline<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>, the oldest of my three cousins, still -lives. She has remained an old maid in spite of the formal requests -for her hand made in her former youth. She writes me letters, badly -spelt, in which she addresses me in the second person singular, calls -me "chevalier," and talks to me of our good time: <i>in illo tempore.</i> -She was endowed with a pair of fine dark eyes and a comely figure; she -danced like the Camargo<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>, and she seems to recollect that I bore -a fierce passion for her in secret. I reply in the same tone, laying -aside, in imitation of her, my years, my honours and my reputation:</p> - -<p>"Yes, dear Caroline, your chevalier," etc.</p> - -<p>It must be some six or seven lustres since we met: Heaven be praised -for it, for God alone knows, if we came to embracing, what kind of -figure we should cut in each other's eyes!</p> - -<p>Sweet, patriarchal, innocent, creditable family friendship,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> your age -is past! We no longer cling to the soil by a multitude of blossoms, -sprouts and roots; we are born and die singly nowadays. The living -are in haste to fling the deceased to Eternity, and to be rid of his -corpse. Of his friends, some go and await the coffin at the church, -grumbling the while at being put out and disturbed in their habits; -others carry their devotion so far as to follow the funeral to the -cemetery: the grave once filled up, all recollection is obliterated. -You will never return, O days of religion and affection, in which the -son died in the same house, in the same arm-chair, by the same fireside -where died his father and his grandfather before him, surrounded, as -they had been, by weeping children and grandchildren, upon whom fell -the last paternal blessing!</p> - -<p>Farewell, my beloved uncle! Farewell, family of my mother, which are -disappearing like the other portion of my family! Farewell, my cousin -of days long past, who love me still as you loved me when we listened -together to our kind aunt de Boistelleul's ballad of the Sparrow-hawk, -or when you assisted at my release from my nurse's vow at the Abbey -of Nazareth! If you survive me, accept the share of gratitude and -affection which I here bequeath to you. Attach no belief to the false -smile outlined on my lips in speaking of you: my eyes, I assure you, -are full of tears.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>My studies correlative to the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> had gradually, -as I have said, led me to make a more thorough examination of English -literature. When I took refuge in England in 1793, it became necessary -for me to redress most of the judgments which I had drawn from the -criticisms. As regards the historians, Hume<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> was reputed a Tory -and reactionary writer: he was accused, as was Gibbon, of over-loading -the English language with gallicisms; people preferred his continuer, -Smollett<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a>. Gibbon<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a>, a philosopher during his lifetime, became a -Christian on his death-bed, and in that capacity was duly convicted of -being a sorry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> individual. Robertson<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> was still spoken of, because -he was dry.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">English literature.</div> - -<p>Where the poets were concerned, the "elegant extracts" served as a -place of banishment for a few pieces by Dryden<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>; people refused to -forgive Pope<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> for his verse, although they visited his house at -Twickenham and cut chips from the weeping-willow planted by him and -withered like his fame.</p> - -<p>Blair<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> was looked upon as a tedious critic with a French style; he -was placed far below Johnson<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a>. As to the old <i>Spectator</i><a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>, it -was relegated to the lumber-room.</p> - -<p>English political works have little interest for us. The economic -treatises are less stinted in their scope: their calculations on the -wealth of nations, the employment of capital, the balance of trade, -are applicable in part to the different European societies. Burke<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> -emerged from the national political individuality: by declaring himself -opposed to the French Revolution, he dragged his country into the long -road of hostilities which ended in the plains of Waterloo.</p> - -<p>However, great figures remained. One met with Milton and Shakespeare -on every hand. Did Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, Byron<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>, Sully<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>, by turns -French Ambassadors to the Courts of Elizabeth<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> and James I.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>, -ever hear speak of a merry-andrew who acted in his own and other -writers' farces? Did they ever pronounce the name, so outlandish in -French, of Shakespeare? Did they suspect that there was here a glory -before which their honours, pomps and ranks would become as nothing? -Well, the comedian who undertook the part of the Ghost in <i>Hamlet</i> was -the great spectre, the shade of the Middle Ages which rose over the -world like the evening star, at the moment when the Middle Ages were at -last descending among the dead: giant centuries which Dante<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> opened -and Shakespeare closed.</p> - -<p>In the Memorials of Whitelock<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a>, the contemporary of the singer of -Paradise Lost, we read of "one Mr. Milton, a blind man, parliamentary -secretary for Latin despatches."</p> - -<p>Molière<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>, the "stage-player," performed his Pourceaugnac in the -same way that Shakespeare, the "buffoon," clowned his Falstaff.</p> - -<p>Those veiled travellers, who come from time to time to sit at our -board, are treated by us as ordinary guests; we remain unaware of their -nature until the day of their disappearance. On leaving the earth, they -become transfigured, and say to us, as the angel from heaven said to -Tobias:</p> - -<p>"I am one of the seven who stand before the Lord<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>."</p> - -<p>But, though misunderstood by men on their passage, those divinities do -not fail to recognise one another. Milton asks:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -What needs my Shakespeare, for his honour'd bones,<br /> -The labour of an age in piled stones<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>?<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>Michael Angelo<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a>, envying Dante's lot and genius, exclaims:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Pur fuss'io tal...<br /> -Per l'aspro esilio suo con sua virtute<br /> -Darci del mondo più felice stato.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Tasso celebrates Camoëns, as yet almost unknown, and acts as his -"Fame." Is there anything more admirable than the society of -illustrious people revealing themselves, one to the other, by means of -signs, greeting one another and communing with each other in a language -understood by themselves alone?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Shakespeare.</div> - -<p>Was Shakespeare lame, like Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>, and the -Prayers, the daughters of Jupiter? If he was so in fact, the "Boy" -of Stratford, far from being ashamed of his infirmity, as was Childe -Harold, is not afraid to remind one of his mistresses of it:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -So I, made lame by fortune's dearest spite<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Shakespeare must have had many loves, if we were to count one for each -sonnet. The creator of Desdemona and Juliet grew old without ceasing -to be in love. Was the unknown woman to whom he addresses his charming -verses proud and happy to be the object of Shakespeare's Sonnets? It -may be doubted: glory is to an old man what diamonds are to an old -woman; they adorn, but cannot make her beautiful. Says the English -tragic poet to his mistress:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -No longer mourn for me when I am dead<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">. . . . . .</span><br /> -Nay, if you read this line, remember not<br /> -The hand that writ it; for I love you so,<br /> -That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot,<br /> -If thinking on me then should make you woe.<br /> -O, if, I say, you look upon this verse<br /> -When I perhaps compounded am with clay,<br /> -Do not so much as my poor name rehearse,<br /> -But let your love even with my life decay<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Shakespeare loved, but believed no more in love than he believed in -other things: a woman to him was a bird, a zephyr, a flower, a thing -that charms and passes. Through his indifference to, or ignorance of, -his fame, through his condition, which set him without the pale of -society and of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> position to which he could not hope to attain, he -seemed to have taken life as a light, unoccupied hour, a swift and -gentle leisure.</p> - -<p>Shakespeare, in his youth, met old monks driven from their cloister, -who had seen Henry VIII., his reforms, his destructions of monasteries, -his "fools," his wives, his mistresses, his headsmen. When the poet -departed from life, Charles I. was sixteen years of age. Thus, with one -hand, Shakespeare was able to touch the whitened heads once threatened -by the sword of the second of the Tudors and, with the other, the -brown head of the second of the Stuarts, destined to be laid low by -the axe of the Parliamentarians. Leaning upon those tragic brows, the -great tragedian sank into the tomb; he filled the interval of the days -in which he lived with his ghosts, his blind kings, his ambitious -men punished, his unfortunate women, so as to join together, through -analogous fictions, the realities of the past and of the future.</p> - -<p>Shakespeare is of the number of the five or six writers who have -sufficed for the needs and nutriment of thought: those parent -geniuses seem to have brought forth and suckled all the others. Homer -impregnated antiquity: ‚Æschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, -Horace, Virgil are his sons. Dante engendered Modern Italy, from -Petrarch to Tasso. Rabelais created French literature: Montaigne, La -Fontaine, Molière descend from him. England is all Shakespeare, and in -these later days he has lent his language to Byron, his dialogue to -Walter Scott.</p> - -<p>Men often disown these supreme masters; they rebel against them; they -reckon up their faults: they accuse them of tediousness, of length, -of extravagance, of bad taste, what time they plunder them and deck -themselves in their spoils; but they struggle in vain against their -yoke. Everything wears their colours; they have left their traces -everywhere; they invent words and names which go to swell the general -vocabulary of the nations; their expressions become proverbs, their -fictitious characters change into real characters, with heirs and a -lineage. They open out horizons whence burst forth sheaves of light; -they sow ideas, the germs of a thousand others; they supply all the -arts with imaginations, subjects, styles: their works are the mines or -the bowels of the human mind.</p> - -<p>These geniuses occupy the first rank; their vastness, their variety, -their fruitfulness, their originality cause them to be accepted from -the very first as laws, models, moulds, types<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> of the various forms of -intellect, even as there are four or five races of men issuing from one -single stock, of which the others are only branches. Let us take care -how we insult the disorders into which these mighty beings sometimes -fall: let us not imitate Ham, the accursed; let us not laugh if we see -the sole and solitary mariner of the deep lying naked and asleep, in -the shadow of the Ark resting upon the mountains of Armenia. Let us -respect that diluvial navigator, who recommenced the Creation after the -flood-gates of Heaven were shut up: let us, as pious children, blessed -by our father, modestly cover him with our cloak.</p> - -<p>Shakespeare, in his lifetime, never thought of living after his life: -what signifies to him to-day my hymn of admiration? Admitting every -supposition, reasoning from the truths or falsehoods with which the -human mind is penetrated or imbued, what cares Shakespeare for a renown -of which the sound cannot rise to where he is? A Christian? In the -midst of eternal bliss, does he think of the nothingness of the world? -A deist? Freed from the shades of matter, lost in the splendours of -God, does he cast down a look upon the grain of sand over which he -passed? An atheist? He sleeps the sleep without breathing or awakening -which we call death. Nothing therefore is vainer than glory beyond the -tomb, unless it have kept friendship alive, unless it have been useful -to virtue, helpful to misfortune, unless it be granted to us to rejoice -in Heaven in a consoling, generous, liberating idea left behind by us -upon earth.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Samuel Richardson.</div> - -<p>Novels, at the end of the last century, had been included in -the general proscription. Richardson<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> slept forgotten: his -fellow-countrymen discovered in his style traces of the inferior -society in which he had spent his life. Fielding<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> maintained his -success; Sterne<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>, the purveyor of eccentricity, was out of date. -The <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i> was still read<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>.</p> - -<p>If Richardson has no style, a question of which we foreigners are -unable to judge, he will not live, because one lives only by style. It -is vain to rebel against this truth: the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> best-composed work, adorned -with life-like portraits, filled with a thousand other perfections, is -still-born if the style be wanting. Style, and there are a thousand -kinds, is not learnt; it is the gift of Heaven, it is talent. But, -if Richardson has only been forsaken because of certain homely turns -of expression, insufferable to an elegant society, he may revive: -the revolution which is being worked, in lowering the aristocracy -and raising the middle classes, will render less apparent, or cause -entirely to disappear, the traces of homespun habits and of an inferior -language.</p> - -<p>From <i>Clarissa</i> and <i>Tom Jones</i> sprang the two principal branches of -the family of modern English novels: the novels of family pictures and -domestic dramas, and the novels of adventure and pictures of general -society. After Richardson, the manners of the West End invaded the -domain of fiction: the novels became filled with country-houses, lords -and ladies, scenes at the waters, adventures at the races, the ball, -the opera, Ranelagh, with a never-ending chit-chat and tittle-tattle. -The scene was rapidly changed to Italy; the lovers crossed the Alps -amid terrible dangers and sorrows of the soul calculated to move lions: -"the lion shed tears!" A jargon of good company was adopted.</p> - -<p>Of the thousands of novels which have flooded England since the last -fifty years, two have kept their places: <i>Caleb Williams</i><a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> and the -<i>Monk.</i> I did not see Godwin during my stay in London; but I twice -met Lewis<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a>. He was a young member of the House of Commons, very -pleasant, with the air and manners of a Frenchman. The works of Ann -Radcliffe<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> are of a class apart Those of Mrs. Barbauld<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a>, Miss -Edgeworth<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>, Miss Burney<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a>, etc., have a chance of living.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"There should," says Montaigne, "be some correction appointed by the -laws against foolish and unprofitable writers, as there is against -vagabonds and loiterers; so should both my selfe and a hundred others -of our people be banished....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> Scribbling seemeth to be a symptome or -passion of an irregular and licentious age<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sir Walter Scott.</div> - -<p>But these different schools of sedentary novelists, of novelists -travelling by diligence or calash, of novelists of lakes and mountains, -ruins and ghosts, of novelists of cities and drawing-rooms, have -come to be lost in the new school of Walter Scott, even as poetry -has precipitated itself in the steps of Lord Byron. The illustrious -painter of Scotland started his career in literature during my exile -in London with his translation of Goethe's <i>Berlichingen.</i><a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> He -continued to make himself known by poetry, and ultimately the bent of -his genius led him towards the novel. He seems to me to have created a -false manner: the romancer set himself to write historical romances, -and the historian romantic histories. If, in reading Walter Scott, I -am sometimes obliged to skip interminable conversations, the fault is -doubtless mine; but one of Walter Scott's great merits, in my eyes, is -that he can be placed in the hands of everybody. It requires greater -efforts of talent to interest while keeping within the limits of -decency than to please when exceeding all bounds; it is less easy to -rule the heart than to disturb it.</p> - -<p>Burke kept the politics of England in the past. Walter Scott -drove back the English to the Middle Ages; all that they wrote, -manufactured, built, became Gothic: books, furniture, houses, -churches, country-seats. But the barons of Magna Charta are to-day the -fashionables of Bond Street, a frivolous race camping in the ancient -manor-houses while awaiting the arrival of the new generations which -are preparing to drive them out.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At the same time that the novel was passing into the "romantic" stage, -poetry was undergoing a similar transformation. Cowper<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> abandoned -the French in order to revive the national school; Burns<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> commenced -the same revolution in Scotland. After them came the restorers of the -ballads. Several of those poets of 1792 to 1800 belonged to what was -called the "Lake school," a name which survived, because the romantic -poets lived on the shores of the Cumberland and Westmoreland lakes, -which they sometimes sang.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thomas Moore<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a>, Campbell<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a>, Rogers<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a>, Crabbe<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a>, -Wordsworth<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a>, Southey<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a>, Hunt<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a>, Knowles<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a>, Lord -Holland<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a>, Canning<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a>, Croker<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> are still living to do honour -to English literature; but one must be of English birth to appreciate -the full merit of an intimate class of composition which appeals -specially to men born on the soil.</p> - -<p>None is a competent judge, in living literature, of other than works -written in his own tongue. It is in vain that you believe yourself -thoroughly acquainted with a foreign idiom: you lack the nurse's milk, -together with the first words which she teaches you at her breast and -in your swaddling-clothes; certain accents belong to the mother country -alone. The English and Germans have the strangest notions concerning -our men of letters: they worship what we despise, and despise what -we worship; they do not understand Racine nor La Fontaine, nor even -Molière completely. It is ludicrous to know who are considered our -great writers in London, Vienna, Berlin, St Petersburg, Munich, -Leipzig, Göttingen, Cologne, to know what is read there with avidity -and what not at all.</p> - -<p>When an author's merit lies especially in his diction, no foreigner -will ever understand that merit. The more intimate, individual, -rational a talent is, the more do its mysteries escape the mind which -is not, so to speak, that talent's fellow-countryman. We admire the -Greeks and Romans on trust;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> our admiration comes to us by tradition, -and the Greeks and Romans are not there to laugh at our barbarian -judgments. Which of us has an idea of the harmony of the prose of -Demosthenes and Cicero, of the cadence of the verses of Alcæus and -Horace, as they were caught by a Greek or Latin ear? Men maintain that -real beauties are of all times, all countries: yes, beauties of feeling -and of thought; not beauties of style. Style is not cosmopolitan like -thought: it has a native land, a sky, a sun of its own.</p> - -<p>Burns, Mason<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a>, Cowper died during my emigration, before 1800 and -in 1800: they ended the century; I commenced it. Darwin<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> and -Beattie<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> died two years after my return from exile.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">James Beattie.</div> - -<p>Beattie had announced the new era of the lyre. The <i>Minstrel, or the -Progress of Genius</i> is the picture of the first effects of the muse -upon a young bard who is as yet unaware of the inspiration with which -he is tossed. Now the future poet goes and sits by the sea-shore during -a tempest; again he leaves the village sports to listen in some lonely -spot to the distant sound of the pipes. Beattie has run through the -entire series of reveries and melancholy ideas of which a hundred other -poets have believed themselves the discoverers. Beattie proposed to -continue his poem; he did, in fact, write the second canto: Edwin one -evening hears a grave voice ascend from the bottom of the valley; it -is the voice of a solitary who, after tasting the illusions of the -world, has buried himself in that retreat, there to collect his soul -and to sing the marvels of the Creator. This hermit instructs the young -minstrel and reveals to him the secret of his genius. Beattie was -destined to shed tears; the death of his son broke his paternal heart: -like Ossian, after the loss of his son Oscar, he hung his harp on the -branches of an oak. Perhaps Beattie's son was the young minstrel whom a -father had sung and whose footsteps he no longer saw on the mountain.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Lord Byron's verses contain striking imitations of the Minstrel. At the -time of my exile in England, Lord Byron was living at Harrow School, -in a village ten miles from London. He was a child, I was young and -as unknown as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> he; he had been brought up on the heaths of Scotland, -by the sea-side, as I in the marshes of Brittany, by the sea-side; he -first loved the Bible and Ossian, as I loved them; he sang the memories -of his childhood in Newstead Abbey, as I sang mine in Combourg Castle:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -When I roved a young Highlander o'er the dark heath.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">And climb'd thy steep summit, O Morven of snow!</span><br /> -To gaze on the torrent that thunder'd beneath,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Or the mist of the tempest that gather'd below<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>In my wanderings in the neighbourhood of London, when I was so unhappy, -I passed through the village of Harrow a score of times, without -suspecting the genius it contained. I have sat in the churchyard at the -foot of the elm beneath which, in 1807, Lord Byron wrote these verses, -at the time when I was returning from Palestine:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Spot of my youth! whose hoary branches sigh,<br /> -Swept by the breeze that fans thy cloudless sky;<br /> -Where now alone I muse, who oft have trod,<br /> -With those I loved, thy soft and verdant sod.<br /> -. . . . . . . .<br /> -When fate shall chill, at length, this fever'd breast,<br /> -And calm its cares and passions into rest,<br /> -. . . . . . . .<br /> -. . . . here my heart might lie;<br /> -Here might I sleep where all my hopes arose,<br /> -. . . . . . . .<br /> -Mix'd with the earth o'er which my footsteps moved;<br /> -. . . . . . . .<br /> -Deplored by those in early days allied,<br /> -And unremembered by the world beside<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>And I shall say: Hail, ancient elm, at whose foot the child Byron -indulged in the fancies of his age, while I was dreaming of <i>René</i> -beneath thy shade, the same shade beneath which later, in his turn, the -poet came to dream of <i>Childe Harold!</i> Byron asked of the churchyard, -which witnessed the first sports of his life, an unknown grave: a -useless prayer, which fame will not grant. Nevertheless, Byron is no -longer what he has been; I had come across him in all directions living -at Venice: at the end of a few years, in the same town where I had -met with his name on every hand, I found him everywhere eclipsed and -unknown. The echoes of the Lido no longer repeat his name and, if you -ask after him of the Venetians, they no longer know of whom you speak. -Lord Byron is entirely dead for them; they no longer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> hear the neighing -of his horse: it is the same thing in London, where his memory is -fading. That is what we become.</p> - -<p>If I have passed by Harrow without knowing that the child Byron was -drawing breath there, Englishmen have passed by Combourg without -suspecting that a little vagabond, brought up in those woods, would -leave any trace. Arthur Young<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a>, the traveller, when passing through -Combourg, wrote:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"To Combourg [from Pontorson] the country has a savage -aspect; husbandry has not much further advanced, at least in -skill, than among the Hurons, which appears incredible amidst -inclosures; the people almost as wild as their country, and -their town of Combourg one of the most brutal filthy places -that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so -broken as to impede all passengers, but ease none-yet here is -a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriand, -the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such -filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is -a fine lake, surrounded by well-wooded inclosures<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>That M. de Chateaubriand was my father; the residence which seemed so -hideous to the ill-humoured agriculturist is none the less a fine and -stately home, sombre and grave though it may be. As for me, a feeble -ivy-shoot commencing to climb at the foot of those fierce towers, would -Mr. Young have noticed me, he who was interested only in inspecting our -harvests?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lord Byron.</div> - -<p>Give me leave to add to the above pages, written in England in 1822, -the following written in 1824 and 1840: they will complete the portion -relating to Lord Byron; this portion will be more particularly -perfected when the reader has perused what I shall have to say of the -great poet on passing to Venice.</p> - -<p>There may perhaps be some interest in the future in remarking the -coincidence of the two leaders of the new French and English schools -having a common fund of nearly parallel ideas and destinies, if not of -morals: one a peer of England, the other a peer of France; both Eastern -travellers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> not infrequently near each other, yet never seeing one -another: only, the life of the English poet has been connected with -events less great than mine.</p> - -<p>Lord Byron visited the ruins of Greece after me: in <i>Childe Harold</i> -he seems to embellish with his own pigments the descriptions in the -<i>Itinéraire.</i> At the commencement of my pilgrimage I gave the Sire de -Joinville's farewell to his castle: Byron bids a similar farewell to -his Gothic home.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Martyrs</i>, Eudore sets out from Messenia to go to Rome:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Our voyage was long," he says; "... we saw all those -promontories marked by temples or tombstones.... My young -companions had heard speak of nought save the metamorphoses -of Jupiter, and they understood nothing of the remains they -saw before them; I myself had already sat, with the prophet, -on the ruins of devastated cities, and Babylon taught me to -know Corinth<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>The English poet is like the French prose-writer, following the letter -of Sulpicius to Cicero<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a>: a coincidence so perfect is a singularly -proud one for me, because I anticipated the immortal singer on the -shore where we gathered the same memories and celebrated the same ruins.</p> - -<p>I have again the honour of being connected with Lord Byron in our -descriptions of Rome: the <i>Martyrs</i> and my <i>Lettre sur la campagne -romaine</i> possess, for me, the inestimable advantage of having divined -the aspirations of a fine genius.</p> - -<p>The early translators, commentators and admirers of Lord Byron were -careful not to point out that some pages of my works might have -lingered for a moment in the memory of the painter of <i>Childe Harold</i>; -they would have thought that they were depreciating his genius. Now -that the enthusiasm has grown a little calmer this honour is not so -consistently refused to me. Our immortal song-writer<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>, in the last -volume of his Chansons, says:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"In one of the foregoing stanzas I speak of the 'lyres' which -France owes to M. de Chateaubriand. I do not fear that that -verse will be contradicted by the new poetic school, which, -born beneath the eagle's wings, has often and rightly prided -itself on that origin. The influence of the author of the -<i>Génie du Christianisme</i> has also made itself felt abroad, -and it would perhaps be just to recognise that the singer of -<i>Childe Harold</i> belongs to the family of <i>René.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>In an excellent article on Lord Byron, M. Villemain<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> re-echoes M. -de Béranger's remark:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Some incomparable pages in <i>René</i>" he says, "had, it is -true, exhausted that poetic character. I do not know whether -Byron imitated them or revived them with his genius."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Literary affinity.</div> - -<p>What I have just said as to the affinity of imagination and destiny -between the chronicles of <i>René</i> and the singer of <i>Childe Harold</i> -does not detract in the smallest degree from the fame of the immortal -bard. What harm can my pedestrian and luteless muse do to the muse of -the Dee<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a>, furnished with a lyre and wings? Lord Byron will live -whether, a child of his century like myself, he gave utterance, like -myself and like Goethe before us, to its passion and misfortune, or -whether my circumnavigation and the lantern of my Gallic bark showed -the vessel of Albion the track across unexplored waters.</p> - -<p>Besides, two minds of an analogous nature may easily have similar -conceptions without being reproached with slavishly following the same -road. It is permitted to take advantage of ideas and images expressed -in a foreign language, in order with them to enrich one's own: that has -occurred in all ages and at all times. I recognise without hesitation -that, in my early youth, Ossian<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a>, <i>Werther</i><a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a>, the <i>Rêveries du -promeneur solitaire</i><a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> and the <i>Études de la nature</i><a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> may have -allied themselves to my ideas; but I have hidden or dissimulated none -of the pleasure caused me by works in which I delighted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> - -<p>If it were true that <i>René</i> entered to some extent into the groundwork -of the one person represented under different names in <i>Childe-Harold, -Conrad, Lara, Manfred</i>, the <i>Giaour</i>; if, by chance, Lord Byron had -made me live in his own life, would he then have had the weakness never -to mention me<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a>? Was I then one of those fathers whom men deny -when they have attained to power? Can Lord Byron have been completely -ignorant of me when he quotes almost all the French authors who are his -contemporaries? Did he never hear speak of me, when the English papers, -like the French papers, have resounded a score of times in his hearing -with controversies on my works, when the <i>New Times</i> drew a parallel -between the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> and the author of -<i>Childe-Harold?</i></p> - -<p>No intelligence, however favoured it be, but has its susceptibilities, -its distrusts: one wishes to keep the sceptre, fears to share it, -resents comparisons. In the same way, another superior talent has -avoided the mention of my name in a work on Literature<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a>. Thank God, -rating myself at my just value, I have never aimed at empire; since -I believe in nothing except the religious truth, of which liberty is -a form, I have no more faith in myself than in any other thing here -below. But I have never felt a need to be silent, where I have admired; -that is why I proclaim my enthusiasm for Madame de Staël and Lord -Byron. What is sweeter than admiration? It is love in Heaven, affection -raised to a cult; we feel ourselves thrilled with gratitude for the -divinity which extends the bases of our faculties, opens out new views -to our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> souls, gives us a happiness so great and so pure, with no -admixture of fear or envy.</p> - -<p>For the rest, the little cavil which I have raised in these Memoirs -against the greatest poet whom England has possessed since Milton -proves only one thing: the high value which I would have attached to -the recollection of his muse.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The real Byron.</div> - -<p>Lord Byron started a deplorable school: I presume he has been as much -distressed at the Childe-Harolds to whom he gave birth as I am at the -Renés who rave around me.</p> - -<p>The life of Lord Byron is the object of much investigation and calumny: -young men have taken magic words seriously; women have felt disposed -to allow themselves affrightedly to be seduced by that "monster," to -console that solitary and unhappy Satan. Who knows? He had perhaps -not found the woman he sought, a woman fair enough, a heart as big as -his own. Byron, according to the phantasmagorial opinion, is the old -serpent of seduction and corruption, because he sees the corruption -of the human race; he is a fatal and suffering genius, placed between -the mysteries of matter and mind, who is unable to solve the enigma of -the universe, who looks upon life as a frightful and causeless irony, -as a perverse smile of evil; he is the son of despair, who despises -and denies, who, bearing an incurable wound within himself, seeks his -revenge by leading through voluptuousness to sorrow all who approach -him; he is a man who has not passed through the age of innocence, who -has never had the advantage of being rejected and cursed by God: a -man who, issuing reprobate from nature's womb, is the damned soul of -nihility.</p> - -<p>This is the Byron of heated imaginations: it is by no means, to my -mind, the Byron of truth. Two different men are united in Lord Byron, -as in the majority of men: the man of <i>nature</i> and the man of <i>system.</i> -The poet, perceiving the part which the public made him play, accepted -it and began to curse the world which at first he had only viewed -dreamily: this progress can be traced in the chronological order of his -works. His <i>genius</i>, far from having the extent attributed to it, is -fairly reserved; his poetic thought is no more than a moan, a plaint, -an imprecation; in that quality it is admirable: one must not ask the -lyre what it thinks, but what it sings. His <i>mind</i> is sarcastic and -diversified, but of an exciting nature and a baneful influence: the -writer had read Voltaire to good purpose, and imitates him.</p> - -<p>Gifted with every advantage, Lord Byron had little with which to -reproach his birth; the very accident which made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> him unhappy and which -allied his superiority to the infirmity of mankind ought not to have -vexed him, since it did not prevent him from being loved. The immortal -singer knew from his own case the truth of Zeno's maxim: "The voice is -the flower of beauty."</p> - -<p>A deplorable thing is the rapidity with which, nowadays, reputations -pass away. At the end of a few years-what am I saying?—of a few -months, the infatuation disappears and disparagement follows upon -it. Already Lord Byron's glory is seen to pale; his genius is better -understood by ourselves; he will have altars longer in France than -in England. Since <i>Childe-Harold</i> excels mainly in the depicting -of sentiments peculiar to the individual, the English, who prefer -sentiments common to all, will end by disowning the poet whose cry is -so deep and so sad. Let them look to it: if they shatter the image of -the man who has brought them to life again, what will they have left?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>When, during my sojourn in London, in 1822, I wrote my opinion of -Lord Byron, he had no more than two years to live upon earth: he died -in 1824, at the moment when disenchantment and disgust were about to -commence for him. I preceded him in life; he preceded me in death; he -was called before his turn: my number was higher than his, and yet -his was drawn first. Childe-Harold should have remained; the world -could lose me without noticing my disappearance. On continuing my road -through life, I met Madame Guiccioli<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> in Rome, Lady Byron<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> in -Paris. Frailty and virtue thus appeared to me: the former had perhaps -too many realities, the latter too few dreams.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Now, after having talked to you of the English writers, at the period -when England served me as an asylum, it but remains for me to tell you -of England herself at that period, of her appearance, her sites, her -country-seats, her private and political manners.</p> - -<p>The whole of England may be seen in the space of four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> leagues, from -Richmond, above London, down to Greenwich and below.</p> - -<p>Below London lies industrial and commercial England, with her docks, -her warehouses, her custom-houses, her arsenals, her breweries, her -factories, her foundries, her ships; the latter, at each high tide, -ascend the Thames in three divisions: first, the smallest; then, the -middle-sized; lastly, the great vessels which graze with their sails -the columns of the Old Sailors' Hospital and the windows of the tavern -where the visitors dine.</p> - -<p>Above London lies agricultural and pastoral England, with her -meadows, her flocks and herds, her country-houses, her parks, whose -shrubs and lawns are bathed twice a day by the rising waters of the -Thames. Between these two opposite points, Richmond and Greenwich, -London blends all the characteristics of this two-fold England: the -aristocracy in the West End, the democracy in the East; the Tower of -London and Westminster Abbey are landmarks between which is laid the -whole history of Great Britain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Richmond.</div> - -<p>I passed a portion of the summer of 1799 at Richmond with Christian -de Lamoignon, occupying myself with the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> I -went on the Thames in a rowing-boat, or walked in Richmond Park. I -could have wished that Richmond by London had been the Richmond of -the treaty <i>Honor Richemundiæ</i>, for then I should have found myself -in my own country, and for this reason: William the Bastard made a -grant to Alan<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> Duke of Brittany, his son-in-law, of 442 English -feudal estates, which since formed the County of Richmond<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a>: the -Dukes of Brittany, Alan's successors, enfeoffed these domains to Breton -knights, cadets of the families of Rohan, Tinténiac, Chateaubriand, -Goyon, Montboucher. But, in spite of my inclinations, I must look in -Yorkshire for the County of Richmond, raised to a duchy by Charles -II.<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> in favour of a bastard<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a>: the Richmond on the Thames is -the Old Sheen of Edward III. There, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> 1377, died Edward III., that -famous King robbed by his mistress, Alice Perrers<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>, who was not -the same as the Alice or Catharine of Salisbury of the early days of -the life of the victor of Crecy: you should only love at the age when -you can be loved. Henry VIII. and Elizabeth also died at Richmond: -where does one not die? Henry VIII. took pleasure in this residence. -The English historians are greatly embarrassed by that abominable man: -on the one hand, they are unable to conceal the tyranny and servitude -to which the Parliament was subjected; on the other hand, if they too -heartily anathematized the Head of the Reformation, they would condemn -themselves in condemning him:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Plus l'oppresseur est vil, plus l'esclave est infâme<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>In Richmond Park is shown the mound which served Henry VIII. as an -observatory from which to spy for the news of the execution of Anne -Boleyn<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a>. Henry leapt for joy when the signal shot up from the Tower -of London. What delight! The steel had cut through the slender neck, -and covered with blood the beautiful tresses to which the poet-King had -fastened his fatal kisses.</p> - -<p>In the deserted park at Richmond I awaited no murderous signal, I would -not even have wished the slightest harm to any who might have betrayed -me. I strolled among the peaceful deer: accustomed to run before a -pack of hounds, they stopped when they were tired; they were carried -back, very gay and quite amused with this game, in a cart filled with -straw. I went at Kew to see the kangaroos, ridiculous animals, the -exact opposite to the giraffe: these innocent four-footed grass hoppers -peopled Australia better than the old Duke of Queensberry's<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> -prostitutes peopled the lanes of Richmond. The Thames bathed the -lawn of a cottage half-hidden beneath a cedar of Lebanon and amidst -weeping-willows: a newly married couple had come to spend the honeymoon -in that paradise.</p> - -<p>One evening, as I was strolling over the swards of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> Twickenham, Peltier -appeared, holding his handkerchief to his mouth:</p> - -<p>"What an everlasting deuce of a fog!" he cried, so soon as he was -within earshot. "How the devil can you remain here? I have made out my -list: Stowe, Blenheim, Hampton Court, Oxford; with your dreamy ways, -you might live with John Bull <i>in vitam æternam</i> and not see a thing!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A journey with Peltier.</div> - -<p>I asked in vain to be excused, I had to go. In the carriage, Peltier -enumerated his hopes to me; he had relays of them; no sooner had -one croaked beneath him than he straddled another, and on he would -go, a leg on either side, to his journey's end. One of his hopes, -the robustest, eventually led him to Bonaparte, whom he took by the -coat-collar: Napoleon had the simplicity to hit back<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a>. Peltier -took Sir James Mackintosh<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> as his second; he was condemned by the -courts, and made a new fortune (which he incontinently ran through) by -selling the documents relating to his trial.</p> - -<p>Blenheim<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> was distasteful to me; I suffered so much the more from -an ancient reverse of my country in that I had had to endure the -insult of a recent affront: a boat going up the Thames caught sight -of me on the bank; seeing a Frenchman, the oarsmen gave cheers; the -news had just been received of the naval battle of Aboukir: these -successes of the foreigner, which might open the gates of France to me, -were hateful to me. Nelson<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>, whom I had often met in Hyde Park, -wrapped his victories in Lady Hamilton's<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> shawl at Naples, while -the <i>lazzaroni</i> played at ball with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> human heads. The admiral died -gloriously at Trafalgar<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a>, and his mistress wretchedly at Calais, -after losing beauty, youth and fortune. And I, taunted on the Thames -with the victory of Aboukir, have seen the palm-trees of Libya edging -the calm and deserted sea which was reddened with the blood of my -fellow-countrymen.</p> - -<p>Stowe Park<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> is famous for its ornamental buildings: I prefer its -shades. The cicerone of the place showed us, in a gloomy ravine, the -copy of a temple of which I was to admire the original in the dazzling -valley of the Cephisus. Beautiful pictures of the Italian school pined -in the darkness of some uninhabited rooms, whose shutters were kept -closed: poor Raphael, imprisoned in a castle of the ancient Britons, -far from the skies of the Farnesina<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a>!</p> - -<p>At Hampton Court was preserved the collection of portraits of the -mistresses of Charles II.: you see how that Prince took things on -emerging from a revolution which cut off his father's head, and which -was to drive out his House.</p> - -<p>At Slough we saw Herschel<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>, with his learned sister<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> and his -great forty-foot telescope; he was looking for new planets: this made -Peltier laugh, who kept to the seven old ones.</p> - -<p>We stopped for two days at Oxford. I took pleasure in this republic of -Alfred the Great<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>; it represented the privileged liberties and the -manners of the literary institutions of the Middle Ages. We hurried -through the twenty colleges, the libraries, the pictures, the museum, -the botanic garden. I turned over with extreme pleasure, among the -manuscripts of Worcester College, a life of the Black Prince, written -in French verse by the Prince's herald-at-arms.</p> - -<p>Oxford, without resembling them, recalled to my memory the modest -Colleges of Dol, Rennes and Dinan. I had translated Gray's<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> <i>Elegy -written in a Country Church-yard</i>:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -The curfew tolls the knell of parting day<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> - -<p>which is imitated from Dante's</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Squilla di lontano</span><br /> -Che paja'l giorno pianger che si musre<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Oxford.</div> - -<p>Peltier had hastened to trumpet my translation in his paper. At sight -of Oxford I remembered the same poet's <i>Ode on a distant Prospect of -Eton College</i>:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Ah, happy hills! ah, pleasing shade!<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Ah, fields beloved in vain!</span><br /> -Where once my careless childhood strayed,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">A stranger yet to pain!</span><br /> -<br /> -I feel the gales that from ye blow,<br /> -. . . . . .<br /> -My weary soul they seem to soothe,<br /> -And redolent of joy and youth,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">To breathe a second spring.</span><br /> -<br /> -Say, Father Thames,...<br /> -. . . . . .<br /> -What idle progeny succeed<br /> -To chase the rolling circle's speed<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Or urge the flying ball?</span><br /> -<br /> -Alas! regardless of their doom<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">The little victims play!</span><br /> -No sense have they of ills to come,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Nor care beyond to-day<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Who has not experienced the feelings and regrets here expressed with -all the sweetness of the muse? Who has not softened at the recollection -of the games, the studies, the loves of his early years? But can they -be revived? The pleasures of youth reproduced by the memory are ruins -seen by torchlight.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Separated from the Continent by a long war, the English at the end -of the last century preserved their national manners and character. -There was still but one people, in whose name the sovereign power was -wielded by an aristocratic government; only two great friendly classes -existed, bound by a common interest: the patrons and the dependents. -That jealous class called the bourgeoisie in France, which is beginning -to arise in England, was then not known: nothing came between the rich -land-owners and the men occupied with their trades. Everything had not -yet become machinery in the manufacturing professions, folly in the -privileged classes. Along the same pavements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> where one now sees dirty -faces and men in surtouts, passed little girls in white cloaks, with -straw-hats fastened under the chin with a ribbon, a basket on their -arm, containing fruit or a book; all kept their eyes lowered, all -blushed when one looked at them:</p> - -<p>"Britain," says Shakespeare, is "in a great pool, a swan's nest<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>."</p> - -<p>Surtouts without coats beneath were so little worn in London in 1793 -that a woman who was weeping bitterly over the death of Louis XVI. said -to me:</p> - -<p>"But, my dear sir, is it true that the poor King was dressed in a -surtout when they cut off his head?"</p> - -<p>The "gentlemen farmers" had not yet sold their patrimony in order to -come and live in London; in the House of Commons they still formed the -independent fraction which, acting in opposition to the Ministry, kept -up ideas of liberty, order and property. They hunted the fox or shot -pheasants in autumn, ate fat geese at Christmas, shouted "Hurrah" for -roast beef, grumbled at the present, praised the past, cursed Pitt and -the war, which sent up the price of port, and went to bed drunk to -begin the same life over again next day. They were firmly convinced -that the glory of Great Britain would never fade so long as they sang -<i>God save the King</i>, maintained the rotten boroughs, kept the game laws -in vigour, and sent hares and partridges to market by stealth under the -name of "lions" and "ostriches."</p> - -<p>The Anglican clergy was learned, hospitable, and generous; it had -received the French clergy with true Christian charity. The University -of Oxford printed at its own cost and distributed gratis among the -curés a New Testament, according to the Latin Vulgate, with the -imprint, "<i>In usum cleri Gallicani in Anglia exulantis.</i>" As to the -life of the English upper classes, I, a poor exile, saw nothing of -it but the outside. On the occasion of receptions at Court or at the -Princess of Wales's<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>, ladies went by seated sideways in Sedan -chairs; their great hoop-petticoats protruded through the door of the -chair like altar-hangings. They themselves, on those altars of their -waists, resembled madonnas or pagodas. Those fine ladies were the -daughters whose mothers the Duc de Guiche and the Duc de Lauzun had -adored; those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> daughters are, in 1822, the mothers and grandmothers of -the little girls who now come to my house to dance in short frocks to -the sound of Collinet's clarinet, swift generations of flowers.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02004"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_004.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">William Pitt.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="sidenote">English statesmen.</div> - -<p>The England of 1688 was, at the end of the last century, at the apogee -of its glory. As a poor emigrant in London, from 1793 to 1800, I heard -Pitt, Fox<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>, Sheridan<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a>, Wilberforce<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a>, Grenville<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a>, -Whitbread<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>, Lauderdale<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>, Erskine<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>; as a magnificent -ambassador in London to-day, in 1822, I could not say how far I am -impressed when, instead of the great orators whom I used to admire, I -see those get up who were their seconds at the time of my first visit, -the pupils in the place of the masters. General ideas have penetrated -into that particular society. But the enlightened aristocracy placed at -the head of this country since one hundred and forty years will have -shown to the world one of the finest and greatest societies that have -done honour to mankind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> since the Roman patricians. Perhaps some old -family, seated in the depths of its county, will recognise the society -which I have depicted and regret the time whose loss I here deplore.</p> - -<p>In 1792<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> Mr. Burke parted from Mr. Fox. The question at issue was -the French Revolution, which Mr. Burke attacked and Mr. Fox defended. -Never had the two orators, who till then had been friends, displayed -such eloquence. The whole House was moved, and Mr. Fox's eyes were -filled with tears when Mr. Burke concluded his speech with these words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The right honourable gentleman in the speech he has just -made has treated me in every sentence with uncommon harshness -... by declaring a censure upon my whole life, conduct, and -opinions. Notwithstanding this great and serious, though -on my part unmerited, attack.... I shall not be dismayed; -I am not yet afraid to state my sentiments in this House -or anywhere else.... I will tell all the world that the -Constitution is in danger.... It certainly is indiscretion -at any period, but especially at my time of life, to provoke -enemies, or to give my friends occasion to desert me; yet -if my firm and steady adherence to the British Constitution -places me in such a dilemma, I will risk all; and as public -duty and public prudence teach me, with my last words -exclaim, 'Fly from the French Constitution!'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Mr. Fox having said that there was "no loss of friends," Mr. Burke -exclaimed:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Yes, there is a loss of friends! I know the price of my -conduct; I have done my duty at the price of my friend; our -friendship is at an end.... I warn the two right honourable -gentlemen who are the great rivals in this House, that -whether they hereafter move in the political atmosphere as -two flaming meteors, or walk together like brethren hand in -hand, to preserve and cherish the British Constitution, to -guard against innovation, and to save it from the danger of -these new theories<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>A memorable time in the world's history!</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02005"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_005.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Edmund Burke.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>Mr. Burke, whom I knew towards the close of his life, crushed by the -death of his only son, had founded a school for the benefit of the -children of the poor Emigrants. I went to see what he called his -"nursery." He was amused at the vivacity of the foreign race which was -growing up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> under his paternal genius. Looking at the careless little -exiles hopping, he said to me:</p> - -<p>"Our boys could not do that."</p> - -<p>And his eyes filled with tears. He thought of his son who had set out -for a longer exile.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">William Pitt.</div> - -<p>Pitt, Fox, and Burke are no more, and the British Constitution has -undergone the influence of the "new theories." One must have witnessed -the gravity of the parliamentary debates of that time, one must have -heard those orators whose prophetic voices seemed to announce a coming -revolution, to form an idea of the scene which I am recalling. Liberty, -confined within the limits of order, seemed to struggle, at Westminster -under the influence of anarchical liberty, which spoke from the still -blood-stained rostrum of the Convention.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pitt was tall and thin, and wore a sad and mocking look. -His utterance was cold, his intonation monotonous, his gestures -imperceptible; nevertheless, the lucidity and fluency of his thought, -the logic of his arguments, suddenly lighted with flashes of eloquence, -raised his talent to something out of the common. I used often to see -Mr. Pitt, when he went from his house on foot across St. James's Park, -to wait upon the King. George III.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>, on his side, arrived from -Windsor after drinking beer out of a pewter pot with the neighbouring -farmers; he drove through the ugly court-yards of his ugly palace in -a dowdy carriage followed by a few Horse-guards. That was the master -of the Kings of Europe, as five or six City merchants are the masters -of India. Mr. Pitt, in a black coat, a steel-hilted sword at his side, -his hat under his arm, climbed the stairs, taking two or three steps at -a time. On his way he found only three or four unemployed Emigrants: -casting a scornful look in their direction, he went on, with his nose -in the air, and his pale face.</p> - -<p>The great financier maintained no order in his own affairs, had no -regular hours for his meals or his sleep. Over head and ears in debt, -he paid nobody, and could not bring himself to add up a bill. A footman -kept house for him. Badly dressed, with no pleasures, no passions, -greedy only for power, he scorned honours, and refused to be more than -plain William Pitt.</p> - -<p>Lord Liverpool, in the month of June last, 1822, took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> me to dine at -his country-place: when we were crossing Putney Heath, he showed me -the little house in which died, a poor man, the son of Lord Chatham, -the statesman who had taken Europe into his pay and with his own hand -distributed all the millions in the world<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a>.</p> - -<p>George III. survived Mr. Pitt, but he had lost his reason and his -sight. Every session, at the opening of Parliament, the ministers read -to the silent and moved Houses the bulletin of the King's health. One -day I had gone to visit Windsor: a few shillings persuaded an obliging -door-keeper to hide me so that I might see the King. The monarch, -white-haired and blind, appeared, wandering like King Lear through his -palace and groping with his hands along the walls of the apartments. -He sat down to a piano, of which he knew the position, and played some -portions of a sonata by Handel<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>: a fine ending for Old England!</p> - - -<p>I began to turn my eyes towards my native land. A great revolution had -been operated. Bonaparte had become First Consul and was restoring -order by means of despotism; many exiles were returning; the upper -Emigration, especially, hastened to go and collect the remnants of its -fortune: loyalty was dying at the head, while its heart still beat in -the breasts of a few half-naked country-gentlemen. Mrs. Lindsay had -left; she wrote to Messrs, de Lamoignon to return; she also invited -Madame d'Aguesseau<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>, sister of Messrs, de Lamoignon, to cross the -Channel. Fontaines wrote to me to finish the printing of the <i>Génie -du Christianisme</i> in Paris. While remembering my country, I felt no -desire to see it again; gods more powerful than the paternal lares -kept me back; I had neither goods nor refuge in France; my motherland -had become to me a bosom of stone, a breast without milk: I should not -find my mother there, nor my brother, nor my sister Julie. Lucile still -lived, but she had married M. de Caud and no longer bore my name; my -young "widow" knew me only through a union of a few months, through -misfortune and through an absence of eight years.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02006"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_006.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">George III.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>Had I been left to myself, I do not know that I should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> have had -the strength to leave; but I saw my little circle dissolving; Madame -d'Aguesseau proposed to take me to Paris: I let myself go. The -Prussian Minister procured me a passport in the name of La Sagne, an -inhabitant of Neuchâtel. Messrs. Dulau stopped the printing of the -<i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, and gave me the sheets that had been set up. -I separated the sketches of <i>Atala</i> and <i>René</i> from the <i>Natchez</i>; the -remainder of the manuscript I locked into a trunk, of which I entrusted -the deposit to my hosts in London, and I set out for Dover with Madame -d'Aguesseau: Mrs. Lindsay was awaiting us at Calais.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I return to France.</div> - -<p>It was thus that I quitted England in 1800; my heart was differently -occupied from the manner in which it is at the time of writing, in -1822. I brought back from the land of exile only dreams and regrets; -to-day my head is filled with scenes of ambition, of politics, of -grandeurs and Courts, so ill suited to my nature. How many events are -heaped up in my present existence! Pass, men, pass; my turn will come. -I have unrolled only one-third of my days before your eyes; if the -sufferings which I have borne have weighed upon my vernal serenity, -now, entering upon a more fruitful age, the germ of <i>René</i> is about -to develop, and bitterness of another kind will be blended with my -narrative! What shall I not have to tell in speaking of my country; -of her revolutions, of which I have already shown the fore-ground; -of the Empire and of the gigantic man whom I have seen fall; of the -Restoration in which I played so great a part, that Restoration -glorious to-day, in 1822, although nevertheless I am able to see it -only through I know not what ill-omened mist?</p> - -<p>I end this book, which touches the spring of 1800. Arriving at the -close of my first career, I see opening before me the writer's career; -from a private individual I am about to become a public man; I leave -the virginal and silent retreat of solitude to enter the dusty and -noisy cross-roads of the world; broad day is about to light up my -dreamy life, light to penetrate my kingdom of shadows. I cast a melting -glance upon those books which contain my unremembered hours; I seem to -be bidding a last farewell to the paternal house; I take leave of the -thoughts and illusions of my youth as of sisters, of loving women, whom -I leave by the family hearth and whom I shall see no more.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> - -<p>We took four hours to cross from Dover to Calais. I stole into my -country under the shelter of a foreign name: doubly hidden beneath the -obscurity of the Swiss La Sagne and my own, I entered France with the -century<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a>.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> This book was written in London between April and -September 1822, and revised in February 1845.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Cat.</span> lxv. 9-11.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> M. A. Dulau was a Frenchman, and had been a Benedictine -at Sorèze College. He emigrated and opened a shop in Wardour Street, -London.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> OV., <i>Fasti</i>, VI. 772.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Charlotte Suzanne Marie de Bedée (1762-1849), whom -Chateaubriand called Caroline, survived him, and died at Dinan on the -28th of April 1849.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Marie Anne Cuppi (1710-1770), known as the Camargo, -and a famous dancer, was born in Brussels of a reputed noble Spanish -family. She made her first appearance at the Opera in Pans in 1734, -and continued to dance there until 1751, when she retired from her -profession. Voltaire addressed a piece of verse to her.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> David Hume (1711-1776). His <i>History of England</i>, -published from 1754 to 1761, goes down to 1688, whence it is continued -by Smollett.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771). That portion of -his complete <i>History of England</i> which embraces the period from the -Revolution to the death of George II. is generally treated as carrying -on Hume's History, and is printed as a continuation of that work.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), author of the <i>Decline and -Fall of the Roman Empire.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> William Robertson (1721-1793), a "moderate" historian, -author of a History of Scotland, a History of Charles V., and a History -of America.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> John Dryden (1631-1700), Poet-Laureate.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Alexander Pope (1688-1744). His house at Twickenham -stood on the site of the modern Pope's Villa, now the property of Mr. -Henry Labouchere, M.P. The willow became rotten and was cut down.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> The Rev. Hugh Blair (1718-1800), Professor of Rhetoric -at Edinburgh University, and author of the <i>Lectures on Rhetoric</i> and a -collection of famous Sermons.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Dr. Samuel Johnson ( 1709-1783), author of the -Dictionary and the <i>Lives of the English Poets.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Addison and Steele's <i>Spectator</i> ran for nearly two -years, from January 1711 to December 1712.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Edmund Burke (1729-1797), the great statesman. His -<i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i> appeared in 1790.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> François Duc de Montmorency (<i>circa</i> 1530-1579) was -Ambassador to England in 1572, when Shakespeare was still a child.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron (<i>circa</i> 1562-1602), -was Ambassador from Henry IV. to Elizabeth at the close of the -sixteenth century. He was beheaded, 31 July 1602, at the Bastille, for -conspiring against the King.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de Sully (1560-1641), Henry -IV.'s great minister.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Elizabeth, Queen of England (1533-1603), reigned from -1558 to 1603, and the plays produced by Shakespeare during her reign -include <i>Love's Labours Lost</i>, the <i>Comedy of Errors</i>, <i>King Henry -VI.</i>, the <i>Two Gentlemen of Verona</i>, the <i>Midsummer Alight's Dream</i>, -the <i>Life and Death of King Richard III.</i>, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, the -<i>Life and Death of King Richard II.</i>, <i>King John</i>, the <i>Merchant of -Venice</i>, <i>King Henry IV.</i>, <i>King Henry V.</i>, the <i>Taming of the Shrew</i>, -the <i>Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It, -Twelfth Night, or, What You Will, Julius Cæsar, All's Well that Ends -Well</i>, and <i>Hamlet Prince of Denmark.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> James I. King of England and VI. of Scotland -(1566-1625). In his reign were produced <i>Measure for Measure, Troilus -and Cressida, Othello, the Moor of Venice, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony -and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles Prince of Tyre, -Cymbeline</i>, the <i>Tempest</i>, the <i>Winters Tale</i>, and <i>King Henry -VIII.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) flourished exactly three -centuries before Shakespeare.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Bulstrode Whitelock (1605-1675), a prominent member -of the Long Parliament, and author of the <i>Memorials of the English -Affairs</i>, in which mention is made of the fact that the Swedish -Ambassador complains, in 1656, of the delay caused in the translation -of certain articles into Latin through their being entrusted to a blind -man.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), known as Molière, -played the principal part in his own comedies. <i>Monsieur de -Pourceaugnac</i>, one of the most farcical of these, was produced in -1669.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Tob.</span> xiii. 15.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> <i>An Epitaph on the admirable Dramatic Poet William -Shakespeare</i>, 1-2.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Michael Angelo Buonarotti (1474-1563) left a number of -slight poems in addition to his vast works of sculpture, painting, and -architecture.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) lost the use of his right -leg when eighteen months old.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> <i>Sonnets</i>, xxxvii. 3.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> <i>Sonnets</i>, lxxi. I, 5-12.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), the voluminous author of -<i>Pamela, Clarissa Harlowe</i>, and the <i>History of Sir Charles Grandison. -Clarissa Harlowe</i> was published in 1748.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Henry Fielding (1707-1754), author of <i>Joseph Andrews, -Tom Jones</i> (1749), etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Laurence Sterne (1713-1768), author of <i>Tristram Shandy</i> -(1759-1767), etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Goldsmith's <i>Vicar of Wakefield</i> had appeared in -1766.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Godwin's <i>Caleb Williams</i> was published in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Matthew Gregory Lewis (1773-1818), familiarly known as -Monk Lewis from the <i>Monk</i>, his principal novel, published in 1795.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Mrs. Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823), <i>née</i> Ward, author of -the <i>Mysteries of Udolpho</i> (1794)—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Mrs. Anna Lætitia Barbauld (1743-1825), <i>née</i> Aiken, -author of <i>Evenings at Horne</i>, etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Maria Edgeworth (1766-1849), author of <i>Moral Tales, -Castle Rackrent, Tales of Fashionable Life</i>, etc., etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Madame Fanny d'Arblay (1752-1840), <i>née</i> Burney, -author of <i>Evelina</i> (1778), <i>Cecilia</i>, and an interesting Diary and -Letters.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Florio's <span class="smcap">Montaigne</span>, Booke III. chap. IX.: <i>Of -Vanitie.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) published his tragedy -of <i>Goetz von Berlichingen</i> in 1773; Sir Walter Scott's translation -appeared in 1799.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> William Cowper (1731-1800), author of the <i>Task.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Robert Burns (1759-1796), the Ayrshire -ploughman-poet.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Thomas Moore (1779-1852), the popular Irish poet, -had published his translation of Anacreon at the time of which -Chateaubriand writes. His Irish Melodies began to appear in 1807, and -<i>Lalla Rookh</i> was published in 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Thomas Campbell (1777-1844) had published his <i>Pleasures -of Hope</i> in 1799.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Samuel Rogers (1763-1855), the banker-poet, was known at -this time by the <i>Pleasures of Memory</i>, published in 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> George Crabbe (1754-1832) had published the <i>Library</i> -and the <i>Village.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Poet-Laureate (1843). -The Lyrical Ballads, composed with Coleridge, whom Chateaubriand omits -to mention, were published in 1798.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Robert Southey (1774-1843), Poet-Laureate (1813). -<i>Wat Tyler</i> and <i>Joan of Arc</i> both appeared before the close of the -eighteenth century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) had not begun to -write at this time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> James Sheridan Knowles (1784-1862), author of the -<i>Hunchback</i> and other once much admired plays.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Henry Richard Vassall Fox, third Lord Holland -(1773-1840), Lord Privy Seal in the ministry of his nephew Charles -James Fox (1806), and author of some translations from the Spanish -poets.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Canning was the author of a number of satirical poems, -many of which appeared in the <i>Anti-Jacobin.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> John Wilson Croker (1780-1857), Secretary to the -Admiralty from 1809 to 1829, and one of the founders of the <i>Quarterly -Review</i> (1809) and of the Athenæum Club (1824). He published -occasional poems on British victories, such as Trafalgar and -Talavera.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> William Mason (1724-1797), a minor poet, author of the -<i>English Garden</i> and of two tragedies, <i>Elfrida</i> and <i>Caractacus.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Dr. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), grandfather of Charles -Darwin, and author of the <i>Botanic Garden</i> and the <i>Zoonomia, or the -Laws of Organic Life.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> James Beattie (1735-1803). The <i>Minstrel</i> appeared in -1774 to 1777.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Hours of Idleness</i>, "When I roved a young Highlander," -1-4.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> <i>Hours of Idleness</i>, "Lines written beneath the Elm in -the Churchyard of Harrow," 1-4, 17-18, 24-25, 30, 33-34—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Arthur Young (1741-1820), a famous writer on -agriculture, and Secretary to the Board of Agriculture on its -establishment in 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Arthur Young</span>, <i>Travels in France during the Years</i> -1787, 1788, 1789. The author passed by Combourg Castle on the 1st of -September 1788.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> <i>Martyrs</i>, book IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> <i>Ad Familiares</i>, IV. 5: "In my return out of Asia, -as I was sailing from Ægina towards Megara, I amused myself with -contemplating the circumjacent countries. Behind me lay ‚Ægina, before -me Megara; on my right I saw Piræus, and on my left Corinth. These -cities, once so flourishing and magnificent, now presented nothing to -my view but a sad spectacle of desolation" (<span class="smcap">Melmoth</span>'s translation).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Pierre Jean de Béranger (1780-1857), the national French -song-writer. The extract quoted occurs in the notes to Béranger's song, -<i>À M. de Chateaubriand</i> (September 1831), which is quoted in a later -volume.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Abel François Villemain (1790-1870), perpetual secretary -of the French Academy from 1835, and author of the notice of Lord Byron -in the <i>Biographie universelle</i>, from which the above sentences are -quoted.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> Byron spent his childhood at Aberdeen.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Macpherson</span>'s <i>Ossian</i> was published in 1760.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Goethe</span>'s <i>Sorrows of Werther</i> appeared in 1774.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Rousseau's posthumous work, published in 1782.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> By Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1784).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Chateaubriand cannot have read the <i>Age of Bronze</i>: it -is true that this poem was written in 1823, at Genoa, a year later than -the earlier portion of these remarks. In Stanza XVI. of the <i>Age of -Bronze, or Carmen Seculare et Annus haud Mirabilis</i>, treating of the -Congress of Verona (1822), occur the following lines: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">There Metternich, power's foremost parasite,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Cajoles; there Wellington forgets to fight;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">There Chateaubriand forms new books of martyrs;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And subtle Greeks intrigue for stupid Tartars.</span><br /> -</p> -<p> -And Byron appends the following note: -</p> -<p> -"Monsieur de Chateaubriand, who has not forgotten the author in the -minister, receives a handsome compliment at Verona from a literary -sovereign: 'Ah! Monsieur C., are you related to that Chateaubriand -who-who-who has written <i>something?</i>' (<i>écrit quelque chose!</i>). It -is said that the author of <i>Atala</i> repented him for a moment of his -legitimacy."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> <i>De la Littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec -l'état moral et politique des nations</i>, by Madame de Staël. As this -book appeared in 1800, before <i>Atala</i> and the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, -Madame de Staël may well be excused for not mentioning Chateaubriand's -name in it.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> Teresa Contessa Guiccioli (1799-1873), <i>née</i> Gamba, who -became famous by her <i>liaison</i> with Lord Byron. In 1831, widowed of -both her husband and Lord Byron, she married the Marquis de Boissy, who -had been an attache to Chateaubriand's embassy in Rome. The Countess -Guiccioli published her Recollections of Lord Byron in 1863.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Anne Isabella Lady Byron (1792-1860), <i>née</i> Milbanke, -daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke-Noel, and heiress of her mother, Judith -Noel, Viscountess Wentworth. She married Lord Byron on the 2nd of -January 1815, and left him in January 1816, soon after the birth of -their daughter Augusta Ada.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Alan IV. Duke of Brittany (<i>d.</i> 1112), known as Alan -Rufus, son-in-law and nephew of William the Conqueror, was created Earl -of Richmond and founded the borough of Richmond or Rich Mount.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> See <i>Domesday Book.—Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Charles II. King of England (1630-1685) created the -Duchy of Richmond in favour of...</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Charles Lennox, first Duke of Richmond (peerage -of England) and Lennox (peerage of Scotland) in 1675. He was the -illegitimate son of the King and of Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of -Portsmouth and Duchesse d'Aubigny. This last title of Aubigny was -re-confirmed to the fifth duke by King Louis XVIII. in 1816.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Alice Perrers (d. 1400), married later to William de -Windsor, became Edward III.'s mistress in 1366. She stole the rings -from off his fingers when he was dying.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> <span class="smcap">La Harpe</span>, <i>Le Triomphe de la Religion, ou le Roi martyr</i>: -</p> -<p> -"The viler the oppressor, the more infamous the slave."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Queen Anne Boleyn (1507-1536), second wife of Henry -VIII., executed on Tower Hill for adultery.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> William Douglas, fourth Duke of Queensberry, K.T. -(1724-1810), known as "Old Q.," the notorious veteran debauchee.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Peltier attacked Bonaparte in the <i>Ambigu</i>, which he -published in London at the end of 1802. The First Consul, then at peace -with England, asked for his expulsion, or at least his indictment -before a British jury. Peltier was brought before the Court of King's -Bench, was brilliantly defended by Sir James Mackintosh, and was -sentenced to pay a trifling fine (21 February 1803).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832) abandoned medicine for -the law. He received an Indian judgeship in 1804, and in 1811 returned -to England, entering Parliament in 1812. He was the author of some -masterly writings, including the famous <i>Dissertation on Ethics in the -Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Blenheim was founded in 1704 and bestowed by Parliament -on John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough, in recognition of his -military and diplomatic services. It was named after the signal victory -at Blenheim over the French and Bavarian troops (2 August 1704).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Admiral Horatio Viscount Nelson (1758-1805) destroyed -the French fleet in the battle known indifferently as the Battle of -Aboukir or the Nile (1 August 1798). For this he was created Baron -Nelson by the King of England and Duke of Bronte by the King of -Naples.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Emma Lady Hamilton (1763-1815), <i>née</i> Lyon or Hart, the -beautiful mistress of Charles Greville and of his uncle, Sir William -Hamilton, foster-brother to George IV., and Minister at Naples from -1764 to 1800. Sir William Hamilton married Emma Hart in 1791. Her -intimacy with Nelson began in 1793, and their daughter Horatia was born -in 1801.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> 21 October 1805.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> At that time the residence of the Duke of Buckingham and -Chandos.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> The Farnesina Palace, in Rome, where Raphael Sanzio -(1483-1520) died.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), the famous astronomer, -had discovered the planet Uranus in 1781.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Caroline Herschel (1750-1848), Sir William's sister, -assisted him in recording his observations.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> King Alfred (849-901), known as the Great, is said to -have founded the University of Oxford in 872.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Thomas Gray (1716-1771).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> <i>Elegy</i>, I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <i>Purgatorio</i>, viii. 5.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> <i>Ode</i>, 11-15, 18-21, 28-30, 51-55.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> <i>Cymbeline</i>, iii. 4.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Queen Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1768-1821) -married the Prince of Wales, afterwards King George IV., in 1795. The -Prince and Princess of Wales separated by mutual consent in 1796, after -the birth of Princess Charlotte.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Charles James Fox (1749-1806) entered Parliament for -Midhurst in 1768; held office under North, but left him and joined -Burke in his opposition to the American War; was Foreign Secretary in -the Rockingham Ministry; joined North's short-lived Coalition Ministry -of 1783; and during the next fourteen years distinguished himself as -the great and eloquent opponent of Pitt's Government. On Pitt's death, -in 1806, he again came into office as Foreign Secretary, but himself -died shortly after.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan (1751-1816) had -produced all his plays and was owner of Drury Lane Theatre when he -entered Parliament in 1780 under Fox's patronage. In 1782 he became -Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs in Rockingham's Ministry. His two -most famous speeches were those impeaching Warren Hastings in 1787 and -supporting the French Revolution in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> William Wilberforce (1759-1833), the antagonist of the -slave-trade, entered Parliament as Member for Hull in 1780. He first -introduced his Abolition Bill in 1789; it was passed by the House of -Commons in 1801 and by the House of Lords in 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> William Wyndham, first Lord Grenville (1759-1834), -entered Parliament in 1782. In 1789 he was Speaker of the House of -Commons. In 1790 Pitt made him Home Secretary and a peer; in 1791 he -was Foreign Secretary, and Premier from 1806 to 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Samuel Whitbread (1758-1815) entered Parliament in 1790 -as Member for Bedford, and attached himself to Fox, to the maintenance -of peace, and to the cause of the Princess of Wales. He cut his throat -on the 6th of July 1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> James Maitland, eighth Earl of Lauderdale, K.T. -(1759-1839), entered the House of Commons in 1780 for Newport, and -supported Fox. In 1789 he succeeded to the Scottish peerage and was -elected a representative peer in 1790, and in 1806 created a peer of -Great Britain and Ireland. He veered from Whig to Tory over the Queen -Caroline question, and received the Thistle in reward.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Thomas first Lord Erskine (1750-1823) was -Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1783), Chancellor of the Duchy -of Cornwall (1802), and in 1806 became Lord Chancellor and a peer.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> This should be 1791. <i>Vide note infra.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> 21 April 1791, in the course of an excursion on the -French Revolution during the debate on the Quebec Government Bill.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> George III., King of England (1738-1820). His frequent -fits of insanity began in 1810.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> Pitt died at his house at Putney on the 23rd of January -1806.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> George Frederick Handel (1684-1759), a German musician -who attained and still maintains great vogue in England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Marie Catherine Marouise d'Aguesseau (1759-1849), <i>née</i> -de Lamoignon, married to the Marquis d'Aguesseau, who became a senator -of the Empire (1805) and a peer of the Restoration (1814).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> 8 May 1800.—B.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a><br /><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h3>PART THE SECOND</h3> - - -<h4>1800-1814</h4> - - - -<hr /> -<h4><a name="BOOK_I" id="BOOK_I">BOOK I</a><a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a></h4> - - -<p>My stay at Dieppe—Two phases of society—The position of my -Memoirs—The year 1800—Aspect of France—I arrive in Paris—Changes in -society—The year 1801—The <i>Mercure</i>—<i>Atala</i>—Madame de Beaumont and -her circle—Summer at Savigny—The year 1802—Talma—The year 1803—The -<i>Génie du Christianisme</i>—Failure prophesied—Cause of its final -success—Defects in the work.</p> - - -<p class="p2">You know that I have often moved from spot to spot while writing -these Memoirs; that I have often described those spots, spoken of the -feelings with which they inspired me, and recalled my memories, thus -mingling the history of my thoughts and of my wandering habitations -with the history of my life.</p> - -<p>You see where I am living now. Walking this morning on the cliffs -behind Dieppe Castle, I saw the postern which communicates with -the cliffs by means of a bridge thrown over a ditch: Madame de -Longueville<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> escaped by that way from Queen Anne of Austria<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>; -embarking secretly at the Havre, she landed at Rotterdam, and joined -the Maréchal de Turenne<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> at Stenay. The great captain's laurels -were no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> longer innocent, and the fair but caustic outlaw treated the -culprit none too well.</p> - -<p>Madame de Longueville, who had recovered from the Hôtel de Rambouillet, -the Throne of Versailles, and the Municipality of Paris, became smitten -with the author of the <i>Maximes</i><a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>, and was as faithful to him as -she was able. The latter lives less by his "thoughts" than by the -friendship of Madame de La Fayette<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a>, Madame de Sévigné, the verses -of La Fontaine, and the love of Madame de Longueville: see whither -illustrious attachments lead.</p> - -<p>The Princesse de Condé<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a>, when on the point of death, said to Madame -de Brienne<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My dear friend, acquaint that poor wretch who is at Stenay -of the state in which you see me, and let her learn how to -die."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Fine words; but the Princess forgot that she herself had been loved by -Henry IV., and that, when her husband carried her to Brussels, she had -wanted to rejoin the Bearnese, "to escape at night by a window, and -then to do thirty or forty leagues on horse-back;" she was at that time -a "poor wretch" of seventeen.</p> - -<p>Descending the cliff, I found myself on the high-road to Paris; it -ascends swiftly on leaving Dieppe. On the right, on the rising slope -of a bank, stands the wall of a cemetery; by the side of that wall was -fixed the wheel of a rope-walk. Two rope-spinners, walking backwards -in line, and swinging from leg to leg, were softly singing together. I -listened: they had come to that couplet of the <i>Vieux caporal</i>, a fine -poetic lie, which has brought us to our present state:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Qui là-bas sanglote et regarde?<br /> -Eh! c'est la veuve du tambour, etc<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> - -<p>Those men uttered the refrain:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;" -> -Conscrits au pas; ne pleurez pas<br /> -. . . Marchez au pas, au pas<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>in a voice so manly and so pathetic that the tears came to my eyes. -Whilst themselves keeping step and twisting their hemp, they appeared -to be spinning out the old corporal's dying moments: there was -something, I cannot say what, in that glory peculiar to Béranger, thus -lonesomely revealed by two sailors singing a soldier's death within -view of the sea.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Dieppe.</div> - -<p>The cliff reminded me of a monarchical greatness, the road of -a plebeian celebrity: I compared in thought the men at the two -extremities of society, and I asked myself to which of those eras -I should have preferred to belong. When the present shall have -disappeared like the past, which of those two renowns will the most -attract the notice of posterity?</p> - -<p>And yet, if facts were all, if, in history, the value of names did -not counterbalance the value of events, what a difference between my -time and the time which elapsed between the deaths of Henry IV. and -Mazarin<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a>! What are the troubles of 1648 compared to that Revolution -which has devoured the old world, of which it, the Revolution, will die -perhaps, leaving behind it neither an old nor a new state of society? -Had not I to paint in my Memoirs pictures of incomparably higher -importance than the scenes related by the Duc de La Rochefoucauld<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a>? -At Dieppe itself, what was the careless and voluptuous idol of seduced -and rebellious Paris by the side of Madame la Duchesse de Berry<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a>? -The salvoes of artillery which announced to the sea the presence of the -royal widow resound no longer<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>; the flattery of powder and smoke -has left nothing upon the shore save the moaning of the waves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> - -<p>The two daughters of Bourbon, Anne Geneviève and Marie Caroline, have -departed; the two sailors singing the song of the plebeian poet will -plunge into the abyss; Dieppe no longer contains myself: it was another -"I," an "I" of my early days, now past, that formerly inhabited these -regions, and that "I" has succumbed, for our days die before ourselves. -Here you have seen me, a sub-lieutenant in the Navarre Regiment, -drilling recruits on the pebbles; you have seen me here again, exiled -under Bonaparte; you shall find me here again when the days of July -surprise me in this place. Behold me here once more; I here resume my -pen to continue my confessions.</p> - -<p>In order that we may understand one another, it is well to cast a -glance at the present state of my Memoirs.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>What happens to every contractor working on a large scale has happened -to me: I have, in the first place, built the outer wings of my -edifice, and then, removing and restoring my scaffoldings in different -positions, I have raised the stone and the mortar for the intermediate -structures: it used to take several centuries to complete a Gothic -cathedral. If Heaven grant me life, the work will be finished by -stages of my various years; the architect, always the same, will have -changed only in age. For the rest, it is a punishment to preserve one's -intellectual being intact, imprisoned in a worn-out material covering. -St Augustine, feeling that his clay was falling from him, said to God, -"Be Thou a tabernacle unto my soul," and to men he said, "When you -shall have known me in this book, pray for me."</p> - -<p>Thirty-six years must be reckoned between the things which commence -my Memoirs and those upon which I am now engaged. How shall I resume -with any spirit the narration of a subject formerly replete for me -with passion and fire, when it is no longer with living beings that I -am about to converse, when it becomes a question of arousing lifeless -effigies from the depths of Eternity, of descending into a funeral -vault there to play at life? Am I not myself almost dead? Have my -opinions not changed? Do I see objects from the same point of view? -Have not the general and prodigious events which have accompanied or -followed the personal events that so greatly perturbed me diminished -their importance in the eyes of the world, as well as in my own eyes? -Whosoever prolongs his career feels his hours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> grow cold; he no longer -finds on the morrow the interest which he felt on the eve. When I -seek in my thoughts, there are names and even persons that escape my -memory, and yet they may have caused my heart to throb: vanity of man -forgetting and forgotten! It is not enough to say to one's dreams, to -love, "Revive!" for them to come to life again: the realm of shadows -can be opened only with the golden bough, and it needs a young hand to -pluck it.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<i>Aucuns venants des Lares patries</i><a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Aspect of France in 1800.</div> - -<p>Imprisoned for eight years in Great Britain, I had seen only the -English world, so different, especially at that time, from the European -world. As the Dover packet approached Calais, in the spring of 1800, -my gaze preceded me on shore. I was struck by the needy aspect of the -country: scarce a few masts were to be seen in the harbour; inhabitants -in carmagnole jackets and cotton caps came along the jetty to meet -us: the conquerors of the Continent made themselves known to me by a -clatter of wooden shoes. When we came alongside, the gendarmes and -custom-house officers leapt on deck to inspect our luggage and our -passports: in France a man is always suspected, and the first thing we -perceive in our business, as well as in our amusements, is a cocked hat -or a bayonet.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Lindsay was waiting for us at the inn; the next day we set out -with her for Paris: Madame d'Aguesseau, a young kinswoman of hers, and -I. On the road one saw hardly any men; blackened and sun-burnt women, -bare-footed, their heads bare or covered with a kerchief, were tilling -the fields: one would have taken them for slaves. I ought rather to -have been struck by the independence and virility of that land where -the women wielded the mattock while the men wielded the musket. The -villages looked as though a conflagration had passed over them; they -were wretched and half demolished: mud or dust on every hand, dunghills -and rubbish-heaps.</p> - -<p>To the right and left of the road appeared overthrown country mansions; -of their levelled thickets there remained only some squared trunks, -upon which children played. One saw battered enclosure walls, deserted -churches, from which the dead had been expelled, steeples without -bells, cemeteries without crosses, headless saints that had been -stoned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> in their niches. The walls were smeared with those Republican -inscriptions that had already grown old: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, -OR DEATH. Sometimes they had attempted to efface the word DEATH, but -the red or black letters showed through the coating of lime. This -nation, which seemed on the point of extinction, was commencing a new -world, like those peoples which issued from the dusk of the savagery -and destruction of the Middle Ages.</p> - -<p>Approaching the capital, between Écouen and Paris, the elms had not -been cut down; I was struck by those fine roadside avenues, unknown on -English soil. France was as new to me, as in former days, the forests -of America. Saint-Denis was laid bare, its windows were broken; the -rain penetrated into its grass-grown naves, and there were no more -tombs: I have since seen there the bones of Louis XVI., the Cossacks, -the coffin of the Duc de Berry, and the catafalque of Louis XVIII.</p> - -<p>Auguste de Lamoignon came to meet Mrs. Lindsay. His well-appointed -carriage formed a contrast with the clumsy carts, the dirty, -broken-down diligences, drawn by hacks harnessed with ropes, which I -had met since leaving Calais. Mrs. Lindsay lived at the Ternes. I was -put down on the Chemin de la Révolte, and made my way to my hostess' -house across the fields. I stayed with her for four-and-twenty hours; I -there met a great fat Monsieur Lasalle, whom she employed in arranging -emigrant business. She sent to inform M. de Fontanes of my arrival; in -eight-and-forty hours he came to fetch me in a little room which Mrs. -Lindsay had hired for me at an inn almost at her door.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Paris once more.</div> - -<p>It was a Sunday: we entered Paris on foot by the Barrière de l'Étoile -at about three o'clock in the afternoon. We have no idea to-day of -the impression which the excesses of the Revolution had made on men's -minds in Europe, and chiefly among those absent from France during the -Terror: I felt literally as though I were about to descend into Hell. -I had, it is true, witnessed the beginnings of the Revolution; but the -great crimes had then not yet been accomplished, and I had remained -under the yoke of subsequent events as these had been related in the -midst of the peaceful and orderly society of England.</p> - -<p>Proceeding under my false name, and convinced that I was compromising -my friend Fontanes, to my great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> astonishment, on entering the -Champs-Élysées, I heard the sound of violins, horns, clarionets and -drums. I saw public balls, at which men and women were dancing; farther -on, the Tuileries Palace appeared to my eyes, against the background -of its two great clumps of chestnut-trees. As for the Place Louis -XV.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a>, it was bare: it had the decay, the melancholy and deserted -look of an old amphitheatre; one crossed it quickly; I was quite -surprised to hear no moans; I was afraid of stepping in the blood of -which not a trace remained; my eyes could not tear themselves from -the place in the sky where the instrument of death had raised its -head; I thought I saw my brother and my sister-in-law in their shirts, -standing, bound, beside the blood-stained machine: it was there that -the head of Louis XVI. had fallen. In spite of the gaiety in the -streets the church-steeples were dumb; it seemed to me as though I had -returned on the day of infinite sorrow, on Good Friday.</p> - -<p>M. de Fontanes lived in the Rue Saint-Honoré, near Saint-Roch. He took -me home with him, introduced me to his wife, and then took me to his -friend, M. Joubert, where I found a temporary shelter: I was received -like a traveller of whom one has heard speak.</p> - -<p>The next day I went to the police, under the name of La Sagne, to -lodge my foreign passport and to receive in exchange a permit to -remain in Paris, which was renewed from month to month. In a few days -I hired an <i>entre-sol</i> in the Rue de Lille, on the side of the Rue des -Saints-Pères.</p> - -<p>I had brought with me the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> and the first sheets -of the work, printed in London. I was directed to M. Migneret<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a>, a -worthy man, who consented to recommence the interrupted printing, and -to advance me something to live on. Not a soul knew of my <i>Essai sur -les révolutions</i>, notwithstanding what M. Lemierre had written to me. I -unearthed the old philosopher, Delisle de Sales, who had just published -his <i>Mémoire en faveur de Dieu</i>, and went to call on Ginguené. He -lodged in the Rue de Grenelle-Saint-Germain, near the Hôtel du Bon La -Fontaine. His porter's box still bore this inscription:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Here we honour each other with the title of citizen and say -thee and thou. Shut the door behind thee, if you please."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> - -<p>I went up: M. Ginguené, who hardly recognised me, spoke to me from -the height of the grandeur of all that he was and had been. I humbly -retired, and did not endeavour to renew such disproportionate relations.</p> - -<p>I continued at the bottom of my heart to cherish regretful memories -of England; I had lived so long in that country that I had adopted -its habits: I could not reconcile myself to the dirt of our houses, -our staircases, our tables, to our uncleanliness, our noisiness, our -familiarity, the indiscretion of our loquacity; I was English in -manners, in taste, and to a certain degree in thought; for, if, as it -is said, Lord Byron sometimes drew inspiration for his <i>Childe-Harold</i> -from <i>René</i> it is also true to say that my eight years' residence -in Great Britain, preceded by a journey in America, together with -my long habit of talking, writing, and even thinking in English, -had necessarily influenced the turn and expression of my ideas. But -gradually I came to relish the good-fellowship for which we are -distinguished, that charming, swift, easy commerce of thought, that -utter absence of arrogance and prejudice, that heedlessness of fortune -and names, that natural level of all ranks, that equality of mind which -makes French society incomparable and redeems our faults: after a few -months' residence among us, one feels that he can no longer live except -in Paris.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I locked myself into my <i>entre-sol</i> and gave myself up entirely to -work. In my intervals of rest, I went and reconnoitred in various -directions. The Circus in the middle of the Palais-Royal had been -filled up; Camille Desmoulins no longer held forth in the open air; one -no longer saw bands of prostitutes going round, virginal attendants of -the goddess Reason, and walking under the conduct of David, costumier -and corybant. At the outlet of each alley, in the galleries, one met -men crying sights: "galanty shows," "peep-shows," "physical cabinets," -"strange animals;" in spite of all the heads that had been cut off, -idlers still remained. From the cellars of the Palais-Marchand came -bursts of music, accompanied by the double diapason of the big -drums: it was perhaps there that dwelt the giants whom I sought, and -whom immense events must necessarily have produced. I went down: an -underground ball was jigging amidst seated spectators drinking beer. -A little hunchback, perched on a table, played the violin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> and sang a -hymn to Bonaparte, which ended with these lines:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Par ses vertus, par ses attraits.<br /> -Il méritait d'être leur père<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>He was given a sou after the <i>ritornello.</i> Such is the ground-work of -the human society which bore Alexander and was then bearing Napoleon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Changes in Paris.</div> - -<p>I visited the places where I had taken the reveries of my early years. -In my old-time convents, the club-men had been driven out after -the monks. Wandering behind the Luxembourg, my footsteps led me to -the Chartreuse: its demolition was being completed. The Place des -Victoires and the Place Vendôme mourned the missing effigies of the -Great King; the community-house of the Capuchins was sacked: the inner -cloisters served as a retreat for Robertson's<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> dissolving views. -At the Cordeliers, I inquired in vain for the Gothic nave where I had -seen Marat and Danton in their prime. On the Quai des Théatins<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a>, -the church of that Order<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> had been turned into a café and a -rope-dancers' theatre. At the door was a coloured poster representing -acrobats dancing on the tight-rope, with, in big letters, ADMISSION -FREE. I elbowed my way among the crowd into that perfidious cave: I had -no sooner taken my seat than waiters entered, napkin in hand, shouting -like mad-men—</p> - -<p>"Give your orders, gentlemen, give your orders!"</p> - -<p>I did not wait to be told a second time, and I pitiably made my -escape amid the jeering cries of the assembly, because I had no money -wherewith to "give my orders."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The Revolution has become divided into three parts which have nothing -in common between them: the Republic, the Empire, and the Restoration; -those three different worlds, each as completely finished as the -others, seem separated by centuries. Each of these three worlds has had -its fixed principle: the principle of the Republic was equality,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> that -of the Empire force, that of the Restoration liberty. The Republican -era is the most original, and has made the deepest impression because -it has been unique in history: never had there been seen, nor ever will -be again, physical order produced by moral disorder, unity issuing from -the government of the multitude, the scaffold substituted for the law -and obeyed in the name of humanity.</p> - -<p>In 1801, I assisted at the second social transformation. The jumble was -a strange one: by an agreed travesty, a host of people became persons -who they were not; each carried his assumed or borrowed name hung -round his neck, as the Venetians at the carnival carry a little mask -in their hand to show that they are masked. One was reputed an Italian -or a Spaniard, another a Prussian or a Dutchman: I was a Swiss. The -mother passed for her son's aunt, the father for his daughter's uncle; -the owner of an estate was only its steward. This movement reminded -me, in an opposite sense, of the movement of 1789, when the monks and -religious issued from their cloisters and the old society was invaded -by the new: the latter, after supplanting the former, was supplanted in -its turn.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, the orderly world commenced to spring up again; people -left the cafés and the streets to return to their houses; they gathered -together the remains of their family; they readjusted their inheritance -by collecting its remnants, as, after a battle, the troop is beaten -and the losses counted. Such churches as remained whole were opened: -I had the happiness to sound the trumpet at the gate of the Temple. -One distinguished the old republican generations which were retiring, -imperial generations which were coming to the front Generals of the -Requisition<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a>, poor, rude of speech, stern of mien, who, from all -their campaigns, had brought back nothing save wounds and ragged -coats, passed officers glittering with the gold lace of the Consular -Army. The returned Emigrant chatted quietly with the assassins of some -of his kindred. The porters, all great partisans of the late M. de -Robespierre, regretted the sights on the Place Louis XV., where they -cut off the heads of "women who," my own <i>concierge</i> in the Rue de -Lille told me, "had necks white as chicken's flesh."</p> - -<p>The men of September, changing their names and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> districts, sold -baked potatoes at the street-corners; but they were often obliged to -pack off, because the people, recognising them, upset their stalls -and tried to kill them. The Revolutionaries who had waxed rich began -to move into the great mansions of the Faubourg Saint-Germain that -had been sold. On the road to become barons and counts, the Jacobins -spoke only of the horrors of 1793, of the necessity for chastising the -proletarians and putting down the excesses of the populace. Bonaparte, -placing the Brutuses and Scævolas in his police, was preparing to -bedizen them with ribands, to befoul them with titles, to force them -to betray their opinions and dishonour their crimes. Amid all this, -sprang up a vigorous generation sown in blood and growing up to shed -none save that of the foreigner: from day to day, the metamorphosis was -accomplished which turned Republicans into Imperialists and the tyranny -of all into the despotism of one.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My letter to Madame de Staël.</div> - -<p>While occupied in curtailing, expanding, altering the sheets of the -<i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, I was driven by necessity to busy myself with -other work. M. de Fontanes was then editing the <i>Mercure de France</i>: -he suggested that I should write in that paper. These combats were not -without a certain danger: the only way to touch politics was through -literature, and half a word was enough for Bonaparte's police. A -singular circumstance, which prevented me from sleeping, lengthened my -hours and gave me more leisure. I had bought two turtle-doves; they -cooed a great deal: I enclosed them in vain at night in my little -travelling-trunk; they only cooed the more. In one of the moments of -sleeplessness which they caused me, I bethought myself of writing for -the <i>Mercure</i> a letter to Madame de Staël<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a>. This freak caused me -suddenly to emerge from the shade; a few pages in a newspaper did what -my two thick volumes on the Revolution had been unable to do. My head -showed a little above obscurity.</p> - -<p>This first success seemed to foretell that which was to follow. I was -engaged in correcting the proofs of <i>Atala</i> (an episode contained, as -was <i>René</i>, in the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>), when I perceived that -some sheets were missing. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> was seized with fright: I thought they had -stolen my novel, assuredly a very ill-founded dread, for no one thought -that I was worth robbing. Be this as it may, I determined to publish -<i>Atala</i> separately, and I declared my resolution in a letter addressed -to the <i>Journal des Débats</i><a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> and the <i>Publiciste.</i></p> - -<p>Before venturing to expose the work to the light of day, I showed it to -M. de Fontanes: he had already read fragments of it in manuscript in -London. When he came to Father Aubry's speech beside Atala's deathbed, -he said brusquely, in a rough voice:</p> - -<p>"That's not right; it's bad: write that over again!"</p> - -<p>I went away disconsolate; I did not feel capable of doing better. I -wanted to throw the whole thing into the fire; I spent from eight till -eleven o'clock in the evening in my entresol, seated at my table, with -my forehead resting on the back of my hands opened and spread out over -my paper. I was angry with Fontanes; I was angry with myself; I did not -even try to write, so great was my despair of self. Towards midnight, I -heard the voice of my turtle-doves, softened by distance and rendered -more plaintive by the prison in which I kept them confined: inspiration -returned to me; I then and there wrote the speech of the missionary, -without a single interlineation, without erasing a word, just as it -remained and as it stands to-day. With a beating heart, I took it in -the morning to Fontanes, who exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"That's it, that's right! I told you you could do better!"</p> - -<p>The noise which I have made in this world dates from the publication -of <i>Atala.</i><a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> I ceased to live for myself and my public career -commenced. After so many military successes, a literary success seemed -a prodigy: people were hungering for it. The uncommon nature of the -work added to the surprise of the crowd. <i>Atala</i>, falling into the -midst of the literature of the Empire, of that classic school whose -very sight, like that of a rejuvenated old woman, inspired boredom, was -a sort of production of an unknown kind. People did not know whether -to class it among the "monstrosities" or among the "beauties:" was it -a Gorgon or a Venus? The assembled academicians discoursed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> learnedly -upon its sex and its nature, in the same way as they made reports -upon the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> The old century rejected, the new -welcomed it.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I publish <i>Atala.</i></div> - -<p><i>Atala</i> became so popular that, with the Brinvilliers<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> she went -to swell Curtius' collection<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a>. The wagoners' inns were decorated -with red, green and blue prints representing Chactas, Father Aubry, -and the daughter of Simaghan. My characters were displayed in wax, in -wooden boxes, on the quays, as images of the Virgin and the saints -are displayed at the fair. In a boulevard theatre, I saw my savage -woman, in a headdress of cock's feathers, talking to a savage of her -own kind of "the soul of solitude," in a way that brought the sweat to -my brow with confusion. At the Variétés, they played a piece in which -a little girl and a little boy, leaving their boarding-school, went -off by track-boat to get married in a small town; as, on landing, they -spoke with a wild look of nothing but crocodiles, storks and forests, -their parents thought that they had gone mad. I was overwhelmed with -parodies, caricatures and ridicule. The Abbé Morellet, in order to -confound me, took his maid-servant on his knees and was unable to -hold the young virgin's feet in his hands, as Chactas held Atala's -feet during the storm: if the Chactas of the Rue d'Anjou had had his -portrait painted in this attitude, I would have forgiven him his -criticism.</p> - -<p>All this bustle served to increase the fuss attendant upon my -appearance. I became the fashion. My head was turned: I was -unaccustomed to the delights of self-love and became intoxicated with -it I loved fame like a woman, like a first love. And yet, coward that I -was, my affright equalled my passion: I was a conscript and stood the -fire badly. My natural timidity, the doubts I have always had of my -talent, made me humble in the midst of my triumphs. I shrank from my -splendour; I wandered in lonely places, trying to extinguish the halo -with which my head was crowned. In the evenings, with my hat thrust -down over my eyes, lest the great man should be recognised, I went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> -to a public smoking-room to read my praises in secret, in some small, -unknown paper. Alone with my renown, I prolonged my walks as far as the -steam-pump at Chaillot<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a>, on the same road where I had suffered so -much on going to Court: I was no more at my ease with my new honours. -When my superiority dined for thirty sous in the Latin Quarter it -swallowed its food the wrong way, troubled as it was by the staring of -which it thought itself the object. I watched myself, I said to myself:</p> - -<p>"And yet it is you, extraordinary being, eating like any one else!"</p> - -<p>In the Champs-Élysées was a café which I liked because of some -nightingales which hung in a cage inside the coffee-room; Madame -Rousseau, who kept the place, knew me by sight, without knowing who -I was. At ten o'clock in the evening, they used to bring me a cup of -coffee, and I looked for <i>Atala</i> in the <i>Petites-Affiches</i>, to the -sound of the voices of my half-dozen Philomelas. Alas! I soon saw poor -Madame Rousseau die; our society of the nightingales and of the fair -Indian who sang, "Sweet habit of loving, so needful to life!" lasted -but a moment.</p> - -<p>If success had no power to prolong in me this stupid infatuation of -vanity, or to pervert my reason, it was attended with dangers of -another kind: those dangers increased on the appearance of the <i>Génie -du Christianisme</i> and on my resignation after the death of the Duc -d'Enghien. Then came thronging around me, together with the young -women who cry over novels, the crowd of Christian women, and those -other noble enthusiasts whose breast beats high at the sight of an -honourable action. The young girls of thirteen or fourteen were the -most dangerous; for, knowing neither what they want nor what they want -with you, they enticingly mingle your image with a multitude of fables, -ribbons and flowers. Jean Jacques Rousseau speaks of the declarations -which he received on the publication of the <i>Nouvelle Héloïse</i><a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> and -of the conquests which were offered him: I do not know if empires would -have been thus yielded to me, but I do know that I was buried beneath a -heap of scented notes; if those notes were not, to-day, notes from so -many grand-mothers, I should be puzzled how to relate, with becoming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> -modesty, how they fought for a line in my hand, how they picked up an -envelope addressed by me, and how, blushing and with lowered head, -they hid it beneath a flowing veil of long tresses. If I have not been -spoilt, it must be because my nature is good.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And become the fashion.</div> - -<p>Whether from genuine politeness or inquisitive weakness, I sometimes -went so far as to think myself obliged to call and thank the unknown -ladies who signed the flattery they addressed to me with their names. -One day, I found a bewitching creature under her mother's wing, on a -fourth floor, where I have never set foot since. A fair Pole received -me in silk-hung rooms; half-odalisk, half-Valkyrie, she looked like -a snowdrop with its white flowers, or like one of those graceful -heather-blooms which replace the other daughters of Flora when the -season of the latter has not yet come or has passed: that female -chorus, varied in age and beauty, was the realisation of my former -sylph. The two-fold effect upon my vanity and my feelings was so much -the more to be dreaded inasmuch as, until then, excepting one serious -attachment, I had been neither sought out nor distinguished by the -crowd. At the same time I am bound to say that, even though it were -easy for me to take advantage of a passing illusion, my sincerity -revolted against the idea of a voluptuousness that would have come to -me by the chaste paths of religion: to be loved through the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>, loved for the <i>Extrème Onction</i>, loved for the <i>Fête -des Morts!</i> I could never have been so shameful a Tartuffe.</p> - -<p>I knew a Provençal physician, Dr. Vigaroux<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a>; he had arrived at an -age when every pleasure means the loss of a day, and he said "that -he had no regret for the time thus lost; without troubling himself -whether he gave the happiness which he received, he went towards the -death of which he hoped to make his last delight." Nevertheless, I was -a witness of his poor tears when he breathed his last; he could not -hide his affliction from me; it was too late: his white hairs were -not long enough to conceal and wipe away his tears. The only one to -be really unhappy on leaving the earth is the unbeliever: for the man -without faith, existence is terrible in this, that it carries a sense -of annihilation; if one had not been born, he would not experience -the horror of ceasing to be: the life of the atheist is a frightful -lightning-flash, which serves but to reveal an abyss.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> - -<p>O great and merciful God, Thou hast not cast us upon earth for unworthy -troubles and a miserable happiness! Our inevitable disenchantment -admonishes us that our destinies are more sublime. Whatever may have -been our errors, if we have preserved a serious spirit and thought of -Thee in the midst of our weaknesses, we shall, whenever Thy goodness -sets us free, be carried to that region where attachments endure for -ever!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It was not long before I received the punishment of my literary -vanity, the most detestable of all, if not the most foolish: I had -thought that I should be able to relish in <i>petto</i> the satisfaction -of being a sublime genius, not by wearing, as they do to-day, a beard -and an eccentric coat, but by remaining dressed like decent people, -distinguished only by superiority. Useless hope! My pride was to be -chastened; the correction was administered by the political persons -whom I was obliged to know: celebrity is a benefice with the cure of -souls.</p> - -<p>M. de Fontanes was acquainted with Madame Bacciochi<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>; he introduced -me to Bonaparte's sister, and soon after to the First Consul's brother -Lucien<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a>. The latter had a country-place near Senlis le Plessis, -where I was coerced to go and dine; the château had once belonged to -the Cardinal de Bernis<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>. Lucien had in his garden the tomb of his -first wife<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a>, a lady half German and half Spanish, and the memory of -the poet-cardinal. The nutrient nymph of a stream<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> dug with the spade -was a mule which drew water from a well: that was the commencement of -all the rivers which Bonaparte was to cause to flow in his Empire. -Efforts were being made to have my name struck off the lists; I was -already called, and called myself aloud, Chateaubriand, forgetting -that I ought to call myself Lassagne. Emigrants came to see me: among -others, Messrs, de Bonald<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> and de Chênedollé<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a>. Christian de -Lamoignon, my companion in exile in London, took me to Madame Récamier: -the curtain fell suddenly between her and me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Comtesse de Beaumont.</div> - -<p>The person who filled the largest place in my existence, on my -return from the Emigration, was Madame la Comtesse de Beaumont<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a>. -She lived during a part of the year at the Château de Passy, near -Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, which M. Joubert inhabited during the summer. -Madame de Beaumont returned to Paris, and expressed a wish to meet me.</p> - -<p>So that my life might be one long chain of regrets, Providence willed -it that the first person who received me kindly at the outset of my -public career should also be the first to disappear. Madame de Beaumont -opens the funeral procession of those women who have passed away before -me. My most distant memories rest upon ashes, and they have continued -to fall from grave to grave: like the Indian pundit, I recite the -prayers for the dead until the flowers of my chaplet are faded.</p> - -<p>Madame de Beaumont was the daughter of Armand Marc de Saint-Hérem, -Comte de Montmorin, French Ambassador in Madrid, commandant in -Brittany, member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787, and Foreign -Minister under Louis XVI., by whom he was much liked: he perished on -the scaffold, where he was followed by a portion of his family<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<p>Madame de Beaumont was ill rather than well-favoured, and very like -her portrait by Madame Lebrun<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a>. Her face was thin and pale; her -eyes were almond-shaped and would have perhaps been too brilliant, if -an extraordinary suavity of expression had not half extinguished her -glances and caused them to shine languidly, as a ray of light becomes -mellowed by passing through crystal water. Her character had a sort of -rigidity and impatience, which arose from the strength of her feelings -and from the inward suffering which she experienced. Endowed with -loftiness of soul and great courage, she was born for the world, from -which her spirit had withdrawn through choice and unhappiness; but when -a friendly voice evoked that secluded intelligence, it came and spoke -to you in words from Heaven. Madame de Beaumont's extreme weakness -made her slow of expression, and this slowness was touching. I knew -this afflicted woman only at the moment of her flight; she was already -stricken with death, and I devoted myself to her sufferings. I had -taken a lodging in the Rue Saint-Honoré, at the Hôtel d'Étampes, near -the Rue Neuve-du-Luxembourg. In this latter street, Madame de Beaumont -occupied an apartment looking out upon the gardens of the Ministry -of Justice. I called to see her every evening, with her friends -and mine, M. Joubert, M. de Fontanes, M. de Bonald, M. Molé<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a>, -M. Pasquier<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a>, M. de Chênedollé, men who have filled a place in -literature and public life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Joseph Joubert.</div> - -<p>Full of oddities and eccentricities, M. Joubert will be an eternal -loss to those who knew him. He had an extraordinary grip upon one's -mind and heart; and, when once he had seized hold of you, his image -was there, like a fixed thought, like an obsession that refused to be -driven away. He made great pretensions to calmness, and no one was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> -so easily perturbed as he: he watched himself in order to stop those -emotions of the mind, which he thought injurious to his health, and -constantly his friends came and disturbed the precautions which he -had taken to keep well, for he could not prevent himself from being -affected by their sadness or joy: he was an egoist who troubled himself -only about others. In order to recover his strength, he often thought -himself obliged to close his eyes and refrain from speaking for hours -at a time. Heaven knows what noise and movement passed inwardly within -him during this repose and silence which he laid upon himself. M. -Joubert at every moment changed his diet and regimen, living one day -on milk, another on minced meat, causing himself to be jolted at full -speed over the roughest roads, or drawn at a snail's pace along the -smoothest alleys. When he read, he tore out of his books the leaves -which displeased him, thus forming a library for his own use, composed -of scooped-out works, contained in bindings too large for them.</p> - -<p>A profound metaphysician, his philosophy, thanks to an elaboration -peculiar to himself, became painting or poetry; a Plato with the heart -of a La Fontaine, he had formed an idea of perfection which prevented -him from finishing anything. In manuscripts found after his death, he -said:</p> - -<p>"I am like an ‚Æolian harp, which gives forth a few beautiful sounds -and plays no tune."</p> - -<p>Madame Victorine de Chastenay<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> maintained that "he had the -appearance of a soul which had met with a body by accident, and put up -with it as best it could:" a definition both charming and true.</p> - -<p>We laughed at the enemies of M. de Fontanes, who tried to pass him off -for a deep and dissembling politician: he was simply an irascible poet, -frank to the pitch of anger, with a mind hedged in by contrariety, and -as little able to conceal its opinion as to accept that of others. The -literary principles of his friend Joubert were not his: the latter -found some good everywhere and in every writer; Fontanes, on the -contrary, held such and such a doctrine in abhorrence, and could not -hear the names mentioned of certain authors. He was the sworn enemy of -the principles of modern composition:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> to place before the reader's -eyes material action, the crime at work or the gibbet with its rope, -seemed to him so many enormities; he maintained that objects should -never be seen except amid poetic surroundings, as though under a -crystal globe. Sorrow spending itself mechanically through the eyes -seemed to him a sensation fit only for the Cirque or the Grève; he -understood the tragic sentiment only as ennobled by admiration and -changed, through the medium of art, into "a charming pity." I quoted -the Greek vases to him: in the arabesques of those vases one sees -Hector's body drawn behind the car of Achilles, while a little figure, -flying in the air, represents the shade of Patrocles, consoled by the -vengeance of the son of Thetis.</p> - -<p>"Well, Joubert," cried Fontanes, "what do you say to that metamorphosis -of the muse? How those Greeks respected the soul!"</p> - -<p>Joubert thought himself attacked, and placed Fontanes in contradiction -with himself by reproaching him with his indulgence for me.</p> - -<p>These discussions, highly comical as they often were, never came to an -end: one evening, at half-past eleven, when I lived on the Place Louis -XV., in the attic floor of Madame de Coislin's house, Fontanes climbed -up my eighty-four stairs again to come furiously, with many raps of his -cane, to finish an argument which he had left interrupted: it concerned -Picard<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a>, whom at that moment he placed far above Molière; he would -have taken good care not to have written a single word of what he said: -Fontanes talking and Fontanes pen in hand were two different men.</p> - -<p>It was M. de Fontanes, I like to repeat, who encouraged my first -attempts: it was he who announced the publication of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>; it was his muse which, full of astonished devotion, -directed mine in the new paths along which it had precipitated itself: -he taught me to conceal the deformity of objects by the manner of -throwing light upon them; to put classic language into the mouths of my -romantic characters as far as in me lay.</p> - -<p>In former days there were men who were guardians of taste, like the -dragons who watched over the golden apples in the garden of the -Hesperides; they did not allow youth to enter until it was able to -touch the fruit without spoiling it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">And other literary friends.</div> - -<p>My friend's writings take you by a happy road: the mind experiences -a sense of well-being, and finds itself in an harmonious situation -where everything charms and nothing wounds. M. de Fontanes incessantly -revised his productions; none was more convinced than that master of -the old days of the excellence of the maxim, "Hasten slowly." What, -then, would he say to-day when, both morally and physically, we exert -ourselves to do away with distances, and when we think we can never -go fast enough. M. de Fontanes preferred to travel at the will of a -delicious measure. You have read what I said of him when I found him -in London; the regrets which I expressed then I must repeat now: life -obliges us ever to weep in anticipation or in remembrance.</p> - -<p>M. de Bonald had a shrewd intelligence; his ingenuity was mistaken for -genius; he had dreamt out his political metaphysics with the Army of -Condé, in the Black Forest, in the same way as those Jena and Göttingen -professors who have since marched at the head of their pupils and let -themselves be killed for the liberty of Germany. An innovator, although -he had been a musketeer under Louis XVI., he looked upon the ancients -as children in politics and literature; and he maintained, while he was -the first to employ the fatuousness of the language now in use, that -the Grand-master of the University was "not yet sufficiently advanced -to understand that."</p> - -<p>Chênedollé, with knowledge and talent, not native but acquired, was so -sad that he nicknamed himself the "Crow<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a>:" he went freebooting in -my works. We had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> made a compact: I yielded him my skies, my mists, -my clouds; but it was arranged that he should leave me my zephyrs, my -waves, and my forests.</p> - -<p>I am now speaking only of my literary friends; as to my political -friends, I do not know whether I shall tell you about them: principles -and speeches have sunk abysses between us!</p> - -<p>Madame Hocquart<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> and Madame de Vintimille<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> came to the meetings -in the Rue Neuve-du-Luxembourg. Madame de Vintimille, one of the women -of olden time, of whom few remain, went into the world and brought us -news of what was going on: I asked her if people were "still building -cities." The descriptions of little scandals upon which she entered -with a poignant but inoffensive raillery made us the more heartily -appreciate our own security. Madame de Vintimille had been sung, -together with her sister, by M. de La Harpe. Her language was guarded, -her character restrained, her wit acquired; she had lived with Mesdames -de Chevreuse<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>, de Longueville, de La Vallière, de Maintenon<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a>, -with Madame Geoffrin<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> and Madame du Defiant<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a>. She blended well -with a company whose charm depended upon the variety of its wits and -the combination of their different values. Madame Hocquart had been -fondly loved by Madame de Beaumont's brother<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a>, who had occupied -himself with the lady of his thoughts to the very scaffold, as Aubiac -had gone to the gallows kissing a sleeve of soft blue velvet which -remained to him from the favours of Margaret of Valois<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Who are no more.</div> - -<p>Never again will there assemble under the same roof so many -distinguished persons belonging to different ranks and of different -destinies, able to talk of the commonest as of the loftiest things: a -simplicity of speech which came not from poverty but from choice. It -is perhaps the last company in which the French genius of olden time -has appeared. Among the new French will not be found that urbanity -which is the fruit of education, and which was transformed by long -usage into aptness of character. What has become of that company? Make -plans, bring friends together: you but prepare for yourself an eternal -mourning! Madame de Beaumont is no more, Joubert is no more, Chênedollé -is no more, Madame de Vintimille is no more. I used to visit M. Joubert -at Villeneuve during the vintage; I walked with him on the Yonne Hills; -he picked mushrooms in the copses, and I yellow saffron in the fields. -We talked of everything, and particularly of our friend Madame de -Beaumont, for ever absent; we recalled the memory of our former hopes. -At night we returned to Villeneuve, a town surrounded by broken-down -walls, of the time of Philip Augustus<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a>, and by half-razed towers, -from above which rose the smoke from the vintagers' hearths. Joubert -showed me, in the distance from the hill, a sandy path among the woods -which he used to take when going to see his neighbour, who hid herself -at the Château de Passy during the Terror.</p> - -<p>I have passed four or five times through the Senonais since the death -of my dear host. I saw the hills from the high-road: Joubert walked -there no longer; I recognised the trees, the fields, the vines, the -little heaps of stones on which we used to rest ourselves. Driving -through Villeneuve, I have cast a glance on the deserted street and -the closed house of my friend. The last time when that happened, I was -going on an embassy to Rome: ah, if he had been at home, I would have -taken him with me to Madame de Beaumont's grave! It has pleased God to -open a celestial Rome to M. Joubert, even better suited to his soul, -which abandoned Platonism for Christianity. I shall not meet him again -here below:</p> - -<p>"I shall go to him rather: but he shall not return to me<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a>."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> - -<p>The success of <i>Atala</i> having decided me to start afresh on the <i>Génie -du Christianisme</i>, of which two volumes were already in print, Madame -de Beaumont offered to give me a room in the country, in a house which -she had hired at Savigny<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a>. I spent six months with her in this -retreat, with M. Joubert and our other friends.</p> - -<p>The house stood at the entrance to the village, on the Paris side, -near an old high-road known in that part as the Chemin de Henri IV.: -it leant against a vine-clad slope, and faced Savigny Park, ending in -a wooded screen, and crossed by the little River Orge. On the left, -the plain of Viry spread out as far as the springs of Juvisy. In every -direction, in this part of the country, lie valleys, where we used to -go in the evenings in search of new walks.</p> - -<p>In the morning, we breakfasted together; after breakfast, I withdrew to -my work; Madame de Beaumont had the goodness to copy out the quotations -which I marked for her. This noble woman offered me a shelter when I -had none: without the peace which she gave me, I should perhaps never -have finished a work which I had been unable to complete during my -misfortunes.</p> - -<p>I shall evermore remember certain evenings passed in this refuge of -friendship: on returning from walking we gathered near a fresh-water -basin, which stood in the middle of a grass-plot in the kitchen-garden. -Madame Joubert, Madame de Beaumont and I sat down on a bench; Madame -Joubert's son rolled on the grass at our feet; that child has already -disappeared. M. Joubert walked alone on a gravel path; two watch-dogs -and a cat played around us, while pigeons cooed on the edge of the -roof. What happiness for a man newly landed from exile, after spending -eight years in profound abandonment, excepting a few days quickly -lapsed! It was generally on these evenings that my friends made me -talk of my travels: I have never described the desert of the New -World so well as at that time. At night, when the windows of our -rustic drawing-room were opened, Madame de Beaumont noted different -constellations, telling me that I should remember one day that she had -taught me to know them: since I have lost her, I have several times, -not far from her grave in Rome, in the midst of the Campagna, looked -in the firmament for the stars whose names she told me: I have seen -them shining above the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Sabine Hills; the protracted rays of those -stars shot down and struck the surface of the Tiber. The spot where I -saw them over the woods of Savigny, the spots where I have seen them -since, the fitfulness of my destinies, that sign which a woman had left -for me in the sky to remind me of her: all this broke my heart. By -what miracle does man consent to do what he does upon earth, he who is -doomed to die?</p> - -<p>One day, in our retreat, we saw a man enter stealthily by one window -and go out by another: it was M. de Laborie<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a>; he was escaping from -Bonaparte's claws. Shortly after appeared one of those souls in pain -which are of a different species from other souls and which, on their -passage, mingle their unknown misfortune with the vulgar sufferings of -mankind: it was Lucile, my sister.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I meet my sisters.</div> - -<p>After my arrival in France, I had written to my family to inform them -of my return. Madame la Comtesse de Marigny, my eldest sister, was the -first to come to me, went to the wrong street, and met five Messieurs -Lassagne, of whom the last climbed up through a cobbler's trap-door to -answer to his name. Madame de Chateaubriand came in her turn: she was -charming, and full of the qualities calculated to give me the happiness -which I found with her after we came together again. Madame la Comtess -de Caud, Lucile, came next. M. Joubert and Madame de Beaumont became -smitten with a passionate fondness and a tender pity for her. Then -commenced between them a correspondence which ended only with the death -of the two women who had bent over towards one another like two flowers -of the same species on the point of fading away. Madame Lucile having -stopped at Versailles on the 30th of September 1802, I received this -note from her:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I write to beg you to thank Madame de Beaumont on my behalf -for the invitation she has sent me to go to Savigny. I hope -to have that pleasure in about a fortnight, unless there be -any objection on Madame de Beaumont's side."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Madame de Caud came to Savigny as she had promised.</p> - -<p>I have told you how, in my youth, my sister, a canoness of the Chapter -of the Argentière, and destined for that of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> Remiremont, cherished an -attachment for M. de Malfilâtre, a counsellor to the Parliament of -Brittany, which, remaining locked within her breast, had increased -her natural melancholy. During the Revolution she married M. le Comte -de Caud, and lost him after fifteen months of marriage. The death of -Madame la Comtesse de Farcy, a sister whom she fondly loved, added -to Madame de Caud's sadness. She next attached herself to Madame de -Chateaubriand, my wife, and gained an empire over the latter which -became painful, for Lucile was violent, masterful, unreasonable, and -Madame de Chateaubriand, subject to her caprices, hid from her in order -to render her the services which a richer shows to a susceptible and -less happy friend.</p> - -<p>Lucile's genius and character had almost reached the pitch of madness -of Jean Jacques Rousseau; she thought herself exposed to secret -enemies: she gave Madame de Beaumont, M. Joubert, myself, false -addresses at which to write to her; she examined the seals, seeking to -discover whether they had not been broken; she wandered from one home -to the other, unable to remain either with my sisters or my wife; she -had taken an antipathy to them, and Madame de Chateaubriand, after -showing her a devotion surpassing all that one could imagine, had ended -by breaking down under the burden of so cruel an affection.</p> - -<p>Another fatality had struck Lucile: M. de Chênedollé, then living -near Vire, had gone to see her at Fougères; soon there was talk of a -marriage, which fell through. Everything failed my sister at once, and, -thrown back upon herself, she no longer had the strength to bear up. -This plaintive spectre rested for a moment on a stone, in the smiling -solitude of Savigny: there were so many hearts there which would have -joyfully received her! They would so gladly have restored her to a -sweet reality of existence! But Lucile's heart could beat only in -an atmosphere made expressly for her and never breathed by others. -She swiftly devoured the days of the world apart in which Heaven had -placed her. Why had God created a being only to suffer? What mysterious -relation can there be between a long-suffering nature and an eternal -principle?</p> - -<p>My sister had not changed in any way; she had only taken the fixed -expression of her ills: her head had sunk a little, like a head on -which the hours had weighed heavily. She reminded me of my parents: -those first family memories, evoked from the grave, surrounded me like -wraiths which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> had gathered round at night to warm themselves at the -dying flame of a funeral pile. As I watched her, I seemed to see in -Lucile my whole childhood, looking out at me from behind her somewhat -wild eyes.</p> - -<p>The vision of pain faded away: that woman, borne down by life, seemed -to have come to fetch the other dejected woman whom she was to take -with her.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talma.</div> - -<p>The summer passed: according to custom, I promised myself to begin it -again next year; but the hand of the clock does not return to the hour -which we would wish to call back. During the winter, in Paris, I made -some new acquaintances. M. Jullien, a rich man, obliging, and a jovial -table-companion, although belonging to a family in which they killed -themselves, had a box at the Français; he used to lend it to Madame de -Beaumont: I went four or five times to the play with M. de Fontanes -and M. Joubert. When I entered the world, old-fashioned comedy was in -all its glory; I found it again in a state of complete decomposition. -Tragedy still kept up, thanks to Mademoiselle Duchesnois<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> and, -above all, to Talma, who had attained the highest level of dramatic -talent. I had seen him when he made his first appearances; he was less -handsome and, so to speak, less young than at the age when I saw him -again: he had acquired the distinction, the nobility, and the gravity -of years.</p> - -<p>The portrait of Talma which Madame de Staël has drawn in her work on -Germany is only half true: the brilliant writer saw the great actor -through a woman's imagination, and attributed to him what he lacked.</p> - -<p>Of the intermediate world Talma did not know what to make: he did -not understand the man of gentle birth; he did not know our old-time -society; he had not sat at the table of high-born ladies, in the Gothic -tower enshrined in the wood; he knew nothing of the flexibility, the -variety of expression, the gallantry, the light charm of manner, the -ingenuousness, the tenderness, the heroism based upon honour, the -Christian devotion of chivalry: he was not Tancred, or Coucy, or at -least he turned them into heroes of a middle-age of his own creation; -his Othello was placed in the heart of Vendôme.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> - -<p>Then what was Talma? Himself, his century and antiquity. He had the -deep and concentrated passions of love and of patriotism; they burst -from his breast with the force of an explosion. He had the baleful -inspiration, the deranged genius of the Revolution through which he -had passed. The terrible spectacles with which he was once surrounded -were renewed in his talent with the lamentable and distant accents -of the choruses of Sophocles and Euripides. His grace, which was not -conventional grace, took hold of you like misfortune. Dark ambition, -remorse, jealousy, melancholy of soul, physical pain, madness produced -by the gods and adversity, human affliction: those were what he knew. -His mere entrance upon the stage, the mere sound of his voice were -mightily tragic. Suffering and thought were mingled on his brow, -breathed in his immovability, in his poses, his gestures, his steps. -As a Greek, he would arrive, panting and ominous, from the ruins -of Argos, an immortal Orestes, tormented for three thousand years -by the Eumenides; as a Frenchman, he would come from the solitudes -of Saint-Denis, where the Parcæ of 1793 had cut the thread of the -sepulchral life of the Kings. The very picture of sorrow awaiting -something unknown, but decreed by an unjust Heaven, he went his way, -the galley-slave of fate, inexorably chained between fatality and -terror.</p> - -<p>Time casts an inevitable obscurity over the older dramatic -masterpieces: its projected shadow changes the purest Raphaëls into -Rembrandts<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a>; but for Talma, a part of the marvels of Corneille -and Racine would have remained unknown. Dramatic talent is a torch: -it fires other half-extinguished torches and revives geniuses which -enrapture you with their renewed splendour.</p> - -<p>We owe to Talma the perfection of the actor's dress. But are stage -realism and rigour of costume so necessary to art as is supposed? -Racine's characters derive nothing from the cut of their clothes: in -the pictures of the first painters, the back-grounds are neglected and -the costumes incorrect. The "furies" of Orestes, or the "prophecies" of -Joad, read in a drawing-room by Talma in a dress-coat, made as great an -impression as when declaimed upon the stage by Talma in a Greek mantle -or a Jewish robe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> Iphigenia was attired like Madame de Sévigné, when -Boileau addressed those fine verses to his friend:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Jamais Iphigénie en Aulide immolée<br /> -N'a coûté tant de pleurs à la Grèce assemblée<br /> -Que, dans l'heureux spectacle à nos yeux étalé,<br /> -N'en a fait sous son nom verser la Champmeslé<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>This correctness in the representation of inanimate objects is the -spirit of the arts of our time: it points to the decadence of lofty -poetry and of the true drama; we are content with lesser beauties, when -we are impotent to achieve the greater; we imitate armchairs and velvet -to perfection, when we are no longer able to paint the expression of -the man seated on that velvet and in those armchairs. Nevertheless, -once one has descended to that truthfulness of material forms, one -finds one's self obliged to reproduce it; for the public, itself -materialized, demands it.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">Comments on the <i>Génie.</i></div> - -<p>Meanwhile I was finishing the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>: Lucien asked -to see some of the proofs; I sent them to him; he added some rather -common-place notes in the margins.</p> - -<p>Although the success of my big book was as brilliant as that of my -little <i>Atala</i>, it was nevertheless more widely contested: this was a -serious work, in which I no longer fought the principles of the old -literature and of philosophy with a novel, but attacked them directly -with arguments and facts. The Voltairean empire uttered a cry and flew -to arms. Madame de Staël was mistaken as to the future of my religious -studies: they brought her the work uncut; she pushed her fingers -between the pages, came upon the chapter headed the <i>Virginité</i>, and -said to M. Adrien de Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a>, who was with her:</p> - -<p>"Oh Heavens! Our poor Chateaubriand! That will fall to the ground!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Abbé de Boulogne<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a>, who was shown some portions of my work -before it was sent to press, said to the bookseller who asked his -opinion:</p> - -<p>"If you want to ruin yourself, print that."</p> - -<p>And the Abbé de Boulogne has since written an all too splendid eulogy -of my book.</p> - -<p>Everything, in fact, seemed to prophesy failure. What hope could I -have, I with no name and no extollers, of destroying the influence -of Voltaire, which had prevailed for more than half a century, -of Voltaire, who had raised the huge edifice completed by the -Encyclopædists and consolidated by all the famous men in Europe? -What! were the Diderots, the d'Alemberts, the Duclos<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a>, the -Dupuis<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a>, the Helvétius<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a>, the Condorcets<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> minds that carried -no authority? What! was the world to return, to the Golden Legend, to -renounce the admiration it had acquired for masterpieces of science and -reason? How could I ever win a case which Rome armed with its thunders, -the clergy with its might, had been unable to save: a case defended -in vain by the Archbishop of Paris, Christophe de Beaumont<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a>, -supported by the decrees of the Parliament and the armed force and -name of the King? Was it not as ridiculous as it was rash on the part -of an unknown man to set himself against a philosophical movement so -irresistible as to have produced the Revolution? It was curious to see -a pygmy "toughen his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> little arms" to stifle the progress of a century, -stop civilization, and thrust back the human race! Thank God, a word -would be enough to pulverize the madman: wherefore M. Ginguené, when -trouncing the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> in the <i>Décade</i><a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a> declared -that the criticism came too late, since my tautologous production -was already forgotten. He said this five or six months after the -publication of a work which the attack of the whole French Academy, on -the occasion of the decennial prizes, was not able to kill.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I publish my chief work.</div> - -<p>It was amid the ruins of our temples that I published the <i>Génie du -Christianisme.</i><a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> The faithful thought themselves saved: men at that -time felt a need of faith, a thirsting for religious consolations, -which arose from the want of those consolations experienced since -long years. What supernatural strength was required to bear all the -adversities undergone! How many mutilated families had to go to the -Father of mankind in search of the children they had lost! How many -broken hearts, how many solitary souls, were calling for a divine -hand to cure them! One threw one's self into the house of God, as one -enters a doctor's house on the outbreak of an infection. The victims -of our disturbances (and how many different kinds of victims!) saved -themselves at the altar: shipwrecked men clinging to the rock on which -they seek for salvation.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, at that time hoping to found his power on the first basis -of society, had just made arrangements with the Court of Rome: he at -first raised no obstacle against the publication of a work calculated -to enhance the popularity of his schemes; he had to struggle against -the men about him and against the declared enemies of religion; he was -glad therefore to be defended from the outside by the opinion called up -by the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> Later, he repented him of his mistake; -ideas of regular monarchy had sprung into being together with ideas of -religion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> - -<p>An episode in the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, which at the time caused -less stir than <i>Atala</i>, fixed one of the characters of modern -literature; but I may say that, if <i>René</i> did not exist, I should not -now write it: if it were possible for me to destroy it, I would do so. -A family of Renés, poets and prose-writers, has swarmed into being: -we have heard nothing but mournful and desultory phrases; it has been -a question of nothing but winds and storms, of unknown words directed -to the clouds and the night. No scribbler fresh from college but has -imagined himself the unhappiest of men; no babe of sixteen but has -believed himself to have exhausted life and to be tormented by his -genius, but has, in the abyss of his thoughts, abandoned himself to -the "wave of his passions," struck his pale and dishevelled brow, and -astonished stupefied mankind with a misfortune of which he did not know -the name, nor they either.</p> - -<p>In <i>René</i> I had laid bare one of the infirmities of my century; but -it was a different madness in the novelists to try to make universal -such transcendental afflictions. The general sentiments which compose -the basis of humanity, paternal and maternal affection, filial -piety, friendship, love, are inexhaustible; but particular ways of -feeling, idiosyncrasies of mind and character, cannot be spread out -and multiplied over wide and numerous scenes. The small undiscovered -corners of the human heart are a narrow field; there is nothing left to -gather in that field after the hand which has been the first to mow it. -A malady of the soul is not a permanent nor natural state: one cannot -reproduce it, make a literature of it, make use of it as of a general -passion constantly modified at the will of the artists who handle it -and change its form.</p> - -<p>Be that as it may, literature became tinged with the colours of -my religious paintings, even as public affairs have retained the -phraseology of my writings on citizenship: the <i>Monarchy according to -the Charter</i> has been the rudiment of our representative government, -and my article in the <i>Conservateur</i>, on "Moral Interests and Material -Interests," has bequeathed those two designations to politics.</p> - -<p>Writers did me the honour of imitating <i>Atala</i> and <i>René</i>, in the -same way that the pulpit borrowed my accounts of the missions and -advantages of Christianity. The passages in which I show that, by -driving the pagan divinities from the woods, our broader religion has -restored nature to its solitudes; the paragraphs where I discuss the -influence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> our religion upon our manner of seeing a painting, where -I examine the changes wrought in poetry and eloquence; the chapters -which I devote to inquiries into the foreign sentiments introduced -into the dramatic characters of antiquity contain the germ of the new -criticism. Racine's characters, as I have said, both are and are not -Greek characters: they are Christian characters; that is what no one -had understood.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Effects of the publication.</div> - -<p>If the effect of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> had been only a -reaction against doctrines to which the revolutionary misfortunes -were attributed, that effect would have ceased so soon as the cause -was removed; it would not have been prolonged to the time at which -I am writing. But the action of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> upon -public opinion was not confined to the momentary resurrection of a -religion supposed to be in its grave: a more lasting metamorphosis was -operated. If the work contained innovations of style, it also contained -changes of doctrine; not only the manner, but the matter, was altered; -atheism and materialism were no longer the basis of the belief or -unbelief of young minds; the idea of God and of the immortality of -the soul resumed its empire: whence came an alteration in the chain -of ideas linked one to the other. A man was no longer riveted to his -place by an anti-religious prejudice; he no longer thought himself -obliged to remain a mummy of annihilation, wrapped in philosophical -swathing-bands; he permitted himself to examine any system, however -absurd it might seem to him, <i>even though it were Christian.</i></p> - -<p>Besides the faithful who returned at the sound of their shepherd's -voice, there were formed, by this right of free examination, other -<i>à priori</i> faithful. Lay down God as a principle, and the Word will -follow. The Son proceeds necessarily from the Father.</p> - -<p>The various abstract combinations succeed only in substituting for -the Christian mysteries other mysteries still more difficult of -comprehension. Pantheism, which, besides, exists in three or four -shapes, and which it is the fashion nowadays to ascribe to enlightened -intelligences, is the absurdest of Eastern dreams brought back to -light by Spinoza<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a>. One has but to read the article by the sceptic -Bayle<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> on that Jew of Amsterdam. The positive tone in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> which -certain people speak of all these things would be revolting, were -it not that it arises from want of study; they take up words which -they do not understand, and imagine themselves to be transcendental -geniuses. Be assured that Abélard, that St. Bernard, that St. -Thomas Aquinas and their fellows brought to bear upon the study of -metaphysics a superiority of judgment which we do not approach; -that the Saint-Simonian<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a>, Phalansterian, Fourieristic<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a>, -Humanitarian<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> systems were discovered and practised by the -different heresies; that what is placed before us as progress and -discovery is so much old lumber hawked about for fifteen centuries -in the schools of Greece and the colleges of the Middle Ages. -The misfortune is that the first sectaries could not succeed in -founding their Neo-Platonic Republic, when Gallienus<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> permitted -Plotinus<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> to make the experiment in Campania; later, people made -the great mistake of burning the sectaries when they proposed to -establish the community of goods and to pronounce prostitution holy, by -urging that a woman cannot, without sin, refuse a man who asks of her a -transient union in the name of Jesus Christ: all that was needed, said -they, to accomplish this union was to annihilate one's soul and deposit -it for a moment in the bosom of God.</p> - -<p>The shock which the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> gave to men's minds caused -the eighteenth century to emerge from the old road and flung it for -ever out of its path. People began again, or rather they began for the -first time to study the sources of Christianity; on re-reading the -Fathers (presuming that they had read them before) they were struck at -meeting with so many curious facts, so much philosophical science, so -many beauties of style of every kind, so many ideas which, by a more -or less perceptible gradation, produced the transition from ancient -to modern society:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> an unique and memorable era of humanity, in which -Heaven communicates with earth through the medium of souls set in men -of genius.</p> - -<p>Beside the crumbling world of paganism there arose, in former times, -as though outside society, another world, looking on at those great -spectacles, poor, retiring, secluded, taking no part in the business -of life except when its lessons or its succour were needed. It was a -marvellous thing to see those early bishops, almost all honoured with -the name of saints and martyrs, those simple priests watching over the -relics and cemeteries; those monks and hermits in their convents or -in their caves, laying down laws of peace, morals, charity, when all -was war, corruption, barbarism; going between the tyrants of Rome and -the leaders of the Tartars and Goths, to prevent the injustice of the -former and the cruelty of the latter; stopping armies with a wooden -cross and a peaceful word; the weakest of men, and protecting the world -against Attila<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a>; placed between two universes to be the link that -joined them, to console the last moments of an expiring society and -support the first steps of a society in its cradle.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My own criticism.</div> - -<p>It was impossible but that the truths unfolded in the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i> should contribute to a change of ideas. Again, it is to -this work that the present love for the buildings of the Middle Ages -is due: it is I who have called upon the young century to admire the -old temples. If my opinion has been misused; if it is not true that -our cathedrals approach the Parthenon in beauty; if it is false that -those churches teach us unknown facts in their documents of stone; if -it is madness to maintain that those granite memories reveal to us -things that escaped the learned Benedictines; if by dint of eternally -repeating the word Gothic people grow wearied to death of it: that -is not my fault. For the rest, with respect to the arts, I know the -shortcomings of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>; that portion of my work -is faulty, because, in 1800, I was not acquainted with the arts: -I had not seen Italy, nor Greece, nor Egypt. Also, I did not make -sufficient use of the lives of the saints and of the legends, although -they offered me a number of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> marvellous instances: by selecting with -taste, one could there reap a plentiful harvest. This field of the -wealth of mediæval imagination surpasses the <i>Metamorphoses</i> of Ovid -and the Milesian fables in fruitfulness. My work, moreover, contains -some scanty or false judgments, such as that which I pronounce upon -Dante, to whom I have since paid a brilliant tribute. In the serious -respect, I have completed the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> in my <i>Études -historiques</i>, one of my writings that has been least spoken of and most -plundered.</p> - -<p>The success of <i>Atala</i> had delighted me, because my soul was still -fresh; that of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> was painful to me: I was -obliged to sacrifice my time to a more or less useless correspondence -and to irrelevant civilities. A so-called admiration did not atone to -me for the vexations that await a man whose name the crowd remembers. -What good can supply the place of the peace which you have lost by -admitting the public to your intimacy? Add to that the restlessness -with which the Muses love to afflict those who attach themselves -to their cult, the worries attendant upon a compliant character, -inaptitude for fortune, loss of leisure, an uncertain temper, livelier -affections, unreasonable melancholy, groundless joys: who, if he had -the choice, would purchase on those conditions the uncertain advantages -of a reputation which you are not sure of obtaining, which will be -contested during your life, which posterity will refuse to confirm, and -which your death will snatch from you for ever?</p> - -<p>The literary controversy on innovations of style which <i>Atala</i> -had aroused was renewed upon the publication of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme.</i></p> - -<p>A characteristic feature of the imperial school, and even of the -republican school, must be noted: while society advanced for better or -for worse, literature remained stationary; foreign to the change of -the ideas, it did not belong to its own time. In comedy, the squires -of the village, the Colins, the Babets, or else the intrigues of the -drawing-rooms, which were no longer known, were played, as I have -already remarked, before coarse and blood-thirsty men, themselves the -destroyers of the manners whose picture was presented to them; in -tragedy, a plebeian pit interested itself in the families of nobles and -kings.</p> - -<p>Two things kept literature at the date of the eighteenth century: the -impiety which it derived from Voltaire and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> Revolution, and the -despotism with which Bonaparte struck it. The head of the State found a -profit in those subordinate letters which he had put in barracks, which -presented arms to him, which sallied forth at the command of "Turn -out, the guard!" which marched in rank, and which went through their -evolutions like soldiers. Any form of independence seemed a rebellion -against his power; he would no more consent to a riot of words and -ideas than he suffered insurrection. He suspended the Habeas Corpus for -thought as well as for individual liberty. Let us also recognise that -the public, weary of anarchy, was glad to submit again to the yoke of -law and order.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">New forms in literature.</div> - -<p>The literature which expresses the new era did not commence to reign -until forty or fifty years after the time of which it was the idiom. -During that half-century, it was employed only by the opposition. -It was Madame de Staël, it was Benjamin Constant<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a>, it was -Lemercier<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a>, it was Bonald, it was myself, in short, who were the -first to speak that language. The alteration in literature of which -the nineteenth century boasts came to it from the Emigration and from -exile: it was M. de Fontanes who brooded on those birds of a different -species from himself, because, by going back to the seventeenth -century, he had gained the strength of that fertile period and lost the -barrenness of the eighteenth. One portion of the human intelligence, -that which treats of transcendental matters, alone advanced with an -even step with civilisation; unfortunately, the glory of knowledge -was not without stain: the Laplaces<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a>, the Lagranges<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a>, the -Monges<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> the Chaptals<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a>, the Berthollets<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a>, all the -prodigies, once haughty democrats, became Napoleon's most obsequious -servants. Let it be said to the honour of Letters: the new literature -was free, science was servile; character did not correspond with -genius, and they whose thought had sped to the uppermost sky were not -able to raise their souls above the feet of Bonaparte: they pretended -to have no need of God, that was why they needed a tyrant.</p> - -<p>The Napoleonic classic was the genius of the nineteenth century dressed -up in the periwig of Louis XIV., or curled as in the days of Louis -XV. Bonaparte had ordained that the men of the Revolution should not -appear at Court save in full dress, sword at side. One saw nothing -of the France of the moment; it was not order, it was discipline. -Nor could anything be more tiresome than that pale resuscitation of -the literature of former days. That cold copy, that unproductive -anachronism, disappeared when the new literature broke in noisily with -the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> The death of the Duc d'Enghien had for -me this advantage that, by causing me to step aside, it left me free -in my solitude to follow my own inspiration, and prevented me from -enlisting in the regular infantry of old Pindus: I owed my moral to my -intellectual liberty.</p> - -<p>In the last chapter of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, I discuss what -would have become of the world if the Faith had not been preached at -the time of the invasion of the Barbarians; in another paragraph, -I speak of an important work to be undertaken on the changes -which Christianity introduced in the laws after the conversion of -Constantine<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a>.</p> - -<p>Supposing religious opinion to exist in its present form, if the <i>Génie -du Christianisme</i> were yet to be written, I would compose it quite -differently: instead of recalling the benefits and the institutions -of our religion in the past, I would show<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> that Christianity is the -thought of the future and of human liberty; that that redeeming and -Messianic thought is the only basis of social equality; that it alone -can establish the latter, because it places by the side of that -equality the necessity of duty, the corrective and regulator of the -democratic instinct. Legality is no sufficient restraint, because -it is not permanent; it derives its strength from the law: now, the -law is the work of men who pass away and differ. A law is not always -obligatory; it can always be changed by another law: as opposed to -that, morals are constant; they have their force within themselves, -because they spring from the immutable order: they alone, therefore, -can ensure permanency.</p> - -<p>I would show that, wherever Christianity has prevailed, it has changed -ideas, rectified notions of justice and injustice, substituted -assertion for doubt, embraced the whole of humanity in its doctrines -and precepts. I would try to conjecture the distance at which we still -are from the total accomplishment of the Gospel, by calculating the -number of evils that have been destroyed and of improvements that have -been effected in the eighteen centuries which have elapsed on this side -of the Cross. Christianity acts slowly, because it acts everywhere; it -does not cling to the reform of any particular society, it works upon -society in general; its philanthropy is extended to all the sons of -Adam: that is what it expresses with a marvellous simplicity in its -commonest petitions, in its daily prayers, when it says to the crowd in -the temple:</p> - -<p>"Let us pray for every suffering thing upon earth."</p> - -<p>What religion has ever spoken in this way? The Word was not made flesh -in the man of pleasure, it became incarnate in the man of sorrow, with -a view to the enfranchisement of all, to an universal brotherhood and -an infinite salvation.</p> - -<p>If the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> had only given rise to such -investigations, I should congratulate myself on having published it. -It remains to be seen whether, at the time of the appearance of the -book, a different <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, raised on the new plan the -outline of which I have barely indicated, would have obtained the same -success. In 1803, when nothing was granted to the old religion, when it -was the object of scorn, when none knew the first word of the question, -would one have done well to speak of future liberty as descending from -Calvary, at a time when people were still bruised from the excesses of -the liberty of the passions?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> Would Bonaparte have suffered such a work -to appear? It was perhaps useful to stimulate regrets, to interest the -imagination in a cause so misjudged, to call attention to the despised -object, to render it endearing before showing how serious it was, how -mighty and how salutary.</p> - -<p>Now, supposing that my name leaves some trace behind it, I shall owe -this to the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>: with no illusion as to the -intrinsic value of the work, I admit that it possesses an accidental -value; it came just at the right moment. For this reason it caused me -to take my place in one of those historic periods which, mixing an -individual with things, compel him to be remembered. If the influence -of my work was not limited to the change which, in the past forty -years, it has produced among the living generations; if it still served -to resuscitate among late-comers a spark of the civilizing truths of -the earth; if the slight symptom of life which one seems to perceive -was there sustained in the generations to come, I should depart full of -hope in the divine mercy. O reconciled Christian, do not forget me in -thy prayers, when I am gone; my faults, perhaps, will stop me outside -those gates where my charity cried on thy behalf:</p> - -<p>"Be ye lifted up, O eternal gates<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a>!"</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> This book was begun at Dieppe in 1836 and finished in -Paris in 1837. It was revised in December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchesse de Longueville -(1619-1679), sister of the great Condé, had intrigued against the -Court, and played a great part in the war of the Fronde (1648-1652). -The escape took place in 1650. Eventually, Mazarin defeating all her -intrigues, the Duchesse de Longueville withdrew into retirement and a -convent—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666), daughter of King -Philip III. of Spain, and wife of Louis XIII. of France, whom -she married in 1615. She gave birth to Louis XIV. in 1638, after -twenty-three years of marriage, and became Regent of the Kingdom on the -death of Louis XIII. in 1643.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Maréchal Vicomte de Turenne -(1611-1688), joined the Fronde on Madame de Longueville's persuasion, -but returned to his allegiance the next year (1651). He was born a -Protestant, was converted by Bossuet, but abjured the Catholic Faith in -1678.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> François Duc de La Rochefoucauld (1605 or 1613-1680). He -played a small part in the Fronde through his infatuation for Madame de -Longueville. The <i>Maxims</i> were published in 1665, under the title of -<i>Réflexions et sentences, ou Maximes morales.</i> He spent his old age in -the society of Madame de La Fayette and Madame de Sévigné.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Marie Madeleine Comtesse de La Fayette (1634-1693), -<i>née</i> Pioche de La Vergne, author of a number of successful novels and -a History of Henrietta of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Charlotte Marguerite Princesse de Condé (1594-1650), -<i>née</i> de Montmorency, and married in 1609 to Henry II. Prince de Condé, -who removed her to Brussels out of the reach of King Henry IV. "That -poor wretch," the Duchesse de Longueville, was her daughter.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> Madame de Brienne was the wife of Henri Auguste Comte de -Loménie de Brienne, author of the curious Memoirs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Béranger</span>, <i>Le Vieux Caporal</i>, 49, 50: -</p> -<p> -"Who is sobbing and weeping down yonder?<br /> -Ah, 'tis the drummer's widow so sad."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Béranger</span>, <i>Le Vieux Caporal</i>, chorus: -</p> -<p> -"Conscripts, keep step; do not weep;<br /> -. . . Keep step, the step keep."—T.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Jules Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661), Prime Minister to -the Regent Anne of Austria, and eventual victor over the Fronde.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> The Duc de La Rochefoucauld left <i>Mémoires sur la règne -d'Anne d'Autriche</i>, in addition to the <i>Maximes.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise Duchesse de Berry -(1798-1870), daughter of King Ferdinand I. of Naples, and married to -the Duc de Berry in 1816.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> The Duchesse de Berry brought Dieppe into fashion in -the later years of the Restoration; she visited it yearly, with her -children, during the bathing season.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rabelais</span>.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Now the Place de la Concorde.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Migneret's book-shop was at No. 1186, Rue Jacob. The -houses were at that time numbered by districts, not by streets.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> -"Both through his virtues and his charms<br /> -To be their father he deserved." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> Étienne Gaspard Robertson (1762-1837), a professor -of physics who perfected or improved the Archimedean mirror, the -magic-lantern, and the parachute.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> Now the Quai Malaquais.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> The Theatines, or "Regular Clerks," a very strict -congregation, founded in 1524 by St. Cajetan and Giovanni Pietro -Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti, or Theate, from which the Order takes its -name.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> The Requisition was a sort of levy in mass decreed by -the Committee of Public Safety on the 23rd of August 1793, and produced -1,400,000 men. It was the immediate forerunner of the Conscription.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> The title of this letter was <i>Lettre à M. de Fontanes -sur la deuxième édition de l'ouvrage de Mme. de Staël</i> (<i>De la -littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec la morale</i>, etc.), and -it was signed, l'<i>Auteur du Génie du Christianisme.</i> It was printed in -the <i>Mercure</i> of 1 Nivoise Year IX. (22 December 1800), and now figures -in all the editions of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> It is one of -Chateaubriand's most eloquent writings.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> The letter appeared in the <i>Journal des Débats</i> of 10 -Germinal Year IX. (31 March 1801).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> The volume is announced as "just out" in the <i>Journal -des Débats</i> of 27 Germinal (17 April). It was a small duodecimo, of -XXIV. +210 pages, with the title <i>Atala, ou les Amours de deux sauvages -dans le désert.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Marie Marguerite Marquise de Brinvilliers (1630-1676), -<i>née</i> Dreux d'Avray, a famous poisoner, who with her lover, Gaudin de -Sainte-Croix, poisoned the marquise's father, sister, and two brothers. -The crimes were discovered on the death of Sainte-Croix in 1670. The -Brinvilliers took to flight, but was captured at Liège, brought back to -Paris, and tried and executed in 1676.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> A waxwork show established in the Palais-Royal and on -the Boulevard du Temple in 1770 by a German who called himself Curtius. -The establishment on the Boulevard du Temple remained open until the -end of the reign of Louis-Philippe. The figures are still sometimes met -with at village fairs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Chaillot, which now forms part of Paris, was at -that time a village at the gates, to the west, on the road to -Versailles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> The <i>Nouvelle Héloïse</i>, Rousseau's most popular work, -was published in 1759—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim Vigaroux (1759-1829), a native -of Montpellier, in Provence, and author of some medical works of no -special value.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Marie Anne Elisa Bacciochi (1774-1820), Bonaparte's -eldest sister, married Felix Pascal Prince Bacciochi in 1797. Her -husband became Prince of Lucca and Piombino in 1805, Elisa exercising -the real power; and in 1808 Napoleon made her Grand-duchess of Tuscany. -She was dethroned in 1814, and assumed the title of Countess of -Compignano. Prince Bacciochi died in Rome in 1841.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> Lucien Bonaparte (1775-1840), Napoleon's second brother, -created Prince of Canino in 1804, a prisoner in England from 1810 to -1814. He was twice married to ladies of middle-class family (<i>vide -infra</i>), by whom he had eleven children.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> François Joachim Cardinal de Pierres de Bernis -(1715-1794), Anacreontic poet and religious controversialist. He had -been Madame de Pompadour's lover, and owed his advancement to her. -Voltaire called him Babet la Bouquetière, owing to the profusion of -flowers of rhetoric which he employed in his verses.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Madame Lucien Bonaparte (<i>d.</i> 1800), <i>née</i> Christine -Éléonore Boyer, married Lucien in 1794, and was the sister of the -woman who kept the inn at Saint-Maximin, where Lucien, then under age, -was staying. The marriage took place without the consent of Madame -Bonaparte, the mother, and was invalid by French law. Lucien's second -wife, whom he married in 1802, was Marie Alexandrine Charlotte Louise -Laurence de Bleschamp (1778-1855), the divorced wife of Jean François -Hippolyte Jouberthon, a retired stockbroker.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> Louis Gabriel Amboise, Vicomte de Bonald (1753-1840), a -distinguished monarchical writer, created a peer of France in 1823, and -a member of the French Academy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Charles Lioult de Chênedollé (1769-1833), author of the -<i>Génie de l'homme</i> and other poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> Pauline Marie Michelle Frédérique Ulrique de -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de Beaumont (1768-1803).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> The Comte de Montmorin did not die on the scaffold, -but was butchered at the Abbaye on the 2nd of September 1792. On the -next day his cousin, Louis Victor Hippolyte Luce de Montmorin, had -his throat cut at the Conciergerie, where he had been taken after his -acquittal by the Criminal Tribunal on the 17th of August. Madame de -Montmorin, Madame de Beaumont's mother, was guillotined on the 10th -of May 1794; her second son was guillotined with her. Her daughter, -wife of the Comte de La Luzerne, died on the 10th of July 1794, -at the Archbishop's Palace, which had been turned into the prison -hospital.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Madame Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1756-1842), <i>née</i> Vigée, -the famous French portrait painter. She left nearly 700 portraits, in -addition to some historical pictures and a crowd of landscapes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Matthieu Louis Molé (1781-1855), created a Count of the -Empire in 1813, when he became Minister of Justice, and held successive -ministries under the Restoration and Louis-Philippe. He was a moderate -statesman of much dignity of character and of great distinction of -person, manners, and speech. He was elected a member of the French -Academy in 1840.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Étienne Duc Pasquier (1767-1862), appointed Prefect -of Police in 1810. After holding various ministerial offices under -the Restoration, he was made President of the Chamber of Peers by -Louis-Philippe in 1830, Chancellor in 1837, and a duke in 1844. Elected -to the French Academy in 1842.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Louise Marie Victorine Comtesse de Chastenay-Lanty -(1771-1855) was never married. Her title of madame is due to -the fact that she became a canoness at an early age (1785). Her -observation to Chateaubriand on the subject of Joubert will be found -repeated in almost precisely the same words in Madame de Chastenay's -recently-published Memoirs (1896), vol. II. p. 82.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> Louis Bénoît Picard (1769-1828), an actor, theatrical -manager, and author of some eighty stage-plays of varying merit. He was -received into the French Academy in 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> In the "small company" which, at the beginning of the -century, met in the drawing-room of Madame de Beaumont, in the Rue -Neuve-du-Luxembourg, or at Chateaubriand's, in his little apartment in -the Hôtel Coislin, on the Place Louis XV., or again, in the summer, -at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, under M. Joubert's roof, each one, according -to an ancient fashion, had his nickname. Chateaubriand was called <i>le -chat</i>, the "Cat," by way of abbreviation of his name, or possibly -because of his illegible handwriting; Madame de Chateaubriand, who -had claws, was the "She-cat." Chênedollé and Gueneau de Mussy, more -melancholy than René, had received the names of the "Big" and the -"Little Crow;" sometimes also Chateaubriand was called the "Illustrious -Crow of the Cordilleras," by allusion to his travels in America. -Fontanes was thickset, and had something athletic in his short stature. -His friends jestingly compared him to the boar of Erymanthus, and -called him the "Boar." Thin and slender, skimming over the earth which -she was soon to leave, Madame de Beaumont had received the nickname -of the "Swallow." Joubert, a lover of the woods, and at that time a -great walker, was the "Stag;" while his wife, who was goodness and -wit personified, but of a somewhat fierce humour, laughed when she -was called the "She-wolf." Never was so intellectual a collection of -"animals" seen before.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Madame Hocquart was a lady possessed of many charms of -beauty and mind. She was the daughter of Pourrat and the sister of -Madame Laurent Lecoulteux.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> The Comtesse de Vintimille du Luc, <i>née</i> de La Live de -Jully, was niece to Madame Hocquart.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Marie Duchesse de Chevreuse (1600-1679), <i>née</i> de -Rohan-Montbazon, married in 1617 to Albert Duc de Luynes, Constable -of France, and in 1622 to Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse. The -Duchesse de Chevreuse was a favourite of Anne of Austria, and is famed -for her beauty and her wit.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (1635-1719), -the last mistress and eventual wife (1684-1685) of Louis XIV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777), <i>née</i> Rodet, head of the -famous literary <i>salon</i> in the Rue Saint-Honoré.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Marie Marquise du Deffant (1697-1780), <i>née</i> de -Vichy-Chamroud, a celebrated leader of eighteenth-century society in -France. Her correspondence with Walpole, Voltaire, d'Alembert, etc., -was published in 1809 to 1811.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Antoine Hugues Calixte de Montmorin (1772-1794), -guillotined 10th May 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Margaret of Valois (1552-1615), Queen of France and -Navarre, daughter of King Henry II. of France. She married in 1672 -the Prince of Béarn, afterwards King of Navarre and of France (Henry -IV.), who imprisoned her at Usson, in Auvergne, and eventually divorced -her (1599). She left Memoirs of the period from 1565 to 1587, first -published in 1658.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Philip II. (Augustus), King of France (1165-1223).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Kings XII. 23.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Chateaubriand and Madame de Beaumont took up their abode -at Savigny on the 22nd of May 1801.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Antoine Athanase Roux de Laborie (1769-1840), a protégé -of Talleyrand's, who attained to some distinction as a politician. He -had been compromised in a Royalist conspiracy with the two brothers -Bertin, with whom he afterwards founded the <i>Journal des Débats.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Catherine Joséphine Rafin (1777-1835), known as -Mademoiselle Duchesnois, made her first appearance in 1802 as Phèdre. -She was an ugly woman, but a fine actress. She continued to play until -1830.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Paul Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1674); the allusion being -to Rembrandt's famous distribution of light and shade.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> -"Ne'er did Iphigenia in Aulis laid dead<br /> -Cause so many tears in all Greece to be shed<br /> -As, in the fine spectacle shown us to-day,<br /> -We have wept at the bidding of our Champmeslé."<br /> -</p> -<p> -Marie Desmare (1644-1698), known as Mademoiselle Champmeslé, made -her first appearance in 1669, and created the title-rôle in Racine's -<i>Iphigénie</i> in 1674, under the poet's directions.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Anne Pierre Adrien Prince de Montmorency, later Duc de -Laval (1767-1837), French Ambassador successively in Madrid (1814), -Rome (1821), Vienna (1828), and London (1829). He became a member of -the Chamber of Peers in 1820, in succession to his father, deceased, -and resigned his peerage, together with his diplomatic functions, in -1830.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Étienne Antoine de Boulogne (1747-1825) was made Bishop -of Troyes by Napoleon in 1808. In 1811, Bonaparte imprisoned him at -Vincennes, until 1814, for protesting against the arrest of Pope Pius -VII. He resumed his see under the Restoration, became Archbishop of -Vienne in 1817, and was raised to the peerage in 1822.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), admitted to the -French Academy in 1747, and appointed its perpetual secretary in 1755, -was author of the <i>Considérations sur le Mœurs</i>, etc., and took the -leading part in the editing of the Dictionary.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Charles François Dupuis (1742-1809), member of the -Institute and of the Academy of Inscriptions, and author of the -<i>Origine de tous les cultes, ou la Religion universelle.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771), one of the leaders -of the French philosophy of the eighteenth century, and author of the -book <i>De l'Esprit</i> (1758), condemned by the Sorbonne, the Pope, and the -Parliament of Paris, and burned by the public hangman in 1759.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet -(1743-1794), perpetual secretary of the Academy of Science, and a -principal contributor to the Encyclopædia. The best known of his -voluminous works is the <i>Esquisse des progrès de l'esprit humain.</i> He -was arrested as a Girondin, and poisoned himself in prison (28 March -1794).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Christophe de Beaumont (1703-1781), successively Bishop -of Bayonne, Archbishop of Vienne, and Archbishop of Paris (1746), the -redoubtable adversary of both the Jansenists and Philosophers.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> In Nos. 27, 28, and 29 of the Year X. (1802) of the -<i>Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique.</i> The articles were -subsequently collected into a pamphlet.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> It was published on the 24th of Germinal Year X. (14 -April 1802), by Migneret, 28, rue du Sépulcre, Faubourg Saint-Germain -and Le Normant, 43, rue des Prêtres-Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, in -five volumes 8vo (the fifth volume consisting entirely of notes and -elucidations), with the title, <i>Génie du Christianisme, ou Beautés de -la religion chrétienne</i>, by François Auguste Chateaubriand. The first -page of each volume bore the following epigraph, suppressed in the -later editions: -</p> - -<p>"Chose admirable! la religion chrétienne, qui ne semble avoir -d'objet que la félicité de l'autre vie, fait encore notre -bonheur dans celle-ci."</p> -<p> -<span class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">Montesquieu</span>, <i>Esprit des Lois</i>, XXIV., iii.—B. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Baruch, or Benedict, Spinoza (1632-1677), the -Portuguese-Jewish philosopher of Amsterdam. His system of pantheism is -set forth in his <i>Ethica</i> and other works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was born a Protestant, became -a Catholic, and then a professional sceptic. His reputation rests upon -his famous <i>Dictionnaire historique et critique</i> (1697), with which he -paved the way for Voltaire and his friends.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> Claude Henri Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) was the -founder of a sect, based upon more or less Socialistic principles, -extinguished by ridicule, and finally dissolved by the Courts for its -attacks upon public morals in 1833. Its author attempted suicide in -1823, but escaped with the loss of an eye.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of the -Phalansterian movement, based upon the Communistic principle.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> The system maintaining the simple humanity of Christ, -and denying His divinity.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> Publius Licinius Gallienus, Roman Emperor (233-268), -gave leave to Plotinus to build a town in Campania, to be recalled -Platonopolis; but the project fell through.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Plotinus (<i>circa</i> 205—<i>circa</i> 270) opened his school of -Neo-Platonic philosophy in Rome about the year 245.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Attila, King of the Huns (<i>d.</i> 453), when descending -into Italy in 452 after his defeat in France, was stopped outside Rome -by Pope St. Leo the Great, who persuaded him to return back after -exacting a tribute from the Emperor Valentinian III.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque (1767-1830), the -well-known publicist and Liberal politician.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Népomucène Louis Lemercier (1772-1840), a member of the -French Academy, and author of a number of plays and poems all of a -remarkable character. The finest is his tragedy of <i>Agamemnon</i>. He was -one of the first to break through Boileau's rule of the three unities -in dramatic literature.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827), a profound -geometrician and a <i>protégé</i> of d'Alembert, was Minister of the -Interior for six weeks after the 18 Brumaire, entered the Senate in -1799, and became President of that body. He was a member of the French -Academy, and was created a marquis and a peer by Louis XVIII. on -becoming its President (1817).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Joseph Louis Comte Lagrange (1736-1813), another famous -mathematician. He was for twenty years President of the Berlin Academy -(1766-1786). Napoleon made him a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, -a count, and a senator. He and Laplace may be said to have completed -Newton's work.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (1746-1818), a member -of the Academy of Science, was for a month Minister of Marine under -the Revolution (1792). During the wars of the Republic he devoted his -knowledge to elaborating the national means of defense, was one of the -founders of the Polytechnic School, accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, and -became President of the Cairo Institute. Napoleon gave him his title, -created him a senator, and loaded him with honours, all of which he -lost at the Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Jean Antoine Chaptal, Comte de Chanteloup (1756-1832), -a distinguished chemist and statesman. He was placed at the head of -the gunpowder factory at Grenelle in 1793, and there displayed an -incredible activity. In 1798 he became one of the original members of -the Institute, Minister of the Interior in 1800, a senator in 1805, and -a peer of France under the Restoration (1819).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Claude Louis Comte Berthollet (1748-1822), another -celebrated chemist, worked with Monge and Chaptal in the fabrication -of gunpowder and the multiplication of the means of defense during the -Republican wars. He also accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, where he made -many important researches. The Emperor made him a senator in 1805, and -he received his peerage under the Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> Constantine I. Emperor of the West (274-337), known as -Constantine the Great, was converted, by a sign of the Cross in the -sky, in the year 312.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> Ps. XXIII. 7, 9.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_II" id="BOOK_II">BOOK II</a><a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a></h4> - - -<p>The years 1802 and 1803—Country-houses—Madame de Custine—M. de -Saint-Martin—Madame de Houdetot and Saint-Lambert—Journey to -the south of France—M. de la Harpe—His death—Interview with -Bonaparte—I am appointed First Secretary of Embassy in Rome—Journey -from Paris to the Savoy Alps—From Mont Cenis to Rome—Milan to -Rome—Cardinal Fesch's palace—My occupations—Madame de Beaumont's -manuscripts—Letters from Madame de Caud—Madame de Beaumont's arrival -in Rome—Letters from my sister—Letter from Madame de Krüdener—Death -of Madame de Beaumont—Her funeral—Letters from M. de Chênedollé, -M. de Fontanes, M. Necker, and Madame de Staël—The years 1803 and -1804—First idea of my Memoirs—I am appointed French Minister to the -Valais—Departure from Rome—The year 1804—The Valais Republic—A -visit to the Tuileries—The Hôtel de Montmorin—I hear the death cried -of the Duc d'Enghien—I give in my resignation.</p> - - -<p>My life became quite disturbed so soon as it ceased to belong to -myself. I had a crowd of acquaintances outside my customary circle. I -was invited to the country-houses which were being restored. One did as -best he could in those half-unfurnished, half-furnished manor-houses, -in which old arm-chairs and new stood side by side. Nevertheless, some -of these manor-houses had remained intact, such as the Marais<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a>, -which had come into the possession of Madame de La Briche<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a>, an -excellent woman, whom happiness could never succeed in shaking off. I -remember that my immortality went to the Rue Saint-Dominique d'Enfer -to take a seat for the Marais in a wretched hired coach, where I met -Madame de Vintimille and Madame de Fezensac<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a>. At Champlâtreux<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> -M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> Molé was having some small rooms on the second floor rebuilt. -His father<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a>, who had been killed in the revolutionary style, was -replaced, in a dilapidated drawing-room, by a picture in which Matthieu -Molé was represented stopping a riot with his square cap: a picture -which brought home the difference in the times. A splendid intersection -of roads lined with lime-trees had been cut down; but one of the -avenues still remained in all the magnificence of its old shade; new -plantations have since been mixed with it: this is the age of poplars.</p> - -<p>On returning from the Emigration, there was no exile so poor but -laid out the winding walks of an English garden in the ten feet of -land or court-yard which he had recovered: did I myself, in days -past, not plant the Vallée-aux-Loups? Was it not there that I began -these Memoirs? Did I not continue them in Montboissier Park, whose -appearance, disfigured by neglect, its owners were then trying to -revive? Did I not lengthen them in the park at Maintenon<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a>, quite -recently restored, a new prey for the returning democracy? The castles -burnt in 1789 ought to have warned what remained of the castles to -remain hidden in their ruins: but the steeples of engulfed villages -which pierce through the lava of Vesuvius do not prevent new steeples -and new hamlets from being planted on the surface of that same lava.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Marquise de Custine.</div> - -<p>Among the bees adjusting their hive was the Marquise de Custine<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a>, -the heiress of the long tresses of Margaret of Provence<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a>, wife of -St. Louis, whose blood flowed in her veins. I was present when she took -possession of Fervacques<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a>, and I had the honour of sleeping in the -bed of the Bearnese, as I had of sleeping in Queen Christina's<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a> -bed at Combourg. The journey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> was no trifling matter: we had to take -on board the carriage Astolphe de Custine<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a>, then a child, M. -Berstoecher, his tutor, an old Alsatian nurse, who spoke only German, -Jenny, the lady's maid, and Trim, a famous dog which ate up the -provisions for the journey. Would one not have thought that this colony -was going to Fervacques for good? And yet the furnishing of the house -was not quite finished when the signal for removal was given. I saw her -who faced the scaffold with such great courage<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a>, I saw her, whiter -than one of the Fates, dressed in black, her figure made thin by death, -her head adorned only with her silken tresses; I saw her smile to me -with her pale lips and her beautiful teeth when she left Sécherons, -near Geneva, to breathe her last at Bex, at the entrance to the Valais; -I heard her coffin pass at night along the deserted streets of Lausanne -to take up its eternal place at Fervacques: she was hastening to hide -herself in a property which she had possessed for but a moment, like -her life. I had read on the corner of a chimney-piece in the <i>château</i> -those bad rhymes attributed to the lover of Gabrielle:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -La dame de Fervacques<br /> -Mérite de vives attacques<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The soldier-king had said as much to many others: passing declarations -of men, soon effaced and descending from beauty to beauty down to -Madame de Custine. Fervacques has been sold.</p> - -<p>I also met the Duchesse de Châtillon<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a>, who adorned my valley -at Aulnay during my absence in the Hundred Days. Mrs. Lindsay, -whom I continued to see, introduced me to Julie Talma<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a>. Madame -de Clermont-Tonnerre invited me. We had a common grandmother, and -she was good enough to call me cousin. The widow of the Comte de -Clermont-Tonnerre<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> she was married again, later, to the Marquis -de Talaru<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a>. She had converted M. de La Harpe in prison. It was -through her that I knew Neveu, the painter, who was enrolled among the -number of her <i>cicisbei</i>: Neveu brought me into momentary connection -with Saint-Martin<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a>.</p> - -<p>M. de Saint-Martin thought he had discovered in <i>Atala</i> a certain -cant which was far from my thoughts, but which to his mind proved an -affinity of doctrine between us. Neveu, in order to bring two brothers -together, asked us to dinner in a top room which he occupied in the -out-houses of the Palais-Bourbon. I reached the trysting-place at six -o'clock; the heavenly philosopher was at his post. At seven o'clock, a -discreet man-servant placed a tureen of soup upon the table, withdrew, -and closed the door. We sat down and began to eat in silence. M. de -Saint-Martin, who, for the rest, had a very fine manner, pronounced -only a few oracular phrases. Neveu replied with exclamations, uttered -with a painter's attitudes and grimaces. I said not a word.</p> - -<p>After half an hour, the necromancer returned, removed the soup, and -placed another dish on the table. The courses succeeded each other -in this way, one by one, and at long intervals. M. de Saint-Martin, -becoming gradually more excited, began to talk after the manner of -an archangel; the more he talked, the more obscure did his language -become. Neveu had hinted to me, squeezing my hand, that we should see -extraordinary things, that we should hear sounds. For six mortal hours -I listened and discovered nothing. At midnight, the man of visions -suddenly rose to his feet. I thought that the spirit of darkness or the -heavenly spirit was descending, that the bells were about to ring out -through the mysterious passages; but M. de Saint-Martin declared that -he was exhausted, and that we would resume the conversation another -time: he put on his hat and went away. Unhappily for himself, he was -stopped at the door and obliged to come back by an unexpected visit: -nevertheless he was not long in disappearing. I never saw him again: he -went off to die<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> in the garden of M. Lenoir-Laroche<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a>, my neighbour -at Aulnay.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Swedenborgian nonsense.</div> - -<p>I am a refractory subject for Swedenborgianism; the Abbé Faria<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a>, at -a dinner at Madame de Custine's, boasted of being able to kill a canary -by magnetizing it; the canary was the stronger of the two, and the -abbé, beside himself, was obliged to leave the party for fear of being -killed by the canary. The sole presence of myself, the Christian, had -rendered the tripod powerless.</p> - -<p>Another time, the celebrated Gall<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a>, again at Madame de Custine's, -dined next to me, without knowing me, mistook my facial angle, -took me for a frog, and tried, when he knew who I was, to patch up -his science in a way which made me blush for him. The shape of the -head can assist one in distinguishing the sex in individuals, in -indicating what belongs to the beast, to the animal passions; as to -the intellectual faculties, phrenology will never know them. If one -could collect the different skulls of the great men who have died since -the commencement of the world, and were to place them before the eyes -of the phrenologists without telling them to whom they belonged, they -would not forward one brain to its right address: the examination of -the "bumps" would produce the most comical mistakes.</p> - -<p>I feel conscience-smitten: I spoke of M. de Saint-Martin a trifle -scoffingly; I am sorry for it. That love of scoffing, which I am -constantly thrusting back and which incessantly returns to me, is a -cause of suffering to me; for I hate the satirical spirit as being the -pettiest, commonest, and easiest of all: of course, I am bringing no -charge against high comedy. M. de Saint-Martin was, when all is said -and done, a man of great merit, of noble and independent character. His -ideas, when they were explicable, were lofty and of a superior nature. -Ought I not to sacrifice the two foregoing pages to the generous and -much too flattering declaration of the author of the <i>Portrait de M. -de Saint-Martin fait par lui-même<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a>?</i> I should not hesitate to -suppress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> them, if what I say were able to do the smallest hurt to -the serious reputation of M. de Saint-Martin and to the esteem which -will always cling to his memory. I am glad, for the rest, to see that -my recollection has not deceived me: M. de Saint-Martin may not have -received quite the same impressions as myself at the dinner of which I -speak; but you will see that I have not invented the scene, and that M. -de Saint-Martin's account resembles mine at bottom:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"On the 27th of January 1803," he says, "I had an interview -with M. de Chateaubriand at a dinner arranged for the purpose -at M. Neveu's, in the Polytechnic School<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a>. It would have -been a great advantage to me to have known him earlier: he -is the only irreproachable man of letters with whom I have -come into contact in my existence, and even then I enjoyed -his conversation only during the meal. For, immediately -afterwards, there came a visit which made him dumb for the -rest of the evening, and I do not know when the occasion will -return, because the king of this world takes great care to -put a spoke in the wheel of my cart. For the rest, of whom do -I stand in need except God?"</p></blockquote> - -<p>M. de Saint-Martin is worth a thousand of me: the dignity of his last -sentence crushes my harmless banter with all the weight of a serious -nature.</p> - -<p>I had seen M. de Saint-Lambert<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> and Madame de Houdetot<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> at the -Marais. Both represented the opinions and the freedom of days gone -by, carefully packed up and preserved: it was the eighteenth century -dying and married after its own fashion. One need but hold on to life -for unlawfulness to become lawful. Men feel an infinite esteem for -immorality because it has not ceased to exist and because time has -adorned it with wrinkles. In truth, a virtuous husband and wife, who -are not husband and wife, but who remain together out of consideration -for their fellow-creatures, suffer a little from their venerable -condition; they bore and detest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> each other cordially with all the -ill-humour of old age; that is God's justice:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Malheur à qui le ciel accorde de longs jours<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Madame de Houdetot.</div> - -<p>It became difficult to understand certain pages of the <i>Confessions</i> -when one had seen the object of Rousseau's transports. Had Madame de -Houdetot kept the letters which Jean Jacques wrote to her, and which he -says were more brilliant than those in the <i>Nouvelle Héloïse?</i> It is -believed that she made a sacrifice of them to Saint-Lambert.</p> - -<p>When nearly eighty years of age, Madame de Houdetot still cried in -agreeable verses:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Et l'amour me console!</span><br /> -Rien ne pourra me consoler de lui<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>She never went to bed without striking the floor three times with her -slipper and saying, "Good-night, dear!" to the late author of the -<i>Saisons.</i> That was what the philosophy of the eighteenth century -amounted to in 1803.</p> - -<p>The society of Madame de Houdetot, Diderot, Saint-Lambert, Rousseau, -Grimm<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a>, and Madame d'Épinay rendered the Valley of Montmorency -insupportable to me, and though, with regard to facts, I am very glad -that a relic of the Voltairean times should have come under my notice, -I do not regret those times. I have lately again seen the house in -which Madame de Houdetot used to live at Sannois; it is now a mere -empty shell, reduced to the four walls. A deserted hearth is always -interesting; but what can we gather from hearth-stones by whose side -beauty has never sat, nor the mother of a family, nor religion, and -whose ashes, if they were not dispersed, would carry back the memory -only to days which were capable of nought save destruction?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>A piracy of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> at Avignon took me to the -south of France in the month of October 1802. I knew only my poor -Brittany and the northern provinces through which I had passed when -leaving my country. I was about to see the sun of Provence, the sky -which was to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> give me a fore-taste of Italy and Greece, towards -which my instinct and my muse alike urged me. I was in a happy mood; -my reputation made life seem light to me: there are many dreams -in the first intoxication of fame, and one's eyes at first become -rapturously filled with the rising light; but should that light become -extinguished, it leaves you in the dark: if it last, the habit of -seeing it soon renders you unmindful of it.</p> - -<p>Lyons pleased me extremely. I renewed my acquaintance with those works -of the Romans which I had not seen since the day when I read some -sheets of <i>Atala</i> out of my knapsack in the amphitheatre at Trèves. -Sailing-boats crossed from one bank of the Saône to the other, carrying -a light at night; they were steered by women; a sailor lass of eighteen -who took me on board, at each turn of the helm, adjusted a nosegay -of flowers badly fastened to her hat. I was awakened in the morning -by the sound of bells. The convents poised upon the slopes seemed to -have recovered their solitary inmates. The son of M. Ballanche<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a>, -the owner, after M. Migneret, of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, had -become my host: he has become my friend. Who does not know to-day the -Christian philosopher whose writings glow with that placid clearness on -which one loves to fix his eyes, as on the ray of a friendly star in -the sky?</p> - -<p>On the 27th of October the post-barge which was taking me to Avignon -was obliged to stop at Tain, owing to a storm. I thought myself -in America: the Rhone reminded me of my great wild rivers. I was -put into a little river-side inn; a conscript was standing at the -chimney-corner; he had his sack on his back, and was on his way to join -the Army of Italy. I wrote with the bellows of the chimney for a table, -opposite the landlady, who sat silently before me and showed her regard -for the traveller by preventing the dog and cat from making a noise. -What I was writing was an article which I had almost finished while -going down the Rhone, and which related to M. de Bonald's <i>Législation -primitive.</i> I foresaw what has since come to pass:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"French literature," I said, "is about to change its aspect; -with the Revolution new thoughts will come into being, new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> -views of men and things. It is easy to foresee that our -writers will become divided. Some will strive to leave the -beaten paths; others will try to copy the old models, while -nevertheless displaying them in a new light. It is very -probable that the latter will end by getting the better -of their adversaries, because, in leaning upon the great -traditions and the great men, they will have surer guides and -more fruitful documents."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The lines ending my travelling criticism are history; my mind was -beginning to move with my century:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The author of this article," I said, "cannot resist an -image drawn from the circumstances in which he finds himself -placed. At the very moment at which he is writing these -concluding words he is descending one of the greatest rivers -of France. On two opposite mountains stand two ruined towers; -at the top of those towers are fastened little bells, -which the mountaineers ring as we pass. This river, those -mountains, those sounds, those Gothic monuments, divert the -eyes of the spectators for a moment; but not one stops to go -whither the bell-tower calls him. Thus the men who to-day -preach morality and religion in vain give the signal from -the top of their ruins to those whom the torrent of the age -carries with it; the traveller is amazed at the grandeur of -the ruins, at the sweetness of the sounds that issue from -them, at the majesty of the memories that rise above them, -but he does not interrupt his journey, and at the first turn -in the stream all is forgotten<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Avignon.</div> - -<p>When I arrived at Avignon, on the eve of All Saints' Day, a child -hawking books offered them to me: I then and there bought three -different pirated editions of a little novel called <i>Atala</i>. By going -from one bookseller to the other, I unearthed the pirate, to whom I was -not known. He sold me the four volumes of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> -at the reasonable price of nine francs per copy, and praised both book -and author highly to me. He lived in a fine house standing in its own -grounds. I thought I had made a great discovery: after four-and-twenty -hours, I grew weary of following fortune, and made terms for next to -nothing with the robber.</p> - -<p>I saw Madame de Janson, a little wizened, white-haired,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> determined -woman, who struggled with the Rhone for her estate, exchanged -musket-shots with the inhabitants of the banks, and defended herself -against the years.</p> - -<p>Avignon reminded me of my fellow-countryman. Du Guesclin was good for -more than Bonaparte, because he rescued France from her conquerors. On -reaching the city of the Popes with the adventurers whom his glory was -leading to Spain, he said to the provost sent by the Pontiff to meet -him:</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"'Brother, do not deceive me: whence comes that treasure? Has the Pope -taken it from his treasure?'</p> - -<p>"And he answered no, and that the commons of Avignon had paid it, each -his portion.</p> - -<p>"'Then, provost,' said Bertrand, 'I promise you that we will not take -a farthing of it as we live, and wish that this money got together -be restored to them that paid it, and tell the Pope that he have it -restored to them; for if I knew that any other were done, it would lie -heavy on me; and had I crossed the sea, yet would I return thence.'</p> - -<p>"Thus was Bertrand paid with the Pope's money, and his folk absolved -again, and the said first absolution again confirmed."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In former days Avignon was considered the commencement of a Transalpine -journey: it was the entrance to Italy. The geographies say:</p> - -<p>"The Rhone belongs to the King, but the City of Avignon is watered by a -branch of the river, the Sorgue, which belongs to the Pope."</p> - -<p>Is the Pope very certain of long preserving the ownership of the Tiber? -At Avignon they used to visit the Celestine<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> monastery. Good King -René<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a>, who reduced the taxes when the tramontane wind blew, had -painted a skeleton in one of the halls of the Celestine monastery: it -was that of a woman of great beauty whom he had loved<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I looked for the Palace of the Popes and was shown the <i>ice-house</i>: -the Revolution has done away with celebrated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> places; the memories -of the past are obliged to shoot up through it and to reblossom over -dead bones<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a>. Alas, the groans of the victims die soon after them! -They scarcely reach some echo that causes them to survive a little -while after the voice from which they issued is extinguished for ever. -But, while the cry of sorrow was expiring on the banks of the Rhone, -one heard in the distance the sound of Petrarch's lute: a solitary -<i>canzone</i>, escaping from the tomb, continued to charm Vaucluse<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> -with an immortal melancholy and the love sorrows of olden time.</p> - -<p>Alain Chartier<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> had come from Bayeux to be buried at Avignon in the -Church of St. Anthony. He had written the <i>Belle Dame sans mercy</i>, and -the kiss of Margaret of Scotland<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> made him live.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Marseilles.</div> - -<p>From Avignon I went to Marseilles. What is left to be desired by a town -to which Cicero addressed these words, of which the oratorical manner -was imitated by Bossuet:</p> - -<p>"Nor will I forget thee, O Massilia, who in virtue and dignity shouldst -rank not only before Greece, but for aught I know before the whole -world<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a>!"</p> - -<p>Tacitus, in the Life of Agricola, also praises Marseilles as combining -the Greek urbanity with the economy of the Latin provinces. Daughter of -Hellas, foundress of Gaul, celebrated by Cicero, captured by Cæsar, is -not that sufficient glory united? I hastened to climb to <i>Notre Dame de -la Garde</i>, to admire the sea which the smiling coasts of all the famous -countries of antiquity line with their ruins. The sea, which does not -move, is the source of mythology, even as the ocean, which rises twice -a day, is the abyss to which Jehovah said:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -"Thou shalt go no farther<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a>."<br /> -</p> - -<p>In this same year, 1838, I climbed again to that summit; I saw again -that sea which I now know so well, and at the end of which rose the -Cross and the Tomb victorious. The mistral was blowing; I went into -the fort built by Francis I., where no longer a veteran of the army of -Egypt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> kept guard, but where stood a conscript destined for Algiers and -lost under the gloomy vaults. Silence reigned in the restored chapel, -while the wind moaned without. The hymn of the Breton sailors to Our -Lady of Succour returned to my mind; you know when and how I have -already quoted that plaint of my early ocean days:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Je mets ma confiance,<br /> -Vierge, en votre secours.<br /> -</p> - -<p>How many events it had needed to bring me back to the feet of the "Star -of the Sea," to whom I had been vowed in my childhood! When I gazed at -those votive offerings, those paintings of ship-wrecks hung all around -me, it was as though I were reading the story of my life. Virgil places -the Trojan hero beneath the Porches of Carthage, moved at the sight -of a picture representing the burning of Troy, and the genius of the -singer of Hamlet has made use of the soul of the singer of Dido.</p> - -<p>I no longer recognised Marseilles at the foot of that rock once covered -with a forest sung by Lucan: I could no longer lose my way in its long, -wide, straight streets. The harbour was crowded with ships; thirty-six -years ago I should with difficulty have found a "boat," steered by a -descendant of Pytheas<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a>, to carry me to Cyprus like Joinville<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a>: -time rejuvenates cities, reversing its action upon men. I preferred my -old Marseilles, with its memories of the Bérengers<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a>, the Duke of -Anjou<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>, King René, Guise and d'Épernon<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a>, with the monuments of -Louis XIV. and the virtues of Belsunce<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a>: the wrinkles on its brow -pleased me. Perhaps, in regretting the years which it has lost, I but -bewail those which I have found. Marseilles received me graciously, it -is true; but the rival of Athens has grown too young for me.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<p>If the <i>Memoirs</i> of Alfieri<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> had been published in 1802 I should -not have left Marseilles without visiting the rock from which the poet -used to bathe. That rugged man once succeeded in attaining the charm of -reverie and of expression:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"After the performance," he writes, "one of my amusements, -at Marseilles, was to bathe almost every evening in the -sea; I had found a very agreeable spot, on a neck of land -situated to the right of the harbour, where, seated on the -sand, with my back leaning against a rock, which prevented -me from being seen from the land side, I could behold -the sky and sea without interruption. Between those two -immensities, embellished by the rays of the setting sun, I -passed delicious hours dreaming of future delights; and there -I might unquestionably have become a poet, could I have given -any language whatever to my thoughts and feelings<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Jean Reboul.</div> - -<p>I returned through Languedoc and Gascony. At Nîmes, the Arena<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> and -the Maison Carrée<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a> had not yet been extricated: in the present -year, 1838, I have seen them exhumed. I have also looked up Jean -Reboul<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a>. I had my doubts concerning those workmen poets, who are -generally neither poets nor workmen: I owe M. Reboul a reparation. I -found him in his bakery; I spoke to him without knowing whom I was -addressing, failing to distinguish him from his fellow-worshippers of -Ceres. He took my name and said he would go and see if the person for -whom I was asking was there. He returned soon after and introduced -himself: he took me into his shop; we wended our way through a -labyrinth of flour-sacks, and clambered up a sort of ladder into a -little closet resembling the upper room of a wind-mill. There we sat -down and talked. I was as happy as in my garret in London, and happier -than in my ministerial armchair in Paris. M. Reboul drew a manuscript -from a chest of drawers, and read me some powerful verses from a poem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> -which he is writing on the <i>Dernier Jour.</i> I congratulated him on his -religion and his talent<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a>.</p> - -<p>I had to take leave of my host, not without wishing him the gardens -of Horace. I would have better loved to see him dream beside the -Cascade at Tivoli than gather the wheat crushed by the wheel above that -cascade. It is true that Sophocles was perhaps a blacksmith in Athens, -and that Plautus, in Rome, was a harbinger of Reboul at Nîmes<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a>.</p> - -<p>Between Nîmes and Montpellier, I passed, on my left, Aigues-Mortes, -which I have visited in 1838. This town is still quite intact, with its -towers and its surrounding rampart; it resembles a large ship stranded -on the sands where St. Louis, time and the sea have left it. The -Saint-king gave "usages" and statutes to the town of Aigues-Mortes:</p> - -<p>"He wills that the prison be such that it serve not for the -extermination of the person, but for its safe-keeping; that no -information be granted for mere injurious words; that adultery itself -be not enquired into, except in certain cases; and that he who violates -a maid, <i>volente vel nolente</i>, shall not lose his life, nor any of his -members, <i>sed alio modo puniatur.</i>"</p> - -<p>At Montpellier I again saw the sea, to which I would gladly have -written in the words of the Most Christian King to the Swiss -Confederation: "My trusty ally and well-beloved friend." Scaliger<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> -would have liked to make Montpellier "the nest of his old age." It -received its name from two virgin saints, <i>Mons puellarum</i>: hence the -beauty of its women. Montpellier<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a>, falling before the Cardinal de -Richelieu, witnessed the death of the aristocratic constitution of -France.</p> - -<p>On the road from Montpellier to Narbonne, I had a return to my native -disposition, an attack of my dreaminess. I should have forgotten that -attack if, like certain imaginary invalids, I had not entered the day -of my crisis on a tiny bulletin, the only note of that time which I -have found to aid my memory. This time it was an arid space covered -with fox-gloves that made me forget the world: my eyes glided over -that sea of purple stalks, and encountered at the distance only the -blue chain of the Cantal Mountains. In nature, with the exception -of the sky, the sea and the sun, it is not the immense objects that -inspire me; they give me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> only a sensation of greatness, which flings -my own littleness distraught and disconsolate at the feet of God. But a -flower which I pick, a stream of water hiding among the rushes, a bird -alternately flying and resting before my eyes lead me on towards all -kinds of dreams. Is it not better to be moved for no definite reason -than to go through life seeking blunted interests, chilled by their -repetition and their number? All is worn out nowadays, even misfortune.</p> - -<p>At Narbonne I reached the Canal des Deux-Mers<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a>. Corneille, singing -this work, adds his own greatness to that of Louis XIV.<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Toulouse.</div> - -<p>At Toulouse, from the bridge over the Garonne, I could see the line of -the Pyrenees; I was to cross it four years later: our horizons succeed -one another like our days. They offered to show me, in a cave, the -dried body of Fair Paule<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a>: blessed are they that have not seen and -have believed! Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> had been beheaded in the courtyard of -the town-hall: that head struck off must have been very important, -since they still speak of it after so many other heads have been taken -off? I do not know if, in the history of criminal proceedings, there -exists an eye-witness' evidence which has more clearly established a -man's identity:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The fire and smoke which covered him," said Guitaut, -"prevented me from recognising him; but seeing a man who, -after breaking six of our ranks, was still killing soldiers -in the seventh, I thought that it could be only M. de -Montmorency; I knew it for certain when I saw him thrown to -the ground under his dead horse."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The deserted Church of St. Sernin impressed me by its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> architecture. -This church is connected with the history of the Albigenses, which the -poem so well translated by M. Fauriel<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> revives:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The gallant young count, his father's heir and the light of -his eyes, with the cross and the sword, enter together by -one of the doors. Not a single young girl remains in chamber -or on landing; the inhabitants of the town, great and small, -all come out to gaze upon the count as on a fair and blooming -rose."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It is to the time of Simon de Montfort<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> that the loss of the -<i>langue d'Oc</i> dates back:</p> - -<p>"Simon, seeing himself lord of so many lands, bestowed them among the -gentle men, both French and others, <i>atque loci leges dedimus</i>," say -the eight signatory archbishops and bishops.</p> - -<p>I should have liked to have had time to inquire at Toulouse after one -of my great admirations, Cujas<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a>, writing, flat on the ground, with -his books spread around him. I do not know whether the memory has -been preserved of his twice-married daughter Suzanne. Constancy had -no great attractions for Suzanne, she set it at naught; but she kept -one of her husbands alive with the same infidelities which caused the -other's death. Cujas was protected by the daughter of Francis I.<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a>, -Pibrac by the daughter of Henry II.<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a>: two Margarets of the blood -of the Valois, the true blood of the Muses. Pibrac<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> is famous -through his quatrains, which have been translated into Persian. I was -perhaps lodged in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> the house of the president his father. That "good -Lord of Pibrac," according to Montaigne, was "a man of so quaint and -rare wit, of so sound judgment, and of so mild and affable behaviour." -His mind was "so dissonant and different in proportion from our -deplorable corruption, and so farre from agreeing with our tumultuous -stormes<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>." And Pibrac wrote the apology of St. Bartholomew's Night!</p> - -<p>I hurried on without being able to stop: fate threw me back to 1838 -to admire in detail the city of Raimond de Saint-Gilles<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a>, and to -speak of the new acquaintances I made there: M. de Lavergne<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a>, a -man of talent, wit, and sense; Mademoiselle Honorine Gasc<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a>, the -Malibran of the future. The latter reminded me, in my new quality of a -follower of Clémence Isaure<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a>, of those verses which Chapelle and -Bachaumont<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> wrote in the isle of Ambijoux, near Toulouse:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Hélas! que l'on serait heureux<br /> -Dans ce beau lieu digne d'envie,<br /> -Si, toujours aimé de Sylvie,<br /> -On pouvait, toujours amoureux,<br /> -Avec elle passer sa vie<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>Let Mademoiselle Honorine be on her guard against her beautiful voice! -Talents are "gold of Toulouse:" they bring misfortune.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bordeaux.</div> - -<p>Bordeaux was as yet scarce rid of its scaffolds and its dastardly -Girondins. All the towns which I saw had the appearance of beautiful -women lately risen from a violent malady, and hardly commencing to -breathe again. In Bordeaux, Louis XIV. had caused the Palais des -Tutelles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> to be razed, in order to build the Chateau Trompette<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a>; -Spon<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a> and the lovers of antiquity groaned:</p> - -<p> -Pourquoi démolit-on ces colonnes des dieux,<br /> -Ouvrage des Césars, monument tutélaire<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a>?<br /> -</p> - -<p>There were but a few remains of the Arena to be seen. Were we to offer -a token of regret to all that falls, life would be too short for our -tears.</p> - -<p>I took ship for Blaye. I saw the castle, then unknown, to which in 1833 -I addressed these words:</p> - -<p>"O captive of Blaye<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a>, I am sorrow-stricken to be able to do nothing -to forward your present destinies!"</p> - -<p>I travelled towards Rochefort, and went on to Nantes through the Vendée.</p> - -<p>This district bore the mutilations and scars due to its valour, like an -old warrior. Bones bleached by time and ruins blackened by fire met the -gaze. When the Vendeans were on the point of attacking the enemy, they -knelt down to receive the blessing of a priest. Prayers uttered under -arms were not reckoned as weakness, for the Vendean who raised his -sword towards Heaven asked for victory, not for life.</p> - -<p>The diligence in which I found myself interred was full of travellers -who related the rapes and murders with which they had glorified their -lives in the wars of the Vendée. My heart throbbed when, after crossing -the Loire at Nantes, we entered Brittany. I passed by the College of -Rennes, which witnessed the last years of my childhood. I was able to -remain for only four-and-twenty hours with my wife and sisters, and I -returned to Paris.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I arrived in time for the death of a man who belonged to those superior -names of the second rank in the eighteenth century which, forming a -solid rear-line in society, gave it a certain fulness and consistency.</p> - -<p>I had known M. de La Harpe in 1789: like Flins, he had become smitten -with a great passion for my sister, Madame la Comtesse de Farcy. -He used to come up with three large volumes of his works under his -little arms, quite astounded to find that his glory did not triumph -over the most rebellious hearts. Loud-voiced, and eager in manner, -he thundered against every abuse, ordered an omelette to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> made -for him at the ministers' houses when the dinner had not been to his -taste, eating with his fingers, dragging his cuffs in the dishes, -talking philosophical scurrilities to the greatest lords, who doted -on his impertinences; but, when all was said, his was an upright -and enlightened mind, impartial amid all its passions, with a quick -sense for talent, capable of admiration, of shedding tears over fine -poetry or a fine action, and possessing a foundation fit to support -repentance. He was not wanting at the end; I saw him die the death -of a brave Christian, with his taste enlarged by religion, and -retaining no pride except as against impiety, no hatred except that of -"Revolutionary language<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a>."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of M. de La Harpe.</div> - -<p>On my return from the Emigration, religion had disposed M. de La Harpe -in favour of my works: the illness which attacked him did not prevent -him from working himself; he read me passages from a poem which he was -writing on the Revolution<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a>; in it occurred notably some pithy lines -directed against the crimes of the age and the "worthy men" who had -permitted them:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Mais s'ils ont tout osé, vous avez tout permis:<br /> -Plus l'oppresseur est vil, plus l'esclave est infâme<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Forgetting that he was ill, dressed in a wadded spencer, with a white -cotton night-cap on his head, he recited with all his might; then, -dropping his copy-book, he said in a voice that hardly reached the ear:</p> - -<p>"I can't go on; I feel a grip of iron in my side."</p> - -<p>And if, unfortunately, a maid-servant should happen to pass by, he -would resume his stentorian voice and roar:</p> - -<p>"Go away! Shut the door!"</p> - -<p>I said to him one day:</p> - -<p>"You will live for the good of religion."</p> - -<p>"Ah, yes," he replied, "it would certainly be for God; but He does not -wish it, and I shall die within these few days."</p> - -<p>Falling back into his chair, and drawing his night-cap over his ears, -he expiated his former pride by his present resignation and humility.</p> - -<p>At a dinner at Migneret's, I had heard him speak of himself with -the greatest modesty, declaring that he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> done nothing out of -the common, but that he believed that art and the language had not -degenerated in his hands.</p> - -<p>M. de La Harpe quitted this life on the 11th of February 1803; the -author of the <i>Saisons</i> died almost at the same time, fortified with -all the consolations of philosophy, as M. de La Harpe died fortified -with all the consolations of religion: the one was visited by men, the -other by God.</p> - -<p>M. de La Harpe was buried on the 12th of February 1803 in the cemetery -at the Barrière de Vaugirard. The coffin was placed beside the grave -on the little mound of earth that was soon to cover it, and M. de -Fontanes delivered a funeral oration. It was a dismal scene: whirling -snow-flakes fell from the clouds and covered the pall with white, while -the wind blew it upwards, to allow the last words of friendship to -reach the ears of death. The cemetery has been destroyed and M. de La -Harpe disinterred: there was hardly anything left of his poor ashes. -M. de La Harpe had been married under the Directory, and had not been -happy with his beautiful wife; she had been seized with loathing at the -sight of him, and had persisted in refusing him any of his rights<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a>.</p> - -<p>For the rest, M. de La Harpe, like everything else, had diminished -by the side of the Revolution, which was ever growing in dimensions: -reputations hastily shrank away before the representative of that -Revolution, even as dangers lost their power before him.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While we were engrossed with vulgar life and death, the gigantic -progress of the world was being realized; the Man of the Time was -taking the head of the table at the banquet of the human race. Amid -vast commotions, precursors of the universal displacement, I had landed -at Calais to bear my part in the general action, within the limits set -to each soldier. I arrived, in the first year of the century, at the -camp where Bonaparte was beating the destinies to arms: soon after, he -became First Consul for life.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p> - -<p>After the adoption of the Concordat by the Legislative Body in 1802, -Lucien, then Minister of the Interior, gave an entertainment to his -brother; I was invited, as having rallied the Christian forces and led -them back to the charge. I was in the gallery when Napoleon entered: -he struck me pleasantly; I had never seen him except at a distance. -His smile was beautiful and caressing; his eyes were admirable, owing -especially to the manner in which they were placed beneath his forehead -and framed in his eyebrows. There was as yet no charlatanism in his -glance, nothing theatrical or affected. The <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, -which was then making a great stir, had worked upon Napoleon. A -prodigious imagination animated that so frigid politician: he would -not have been what he was, if the Muse had not been there; reason -but carried out the poet's ideas. All those men who lead the large -life are always a compound of two natures, for they must be capable -of inspiration and of action: one conceives the plan, the other -accomplishes it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The First Consul.</div> - -<p>Bonaparte saw me and recognised me, I know not by what. When he turned -in my direction no one knew whom he was making for; the ranks opened -successively; each hoped that the Consul would stop at him; he appeared -to feel a certain impatience with those misconceptions. I hid behind my -neighbours; suddenly Bonaparte raised his voice and said:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur de Chateaubriand!"</p> - -<p>I then remained standing out alone, for the crowd withdrew, and soon -formed again in a circle around the speakers. Bonaparte addressed -me with simplicity: without paying me any compliments, without idle -questions, without preamble, he spoke to me at once of Egypt and the -Arabs, as though I had been one of his intimates, and as though he were -only continuing a conversation already commenced between us.</p> - -<p>"I was always much impressed," he said, "when I saw the sheiks fall on -their knees in the middle of the desert, turn towards the East, and -touch the sand with their foreheads. What was that unknown thing which -they worshipped in the East?"</p> - -<p>Bonaparte interrupted himself and broached another idea without any -transition:</p> - -<p>"Christianity! Have not the ideologists tried to make a system of -astronomy of it? And if that should be so, do they think they can -persuade me that Christianity is small? If Christianity is the allegory -of the movement of the spheres,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> the geometry of the stars, the -free-thinkers may say what they please: in spite of themselves, they -have still left tolerable greatness to 'the infamous thing.'"</p> - -<p>Incontinently Bonaparte moved away. As with Job, in my night "a spirit -passed before me, the hair of my flesh stood up. There stood one whose -countenance I knew not ... and I heard the voice as it were of a -gentle wind<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a>."</p> - -<p>My days have been but a series of visions; Hell and Heaven have -continually opened up beneath my feet or over my head, without giving -me time to explore their darkness or their light. One single time, on -the shore of the two worlds, I met the man of the last and the man of -the new century: Washington and Napoleon. I conversed for a moment with -each; both sent me back to solitude: the first through a kindly wish, -the second through a crime.</p> - -<p>I observed that, when going round among the crowd, Bonaparte cast -deeper glances on me than those which he had fixed upon me while -talking to me. I too followed him with my eyes:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Chi è quel grande che non par che curi<br /> -L'incendio<a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a>?<br /> -</p> - -<p>In consequence of this interview, Bonaparte thought of me for Rome: -he had decided at a glance where and how I could be of use to him. It -mattered little to him that I had no experience of public affairs, that -I was entirely unacquainted with practical diplomacy; he believed that -a given mind always understands and has no need of apprenticeship. He -was a great discoverer of men: but he wished them to possess talent -only for him, and even then on condition that that talent was not much -discussed; jealous of every renown, he regarded it as an usurpation -over his own: there was to be none save Napoleon in the universe.</p> - -<p>Fontanes and Madame Bacciochi spoke to me of the pleasure the Consul -had found in "my conversation:" I had not opened my mouth; that meant -that Bonaparte was pleased with himself. They urged me to avail myself -of fortune. The idea of being anything had never occurred to me; I -flatly refused. Then they persuaded an authority to speak whom it was -difficult for me to resist.</p> - -<p>The Abbé Émery<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a>, the superior of the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> -came and entreated me, in the name of the clergy, to accept, for -the good of religion, the post of first secretary to the embassy -which Bonaparte had reserved for his uncle, Cardinal Fesch<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a>. He -gave me to understand that the cardinal's intelligence was not very -remarkable and that I should soon find myself the master of affairs. -A singular chance had brought me into connection with the Abbé Émery: -I had crossed to the United States with the Abbé Nagat and several -seminarists, as you know. That remembrance of my obscurity, my youth, -my life as a traveller, which reflected itself in my public life, -seized hold of my imagination and my heart. The Abbé Émery, who was -esteemed by Bonaparte, was subtle by nature and by reason of his cloth -and of the Revolution; but he used that threefold subtlety only on -behalf of his true merit; ambitious only to do good, he acted only in -the most prosperous circle of a seminary. Circumspect as he was in his -actions and words, it would have been superfluous to do violence to the -Abbé Émery, for he always held his life at your disposal, in exchange -for his will, which he never surrendered: his strength lay in waiting -for you, seated on his tomb.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I am sent to Rome.</div> - -<p>He failed in his first attempt; he returned to the charge, and his -patience ended by persuading me. I accepted the place which he had -been commissioned to offer me, without being in the smallest degree -convinced of my usefulness in the post to which I was called: I am no -good at all in the second rank. I might perhaps have again withdrawn, -if the thought of Madame de Beaumont had not come to put an end to my -scruples. M. de Montmorin's daughter was dying; she had been told that -the climate of Italy would be favourable to her; if I went to Rome she -would make up her mind to cross the Alps. I sacrificed myself to the -hope of saving her. Madame de Chateaubriand prepared to come to join -me; M. Joubert spoke of accompanying her; and Madame de Beaumont set -out for Mont-Dore<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a>, in order afterwards to complete her cure on the -banks of the Tiber.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> occupied the Ministry for Foreign Affairs; he -sent me my nomination. I dined with him: he has always maintained in -my mind the place which he occupied at our first meeting. For the -rest, his fine manners made a contrast with those of the ruffians of -his environment; his profligacy assumed an astounding importance: in -the eyes of a brutal gang, moral corruption seemed genius, frivolity -profundity. The Revolution was over-modest; it did not sufficiently -appreciate its superiority: it is not the same thing to stand above -crimes or beneath them.</p> - -<p>I saw the ecclesiastics attached to the cardinal's person; I remarked -the gay Abbé de Bonnevie<a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a>: formerly, in his capacity as chaplain -to the Army of the Princes, he had taken part in the retreat from -Verdun; he had also been grand-vicar to the Bishop of Châlons, M. de -Clermont-Tonnerre<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a>, who set out behind us in order to claim a -pension from the Holy See, in his quality as a "Chiaramonte<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a>." So -soon as my preparations were completed I started: I was to precede -Napoleon's uncle to Rome.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In Lyons I again saw my friend M. Ballanche. I witnessed the revival of -Corpus Christi: I felt as though I had in some way contributed to those -posies of flowers, to that joy of Heaven which I had called back to -earth.</p> - -<p>I continued my journey, finding a cordial welcome wherever I went: -my name was linked with the restoration of the altars. The keenest -pleasure which I have experienced has been to feel myself honoured in -France and abroad with marks of serious interest. It has sometimes -happened that, while resting in a village inn, I saw a father and -mother enter with their son: they told me they were bringing their -child to thank me. Was it self-conceit that then gave me the pleasure -of which I speak? How did it affect my vanity that lowly and honest -people should give me a token of their satisfaction on the high-road, -in a place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> where none overheard them? What did touch me, at least I -venture to think so, was that I had done some little good, consoled -a few distressed, caused the hope to revive in a mother's yearnings -of bringing up a Christian son: that is to say, a submissive son, -respectful, attached to his parents. Should I have tasted this pure joy -if I had written a book which morals or religion would have had cause -to bewail?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My journey to Rome.</div> - -<p>The road is somewhat dreary on leaving Lyons: after leaving the -Tour-du-Pin, as far as Pont-de-Beauvoisin, it is shady and wooded. At -Chambéry, where Bayard's chivalrous soul showed itself so fine, a man -was welcomed by a woman, and by way of payment for the hospitality -received at her hands, thought himself philosophically obliged to -dishonour her. That is the danger of literature: the desire to make -a stir gets the better of generous sentiment; if Rousseau had never -become a celebrated writer, he would have buried in the valleys of -Savoy the frailties of the woman who had fed him; he would have -sacrificed himself to the very faults of his friend; he would have -relieved her in her old age, instead of contenting himself with giving -her a snuff-box and running away. Ah, may the voice of friendship -betrayed never be raised against our tombstones!</p> - -<p>After passing Chambéry, one comes to the stream of the Isère. On every -hand, in the valleys, one meets with road-side crosses and lady-statues -fixed in the trunks of the pine-trees. The little churches, surrounded -with trees, form a touching contrast with the great mountains. When the -winter whirlwinds come sweeping down from those ice-laden summits, the -Savoyard takes shelter in his rustic temple and prays.</p> - -<p>The valleys which one enters above Montmélian are hemmed by mountains -of different shapes, sometimes half bare, sometimes clad in forests. -Aiguebelle seems to shut in the Alps; but, on turning round an isolated -rock, fallen in the middle of the road, you catch sight of new valleys -attached to the course of the Arc. The mountains on either side stand -erect; their flanks become perpendicular; their barren summits begin to -display a few glaciers: torrents come rushing down to swell the Arc, -which runs madly along. Amid this tumult of the waters, one remarks -a light cascade which falls with infinite grace beneath a curtain of -willows.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> - -<p>After crossing Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne I arrived towards sunset at -Saint-Michel, and found no horses. I was obliged to stop, and went for -a stroll outside the village. The air became transparent on the ridge -of the mountains; their denticulation was outlined with extraordinary -clearness, while a great darkness, issuing from their feet, rose -towards their crests. The note of the nightingale was heard below, the -cry of the eagle above; the blossoming lote-tree stood in the valley, -the white snow on the mountain. A castle, popularly believed to be the -work of the Carthaginians, showed upon the sheer-cut redan. There, -incorporated with the rock, had stood one man's hatred, overcoming all -obstacles. The vengeance of the human race weighed down upon a free -people, which was able to build its greatness only with the slavery and -blood of the rest of the world.</p> - -<p>I left at day-break and arrived at about two o'clock in the afternoon -at Lans-le-Bourg, at the foot of Mont Cenis. On entering the village, -I saw a peasant who held an eaglet by the feet; a pitiless band struck -the young king, insulted his youthful weakness and fallen majesty; the -father and mother of the noble orphan had been killed. They offered -to sell him to me: he died of the ill-treatment to which he had been -subjected before I was able to deliver him. I then remembered poor -little Louis XVII.; to-day I think of Henry V.: what swiftness of -downfall and misfortune!</p> - -<p>Here one begins to ascend Mont Cenis and leave the little River Arc, -which brings you to the foot of the mountain. On the other side of Mont -Cenis, the Dora opens the entrance of Italy to you. Rivers are not only -"moving high-roads," as Pascal calls them, but they also mark the road -for men.</p> - -<p>Standing for the first time on the summit of the Alps, I was seized -with a strange emotion. I was like the lark which had just crossed -the frozen upland, and which, after singing its little burden of the -plains, had alighted amid the snows, instead of dropping down upon the -harvest. The stanzas with which those mountains inspired me in 1822 -reflect with some accuracy my feeling on the same spot in 1803:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Alpes, vous n'avez point subi mes destinées!<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Le temps ne vous peut rien;</span><br /> -Vos fronts légèrement ont porté les années<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Qui pèsent sur le mien.</span><br /> -<br /> -Pour la première fois, quand, rempli d'espérance,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Je franchis vos remparts,</span><br /> -Ainsi que l'horizon, un avenir immense<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">S'ouvrait à mes regards.</span><br /> -<br /> -L'Italie à mes pieds, et devant moi le monde<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>That world, have I really penetrated into it? Christopher Columbus saw -an apparition which showed him the land of his dreams before he had -discovered it; Vasco de Gama met the giant of the storms on his road: -which of those two great men presaged my future? What I should have -loved above all would have been a life glorious through a brilliant -result, and obscure through its destiny. Do you know which were the -first European ashes to rest in America? They were those of Bjorn the -Scandinavian: he died on landing at Winland, and was buried by his -companions on a promontory. Who knows that<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a>? Who knows of him whose -sail preceded the vessel of the Genoese pilot to the New World? Bjorn -sleeps on the point of an unknown cape, and since a thousand years his -name has been handed down to us only by the sagas of the poets, in a -language no longer spoken.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Italy.</div> - -<p>I had begun my wanderings in an opposite direction to that of other -travellers. The old forests of America had displayed themselves to -me before the old cities of Europe. I happened upon the latter when -they were at the same time renewing their youth and dying in a fresh -revolution. Milan was occupied by our troops; they were completing the -demolition of the castle, that witness to the wars of the Middle Ages.</p> - -<p>The French army was settling in the plains of Lombardy as a military -colony. Guarded here and there by their comrades on sentry, these -strangers from Gaul, with forage-caps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> on their heads and sabres by way -of reaping-hooks over their round jackets, presented the appearance -of gay and eager harvesters. They moved stones, rolled guns, drove -waggons, ran up sheds and huts of brushwood. Horses pranced, curveted, -reared among the crowd, like dogs fawning on their masters. Italian -women sold fruit on their flat baskets at the market of that armed -fair; our soldiers made them presents of their pipes and steels, saying -to them as the ancient barbarians, their ancestors, said to their -beloved:</p> - -<p>"I, Fotrad, son of Eupert, of the race of the Franks, give to -thee, Helgine, my dear wife, in honour of thy beauty (<i>in honore -pulchritudinis tuæ</i>), my dwelling in the quarter of the Pines<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a>."</p> - -<p>We are curious enemies: we are at first considered rather insolent, -rather too gay, too restless; but we have no sooner turned our backs -than we are regretted. Lively, witty, intelligent, the French soldier -mixes in the occupations of the inhabitant on whom he is billeted: he -draws water at the well, as Moses did for the daughters of Madian, -drives away the shepherds, takes the lambs to the washing-place, chops -the wood, lights the fire, watches the pot, carries the baby in his -arms, or sends it to sleep in its cradle. His good humour and activity -put life into everything; one grows to look upon him as a conscript of -the family. Does the drum beat? The lodger runs to his musket, leaves -his host's daughters weeping on the threshold, and quits the cabin of -which he will never think again until he is admitted to the Invalides.</p> - -<p>On my passage through Milan, a great people aroused was for a moment -opening its eyes. Italy was recovering from her sleep, and remembering -her genius as it were a heavenly dream: useful to our reviving -country, she brought to the shabbiness of our poverty the grandeur -of the Transalpine nature, nurtured as she was, that Ausonia, on the -master-pieces of the arts and the lofty reminiscences of the famous -motherland. Austria has come; she has again laid her cloak of lead -over the Italians; she has forced them back into their coffin. Rome -has re-entered her ruins, Venice her sea. Venice sank down, while -beautifying the sky with her last smile; she set all charming in her -waves, like a star doomed to rise no more.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> - -<p>General Murat was in command at Milan. I had a letter for him from -Madame Bacciochi. I spent the day with the aides-de-camp; these were -not so poor as my comrades before Thionville. French politeness -reappeared under arms; it was bent upon showing that it still belonged -to the days of Lautrec<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a>.</p> - -<p>I dined in state, on the 23rd of June, with M. de Melzi<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a>, on the -occasion of the christening of a son of General Murat<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a>. M. de -Melzi had known my brother; the manners of the Vice-President of the -Cisalpine Republic were distinguished; his household resembled that of -a prince who had never been anything else. He treated me politely and -coldly; he found me in exactly the same disposition as himself.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">First glimpses of Rome.</div> - -<p>I reached my destination on the evening of the 27th of June, the day -before the eve of St. Peter's Day<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a>. The Prince of Apostles was -awaiting me, even as my indigent patron<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> received me since at -Jerusalem. I had followed the road of Florence, Siena, and Radicofani. -I hastened to go to call upon M. Cacault<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a>, whom Cardinal Fesch was -succeeding, while I was replacing M. Artaud<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a>.</p> - -<p>On the 28th of June, I ran about all day, and cast a first glance upon -the Coliseum, the Pantheon, the Trajan Column, and the Castle of St. -Angelo. In the evening, M. Artaud took me to a ball at a house in the -neighbourhood of the Piazza San-Pietro. One saw the fiery girandole of -the dome of Michael Angelo in between the whirling waltzes spinning -before the open windows; the rockets of the fireworks on the Molo -d'Adriano spread out brilliantly at Sant' Onofrio,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> over Tasso's tomb: -silence, solitude and night filled the Roman Campagna.</p> - -<p>The next day, I assisted at the St. Peter's Mass. Pius VII.<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a>, pale, -sad and religious, was the real pontiff of tribulations. Two days later -I was presented to His Holiness: he made me sit beside him. A volume -of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> lay open, in an obliging fashion, upon -his table. Cardinal Consalvi<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a>, supple and firm, gently and politely -resistant, was the living embodiment of the old Roman policy, minus the -faith of those days and plus the tolerance of the century.</p> - -<p>When going through the Vatican, I stopped to contemplate those -staircases which one can ascend on mule-back, those sloping galleries -folding one upon the other, adorned with master-pieces, along which -the popes of old used to pass with all their pomp, those <i>loggie</i> -decorated by so many immortal artists, admired by so many illustrious -men, Petrarch, Tasso, Ariosto, Montaigne, Milton, Montesquieu, and -queens and kings, mighty or fallen, and a whole people of pilgrims from -the four quarters of the globe: all that now without movement or sound; -a theatre whose deserted tiers, open to solitude alone, are scarce -visited by a ray of the sun.</p> - -<p>I had been advised to take a walk by moonlight: from the top of the -Trinità-del-Monte, the distant buildings looked like a painter's -sketches or like softened coast-lines seen from the deck of a ship at -sea. The orb of night, that globe supposed to be an extinct world, -turned its pale deserts above the deserts of Rome; it cast its light -upon streets without inhabitants, closes, squares, gardens where none -passed, monasteries where the voices of the cenobites were no longer -heard, cloisters as mute and desolate as the porticoes of the Coliseum.</p> - -<p>What happened, eighteen centuries ago, at this very hour and in this -very spot? What men have here crossed the shadow of those obelisks, -after that shadow had ceased to fall upon the sands of Egypt? Not -only is Ancient Italy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> no more, but the Italy of the Middle Ages has -disappeared. Nevertheless, traces of the two Italies still linger in -the Eternal City: where modern Rome shows its St. Peter's and its -master-pieces, ancient Rome boasts its Pantheon and its remains; -where, on the one hand, the consuls walked down from the Capitol, on -the other, the pontiffs issued from the Vatican. The Tiber separates -the two glories: seated in the same dust, pagan Rome sinks deeper -and deeper into its tombs, and Christian Rome glides slowly into its -catacombs.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Cardinal Fesch had hired the Palazzo Lancelotti, not far from the -Tiber: I have since seen the Principessa Lancelotti there, in 1828. -The top floor of the palace was allotted to me; when I entered, so -large a number of fleas hopped on to my legs that my white trousers -were quite black with them. The Abbé de Bonnevie and I did the best -we could to get our lodging washed down. I had a feeling as though I -had returned to my kennel in the New Road; this memory of my poverty -was not altogether unpleasant. Once settled in this diplomatic corner, -I began to deliver pass-ports and to busy myself with functions of -similar importance. My handwriting was an obstacle to my talents, and -Cardinal Fesch shrugged his shoulders whenever he saw my signature. As -I had almost nothing to do in my aerial chamber, I looked across the -roofs at some washing-girls in a neighbouring house, who made signs to -me; a future opera-singer, practising her voice, persecuted me with her -everlasting <i>solfeggio</i>; I was happy when some funeral passed by for a -change! From my lofty window I saw, in the abyss of the street below, -the convoy of a young mother: she was carried, her face uncovered, -between two files of white pilgrims; her new-born babe, dead too and -crowned with flowers, lay at her feet.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My work at the embassy.</div> - -<p>I committed a great mistake: I very innocently believed it my duty to -call upon illustrious personages; I coolly went and paid the tribute of -my respects to the ex-King of Sardinia<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a>. This unusual proceeding -caused a terrible hubbub; the diplomatists all drew themselves up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> - -<p>"He is lost! he is lost!" whispered all the train-bearers and -<i>attachés</i>, with the charitable pleasure which men take in the mishaps -of any of their fellow-creatures. No diplomatic dunce but thought -himself superior to me by the full height of his stupidity. Every -one hoped for my fall, notwithstanding that I was nobody and counted -as nobody; no matter, it was some one who fell, and that is always -agreeable. I, in my simplicity, had no notion of my crime, nor, as ever -since, would I have given a straw for any place whatever. Kings, to -whom I was believed to attach so great an importance, had in my eyes -only that of misfortune. My shocking blunders were reported from Rome -to Paris: luckily I had to do with Bonaparte; what should have been my -ruin saved me.</p> - -<p>However, if at once and at the first leap to become First Secretary -of Embassy under a prince of the Church, an uncle of Napoleon, seemed -something, it was nevertheless as though I had been a copying-clerk in -a prefect's office. In the contests that were at hand, I might have -found work; but I was initiated into no mysteries. I was perfectly -satisfied to be set to the litigious business of the <i>chancellerie</i>: -but what was the use of wasting my time over details within the -capacity of all the clerks?</p> - -<p>On returning from my long walks and my rambles along the Tiber, all -that I found to interest me was the cardinal's parsimonious worrying, -the heraldic boasting of the Bishop of Châlons, and the incredible -lying of the future Bishop of Morocco<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a>. The Abbé Guillon, taking -advantage of a similarity between his name and one almost identical -in sound, pretended that he was the man who, after escaping by a -miracle from the massacre at the Carmes, gave absolution to Madame de -Lamballe<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a> at the Force. He bragged that he had been the author of -Robespierre's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> speech to the Supreme Being. I bet one day that I would -make him say that he had been to Russia: he did not quite agree to -this, but he modestly confessed that he had spent a few months in St. -Petersburg.</p> - -<p>M. de La Maisonfort<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a>, a man of intelligence, then in hiding, -applied to me for assistance, and soon M. Bertin the Elder<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a>, -proprietor of the <i>Débats</i>, helped me with his friendly offices in a -painful circumstance. Exiled to the island of Elba by the man who, when -himself returned from Elba, drove him to Ghent, M. Bertin, in 1803, had -obtained from the Republican M. Briot<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a>, whom I have known, leave -to complete his exile in Italy. With him I visited the ruins of Rome, -and was present at the death of Madame de Beaumont: two things which -have connected his life with mine. A refined critic, he gave me, as -did his brother, excellent advice about my works. Had he been elected -to Parliament, he would have shown a real talent for oratory. He had -long been a Legitimist, had undergone the trial of imprisonment in the -Temple and transportation to Elba, and his principles have in reality -remained the same. I will be true to the companion of my sad days; it -would be paying too high a price for all the political opinions of the -world to sacrifice one hour of sincere friendship: it is enough that -my opinions will never vary, and that I shall remain attached to my -memories.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Princesse Borghèse.</div> - -<p>About the middle of my stay in Rome, the Princesse Borghèse<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> -arrived; I had some shoes to deliver to her from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> Paris. I was -presented to her; she made her toilet in my presence; the slippers -which she put on her young and pretty feet were but for a moment to -tread this ancient soil.</p> - -<p>At last a sorrow came to give me occupation: we can always rely upon -that resource.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At the time of my departure from France we had greatly blinded -ourselves regarding Madame de Beaumont's condition; she cried much, -and her will has proved that she believed herself to be condemned. -Nevertheless her friends, refraining from communicating their fears -to one another, sought to console each other; they believed in the -miraculous powers of the waters, to be perfected later by the Italian -sun; they separated and took different roads; appointments were made in -Rome.</p> - -<p>Fragments written by Madame de Beaumont in Paris, at Mont-Dore, in -Rome, and discovered among her papers, display her state of mind:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"PARIS.</p> - -<p>"For some years past my health has been perceptibly -declining. Symptoms which I thought to be the signal for -departure have supervened before I am ready to depart. The -illusions increase as the illness progresses. I have seen -many examples of that singular weakness, and I perceive that -they will avail me nothing. Already I find myself taking -remedies which are as irksome as they are insignificant, and -I shall doubtless have no greater strength to protect myself -against the cruel remedies with which they never fail to -martyrize those condemned to die of consumption. Like the -others, I shall abandon myself to hope: to hope! Can I, then, -wish to live? My past life has been a series of misfortunes, -my present life is full of excitements and disturbances: -peace of mind has fled from me for ever. My death would be a -momentary sorrow to a few, a boon to others, and the greatest -of boons to myself.</p> - -<p>"This 21st of Floréal, 10 May, is the anniversary of the -death of my mother and brother:</p> - -<p> - Je péris la dernière et la plus misérable<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Illness of madame de Beaumont.</div> - -<p>"Oh, why have I not the courage to die? This illness, -which I was almost weak enough to dread, has subsided, and -perhaps I am condemned still to live long; it seems to me, -nevertheless, that I would gladly die:</p> - -<p> - Mes jours ne valent pas qu'il m'en coûte un soupir<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>"None has more cause than I to complain of nature: by -refusing me everything, it has given me the sense of all -I lack. At every moment I feel the weight of the complete -mediocrity to which I am condemned. I know that self-content -and happiness are often the price of this mediocrity of which -I complain so bitterly; but by not adding to it the gift of -illusion, nature, in my case, has turned it into a torture. -I am like a fallen creature who cannot forget what he has -lost, and who has not the force to recover it. That absolute -lack of illusion, and hence of enthusiasm, is the cause of my -unhappiness in a thousand ways. I judge myself as a stranger -might do, and I see my friends as they are. My only value -lies in an extreme kindness of heart, which is not active -enough to command appreciation, nor to be of any real use, -and which loses all its charm owing to the impatience of my -character: my suffering from the misfortunes of others is -greater than my power to relieve them. Nevertheless, I owe to -it the few real joys that have occurred in my life; I owe to -it especially my ignorance of envy, the common attribute of -conscious mediocrity."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Mont Dore</span>.</p> - -<p>"I had intended to enter into a few details concerning -myself, but <i>ennui</i> causes the pen to drop from my fingers.</p> - -<p>"All the bitterness and painfulness of my position would -change to happiness if I were sure that I had but a few -months to live.</p> - -<p>"Even if I had the strength myself to end my sorrows in -the only possible way, I should not exert it: it would -be defeating my own intention, showing the measure of my -suffering, and leaving too grievous a wound in the heart -which I have deemed worthy to sustain me in my trials.</p> - -<p>"I 'beseech myself in tears' to take a step which is as -rigorous as it is inevitable. Charlotte Corday says that -'every act of self-sacrifice bestows more pleasure in the -execution than it has cost pain in the conception;' but her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> -death was near at hand, and I may still live long. What will -become of me? Where can I hide? What tomb shall I choose? How -can I shut out hope? What power can block up the door?</p> - -<p>"To go away in silence, to court oblivion, to bury myself -for ever, that is the duty laid upon me which I hope to have -the courage to fulfill. If the cup is too bitter, once I am -forgotten, nothing can compel me to empty it to the dregs, -and who knows but my life may, after all, not be so long as I -fear.</p> - -<p>"If I had decided upon the place of my retirement, I believe -I should be more calm; but the difficulty of the moment adds -to the difficulties that arise from my weakness, and it -requires something supernatural to act against one's self -with vigour, to treat one's self as harshly as a violent and -cruel enemy could do."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Rome</span>, 28 <i>October.</i></p> - -<p>"During the past ten months I have never ceased to suffer. -During the last six, all the symptoms of consumption, and -some in the last degree: I lack only the illusions, and maybe -I have some!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>M. Joubert, alarmed at this desire for death which was torturing Madame -de Beaumont, addressed these words to her in his <i>Pensées</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Love life and respect it, if not for its own sake, at least -for that of your friends. In whatever state your own may -be, I shall always prefer to know that you are occupied in -spinning it out rather than in tearing it to pieces."</p></blockquote> - -<p>At the same time my sister was writing to Madame de Beaumont. I have -the correspondence, which death placed in my hands. The poetry of the -ancients pictures one of the Nereids as a flower floating on the deep; -Lucile was that flower. In comparing her letters with the fragments -just quoted, one is struck by the similarity of heart-heaviness -expressed in the different language of those unhappy angels. When I -think that I have lived in the company of such minds as those, I am -surprised at my own insignificance. My eyes never light without bitter -grief upon those pages written by two superlative women, who vanished -from this earth at a short distance one from the other.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Lascardais</span>, 30 <i>July.</i></p> - -<p>"I was so much charmed, madame, at last to receive a letter -from you that I did not allow myself the time to have the -pleasure of reading it through at once: I interrupted its -perusal to go and tell all the inmates of this house that I -had heard from you, without considering that my gladness is -of but little importance here, and that hardly anyone even -knows that I am in correspondence with you. Seeing that I was -surrounded by indifferent faces, I went back to my room, and -determined to be glad by myself. I sat down to finish reading -your letter, and, although I have read it over many times, -in truth, madame, I do not know the whole contents. The joy -which I constantly feel at the sight of this so long desired -letter interferes with the attention which I ought to give to -it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Letters from Lucile.</div> - -<p>"And so you are going away, madame? Do not, once you have -reached Mont-Dore, forget your health; give it all your care, -I entreat you, with all the fervour and affection of my -heart. My brother has written to me that he hopes to see you -in Italy. Fate and nature alike are pleased to distinguish -him from me in a very favourable manner. But at least I will -not yield to my brother the happiness of loving you: that I -will share with him all my life. Alas, madame, how oppressed -and downcast is my heart! You cannot know the good your -letters do me, the contempt with which they inspire me for my -ills! The idea that you think of me, that you are interested -in me, exalts my courage extraordinarily. Write to me -therefore, madame, so that I may cherish an idea so essential -to me.</p> - -<p>"I have not yet seen M. Chênedollé; I long greatly for -his arrival. I shall be able to tell him of you and of M. -Joubert: that will be a great pleasure to me. Allow me, -madame, once more to urge you to think of your health, the -bad condition of which incessantly afflicts me and occupies -my thoughts. How can you not love yourself? You are so -lovable and so dear to all: have the justice, then, to do -much for yourself.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Lucile</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"2 <i>September.</i></p> - -<p>"What you tell me, madame, of your health alarms and saddens -me; however, I reassure myself by thinking of your youth and -remembering that, although you are very delicate, you are -full of life.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I am disconsolate at your being in a country which you do -not like. I would wish to see you surrounded with objects -calculated to distract and to cheer you. I hope that, when -your health recovers, you will become reconciled to Auvergne: -there is no spot incapable of presenting some beauty to such -eyes as yours. I am now living at Rennes: my loneliness suits -me fairly well. I change my residence frequently, madame, as -you see; it looks much as though I were out of place on the -earth: in reality, it is long since I first began to look -upon myself as one of its superfluous products. I believe, -madame, that I spoke to you of my sorrows and perturbations. -At present, all that is over, and I enjoy an inward peace of -which none has it any longer in his power to rob me. In spite -of my age, having, through circumstances and taste, almost -constantly led a solitary life, I knew nothing whatever, -madame, of the world: I have at last made that disagreeable -acquaintance. Fortunately, reflection came to my aid. I asked -myself in what way that world could be so formidable and -where lay the worth of a world which can never, in evil and -good alike, be aught but an object of pity. Is it not true, -madame, that man's judgment is as shallow as the rest of his -being, as changeable and of an incredulity as great as its -ignorance? All these reasons, good or bad, have enabled me -to fling behind me with ease the fantastic garment in which -I had arrayed myself. I found myself full of sincerity and -strength; I am no longer capable of being troubled. I am -working with all my might to recover possession of my life, -to obtain entire control of it.</p> - -<p>"You must also, madame, believe that I am not too much to -be pitied, since my brother, the best part of myself, is -agreeably placed, and since I have eyes left with which to -admire the marvels of nature, God for my support, and for an -asylum a heart full of peace and gentle memories. If you have -the kindness, madame, to continue to write to me, that will -be a great added happiness to me."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Mystery of style, a mystery everywhere perceptible, nowhere present; -the revelation of a painfully privileged nature; the ingenuousness of -a girl whom one might imagine to be in her first youth; and the humble -simplicity of a genius unaware of its own power, all breathe out of -these letters, a large number of which I have suppressed. Did Madame -de Sévigné write to Madame de Grignan with a more grateful affection -than Madame de Caud to Madame de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> Beaumont? "Her tenderness might well -pretend to keep pace with her own." My sister loved my friend with all -the passion of the tomb, for she felt that she was going to die. Lucile -had hardly ever left the neighbourhood of the Rochers<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a>; but she was -the daughter of her century and the Sévigné of solitude.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>A letter from M. Ballanche, dated 30 Fructidor, informed me of the -arrival of Madame de Beaumont, who had come from Mont Dore on her -way to Italy. He told me that I need not fear the misfortune which I -dreaded, and that the health of the sufferer seemed to be improving. On -reaching Milan, Madame de Beaumont met M. Bertin, who had been called -there on business: he had the kindness to take charge of the poor -traveller and to escort her to Florence, where I had gone to meet her. -I was shocked at the sight of her. She had but sufficient strength left -to smile. After a few days' rest, we left for Rome, travelling at a -foot-pace, in order to avoid the jolting. Madame de Beaumont received -assiduous attentions everywhere: a charm interested you in this lovable -woman, so suffering and so forlorn. The very maids at the inns gave way -to this sweet commiseration.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mournful days.</div> - -<p>My feelings may be easily guessed: we have all accompanied friends to -the grave, but they were mute, and no remnant of inexplicable hope came -to render your sorrow more keen. I no longer saw the fine landscape -through which we passed. I had taken the Perugian road: what was Italy -to me? I still thought her climate too severe, and, if the wind blew -ever so little, its breezes seemed storms to me. At Terni, Madame de -Beaumont spoke of going to see the cascade; she made an effort to lean -on my arm, and sat down again, saying:</p> - -<p>"We must leave the waters to flow without us."</p> - -<p>I had hired for her in Rome a lonely house near the Piazza d'Espagna, -at the foot of the Monte Pincio<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a>; it had a little garden with -orange-trees growing against the walls, and a court-yard in which stood -a fig-tree. There I set down my dying charge. I had had much difficulty -in procuring this retreat, for there is a prejudice in Rome against -diseases of the chest, which are considered as infectious.</p> - -<p>At that period of the revival of social order, all that had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> belonged -to the old monarchy was sought after. The Pope sent to inquire after -the daughter of M. de Montmorin; Cardinal Consalvi and the members -of the Sacred College followed His Holiness' example; Cardinal Fesch -himself showed Madame de Beaumont, to the day of her death, marks of -deference and respect which I should not have expected of him. I had -written to M. Joubert of the anxiety with which I was torn before -Madame de Beaumont's arrival:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Our friend writes to me from Mont Dore," I said, "letters -that shatter my soul: she says that she feels 'that there -is no more oil in the lamp;' she speaks of 'the last throbs -of her heart.' Why was she left alone on this journey? Why -did you not write to her? What will become of us if we lose -her? Who will console us for her? We realize the value of our -friends only at the moment when we are threatened with their -loss. We are even mad enough, when all is well, to think -that we can leave them with impunity. Heaven punishes us; it -snatches them from us, and we are appalled at the solitude -which they leave around us. Forgive me, my dear Joubert: -to-day I feel as though my heart were twenty years old; this -Italy has made me young again; I love all that is dear to -me with the same vehemence as in my early years. Sorrow is -my element: I am myself again only when I am unhappy. My -friends at present are of so rare a sort that the mere dread -of seeing them taken from me freezes my blood. Bear with my -lamentations: I am sure you are as unhappy as I. Write to me, -and write also to that other Breton unfortunate."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>At first, Madame de Beaumont felt a little relieved. The sufferer -herself began again to believe in her life. I had the satisfaction -of thinking that at least Madame de Beaumont would not leave me -again: I expected to take her to Naples in the spring, and from there -to send in my resignation to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. M. -d'Agincourt<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> that true philosopher, came to see the light bird -of passage, which had stopped at Rome before proceeding to the unknown -land; M. Boquet, already the oldest of our painters, called. These -relays of hope kept up the sufferer, and lulled her with an illusion -which at the bottom of her soul she no longer retained. Letters, cruel -to read, expressing hopes and fears, reached me from every side. On the -4th of October, Lucile wrote to me from Rennes:</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Letters from Lucile.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I commenced a letter for you the other day; I have just made -a useless search for it; in it I spoke to you of Madame de -Beaumont, and complained of her silence towards me. Dear, -what a sad, strange life I have led for some months! And the -words of the prophet are constantly recurring to my mind: 'He -will crown thee with tribulation, he will toss thee like a -ball<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a>.' But let us leave my troubles and speak of your -anxieties. I cannot persuade myself that they are justified. -I always see Madame de Beaumont full of life and youth, and -almost incorporeal; my heart can feel no foreboding where -she is concerned. Heaven, which knows our feelings for her, -will doubtless preserve her for us. Dear, we shall not lose -her; I seem to have an inward sense that that is certain. -I sincerely hope that, when you receive this letter, your -anxiety will have disappeared. Tell her from me of all the -real and tender interest I take in her; tell her that to -me her memory is one of the most beautiful things in this -world. Keep your promise and do not fail to let me have news -of her as often as possible. Alas, what a long time will -elapse before I receive a reply to this letter! How cruel a -thing is distance! What makes you speak of your return to -France? You are trying to humour me, you are deceiving me. -Amid all my troubles there arises one sweet thought, that of -your friendship, the thought that I exist in your memory in -the shape in which it has pleased God to fashion me. Dear, I -see no other safe shelter for me upon earth but your heart; -I am a stranger and unknown to all the rest. Adieu, my poor -brother. Shall I see you again? This idea does not present -itself to my mind very distinctly. If you see me again, I -fear you will find me quite out of my senses. Adieu, you to -whom I owe so much! Adieu, unmixed felicity! O memories of my -happy days, can you not now lighten a little my sad hours?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I am not one of those who exhaust all their sorrow at the -moment of separation; each day adds to the grief which I feel -at your absence and, if you were to stay in Rome a hundred -years, you would not come to the end of that grief. In order -to delude myself as to absence, not a day passes but I read -some pages of your work: I make every effort to imagine that -I hear you speak. My love for you is very natural: ever since -our childhood you have been my protector and my friend; you -have never cost me a tear, never made a friend but he has -become mine. My kind brother, Heaven, which is pleased to -make sport of all my other felicities, wills that I should -find my happiness wholly in you, that I should trust myself -to your heart. Give me news soon of Madame de Beaumont. -Address your letters to me at Mademoiselle Lamotte's, -although I do not know how long I shall be able to remain -there. Since our last separation, I have always, where my -house is concerned, been like a quicksand that gives way -beneath my feet: assuredly to anyone who does not know me I -must appear incomprehensible; nevertheless I vary only in -form, for inwardly I remain constantly the same."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>The song of the swan preparing to die was conveyed by me to the dying -swan: I was the echo of that last ineffable music!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And Madame de Krüdener.</div> - -<p>Another letter, very different from the above, but written by a woman -who has played an extraordinary part, Madame de Krüdener<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a>, shows -the empire which Madame de Beaumont, with no strength of beauty, fame, -power, or wealth, exercised over people's minds:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 24 <i>November</i> 1803.</p> - -<p>"I learnt two days ago from M. Michaud<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a>, who has returned -from Lyons, that Madame de Beaumont was in Rome and that she -was very, very ill: that is what he told me. I was deeply -grieved by this; I had a nervous shock, and I thought a great -deal of this charming woman, whom I had not known long, -but whom I loved truly. How often have I wished for her -happiness! How often have I hoped that she might cross the -Alps and find beneath the sky of Italy the sweet and profound -emotions which I myself have there experienced! Alas, can -she have reached that delightful country only to know pain -and to be exposed to dangers which I dread! I cannot tell -you how this idea grieves me. Forgive me if I have been so -much absorbed by this that I have not yet spoken to you of -yourself, my dear Chateaubriand; you must know my sincere -attachment for you, and to show you the genuine interest -which I take in Madame de Beaumont is to touch you more than -I should have done by writing of yourself. I have that sad -spectacle before my eyes; I have the secret of sorrow, and -my soul is always torn at the sight of those souls to which -nature gives the power of suffering more than others. I had -hoped that Madame de Beaumont would enjoy the privilege which -she had received, of being happier; I had hoped that she -would recover some little health with the sun of Italy and -the happiness of having you by her side. Ah, reassure me, -speak to me; tell her that I love her sincerely, that I pray -for her! Has she had my letter written in reply to hers to -Clermont? Address your answer to Michaud: I ask you only for -one word, for I know, my dear Chateaubriand, how sensitive -you are, and how you suffer. I thought she was better; I did -not write to her; I was overwhelmed with business; but I -thought of the happiness she would find in seeing you again, -and I imagined how it would be. Tell me something of your own -health; believe in my friendship, in the interest which I -have vowed to you for ever, and do not forget me.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap"><span class="smcap">B. Krüdener</span></span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The improvement which the air of Rome had produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> in Madame -de Beaumont did not last: true, the indications of an immediate -dissolution disappeared; but it seems that the last moment always -lingers as it were to deceive us. Two or three times, I had tried the -effect of a drive with the patient; I strove to divert her thoughts -by pointing out the country and the sky to her: she no longer cared -for anything. One day I took her to the Coliseum: it was one of those -October days that are to be seen only in Rome. She contrived to alight, -and went and sat upon a stone facing one of the altars placed in -the circle. She raised her eyes and turned them slowly around those -porticoes which had themselves so many years been dead, and which had -seen so many die; the ruins were adorned with briers and columbines -saffroned by autumn and bathed in light. The dying woman next lowered -her eyes, which had left the sun, stage by stage, till they came to the -arena; she fixed them upon the altar cross, and said:</p> - -<p>"Let us go; I am cold."</p> - -<p>I took her home again; she went to bed and rose no more. I was in -correspondence with the Comte de La Luzerne<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a>; I sent him from Rome, -by each mail, the bulletin of his sister-in-law's health. He had taken -my brother with him when Louis XVI. charged him with a diplomatic -mission to London: André Chénier was a member of this embassy.</p> - -<p>The doctors, whom I called together again after the experiment of the -drive, declared to me that nothing but a miracle could save Madame de -Beaumont. She was impressed with the idea that she would not outlive -All Souls' Day, the 2nd of November; then she remembered that one of -her kinsmen, I do not know which, had died on the 4th of November. I -told her that her imagination was troubled; that she would come to see -the falsity of her alarms; she replied, to console me:</p> - -<p>"Ah, yes, I shall go farther!"</p> - -<p>She noticed a few tears which I was trying to conceal from her; she -held out her hand to me, and said:</p> - -<p>"You are a child; were you not prepared for it?"</p> - -<p>On the eve of her death, Thursday the 3rd of November, she seemed more -composed. She spoke to me of the disposal of her property, and said, -speaking of her will, "that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> all was settled, but that all had to be -done, and that she would have liked to have had only two hours in which -to see to it."</p> - -<p>In the evening, the doctor told me that he felt obliged to warn the -sufferer that the time had come for her to think of setting her -conscience in order: I broke down for a minute; I was staggered by the -fear of hastening the few moments which Madame de Beaumont had still to -live by the formal preparations for death. I railed at the doctor, and -then entreated him to wait at least till the next day.</p> - -<p>I passed a cruel night, with this secret locked in my bosom. The -patient did not permit me to spend it in her room. I remained outside, -trembling at every sound I heard: when the door was half opened, I -perceived the feeble gleam of an expiring night-light.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The last scene.</div> - -<p>On Friday the 4th of November, I entered, followed by the doctor. -Madame de Beaumont observed my agitation, and said:</p> - -<p>"Why do you look like that? I have had a good night."</p> - -<p>The doctor thereupon intentionally told me aloud that he wished to -speak to me in the next room. I went out: when I returned, I no longer -knew if I lived. Madame de Beaumont asked me what the doctor wanted. I -flung myself at her bedside and burst into tears. She lay for a moment -without speaking, looked at me, and said in a firm voice, as though she -wished to give me strength:</p> - -<p>"I did not think that it was quite so near; well, the time has come to -say good-bye. Send for the Abbé de Bonnevie."</p> - -<p>The Abbé de Bonnevie, having obtained powers, went to Madame de -Beaumont. She told him that she had always had a deep religious feeling -at heart, but that the extraordinary misfortunes which had befallen -her during the Revolution had led her for some time to doubt the -justice of Providence; that she was ready to admit her errors and to -recommend herself to the eternal mercy; that she hoped, however, that -the ills which she had suffered in this world would shorten her time of -expiation in the next. She made a sign to me to withdraw, and remained -alone with her confessor.</p> - -<p>I saw him come back an hour later, wiping his eyes, and saying that he -had never heard more beautiful language, nor seen such heroism. The -parish priest was sent for to administer the sacraments. I returned to -Madame de Beaumont. When she saw me, she asked:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Well, are you pleased with me?"</p> - -<p>She spoke feelingly of what she deigned to call "my kindness" to her: -ah, if I had at that moment been able to buy back a single one of her -days by the sacrifice of all my own, how gladly would I have done -so! Madame de Beaumont's other friends, who were not present at this -sight, had at all events but once to weep for her: whereas I stood at -the head of the bed of pain in which man hears his last hour strike, -and each smile of the patient restored me to life and made me lose it -again as it died away. One lamentable thought distracted me: I noticed -that Madame de Beaumont had not until her last breath suspected the -real attachment which I bore for her; she did not cease to show her -surprise, and she seemed to die disconsolate and charmed. She had -believed herself a burden to me, and had wished to go to set me free.</p> - -<p>The priest arrived at eleven o'clock: the room filled with that -indifferent crowd of idlers which cannot be prevented from running -after the priest in Rome. Madame de Beaumont faced the formidable -solemnity without the least sign of fear. We fell upon our knees, and -the patient received Communion and Extreme Unction at once. When all -had retired, she made me sit on the edge of her bed and spoke to me for -half an hour of my affairs and of my plans with the greatest elevation -of mind and the most touching friendship; she urged me, above all, to -live with Madame de Chateaubriand and M. Joubert: but was M. Joubert -himself to live?</p> - -<p>She asked me to open the window, as she felt oppressed. A sun-ray came -and lit up her bed: this seemed to cheer her. She then reminded me of -plans for retiring to the country which we had sometimes discussed, and -she began to cry.</p> - -<p>Between two and three in the afternoon, Madame de Beaumont asked to be -changed to another bed by Madame Saint-Germain<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a>, an old Spanish -lady's-maid, who waited on her with the affection worthy of so kind -a mistress: the doctor forbade this, fearing lest Madame de Beaumont -might die during the moving. She then told me that she felt the agony -approach. Suddenly she flung back her blanket, held out her hand to me, -pressed mine convulsively; her eyes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> wandered. With her one free hand -she made signs to some one whom she saw standing at the foot of her -bed; then, bringing the hand back to her breast, she said:</p> - -<p>"It is there!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of madame de Beaumont.</div> - -<p>Dismayed, I asked her if she knew me: a faint smile broke through her -delirium; she gave me a little nod of the head: her speech already was -no longer of this world. The convulsions lasted only a few minutes. We -supported her in our arms, the doctor, the nurse, and myself: one of my -hands lay upon her heart, which could be felt against her wasted frame; -it beat swiftly, like a clock winding off its broken chain. Oh, moment -of fear and horror, I felt it stop! We let down upon her pillow the -woman who had found rest; her head drooped. Some locks of her uncurled -hair fell over her forehead; her eyes were closed, night had set in for -ever. The doctor held a mirror and a light to the stranger's mouth: the -mirror was not dimmed with the breath of life and the light remained -unmoved. All was ended.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Generally those who weep are able to indulge their tears in peace; -there are others to take upon themselves to attend to the last cares -of religion: as representing for France the Cardinal Minister, then -absent, and as the sole friend of M. de Montmorin's daughter and -responsible to her family, I was obliged to superintend everything; I -had to fix the place of burial, to look after the depth and width of -the grave, to order the winding-sheet and to give the carpenter the -dimensions of the coffin.</p> - -<p>Two monks watched by the coffin, which was to be carried to San Luigi -dei Francesi. One of these fathers was from Auvergne and a native of -Montmorin itself. Madame de Beaumont had expressed the wish to be -buried in a piece of cloth which her brother Auguste<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a>, the only -one to escape the scaffold, had sent her from the Mauritius. This -cloth was not in Rome; only a piece of it was found, which she always -carried with her. Madame Saint-Germain fastened this strip around the -body with a cornelian containing some of M. de Montmorin's hair. The -French ecclesiastics were invited; the Princesse Borghèse lent the -funeral car of her family; Cardinal Fesch had left orders, in case -of an accident but too clearly foreseen, to send his livery and his -carriages. On Saturday the 5th of November, at seven o'clock in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> -evening, by the gleam of torch-light and amidst a large crowd, Madame -de Beaumont passed along the road where we have all to pass. On Sunday -the 6th of November, the burial mass was celebrated. The funeral would -have been less French in Paris than it was in Rome. That religious -architecture which displays in its ornaments the arms and inscriptions -of our ancient country; those tombs on which are inscribed the names of -some of the most historic families of our annals; that church, under -the protection of a great saint, a great king and a great man: all this -did not console misfortune, but honoured it. I had wished that the last -scion of a once exalted race should at least find some support in my -humble attachment, and that friendship should not fail it as fortune -had done.</p> - -<p>The people of Rome, accustomed to strangers, accept them as brothers -and sisters. Madame de Beaumont left a pious memory behind her on -that soil so hospitable to the dead; she is still remembered: I have -seen Leo XII.<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a> pray at her tomb<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a>. In 1828<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a>, I visited the -monument of her who was the soul of a vanishing society; the sound of -my footsteps around this silent monument, in a lonely church, was a -warning to me:</p> - -<p>"I shall always love thee," says the Greek epitaph; "but thou, among -the dead, drink not, I pray thee, of the cup which would cause thee to -forget thy former friends<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a>."</p> - -<p>If the calamities of a private life were to be measured by the scale -of public events, those calamities would hardly deserve a word in a -writer's Memoirs. Who has not lost a friend? Who has not seen him die? -Who could not recall a similar scene of mourning? The comment is just, -yet no one has ever corrected himself of telling his own adventures: -sailors on board the ship that carries them have a family on shore of -whom they think and of whom they talk with one another. Every man has -within himself a world apart, foreign to the laws and to the general -destinies of the ages. It is, moreover, a mistake to believe that -revolutions, famous accidents, resounding catastrophes are the only -records of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> our nature: we all labour singly at the chain of our common -history, and all these separate existences together compose man's -universe in the eyes of God.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Letters of sympathy.</div> - -<p>To collect regrets around the ashes of Madame de Beaumont is but to lay -upon her tomb the wreaths intended for her:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">M. de Chênedollé to Chateaubriand.</p> - -<p>"You can have no doubt, my dear', unhappy friend, of the -great part which I take in your affliction. My grief is not -so great as yours, because that is impossible; but I am very -deeply afflicted by this loss, which darkens yet further this -existence which for so long has been nothing but suffering to -me. It is thus that all that is good, lovable and sensitive -vanishes from the face of the earth. My poor friend, hasten -back to France; come and seek consolation with your old -friend. You know how well I love you: come.</p> - -<p>"I was excessively anxious about you: it was more than three -months since I had heard from you, and three of my letters -have remained unanswered. Have you received them? Madame de -Caud suddenly ceased writing to me two months ago. This hurt -me mortally, and yet I cannot think that I have done anything -to offend her. But, whatever she may do, she can never take -from me the fond and respectful friendship which I have vowed -to her for life. Fontanes and Joubert also no longer write to -me; so that all whom I loved seem to have combined to forget -me at once. Do not you forget me, O my good friend: leave -me one heart upon which I can rely in this vale of tears! -Farewell, I embrace you weeping. Be sure, my good friend, -that I feel your loss as it should be felt.</p> - -<p>"23 <i>November</i> 1803."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">M. de Fontanes to Chateaubriand.</p> - -<p>"I share all your regrets, my dear friend: I feel the -painfulness of your position. To die so young, and after -outliving all her family! But, at any rate, that interesting -and unhappy woman did not lack the help and the remembrance -of friendship. Her memory will live in hearts worthy of her. -I have forwarded to M. de La Luzerne the touching account -intended for him. Old Saint-Germain, your friend's servant, -has taken it with him. That faithful attendant made me shed -tears when talking of his mistress. I told him that he -had a legacy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> of ten thousand francs; but he did not give -it a single thought. If it were possible to talk of money -matters under such mournful circumstances, I would say that -it would have been very natural to have given you at least -the use of a fortune which will have to pass to distant and -almost unknown collaterals<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a>. I approve of your conduct; -I know your delicacy; but I cannot be as disinterested for -my friend as he is for himself. I confess that this omission -surprises and pains me<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a>. Madame de Beaumont spoke to you -on her death-bed, with the eloquence of a last farewell, -of the future and of your destinies. Her voice must needs -have greater strength than mine. But did she advise you to -throw up a salary of eight or ten thousand francs just when -your path was cleared of its first thorns? Could you rashly, -my dear friend, take so momentous a step? You know what a -pleasure it would be to me to see you again. Were I only -to consult my own happiness, I would say, 'Come at once.' -But your interests are as dear to me as my own, and I see -no immediate prospects for you which could make good the -advantages which you are voluntarily surrendering. I know -that your talents, your name and your industry will never -leave you in want of the first necessities; but in all that -I see more fame than fortune. Your education, your habits, -demand some little expenditure. Reputation alone will not -provide the wants of life, and the wretched science of 'bread -and cheese' takes precedence of all others, if you want to be -independent and at ease. I trust that nothing will persuade -you to seek your fortune among foreigners. Believe me, my -friend, after the first blandishments, they are worth even -less than one's fellow-countrymen. If your loving friend -made all these reflections, her last moments must have been -somewhat disturbed; but I hope that, at the foot of her -grave, you will find lessons and lights superior to any which -your remaining friends could give you. That amiable woman -loved you: she will advise you well. Her memory and your -heart will be a safe guide to you: I have no more concern if -you listen to them both. Adieu, my dear friend, I embrace you -tenderly."</p></blockquote> - -<p>M. Necker wrote me the only letter which I ever received<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> from him. -I had witnessed the delight of the Court at the dismissal of this -minister, the disregard of whose honest warnings contributed to the -overthrow of the monarchy. He had been M. de Montmorin's colleague. M. -Necker was shortly to die at the place whence his letter was dated; not -at that time having Madame de Staël by his side, he found some tears -for his daughter's friend:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">M. Necker, Madame de Staël.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">M. Necker to Chateaubriand.</p> - -<p class="smcap">"Sir,</p> - -<p>"My daughter, when setting out for Germany, asked me to -open any packets of large size that might be addressed to -her, so as to decide whether they were worth the trouble -of forwarding by post. This is the reason of my learning -the news of Madame de Beaumont's death before she does. I -forwarded your letter to her, sir, at Frankfort, whence it -will probably be sent on farther to her, perhaps to Weimar or -Berlin. Do not, therefore, be surprised, sir, if you do not -receive a reply from Madame de Staël as early as you have the -right to expect. You must be assured, sir, of the grief which -Madame de Staël will feel on hearing of the loss of a friend -of whom I have always heard her speak with profound feeling. -I join in her sorrow, I join, sir, in yours, and I have my -own particular share when I think of the unhappy fate of the -whole family of my friend M. de Montmorin.</p> - -<p>"I see, sir, that you are on the point of leaving Rome to -return to France: I hope you will choose your road through -Geneva, where I shall spend the winter. I should be very -eager to do you the honours of a town where you are already -known by reputation. But where, sir, are you not so known? -Your last work, sparkling with incomparable beauties, is in -the hands of all who love to read.</p> - -<p>"I have the honour, sir, to offer you the assurance and the -homage of my most distinguished sentiments.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Necker.</p> - -<p>"Coppet, 27 <i>November</i> 1803."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">Madame de Staël to Chateaubriand.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Frankfort</span>, 3 <i>December</i> 1803.</p> - -<p>"Ah, Heavens, my dear Francis<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> with what sorrow was I -smitten on receiving your letter! Already, yesterday, this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> -frightful news was burst upon me through the papers, and now -comes your heart-rending narrative to engrave it for ever in -letters of blood on my heart. Can you, can you speak to me of -different opinions on religion, on the priests? Are there two -opinions where there is but one sentiment? I have read your -account through the most sorrowful tears. My dear Francis, -think of the time at which you felt the greatest friendship -for me; above all, do not forget that at which my whole heart -was drawn towards you, and tell yourself that those feelings, -more tender, more profound than ever, remain for you at the -bottom of my soul. I loved, I admired the character of Madame -de Beaumont: I knew not one more generous, more grateful, -more passionately sensitive. Since I first entered into -the world, I never ceased to have relations with her, and -I always felt, even in the midst of some differences, that -we held together by the same roots. My dear Francis, give -me a place in your heart. I admire you, I love you, I loved -her whom you regret. I am a devoted friend, I will be a -sister to you. I must respect your opinions more than ever. -Matthieu<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a>, who holds them, has been an angel to me in -this last sorrow which I have felt. Give me a new reason for -showing them my consideration: let me be useful or agreeable -to you in some way. Did you hear that I had been banished to -a distance of forty leagues from Paris<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a>? I have taken -the occasion to go round Germany; but in the spring I shall -have returned to Paris itself, if my exile be ended, or near -Paris, or to Geneva. Arrange that, in some manner, we may -meet. Do you not feel that my mind and my soul understand -yours, and do you not feel wherein we resemble each other, -notwithstanding the differences? M. de Humboldt<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a> wrote me -a letter a few days ago in which he spoke to me of your work -with an admiration which must flatter you in a man of his -merit and opinions. But why speak to you of your successes at -such a moment? Yet she loved those successes of yours, and -attached her own fame to them. Farewell, my dear François. I -will write to you from Weimar, in Saxony. Write to me there, -to the care of Messrs. Desport, bankers. What harrowing -phrases your story contains! And then your resolve to keep -poor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> Saint-Germain: you must bring her to my house one day.</p> - -<p>"Farewell, affectionately: and sorrowfully, farewell.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"M. de Staël."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>This eager and affectionately informal letter, written by an -illustrious woman, redoubled my emotion. Madame de Beaumont would have -been very happy at that moment had Heaven permitted her to return to -life! But our attachments, which are perceived by the dead, cannot free -them from their bonds: when Lazarus rose from the tomb he was bound -feet and hands with winding-bands, and his face was bound about with a -napkin; but friendship cannot say, as Christ said to Martha and Mary:</p> - -<p>"Loose him and let him go<a name="FNanchor_575_575" id="FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a>."</p> - -<p>My consolers have also passed away, and they claim for themselves the -regrets which they gave to another.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My grief.</div> - -<p>I had determined to leave this official career in which personal -misfortunes had come in addition to the triviality of the work and to -paltry political annoyances. One does not know what desolation of the -heart means until one has remained alone, wandering through spots once -inhabited by a person who accepted your life: you seek her and do not -find her; she speaks to you, smiles to you, accompanies you; all that -she has worn or touched presents her image; between her and you there -is only a transparent curtain, but so heavy that you cannot raise it. -The remembrance of the first friend who has left you on the road is a -cruel one; for if your days have been prolonged, you have necessarily -suffered other losses: the dead who have followed each other become -linked to the first, and you mourn at one time and in one person all -those whom you have successively lost.</p> - -<p>At this distance from France, the arrangements which I was making -progressed slowly; meanwhile I remained forlorn among the ruins of -Rome. When I first walked out, the aspect of things seemed changed to -me: I did not recognise the trees, nor the monuments, nor the sky; I -wandered through the fields, along the cascades and aqueducts, as I -had done before beneath the overhanging forests of the New World. Then -I re-entered the Eternal City, which now added one more extinguished -life to so many spent existences. By dint of my many rambles in the -solitudes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> of the Tiber, they became so clearly engraved upon my memory -that I was able to describe them fairly accurately in my Letter to M. -de Fontanes<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"If the traveller be unhappy," I said, "if he have -mingled the ashes that he loved with so many ashes of the -illustrious, what a charm will he not find in passing from -the tomb of Cæcilia Metella to the grave of an ill-fortuned -woman!"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>It was also in Rome that I first formed the idea of writing the Memoirs -of my Life; I find a few lines jotted down at random, from which I -decipher these few words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"After wandering over the world, spending the best years of -my youth far from my native land, and suffering nearly all -that man can suffer, not excluding hunger, I returned to -Paris in 1800."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In a letter to M. Joubert<a name="FNanchor_577_577" id="FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> I thus sketched my plan:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My only pleasure is to snatch a few hours wherein to busy -myself with a work which alone can bring some assuagement -to my grief: it is the Memoirs of my Life. Rome will have a -place in it; it is in this way only that I can henceforth -speak of Rome. Have no fear; there will be no confessions -likely to give pain to my friends: if I am to count for -anything in the future, my friends' names will therein appear -glorified and respected. Nor shall I entertain posterity -with the details of my frailties; I shall say of myself only -what becomes my dignity as a man, and, I dare say it, the -elevation of my heart. One should show to the world only what -is beautiful; it is no lie against God to unveil of one's -life no more than may lead our fellows towards noble and -generous feelings. Not that, in truth, I have anything to -conceal: I have not caused the dismissal of a servant-girl -for a stolen ribbon, nor left my friend to die in the street, -nor dishonoured the woman who sheltered me, nor taken my -bastards to the Foundling Hospital<a name="FNanchor_578_578" id="FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a>; but I have had my -moments of weakness, of faint-heartedness: one sigh over -myself will be sufficient to make others understand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> those -common miseries, meant to be left behind the veil. What would -society gain by the reproduction of sores that occur on every -side? There is no lack of examples, where it is a question of -triumphing over our poor human nature."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I decide to write my memoirs.</div> - -<p>In this plan which I made for myself I omitted my family, my childhood, -my youth, my travels, and my exile: yet these are the recitals in which -I took most pleasure.</p> - -<p>I had been like a happy slave: accustomed to apply his liberty to the -vine-stocks, he no longer knows what to do with his leisure when his -chains are broken. Whenever I decided to set to work, a figure came and -placed itself before me, and I could not take my eyes from it: religion -alone held me by its gravity and by the reflections of a higher order -which it suggested to me.</p> - -<p>And yet, while occupied with the thought of writing my Memoirs, I felt -the price which the ancients attached to the value of their name: there -is perhaps a touching reality in this perpetuity of the memories which -one may leave on the way. Perhaps, among the great men of antiquity, -this idea of an immortal life among the human race supplied the place -of the immortality of the soul which for them remained a problem. -If fame is but a small thing when it relates to ourselves, it must -nevertheless be agreed that to give an imperishable existence to all -that it has loved is one of the finest privileges attached to the -friendship of genius.</p> - -<p>I undertook a commentary upon certain books of the Bible, beginning -with <i>Genesis.</i> Upon the verse, "Behold, Adam is become as one of -us, knowing good and evil: now, therefore, lest perhaps he put forth -his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for -ever<a name="FNanchor_579_579" id="FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a>," I remarked the tremendous irony of the Creator: "Behold -Adam is become as one of us, etc. Lest perhaps the man put forth his -hand and take of the tree of life." Why? Because he has tasted of the -fruit of knowledge, and knows good and evil, he is now loaded with -ills: "therefore, lest perhaps he live for ever." What a blessing from -God is death!</p> - -<p>There are prayers begun, some for "disquietude of soul," others "to -strengthen one's self against the prosperity of the wicked." I sought -to bring back to a centre of repose the thoughts which strayed beyond -me.</p> - -<p>As God was not pleased to let my life end there, reserving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> it for -prolonged trials, the storms which had arisen abated. Suddenly the -Cardinal Ambassador changed his manner towards me; I had an explanation -with him, and declared my resolve to resign. He opposed this: he -maintained that my resignation at that moment would have the appearance -of a disgrace; that I should be delighting my enemies, that the First -Consul would take offense, which would prevent me from remaining -undisturbed in the places to which I proposed to retire. He suggested -that I should go to spend a fortnight or a month at Naples.</p> - -<p>Just at this moment, I was being sounded on behalf of Russia with a -view to my accepting the place of governor to a grand-duke: it was as -much as I would have done had I proposed to sacrifice to Henry V. the -last years of my life.</p> - -<p>While wavering between a thousand resolutions, I received the news -that the First Consul had appointed me Minister to the Valais. He had -at first flown into a passion on the faith of some denunciations; but, -returning to his senses, he understood that I was of the race which -is of value only in the front rank, that I should not be mixed with -others, as otherwise I could never be used to advantage. There was no -place vacant: he created one, and, choosing it in conformity with my -instinct for solitude and independence, he placed me in the Alps; he -gave me a Catholic republic, in a world of torrents: the Rhone and our -soldiers would cross at my feet, the one descending towards France, -the others climbing towards Italy, while the Simplon opened its daring -road before me. The Consul was to allow me as frequent leave as I might -wish to travel in Italy, and Madame Bacciochi sent me a message through -Fontanes that the first important embassy available was reserved for -me. I thus won this first diplomatic victory without either expecting -or intending it; true that, at the head of the State, was a lofty -intelligence, which was not willing to sacrifice to official intrigues -another intelligence which it knew to be but too well disposed to -secede from the government.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Cardinal Fesch.</div> - -<p>This remark is all the more true in that Cardinal Fesch, to whom I do -justice in these Memoirs in a manner upon which, perhaps, he did not -reckon, had sent two malicious dispatches to Paris, almost at the very -moment at which his manners had become more obliging, after the death -of Madame de Beaumont. Did his true thought lie in his conversations, -when he gave me leave to go to Naples, or in his diplomatic missives? -The conversations and the missives bear the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> same date and are -contradictory. It would have been easy for me to set M. le Cardinal, -right with himself by destroying all traces of the reports that -concerned me: I had but to remove the Ambassador's lucubrations from -the <i>cartons</i> at the time when I was Minister for Foreign Affairs; I -should have done only what M. de Talleyrand did in the matter of his -correspondence with the Emperor. I did not consider that I had the -right to turn my power to my own advantage. If, by chance, any one -should look up these documents, he would find them in their place. That -this conduct is self-deceiving I readily admit; but, in order not to -make a merit of a virtue which I do not possess, I must say that this -respect for the correspondence of my detractors arises more from my -contempt than from my generosity. I have also seen, in the archives -of the Berlin Embassy, offensive letters from M. le Marquis de Bonnay -concerning myself: far from considering my own feelings, I shall make -them public.</p> - -<p>M. le Cardinal Fesch was no more reticent as to the poor Abbé Guillon -(the Bishop of Morocco): the latter was marked out as "a Russian -agent." Bonaparte called M. Lainé<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> "an English agent:" these are -instances of the gossip of which that great man had taken the bad habit -from the police reports. But was there nothing to be said against M. -Fesch himself? The Cardinal de Clermont-Tonnerre was at Rome like -myself, in 1803: what did he not write of Napoleon's uncle! I have the -letters.</p> - -<p>For the rest, to whom do these contentions, buried since forty years -in worm-eaten files, matter? Of the several actors of that period, one -alone will remain: Bonaparte. All of us who make pretensions to live -are dead already: can the insect's name be read by the feeble light -which it sometimes drags with it as it crawls?</p> - -<p>When M. le Cardinal Fesch met me again I was Ambassador to Leo XII.; he -gave me marks of his esteem: I on my side made a point of outdoing him -in deference. It is natural, moreover, that I should have been judged -with a severity which I have never spared myself. All this is past and -done with: I do not wish even to recognise the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> handwriting of those -who, in 1803, served as official or semi-official secretaries to M. le -Cardinal Fesch.</p> - -<p>I set out for Naples: there began a year without Madame de Beaumont, -a year of absence to be followed by so many others! I have never seen -Naples again since that time, although I was on the threshold of that -same town in 1828, having promised myself to go there with Madame de -Chateaubriand. The orange-trees were covered with their fruits, the -myrtles with their flowers. Baie, the Campi Elysei, and the sea were -delights of which I no longer had any one to whom to speak. I have -described the Bay of Naples in the <i>Martyrs.</i><a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> I climbed Vesuvius -and descended into its crater. I pilfered from myself: I was enacting a -scene in <i>René.</i></p> - -<p>At Pompeii I was shown a skeleton in irons, and mutilated Latin words -scribbled by soldiers on the walls. I returned to Rome. Canova<a name="FNanchor_582_582" id="FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> -permitted me to visit his studio while he was working at the statue of -a nymph. Elsewhere the models for the marbles of the tomb which I had -ordered had already attained much expression. I went to pray over ashes -at San Luigi, and I left for Paris on the 21st of January 1804, another -day of misfortune.</p> - -<p>Behold a prodigious misery: five and thirty years have sped since the -date of those events. Did not I flatter myself, in those distant days -of grief, that the bond just broken would be my last? And yet how soon -have I, not forgotten, but replaced what was dear to me! Thus man -goes from weakness to weakness. When he is young and drives his life -before him, a shadow of an excuse remains to him; but when he gets -between the shafts and laboriously drags it behind him, how is he to be -excused? The poverty of our nature is so intense that in our volatile -infirmities, in order to express our new affections, we can employ only -words which we have already worn threadbare in our former attachments. -There are words, nevertheless, which ought to be used but once: they -become profaned by repetition. Our betrayed and neglected friendships -reproach us with the new companionships that we have formed; our hours -arraign one another: our life is one perpetual blush, because it is one -continued fault.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p> - -<p>As my intention was not to remain in Paris, I alighted at the Hôtel de -France<a name="FNanchor_583_583" id="FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a>, in the Rue de Beaune, where Madame de Chateaubriand came -to join me to accompany me to the Valais. My former society, already -half dispersed, had lost the link which held it together.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte was marching towards the Empire; his genius rose in the -measure that events increased in importance: he was able, like -gunpowder when it expands, to carry away the world; already immense, -and yet not feeling himself at his zenith, he was tormented by his -strength; he groped, he seemed to be feeling his way; when I arrived in -Paris he was dealing with Pichegru and Moreau; through petty envy he -had consented to admit them as rivals: Moreau, Pichegru, and Georges -Cadoudal, who was greatly their superior, were arrested.</p> - -<p>This vulgar train of conspiracies, which we encounter in all the -affairs of life, was very distasteful to me, and I was glad to seek -flight in the mountains.</p> - -<p>The council of the town of Sion wrote to me. The simplicity of this -despatch has made a document of it to me; I was entering politics -through religion: the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> had opened the doors for -me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I am promoted.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center">"REPUBLIC OF THE VALAIS.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Sion</span>, 20 <i>February</i> 1804.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center;">"Council of the Town of Sion.</p> - -<p>"<i>To Monsieur Chateaubriand, Secretary of Legation of the -French Republic in Rome.</i></p> - -<p class="smcap">"Sir,</p> - -<p>"An official letter from our High Bailiff apprizes us of your -nomination to the post of French Minister to our Republic. -We hasten to express to you the very complete satisfaction -which this choice gives us. We see in this nomination a -precious token of the good-will of the First Consul towards -our Republic, and we congratulate ourselves on the honour of -having you within our walls: we draw from it the happiest -auguries for the welfare of our country and of our town. -In order to give you a proof of these sentiments, we have -resolved to have a provisional lodging prepared for you, -worthy to receive you, fitted with furniture and effects -suited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> for your use, in so far as the locality and our -circumstances permit, pending the time when you will yourself -have been able to make arrangements to your own convenience.</p> - -<p>"Pray, sir, accept this offer as a proof of our sincere -inclination to honour the French Government in the person -of its envoy, the choice of whom must needs be peculiarly -pleasing to a religious people. We beg you to be so good as -to acquaint us with the date of your arrival in this town.</p> - -<p>"Accept, sir, the assurances of our respectful consideration.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"De Riedmatten,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"President of the Town Council of Sion.</p> - - -<p>"By order of the Town Council:</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"De Torrenté,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"Secretary to the Council."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Two days before the 21st of March<a name="FNanchor_584_584" id="FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a>, I dressed to go to take leave -of Bonaparte at the Tuileries; I had not seen him again since the -moment during which he had spoken to me at Lucien's. The gallery in -which he was receiving was full; he was accompanied by Murat and a -principal aide-de-camp; he passed through almost without stopping. -As he approached me, I was struck by the alteration in his face: -his cheeks were sunk and livid, his eyes hard, his complexion pale -and muddy, his aspect gloomy and terrible. The attraction which had -previously urged me towards him ceased; instead of remaining on his -passage, I made a movement to avoid him. He threw a glance at me as -though to seek to recognise me, took a few steps towards me, then -turned and walked away. Had I appeared to him as a warning? His -aide-de-camp noticed me: when the crowd covered me, the aide-de-camp -tried to catch sight of me between the persons standing before me, and -again drew the Consul in my direction. This sport continued for nearly -a quarter of an hour, I always drawing back, Napoleon always following -me without knowing it. I have never been able to explain to myself what -idea had struck the aide-de-camp. Did he take me for a suspicious man -whom he had never seen? Did he, if he knew who I was, wish to force -Bonaparte to speak to me? However this may be, Napoleon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> passed on to -another apartment. Content to have done my duty in presenting myself -at the Tuileries, I withdrew. From the joy which I have always felt at -leaving palaces, it is evident that I was not made to enter them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonaparte.</div> - -<p>On returning to the Hôtel de France, I said to several of my friends:</p> - -<p>"Something strange must be happening, of which we do not know, for -Bonaparte cannot have changed to that extent, unless he be ill."</p> - -<p>M. de Bourrienne<a name="FNanchor_585_585" id="FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> knew of my singular foresight: he has only -confused the dates; here is his sentence:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"On returning from the First Consul's, M. de Chateaubriand -declared to his friends that he had remarked a great -alteration in the First Consul, and something very sinister -in his look<a name="FNanchor_586_586" id="FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Yes, I remarked it: a superior intelligence does not bring forth evil -without pain, because that is not its natural fruit, and it ought not -to bear it.</p> - -<p>Two days later, on the 21st of March<a name="FNanchor_587_587" id="FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a>, I rose early, for the sake -of a memory that was sad and dear to me. M. de Montmorin had built -himself a house at the corner of the Rue Plumet, on the new Boulevard -des Invalides. In the garden of that house, which was sold during the -Revolution, Madame de Beaumont, then almost a child, had planted a -cypress-tree, and she had sometimes taken pleasure in showing it to -me as we passed: it was to this cypress-tree, of which I alone knew -the origin and the history, that I went to bid adieu. It still exists, -but it is pining away, and scarce rises to the level of the casement -beneath which a hand which has vanished loved to tend it. I distinguish -that poor tree from among three or four others of its species; it seems -to know me and to rejoice when I approach; mournful breezes bend its -yellowed head a little towards me, and it murmurs at the window of the -deserted room: a mysterious intelligence reigns between us, which will -cease when one or the other shall have fallen.</p> - -<p>Having paid my pious tribute, I went down the Boulevard and Esplanade -des Invalides, crossed the Pont Louis XV.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> and the Tuileries Gardens, -which I left, near the Pavilion Marsan, by the gate which now opens -into the Rue de Rivoli. There, between eleven and twelve o'clock in the -morning, I heard a man and a woman crying official news; passers-by -were stopping, suddenly petrified by these words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Verdict of the special military commission summoned at -Vincennes, condemning to pain of death <span class="smcap">the man known as Louis -Antoine Henri de Bourbon, born on the 2nd of August 1772 at -Chantilly.</span>"</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of the Duc D'Enghien.</div> - -<p>This cry fell upon me like a thunderbolt; it changed my life, as it -changed Napoleon's. I returned home; I said to Madame Chateaubriand:</p> - -<p>"The Duc d'Enghien has been shot."</p> - -<p>I sat down to a table and began to write my resignation<a name="FNanchor_588_588" id="FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a>. Madame -de Chateaubriand raised no objection, and with great courage watched -me writing. She did not blind herself to my danger: General Moreau and -Georges Cadoudal were being prosecuted<a name="FNanchor_589_589" id="FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a>; the lion had tasted blood, -this was not the moment to irritate him.</p> - -<p>M. Clausel de Coussergues<a name="FNanchor_590_590" id="FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a> arrived in the interval; he also had -heard the sentence cried. He found me pen in hand: my letter, from -which, out of compassion for Madame de Chateaubriand, he made me -suppress certain angry phrases, was despatched; it was addressed to -the Minister of Foreign Relations. The wording mattered little: my -opinion and my crime lay in the fact of my resignation:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> Bonaparte made -no mistake as to that. Madame Bacciochi exclaimed loudly on hearing -of what she called my "disloyalty;" she sent for me and made me the -liveliest reproaches. M. de Fontanes at first went almost mad with -fear: he already saw me shot, with all the persons who were attached to -me. During several days, my friends went in dread of seeing me carried -off by the police; they called on me from one minute to the other, -always trembling as they approached the porter's lodge. M. Pasquier -came and embraced me on the day after my resignation, saying he was -happy to have such a friend as I. He remained for a fairly considerable -time in an honourably moderate opposition, removed from place and power.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, the movement of sympathy which impels us to praise a -generous action came to an end. I had, in consideration of religion, -accepted a place outside France, a place conferred upon me by a mighty -genius, the conqueror of anarchy, a leader sprung from the popular -principle, the <i>consul</i> of a <i>republic</i>, and not a king continuing an -usurped <i>monarchy</i>; at that time I stood alone in my feeling, because -I was consistent in my conduct; I retired when the conditions to which -I was able to subscribe altered; but, so soon as the hero had changed -himself into a murderer, there came a rush for his ante-chamber. Six -months after the 21st of March, one might have thought that there was -only one opinion in society, but for a few malicious jests in which -people indulged in private. <i>Fallen</i> persons pretended to have been -<i>violated</i>, and only they, it was said, were <i>violated</i> who possessed a -great name or great importance, and each one, to prove his importance -or his quarterings, contrived to be <i>violated</i> by dint of solicitation.</p> - -<p>Those who had most loudly applauded me fell away; my presence was a -reproach to them: prudent people find imprudence in those who yield -to honour. There are times in which loftiness of soul is a real -infirmity; no one understands it; it passes for a sort of narrowness -of mind, for a prejudice, an unintelligent trick of education, a -crotchet, a whim which interferes with the judgment: an honourable -imbecility, perhaps, but a stupid helotism. What capacity can any one -find in shutting your eyes, in remaining indifferent to the march of -the century, to the movement of ideas, to the change of manners, to -the progress of society? Is it not a deplorable mistake to attach to -events an importance which they do not possess? Barricaded behind -your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> narrow principles, your mind as limited as your judgment, you -are like a man living at the back of a house, looking out only on a -little yard, unaware of what happens in the street or of the noise to -be heard outside. That is what a little independence reduces you to, -an object of pity to the average man: as to the great minds with their -affectionate pride and their haughty eyes, <i>oculos sublimes</i><a name="FNanchor_591_591" id="FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a>, -their compassionate disdain forgives you, because they know that "you -cannot hear<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a>." I therefore shrank back humbly into my literary -career, a poor Pindar destined in my first Olympic to praise "the -excellence of water," leaving wine to the happy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I resign my Embassy.</div> - -<p>Friendship put fresh heart into M. de Fontanes; Madame Bacciochi placed -her kindness between her brother's anger and my resolution; M. de -Talleyrand, through indifference or calculation, kept my resignation -for several days before speaking of it: when he announced it to -Bonaparte the latter had had time to reflect. On receiving from me the -only direct sign of blame from an honest man who was not afraid to defy -him, he uttered merely these two words:</p> - -<p>"Very well."</p> - -<p>Later, he said to his sister:</p> - -<p>"Were you very much alarmed for your friend?"</p> - -<p>Long after, in conversation with M. de Fontanes, he confessed that -my resignation was one of the things that had impressed him most -M. de Talleyrand had an official letter sent to me in which he -gracefully reproached me for depriving his department of my talents -and services<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a>. I returned the expenses of installation, and all -was apparently finished. But, in daring to leave Bonaparte, I had -placed myself upon his level, and he was incensed against me with all -the strength of his perfidy, as I against him with all that of my -loyalty. Till the day of his fall, he held the sword<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> suspended over -my head: sometimes he returned to me by a natural leaning and tried to -drown me in his fatal prosperity; sometimes I was drawn to him by the -admiration with which he inspired me, by the idea that I was assisting -at a transformation of society, not at a mere change of dynasty: but -antipathetic in so many respects, our respective natures gained the -upper hand, and if he would gladly have had me shot, I should have felt -no great compunction in killing him.</p> - -<p>Death makes a great man or unmakes him; it stops him on the stair which -he was about to descend, or on the step which he was about to climb: -his is a destiny that has succeeded or failed; in the first case, one -is reduced to examine what it has been, in the second to conjecture -what it might have become.</p> - -<p>If, in doing my duty, I had been prompted by far-seeing views of -ambition, I should have deceived myself. Charles X. learnt only at -Prague what I had done in 1804: he had but lately been King.</p> - -<p>"Chateaubriand," he said to me at the Castle of Hradschin, "had you -served Bonaparte?"</p> - -<p>"Yes, Sire."</p> - -<p>"Did you resign on the death of M. le Duc d'Enghien?"</p> - -<p>"Yes, Sire."</p> - -<p>Misfortune instructs or restores the memory. I have told you how one -day in London, when I had taken shelter with M. de Fontanes in a -passage during a storm, M. le Duc de Bourbon came and sought cover -under the same refuge: in France, his gallant father and he, who -so politely thanked whoever wrote a funeral oration on M. le Duc -d'Enghien, did not send me one word of remembrance; they were doubtless -unaware of my conduct: true, I never told them of it.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> This book was commenced in Paris in 1837, continued and -completed in Paris in 1838, and revised in February 1845 and December -1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> The Château du Marais was built by M. Le Maître, a very -rich man, who left it to Madame de La Briche, his niece. It stands in -the commune of the Val-Saint-Maurice, canton of Dourdan, Department -of Seine-et-Oise, and is now the property of the Dowager Duchesse de -Noailles.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Adélaïde Edmée de La Briche, <i>née</i> Prévost, widow of -Alexis Janvier de La Live de La Briche, Introducer of Ambassadors and -Private Secretary to the Queen.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> Louise Joséphine Comtesse de Montesquiou-Fezensac -(1764-1832), <i>née</i> de La Live de Jully, sister to Madame de -Vintimille.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> The Château de Champlâtreux, in the commune of -Épinay-Champlâtreux, canton of Luzarches, Department of Seine-et-Oise, -was the old seat of the Molé family. It belongs now to M. le Duc de -Noailles. The Comte Molé died there, 25 November 1855.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Édouard François Matthieu Molé de Champlâtreux (<i>d.</i> -1794), a President in the Parliament of Paris, guillotined 20 April -1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> The domain, now in the Department of Eure-et-Loir, -presented to Madame de Maintenon by Louis XIV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> Louise Éléonore Mélanie Marquise de Custine (1770-1826), -<i>née</i> de Sabran, married in 1787 to Amand Louis Philippe François de -Custine, guillotined 4 January 1794.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Margaret Queen of France (1219-1295), daughter of -Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of Provence, and married in 1234 to King -Louis IX.: a virtuous queen in every way worthy of her spouse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> The Château de Fervacques is near Lisieux in Calvados. -Madame de Custine bought it of the Duc de Montmorency-Laval and his -sister the Duchesse de Luynes. It is now the property of M. le Comte de -Montgomery.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> Christina Queen of Sweden (1626-1689) spent some years -in France after her abdication in 1654.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Astolphe Louis Léonor Marquis de Custine (1793-1857), -author of an excellent book on La Russie en 1839, in 4 volumes -(1843), and many other remarkable works that obtained a well-deserved -success.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Madame de Custine had been imprisoned at the Carmelites -and had escaped execution thanks only to the Revolution of 9 -Thermidor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> -"The lady of Fervacques<br /> -Deserves a brisk attack."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> Afterwards Madame de Bérenger.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Louise Julie Talma (<i>d.</i> 1805), <i>née</i> Carreau, married -Talma on the 19th of April 1791. They were divorced on the 6th of -February 1801 by mutual consent. Talma married next year (16 June -1802) Charlotte Vanhove, the divorced wife of Louis Sébastien Olympe -Petit, from whom he was also separated shortly afterwards on the same -terms.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> Stanislas Marie Adélaïde Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre -(1747-1792), a Monarchical member of the Constituent Assembly, -butchered by the populace on the 10th of August 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> Louis Justin Marie Marquis de Talaru (1769-1850), for -some time French Ambassador in Madrid under the Restoration. He was -created a peer of France on the same day as Chateaubriand (17 August -1815).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1743-1803), known as the -Unknown Philosopher, the exponent of "pure spiritualism." His principal -works are <i>Des Erreurs et de la vérité</i> (1775), the <i>Homme de désir</i> -(1790), and the <i>Ministère de l'Homme-Esprit</i> (1802).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Jean Jacques Comte Lenoir-Laroche (1749-1825) held -office for a few days in 1797, was a Conservative member of the Senate -(1799-1814), was made a count by Napoleon, and a peer of France by -Louis XVIII. (4 June 1814). On the 31st of August 1817, this dignity -was declared hereditary in his family.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> The Abbé Joseph Faria (<i>circa</i> 1755-1819), a native of -Goa, and a famous magnetizer. He plays an important part in <i>Monte -Cristo</i>, in which Dumas makes him die at the Château d'If. He died, in -fact, in Paris.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), a German doctor -(naturalized a Frenchman in 1819) who invented the science of -craniology, now known as phrenology.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> <i>Mon portrait historique et philosophique</i>, M. de -Saint-Martin's posthumous work, printed in a very much mutilated and -incomplete form.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> The Polytechnic School was installed at the time at the -Palais-Bourbon, and removed to the building of the former Collège de -Navarre in 1804.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Henri François Marquis de Saint-Lambert (1717-1803), -author of a poem, the <i>Saisons</i>, which secured his admission to -the French Academy (1770), and of several philosophical works of a -pronounced materialistic tendency.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Élisabeth Françoise Sophie Comtesse de Houdetot -(1730-1813), <i>née</i> de La Live de Bellegarde. She married -Lieutenant-General the Comte de Houdetot in 1748. She was the author of -a few <i>Pensées</i>, but owes her reputation rather to the lively passion -with which she inspired Rousseau and to her liaison with Saint-Lambert, -which lasted nearly half a century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> -"Woe be unto him to whom Heaven grants long days!" -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> -"And love consoles me still!<br /> -But nought will e'er console me for love's loss." -—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Friedrich Melchior Baron Grimm (1723-1807), the friend -of Rousseau and Diderot, created a baron by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, -whom he represented at the French Court from 1776-1790. In 1795 -the Empress Catherine II. made him her minister in Lower Saxony. -His diverting correspondence with both potentates was published in -1812-1813.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> Pierre Simon Ballanche (1778-1847) started life as a -printer at Lyons, where he published the second and third editions of -the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> He began to devote himself to literature -in 1813, wrote several notable works of Christian philosophy, and -became elected a member of the French Academy in 1844.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> The article on the <i>Législation primitive</i> appeared in -the <i>Mercure</i> of the 18 Nivôse Year XI. (8 January 1803).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> The Celestines were suppressed in 1778. They were -founded in 1244 by Pietro di Murrhone, the hermit Pope, who was elected -to the Holy See in 1294, when nearly eighty years of age, and assumed -the title of Celestine V. He was canonized in 1313.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> René I. Duke of Anjou, titular King of Naples -(1408-1480), known as Good King René, and father of Margaret of Anjou, -wife of Henry VI. of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> I omit two or three pages devoted mainly to quotations -from Petrarch.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> A terrible revolutionary massacre took place at Avignon -in 1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> Petrarch immortalized the source of the Sorgue, which -rises near Vaucluse, and is known as the Fountain of Vaucluse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> Alain Chartier (1386-1458), the "Father of French -Eloquence," an early French poet, and Secretary to the Household to -King Charles VI. Margaret kissed him on the mouth, as he lay sleeping, -to show the value she set upon the mouth from which so many fair -speeches had issued.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> Margaret of Scotland (1418-1445), daughter of James I. -King of Scots, was married to the Dauphin, later King Louis XI. of -France, as a child, in 1428, but was not united to him until 1436. He -made her very unhappy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> <i>Pro. L. Flacco</i>, xxvi. 36.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Job</span> xxxviii. II.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> Pytheas (<i>circa</i> 350 B.C.), the famous Greek navigator, -was a native of Massilia or Marseilles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Jean Sire de Joinville (<i>circa</i> 1223—<i>circa</i> 1319) -accompanied St. Louis on the Seventh Crusade (1248), which took Cyprus -in its course.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> Berengarius I. and II., Kings of Italy and Marquises of -Ivrea in the tenth century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> Louis II., Duke of Anjou and titular King of Naples -(1377-1417), father of Good King René.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duc d'Épernon -(1554-1642), one of the favourites of Henry III., was the head of a -Languedoc family and governor of Provence, of which Marseilles was one -of the chief cities.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> Henri François Xavier de Belsunce de Castel Moron, -Bishop of Marseilles (1671-1755), distinguished himself by his courage -and zeal during the plague which ravaged the city in the years 1720 and -1721, and by his vigorous opposition to the Jansenistic doctrines.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Vittorio Conte Alfieri (1749-1803), the Italian tragic -poet, secretly married in 1788 to the Countess of Albany, widow of -Prince Charles Edward Stuart. His <i>Memoirs</i> were published in 1804.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Alfieri</span>, <i>Memoirs</i>, chap. IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> The Roman amphitheatre or bull-arena at Nîmes was laid -in ruins by the English during their occupation in 1417.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> The famous Roman remains, in the Corinthian style.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Jean Reboul (1796-1864), the baker-poet, author of -<i>Poésies</i> (1836), the <i>Dernier Jour</i> (1839), the <i>Martyre de Vivia</i>, a -mystery play, performed at the Odéon (1850), and the <i>Traditionnelles</i> -(1857). He continued his trade throughout. In 1848 he was sent to the -Constituent Assembly as Royalist member for the Department of the -Gard.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> I omit a quotation from Reboul.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> Plautus spent some years in the service of a baker in -Rome.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), the Protestant -philosopher, Professor of Literature at the University of Leyden, -a distinguished philologist and founder of the system of modern -chronology.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> 1622.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> The Canal des Deux-Mers, also known as the Canal du Midi -or de Languedoc, joins the Atlantic and Mediterranean.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> The project of the canal, first formed under Francis -I., was executed by Colbert's orders under Louis XIV. in the years -1666-1681. I omit the quotation from Corneille.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Paule Baronne de Fontenille (1518-1610), <i>née</i> de -Viguier, nicknamed Fair Paule by King Francis I., who saw her as a -child. She married first the Sire de Bayganuet, and later Philippe de -Laroche, Baron de Fontenille. Her beauty, which she retained until -extreme old age, was so intense that her resolution to stay at home, in -order to save herself from being pestered with the admiration of the -people, was checkmated by a resolution of the <i>Capitouls</i> or municipal -officers of Toulouse, who ordered her to show herself in public, with -uncovered features, two days in the week. <i>La Belle Paule</i> was as -virtuous as she was beautiful.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> Henri II. Maréchal Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), -revolted against Louis XIII., was defeated and taken prisoner at -Castelnaudary, and tried and beheaded at Toulouse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Claude Fauriel (1772-1844), a capable literary critic -and considerable linguist. He translated and published in 1837 the -<i>Histoire de la croisade contre les hérétiques albigeois, écrits en -vers provençaux par un poète contemporain</i>, from which the above -extract is taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Simon Baron, later Comte, de Montfort (<i>d.</i> 1218), known -as the Machabee of his century, the leader of the crusade against the -Albigenses, of whom he put some 60,000 or more to the sword. Simon de -Montfort was killed at Toulouse, 25 June 1218.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Jacques de Cujas (1522-1590), the famous jurist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Margaret of France, Duchesse de Berry, afterwards -Duchess of Savoy (1523-1574), married in 1559 to Emmanuel Philibert, -Duke of Savoy. Her subjects named her the Mother of the Peoples.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (1552-1615), -married in 1572 to the Prince of Béarn, afterwards Henry IV., and III. -King of France and Navarre.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Gui du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac (1529-1584), represented -France at the Council of Trent and accompanied Henry III. to Poland. -His <i>Quatrains moraux</i> have been universally translated, and he also -published various political writings.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> Florio's <span class="smcap">Montaigne</span>, the Third Booke, chap. IX.: <i>Of -Vanitie.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse, Duke of Bordeaux, and -Marquis of Provence (<i>circa</i> 1042-1105), one of the leaders of the -First Crusade (1096), and one of the first to storm the walls of -Jerusalem.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne (1809-1880), a -member of the Right in the Chamber of Deputies, became "reconciled" to -the Republic, and was ultimately elected a Life Senator in 1875.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> Mademoiselle Honorine Gasc, the owner of an admirable -voice, married Herr Ol de Kop, Danish Consul at Bordeaux and Paris.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Clémence Isaure, a wealthy lady of Toulouse, who -restored the Floral Games at Toulouse in 1490, and left large sums of -money to the town to provide for the expenses of annual competitions in -the art of poetry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Claude Emmanuel Luillier Chapelle (1626-1686) and -François Le Coigneux de Bachaumont (1624-1702), joint authors of the -<i>Voyage</i> and other Epicurean pieces.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> -"Ah, how happy one would be<br /> -In this fair seductive spot<br /> -If, by Sylvia ne'er forgot,<br /> -Loving to eternity,<br /> -With her he could cast his lot!"—T -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> The Chateau Trompette has also since been destroyed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Joseph Spon (1647-1685), a French Protestant -antiquarian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> -"Ah, why do they throw down those columns of the gods,<br /> -The work of the great Cæsars, a tutelary shrine?"—T. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> The Duchesse de Berry was imprisoned at Blaye Castle in -1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> In 1797 La Harpe had published his eloquent <i>Du -Fanatisme dans la langue révolutionnaire.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> This poem appeared in 1814, with the title, <i>Le Triomphe -de la Religion, ou le Roi martyr.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> -"But if they ventured all, 'twas you permitted all:<br /> -The viler the oppressor, the more infamous the slave."—T. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> On the 9th of August 1797, La Harpe, then a widower -and fifty-seven years of age, married, at the instance of his friend -M. Récamier, Mademoiselle de Hatte-Longuerue, a very beautiful girl -of twenty-three. Her mother, a penniless widow, concealed from the -bridegroom any repugnance that Mademoiselle de Longuerue entertained -for the match; but three weeks after the marriage the latter declared -this repugnance to be invincible, and asked for a divorce. La Harpe -behaved like a gallant gentleman and a Christian: he was unable to lend -himself to the divorce, forbidden as it was by the religious law; but -he allowed it to take place, and forgave the young lady the outcry and -scandal produced by this rupture.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Job</span> iv. 15, 16.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Dante</span>, <i>Inferno</i>, xiv. 46.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> The Abbé Jacques André Émery (1732-1811), author of -the <i>Esprit</i> (later <i>Pensées) de Leibnitz</i>, the <i>Christianisme de -Bacon</i>, the <i>Pensées de Descartes</i>, and many other works of a religious -tendency.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> Joseph Cardinal Comte Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons -(1763-1839), was the half-brother of Madame Bonaparte, Napoleon's -mother. He was made Archbishop of Lyons in 1802, a cardinal and -Ambassador to Rome in 1803, Grand Almoner of the Empire, a count, and a -senator in 1805. Later he refused the Archbishopric of Paris, opposed -Napoleon's wishes with regard to Pius VII. in 1810, was disgraced and -sent into exile in his diocese, where he remained till 1814. After -the Emperor's abdication, he retired to Rome, where he lived for -twenty-five years, refusing to surrender his archbishopric till the day -of his death, 13 May 1839.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> In Auvergne.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> Talleyrand was Foreign Minister from 1796 to 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> The Abbé Pierre Étienne de Bonnevie (1761-1849), a great -friend of M. and Madame de Chateaubriand, and a very witty priest.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Anne Antoine Jules Duc de Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of -Châlons-sur-Marne (1749-1830). Before returning from the Emigration, he -had placed his resignation in the hands of the Sovereign Pontiff, in -accordance with the terms of the Concordat. Under the Restoration he -became a peer of France (1814), Archbishop of Toulouse (1820), and a -cardinal (1822).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Pope Pius VII. (<i>vide infra</i>, <a href="#Page_220">p. 220</a>) was a Chiaramonti. -This name is the Italian equivalent for Clermont.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> -"Alps, ye have not by my hard fate been torn!<br /> -On you time leaves no sign;<br /> -The years have lightly by your brows been borne<br /> -That heavy weigh on mine.</p> -<p> -When first across your rugged walls I passed,<br /> -Dazzled with hope's bright rays,<br /> -Like the horizon, a future, boundless, vast,<br /> -Lay spread before my gaze."<br /> -</p> -<p> -Italy at my feet, and all the world before me!"—T. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> Chateaubriand himself had probably not known "that" -long, and had learnt it from his young friend Jean Jacques Ampère, the -only man in France who at that time interested himself in Scandinavian -matters.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> This "Fotrad, son of Eupert," is a little far-fetched. -When the author was writing this part of his Memoirs his mind was still -full of his long and learned researches preparatory to the writing of -his <i>Études historiques</i> and his chapters on the Franks.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> Odet de Foix, Maréchal Vicomte de Lautrec (1485-1528), -was Lieutenant-General in Italy under Francis I., and subdued a part of -the Duchy of Milan.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> Francesco di Melzi, Duca di Lodi (1753-1826), was -Vice-president of the Cisalpine Republic, organized by General -Bonaparte in 1797, which in 1802 took the name of the Italian Republic. -When, in 1805, it became the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon for its -King and Eugène de Beauharnais for its Viceroy, Melzi was appointed -Grand Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals. In 1807 he was created a -duke.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> Napoleon Charles Lucien Prince Murat (1803-1873), second -son of Joachim Murat, was born 16 May 1803. He was made a senator in -1852, and a member of the civil family of the Emperor Napoleon III. -in 1853, with the title of Imperial Highness. He was Grand Master of -Freemasons from 1852 to 1862.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> The feast of SS. Peter and Paul falls on the 29th of -June.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> St. Francis of Assisi, honoured on the 4th of -October.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> François Cacault (1743-1805), French Minister -Plenipotentiary in Rome from 1801 to 1803.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> The Chevalier Artaud de Montor, author of several works, -of which the most important is his <i>Histoire du pape Pie VII.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> Gregorio Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti, Pope Pius VII. -(1740-1823), was elected to the Papacy in 1800. He signed the -Concordat with Bonaparte in 1801, crowned him Emperor in Paris in -1804, but excommunicated him in 1809, after the invasion of the Papal -States. Napoleon had him kidnapped and taken to Savona, and thence to -Fontainebleau, where Pope Pius was kept in captivity until 1814. On -returning to his States he had the generosity to give an asylum to the -members of his persecutor's family.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (1757-1824), Secretary of State -to Pius VII., and one of the greatest statesmen of the century. He -too signed the famous Concordat, and he too was imprisoned for some -time by Napoleon. He represented the Pope at the Congress of Vienna in -1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> Charles Emanuel IV., King of Sardinia (1751-1819), -succeeded his father Victor Amedeus III. in 1796, was obliged to -surrender his continental possessions to the French Republic in 1798, -and retired to Sardinia. In 1802 he abdicated and was succeeded by -his brother Victor Emanuel I. He ended his days in Rome as a Jesuit. -Charles Emanuel IV. became Heir in Line of the House of Stuart on the -death of the Cardinal of York (Henry IX.) in 1807, and appears in the -Jacobite Calendars as Charles IV. King of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> The Abbé Nicolas Silvestre Guillon (1760-1847) had -been chaplain, reader, and librarian to the Princesse de Lamballe. He -hid himself under the Terror and reappeared in 1801 to publish his -<i>Recherches sur le Concordat</i>, which caused him to be confined in the -Temple for four months. On returning from Rome he became Professor of -Rhetoric at the new University. In 1810 he was appointed to the Faculty -of Theology in Paris, and for thirty years professed sacred eloquence -in that faculty, of which he ultimately became the dean. He became -chaplain to the Orleans Family in 1818, and in 1831 Louis-Philippe -named him for the See of Beauvais, which, owing to a technical -misdemeanour, he was not allowed to accept. Having confessed his error, -he was in the course of the next year installed as Bishop of Morocco -<i>in partibus.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Marie Thérèse Princesse de Lamballe, <i>née</i> Princesse de -Savoie-Carignan (1749-1792), was murdered at the prison of the Force in -September 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> Antoine François Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis de -La Maisonfort (1778-1827), had returned from the Emigration at the -commencement of the Consulate, and was arrested and confined in the -island of Elba, whence he escaped to Rome. Under the Restoration, -he sat for a time in Parliament and represented France as Minister -Plenipotentiary at Florence.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> Louis François Bertin (1766-1841), usually known as -Bertin the Elder, to distinguish him from his brother Pierre Louis -Bertin de Vaux, together with whom he bought the <i>Journal des Débats</i> -in 1799, and immeasurably improved the property. He was deprived of it -in 1811, but revived the paper in 1814, and vigorously supported the -Restoration until 1830, when he allied himself to Louis-Philippe and -the new monarchy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Pierre Joseph Briot (1771-1827) opposed Bonaparte in the -Council of the Five Hundred, but nevertheless obtained his appointment -as Government Commissary-General in Elba through the influence of -Lucien Bonaparte. On Napoleon's coronation as Emperor, Briot went to -Italy, and held various offices under Joseph and Joachim Murat, Kings -of Naples. He refused to accept titles or decorations from either of -these monarchs, which is probably the reason why Chateaubriand speaks -of him as "the Republican" Briot.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> The Princesse Pauline Borghèse (1780-1825), <i>née</i> -Bonaparte, was Napoleon's second sister. She married General Leclerc -in 1797, and shortly after his death married Prince Camille Borghèse -(1803), from whom she soon separated, leaving Italy to reside at the -Château de Neuilly. She enjoyed the title of Duchess of Guastalla -from 1806 to 1814. In the latter year, she devoted herself wholly to -Napoleon, accompanying him to Elba, and placing her diamonds at his -disposal. In her later years, she became reconciled to her husband -and lived with him at Florence. Pauline Borghèse was one of the -most beautiful of women of her time. She sat to Canova for a nude -Venus, and was doubtless in no way shy of "making her toilet" before -Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> -"I perish last and most wretched of all!"—T. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> -"My days do not warrant the price of a sigh."—T. -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> Madame de Sévigné's seat in Brittany.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> This house stood near the Trinità-del-Monte, and was -known by the name of the Villa Margherita.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Louis Georges Seroux d'Agincourt -(1730-1814), a distinguished antiquarian and archæologist. He had been -a farmer-general under Louis XV., and amassed a huge fortune, which -he devoted to study and the cultivation of the arts. After visiting -England, Holland, Germany, and Italy, he settled in Rome, in 1778, -where he became intimate with the Cardinal de Bernis and Azara, the -Spanish Ambassador and art-patron, and compiled his great work, the -<i>Histoire de l'Art par les Monuments, depuis le IV<sup>e</sup> siècle -jusqu'au XVI<sup>e</sup></i>, in 6 volumes folio, with 336 plates.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Isaias</span> xxii. 18.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> Barbara Juliana Baroness Krüdener (1764-1824), <i>née</i> -von Vietinghoff-Scheel, a famous Russian mystic, was married, when -fourteen years of age, to Baron Krüdener, Russian Ambassador in Berlin. -After leading a very dissipated life, and publishing her well-known -novel, <i>Valérie, ou Lettres de Gustave de Linar à Ernest de G.</i> (1803), -she suddenly, in 1807, withdrew from the world, gave way to exalted -devotion, and pretended to have received from Heaven a mission for the -regeneration of Christianity. She travelled through Germany, visiting -the prisons, preaching in the open air, and converting men by the -thousand. In 1814, she came into contact with the foreign sovereigns -then in Paris, exercised a great ascendant over the Emperor Alexander, -foretold to him the return of Napoleon from Elba and his ultimate -fall, and inspired him with the idea of the Holy Alliance. She next -resumed her travels through Switzerland and the various States of -Germany, but her extraordinary influence began to be dreaded, and she -was expelled wherever she went. In 1822, she took refuge in the Crimea, -where she founded an institution for sinners and criminals, and died at -Karasu-Bazar on Christmas Day 1824.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> Joseph Michaud (1767-1839), author of the <i>Printemps -d'un proscrit</i> and a History of the Crusades, and a member of the -French Academy. In 1795, he was condemned to death for professing -Royalist opinions in his paper, the <i>Quotidienne</i>, but succeeded in -evading execution of the sentence, which was revoked in 1796. He was -appointed Press Censor under the Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> The Comte Guillaume de La Luzerne, who in 1787 married -Madame de Beaumont's elder sister, Mademoiselle Victoire de Montmorin, -was the nephew of the Comte de La Luzerne, the ambassador, and son -of César Henri de La Luzerne, Minister of Marine under Louis XVI. -Chateaubriand appears to have confused the two.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> The Saint-Germains, husband (Germain Couhaillon) and -wife, had been for thirty-eight years in the service of the Montmorin -family. Chateaubriand afterwards took them into his own service, which -they never left.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> Auguste de Montmorin (<i>d.</i> 1793), a naval officer, had -perished in a storm when returning from the Mauritius.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> Annibale della Genga, Pope Leo XII. (1760-1829), -succeeded Pope Pius VII. in 1823.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> This tomb, which faces that of the Cardinal de Bernis at -San Luigi dei Francesi, was erected by Chateaubriand himself at a cost -of some nine thousand francs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> And not in 1827, as is given in all the earlier editions -of the Memoirs. Chateaubriand spent the whole of the year 1827 in -Paris. It was not until 1828, under the Mortignac Ministry, that he was -appointed to the Embassy in Rome.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> <i>Greek Anthology</i>, VII. 346.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> M. de Fontanes' friendship goes much too far: Madame de -Beaumont knew me better; she no doubt felt that, if she had left me her -fortune, I should not have accepted it.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> Madame de Beaumont left her books to Chateaubriand in -her will, dated Paris, 15 May 1802.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> The words italicized are in English.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> Baron Matthieu de Staël, Madame de Staël's second son, -who died while still very young.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> In 1802, for her opposition to Bonaparte.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Baron von -Humboldt (1767-1835), the eminent Prussian diplomatist and philologist, -and the friend and correspondent of all the literary eminences of his -time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_575_575" id="Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John</span> xi. 44.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_576_576" id="Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> The <i>Lettre à M. de Fontanes</i>, on the Roman Campagna, is -dated to January 1804, and first appeared in the Mercure de France, in -its issue of March 1804.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_577_577" id="Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> Rome, December 1803.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_578_578" id="Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> Cf. <span class="smcap">Rousseau's</span> <i>Confessions.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_579_579" id="Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> <i>Gen.</i> III. 22.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_580_580" id="Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> Jean Henri Joachim Hostein Vicomte Lainé (1767-1835) -displayed considerable independence in the Legislative Body, of -which he was a member for the Department of the Gironde. Under the -Restoration, he was Minister of the Interior from 1816 to 1818. In -1823, he was made a viscount and a peer of France. He had become a -member of the French Academy in 1818, although he had never produced -any literary work, properly speaking.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_581_581" id="Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> <i>Martyrs</i>, V.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_582_582" id="Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> Antonio Canova (1757-1822), the famous sculptor. In 1819 -he was sent to Paris as a special ambassador from the Pope.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_583_583" id="Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> Now the Hôtel de France et de Lorraine, at No. 5, Rue de -Beaune.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_584_584" id="Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> Not the 20th, as the previous editions and the -manuscript of the Memoirs have it. This was clearly a slip of the pen. -The execution of the Duc d'Enghien took place, not on the 20th, but on -the 21st of March 1804.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_585_585" id="Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (1769-1834), -private secretary to Napoleon I. and Minister of State under Louis -XVIII. The Revolution of 1830 and the consequent loss of his fortune -caused him to lose his reason, and he died in a madhouse. His Memoirs, -written by himself and revised by M. de Villemarest were published in -ten volumes, 1829-1831.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_586_586" id="Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> <i>Mémoires de M. de Bourrienne</i>, vol. V. p. 348.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_587_587" id="Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> Here again the manuscript gives the 20th of March in -error.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_588_588" id="Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> Chateaubriand's letter of resignation ran as follows: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"<span class="smcap">Citizen Minister</span>,</p> -<p> -"The doctors have just stated that Madame de Chateaubriand's -state of health is such as to raise fears for her life. As -it is absolutely impossible for me to leave my wife in these -circumstances, or to expose her to the danger of a journey, -I beg Your Excellency to approve that I return to you the -credentials and instructions which you have sent me for the -Valais. I also trust to your extreme kindness to persuade the -First Consul to accept <i>the painful reasons</i> which prevent me -to-day from undertaking the mission with which he was pleased -to honour me. As I do not know whether my position requires -me to take any other steps, I venture to appeal to your usual -indulgence, Citizen Minister, for orders and advice; I shall -receive these with the gratitude which I shall not cease to -feel for your past kindnesses. -</p> -<p> -"I have the honour to greet you respectfully, -</p> -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;"> -"Chateaubriand. -</p> -<p> -<span class="smcap">"Hôtel de France, Rue de Beaune, Paris</span>. -</p> -<p> -"1 <i>Germinal Year XII</i> [22 <i>March</i> 1804]."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> Moreau had been arrested on the 15th of February; -Pichegru on the 28th of February; and Georges Cadoudal on the 9th of -March 1804.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_590_590" id="Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> Jean Claude Clausel de Coussergues (1759-1846), a -distinguished magistrate and orator. Under the Restoration, he became -a deputy and a member of the Court of Appeal. He resigned after the -Revolution of 1830.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_591_591" id="Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> <i>Prov.</i> VI. 17.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_592_592" id="Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John</span> viii. 43.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> Talleyrand's letter did not arrive until ten days after -the letter of resignation, and was thus worded: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p style="text-align: right;">"12 <i>Germinal</i> [2 <i>April</i> 1804]. -</p> -<p> -<span class="smcap">"Citizen</span>, -</p> -<p> -"I have brought to the notice of the First Consul the motives -which prevent you from accepting the Legation in the Valais, -to which you had been appointed. -</p> -<p> -"The Citizen Consul had been pleased to give you a proof of -confidence. The same feelings of good-will have caused him -to learn with regret the reasons which do not permit you to -fulfill that mission. -</p> -<p> -"I must also express to you the great interest which I -attached to the new relations which I should have had to -maintain with you; and to this regret, which is personal to -myself, I add that of seeing my department deprived of your -talents and services."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p> -<h4><a name="BOOK_III" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III</a><a name="FNanchor_594_594" id="FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a></h4> - - -<p>Death of the Duc d'Enghien—The year 1804—General Hulin—The Duc de -Rovigo—M. de Talleyrand—Part played by each—Bonaparte, his sophistry -and remorse—Conclusions to be drawn from the whole story—Enmities -engendered by the death of the Duc D'Enghien—An article in the -<i>Mercure</i>—Change in the life of Bonaparte.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Like the migratory birds, I am seized in the month of October with a -restlessness which would oblige me to change my clime, were I still -strong on the wing and swift as the hours: the clouds flitting across -the sky make me long to flee. In order to cheat this instinct, I made -for Chantilly. I have wandered on the lawn, where old keepers crawl -along the border of the woods. Some crows, flying in front of me over -broom, coppice and glades, have led me to the Commelle Ponds. Death -has breathed upon the friends who used to accompany me to the castle -of Queen Blanche<a name="FNanchor_595_595" id="FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a>: the sites of these solitudes were but a sad -horizon, half-opened for a moment on the side of my past. In the days -of René, I should have found mysteries of life in the little stream of -the Thève: it steals hidden among horse-tails and mosses; reeds screen -it from sight; it dies in the ponds which it feeds with its youth, ever -expiring, ever renewed: those ripples used to charm me when I bore -within myself the desert with the phantoms which smiled to me, for all -their melancholy, and which I decked with flowers.</p> - -<p>Walking back along the hedges, now scarcely traced, I was surprised by -the rain; I took shelter beneath a beech: its last leaves were falling -like my years; its top was stripping itself like my head; its trunk -was marked with a red circle, to be cut down like myself. Now that -I have returned to my inn, with a harvest of autumn plants and in a -mood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> little suited for joy, I will tell you of the death of M. le Duc -d'Enghien while within sight of the ruins of Chantilly.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Protest of Louis XVIII.</div> - -<p>This death at first froze all hearts with terror; men dreaded a return -of the reign of Robespierre. Paris thought it was seeing again one -of those days which men do not see more than once, the day of the -execution of Louis XVI. Bonaparte's servants, friends and family were -struck with consternation. Abroad, though the language of diplomacy -promptly stifled the popular feeling, the latter none the less stirred -the hearts of the crowd. In the exiled family of the Bourbons, the -blow struck through and through: Louis XVIII. returned to the King of -Spain<a name="FNanchor_596_596" id="FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> the Order of the Golden Fleece, with which Bonaparte had -just been decorated; it was accompanied by a letter which did honour to -the royal mind:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">"Sir and dear Cousin,</p> - -<p>"There can be nothing in common between me and the great -criminal whom audacity and fortune have placed on a throne -which he has had the barbarity to stain with the blood of a -Bourbon, the Duc d'Enghien. Religion may prompt me to forgive -an assassin; but the tyrant of my people must always be my -enemy. Providence, for inexplicable reasons, can condemn me -to end my days in exile; but never shall my contemporaries -nor posterity be able to say that I showed myself in time of -adversity unworthy to occupy, till my last breath, the throne -of my ancestors."</p></blockquote> - -<p>We must not forget another name connected with that of the Duc -d'Enghien: Gustavus Adolphus<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a>, since dethroned and exiled, was the -only one of the kings then reigning who dared to raise a voice to save -the young French Prince. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> dispatched an aide-de-camp from Carlsruhe -bearing a letter for Bonaparte; the letter arrived too late: the last -of the Condés was no more. Gustavus Adolphus returned the ribbon of the -Black Eagle to the King of Prussia<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a>, as Louis XVIII. had returned -the Golden Fleece to the King of Spain. Gustavus declared to the heir -of Frederic the Great that, "according to the laws of chivalry, he -could not consent to be the brother-in-arms of the butcher of the Duc -d'Enghien<a name="FNanchor_599_599" id="FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a>." There is an inexpressibly bitter irony in these almost -mad memories of chivalry, everywhere extinct, save in the heart of an -unhappy king for a murdered friend; honour to the noble sympathies of -misfortune, which stand aloof, not understood, in a world unknown to -men!</p> - -<p>Alas, we had undergone too many different tyrannies; our characters, -broken by a succession of hardships and oppressions, lacked sufficient -energy to allow our grief long to wear mourning for the death of -young Condé: gradually the tears dried up; fear overflowed with -congratulations on the dangers from which the First Consul had just -escaped; it wept with gratitude at having been saved by a so sacred -immolation. Nero<a name="FNanchor_600_600" id="FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a>, at Seneca's<a name="FNanchor_601_601" id="FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a> dictation, wrote to the Senate -a letter of apology for the murder of Agrippina<a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a>; the Senators, -delighted, heaped blessings upon the magnanimous son who had not feared -to pluck out his heart by so salutary an act of parricide! Society soon -returned to its pleasures; it was afraid of its mourning: after the -Terror, the victims who had been spared danced, forced themselves to -appear happy and, fearing lest they should be suspected guilty of the -crime of memory, displayed the same gaiety as when they went to the -scaffold.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duc D'Enghien's arrest.</div> - -<p>The Duc d'Enghien was not arrested point-blank and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> without -precautions: Bonaparte had had a report drawn up of the number of -Bourbons in Europe. In a council to which Messieurs de Talleyrand and -Fouché were summoned, it was recognised that the Duc d'Angoulême was at -Warsaw, with Louis XVIII.; the Comte d'Artois and the Duc de Berry in -London, with the Princes de Condé and de Bourbon. The youngest of the -Condés was at Ettenheim, in the Duchy of Baden. It was found that two -English agents, Messrs. Taylor and Drake, had conducted intrigues in -that quarter. On the 16th of June 1803 the Duc de Bourbon<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a> warned -his grandson against a possible arrest by means of a note addressed -to him from London, which is still preserved. Bonaparte summoned the -two Consuls, his colleagues, to his side. He first bitterly reproached -M. Réal<a name="FNanchor_604_604" id="FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a> for having left him in ignorance of what was being -planned against him. He patiently listened to the objections. The -one to express himself with the greatest vigour was Cambacérès<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a>. -Bonaparte thanked him and took no further notice. This is what I have -seen in the Memoirs of Cambacérès, which one of his nephews, M. de -Cambacérès, a peer of France, has permitted me to consult with an -obligingness of which I retain a grateful recollection. The bomb once -thrown does not return: it goes where the engineer flings it, and -falls. To execute Bonaparte's orders, it was necessary to violate the -territory of Germany, and the territory was violated forthwith. The -Duc d'Enghien was arrested at Ettenheim. With him were found, instead -of General Dumouriez, only the Marquis de Thumery and some other -Emigrants of little note: this ought to have shown the mistake. The Duc -d'Enghien was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> taken to Strasburg. The beginning of the catastrophe of -Vincennes has been narrated by the Prince himself: he has left a little -road-journal from Ettenheim to Strasburg; the hero of the tragedy steps -before the curtain to recite this prologue:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Thursday 15 March, at Ettenheim, my house surrounded," says -the Prince, "by a detachment of dragoons and some pickets of -gendarmes, total about two hundred men, two generals, the -colonel of the dragoons, Colonel Chariot of the Strasburg -Gendarmerie, at five o'clock<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a>. At half-past five, doors -broken in, taken to the Mill, near the Tile-works. My papers -taken away, sealed up. Taken in a cart, between two lines of -fusiliers, to the Rhine. Put on board a boat for Rhisnau. -Landed and marched on foot as far as Pfortsheim. Breakfasted -at the inn. Got into a carriage with Colonel Chariot, the -quarter-master of the gendarmes, a gendarme on the box and -Grunstein. Arrived at Strasburg, at Colonel Chariot's, -about half-past five. Transferred half an hour after, in a -hackney-coach, to the citadel.</p> - -<p>. . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>"Sunday 18, they come to fetch me at half-past one in the -morning. They do not give me time to dress. I embrace my -unhappy companions, my servants. I leave alone with two -officers of gendarmes and two gendarmes. Colonel Chariot -told me that we were going to the general of division, -who has received orders from Paris. Instead of that, I -find a carriage with six post-horses in the Church Square. -Lieutenant Petermann gets in beside me, Blitersdorff the -quarter-master on the box, two gendarmes inside, the other -out."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>Here the ship-wrecked man, on the point of being engulfed, interrupts -his log.</p> - -<p>The carriage arrived at about four o'clock in the evening at one of the -barriers of the capital, where the Strasburg road ends, and instead -of driving into Paris, followed the outer boulevard and stopped at -Vincennes Castle. The Prince alighted from the carriage in the inner -court-yard and was taken to a room of the fortress, where he was locked -in and went to sleep. As the Prince was approaching Paris, Bonaparte -affected an air of calmness which was not natural.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 18th of March, which was Palm Sunday, he went to the Malmaison. -Madame Bonaparte<a name="FNanchor_607_607" id="FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a>, who, with all her family, was informed of the -Prince's arrest, spoke to him of this arrest. Bonaparte replied:</p> - -<p>"You don't understand politics."</p> - -<p>Colonel Savary<a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> had become one of Bonaparte's intimates. Why? -Because he had seen the First Consul weep at Marengo. Exceptional -men should distrust their tears, which place them beneath the yoke -of vulgar men. Tears are one of those weaknesses which enable an -eyewitness to make himself master of a great man's resolutions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">He is taken to Vincennes.</div> - -<p>They say that the First Consul himself had all the orders for Vincennes -drawn up. One of these orders provided that, if the expected sentence -was a death sentence, it was to be executed on the spot.</p> - -<p>I believe this version, although I cannot vouch for its truth, since -those orders are missing. Madame de Rémusat<a name="FNanchor_609_609" id="FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a>, who was playing chess -with the First Consul at the Malmaison on the evening of the 20th of -March, heard him mutter some verses on the clemency of Augustus<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a>; -she thought that Bonaparte was coming to himself again and that the -Prince was saved<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a>. No, destiny had pronounced its oracle!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p> - -<p>When Savary reappeared at Malmaison, Madame Bonaparte divined the whole -misfortune. The First Consul had locked himself up alone for many -hours. And then the wind blew, and all was ended.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>An order of Bonaparte, dated 29 Ventôse, Year XII<a name="FNanchor_612_612" id="FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a>, had decreed -that a military commission, consisting of seven members appointed by -General the Governor of Paris<a name="FNanchor_613_613" id="FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> should meet at Vincennes to try -"the <i>ci-devant</i> Duc d'Enghien, accused of bearing arms against the -Republic," etc.</p> - -<p>In fulfilment of this decree, Joachim Murat on the same day, 29 -Ventôse, appointed the seven officers who were to form the said -commission, namely:</p> - -<p>General Hulin<a name="FNanchor_614_614" id="FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a>, commanding the Foot Grenadiers of the Consular -Guard, president;</p> - -<p>Colonel Guitton, commanding the 1st Regiment of Cuirassiers;</p> - -<p>Colonel Bazancourt, commanding the 4th Regiment of Light Infantry;</p> - -<p>Colonel Ravier, commanding the 18th Regiment of Infantry of the Line;</p> - -<p>Colonel Barrois, commanding the 96th Regiment of Infantry of the Line;</p> - -<p>Colonel Rabbe, commanding the 2nd Regiment of the Municipal Guard of -Paris;</p> - -<p>Citizen Dautancourt, Major of the Gendarmerie d'Élite, with the -functions of captain-judge-advocate.</p> - -<p>Captain Dautancourt, Major Jacquin of the Légion d'Élite, two foot -gendarmes of the same corps, Lerva and Tharsis, and Citizen Noirot, a -lieutenant in the same corps, went to the Duc d'Enghien's and awoke -him: he had but four hours to wait before returning to his sleep. The -judge-advocate, assisted by Molin, a captain in the 18th Regiment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> -chosen as registrar by the aforesaid judge-advocate, examined the -Prince.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And examined.</div> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: His surname, Christian names, age, and birthplace?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: That his name was Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc -d'Enghien, born 2 August 1772 at Chantilly.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: Where he had resided since he left France?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: That, after accompanying his relations, Condé's Corps -having been formed, he had served through the whole war, and that, -before that, he had been through the campaign of 1792, in Brabant, with -Bourbon's Corps.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: If he had not gone to England, and if that Power did not still -allow him a salary?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: That he had never been there; that England still allowed -him his pay, which was all he had to live upon.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: What rank he filled in Condé's Army?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: Commander of the Advance Guard in 1796; before that -campaign, as a volunteer at his grandfather's headquarters; and, ever -since 1796, Commander of the Advance Guard.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: If he knew General Pichegru, and if he had had relations with -him?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: "I have never seen him, to my knowledge. I have had no -relations with him. I know that he wished to see me. I am glad that I -never knew him, because of the base methods which he is said to have -wished to employ, if true."</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: If he knew ex-General Dumouriez, and if he had had relations -with him?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: "Not with him either."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"Whence," continues the report, "were drawn up these presents, which -have been signed by the Duc d'Enghien, Major Jacquin, Lieutenant -Noirot, the two gendarmes, and captain-judge-advocate.</p> - -<p>"Before signing this present report the Duc d'Enghien said:</p> - -<p>"'I earnestly make a request to be granted a private audience of the -First Consul. My name, my rank, my way of thinking and the horror of my -situation make me hope that he will not refuse my request.'"</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At two o'clock on the morning of the 21st of March, the Duc d'Enghien -was taken to the room in which the commission sat, and repeated what -he had said in examination by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> the judge-advocate. He persisted in his -declaration: he added that he was willing to make war, and that he -wished for service in the new war of England against France.</p> - -<p>"Asked whether he had anything to put forward in the plea of his -defense; answered that he had nothing more to say.</p> - -<p>"The president ordered the prisoner to withdraw; the council -deliberated with closed doors; the president took the votes, commencing -with the junior in rank; next, the president having given his opinion -last, the Duc d'Enghien was unanimously declared guilty, and the -Court applied Article ... of the law of the... thus worded.... and -in consequence condemned him to the penalty of death. Ordered, on -the demand of the captain-judge-advocate, that the present sentence, -after being read to the condemned man, shall be executed directly, in -presence of the different detachments of the corps of the garrison.</p> - -<p>"Given, concluded, and tried at one sitting, at Vincennes, on the day, -month and year as above, as witness our hands."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The grave having been "dug, filled up, and closed," ten years of -forgetfulness, of general assent and of unexampled glory sat down upon -it; the grass sprang up to the sound of the salvoes which proclaimed -victories, by the light of the illuminations which shed their lustre -over the pontifical coronation, the marriage of the daughter of the -Cæsars<a name="FNanchor_615_615" id="FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a>, and the birth of the King of Rome<a name="FNanchor_616_616" id="FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a>. Only some rare -sympathizers rambled in the wood, hazarding a furtive glance at the -bottom of the moat in the direction of the lamentable spot, while a few -prisoners watched them from the top of the donjon in which they were -confined. Then came the Restoration: the earth of the tomb was stirred, -and with it men's consciences; each then thought it his duty to explain -himself.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat02007"></a> -<img src="images/chat02_007.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Duc D'Enghien.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>M. Dupin the Elder<a name="FNanchor_617_617" id="FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> published his Discussion; M. Hulin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> the -president of the military commission, spoke; M. le Duc de Rovigo -entered into the controversy by accusing M. de Talleyrand; a third -party replied on behalf of M. de Talleyrand; and Napoleon raised his -mighty voice on the rock of St. Helena.</p> - -<p>These documents must be reproduced and studied, in order to assign to -each the part due to him and the place which he should occupy in this -drama. It is night, and we are at Chantilly; it was night when the Duc -d'Enghien was at Vincennes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">M. Dupin's pamphlet.</div> - -<p>When M. Dupin published his pamphlet he sent it to me with the -following letter:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 10 <i>November</i> 1823.</p> - -<p class="smcap">Monsieur le Vicomte,</p> - -<p>"Pray accept a copy of my publication relative to the murder -of the Duc d'Enghien.</p> - -<p>"It would have appeared long ago, had I not desired above all -to respect the wish of Monseigneur le Duc de Bourbon, who, -having been informed of my work, had communicated to me his -desire that this deplorable affair might not be disinterred.</p> - -<p>"But Providence having permitted others to take the -initiative, it has become necessary to make the truth known, -and after assuring myself that it was no longer insisted that -I should remain silent, I have spoken with frankness and -sincerity.</p> - -<p>"I have the honour to be, with profound respect,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 10%;">"monsieur le vicomte,</span></p> - -<p>"Your Excellency's most humble and obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Dupin."</p></blockquote> - -<p>M. Dupin, whom I congratulated and thanked, revealed in his covering -letter an unknown and touching instance of the noble and merciful -virtues of the victim's father. M. Dupin commences his pamphlet thus:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p><blockquote> - -<p>"The death of the unfortunate Duc d'Enghien is one of the -most afflicting events that ever befel the French nation: it -dishonoured the consular government.</p> - -<p>"A young prince, in the flower of his age, surprised by -treachery on foreign soil, where he was sleeping in peace -under the protection of the Law of Nations; dragged violently -to France; indicted before pretended judges, who could in -no case be his; accused of imaginary crimes; denied the -assistance of counsel; examined and sentenced behind closed -doors; put to death at night in the moat of the castle which -was used as a State prison; so many virtues unheeded, such -fond hopes destroyed, will ever stamp this catastrophe as one -of the most revolting acts that an absolute government ever -ventured to commit.</p> - -<p>"If no form was respected; if the judges were incompetent; -if they did not even take the trouble to mention in their -judgment the date and text of the laws upon which they -affected to ground their condemnation; if the unhappy Duc -d'Enghien was shot in pursuance of a sentence <i>signed in -blank.</i>... and only made regular after execution! then we -have to do not only with the innocent victim of judicial -error; the thing assumes its true name: it is an odious -murder."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This eloquent exordium brings M. Dupin to the examination of the -documents. He first proves the illegality of the arrest: the Duc -d'Enghien was not arrested in France; he was in no way a prisoner of -war, since he had not been taken with arms in his hands; he was not a -prisoner in the civil sense, for no extradition had been demanded; it -was a violent seizure of the person, comparable to the captures made -by the pirates of Tunis and Algiers, an inroad of robbers, <i>incursio -latronum.</i></p> - -<p>The jurist proceeds to discuss the incompetency of the military -commission: cognizance of alleged plots hatched against the State has -never been conferred upon military commissions.</p> - -<p>Next follows the analysis of the judgment.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The examination," continues M. Dupin, "took place on the 29 -Ventôse at midnight. On the 30 Ventôse, at two o'clock in the -morning, the Duc d'Enghien was brought before the military -commission.</p> - -<p>"On the minutes of the judgment we read, 'This day, the 30 -Ventôse, Year XII of the Republic, <i>at two o'clock in the -morning.</i>' The words, 'at two o'clock in the morning,' which -were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> only inserted because it was in fact that time, are -obliterated on the minutes without being replaced by any -other indication.</p> - -<p>"Not a single witness was heard or produced against the -prisoner.</p> - -<p>"The accused 'was declared guilty!' Guilty of what? The -judgment does not say.</p> - -<p>"Every judgment that pronounces a penalty is bound to contain -a reference to the law by virtue of which such penalty is -inflicted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A scathing indictment.</div> - -<p>"Well, in this case, none of these forms has been fulfilled: -nothing in the official report bears witness that the -commissioners had <i>a copy of the law</i> before them; nothing -shows that the president <i>read the text</i> of the law before -applying it. Far from it: the judgment in its material form -affords the proof that the commissioners convicted without -knowing either the date or the tenor of the law; for, in -the minutes of the judgment, they have <i>left in blank</i> the -date of the law, the number of the article, and the place -in which the precise words should have been quoted. And yet -it was on the minutes of a sentence framed in this state of -imperfection that the noblest blood was shed by butchers!</p> - -<p>"The deliberation must be secret, but the judgment must be -pronounced in public: again, it is the law that speaks. Now -the judgment of the 30 Ventôse certainly says, 'The council -deliberated <i>with closed doors</i>;' but it does not mention -that the doors were opened again, or intimate that the result -of the deliberation was pronounced in a public sitting. Even -had it said so, who would believe it? A public sitting at two -o'clock in the morning, in the donjon of Vincennes, while -all the issues of the castle were being guarded by gendarmes -d'élite! But the fact is that they did not even take the -precaution to resort to a lie: the judgment is silent on this -point.</p> - -<p>"This judgment is signed by the president and the six other -commissioners, including the judge-advocate; but observe -that the minutes <i>are not signed by the registrar</i>, whose -concurrence, however, is necessary to give them authenticity.</p> - -<p>"The sentence concludes with this terrible formula: -'<i>shall be executed</i> <span class="smcap">Forthwith</span>, <i>under the care of the -captain-judge-advocate.</i>'</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Forthwith</span>! Cruel word, the work of the judges! <span class="smcap">Forthwith</span>! -And an express law, that of the 15 Brumaire, Year VI, granted -the right of appeal for a new trial against any military -judgment!"</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p> - -<p>Passing to the execution, M. Dupin continues as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Examined at night and tried at night, the Duc d'Enghien -was also killed at night. This horrible sacrifice was to be -consummated in the dark, in order that it might be said that -all laws had been infringed, all, even those which prescribed -that executions shall take place in public."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The jurist comes to the irregularities in the preliminaries:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Article 19 of the law of the 13 Brumaire, Year V, declares -that, after closing the examination, the judge-advocate shall -tell the prisoner to 'choose a friend as his defender.' The -prisoner shall have 'the power to choose that defender' among -every class of citizen present on the spot; if he declares -that he is unable to make that choice, the judge-advocate -shall make it for him.</p> - -<p>"Ah, no doubt the Prince had no <i>friends</i><a name="FNanchor_618_618" id="FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> among those -who surrounded him; this fact was cruelly declared to him by -one of the abettors of that horrible scene!... Alas, why were -we not present! Why was the prince not allowed to make an -appeal to the bar of Paris! There he would have found friends -of his unhappiness, defenders of his misfortune. ... It was -apparently with a view to making the judgment presentable -in the eyes of the public that a new edition was drawn up -at leisure.... The tardy substitution of a second form of -judgment, in appearance more regular than the first (although -equally unjust), in no way detracts from the heinousness of -having put the Duc d'Enghien to death by virtue of a rough -draft of a judgment, hastily signed, and not even signed by -all the requisite parties."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Such is M. Dupin's luminous pamphlet. Nevertheless I do not know -that, in an act of the nature of that which the author examines, the -greater or lesser regularity holds an important place: whether the -Duc d'Enghien was strangled in a post-chaise between Strasburg and -Paris or killed in the wood of Vincennes makes no difference. But is -it not providential to see men, after long years, some showing the -irregularity of a murder in which they had taken no part, others<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> -hastening, unasked, to the bar of public accusal? What, then have they -heard? What voice from on high has summoned them to appear?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>After the great jurist, here comes a blind veteran: he has commanded -the Grenadiers of the Old Guard; what that means brave men know. His -last wound he received from Malet<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a>, whose powerless lead remained -lost in a face which had never turned from the fire. "Afflicted with -blindness, withdrawn from the world, consoled only by the care of his -family," to use his own words, the judge of the Duc d'Enghien appears -to issue from his tomb at the call of the sovereign judge; he pleads -his cause<a name="FNanchor_620_620" id="FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a> without self-delusion or excuses:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">General Hulin's pamphlet.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Let there be no mistake," he says, "as to my intentions. I -am not writing through fear, since my person is under the -protection of laws emanating from the Throne itself, and -since, under the government of a righteous king, I have -nothing to dread from violence or lawlessness.... I write to -tell the truth, even in what may be to my own detriment! So I -do not pretend to justify even the form or the substance of -the judgment; but I wish to show under what a powerful union -of circumstances it was delivered; I wish to remove from -myself and my colleagues the suspicion of having acted as -party men. If we are still to receive blame, I wish also that -men should say of us:</p> - -<p>"'They were very unfortunate.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>General Hulin asserts that he was appointed president of a military -commission without knowing its object; that when he arrived at -Vincennes he was no wiser; that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> other members of the commission -knew as little; that M. Harel<a name="FNanchor_621_621" id="FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a>, the governor of the castle, told -him, on being asked, that he knew nothing himself, adding:</p> - -<p>"What can I do? I am nobody here now. Everything is done without my -orders or participation: another man is in command here."</p> - -<p>It was ten o'clock at night when General Hulin was relieved from -his uncertainty by the communication of the documents. The hearing -was opened at midnight, when the examination of the prisoner by the -judge-advocate had been finished.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The reading of the documents," says the president of the -commission, "gave rise to an incident. We observed that, at -the end of his examination before the judge-advocate, the -Prince, before signing, <i>wrote with his own hand some lines -in which he expressed a wish to have an explanation with the -First Consul.</i> One of the members proposed that this request -should be forwarded to the Government. The commission agreed; -but at the same moment General ————, who had come and -placed himself behind my chair, pointed out to us that this -request was 'inopportune.' Moreover, we found no provision in -the law authorizing us to suspend judgment. The commission -therefore proceeded, reserving to itself the right to satisfy -the prisoner's wishes after the trial."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>So far General Hulin. Now, in a pamphlet by the Duc de Rovigo we read -the following passage:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"There were, indeed, so many people that, as I arrived among -the last, I found it difficult to make my way to the back of -the president's chair, where I ultimately placed myself."</p></blockquote> - -<p>And so it was the Duc de Rovigo who had "placed himself behind the -chair" of the president? But had he, or any other not forming one -of the commission, the right to interfere in the proceedings of the -commission, and to point out that a request was "inopportune"?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> - -<p>Let us hear the commander of the Grenadiers of the Old Guard speak of -the courage of the young son of the Condés; he was a judge of it:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duc D'Enghien's courage.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I proceeded to examine the prisoner; I must say that -he stood up to us with a noble confidence, spurned the -accusation that he had been directly or indirectly implicated -in a plot to assassinate the First Consul; but also admitted -that he had borne arms against France, saying, with a courage -and a pride which did not for a moment permit us, in his -own interest, to shake him on this point, 'that he had -supported the rights of his family, and that a Condé could -never re-enter France without arms in his hands. My birth and -convictions,' he added, 'make me for ever the enemy of your -government.'</p> - -<p>"His resolute confessions distressed his judges to the -utmost. Ten times did we give him the opportunity to revise -his statements, but throughout he persisted unshaken:</p> - -<p>"'I perceive,' he said at intervals, 'the honourable -intentions of the members of the commission; but I cannot -avail myself of the terms they offer me.'</p> - -<p>"And on being warned that military commissions judged without -appeal:</p> - -<p>"'I know that,' he replied, 'and I am quite aware of the -danger which I am running; I only wish to have an interview -with the First Consul.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Does the whole of our history contain a more pathetic page? New -France sitting in judgment upon Old France, doing homage to her, -presenting arms to her, saluting her colours, even while condemning -her; the tribunal set up in the fortress in which the great Condé, -when a prisoner, cultivated flowers; the General of the Grenadiers -of Bonaparte's Guard seated face to face with the last descendant of -the victor of Rocroi, feeling himself moved with admiration before -the prisoner left without a defender and abandoned by the world, -questioning him while the sound of the gravedigger digging the grave -mingled with the young soldier's firm replies! A few days after the -execution, General Hulin exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"Oh, the brave young man! What courage! I should like to die like that!"</p> - -<p>General Hulin, after speaking of the "minutes" and of the "second -edition" of the judgment, says:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"As to the second edition, the only true one, as it did not -convey the order <i>for immediate execution, but only for the -immediate reading of the judgment</i> to the condemned man, -the immediate execution could not have been the act of the -commission, but only of those who took upon themselves the -responsibility of hastening the fatal execution.</p> - -<p>"Alas, our thoughts were engaged elsewhere! The judgment was -scarcely signed when I began to write a letter in which, with -the unanimous consent of the commission, I wrote to inform -the First Consul of the desire which the Prince had expressed -to have an interview with him, and also to entreat him to -remit a penalty which the difficulty of our position did not -permit us to elude.</p> - -<p>"At that moment a man, who had never left the council-hall, -and whom I would name at once did I not consider that, even -when defending myself, I ought not to become an accuser, -approached me and asked:</p> - -<p>"'What are you doing there?'</p> - -<p>"'I am writing to the First Consul,' I replied, 'to convey to -him the wishes of the council and of the condemned man.'</p> - -<p>"'Your business is done,' said he, taking the pen; 'this is -now my affair.'</p> - -<p>"I protest that I thought, as did several of my colleagues, -that he meant to say, 'This is my affair, to inform the First -Consul.' Taken in this sense, the reply left us the hope that -the information would be none the less conveyed. And how -could it have occurred to us that there was any one among us -<i>that had orders to neglect the formalities prescribed by -law?</i>"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>The whole secret of this mournful catastrophe lies in this deposition. -The veteran who, in daily expectation of dying on the battlefield, had -learned from death the language of truth, concludes with these final -words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I was talking of what had just happened, in the lobby -adjoining the hall in which we had deliberated. Separate -conversations were going forward; I was waiting for my -carriage, which had not been allowed to drive into the inner -court-yard, nor had those of the other members, thus delaying -my departure and theirs. We were closed in, none of us having -means to communicate with the outside, when an explosion was -heard: a terrible noise that resounded at the bottom of our -souls and froze them with terror and affright.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Yes, I swear, in the name of all my colleagues, that this -execution was not authorized by us: our judgment stated -that a copy of it should be sent to the Minister for War, -to the Chief Judge the Minister for Justice, and to the -General-in-Chief the Governor of Paris.</p> - -<p>"The order of execution could be given regularly only by -the last-named; the copies had not yet been dispatched; -they could not be finished before a portion of the day had -elapsed. On my return to Paris I should have gone in search -of the Governor, the First Consul, anybody! And suddenly -a dreadful sound comes to reveal to us that the Prince no -longer lives!</p> - -<p>"We did not know whether he who so cruelly hastened on -this fatal execution <i>had orders: if he had none, he alone -was responsible; if he had orders, the commission, knowing -nothing of those orders, the commission, forcibly and -illegally detained</i>, the commission, whose last wish was for -the Prince's safety, could neither foresee nor prevent their -effect. It cannot be accused of the result.</p> - -<p>"The lapse of twenty years has not allayed the bitterness of -my regret!... Let me be accused of ignorance, of error, I -acquiesce; let me be reproached with an obedience from which -to-day, under similar circumstances, I should certainly know -how to escape; with my attachment to a man whom I thought -destined to promote the happiness of my country; with my -loyalty to a government which I then considered lawful, and -which had received my oath; but let some allowance be made to -me, and also to my colleagues, for the fatal circumstances -under which we were summoned to decide."</p></blockquote> - -<p>A weak defense, but you repent, general: peace be with you! If your -sentence became the marching-orders of the last of the Condés, you will -join the last conscript of our old mother-land in the advance-guard -of the dead. The young soldier will gladly share his couch with the -grenadier of the Old Guard: the France of Freiburg<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a> and the France -of Marengo will sleep together.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Enter the Duc de Rovigo.</div> - -<p>M. le Duc de Rovigo, beating his breast, takes his place in the -procession that comes to confess at the tomb. I had long been under the -power of the Minister of Police; he fell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> under the influence which -he supposed to be restored to me on the return of the Legitimacy: -he communicated a portion of his Memoirs to me. Men in his position -speak with wonderful candour of what they have done; they have no -idea of what they are saying against themselves: accusing themselves -without perceiving it, they do not suspect the existence of an opinion -differing from theirs, both as regards the functions which they had -undertaken and the line of conduct which they have observed. If -they have been wanting in loyalty, they do not think that they have -broken their oath; if they have taken upon themselves parts which are -repugnant to other characters, they believe that they have done great -services. Their ingenuousness does not justify them, but it excuses -them.</p> - -<p>M. le Duc de Rovigo consulted me on the chapters in which he treats of -the death of the Duc d'Enghien: he wished to know my mind, precisely -because he knew how I had acted; I valued this mark of his esteem and, -repaying frankness with frankness, I advised him to publish nothing:</p> - -<p>"Leave all this," said I, "to die out; in France, oblivion is not slow -in coming. You imagine that you will clear Napoleon of a reproach, and -throw back the fault upon M. de Talleyrand; but you do not sufficiently -exonerate the former, nor do you sufficiently accuse the latter. You -lay yourself open to attack from your enemies; they will not fail to -reply to you. Why need you remind the public that you were in command -of the Gendarmerie d'Élite at Vincennes? They were not aware of the -direct part which you played in this fatal deed, and now you tell them -of it. Throw the manuscript into the fire, general: I speak in your own -interest."</p> - -<p>Steeped in the maxims of the imperial government, the Duc de Rovigo -thought that those maxims could be as well applied to the legitimate -throne; he felt convinced that his pamphlet<a name="FNanchor_623_623" id="FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> would reopen the doors -of the Tuileries to him.</p> - -<p>It is partly by the light of this publication that posterity will trace -the outlines of the phantoms of grief. I offered to hide the suspect -who had come to ask shelter of me during the night; he did not accept -the protection of my house.</p> - -<p>M. de Rovigo tells the story of the departure of M. de -Caulaincourt<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a>, whom he does not mention by name: he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> speaks of the -kidnapping at Ettenheim, the prisoner's passing through Strasburg, and -his arrival at Vincennes. After an expedition on the coast of Normandy, -General Savary had returned to the Malmaison. He was summoned, at -five o'clock in the evening of the 19th of March 1804, to the closet -of the First Consul, who handed him a sealed letter to be carried to -General Murat, the Governor of Paris. He flew to the general, crossing -with the Minister of Foreign Relations on his way, and received the -order to take the Gendarmerie d'Élite and go to Vincennes. He went -there at eight o'clock in the evening, in time to see the members of -the commission arrive. He soon made his way into the hall where the -Prince was being tried, at one o'clock in the morning of the 21st, -and took a seat behind the president. He gives the Duc d'Enghien's -replies in about the same terms as they are given in the report of -the one sitting. He told me that the Prince, after making his final -explanations, with a quick movement took off his cap, laid it on the -table and, with the air of a man resigning his life, said to the -president:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His pitiful defense.</div> - -<p>"I have nothing more to say, sir."</p> - -<p>M. de Rovigo insists upon it that this sitting was in no way secret:</p> - - -<p>"The doors of the hall," he declares, "were open and free to any who -cared to attend <i>at that hour.</i>"</p> - - -<p>M. Dupin had already pointed out the confusion of this argument. In -this connection M. Achille Roche<a name="FNanchor_625_625" id="FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a>, who appears to write for M. de -Talleyrand, exclaims:</p> - -<p>"The sitting was in no way secret! At midnight! Held in the inhabited -portion of the castle, in the inhabited portion of a prison! Who, then, -was present at this sitting? Gaolers, soldiers, executioners!"</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>No one was in a position to give more exact details concerning the -moment and place of the thunder-clap than M. le Duc de Rovigo; let us -hear what he says:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p> - -<p>"After sentence had been pronounced, I withdrew with the officers of -my corps, who like myself had been present during the proceedings, -and joined the troops stationed on the esplanade of the castle. The -officer who commanded the infantry of my legion came and told me, with -deep emotion, that a piquet of men was required of him to execute the -sentence of the military commission:</p> - -<p>"'Give it,' I replied.</p> - -<p>"'But where am I to post it?'</p> - -<p>"'Where you may be sure to hurt nobody.'</p> - -<p>"For already the roads were full of inhabitants of the populous -environs of Paris on their way to attend the different markets.</p> - -<p>"After carefully examining the ground, the officer chose the moat as -the place where there was least danger of any one being hurt. M. le Duc -d'Enghien was taken there by the stairs of the entrance-tower, on the -park side, and there heard the sentence pronounced, which was put into -effect."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Below this paragraph, the author of the memorial appends the following -footnote:</p> - -<p>"Between the passing of the sentence and its execution, a grave was -dug, which gave rise to the report that it had been prepared prior to -the judgment."</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, we meet here with deplorable inaccuracies:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"M. de Rovigo contends," says M. Achille Roche, M. de -Talleyrand's apologist, "that he obeyed orders! Who conveyed -to him the order for the execution? It appears that it was -a certain M. Delga, killed at Wagram. But whether it be M. -Delga or not, if M. Savary is mistaken in mentioning M. Delga -to us, no one, doubtless, to-day, will lay claim to the fame -conferred upon that officer. M. de Rovigo is accused of -having hastened the execution; it was not he, he replies: a -man who is now dead told him that orders had been given to -hasten it."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Duc de Rovigo is not well inspired on the subject of the execution, -which he describes as taking place in daylight; that would, besides, -have altered nothing in the fact, and would simply mean the absence of -a torch at the punishment.</p> - -<p>"At the hour of sunrise, in the open air," asks the general, "what -need was there for a lantern to see a man <i>at six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> paces!</i> Not that -the sun," he adds, "was altogether bright and clear; a fine rain had -fallen all night, and a damp mist still retarded, in some degree, its -appearance. The execution took place at six o'clock in the morning: -this fact is witnessed by irrefutable documents."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The execution.</div> - -<p>But the general neither produces these documents nor tells us where to -find them. The course of the trial shows that the Duc d'Enghien was -tried at two o'clock in the morning and shot forthwith. Those words, -"two o'clock in morning," which originally appeared on the first -minutes of the sentence, were subsequently erased from the minutes. -The official report of the exhumation proves, by the depositions of -three witnesses, Madame Bon, the Sieur Godard and the Sieur Bounelet -(the latter had helped to dig the grave), that the death penalty was -effected at night. M. Dupin the Elder records the circumstance of a -lantern fastened over the Duc d'Enghien's heart to serve as a mark, or -held, with the same object, in the Prince's firm hand. Stories were -told of a heavy stone taken from the grave with which the victim's head -was crushed in. Lastly, the Duc de Rovigo is supposed to have boasted -of possessing some of the spoils of the sacrifice; I myself have -believed in these rumours; but the legal documents prove that they were -unfounded.</p> - -<p>From the official report, dated Wednesday the 20th of March 1816, -of the physicians and surgeons entrusted with the exhumation of the -corpse, it has been certified that the skull was broken, that "the -upper jaw, separated entirely from the facial bones, contained twelve -teeth; that the lower jaw, fractured in the middle, was divided in two, -and showed only three teeth."</p> - -<p>The body was lying flat upon its abdomen, the head being lower than the -feet; there was a gold chain around the vertebrae of the neck.</p> - -<p>The second official report of the exhumation (of the same date, 20 -March 1816), "the general report," states that with the remains of the -skeleton were found a purse in morocco-leather containing eleven pieces -of gold, seventy pieces of gold enclosed in sealed rolls, some hair, -shreds of clothing, remnants of his cap bearing marks of the bullets by -which it had been pierced.</p> - -<p>M. de Rovigo therefore took none of the spoils; the earth which had -held them has restored them, and has borne witness to the general's -honesty; no lantern was fastened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> over the Prince's heart, its -fragments would have been found, as were those of the perforated cap; -no heavy stone was taken from the grave; the fire of the piquet <i>at six -paces</i> was enough to blow the head to pieces, to "separate the upper -jaw from the facial bones," and so on.</p> - -<p>To complete this mockery of human vanities were needed only the similar -immolation of Murat, the Governor of Paris, the death of Bonaparte in -captivity, and the inscription engraved upon the Duc d'Enghien's coffin:</p> - -<p>"Here lies the <i>body</i> of the most high and mighty Prince of the Blood, -Peer of France, <i>died</i> at Vincennes, 21 March 1804; aged 31 years, 7 -months and 19 days."</p> - -<p>The "body" was mere bare and shattered bones; the "high and mighty -Prince," the broken fragments of a soldier's carcase; not a word to -recall the catastrophe, not a word of blame or grief in this epitaph -carved by a sorrowing family; a prodigious result of the respect which -the century shows to the works and susceptibilities of the Revolution! -In the same way, no time was lost in removing all traces of the -mortuary chapel of the Duc de Berry.</p> - -<p>What a sum total of annihilation! Bourbons, who returned to so little -purpose to your palaces, you have busied yourselves with naught save -exhumations and funerals: your time of life was passed. God has willed -it so! The ancient glory of France perished beneath the eyes of the -shade of the Great Condé, in a moat at Vincennes: perhaps at the very -place where Louis IX., "to whom men resorted as to a saint.... seated -himself at the foot of an oak, and where all who had any business with -him came without ceremony and without hindrance from any usher or -others; and whenever he heard anything that could be amended in the -speeches of those who pleaded for others he most graciously corrected -it himself, and all the people who had a cause to bring before him -stood round him<a name="FNanchor_626_626" id="FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a>."</p> - -<p>The Duc d'Enghien asked leave to speak to Bonaparte: "he had a cause -to bring before him;" he was not heard! Who, standing at the edge -of the ravelin, looked down into the moat upon those muskets, those -soldiers dimly lighted by a lantern in the mist and gloom, as in night -everlasting? Where was the light placed? Did the Duc d'Enghien stand -over his open grave? Was he obliged to step across it to place himself -at the distance of "six paces" specified by the Duc de Rovigo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p> - -<p>There exists a letter written by M. le Duc d'Enghien, at the age of -nine, to his father the Duc de Bourbon; he says:</p> - -<p>"All the Enguiens<a name="FNanchor_627_627" id="FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a> are <i>lucky</i>; the one<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> of the Battle of -Cerizoles, the one who won the Battle of Rocroi<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a>: I hope to be so -too."</p> - -<p>Is it true that the victim was refused a priest? Is it true that he -only with difficulty found a hand willing to convey to a woman a last -pledge of affection? What did the executioners care for sentiments of -religion or love? They were there to kill, the Duc d'Enghien to die.</p> - -<p>The Duc d'Enghien had been secretly married, through the offices of -a priest, to the Princesse Charlotte de Rohan<a name="FNanchor_630_630" id="FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a>: in those days of -a roving mother-land, a man, by the very reason of his elevation, -was impeded by a thousand political obstacles; to enjoy that which -society accords to all, he was obliged to hide himself. This lawful -marriage, to-day no more a secret, enhances the splendour of a tragic -doom; it substitutes the glory for the clemency of Heaven: religion -perpetuates the pomp of misfortune when, after the catastrophe has been -accomplished, the cross rises on the deserted spot.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duc de Talleyrand.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand, according to M. de Rovigo's pamphlet, had presented -a vindicatory memorial to Louis XVIII.; this memorial, which I have -not seen, should have thrown light upon everything, and threw light -upon nothing. In 1820, when I was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary -to Berlin, I discovered in the archives of the embassy a letter from -"the Citizen Laforest<a name="FNanchor_631_631" id="FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a>," addressed to "the Citizen Talleyrand,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> -on the subject of the Duc d'Enghien. This strongly-worded letter does -its author the more credit in that he did not fear to compromise his -career, without earning the reward of public opinion, since the step he -had taken was to remain unknown: a noble act of self-denial on the part -of a man who, through his very obscurity, had relegated to obscurity -the good which he had done.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand took his lesson, and kept silence; at least, I found -nothing from him in the same archives concerning the death of the -Prince. The Minister of Foreign Relations had nevertheless, on the 2 -Ventôse, informed the Minister of the Elector of Baden "that the First -Consul had thought it necessary to order some detachments to proceed -to Offenburg and Ettenheim, there to seize the instigators of the -scandalous conspiracies which, by their character, place without the -pale of the Law of Nations all those who have manifestly taken part in -them."</p> - -<p>A passage from Generals Gourgaud<a name="FNanchor_632_632" id="FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a>, Montholon<a name="FNanchor_633_633" id="FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a>, and D. Ward, -brings Bonaparte upon the scene:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My Minister," says the latter, "strongly represented to -me the need for seizing the Duc d'Enghien, although he was -upon neutral territory. But I continued to hesitate, and the -Prince de Bénévent twice brought me the order for his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> arrest -for signature. Nevertheless I consented to sign it only after -convincing myself of the urgency of this act."</p></blockquote> - -<p>According to the <i>Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène</i><a name="FNanchor_634_634" id="FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a>, the following words -must have dropped from Bonaparte:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Duc d'Enghien bore himself before the tribunal with -great gallantry. On his arrival at Strasburg, he wrote me a -letter; this letter was handed to Talleyrand, who kept it -until the execution."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I have no great belief in this letter: Napoleon probably turned into a -letter the request made by the Duc d'Enghien to speak to the conqueror -of Italy, or rather the few lines expressing this request which, before -signing the examination undergone before the judge-advocate, the Prince -had written with his own hand. Nevertheless, the fact that this letter -was not to be found should not lead us too vigorously to conclude that -it was never written:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I know," says the Duc de Rovigo, "that in the early days -of the Restoration, in 1814, one of M. de Talleyrand's -secretaries was incessantly making researches in the archives -under the gallery of the Museum. I have this fact from the -man who received the order to pass him in. The same thing was -done at the repository of the War Office for the documents of -the trial of M. le Duc d'Enghien, of which only the sentence -remained."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's complicity.</div> - -<p>The fact is true; all the diplomatic papers, and notably the -correspondence of M. de Talleyrand with the "Emperor" and the "First -Consul," were transferred from the archives of the Museum to the house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin<a name="FNanchor_635_635" id="FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a>; part of them were destroyed; the -remainder were put into a stove, to which they forgot to set light; -this was all that the Minister's prudence could do against the Prince's -indifference. The documents that were not burned were recovered; some -one thought it was right to preserve them: I have held in my hands -and read with my eyes a letter from M. de Talleyrand, dated 8 March -1804, and treating of the arrest, not yet carried out, of M. le Duc -d'Enghien. The Minister invites the First Consul to deal vigorously -with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> his enemies. I was not permitted to keep the letter, and I have -retained only these two passages in my memory:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"If justice obliges us to punish vigorously, policy exacts -that we should punish without exception...... I -will suggest to the First Consul M. de Caulaincourt, to whom -he might give his orders, and who would execute them with as -much discretion as fidelity."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>Will this report of the Prince de Talleyrand one day be published in -full? I do not know; but what I do know is that it was in existence no -more than two years ago.</p> - -<p>There was a meeting of the Council for the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. -Cambacérès, in his unpublished Memoirs, declares, and I believe him, -that he opposed the arrest; but, while recording what he said, he does -not say what the others replied.</p> - -<p>For the rest, the <i>Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène</i> denies the entreaties -for mercy to which Bonaparte is said to have been exposed. The -pretended scene of Joséphine on her knees asking for pardon for the Duc -d'Enghien, clinging to the skirt of her husband's coat and allowing -that inexorable husband to drag her about, is one of those melodramatic -inventions with which our latter-day fabulists compose veracious -history. Joséphine did not know, on the evening of the 19th of March, -that the Duc d'Enghien was to be judged; she only knew that he had -been arrested. She had promised Madame de Rémusat to interest herself -in the Prince's fate. As this lady was returning to the Malmaison -with Joséphine on the evening of the 19th, it was noticed that the -future Empress, instead of being preoccupied solely with the perils of -the prisoner of Vincennes, frequently put her head to the window of -the carriage to look out at a general riding in her suite: a woman's -coquetry had carried elsewhere the thought which might have saved the -Duc d'Enghien's life. It was not until the 21st of March that Bonaparte -said to his wife:</p> - -<p>"The Duc d'Enghien has been shot."</p> - -<p>These Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat, whom I have known, contained -extremely curious details on the inner life of the imperial Court. The -author burnt them during the Hundred Days<a name="FNanchor_636_636" id="FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a>, and afterwards wrote -them anew: they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> are now no more than memories reproduced by memories; -their colour has faded; but Bonaparte is throughout exposed to the -light and judged with impartiality.</p> - -<p>Men attached to Napoleon say that he knew of the death of the Duc -d'Enghien only after the Prince's execution: this story would -seem to derive some value from the anecdote related by the Duc de -Rovigo concerning Réal's going to Vincennes, if the anecdote were -true<a name="FNanchor_637_637" id="FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a>. Once the death had taken place through the intrigues of -the revolutionary party, Bonaparte recognised the accomplished fact, -so as not to irritate men whom he thought powerful: this ingenious -explanation is not admissible.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonaparte's responsibility.</div> - -<p>Now, to resume these facts, here is what they have proved to me: -Bonaparte wished the Duc d'Enghien's death; no one had made that death -a condition of his mounting the throne. To suppose this condition is -one of the subtleties of the politicians who claim to find occult -causes for everything. Nevertheless it is probable that certain -compromised persons did not without a certain pleasure see the First -Consul sever himself for good from the Bourbons. The Vincennes sentence -was an instance of Bonaparte's violent temperament, an outburst of cold -anger fed by the reports of his Minister.</p> - -<p>M. de Caulaincourt is guilty only of having executed the order for the -arrest.</p> - -<p>Murat has to reproach himself only with conveying general orders and -with not having had the strength to withdraw: he was not at Vincennes -during the trial.</p> - -<p>The Duc de Rovigo found himself charged with the execution; he probably -had secret orders: General Hulin hints as much. What man would have -dared to take upon himself to order the execution <i>forthwith</i> of a -sentence of death upon the Duc d'Enghien, if he had not acted on an -imperative mandate?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p> - -<p>As to M. de Talleyrand, priest and nobleman, he inspired and prepared -the murder by persistently alarming Bonaparte: he feared the return -of the Legitimacy. It would be possible, by collecting what Napoleon -said at St. Helena and the letters written by the Bishop of Autun, -to prove that the latter took a very great part in the death of -the Duc d'Enghien. It would be vain to object that the Minister's -light-heartedness, character, and education ought to make him averse -to violence, that his corruption ought to take away his energy; it -would remain none the less a fact that he persuaded the Consul to the -fatal arrest. This arrest of the Duc d'Enghien on the 15th of March was -not unknown to M. de Talleyrand: he was in daily communication with -Bonaparte and conferred with him; during the interval that elapsed -between the arrest and the execution, did M. de Talleyrand, he, the -instigating Minister, repent, did he say a single word to the First -Consul in favour of the unhappy Prince? It is natural to believe that -he applauded the execution of the sentence.</p> - -<p>The military commission sentenced the Duc d'Enghien, but with sorrow -and repentance.</p> - -<p>This, conscientiously, impartially and strictly considered, is the -exact part played by each. My fate has been too closely connected with -this catastrophe that I should not endeavour to throw light upon its -dark places and to lay bare its details. If Bonaparte had not killed -the Duc d'Enghien, if he had brought me closer and closer to him (and -his inclination prompted him to do so), what would have been the result -for me? My literary career would have been ended; I should at one -jump have entered the political career, in which I have proved what I -could have done by the Spanish War; and I should have become rich and -powerful. France might have been the gainer by my association with the -Emperor; I should have been the loser. Possibly I might have succeeded -in maintaining some ideas of liberty and moderation in the great man's -head; but my life, ranking among those which are called happy, would -have been deprived of that which has constituted its character and its -honour: poverty, strife and independence.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Lastly, the principal accused rises after all the others; he brings -up the rear of the blood-stained penitents. Suppose that a judge -were to have brought up before him "the man named Bonaparte," as -the captain-judge-advocate had brought up before him "the man named -d'Enghien;" suppose that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> the minutes of the later examination copied -upon the former had been preserved to us; compare and read:</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: His surname and Christian names?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: That his name was Napoleon Bonaparte.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: Where he had resided since he had left France?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: At the Pyramids, in Berlin, Madrid, Vienna, Moscow, St -Helena.</p> - -<p><i>Asked</i>: What rank he filled in the army?</p> - -<p><i>Answered</i>: Commander in the advance-guard of the armies of God. No -other reply issues from the prisoner's lips.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonaparte defended.</div> - -<p>The different actors in the tragedy mutually accused each other: -Bonaparte alone throws the blame for it upon nobody; he preserves his -greatness beneath the weight of malediction; he does not bow his head -but stands erect; he exclaims with the stoic, "Pain, I will never admit -that thou art an evil!" But that which, in his pride, he refuses to -admit to the living he is constrained to confess to the dead. This -Prometheus, with the vulture at his breast, who stole the fire from -heaven, thought himself superior to all things, and he is compelled to -reply to the Duc d'Enghien, whom he has made into dust before his time: -the skeleton, the trophy over which he stumbled, questions him and -dominates him by a providential dispensation.</p> - -<p>Personal attendance and the army, the ante-room and the tent had their -representatives at St. Helena: a servant, estimable for his fidelity to -the master he had chosen, had come to place himself near Napoleon as -an echo at his service. Simplicity repeated the fable, while giving it -an accent of sincerity. Bonaparte was "Destiny;" like the latter, he -deceived men's fascinated minds in <i>outward form</i>, but at the bottom of -his impostures this inexorable truth was heard to resound: "I am!" And -the universe felt its weight.</p> - -<p>The author of the most credited work on St. Helena sets forth the -theory which Napoleon invented for the murderer's benefit; the -voluntary exile accepts as Gospel truth an homicidal talk, with -pretensions to profundity, which would only explain Napoleon's life as -he wished to arrange it, and as he contended that it should be written. -He left instructions for his neophytes: M. le Comte de Las Cases<a name="FNanchor_638_638" id="FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> -learnt his lesson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> without being aware of it; the stupendous captive, -wandering along solitary paths, drew his credulous worshipper after him -by means of lies, even as Hercules hung men to his mouth by chains of -gold.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"The first time," says the honest chamberlain, "that I heard -Napoleon pronounce the name of the Duc d'Enghien, I turned red with -embarrassment. Fortunately I was walking behind him in a narrow path; -otherwise, he would certainly have observed my confusion. Nevertheless, -when the Emperor for the first time developed the whole of this -incident, with all its details and accessories; when he set forth -his various motives with his close, luminous, persuasive reasoning, -I must confess that the matter seemed to me gradually to assume a -new aspect.... The Emperor often resumed this subject, which gave me -an opportunity of observing in him certain very pronounced shades of -character. I was able on this occasion, and repeatedly, most distinctly -to see in him the private individual struggling with the public man, -and the natural sentiments of his heart contending against those of -his pride and of the dignity of his position. In the confidence of -intimacy, he did not show himself indifferent to the unfortunate -Prince's fate; but so soon as it became a question of the public, it -was quite a different thing. One day, after talking with me of the -untimely end and of the youth of this ill-fated man, he concluded by -saying:</p> - -<p>"'And I have since learnt, my dear fellow, that he was rather in my -favour; I have been told that he spoke of me with some admiration; such -is retributive justice here below!'</p> - -<p>"And the last words were spoken with so much feeling, all the features -of his face displayed such harmony with the words that, if he whom -Napoleon was pitying had at that moment been in his power, I am quite -sure that, whatever his intentions or his acts, he would have been -eagerly pardoned.... The Emperor used to consider this matter from two -very different points of view: that of common law, or the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> established -rules of justice, and that of the law of nature, or acts of violence...."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">By the Comte de Las Cases.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"To us, in the intimacy of private conversation, the Emperor -would say that the blame in France might be ascribed to an -excess of zeal in those around him, or to private objects or -mysterious intrigues. He said that he had been precipitately -urged in this affair; that they had as it were taken his mind -unawares, hastened his measures, anticipated their result....</p> - -<p>"'Without doubt,' he said, 'if I had been informed in time -of certain particulars concerning the Prince's opinions and -disposition; more still, if I had seen the letter which -he wrote to me and which, God knows for what reason, was -not handed to me until after he was no more, I should most -certainly have pardoned him.'</p> - -<p>"It was easy for us to see that it was the Emperor's heart -and nature alone which dictated these words, and that they -were intended only for us; for he would have felt humiliated -to think that any one could for an instant believe that he -was trying to shift the burden from his own shoulders, or -condescending to justify himself; his fear in this respect, -or his susceptibility, was such that, in speaking of it to -strangers, or dictating on this matter for the public, he -confined himself to saying that, if he had known of the -Prince's letter, he would perhaps have pardoned him, in -view of the great political advantages which he could have -derived from it; and when, writing with his own hand his last -thoughts, which he concludes will be recorded in the present -age and reach posterity, he states, with reference to this -subject, which he regards as one of the most delicate for his -memory, that, if it were to be done over again, he would do -it again."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This passage, in so far as the writer is concerned, possesses all the -characteristics of the most perfect sincerity; this shines through -to the very phrase in which M. le Comte de Las Cases declared that -Bonaparte would have eagerly pardoned a man who was not guilty. But -the theories of the master are subtleties by aid of which an effort -is made to reconcile the irreconcilable. In making the distinction -between "common law or established justice, and natural law or the -errors of violence," Napoleon seemed to be content with a piece of -sophistry which in reality did not content him! He was unable to -subject his conscience as he had subjected the world. A weakness -natural to superior men and to little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> men, when they have committed -a fault, is to wish to represent it as a work of genius, a vast -combination beyond the understanding of the vulgar. Pride says those -things, and folly believes them. Bonaparte doubtless regarded as the -mark of the ruling mind the sentence which he delivered in his great -man's compunction: "My dear fellow, such is retributive justice here -below!" O truly philosophical emotion! What impartiality! How well -it justifies, by laying it to the charge of destiny, the evil which -has sprung from ourselves! A man nowadays thinks it an all-sufficient -excuse to exclaim, "After all, it was my nature, it was the infirmity -of mankind." When he has killed his father he repeats, "I am made -like that!" And the crowd stands open-mouthed, and they examine the -mighty man's bumps, and they recognise that he was "made like that." -And what care I that you are made like that! Must I submit to this -manner of being? The world would be a fine chaos if all the men who are -"made like that" were to take it into their heads to force themselves -one upon the other. Those who are unable to wipe out their errors -deify them: they make a dogma of their evil-doing, they turn acts of -sacrilege into religion, and they would think themselves apostates were -they to renounce the cult of their iniquities.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>There is a serious lesson to be drawn from Bonaparte's life. Two -actions, both bad, began and caused his fall: the death of the Duc -d'Enghien and the war with Spain. It was vain for him to ride over them -with his glory: they remained there to ruin him. He perished on the -very side in which he thought himself strong, profound, invincible, -when he violated the moral law while neglecting and scorning his real -strength, that is, his superior qualities of order and equity. So long -as he confined himself to attacking anarchy and foreigners hostile to -France, he was victorious; he found himself robbed of his vigour so -soon as he entered upon the paths of corruption: the shaving of the -locks by Delilah is nothing other than the loss of virtue. Every crime -bears within itself a radical incapacity and a germ of misfortune: let -us then practise good to be happy, and let us be just to be able.</p> - -<p>In proof of this truth, observe that, at the very moment of the -Prince's death, commenced the dissent which, growing in proportion -to ill-fortune, decided the fall of the ordainer of the tragedy of -Vincennes. The Russian Cabinet, in reference to the arrest of the Duc -d'Enghien, addressed vigorous representantions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> against the violation -of the territory of the Empire: Bonaparte felt the blow, and replied in -the <i>Moniteur</i> with a fulminating article bringing up the death of Paul -I<a name="FNanchor_639_639" id="FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a>. A funeral service had been celebrated in St. Petersburg for -young Condé. On the cenotaph was read:</p> - -<p>"To the Duc d'Enghien <i>quem devoravit bellua Corsica.</i>"</p> - -<p>The two mighty adversaries subsequently became reconciled in -appearance; but the mutual wound which policy had inflicted and -insult-enlarged remained in their hearts. Napoleon did not think -himself revenged until he came to sleep in Moscow; Alexander<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> was -not satisfied before he entered Paris.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">European indignation.</div> - -<p>The hatred of the Cabinet of Berlin arose from the same origin: I have -spoken of the noble letter of M. de Laforest, in which he told M. de -Talleyrand of the effect which the murder of the Duc d'Enghien had -produced at the Court of Potsdam. Madame de Staël was in Prussia when -the news from Vincennes arrived:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I was living in Berlin," he said, "on the Spree Quay, and -my apartment was on the ground floor. At eight o'clock -one morning, they woke me to tell me that Prince Louis -Ferdinand<a name="FNanchor_641_641" id="FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> was under my windows on horse-back, and asked -me to come and speak to him....</p> - -<p>"'Do you know,' he asked, 'that the Duc d'Enghien has been -kidnapped on Baden territory, handed over to a military -commission, and shot within four-and-twenty hours after his -arrival in Paris?'</p> - -<p>"'What nonsense!' I replied. 'Do you not see that this can -only be a rumour spread by the enemies of France?'</p> - -<p>"In fact, I admit that my hatred of Bonaparte, strong as it -was, did not go so far as to make me credit the possibility -of his committing so great a crime.</p> - -<p>"'As you doubt what I tell you,' replied Prince Louis, 'I -will send you the <i>Moniteur</i>, in which you can read the -sentence.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p> - -<p>"With these words he left me, and the expression of his -face was the presage of vengeance or death. A quarter of an -hour later, I had in my hands the <i>Moniteur</i> of the 21st of -March (30 Pluviôse), which contained a sentence of death -passed by the military commission, sitting at Vincennes, -upon 'the man called Louis d'Enghien!' It was thus that -Frenchmen described the descendant of heroes who were the -glory of their country! Even if one were to abjure all the -prejudices in favour of illustrious birth which the return of -monarchical forms would necessarily recall, was it possible -thus to blaspheme the memories of the Battle of Lens<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> -and of Rocroi? This Bonaparte, who has won so many battles, -does not even know how to respect them; for him there is -neither past nor future; his imperious and scornful soul will -recognise nothing for opinion to hold sacred; he admits only -respect for the force in power. Prince Louis wrote to me, -beginning his note with these words: 'The man called Louis -of Prussia begs Madame de Staël,' etc. He felt the insult -offered to the Blood Royal whence he sprang, to the memory of -the heroes among whom he was longing to enroll himself. How, -after this horrible deed, could a single king in Europe ally -himself with such a man? Necessity, you will say. There is a -sanctuary in the soul to which its empire may not penetrate; -were this not so, what would virtue be upon this earth? A -liberal amusement, suited only to the peaceful leisure of -private men<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>This resentment on the part of the Prince, for which he was to pay with -his life, was still lasting when the Prussian Campaign opened in 1806. -Frederic William, in his manifesto of the 9th of October, said:</p> - -<p>"The Germans have not revenged the death of the Duc d'Enghien; but the -memory of that crime will never fade among them."</p> - -<p>These historical particulars, rarely observed, deserved to be so; -for they explain enmities of which one would be puzzled to discover -the primary cause elsewhere, and at the same time they disclose the -steps by which Providence leads a man's destiny from the crime to the -expiation.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Happy, at least, my life, which was not troubled by fear, nor attacked -by contagion, nor carried away by examples!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> The satisfaction which I -experience to-day at what I did then is my warrant that my conscience -is no illusion. More content than all those potentates, than all those -nations fallen at the feet of the glorious soldier, I turn again -with pardonable pride to this page, which I have retained as my only -belonging and which I owe only to myself. In 1807, with my heart still -moved by the murder which I have just related, I wrote the following -lines; they caused the <i>Mercure</i> to be suppressed, and jeopardized my -liberty once more:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I utter my protest.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"When, amid the silence of abjection, no sound is heard -save that of the chains of the slave and the voice of the -informer; when all tremble before the tyrant, and when -it is as dangerous to incur his favour as to deserve his -displeasure, the historian appears, entrusted with the -vengeance of the nations. Nero prospers in vain, Tacitus -already is born within the Empire; he grows up unknown beside -the ashes of Germanicus, and already a just Providence has -surrendered to an obscure child the glory of the master of -the world. If the historian's part is fine, it is often -dangerous; but there are altars such as that of honour which, -although deserted, demand further sacrifices: the god is -not annihilated because the temple is empty. Wherever there -remains a chance for fortune, there is no heroism in trying -it; magnanimous actions are those of which adversity and -death are the foreseen result After all, what do reverses -matter, if our name, pronounced by posterity, makes one -generous heart beat two thousand years after our life<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a>?"</p></blockquote> - -<p>The death of the Duc d'Enghien, by introducing a new principle into -Bonaparte's conduct, marred the correctness of his intelligence: he -was obliged to adopt as a shield maxims of which he had not the whole -force at his disposal, for his glory and his genius incessantly blunted -them. He was looked upon with suspicion, with fear; men lost confidence -in him and in his destiny; he was constrained to see, if not to seek -out, men whom he would never have seen, and who, through his action, -considered themselves to have become his equals: the contagion of -their defilement was overtaking him. His great qualities remained the -same, but his good dispositions became impaired and no longer upheld -his great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> qualities: under the influence of the corruption of that -original stain his nature deteriorated. God commanded his angels to -disturb the harmonies of that world, to change its laws, to tilt it on -its poles. As Milton says:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 9em;">They with labour push'd</span><br /> -Oblique the centric Globe: some say, the Sun<br /> -Was bid turn reins from th' equinoctial road<br /> -Like distant breadth. . . . .<br /> -. . . . . . . .<br /> -Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud<br /> -And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Will the ashes of Bonaparte be exhumed, as were those of the Duc -d'Enghien? If I had been the master, the latter victim would still -be sleeping unhonoured in the moat of Vincennes Castle. That -"excommunicated one" would have been left, like Raymond of Toulouse, -in an open coffin; no man's hand would have dared to conceal beneath -a plank the sight of the witness to the incomprehensible judgments -and angers of God. The abandoned skeleton of the Duc d'Enghien and -Napoleon's deserted tomb at St Helena would be the counterpart of each -other: there would be nothing more commemorative than those remains, -face to face, at opposite ends of the earth.</p> - -<p>At least the Duc d'Enghien did not remain on foreign soil, like the -exiled of kings: the latter took care to restore the former to his -country, a little harshly, it is true; but will it be for ever? France -(how much dust winnowed by the breath of the Revolution bears witness -to it) is not faithful to the bones of the dead. Old Condé, in his -will, declares "that he is not sure which country he will be inhabiting -on the day of his death." O Bossuet, what would you not have added to -the masterpiece of your eloquence, if, when you were speaking over the -grave of the Great Condé, you had been able to foresee the future!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It was at this very spot, at Chantilly, that the Duc d'Enghien -was born: "Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, born 2 August 1772, at -Chantilly," says the sentence of death. It was on this lawn that -he played in childhood; the traces of his footsteps have become -obliterated. And the victor of Friburg, of Nördlingen, of Lens, of -Senef, where has he gone with his "victorious and now feeble hands"? -And his descendants, the Condé of Johannisberg and of Bentheim<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> -and his son, and his grandson, where are they? That castle, those -gardens, those fountains "which were silent neither by day nor by -night:" what has become of them? Mutilated statues, lions with a claw -or a jaw restored; trophies of arms sculptured in a crumbling wall; -escutcheons with obliterated fleurs-de-lis; foundations of razed -turrets; a few marble coursers above the empty stables no longer -livened by the neighing of the steed of Rocroi; near a riding-school, -a high unfinished gate: that is what remains of the memories of -an heroic race; a will tied with a rope changed the owners of the -inheritance<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a>.</p> - -<p>The whole forest has repeatedly fallen under the axe. Persons of bygone -times have run over those once resounding chases, mute to-day. What was -their age, what their passions, when they stopped at the foot of those -oaks? O my useless Memoirs, I should not now be able to say to you:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Qu'à Chantilly Condé vous lise quelquefois;<br /> -Qu'Enghien en soit touché!<a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a><br /> -</p> - -<p>Obscure men that we are, what are we beside those famous men? We shall -disappear never to return; you, sweet William, who lie upon my table -beside this paper, whose belated little flower I have gathered among -the heather will blossom again; but we, we shall not come to life again -with the perfumed solitary which has diverted my thoughts.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_594_594" id="Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> This book was written at Chantilly in November 1838.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_595_595" id="Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> Blanche of Castile, Queen of France (1187-1252), -daughter of Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, wife of Louis VIII. King -of France, and mother of St. Louis IX. A hunting-lodge, at Chantilly, -stands on the site of the old Castle of Queen Blanche, near the -Commelle Ponds.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_596_596" id="Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Charles IV. King of Spain (1748-1819). On the 18th of -March 1808, forced by the revolt of Aranjuez, he abdicated in favour of -his son Ferdinand. Napoleon compelled him to withdraw this abdication -and to make a fresh one in favour of himself (5 May 1808), after which -Napoleon's brother Joseph was placed on the throne of Spain. Charles -IV. was sent to Compiègne and Marseilles, and died in Rome in 1819. On -the fall of Joseph, in 1813, Charles's son Ferdinand VII. ascended the -throne.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_597_597" id="Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> Gustavus IV. (1778-1837) was the last Legitimist King of -Sweden. A revolt of the nobles in 1809 compelled him to abdicate, and -his uncle, the Duke of Sudermania, was proclaimed King with the title -of Charles XIII., ultimately adopting General Bernadotte as his heir. -Gustavus spent the remaining years of his life in Germany, Holland, and -Switzerland, under the names of Count of Holstein-Gottorp and Colonel -Gustawson. He died at Saint-Gall in 1837.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_598_598" id="Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> Frederic William III. King of Prussia (1770-1840), son -of Frederic William II. and grand-nephew to Frederic the Great. He -was married to the beautiful Queen Louisa, daughter of the Duke of -Mecklenburg-Strelitz.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_599_599" id="Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> Bonaparte had the Black Eagle.—<i>Authors Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_600_600" id="Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero, later Nero Claudius -Cæsar Drusus Germanicus, Roman Emperor (37-68), son of Domitius -Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, by whose uncle and third husband, the -Emperor Claudius, he was adopted, succeeding him, to the exclusion of -the natural heir, Britannicus, in 54.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_601_601" id="Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> Lucius Annæus Seneca (3-65), the Stoic philosopher, was -Nero's tutor and principal minister. He is accused, not only of writing -the apology for the murder of Agrippina, but of approving the poisoning -of Britannicus in 55.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_602_602" id="Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> Julia Agrippina (<i>circa</i> 15-59 or 60), daughter of the -Emperor Germanicus and of Agrippina, grand-daughter of Augustus. She -poisoned Claudius to secure the Empire for Nero, her son by her first -husband, and was herself murdered by Nero's orders in 59.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_603_603" id="Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> The Duc de Bourbon was the Due d'Enghien's father, not -his grandfather. The grandfather was the Prince de Condé, the writer of -the letter in question. Chateaubriand's mistake is due to a slip of the -pen, which we occasionally find in more than one other historian of the -period.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_604_604" id="Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> Pierre François Comte Réal (1765-1834) was an attorney -at the Châtelet at the outbreak of the Revolution. He attached -himself to Danton and became Public Accuser and Solicitor to the -Commune of Paris. He was imprisoned by Robespierre and released on -the 9 Thermidor. Bonaparte made him a State Councillor and appointed -him a deputy at the Ministry of Police. In 1804 Réal discovered the -conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal. He was made Prefect of Police during -the Hundred Days, and was exiled under the Second Restoration. He -returned to Paris in 1818.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_605_605" id="Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753-1824), an eminent -jurist and a moderate revolutionary, who voted for the reprieve -at the trial of Louis XVI. He was Minister of Justice under the -Directory. Bonaparte chose him as Second Consul in 1799, with Lebrun -as Third Consul. When Napoleon became Emperor he appointed Cambacérès -Arch-chancellor and created him a Prince of the Empire and Duke of -Parma. Cambacérès is responsible for the greater portion of the <i>Code -civil</i>. He was exiled by the Bourbons and recalled in 1818.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_606_606" id="Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> In the morning.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_607_607" id="Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> Madame Joséphine Bonaparte (1763-1814), <i>née</i> Tascher -de La Pagerie, and widow of Alexandre Vicomte de Beauharnais, who was -guillotined in 1794. She married Bonaparte in 1796, was crowned Empress -in 1804, and was divorced in 1809.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_608_608" id="Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> Anne Jean Marie René Savary, Duc de Rovigo (1774-1833), -was in 1804 Colonel of the Gendarmerie d'Élite, in which capacity he -was charged with the execution of the sentence on the Duc d'Enghien. -At the battle of Marengo (14 June 1800) he was aide-de-camp to General -Desaix, and was by his side when that general was shot through the -heart. He became a general of brigade in 1803, a general of division -in 1805, a duke in 1808, and succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police -in 1810. He followed the Emperor on to the <i>Bellérophon</i> in 1815, -but was separated from him and kept a prisoner for seven months in -Malta, where he drew up the plan of his Memoirs (published in 1828). -On the Restoration, he was sentenced to death in his absence. He -returned to France in 1819 in order to obtain the quashing of the -sentence. A pamphlet which he subsequently wrote upon the death of -the Duc d'Enghien, accusing Talleyrand of complicity, brought about -his disgrace, and he was obliged to retire to Rome. He returned once -more to France after the Revolution of 1830, and in 1831 received from -Louis-Philippe the command-in-chief of the Army of Algiers, which he -retained till his death in 1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_609_609" id="Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> Claire Élisabeth Jeanne Comtesse de Rémusat (1780-1821), -<i>née</i> Gravier de Vergennes, wife of the Comte de Rémusat, Chamberlain -to Napoleon and Superintendent of Theatres, and lady-in-waiting to the -Empress Joséphine. She was the author of an <i>Essai sur l'éducation des -femmes</i> (1823) and of some excellent Memoirs (1880).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_610_610" id="Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> Cf. <span class="smcap">Corneille</span>, <i>Cinna</i>, Act II. Sc. I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> Cf. <i>Mémoires de Madame de Rémusat</i>, vol. I.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> 20 March 1804.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_613_613" id="Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> Murat.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_614_614" id="Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> Lieutenant-General Pierre Auguste Comte Hulin -(1758-1841) was one of the foremost among the conquerors of the -Bastille on the 14th of July 1789, and at the end of the same year was -made Commander of the National Guard of Paris. He accompanied Bonaparte -to Italy as Adjutant-General, was appointed Commander of Milan in 1797 -and 1798, and in 1803 became a general of division and Commander of -the Consular Guard. He took part in the several German campaigns, and -was selected for the command of the places around Vienna and of Berlin -(1806). He was at the head of the armed forces in Paris when the Malet -conspiracy broke out in 1812, and caused the plot to fail, having his -lower jaw shattered by Malet with a pistol-shot. Hulin lost the command -of the City of Paris on the return of the Bourbons, and was obliged -to leave France in 1816. He returned in 1819, and ended his days in -retirement.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_615_615" id="Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Marie Louise Empress of the French (1791-1847), daughter -of Francis I. Emperor of Austria, and married to Napoleon in 1810. She -left him after his first abdication, protested against his restoration -and, in reward for her docility, received the Duchy of Parma at -the hands of the Congress of Vienna. There she spent the remainder -of her days, living with the Count von Niepperg, whom she married -morganatically after Napoleon's death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_616_616" id="Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> Francis Charles Joseph Napoleon Duke of Reichstadt -(1811-1832), son of Napoleon and Marie Louise, was proclaimed King -of Rome at his birth. On his father's abdication there was an idea -of proclaiming him Emperor, as Napoleon II.; but this was speedily -abandoned and he was brought up at the Court of his maternal -grandfather, who in 1818 gave him the title of Duke of Reichstadt, -together with a regiment of cavalry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_617_617" id="Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin (1783-1865), known as -Dupin the Elder, was a deputy from 1827 to 1848, a member of the -Constituent Assembly of 1848 and of the Legislative Assembly of 1849, a -senator of the Second Empire (1857), and Attorney-General to the Court -of Appeal from 1830 to 1852. He resigned the latter post in order to -dissociate himself from the decrees confiscating the possessions of -the Orleans Family; but resumed it five years later when summoned to -the Imperial Senate. He had been a member of the French Academy since -1832. The pamphlet to which Chateaubriand refers was published in 1823, -and entitled, <i>Pièces judiciaires et historiques relatives au procès -du duc dEnghien, avec le Journal de ce prince depuis l'instant de son -arrestation; précédées de la Discussion des actes de la commission -militaire instituée en l'an XII, par le gouvernement consulaire, pour -juger le duc d'Enghien, par l'auteur de l'opuscule intitulé: "De la -Libre Défense des accusés.</i>"—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_618_618" id="Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> An allusion to the abominable reply said to have been -made to M. le Duc d'Enghien.—<i>Author's Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -The Duke is reported to have cried, "Shoot straight, my friends," to -the soldiers about to fire their volley. -</p> -<p> -"You have no friends here," replied the officer in command!—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_619_619" id="Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> General Claude François de Malet (1754-1812) played -a distinguished part in the campaigns of the Revolution, became a -general of brigade in 1799, and was appointed Governor of Pavia by -Masséna in 1805. His republicanism, however, made him suspect in the -eyes of Napoleon, who had him imprisoned in Paris in 1808. Availing -himself of the facilities awarded him by his transfer to a mad-house, -he organized a conspiracy against the Empire, involving Generals Guidal -and Lahorie in the plot. He escaped from prison on the night of the -23rd of October 1812, rapidly visited the Paris barracks, spreading the -news of Napoleon's death, and was on the point of succeeding, when the -resistance of General Hulin, who was at the head of the Staff, caused -the whole plot to fail. Malet was brought before a military commission -and shot on the 29th of October 1812.—T</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_620_620" id="Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> General Hulin's pamphlet, published in 1823, is -entitled, <i>Explications offertes aux hommes impartiaux par M. le Comte -Hulin, au sujet de la Commission militaire institute en l'an XII pour -juger le duc d'Enghien.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_621_621" id="Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> Jacques Harel (<i>b.</i> 1755) had received the command of -Vincennes Castle in 1800 as his reward for his services in betraying -his fellow-conspirators in a plot to kill the First Consul. The story -is told at length in the Memoirs of M. de Bourrienne.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_622_622" id="Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> Freiburg-in-Breisgau (Baden), where the great Condé -defeated the Imperial forces in 1644.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_623_623" id="Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> Savary's pamphlet appeared in the same year as General -Hulin's and M. Dupin's, and was entitled, <i>Extrait des Mémoires du duc -de Rovigo, concernant le catastrophe de M. le duc d'Enghien.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_624_624" id="Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> Armand Augustin Louis Marquis de Caulaincourt, Duc de -Vicence (1773-1827), had in his youth been a page to the Prince de -Condé. He took part in nearly all the wars of the Revolution, and -was made Master of the Horse by Napoleon when the latter assumed the -imperial crown, a general of division, a duke (1805), and Ambassador -to Russia (1807). In 1813, he became Foreign Minister, and represented -France at the Congress of Châtillon in 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_625_625" id="Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> Achille Roche (1801-1834), a publicist and secretary -to Benjamin Constant. The work from which Chateaubriand quotes is a -pamphlet entitled, <i>De Messieurs le duc de Rovigo et le prince de -Talleyrand.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_626_626" id="Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Joinville</span>, <i>Memoirs of Louis IX., King of France</i>, Part -I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> Misspelt as printed: <i>Enguiens</i> for Enghien, proper -names not taking the plural in French.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> François de Bourbon-Vendôme, Comte d'Enghien -(1519-1545), brother of Anthony de Bourbon, King of Navarre, defeated -the Imperial forces at Cérisoles in 1544—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> The Great Condé was Duc d'Enghien when he defeated the -Spaniards at Rocroi in 1643.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> The Princesse Charlotte de Rohan-Rochefort. The Prince -de Condé refused to acknowledge the marriage, although he himself had -married a Rohan. After the death of the Duc d'Enghien, the Duc de -Bourbon tardily offered to acknowledge his son's marriage, but the -Princess refused the offer. Nevertheless she visited the Duchesse de -Bourbon in the early days of the Restoration, when the latter addressed -her as "my daughter" (<i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Muret</span>, <i>Histoire de l'armée de Condé</i>). -The Duchess of Madrid (<i>de jure</i> Queen of Spain and France), <i>née</i> -Princesse Marie Berthe de Rohan, and married to the Duke of Madrid in -1894, is a member of the same (Rochefort) branch of the Rohan family. -Their motto is, <i>Roi ne puis, prince ne daigne, Rohan suis.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> Antoine René Charles Mathurin Comte de Laforest -(1756-1846) entered the diplomatic service under Louis XVI. He -was Consul-General in the United States, Secretary of Legation to -Joseph Bonaparte at the Congress of Lunéville, and Chargé-d'affaires -Extraordinary at Munich and Ratisbon. He was Ambassador in Berlin -from 1805 to 1808, and in Madrid from 1808 to 1813. Napoleon created -him a count in 1808. On the fall of the Empire, in 1814, he directed -the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for six weeks <i>ad interim</i>, and was -charged by the King to prepare the Treaty of Paris. Under the Second -Restoration, he was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to various Powers. -He was made a peer of France in 1819, and a minister of State and privy -councillor in 1825. He lost his places and dignities at the Revolution -of 1830.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1783-1852), a distinguished -artillery officer who had twice saved Napoleon's life, at Moscow and -Brienne. He accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena, where he remained -until 1817, and where he wrote the <i>Campagne de 1815</i>, published in -1818, which was the cause of his being struck off the roll of the -French army by Louis XVIII. Louis-Philippe reinstated him and made him -his aide-de-camp, and in 1840 he accompanied the Prince de Joinville -to St. Helena to bring back the remains of Napoleon. On his return, -he was raised to the peerage. Gourgaud is part-author, together with -Montholon, of the <i>Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous -Napoléon</i> (1823-1825), from which the above quotation is taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> Charles Tristan Comte de Montholon (1782-1853), -Gourgaud's collaborator, was one of Napoleon's bravest and most -reckless officers. He too accompanied Napoleon to St Helena, remained -with him to the day of his death, and was one of his executors and the -depositary of his manuscripts, which were subsequently published in -eight volumes under the title given in the preceding note. In 1840, -Montholon took part in Louis Napoleon's futile descent at Boulogne, and -suffered a short confinement.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Las Cases</span>, <i>Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène</i> (8 volumes, -1822-1824).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> Talleyrand's residence.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> Lest they should compromise her friends. See M. Paul de -Rémusat's Preface to the Memoirs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> This is the anecdote: -</p> -<p> -"After the execution of the sentence," says the Duc de Rovigo, "I took -the road back to Paris. I was approaching the barriers, when I met -M. Réal going to Vincennes in the dress of a councillor of State. I -stopped him to ask him where he was going: -</p> -<p> -"'To Vincennes,' he replied; 'I received orders yesterday to repair -there to examine the Duc d'Enghien.' -</p> -<p> -"I told him what had just happened, and he appeared as much astonished -at what I had told him as I at what he had told me. I began to ponder. -My meeting with the Minister of Foreign Relations at General Murat's -recurred to my mind, and I began to doubt whether the death of the Duc -d'Enghien was the work of the First Consul."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné Comte de Las Cases -(1766-1842) was a lieutenant in the navy when he emigrated in 1789 -and joined Condé's Army. He returned to France after the 18 Brumaire, -and devoted himself for several years to literary work, until in 1809 -he enlisted as a volunteer to assist in repelling the English, who -were threatening a descent upon Flushing. He attracted the notice of -Napoleon, who made him one of his chamberlains, and he was one of the -four men who followed Napoleon into exile. He remained eighteen months -at St. Helena, gathering the talk that fell from Napoleon's lips into -his famous <i>Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène</i>; but losing favour with Sir -Hudson Lowe, he was removed from Napoleon's service, taken to the Cape -of Good Hope, and thence to Europe, where he was kept for some time -in confinement. Las Cases was not allowed to return to France until -after the Emperor's death. In 1830 he was returned for the Seine to the -Chamber of Deputies, where he sat in the Opposition.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> Paul I. Emperor of Russia (1754-1801), son of Catherine -II. and Peter III. On the death of Catherine in 1796, he placed -himself at the head of the second coalition against France; but in -1799, suddenly smitten with a passionate admiration for Bonaparte, he -contracted an alliance with him, and paved the way for the treaties of -Lunéville and Amiens. He was strangled by some of his nobles on the -23rd of March 1801.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> Alexander I. Emperor of Russia (1777-1825), was at war -with Napoleon from 1805 to 1807, and in alliance with him from 1807 to -1812, when war broke out anew. The retreat from Moscow took place in -the latter year, and Alexander entered Paris at the head of the allied -forces on the 31st of March 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772-1806), son of -Prince Ferdinand, brother to Frederic the Great, was killed in 1806 at -the Battle of Saalfeld.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> The Great Condé defeated the Imperial forces at Lens in -1648.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Madame de Staël</span>, <i>Dix années d'exil.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> These lines are taken from the article, published by -Chateaubriand in the <i>Mercure</i> of 4 July 1807, on M. Alexandre de -Laborde's <i>Voyage pittoresque et historique en Espagne.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Milton</span>, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, X., 670-673, 698-699.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> The Prince de Condé co-operated with the Prince de -Soubise in winning the Battle of Johannisberg, during the Seven Years' -War, in 1762, and performed prodigies of valour to no purpose at -Bentheim in 1799.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> The Duc de Bourbon was found hanged or strangled in his -apartment a few days after the Revolution of 1830. He left Chantilly -and the greater part of his fortune to the late Duc d'Aumale, fourth -son of Louis Philippe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Boileau</span>, <i>Ep. vii. A.M. Racine</i>: -</p> -<p> -"May Condé sometimes at Chantilly read you;<br /> -And may Enghien be touched."—T. -</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_IV" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a><a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a></h4> - - -<p>The year 1804—I move to the Rue de Miromesnil-Verneuil—Alexis de -Tocqueville—Le Ménil—Mézy—Mérévil—Madame de Coislin—Journey to -Vichy, in Auvergne, and to Mont Blanc—Return to Lyons—Excursion -to the Grande Chartreuse—Death of Madame de Caud—The years 1805 -and 1806—I return to Paris—I leave for the Levant—I embark in -Constantinople on a ship carrying pilgrims for Syria—From Tunis to -my return to France through Spain—Reflections on my voyage—Death of -Julien.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Henceforth removed from active life, and nevertheless saved from -Bonaparte's anger by the protection of Madame Bacciochi, I left my -temporary lodging in the Rue de Beaune and went to live in the Rue -de Miromesnil. The little house which I hired was occupied later by -M. De Lally-Tolendal and Madame Denain, his "best-beloved," as they -said in the days of Diane de Poitiers<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a>. My garden abutted on a -timber-yard, and near my window I had a tall poplar-tree, which M. de -Lally-Tolendal, in order to breathe a less moist air, himself felled -with his coarse hand, which to his eyes was transparent and fleshless: -it was an illusion like any other. The pavement of the street at that -time came to an end before my door; higher up, the street or road wound -across a piece of waste-land called the Butte-aux-Lapins, or Rabbit -Hill. The Butte-aux-Lapins, sprinkled with a few isolated houses, -joined on the right the Jardin de Tivoli, whence I had set out with my -brother for the emigration, and on the left the Parc de Monceaux. I -strolled pretty often in that abandoned park, where the Revolution had -commenced among the orgies of the Duc d'Orléans: this retreat had been -embellished with marble nudities and mock ruins, a symbol of the light -and vicious policy which was about to cover France with prostitutes and -wreckage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p> - -<p>I busied myself with nothing: at the utmost I conversed in the park -with some pine-trees, or talked of the Duc d'Enghien with three rooks -at the edge of an artificial river hidden beneath a carpet of green -moss. Deprived of my Alpine Legation and of my Roman friendships, even -as I had been suddenly separated from my attachments in London, I did -not know how to dispose of my imagination and my feelings; I sent them -every evening after the sun, and its rays were unable to carry them -over the seas. I returned indoors and tried to fall asleep to the sound -of my poplar tree.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless my resignation had increased my reputation; in France a -little courage always looks well. Some of the members of Madame de -Beaumont's former company introduced me to new country-houses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Tocqueville family.</div> - -<p>M. de Tocqueville<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a>, my brother's brother-in-law, and guardian -of my two orphaned nephews, occupied Madame de Senozan's<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a> -country-seat<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a>. On every hand were scaffold legacies. There I saw -my nephews grow up with their three Tocqueville cousins, among whom -Alexis<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a>, the author of the <i>Démocratie en Amérique</i>, was prominent. -He was more spoilt at Verneuil than I had been at Combourg. Is this the -last renown that I shall have seen unknown in its swaddling clothes? -Alexis de Tocqueville has travelled through the civilized America, of -which I have travelled through the forests.</p> - -<p>Verneuil has changed masters; it has become the property of Madame -de Saint-Fargeau, famous through her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> father<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> and through the -Revolution, which adopted her as its daughter.</p> - -<p>Near Mantes, at the Ménil<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a>, was Madame de Rosanbo: my nephew, Louis -de Chateaubriand, eventually married Mademoiselle d'Orglandes there, -niece to Madame de Rosanbo; the latter no longer airs her beauty around -the pond and under the beeches of the manor: it has passed. When I went -from Verneuil to the Ménil, I came to Mézy<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a> on the road: Madame -de Mézy was romance wrapped up in virtue and maternal grief. If only -her child, which fell from a window and broke its head, had been able, -like the young quails which we shot, to fly over the <i>château</i> and take -refuge in the Île-Belle, the smiling island of the Seine: <i>Coturnix per -stipulas pascens!</i></p> - -<p>On the other side of the Seine, not far from the Marais, Madame de -Vintimille had introduced me to Méréville<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a>. Méréville was an -oasis created by the smile of a muse, but of one of those muses whom -the Gallic poets call "the learned fairies." Here the adventures of -Blanca<a name="FNanchor_659_659" id="FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a> and of Velléda were read before fashionable generations -which, falling one from the other like flowers, to-day listen to the -wailing of my years.</p> - -<p>By degrees my brain, wearying of rest in my Rue de Miromesnil, saw -phantoms form before it in the distance. The <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> -inspired me with the idea of proving that work by mixing Christian -and mythological characters together. A shade which long afterwards I -called Cymodocée sketched itself vaguely in my head; not one of its -features was fixed. Cymodocée once conceived, I shut myself up with -her, as I always do with the daughters of my imagination; but, before -they have issued from the dreamy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> state and arrived from the banks -of Lethe through the ivory portals, they often change their shape. -If I create them through love, I undo them through love, and the one -cherished object which I, later, present to the light is the offspring -of a thousand infidelities.</p> - -<p>I remained only a year in the Rue de Miromesnil, because the house was -sold. I arranged with Madame la Marquise de Coislin<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a>, who let me -the top floor of her house on the Place Louis XV<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Marquise de Coislin.</div> - -<p>Madame de Coislin was a woman of the grandest air. She was nearly -eighty years of age, and her proud and domineering eyes bore an -expression of wit and irony. Madame de Coislin was in no way lettered, -and took pride in the fact; she had passed through the Voltairean -age without being aware of it; if she had conceived any idea of it -whatever, it was that of a time of a voluble middle-class. Not that she -ever spoke of her birth; she was too great to make herself ridiculous: -she very well knew how to see "small people" without compromising -her rank; but, after all, she was born of the Premier Marquis of -France<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a>. If she was descended from Drogon de Nesle, killed in -Palestine in 1096; from Raoul de Nesle<a name="FNanchor_663_663" id="FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a>, the Constable, knighted -by Louis IX.; from Jean II. de Nesle, Regent of France during the last -crusade of St. Louis, Madame de Coislin vowed that this was a stupidity -on the part of fate for which she ought not to be held responsible; she -was naturally of the Court, as others, more happy, are of the streets, -as one may be a thorough-bred mare or a cab-hack: she could not help -this accident, and had no choice but to endure the ill with which -Heaven had been pleased to afflict her.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p> - -<p>Had Madame de Coislin had relations with Louis XV.? She never owned so -much to me: she admitted, however, that she had been very much loved, -but she pretended that she had treated the royal lover with the utmost -harshness.</p> - -<p>"I have seen him at my feet," she would say to me; "he had charming -eyes, and his language was seductive. He offered one day to give me a -porcelain dressing-table, like that which Madame de Pompadour had.</p> - -<p>"'Oh, Sire,' cried I, 'then I must use it to hide under!'"</p> - -<p>By a singular chance I came across this dressing-table at the -Marchioness Conyngham's in London; she had received it from George IV., -and showed it to me with amusing simplicity.</p> - -<p>Madame de Coislin occupied in her house a room opening under the -colonnade corresponding to the colonnade of the Wardrobe. Two -sea-pieces by Vernet<a name="FNanchor_664_664" id="FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a>, which Louis "the Well-beloved" had given to -the noble dame, were hung up on an old green satin tapestry. Madame -de Coislin remained lying till two o'clock in the afternoon in a -large bed, with curtains also of green silk, seated and propped up by -pillows; a sort of nightcap, badly fastened to her head, allowed her -grey hairs to escape. Sprigs of diamonds mounted in the old-fashioned -way fell upon the shoulder-pieces of her bed-cloak, all covered with -snuff, as in the time of the fashionable ladies of the Fronde. Around -her, on the bed-clothes, lay scattered the addresses of letters, torn -off the letters themselves, and on these addresses Madame de Coislin -wrote down her thoughts in every direction: she bought no stationery, -the post supplied her with it. From time to time a little dog called -Lili put her nose outside the sheets, came to bark at me for five or -six minutes, and crept back growling into her mistress' kennel. Thus -had time settled the young loves of Louis XV.</p> - -<p>Madame de Châteauroux<a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> and her two sisters were cousins of Madame -de Coislin; the latter would not have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> been of the humour, as was -Madame de Mailly<a name="FNanchor_666_666" id="FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a>, repentant and a Christian, to reply to a man who -insulted her with a coarse name in the church of Saint-Roch:</p> - -<p>"My friend, since you know me, pray to God for me."</p> - -<p>Madame de Coislin, miserly as are many people of wit, piled up her -money in cupboards. She lived all devoured by a vermin of crown-pieces -which clung to her skin; her servants relieved her. When I found -her plunged in a maze of figures, she reminded me of the miser -Hermocrates<a name="FNanchor_667_667" id="FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a>, who, when dictating his will, appointed himself his -own heir. Nevertheless she gave a dinner occasionally; but she would -rail against coffee, which nobody liked, according to her, and which -served only to prolong the repast.</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand took a journey to Vichy with Madame de Coislin -and the Marquis de Nesle; the marquis went on ahead, and had excellent -dinners prepared. Madame de Coislin came after, and asked only for half -a pound of cherries. On leaving, she was presented with huge bills, and -then there was a terrible outcry. She would not hear of anything except -the cherries; the landlord maintained that, whether you ate or did not -eat, the custom was, at an inn, to pay for your dinner.</p> - -<p>Madame de Coislin had invented a form of illuminism to her own taste. -Credulous and incredulous, she was led by her want of faith to laugh -at those beliefs the superstition of which frightened her. She had met -Madame de Krüdener; the mysterious Frenchwoman was illuminated only -under reserve; she did not please the fervent Russian, whom she herself -liked no better. Madame de Krüdener said passionately to Madame de -Coislin:</p> - -<p>"Madame, who is your inside confessor?"</p> - -<p>"Madame," replied Madame de Coislin, "I know nothing about my inside -confessor; I only know that my confessor is in the inside of his -confessional."</p> - -<p>Thereupon the two ladies saw each other no more.</p> - -<p>Madame de Coislin prided herself on having introduced a novelty at -Court, the fashion of floating chignons, in spite of Queen Marie -Leczinska<a name="FNanchor_668_668" id="FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a>, who was very pious and who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> opposed this dangerous -innovation. She held that formerly no genteel person would ever have -thought of paying her doctor. Crying out against the plentifulness of -women's linen:</p> - -<p>"That smacks of the upstart," she said; "we women of the Court had only -two shifts: when they were worn out, we renewed them; we were dressed -in silk gowns, and we did not look like grisettes, like the young -ladies of nowadays."</p> - -<p>Madame Suard<a name="FNanchor_669_669" id="FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a>, who lived in the Rue Royale, had a cock whose -crowing annoyed Madame de Coislin. She wrote to Madame Suard:</p> - -<p>"Madame, have your cock's throat cut."</p> - -<p>Madame Suard sent back the messenger with this note:</p> - -<p>"Madame, I have the honour to reply to you that I shall not have my -cock's throat cut."</p> - -<p>The correspondence went no further. Madame de Coislin said to Madame de -Chateaubriand:</p> - -<p>"Ah, my heart, what a time we live in! And yet it's that Panckoucke -girl, the wife of that member of the Academy<a name="FNanchor_670_670" id="FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a>, you know."</p> - -<p>M. Hennin<a name="FNanchor_671_671" id="FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a>, a former clerk at the Foreign Office, and as tedious -as a protocol, used to scribble fat novels. One day he was reading a -description to Madame de Coislin: a tearful and abandoned love-lorn -woman was mournfully fishing a salmon. Madame de Coislin, who was -growing impatient, and who disliked salmon, interrupted the author and -said with the serious air which made her so comical:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur Hennin, could you not make that lady catch a different fish?"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> - -<p>The stories which Madame de Coislin told could not be recollected, -for there was nothing in them; all lay in the pantomime, the accent, -and the expression of the narrator: she never laughed. There was one -dialogue between "Monsieur and Madame Jacqueminot," the perfection -of which surpassed everything. When, in the conversation between -the husband and wife, Madame Jacqueminot rejoined, "But, <i>Monsieur -Jacqueminot!</i>" the name was pronounced in such a tone that you were -seized with immoderate laughter. Obliged to let this pass, Madame de -Coislin gravely waited, taking snuff.</p> - -<p>Reading in a newspaper of the death of several kings, she took off her -spectacles, and blowing her nose, said:</p> - -<p>"There is an epizootic among crowned cattle."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Madame de Coislin.</div> - -<p>At the moment when she was ready to breathe her last, they were -maintaining by her bedside that one succumbed only through letting -one's self go; that, if one paid great attention, and never lost sight -of the enemy, one would not die at all.</p> - -<p>"I believe it," she said; "but I fear that something would distract me."</p> - -<p>She expired.</p> - -<p>I went down to her room the next day; I found Monsieur<a name="FNanchor_672_672" id="FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> and Madame -d'Avaray, her brother-in-law and sister, sitting before the fire-place, -with a little table between them, counting the louis in a bag which -they had taken from a hollow wainscoting. The poor dead woman was there -in her bed, behind the half-closed curtains: she no longer heard the -sound of the gold which ought to have awaked her, and which fraternal -hands were counting.</p> - -<p>Among the thoughts written down by the defunct on margins of printed -paper and addresses of letters were some which were extremely -beautiful. Madame de Coislin showed me what remained of the Court of -Louis XV. under Bonaparte and after Louis XVI., even as Madame de -Houdetot had enabled me to see what still lingered, in the nineteenth -century, of philosophic society.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In the summer of the year 1805, I went to join Madame<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> de Chateaubriand -at Vichy, where Madame de Coislin had taken her, as I have said. I -did not find Jussac, Termes, Flamarens there, whom Madame de Sévigné -had "before and behind her" in 1677: they had been sleeping since one -hundred and twenty and so many years. I left my sister, Madame de Caud, -in Paris, where she had fixed her residence since the autumn of 1804. -After a short stay at Vichy, Madame de Chateaubriand proposed that we -should travel, in order to be away for some time from the political -troubles.</p> - -<p>Two little <i>Journeys</i><a name="FNanchor_673_673" id="FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a> which I then took in Auvergne and to Mont -Blanc have been collected in my works. After an absence of thirty-four -years, I have lately received at Clermont, from men unacquainted with -my person, the reception usually shown to an old friend. He who has -long occupied himself with the principles which the human race enjoys -in common has friends, brothers and sisters in every family; for, if -man is thankless, humanity is grateful. To those who have connected -themselves with you through a kindly reputation, and who have never -seen you, you are always the same; you have always the age which they -ascribed to you; their attachment, which is not disturbed by your -presence, always beholds you young and beautiful, like the sentiments -which they love in your writings.</p> - -<p>When I was a child, in my Brittany, and heard speak of Auvergne, I -imagined it a very distant, very distant country, where one saw strange -things, where one could not go without great danger, and travelling -under the protection of the Blessed Virgin. I never meet without a -sort of melting curiosity those little Auvergnats who go to seek their -fortunes in this great world with a small deal chest. They have little -besides hope in their box, as they climb down their rocks: lucky are -they if they bring it back with them!</p> - -<p>Alas, Madame de Beaumont had not lain two years on the bank of the -Tiber when I trod her natal soil in 1805; I was at but a few leagues -from that Mont Dore where she had come in search of the life which -she lengthened a little in order to reach Rome. Last summer, in 1838, -I once more travelled through this same Auvergne. Between those two -dates, 1805 and 1838, I can place the transformations which society has -undergone around me.</p> - -<p>We left Clermont and, on our way to Lyons, passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> through Thiers -and Roanne. This road, then little frequented, followed at intervals -the banks of the Lignon. The author of the <i>Astrée</i><a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a>, who is not -a great genius, nevertheless invented places and persons that live: -such is the creative power of fiction, when it is appropriate to the -age in which it appears. There is, moreover, something ingeniously -fantastic in that resurrection of the nymphs and naiads who mingle with -shepherds, ladies and knights: those different worlds go well together, -and one is agreeably pleased with the fables of mythology united to the -lies of fiction; Rousseau has related how he was taken in by d'Urfé.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Geneva.</div> - -<p>At Lyons, we again found M. Ballanche: he made the excursion to Geneva -and Mont Blanc with us. He went wherever one took him, without having -the smallest business there. At Geneva, I was not received at the -gate of the city by Clotilda, the betrothed of Clovis: M. de Barante, -senior<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a>, had become Prefect of the Léman. At Coppet, I went to see -Madame de Staël: I found her alone, buried in her castle, which was -built round a melancholy court-yard. I spoke to her of her fortune and -of her solitude as a precious means of independence and happiness: I -offended her. Madame de Staël loved society; she looked upon herself -as the most wretched of women, in an exile with which I should have -been enchanted. Where in my eyes was the unhappiness of living on one's -property with all the comforts of life? Where was the misfortune of -enjoying fame, leisure, peace, in a sumptuous retreat within sight of -the Alps, in comparison with those thousands of breadless, nameless, -helpless victims, banished to all the corners of Europe, while their -parents had perished on the scaffold? It is sad to be attacked by -an ill which the crowd cannot understand. For the rest, that ill is -therefore only the more intense: it is not lessened by being confronted -with other ills; one is not judged by another's pain; that which -afflicts the one rejoices the other; hearts have varied secrets, -incomprehensible to other hearts. Let us deny none his sufferings;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> it -is with sorrows as with countries: each man has his own.</p> - -<p>Madame de Staël called the next day on Madame de Chateaubriand at -Geneva, and we left for Chamouny. My opinion on the scenery of the -mountains caused it to be said that I was seeking to make myself -singular. It will be seen, when I come to speak of the Saint-Gothard, -that I have kept to my opinion. In the <i>Voyage au Mont-Blanc</i> appears -a passage which I will recall as linking together the past events of -my life and the events of that same life then still future, and to-day -also past:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"There is one circumstance alone in which it is true that the -mountains produce an oblivion of earthly troubles: that is -when one withdraws far from the world to consecrate himself -to religion. An anchorite devoting himself to the service -of mankind, a saint wishing to meditate in silence on the -greatness of God, may find peace and joy on desert rocks; -but it is not then the tranquillity of the spot that passes -into the soul of those solitaries: it is, on the contrary, -their soul that diffuses its serenity through the region of -storms....</p> - -<p>"There are mountains which I would still visit with extreme -pleasure: those, for instance, of Greece and Judæa. I should -like to go over the spots with which my new studies lead -me daily to occupy myself: I would gladly seek, upon the -Tabor and Taygetus, other colours and other harmonies, after -painting the unfamed mountains and unknown valleys of the New -World."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The last phrase foretold the voyage which, in fact, I performed in the -next year, 1806.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Comte de Forbin.</div> - -<p>On our return to Geneva, without being able to see Madame de Staël -again at Coppet, we found the inns crammed. But for the cares of -M. de Forbin<a name="FNanchor_676_676" id="FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a>, who arrived unexpectedly and procured us a bad -dinner in a dark waiting-room, we should have left the birth-place of -Rousseau without eating. M. de Forbin was at that time in a state of -beatitude; he displayed in his looks the inner felicity with which he -was inundated; his feet did not touch the ground. Wafted on his talent -and his blissfulness, he came down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> from the mountain as though from -the sky, with his close-fitting painter's jacket, his pallet on his -thumb, his brushes in a quiver. A good fellow, nevertheless, although -excessively happy, preparing to imitate me one day, when I should -have made my voyage to Syria, wishing even to go as far as Calcutta, -to make his loves return to him by an uncommon road, when they failed -him on the beaten track. His eyes showed a protecting pity: I was -poor, humble, uncertain of myself, and I did not hold the hearts of -princesses in my mighty hands. In Rome, I have had the honour of -returning M. de Forbin his lake-side dinner; I had the merit of having -become an ambassador. In these days one sees the poor devil whom one -has left that morning in the street turned into a king by evening.</p> - -<p>The noble gentleman, a painter in right of the Revolution, began -that generation of artists who dress themselves up like sketches, -grotesques, caricatures. Some wear prodigious mustachioes: one would -think they were going to conquer the world; their brushes are halberds, -their erasing-knives sabres: others have huge beards, and hanging or -puffed-out hair; they smoke a cigar by way of vulcano. These "cousins -of the rainbow," as our old Régnier<a name="FNanchor_677_677" id="FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a> says, have their heads filled -with deluges, seas, rivers, forests, cataracts, tempests, or else with -carnages, executions and scaffolds. In their rooms they have human -skulls, foils, mandolines, morions, and dolmans. Bragging, pushing, -uncivil, liberal (as far as the portrait of the tyrant whom they are -painting), they endeavour to form a separate species between the -ape and the satyr; they are anxious to make it understood that the -secrecy of the studio has its dangers, and that there is no safety -for the models. But how handsomely do they not redeem these oddities -by a fevered existence, a suffering and sensitive nature, an entire -abnegation of self, an incalculable devotion to the miseries of others, -a delicate, superior, idealized manner of feeling, a poverty proudly -welcomed and nobly endured; lastly, sometimes by immortal talents: the -offspring of work, passion, genius, and solitude!</p> - -<p>Leaving Geneva at night to return to Lyons, we were stopped at the foot -of the Fort de l'Écluse, waiting for the gates to be opened. During -this stay of the witches in <i>Macbeth</i> on the heath, strange things -passed within me. My<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> dead years came to life again and surrounded me -like a band of phantoms; my burning seasons returned to me in their -flame and sadness. My life, hollowed out by the death of Madame de -Beaumont, had remained empty: airy forms, houris or dreams, issuing -from that abyss, took me by the hand and led me back to the days of -the sylph. I was no longer in the spot which I occupied, I dreamed of -other shores. Some secret influence urged me to the regions of the -Dawn, whither I was drawn besides by the plan of my new work and the -religious voice which released me from the vow of the village woman, -my foster-mother. As all my faculties had extended, as I had never -misused life, it superabounded with the pith of my intelligence, and -art, triumphing in my nature, added to the poet's inspirations. I had -what the Fathers of the Thebaïde called "ascensions" of the heart. -Raphael—forgive the blasphemy of the simile—Raphael, before the -Transfiguration only sketched upon the easel, could not have been more -electrified by his master-piece than was I by Eudore and Cymodocée, -whose names I did not yet know and whose images I dimly saw through an -atmosphere of love and fame.</p> - -<p>Thus does the native genius which tormented me in the cradle sometimes -return on its steps after deserting me; thus are my former sufferings -renewed; nothing heals within me; if my wounds close instantly, they -open again suddenly like those of the crucifixes of the Middle Ages, -which bleed on the anniversary of the Passion. I have no alternative, -to obtain relief during these crises, but to give a free course to the -fever of my thoughts, in the same way as one has his veins lanced when -the blood rushes to the heart or rises to the head. But of what am I -speaking! O religion, where then are thy powers, thy restraints, thy -balsams! Am I not writing all these things at a distance of countless -years from the hour at which I gave birth to René? I had a thousand -reasons to believe myself dead, and I live! 'Tis a great pity. Those -afflictions of the isolated poet, condemned to suffer the spring in -spite of Saturn, are unknown to the man who does not go outside the -common laws; for him the years are ever young:</p> - -<p>"The young kids," says Oppian, "watch over the author of their being; -when he comes to fall into the huntsman's net, they offer him in their -mouths the tender, flowering grass, which they have gone to gather from -afar, and bring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> him in their lips fresh water, drawn from the adjacent -brook<a name="FNanchor_678_678" id="FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On my return from Lyons I found letters from M. Joubert: they informed -me that it was not possible for him to be at Villeneuve before -September. I replied:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lyons and M. Saget.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Your departure from Paris is too remote and distresses me; -you well know that my wife will never consent to arrive at -Villeneuve before you: she has a head of her own, and since -she has been with me, I find myself at the head of two heads -very difficult to govern. We shall remain at Lyons, where -they make us eat so prodigiously that I hardly have the -courage to leave this excellent town. The Abbé de Bonnevie is -here, back from Rome; he is wonderfully well; he is merry, he -preachifies, and no longer thinks of his woes; he embraces -you and will write to you. In short, everybody is in high -spirits, except myself; you are the only one to grumble. Tell -Fontanes that I have dined with M. Saget."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This M. Saget was the providence of the canons; he lived on the hill of -Sainte-Foix, in the district of the good wine. The way to his house led -up near the spot where Rousseau had spent the night on the banks of the -Saône:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I remember," he says, "spending a delightful night outside -the town, on a road which skirted the Saône. Gardens raised -terrace-wise bordered the road on the opposite side: it had -been very warm that day; the evening was charming, the dew -moistened the parched grass; no wind, a quiet night; the -air was cool without being chill; the sun after setting -had left red vapours in the sky, and their reflection made -the water rose-coloured; the trees on the terraces were -laden with nightingales which replied one to the other. I -walked along in a sort of ecstasy, abandoning my senses and -my heart to the enjoyment of all this, and only sighing a -little with regret at enjoying it alone. Absorbed in my -sweet reverie, I prolonged my walk well into the night, -without perceiving that I was tired. I perceived it at last: -I lay down voluptuously on the shelf of a sort of niche or -false door, sunk into a terrace-wall; the canopy of my bed -consisted of the tops of the trees, a nightingale was exactly -over my head; I fell asleep to its singing: my slumbers were -sweet,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> my awakening even more so. It was broad day-light: my -eyes on opening beheld the water, the verdure, an admirable -landscape."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>With Rousseau's charming itinerary in one's hand, one arrived at M. -Saget's. This ancient and lean bachelor, formerly married, wore a -green cap, a grey camlet coat, nankeen pantaloons, blue stockings and -beaver shoes. He had lived long in Paris, and had been intimate with -Mademoiselle Devienne<a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a>. She wrote him very witty letters, scolded -him, and gave him very good advice: he ignored it, for he did not take -the world seriously, believing apparently, like the Mexicans, that -the world had already used four suns, and that at the fourth (which -is lighting us at present) men had been changed into maggots. He did -not trouble his mind about the martyrdom of St. Pothin<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a> and St. -Ireneus<a name="FNanchor_681_681" id="FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a>, nor of the massacre of the Protestants drawn up side by -side by order of Mandelot<a name="FNanchor_682_682" id="FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a>, the Governor of Lyons, all of them -having their throats cut on the same side. Opposite the field of the -shooting at the Brotteaux<a name="FNanchor_683_683" id="FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a>, he would tell me details of it, while -strolling among his vines, mingling with his narrative verses of Loyse -Labbé<a name="FNanchor_684_684" id="FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a>: he would not have missed a single mouthful during the last -misfortunes of Lyons, under the Charte-Vérité.</p> - -<p>On certain days a certain calf's head was served up at Sainte-Foix, -after being soused for five nights, boiled in madeira, and stuffed -full of exquisite things; very pretty peasant-girls waited at table; -they served excellent homegrown wine out of demi-johns the size of -three bottles. We swooped upon the Saget banquet, I and the cassocked -chapter: the hill-side was quite black with us.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p> - -<p>Our <i>dapifer</i> soon came to the end of his provisions: in the ruin of -his last moments he was taken in by two or three of the old mistresses -who had plundered his life, "a kind of women," says St. Cyprian<a name="FNanchor_685_685" id="FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a>, -"who live as though they could be loved: <i>quæ sic vivis ut possis -adamari.</i>"</p> - - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Grande Chartreuse.</div> - -<p>We tore ourselves from the delights of Capua to go and see the -Chartreuse, still accompanied by M. Ballanche. We hired a calash whose -disjointed wheels made a lamentable noise. On reaching Voreppe we -stopped at an inn at the top of the town. The next morning, at break of -day, we mounted on horseback and set out preceded by a guide. At the -village of Saint-Laurent, at the bottom of the Grande-Chartreuse, we -crossed the threshold of the valley, and passing between two walls of -rocks, followed the road leading up to the monastery. When speaking of -Combourg, I have told you what I experienced in that spot. The deserted -buildings were cracking under the supervision of a kind of farmer -of the ruins. A lay-brother had remained to take care of an infirm -solitary who had just died: religion had imposed loyalty and obedience -upon friendship. We saw the narrow grave freshly covered over: Napoleon -was just about to dig a huge one at Austerlitz. We were shown the -convent enclosure, the cells, each with its garden and workshop; we -noticed joiners' boards and turners' wheels: the hand had dropped the -chisel. In a gallery were displayed the portraits of the superiors of -the Chartreuse. The ducal palace at Venice preserves the series of the -<i>ritratti</i> of the doges: what different spots and memories! Higher -up, at some distance, we were taken to the chapel of Le Sueur's<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a> -immortal recluse<a name="FNanchor_687_687" id="FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a>.</p> - -<p>After dining in an immense kitchen, we set out again and met, carried -in a palanquin like a rajah, M. Chaptal, formerly an apothecary, then a -senator, next owner of Chanteloup and inventor of beetroot sugar, the -greedy heir of the beautiful Indian reed-canes of Sicily, perfected by -the Otaheitan sun. As I descended from the forests, my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> thoughts turned -to the cenobites of old; for centuries, they carried, together with a -little earth, in the skirts of their gowns, fir plants which have grown -into trees on the rocks. Happy O ye who travelled noiselessly through -the world, nor even turned your heads in passing!</p> - -<p>No sooner had we reached the entrance to the valley than a storm burst; -a deluge dashed down, and vexed torrents rushed roaring from every -ravine. Madame de Chateaubriand, becoming reckless for very fear, -galloped through the flint stones, the water and the lightning-flashes. -She had flung away her umbrella the better to hear the thunder; the -guide cried to her:</p> - -<p>"Recommend your soul to God! In the name of the Father, and of the Son, -and of the Holy Ghost!"</p> - -<p>We reached Voreppe to the sound of the tocsin; what remained of the -cloven storm lay before us. In the distant landscape, we saw a blazing -village and the moon rounding out the upper portion of his disc above -the clouds, like the pale, bald forehead of St. Bruno, the founder of -the order of silence. M. Ballanche, all dripping with rain, said with -his immovable placidity:</p> - -<p>"I am like a fish in the water."</p> - -<p>I have just seen Voreppe again, in this year 1838: the storm was -there no longer; but two witnesses of it still remain, Madame de -Chateaubriand and M. Ballanche. I mention this because I have too -often, in these Memoirs, had to call attention to the dead.</p> - -<p>On returning to Lyons we left our companion there, and went to -Villeneuve. I have told you about this little town, my walks and my -regrets on the banks of the Yonne with M. Joubert. Three old maids -used to live there, Mesdemoiselles Piat; they reminded me of my -grandmother's three friends at Plancoët, saving the difference in -social position. The virgins of Villeneuve died one after the other, -and I thought of them when I saw a grass-grown flight of steps, running -up outside their empty house. What used these village damsels to talk -about in their time! They spoke of a dog, and of a muff which their -father had once bought them at Sens Fair. To me this was as charming -as the council of the same town at which St. Bernard had Abélard, my -fellow-Breton, condemned. The maids of the muff were Heloïses perhaps; -perhaps they loved, and their letters, brought to light, will one day -entrance posterity. Who knows? Perhaps they wrote to their "lord, also -their father, also their brother,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> also their spouse: <i>domino suo, imo -patri</i>," etc., that they felt honoured by the name of friend, by the -name of "mistress" or of "courtesan: <i>concubinæ vel scorti.</i>"</p> - -<p>"In the midst of his learning," says a grave doctor, "I find that -Abélard played an admirably foolish prank when he suborned with love -his pupil Héloïse."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Illness of Lucile.</div> - -<p>A great and new sorrow surprised me at Villeneuve. To tell it you, -I must go back to a few months before my Swiss journey. I was still -occupying the house in the Rue Miromesnil when, in the autumn of -1804, Madame de Caud came to Paris. The death of Madame de Beaumont -had finished the affecting of my sister's reason; she was very near -refusing to believe in the death, suspecting some mystery in the -disappearance, or including Heaven in the number of the enemies who -mocked at her misfortunes. She had nothing; I had chosen an apartment -in the Rue Caumartin for her, deceiving her as to the rent and as -to the arrangements which I told her to make with the keeper of an -eating-house. Like a flame ready to expire, her genius shed the -brightest light; she was all illumined with it. She would write a few -lines which she threw into the fire, or else copy from books some -thoughts in harmony with the disposition of her soul. She did not -remain long in the Rue Caumartin; she went to live with the Dames -Saint-Michel, in the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques: Madame de Navarre -was the superior of the convent. Lucile had a little cell overlooking -the garden: I noticed that she followed with her eyes, with I know -not what gloomy longing, the nuns who walked in the enclosure around -the vegetable beds. One could guess that she envied the saints and, -going further, aspired to the angels. I will sanctify these Memoirs by -deposing in them, as relics, the following letters of Madame de Caud, -written before she had taken flight for her eternal country:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"17 <i>January.</i></p> - -<p>"I had placed all my happiness in you and in Madame de -Beaumont; I fled from my cares and my sorrows in the thought -of you two: my whole occupation was to love you. Last night -I made long reflections upon your character and your ways. -As you and I are always near each other, it needs some time, -I think, to know me, such is the variety of ideas in my -head! Such is the opposition of my timidity and my peculiar -external weakness to my real inner strength! Too much about -myself. My illustrious brother, accept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> my fondest thanks for -all the favours and all the marks of friendship which you -have never ceased to show me. This is the last letter you -will receive from me in the morning. Albeit I communicate -my ideas to you, they nevertheless remain quite completely -within myself."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"Do you seriously, dear, think me safe from some impertinence -on the part of M. Chênedollé? I am quite determined not to -invite him to continue his visits; I resign myself to look -upon Tuesday's as the last. I do not wish to trouble his -politeness. I am closing for ever the book of my fate, and -sealing it with the seal of reason; I shall now consult its -pages no more on the trifles than on the important things of -life. I give up all my foolish notions; I wish neither to -occupy nor to vex myself with those of other people; I will -abandon myself with heart and soul to all the events of my -passage through this world. What a pity that I should pay -myself so much attention! God can now afflict me only in you. -I thank Him for the precious, kind and dear present which He -has made me in your person and for having preserved my life -without stain: those are all my treasures. I could take for -an emblem of my life the moon in a cloud, with this device: -'Often obscured, never tarnished.' Farewell, dear. You will -perhaps be surprised at my words since yesterday morning. -Since I saw you, my heart has raised itself to God, and I -have laid it wholly at the foot of the Cross, its sole and -true place."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<i>Thursday.</i></p> - -<p>"Good-morning, dear. What colour are your ideas this morning? -As for me, I remember that the only person who was able to -relieve me when I was fearing for Madame de Farcy's life was -she who said to me, 'But it is within the range of possible -things that you may die before her.' Could any one have -spoken more to the point? There is nothing, dear, like the -idea of death to rid us of the future. I hasten to rid you of -myself this morning, for I feel myself too much in the mood -to say fine things. Good-bye, my poor brother. Keep joyful."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"While Madame de Farcy lived, always by her side, I had not -noticed the need of being in communion of thought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> with some -one. I possessed that advantage unconsciously. But since we -lost that friend, and circumstances having separated me from -you, I have known the torture of never being able to refresh -and renew one's mind in some one's conversation; I feel that -my ideas hurt me when I am unable to get rid of them; this -has surely to do with my bad organization. Nevertheless I am -fairly satisfied, since yesterday, with my courage. I pay no -attention to my grief and to the sort of inward faintness -which I feel. I have abandoned myself. Continue to be always -kind to me: before long it will be humanity. Good-bye, dear. -Till soon, I hope."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Lucile's letters.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"Be easy, dear; my health is recovering visibly. I often ask -myself why I take so much pains to bolster it up. I am like a -madman who should build a fortress in the middle of a desert. -Farewell, my poor brother."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"As I have a bad headache to-night, I have just simply, and -at haphazard, written down some thoughts of Fénelon's for -you, so as to keep my promise:</p> - -<p>'"We are confined within narrow limits when we shut ourselves -up in our own existence; on the contrary, we feel at liberty -when we quit this prison to enter into the immensity of God.'</p> - -<p>"'We shall soon find once more all that we have lost We are -daily approaching it with rapid strides. Yet a little while, -and we shall no more have cause to weep. It is we who die: -what we love still lives and shall never die.'</p> - -<p>"'You impart to yourself a deceitful strength, such as a -raging fever gives to a sick man. For some days past, a -sort of convulsive movement has been visible in you, from -the effort to affect an air of gaiety and courage, whilst a -silent anguish filled your soul.'</p> - -<p>"That is as much as my head and my bad pen permit me to -write to you this evening. If you like, I will begin again -to-morrow, and perhaps tell you some more. Good-evening, -dear. I shall never cease telling you that my heart -prostrates itself before that of Fénelon, whose tenderness -seems to me so profound, and his virtue so exalted. Good-bye, -dear.</p> - -<p>"I am awake, and offer you a thousand loves and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> hundred -blessings. I feel well this morning and am anxious as to -whether you will be able to read me, and whether those -thoughts of Fénelon's will seem to you well chosen. I fear my -heart has concerned itself too much with the selection."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"Could you think that since yesterday I have been madly -occupied in correcting you? The Blossacs have trusted me -with one of your novels in the greatest secrecy. As I do not -think that you have made the most of your ideas, I am amusing -myself by trying to render them in their full value. Can -audacity go further than that? Forgive me, great man, and -remember that I am your sister, and that I have some little -right to make an ill use of your riches."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Saint-Michel</span>.</p> - -<p>"I will no longer say, 'Do not come to see me again,' -because, having from now but a few days to spend in Paris, -I feel that your presence is essential to me. Do not come -to-day until four; I expect to be out till then. Dear, I have -in my head a thousand contradictory ideas touching things -which seem to me to exist and not to exist, which to me have -the effect of objects of which one only caught sight in a -glass, and of which, consequently, one could not make sure, -however distinctly one saw them. I wish to trouble about all -this no longer; from this moment I abandon myself. Unlike -you, I have not the resource of changing banks, but I feel -sufficient courage to attach no importance to the persons -and things on my shore, and to fix myself entirely and -irrevocably in the Author of all justice and all truth. There -is only one displeasure to which I fear that I shall grow -insensible with great difficulty, that of unintentionally, in -passing, striking against the destiny of some other person, -not because of any interest that might be taken in me: I am -not mad enough for that."</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Saint-Michel.</span></p> - -<p>"Dear, never did the sound of your voice give me so much -pleasure as when I heard it yesterday on my staircase. My -ideas then strove to overcome my courage. I was seized with -content to feel you so near me; you appeared, and my whole -inner being returned to orderliness. I sometimes feel a great -repugnance at heart to drinking my cup. How can that heart, -which is so small a space, contain so much existence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> and so -much grief? I am greatly dissatisfied with myself, greatly -dissatisfied. My affairs and my ideas carry me away; I -scarcely occupy myself with God now, and I confine myself to -saying to Him a hundred times a day, 'O Lord, make haste to -hearken unto my prayer, for my spirit waxeth faint.'"</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">More letters from Lucile.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">(<i>No date.</i>)</p> - -<p>"Brother, do not grow weary of my letter, nor of my company; -think that soon you will be for ever released from my -importunities. My life is casting its last light, like a -lamp which has burnt out in the darkness of a long night, -and which sees the rise of the dawn in which it is to die. -Please, brother, cast a single glance at the early moments -of our existence; remember that we have often been seated -on the same lap, and pressed both together to the same -bosom; that already you added tears to mine, that from -the earliest days of your life you protected and defended -my frail existence, that our games united us and that I -shared your first studies. I will not speak to you of our -adolescence, of the innocence of our thoughts and of our -joys, nor of our mutual need to see each other incessantly. -If I retrace the past, I candidly confess, brother, that -it is to make me revive the more in your heart. When you -left France for the second time, you placed your wife in my -hands, you made me promise never to part from her. True to -this dear engagement, I voluntarily stretched out my hands -to the irons, and entered into the regions destined alone -for the victims vowed to death. In those abodes I have had -no anxiety save as to your fate; incessantly I questioned -the forebodings of my heart touching yourself. When I had -recovered my liberty, amidst the ills which came to overwhelm -me, the thought alone of our meeting kept me up. To-day, when -I am irretrievably losing the hope of running my course by -your side, bear with my griefs. I shall become resigned to my -destiny, and it is only because I am still fighting against -it that I suffer such cruel anguish; but when I shall have -grown submissive to my fate.... And what a fate! Where are -my friends, my protectors and my treasures! To whom matters -my existence, that existence abandoned by all, and weighing -down entirely upon itself? My God, are not my present woes -enough for my weakness, without yet adding to them the dread -of the future? Forgive me, my too dear friend, I will resign -myself;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> I will fall asleep, in a slumber as of death, upon -my destiny. But, during the few days which I have to spend in -this town, let me seek my last consolations in you; let me -believe that my presence is sweet to you. Believe me, among -the hearts that love you, none approaches the sincerity and -tenderness of my impotent friendship for you. Fill my memory -with agreeable recollections, which prolong my existence -beside you. Yesterday, when you spoke to me of coming to -you, you seemed to me anxious and serious, while your words -were affectionate. Why, brother, could I be to you also a -subject of aversion and annoyance? You know it was not I -that proposed the amiable distraction of going to see you, -and that I promised you to make no ill use of it; but, if -you have changed your opinion, why did you not tell me so -frankly? I have no courage to set against your politeness. -Formerly you used to distinguish me a little more from the -common herd and to do me more justice. As you reckon upon me -to-day, I will come to see you presently, at eleven o'clock. -We will arrange together what seems best to you for the -future. I have written to you, feeling sure that I should not -have the courage to say to you a single word of what this -letter contains."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This so affecting and quite admirable letter is the last which I -received; it alarmed me through the increase of sadness of which it -bears the impress. I hurried to the Dames Saint-Michel; my sister was -walking in the garden with Madame de Navarre; she went in when she knew -that I had gone up to her room. She made visible efforts to collect her -ideas, and at intervals she had a slight convulsive movement of the -lips. I entreated her to return entirely to reason, to cease writing -such unjust things to me, things that rent my heart, to cease thinking -that I could ever grow weary of her. She appeared to grow a little -calmer at the words which I repeated to distract and console her. She -told me that she believed that the convent was doing her harm, that she -would feel better living alone, in the neighbourhood of the Jardin des -Plantes, there where she could see doctors and walk about. I urged her -to please her own taste, adding that in order to help Virginie, her -maid, I would give her old Saint-Germain. This proposal seemed to give -her great pleasure, in memory of Madame de Beaumont, and she assured me -that she would go to look out for her new lodging. She asked me how I -was thinking of spending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> the summer. I said that I should go to Vichy -to join my wife, and then to M. Joubert at Villeneuve, to return to -Paris from there. I suggested to her to accompany us. She answered that -she wished to spend the summer alone, and that she was going to send -Virginie back to Fougères. I left her; she was more at ease.</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand left for Vichy, and I prepared to follow her. -Before leaving Paris I went again to see Lucile. She was affectionate; -she spoke to me of her little writings. I encouraged the great poet to -work; she kissed me, wished me a good journey, made me promise to come -back soon. She saw me to the landing of the staircase, leant over the -baluster, and quietly watched me go down. When I reached the bottom I -stopped, and lifting my head, cried to the unhappy woman who was still -looking at me:</p> - -<p>"Farewell, dear sister! I shall see you soon! Take great care of -yourself! Write to me at Villeneuve. I will write to you. I hope that -next winter you will agree to live with us."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Lucile.</div> - -<p>That evening I saw the worthy Saint-Germain; I gave him orders and some -money, so that he might secretly reduce the prices of anything she -might require. I enjoined him to keep me informed of everything and not -to fail to call me back in case he should want to see me. Three months -passed. When I reached Villeneuve, I found two fairly tranquillizing -letters about Madame de Caud's health: but Saint-Germain forgot to -speak to me of my sister's new lodging. I had begun to write her a long -letter, when suddenly Madame de Chateaubriand fell dangerously ill: I -was at her bedside when I was brought a new letter from Saint-Germain; -I opened it: a withering line told me of the sudden death of Lucile.</p> - -<p>I have cared for many tombs in my life: it fell to my lot and to my -sister's destiny that her ashes should be flung to the skies. I was not -in Paris when she died; I had no relations there; kept at Villeneuve by -my wife's critical condition, I was unable to go to the sacred remains; -orders sent from a distance arrived too late to prevent a common -burial. Lucile knew no one and had not a friend; she was known only to -Madame de Beaumont's old servant: it was as though he had been charged -to link two destinies. He alone followed the forsaken coffin, and he -himself was dead before Madame de Chateaubriand's sufferings allowed me -to bring her back to Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p> - -<p>My sister was buried among the poor: in what grave-yard was she laid? -In what motionless wave of an ocean of dead was she swallowed up? In -what house did she die, after leaving the community of the Dames de -Saint-Michel? If, by making researches, if, by examining the archives -of the municipalities, the registers of the parishes, I should come -across my sister's name, what would that avail me<a name="FNanchor_688_688" id="FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a>? Should I -find the same keeper of the cemetery? Should I find the man who dug -a grave that remained nameless and unlabelled? Would the rough hands -that were the last to touch so pure a clay have remembered it? What -nomenclator of the shades could point out to me the obliterated tomb? -Might he not make a mistake as to the dust? Since Heaven has willed it -so, let Lucile be for ever lost! I find in this absence of locality a -distinction from the burials of my other friends. My predecessor in -this world and in the next is praying to the Redeemer for me; she is -praying to Him from the midst of the pauper remains among which her -own lie confounded: even so does Lucile's mother and mine rest lost -among the preferred of Jesus Christ. God will certainly have been able -to recognise my sister; and she, who was so little attached to earth, -ought to leave no trace there. She has left me, that sainted genius. -Not a day has passed but I have wept for her. Lucile loved to hide -herself; I have made her a solitude in my heart: she shall leave it -only when I shall have ceased to live<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a>.</p> - -<p>Those are the true, the only events of my real life! What mattered -to me, at the moment when I was losing my sister, the thousands of -soldiers falling on the battlefields, the destruction of thrones, the -changes in the face of the world?</p> - -<p>Lucile's death struck at the sources of my soul: it was my childhood -in the midst of my family, the first vestiges of my existence, that -were disappearing. Our life resembles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> those frail buildings, shored -up in the sky by flying buttresses: they do not crumble at once, but -become loose piecemeal; they still support some gallery or other, while -already they have become separated from the chancel or vault of the -edifice. Madame de Chateaubriand, still bruised by Lucile's imperious -whims, saw only a deliverance for the Christian who had gone to rest in -the Lord. Let us be gentle if we would be regretted; the loftiness of -genius and the higher qualities are mourned only by the angels. But I -cannot enter into the consolation of Madame de Chateaubriand.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My journey to the East.</div> - -<p>When, returning to Paris by the Burgundy road, I caught sight of the -cupola of the Val-de-Grâce and the dome of Sainte-Geneviève, which -overlooks the Jardin des Plantes, my heart was broken: one more -companion of my life left on the wayside! We went back to the Hôtel de -Coislin, and although M. de Fontanes, M. Joubert, M. de Clausel, M. -Molé came to spend the evenings with me, I was distraught by so many -memories and thoughts that I was utterly exhausted. Remaining alone -behind the objects that had quitted me, like a foreign mariner whose -engagement has expired, and who has neither home nor country, I struck -the shore with my foot; I longed to swim in a new ocean to refresh -myself and cross it. Nursed on Mount Pindus, a crusader to Hierosolyma, -I was impatient to go to mingle my loneliness with the ruins of Athens, -my tears with those of the Magdalen.</p> - -<p>I went to see my family<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a> in Brittany, returned to Paris, and -left for Trieste on the 13th of July 1806; Madame de Chateaubriand -accompanied me as far as Venice, where M. Ballanche came to join her.</p> - -<p>As my life is set forth hour by hour in the <i>Itinéraire</i>, I should -have no more to say here, if I had not kept some hitherto unknown -letters written or received during and after my voyage. Julien, my -servant and companion, wrote his own Itinerary side by side with mine, -just as passengers on a vessel keep their private logs on a journey -of discovery. The little manuscript which he places at my disposal -will serve as a check upon my narrative: I shall be Cook, he will be -Clarke<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p> - -<p>In order to bring into clearer light the different manner in which one -is impressed according to one's place in the social order and in the -intellectual hierarchy, I will mingle my narrative with Julien's<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a>. -I shall let him begin by speaking first, because he relates some days' -sailing without me from Modon to Smyrna.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"We went on board<a name="FNanchor_693_693" id="FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a> on Friday the 1st of August; but, -the wind not being favourable to leave harbour, we waited -until daybreak the next morning. Then the harbour-pilot -came to tell us that he could bring us out. As I had never -been on the sea, I had formed an exaggerated idea of the -danger, for I saw none during two days. But, on the third, a -tempest rose; lightning, thunder and, in short, a terrible -storm attacked us and beat up the sea frightfully. Our -crew consisted of only eight sailors, a captain, a mate, a -pilot and a cook, and five passengers, including Monsieur -and myself, which made seventeen men in all. Then we all -set ourselves to help the seamen in furling the sails, in -spite of the rain with which we were soon drenched, having -taken off our coats to move more freely. This work filled my -thoughts and made me forget the danger, which, indeed, is -more terrible through the idea which one forms of it than it -is in reality. The storms followed one another during two -days, which seasoned me in my first days of sea-faring; I was -in no way inconvenienced. Monsieur was afraid lest I should -be ill at sea; when calm set in again, he said to me:</p> - -<p>"'Now I am reassured about your health; as you have borne -these two stormy days so well, you can set your mind at rest -as to any other mischance.'</p> - -<p>"None occurred during the remainder of our crossing to -Smyrna. On the 10th, which was a Sunday, Monsieur made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> them -heave-to near a Turkish town called Modon, where he landed to -go to Greece. Among the passengers who were with us were two -Milanese, who were going to Smyrna to follow their trade of -tinmen and pewter-founders. One of the two, called Joseph, -spoke the Turkish language fairly well, and Monsieur proposed -that he should go with him as servant interpreter, and -mentions him in his <i>Itinéraire.</i> He told us, on leaving us, -that the journey would only take a few days, that he would -join the vessel at an island where we were to pass in four -or five days, and that he would wait for us in that island -if he arrived there before us. As Monsieur found that man to -suit him for that short journey<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a>, he left me on board -to continue my voyage to Smyrna and to look after all our -luggage. He had given me a letter of recommendation to the -French Consul, in case he did not join us, which was what -happened. On the fourth day, we arrived at the appointed -island and Monsieur was not there. We passed the night and -waited for him till seven o'clock in the morning. The captain -went back on shore to leave word that he was compelled to -go on, having a fair wind and being obliged to take his -crossing into consideration. Besides, he saw a pirate who was -trying to approach us, and it was urgent that we should place -ourselves promptly on the defensive. He made the men load his -four pieces of cannon and bring on deck his muskets, pistols -and side-arms; but, as the wind favoured us, the pirate gave -us up. We arrived, on Monday the 18th, at seven o'clock in -the evening, at the port of Smyrna."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Greece.</div> - -<p>After crossing Greece, and touching Zea and Chio, I found -Julien at Smyrna. To-day I see Greece in my memory as one -of those dazzling circles which one sometimes beholds on -closing one's eyes. Against that mysterious phosphorescence -are outlined ruins of a delicate and admirable architecture, -the whole rendered still more resplendent by I know not -what brightness of the Muses. When shall I see again the -thyme of Mount Hymettus, the oleanders of the banks of the -Eurotas? One of the men whom I have left with the greatest -envy on foreign shores is the Turkish custom-house officer -of the Piræus: he lived alone, the guardian of three -deserted ports, turning his gaze over bluey isles, gleaming -promontories, golden seas. There I heard nought save the -sound of the billows in the shattered tomb of Themistocles -and the murmur of distant memories;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> in the silence of the -ruins of Sparta, fame itself was dumb.</p> - -<p>In the cradle of Melesigene I left my poor dragoman, -Joseph, the Milanese, at his tinman's shop, and set out for -Constantinople. I went to Pergamos, wishing first to go to -Troy, from motives of poetic piety; a fall from my horse -awaited me at the commencement of my road; not that Pegasus -stumbled, but I slept. I have recalled this accident in my -<i>Itinéraire</i>; Julien relates it also, and he makes remarks -concerning the roads and the horses to the exactness of which -I can certify.</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"Monsieur, who had fallen asleep on his horse, tumbled off -without waking. His horse stopped forthwith, as did mine, -which followed it. I at once alighted to know the reason, for -it was impossible for me to see it at a fathom's distance. -I saw Monsieur half asleep beside his horse, and quite -astonished to find himself on the ground; he assured me that -he had not hurt himself. His horse did not try to run away, -which would have been dangerous, for there were precipices -very near to the spot where we were."</p> - -<p>On leaving the Soma, after passing Pergamos, I had the -dispute with my guide which I describe in the <i>Itinéraire.</i> -Here is Julien's version:</p></blockquote> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"We left that village very early, after renewing our canteen. -A little way from the village, I was greatly surprised to -see Monsieur angry with our guide; I asked him the reason. -Monsieur then told me that he had arranged with the guide, -at Smyrna, that he would take him to the plains of Troy on -the way, and that he was now refusing, saying that the plains -were infested with brigands. Monsieur declined to believe -a word of it, and would listen to no one. As I saw that he -was getting more and more out of temper, I made a sign to -the guide to come near the interpreter and the janissary to -explain to me what he had been told about the dangers to be -risked in the plains which Monsieur wished to visit. The -guide told the interpreter that he had been assured that one -had to be in great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> numbers not to be attacked; the janissary -told me the same thing. Thereupon I went to Monsieur and -told him what they had all three said, and that, besides, we -should find a little village at a day's march where there -was a sort of consul who would be able to inform us of the -truth. After this statement, Monsieur composed himself, and -we continued our road till we reached that place. He at -once went to the consul, who told him of all the dangers he -would risk if he persisted in his wish to go in such small -numbers to those plains of Troy. Thereupon Monsieur was -obliged to abandon his project, and we continued our road for -Constantinople."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Constantinople.</div> - -<p>I arrived at Constantinople.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"The almost total absence of women, the dearth of wheeled -carriages, and the packs of ownerless dogs were the three -distinctive characteristics that first struck me in this -extraordinary town. As nearly every one walks in papouches, -as there is no noise of carriages and carts, as there are -no bells and scarcely any hammering trades, the silence -is continual. You see around you a voiceless crowd which -seems to wish to pass unnoticed, and which always looks as -though it were stealing away from its master's sight. You -constantly come to a bazaar or a cemetery, as though the -Turks were only there to buy, sell, or die. The cemeteries, -unwalled and placed in the middle of the streets, are -magnificent cypress-woods: the doves build their nests in the -cypress-trees and share the peace of the dead. Here and there -one discovers some ancient monuments which have no connection -with the modern men, nor with the new monuments by which they -are surrounded; it is as though they had been transported to -this eastern town by the working of a talisman. No sign of -joy, no appearance of happiness shows itself to your eyes; -what you see is not a people but a herd whom an iman drives -and a janissary slays. Amidst the prisons and the gaols rises -a seraglio, the capitol of servitude: it is there that a -sacred guardian carefully preserves the germs of pestilence -and the primitive laws of tyranny."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Julien does not soar so near the clouds<a name="FNanchor_695_695" id="FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"We were about two hundred passengers on the ship, men, -women, children and old people. As many mats lay ranged in -rows on both sides of the steerage. In this kind of republic, -each kept house as he pleased: the women looked after their -children, the men smoked or prepared their dinners, the -popes talked together. On every side was heard the sound -of mandolines, fiddles and lyres. They sang, they danced, -they laughed, they prayed. Every one was joyful. They said -to me, 'Jerusalem!' pointing to the south; and I replied, -'Jerusalem!' In short, but for the fright, we should have -been the happiest people in the world; but at the least wind -the seamen furled the sails, the pilgrims cried, '<i>Christos, -Kyrie eleison!</i>' When the storm had passed, we resumed our -boldness."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Here I am beaten by Julien.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"We had to busy ourselves with our departure for Jaffa, which -took place on Thursday the 18th of September. We embarked on -board a Greek ship, where there were at least, men, women, -and children, one hundred and fifty Greeks who were going on -a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, which caused much disturbance on -board.</p> - -<p>"Like the other passengers, we too had our supply of -provisions and our cooking utensils, which I had bought in -Constantinople. I had, besides, a further and fairly complete -supply which M. l'Ambassadeur had given us, consisting of -very fine biscuits, hams, sausages, saveloys, different sorts -of wine, rum, sugar, lemons, and even quinine-wine against -the fever. I was therefore furnished with a very plentiful -provision, which I husbanded and only consumed with great -economy, knowing that we had more than this one crossing to -make: everything was locked up where the passengers were not -allowed to go.</p> - -<p>"Our crossing, which lasted only thirteen days, seemed -very long to me through all sorts of unpleasantness and -uncleanliness on board. During several days of bad weather -which we encountered, the women and children were sick, -throwing up everywhere, so much so that we were obliged to -leave our cabin and sleep on deck. There we took our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> meals -much more comfortably than elsewhere, as we decided to wait -until all our Greeks had finished their littering."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Mount Carmel.</div> - -<p>I passed through the Dardanelles, touched at Rhodes, and took a pilot -for the Syrian coast. We were stopped by a calm below the Asiatic -continent, almost opposite the old Cape Chelidonia. We remained two -days at sea without knowing where we were.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"The weather was so fine and the air so mild that all the -passengers spent the night on deck. I had contended for a -place on the quarter-deck with two fat caloyers, who yielded -it to me only after much grumbling. I was lying asleep there -at six o'clock in the morning on the 30th of September, -when I was aroused by a confused noise of voices: I opened -my eyes, and saw the pilgrims looking towards the prow of -the vessel. I asked what it was; they shouted '<i>Signor, -il Carmelo!</i>' Mount Carmel! The wind had risen at eight -o'clock the previous evening, and we had arrived in sight of -the Syrian coast during the night. As I was sleeping fully -dressed, I was soon on my feet, asking the whereabouts of the -sacred mountain. Everyone was eager to point it out to me; -but I perceived nothing, owing to the sun which was beginning -to rise opposite to us. That moment had about it something -religious and august: all the pilgrims, their beads in their -hands, had remained silently in the same attitude, awaiting -the apparition of the Holy Land; the chief of the popes -prayed aloud: one heard only that prayer and the sound of the -running of the vessel, which the most favourable wind was -impelling across a dazzling sea. From time to time a shout -rose from the prow, when one caught sight of Mount Carmel -again. At last I myself perceived the mountain, like a round -patch beneath the rays of the sun. I then went on my knees in -the manner of the Latins. I did not feel the peculiar trouble -which I experienced on discovering the coast of Greece: but -the sight of the cradle of the Israelites and the native land -of the Christians filled me with joy and respect. I was about -to step upon the land of prodigies, near the sources of the -most astounding poetry, in the region where, even humanly -speaking, the greatest event took place that ever changed the -face of the world. . . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p> - -<p>"The wind dropped at noon; it rose again at four o'clock; but -through the ignorance of the pilot we went beyond our aim.... -At two o'clock in the afternoon we saw Jaffa again.</p> - -<p>"A boat left the shore with three monks. I stepped into the -launch with them; we entered the harbour through an opening -effected between the rocks, and dangerous even for a ship's -boat.</p> - -<p>"The Arabs on the beach came out into the water to their -waists, in order to take us on their shoulders. Then there -followed a rather laughable scene: my servant was dressed in -a whitish frock-coat; white being the colour of distinction -among the Arabs, they deemed that Julien was the sheik. They -caught hold of him and carried him off in triumph, despite -his protests, while, thanks to my blue coat, I made my escape -humbly on the back of a ragged beggar."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Now let us hear Julien, the principal actor in the scene:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"What surprised me greatly was to see six Arabs come to carry -me on land, while there were only two for Monsieur, which -amused him much, to see me carried like a reliquary. I do not -know whether my apparel seemed to them more brilliant than -Monsieur's: he wore a brown frock-coat and buttons of the -same; mine was whitish, with buttons of white metal which -gave off a certain gleam in the bright sunshine: this may, no -doubt, have caused the mistake.</p> - -<p>"We went, on Wednesday the 1st of October, to the monks of -Jaffa, who belong to the Order of Cordeliers, speaking Latin -and Italian, but very little French. They received us very -well, and did all that in them lay to procure for us all we -needed."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I arrived in Jerusalem. On the advice of the Fathers of the convent, -I passed quickly through the Holy City to go to the Jordan. After -stopping at the monastery at Bethlehem, I set out with an Arab escort; -I stopped at St. Sabas. At midnight, I found myself on the shore of the -Dead Sea.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"When one travels in Judæa, at first the heart is seized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> -with a great sense of tediousness; but when, as you pass from -solitude to solitude, space stretches limitless before your -eyes, that feeling gradually wears away, and you experience -a secret terror which, far from casting down the soul, gives -courage and raises the spirit. Extraordinary views discover -on every side a land laboured by miracles: the burning sun, -the swooping eagle, the barren fig-tree, all the poetry, all -the scenes of the Scriptures are there. Every name contains -a mystery; every grotto declares the future; every summit -resounds with a prophet's accents. God Himself has spoken on -those shores: the dried-up torrents, the cleft rocks, the -half-open tombs testify to the working of wonders; the desert -appears to be still mute with terror, and it is as though -it had not ventured to break the silence since it heard the -voice of the Almighty.</p> - -<p>"We descended from the brow of the mountain, in order to go -to spend the night on the shore of the Dead Sea, and next to -go up to the Jordan<a name="FNanchor_696_696" id="FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a>.</p> - -<p>. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>"We broke up our camp, and made our way for an hour and a -half with excessive difficulty through a fine white dust. -We were proceeding towards a small wood of balsam-trees and -tamarinds, which I saw to my great astonishment rising from -the midst of a sterile soil. Suddenly the Bethlemites stopped -and pointed to something which I had not perceived, at the -bottom of a ravine. Without being able to say what it was, I -caught a glimpse as though of a kind of sand moving over the -immobility of the soil. I approached this singular object, -and I saw a yellow river which I had some difficulty in -distinguishing from the sand of its two banks. It was deeply -embanked, and flowed slowly in a thick stream: it was the -Jordan....</p> - -<p>"The Bethlemites stripped and plunged into the Jordan. I did -not dare to follow their lead, because of the fever which -still troubled me."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Jerusalem.</div> - -<p>We returned to Jerusalem; Julien was not much struck with the sacred -places: like a true philosopher, he was dry<a name="FNanchor_697_697" id="FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a>.</p> - -<p>I left Jerusalem, arrived at Jaffa, and took ship for Alexandria. From -Alexandria I went to Cairo, and I left Julien with M. Drovetti, who had -the kindness to charter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> an Austrian vessel for me for Tunis. Julien -continued his journal at Alexandria:</p> - -<p>"There are Jews here," he says, "who gamble in stocks, as they do -wherever they are. Half a league from the city stands Pompey's Column, -which is in reddish granite, mounted on a block of hewn stone."</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"On the 23rd of November, at midday, the wind having -become favourable, I went on board the vessel. I embraced -M. Drovetti on the shore, and we made mutual promises of -friendship and remembrance: I am paying my debt to-day.</p> - -<p>"We heaved the anchor at two o'clock. A pilot brought us -out of harbour. The wind was faint and southerly. We kept -for three days within sight of Pompey's Column, which we -discovered on the horizon. On the evening of the third day we -heard the evening gun of the port of Alexandria. This was as -it were the signal for our definite departure, for the north -wind rose and we made sail for the west.</p> - -<p>"On the 1st of December, the wind, veering due west, stopped -our way. Gradually it fell to the south-west and turned into -a tempest which did not cease until we reached Tunis. To -occupy my time, I copied out and set in order my notes on -this voyage and my descriptions for the <i>Martyrs.</i> At night, -I walked the deck with the mate, Captain Dinelli. Nights -spent amid the waves, on a vessel beaten by the storm, are -not barren; the uncertainty of our future gives objects -their true value: the land, contemplated from the midst of a -tempestuous sea, resembles life as it presents itself to a -man about to die<a name="FNanchor_698_698" id="FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>We continued our voyage and anchored before the Kerkenna Isles.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"A gale rose, to our great delight, from the south-east, and -in five days we arrived in the waters of the island of Malta. -We came into sight of it on Christmas Eve; but, on Christmas -Day, the wind, shifting to west-north-west, drove us to the -south of Lampedusa. We remained for eighteen days off the -east coast of the Kingdom of Tunis, between life<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> and death. -I shall never in my life forget the day of the 28th.</p> - -<p>"We cast anchor before the Kerkenna Isles. For eight days -we lay at anchor in the Gulf of Cabes, where I saw the -commencement of the year 1807. Under how many planets and -amid what varied fortunes had I already seen the years renew -for me, years which pass so quickly or which are so long! -How far away from me were those times of my childhood in -which, with a heart beating with joy, I received the paternal -blessing and the paternal gifts! How I used to look forward -to New Year's Day! And now, on a foreign vessel, in the -middle of the sea, within sight of a barbarous land, that New -Year's Day sped for me without witnesses, without pleasures, -without the kisses of my family, without the fond wishes of -happiness which a mother shapes with such sincerity for her -sons! That day, born in the womb of the tempests, let fall on -my head nought but cares, regrets and silver hairs."</p></blockquote> - - -<div class="sidenote">The Kerkenna Isles.</div> - -<p>Julien is exposed to the same fate, and he rebukes me for one of those -fits of impatience of which I have, fortunately, corrected myself.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">Julien's Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"We were very near the island of Malta, and we had reason -to fear that we might be seen by some English vessel, which -could have forced us to enter the harbour; but we encountered -none. Our crew was greatly exhausted, and the wind continued -to be unfavourable to us. The captain, seeing on his chart -an anchorage called Kerkenna, from which we were at no great -distance, made sail for it without telling Monsieur, who, -seeing that we were approaching that anchorage, became angry -at not having been consulted, and said to the captain that -he ought to continue his course, having been through worse -weather. But we had gone too far to resume our course, and -besides, the captain's prudence was highly approved, for -that night the wind grew much stronger and the sea very bad. -Finding that we were obliged to remain in the anchoring-place -four-and-twenty hours longer than was foreseen, Monsieur gave -the captain lively marks of his discontent, in spite of the -good reasons which the latter gave him.</p> - -<p>"We had been a month at sea, and we only wanted seven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> or -eight hours to reach the port of Tunis. Suddenly the wind -became so violent that we were obliged to stand out to sea, -and we remained three weeks without being able to touch the -port. Thereupon Monsieur once more reproached the captain -with having wasted thirty-six hours at the anchorage. It was -impossible to persuade him that a greater misfortune would -have befallen us if the captain had been less foreseeing. -The misfortune which I anticipated was to see our provisions -diminishing, without knowing when we should arrive."</p></blockquote> - -<p>At last I trod Carthaginian soil. I found the most generous hospitality -at the hands of M. and Madame Devoise. Julien describes my host well; -he also speaks of the country and the Jews:</p> - -<p>"They pray and weep," says he.</p> - -<p>An American man-of-war brig gave me a passage on board, and I crossed -the lake of Tunis to go to the port.</p> - -<p>"On the way," says Julien, "I asked Monsieur if he had taken the gold -which he had put into the writing-table in his bed-room; he told me he -had forgotten it, and I was obliged to return to Tunis."</p> - -<p>I can never keep money in my mind.</p> - -<p>When I arrived from Alexandria, we cast anchor opposite the ruins of -the city of Hannibal<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a>. I looked at them from the deck without -guessing what they were. I saw a few Moorish huts, a Mussulman -hermitage on the point of a prominent head-land, some sheep grazing -among ruins, ruins so unapparent that I could hardly distinguish them -from the ground on which they stood: that was Carthage. I visited it -before embarking for Europe.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: center">My Itinerary.</p> - -<p>"From the top of Byrsa, the eye embraces the ruins of -Carthage, which are more numerous than is generally believed: -they resemble those of Sparta, having nothing in a good state -of preservation, but occupying a considerable space. I saw -them in the month of February; the fig-trees, olive-trees, -and carobs were already putting out their young leaves; -large angelicas and acanthas formed tufts of verdure among -the ruins of marble of every colour. In the distance, I -turned my gaze over the isthmus, a two-fold sea, far islands, -a smiling country-side, bluey lakes, azured mountains; I -descried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> forests, ships, aqueducts, Moorish villages, -Mohammedan hermitages, minarets, and the white houses of -Tunis. Millions of starlings, gathered into battalions and -resembling clouds, flew above my head. Surrounded by the -greatest and most touching memories, I thought of Dido<a name="FNanchor_700_700" id="FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a>, -of Sophonisba<a name="FNanchor_701_701" id="FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a>, of Hasdrubal's noble spouse<a name="FNanchor_702_702" id="FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a>; I -viewed the vast plains in which the legions of Hannibal, -Scipio<a name="FNanchor_703_703" id="FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a>, and Cæsar<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a> lie buried; my eyes tried to -recognise the site of the Palace of Utica. Alas, the remains -of the palace of Tiberius<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a> still exist at Capri, and we -look in vain at Utica for the spot where stood Cato's<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a> -house! Lastly, the terrible Vandals, the light Moors passed -in turn before my memory, which showed me, as a final -picture, St. Louis dying on the ruins of Carthage<a name="FNanchor_707_707" id="FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The ruins of Carthage.</div> - -<p>Julien, like myself, takes his last view of Africa at Carthage<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a>.</p> - -<p>Julien briefly narrates our passage from Tunis to the Bay of Gibraltar; -from Algeciras he promptly arrives at Cadiz, and from Cadiz at Granada. -Careless of Blanca, he observes only that "the Alhambra and other lofty -buildings stand on rocks of immense height." My own <i>Itinéraire</i> does -not give many more details on Granada; I content myself with saying:</p> - -<p>"The Alhambra seems to me to be worthy of note, even after the temples -of Greece. The valley of Granada is delightful,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> and much resembles -that of Sparta: it is easy to conceive that the Moors regret so fine a -country."</p> - -<p>I have described the Alhambra in the <i>Dernier des Abencerages.</i><a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a> -The Alhambra, the Generalife, the Monte-Santo are impressed upon my -mind like those fantastic landscapes of which often, at peep of day, -one imagines that one catches a glimpse in the first brilliant ray of -the dawn. I still feel that I possess sufficient sense of nature to -paint the Vega<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a>; but I should not dare to attempt it, for fear -of "the Archbishop of Granada<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a>." During my stay in the town of -the sultanas, a guitar-player, driven by an earthquake from a village -through which I had just passed, had devoted himself to me. Deaf as a -post, he followed me wherever I went: when I sat down on a ruin in the -Palace of the Moors, he stood and sang by my side, accompanying himself -on his guitar. The harmonious vagrant would not perhaps have composed -the symphony of the <i>Creation</i><a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a>, but his dusky skin showed through -his tattered cloak, and he would have had a great need to write as did -Beethoven<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> to Fraülein Breuning:</p> - -<p>"Revered Eleonora, my dearest friend, how gladly would I be the -possessor of a rabbits'-wool waistcoat of your knitting."</p> - -<p>I travelled from end to end of that Spain in which, sixteen years -later, Heaven reserved to me a great part, that of aiding in stamping -out anarchy in a noble nation and delivering a Bourbon: the honour of -our arms was restored, and I should have saved the Legitimacy, had the -Legitimacy been able to understand the conditions of its continuance.</p> - -<p>Julien does not allow me to escape until he has brought me back to -the Place Louis XV. at three o'clock in the afternoon of the 5th of -June 1807. From Granada he conducts me to Aranjuez, to Madrid, to the -Escurial, whence he jumps to Bayonne.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"We left Bayonne," he says, "on Tuesday the 9th of May, for -Pau, Tarbes, Barèges and Bordeaux, where we arrived on the -18th, very tired, and both with a touch of fever. We left on -the 19th and went to Angoulême and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> Tours, and we arrived on -the 28th at Blois, where we slept. On the 31st we continued -our journey to Orleans, and later we spent our last night at -Angerville."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Back in France.</div> - -<p>I was there, at one stage from a country-seat<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a> whose inhabitants -my long voyage had not caused me to forget. But the gardens of Armida, -where were they? Two or three times, when returning to the Pyrenees, -I have caught sight of the Column of Méréville<a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a>; like Pompey's -Column, it acquainted me with the presence of the desert: like my -fortunes at sea, all has changed.</p> - -<p>I reached Paris before the news I sent of myself: I had out-distanced -my life. Insignificant as are the letters which I wrote, I go -through them as one looks over inferior sketches representing the -places one has visited. Those notes, dated from Modon, Athens, Zea, -Constantinople, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Tunis, Granada, Madrid, -and Burgos, those lines written on every manner of paper, with every -manner of ink, carried by all the winds, interest me. I love unrolling -even my very firmans: it is a pleasure to me to touch the vellum, to -observe the elegant caligraphy, to wonder at the pomp of the style. -How great a personage I must have been! And what poor devils we are, -with our letters and our forty-sou passports, beside those lords of the -turban!</p> - -<p>Osman Seïd, Pasha of Morea, thus addresses to whomsoever it may concern -my firman for Athens:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Men of law of the townships of Misitra<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a> and Argos, -cadis, nadirs, and eflendis, of whom may the wisdom ever -increase; you who are the honour of your peers and our -great men, vaïvodes, and you through whose eyes your master -sees, who replace him in each of your jurisdictions, public -officers and business men, whose credit can only grow greater.</p> - -<p>"We inform you that of the nobles of France, one noble in -particular from Paris, the bearer of this order, accompanied -by an armed janissary and by a servant as his escort, has -solicited permission and explained his intention to pass -through some of the places and localities which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> are within -your jurisdictions in order to go to Athens, which is an -isthmus lying beyond and separated from your jurisdictions.</p> - -<p>"Wherefore, effendis, vaïvodes, and all others -above-mentioned, when the aforesaid person shall arrive at -the places subject to your jurisdiction, you shall take the -greatest care that he be treated with all the particular -consideration of which friendship makes a law, etc., etc</p> - -<p>"Year 1221 of the Hegira."</p></blockquote> - -<p>My passport from Constantinople for Jerusalem says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"To the sublime tribunal of His Grandeur the Cadi of -Kouds<a name="FNanchor_717_717" id="FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a>, Scherif and Most Excellent Effendi:</p> - -<p>"Most Excellent Effendi, may Your Grandeur seated on your -august tribunal accept our sincere blessings and our -affectionate greetings.</p> - -<p>"We inform you that a noble personage from the Court of -France, named François Auguste de Chateaubriand, is at -present on his way towards you to make the <i>holy</i> pilgrimage -(of the Christians)."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Would we extend a like protection to the unknown traveller with the -mayors and gendarmes who inspect his passport? In these firmans we can -also read the revolutions of the nations: how many "permits" has it -required that God should grant to the empires, before a Tartar slave -could lay orders upon a vaïvode of Misistra, that is, a magistrate of -Sparta; before a Mussulman could recommend a Christian to the Cadi of -Kouds, that is, of Jerusalem!</p> - -<p>The <i>Itinéraire</i> has entered into the elements that compose my life. -When I set out in 1806, a pilgrimage to Jerusalem appeared a great -undertaking. Now that the crowd has followed in my steps and that the -whole world is in the diligence, the wonder of it has vanished; I have -little left of my own save Tunis: people have travelled less in that -direction, and it has been allowed that I pointed out the real sights -of the ports of Carthage. This creditable letter proves it:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap">"Monsieur le Vicomte,</p> - -<p>"I have just received a plan of the ground and ruins of -Carthage, giving the exact outlines and inclinations of the -soil; it has been taken trigonometrically on a basis of -1500<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> meters, and rests upon barometrical observations made -with corresponding barometers. It is a work of ten years -of precision and patience; and it confirms your opinions -regarding the position of the ports of Byrsa.</p> - -<p>"With this exact plan I have gone over all the ancient texts, -and have, I believe, determined the outer circumference and -the other portions of the Cothon, Byrsa, Megara, etc., etc. -I wish to do you the right which is your due upon so many -scores.</p> - -<p>"If you are not afraid to see me swoop down upon your genius -with my trigonometry and my heavy erudition, I will be with -you at the first sign from yourself. If we, my father<a name="FNanchor_718_718" id="FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a> -and I, follow you in literature <i>longissimo intervallo</i>, -at least we shall have tried to imitate you in the noble -independence of which you set France so fine an example.</p> - -<p>"I have the honour to be, and I am proud of it, your frank -admirer,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Dureau de La Malle</span><a name="FNanchor_719_719" id="FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">My geographical accuracy.</div> - -<p>So accurate a rectification of localities would formerly have been -sufficient to give me a name in geography. From this time forward, -if I still had a mania for being talked about, I do not know where -I could go in order to attract the attention of the public: perhaps -I should resume my old plan of discovering the passage to the North -Pole; perhaps I should ascend the Ganges. There I should see the long, -straight, dark line of the woods which defend the approach to the -Himalayas; when, after reaching the neck which joins the two principal -peaks of Mount Ganghur, I descried the immeasurable amphitheatre of -the eternal snows, and should ask my guides, as did Heber<a name="FNanchor_720_720" id="FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a>, the -Anglican Bishop of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> Calcutta, the name of the other mountains in the -East, they would reply that they marked the border of the Chinese -Empire: well and good! But to return from the Pyramids is as though -you returned from Montlhéry<a name="FNanchor_721_721" id="FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a>. By the by, I remember that a pious -antiquary, who lived near Saint-Denis in France wrote to me to ask if -Pontoise did not resemble Jerusalem.</p> - -<p>The last page of the <i>Itinéraire</i> is as though I had written it this -moment, so exactly does it reproduce my present sentiments.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"For twenty years," I said, "I have devoted myself to study -amid hazards and troubles of every kind, <i>diversa exsilia et -desertas quærere terras</i>: many of the pages of my books have -been written under canvas, in the deserts, upon the ocean; I -have often held the pen without knowing how I should for a -few instants prolong my existence.... If Heaven grant me a -repose which I have never tasted, I will try in silence to -raise a monument to my country; if Providence refuse me that -repose, I must think only of shielding my last days from the -cares which have embittered the first. I am no longer young, -I no longer have the love of fame; I know that literature, -the commerce of which is so sweet when it is secret, only -draws down storms upon us from the outside. In any case, I -have written enough if my name is to live; far too much if it -is to die."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It is possible that my <i>Itinéraire</i> may survive as a manual for the -use of Wandering Jews like myself: I have scrupulously noted the -halting-places, and drawn a map of the roads. All the travellers to -Jerusalem have written to congratulate me and thank me for my accuracy; -I will quote one witness<a name="FNanchor_722_722" id="FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I see before me, of the sites of Syria, Egypt and Carthage, only -the spots in harmony with my solitary nature; these pleased me -independently of antiquity, art or history. The Pyramids struck me not -so much on account of their size, as of the desert against which they -were set; Diocletian's Column did not catch my eye as did the segments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> -of the sea along the sands of Lybia. At the Pelusian mouth of the Nile, -I should not have wished fora monument to remind me of the scene thus -depicted by Plutarch:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The enfranchised slave, casting his eyes over the shore, -spied the old remains of a fishing-boat, which, though not -large, would make a sufficient pile for a poor naked body -that was not quite entire. While he was collecting the pieces -of plank, and putting them together, an old Roman, who had -made some of his first campaigns under Pompey, came up, and -said to Philip:</p> - -<p>"Who are you that are preparing the funeral of Pompey the -Great?'</p> - -<p>"Philip answered:</p> - -<p>"'I am his freedman.'</p> - -<p>"'But you shall not,' said the old Roman, 'have this honour -entirely to yourself. As a work of piety offers itself, let -me have a share in it; that I may not absolutely repent my -having passed so many years in a foreign country; but, to -compensate many misfortunes, may have the consolation of -doing some of the last honours to the greatest general Rome -ever produced<a name="FNanchor_723_723" id="FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a>.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Cæsar's rival no longer has a tomb near Lybia, and a young Lybian -slave-girl has received burial at the hands of a Pompey not far from -the Rome whence the great Pompey was banished. From these freaks of -fortune one conceives how the Christians used to go and hide themselves -in the Thebaïde<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a>.</p> - -<p>The winds have scattered the personages of Europe, Asia, Africa, -amid whom I appeared and of whom I have told you: one fell from the -Acropolis at Athens, another from the shore of Chios, another flung -himself from Mount Sion, yet another will never emerge from the waves -of the Nile or the tanks of Carthage. The places themselves have -changed: in the same way, as in America, cities have sprung up where I -saw forests, an empire is being formed on those sands of Egypt where -my eyes encountered only "horizons bare and rounded like the boss of a -shield," as the Arab poems say, "and wolves so thin that their jaws are -like a cleft stick." Greece has recovered the liberty which I wished -her when travelling across her under the guard of a janissary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> But -does she enjoy her national liberty, or has she merely changed her yoke?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The future of the East.</div> - -<p>In some measure I am the last visitor of the Turkish Empire under -its old customs. The revolutions which have everywhere immediately -preceded, or followed upon, my footsteps have spread over Greece, -Syria, Egypt. Is a new East about to be formed? What will it bring -forth? Shall we receive our just punishment for having taught -the modern art of warfare to nations whose social state is based -upon slavery and polygamy? Have we carried civilization beyond -our boundaries, or have we brought barbarism within the circle of -Christianity? What will result from the new interests, the new -political relations, the creation of the Powers which may spring up in -the Levant? No one can tell. I do not allow myself to be dazzled by -steam-boats and railways, by the sale of the produce of manufactures, -and by the fortunes of a few French, English, German, Italian soldiers -enrolled in a pasha's service: all that is not civilization. Perhaps we -shall behold the return, through the aid of the disciplined troops of -future Ibrahims, of the perils which threatened Europe at the time of -Charles the Hammer<a name="FNanchor_725_725" id="FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a>, and from which we were saved by the generous -Poland. I pity the travellers who shall succeed me: the harem will no -longer hide its secrets from them; they will not have seen the old sun -of the East and the turban of Mahomet. The little Bedouin called out to -me in French, when I passed into the mountains of Judæa:</p> - -<p>"Forward, march!"</p> - -<p>The order was given, and the East marched.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><i>MEMENTO MORI.</i></div> - -<p>What became of Ulysses' companion, Julien? He asked, when handing me -his manuscript, to be made <i>concierge</i> of my house in the Rue d'Enfer: -this place was occupied by an old porter and his family, whom I could -not send away. The wrath of Heaven having made Julien headstrong and -a drunkard, I supported him for a long time; at last we were obliged -to part. I gave him a small sum, and granted him a little pension on -my privy purse, a somewhat light one, but always copiously filled -with excellent notes mortgaged on my castles in Spain. I obtained -Julien's admission, at his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> wish, to the Old Men's asylum: there -he finished the last great journey. I shall soon go to occupy his -empty bed, even as, in the camp of Etnir-Capi, I slept on a mat from -which a plague-stricken Mussulman had just been removed. My vocation -is positively for the almshouse, in which the old society lies. It -pretends to live, but is none the less at death's door. When it has -expired, it will decompose in order to be reproduced under new forms, -but it must first succumb; the first necessity for peoples, as for man, -is to die:</p> - -<p>"When God bloweth, there cometh frost," says Job<a name="FNanchor_726_726" id="FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a>.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> This book was written in Paris in 1839, and revised in -December 1846.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_650_650" id="Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566) was the daughter of Jean -de Poitiers, Seigneur de Saint-Vallier, and married in 1512 Louis de -Brézé, Comte de Maulevrier, who died in 1531. Some years later she -became mistress to Henry II., then Duc d'Orléans, who shortly after -his accession created her Duchesse de Valentinois. She retained her -empire over the King and her power in France until Henry's death, which -occurred in 1559.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> Hervé Louis François Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte -de Tocqueville (1772-1856) was made a peer of France and a prefect -under the Restoration. He was married to Mademoiselle de Rosanbo, a -grand-daughter of Malesherbes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Anne Nicole Marquise de Senozan (1718-1794), <i>née</i> -de Lamoignon de Blancménil, sister to Malesherbes and wife of the -Président de Senozan. She mounted the scaffold on the 10th of May 1794, -on the same day as Madame Élisabeth, at the age of seventy-six, and her -estate passed later into the possession of her grand-nephew, the Comte -de Tocqueville.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> The Château de Verneuil in the Department of -Seine-et-Oise.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (1805-1859) -was appointed an assistant judge, and in 1831 was sent to America, in -company with Gustave de Beaumont, to study the penal system on that -continent. On his return he published a treatise on this subject, and -in 1835 appeared his great work on American Democracy, which secured -his election to the Academy of Moral Science in 1839 and to the French -Academy in 1841. Two years earlier he had been sent to the Chamber -as deputy for the Arrondissement of Valognes, in Normandy, in which -his father's property of Tocqueville was situated, and this seat he -retained until his withdrawal from political life in 1851. He was -Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Presidency of Louis Napoleon -Bonaparte from June to October 1849.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> Michel Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (1760-1793), a -renegade representative of the Paris nobility, which sent him to the -States-General in 1789. In 1792 he became a member of the Convention, -where he voted in favour of the death of Louis XVI.; and on the 20th -of January 1793, the day before the execution of the King, he was -assassinated in a restaurant by an old Bodyguard called Paris. His body -was conveyed to the Pantheon in state, and the Convention adopted his -daughter, then eight years old.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_656_656" id="Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> The Château du Ménil is in the commune of -Fontenay-Saint-Père, canton of Limay, Arrondissement of Mantes, -Department of Seine-et-Oise. It is now the property of M. le Marquis de -Rosanbo.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> The Château de Mézy is in the canton of Meulan, -Department of Seine-et-Oise.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> The Château de Méréville is in Beauce. It had formerly -belonged to a celebrated Court banker, Jean Joseph de La Borde, -guillotined in 1794, who had turned it into a dwelling of finished -splendour. The park, laid out by Robert, the landscape-painter, was a -marvel. One of La Borde's daughters had married the Comte de Noailles, -later Duc de Mouchy.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> Blanca is the heroine of the <i>Aventures du dernier -Abencerage.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde Marquise de Coislin -(1732-1817), <i>née</i> de Mailly, of the Rubempré and Nesle branch, was -the daughter of Louis de Mailly, Comte de Rubempré and cousin to the -four Mesdemoiselles de Mailly, daughters of the Marquis de Nesle—the -Comtesse de Mailly, the Comtesse de Vintimille, the Duchesse de -Lauraguais, and the Marquise de La Tournelle, afterwards Duchesse -de Châteauroux—who successively became mistresses to Louis XV. She -married first, in 1750, Charles Georges René de Cambout, Marquis de -Coislin, who died in 1771, leaving no children living. More than twenty -years later, in 1793, the Marquise de Coislin, then over sixty, married -one of her cousins, twelve years younger than herself, Louis Marie -Duc de Mailly, who died and left her a widow for the second time in -1795. There is reason to believe that this marriage was never legally -consecrated, as the Duchesse de Mailly continued to be called Marquise -de Coislin.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> Now the Place de la Concorde. The house stands at the -corner of the Rue Royale, facing the Ministry of Marine, formerly the -Crown Wardrobe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> This title is the appanage of the Marquisate of -Nesle.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> Killed at the Battle of Courtrai in 1302.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> Claude Joseph Vernet (1714-1789), the father of Carle -and grandfather of Horace Vernet. Louis XV. commissioned him to paint -the principal French ports. The majority of his sea-pieces are now at -the Louvre.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Marie Anne de Mailly (1719-1744) married the Marquis de -La Tournelle in 1734. He left her a widow at the age of twenty-three, -and she became mistress, in succession to her sisters Mesdames de -Vintimille and de Mailly, to Louis XV., who created her Duchesse de -Châteauroux. She obtained the support of the Duc de Richelieu, and was -for a time all-powerful at Court, accompanying Louis at the head of -his armies in Flanders and Alsace. In 1744, when the King fell ill, -she was sent back to Paris in disgrace, but was restored to favour on -his recovery, and was on the point of becoming Superintendent of the -Dauphiness' Household, when she died a sudden death, attributed by some -to poison.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_666_666" id="Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> Louise Julie Comtesse de Mailly (1710-1751), the first -of the Nesle family to become the mistress of Louis XV. She amended her -life when deserted in favour of one of her sisters, and was doubtless -the most estimable and sympathetic of the four.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_667_667" id="Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> A reference to an epigram in the Anthology.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_668_668" id="Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> Queen Marie Leczinska (1703-1768), daughter of -Stanislaus Leczinski, ex-King of Poland, and married to Louis XV. in -1725.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_669_669" id="Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> Madame Suard (1750-1830), <i>née</i> Panckoucke, sister -of Panckoucke, the printer, founder of the <i>Moniteur universel</i>, -and herself the author of several agreeable works. Her salon was a -favourite meeting-place of the Encyclopædists under Louis XVI.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_670_670" id="Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Antoine Suard (1734-1817) took part in -the editing of an English newspaper printed in Paris, became a member -of the Academy in 1772, and obtained a censorship in 1774. At the -Revolution, he became a moderate member of the new party. In 1803 he -was appointed perpetual secretary to the Institute. His works consist -mainly of translations from the English: Cook's <i>Voyages</i>, Robertson's -<i>History of America</i>, etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_671_671" id="Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> Pierre Michel Hennin (1728-1807) was Secretary of -Embassy in Poland in 1759, Resident at Warsaw in 1763, Resident at -Geneva in 1765, and in 1779 became First Clerk at the Foreign Office, a -post in which he did eminent service until 1792, when he was dismissed -by General Dumouriez. He was obliged to sell his collections, and -took to "scribbling fat novels" for a livelihood, working at learning -languages and at his writing until his death, on the 5th of July 1807, -at the age of nearly eighty.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_672_672" id="Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc d'Avaray (1740-1829), -brother to the Comte d'Avaray, Louis XVIII.'s companion in exile and -chief agent. D'Avaray was imprisoned during the Terror, recovered his -liberty on the 9 Thermidor, and emigrated, returning to France in 1814. -Louis XVIII. raised him to the peerage in 1815, created him a duke in -1817, and made him his First Chamberlain in 1820.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_673_673" id="Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> <i>Cinq jours à Clermont (Auvergne) 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 août</i> -1805 and <i>Le Mont-Blanc, paysages de montagnes, fin d'août</i> 1805. They -appear in Vol. VI. of the complete works.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_674_674" id="Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> Honoré d'Urfé (1567-1625), after a life spent in war and -diplomacy, wrote the famous pastoral romance of the <i>Astrée</i>, in which -he depicted the happiness of the shepherds of the Lignon. The singular -book was received with the greatest favour, and gave rise to a whole -school of bucolic novelists. D'Urfé died before completing his work, -and his secretary, Baro, finished it from the author's manuscripts or -his own imagination.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_675_675" id="Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> Claude Ignace Brugière de Barante (1745-1814). Napoleon -dismissed him because of the indulgence shown by him to Madame de -Staël, and he died at the moment when the return of the Bourbons -appeared to promise him a just reparation.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_676_676" id="Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste Comte de Forbin -(1779-1841), a successful writer and painter, and a member of the -Academy of Fine Arts. Under the Restoration he became Director of the -Museums.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_677_677" id="Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> Mathurin Régnier (1573-1613), the first of the French -satiric poets. He received the tonsure at the age of thirteen, obtained -a rich canonry before he was thirty, and died at forty of his pleasures -and excesses.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_678_678" id="Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Oppian</span>, <i>Cynegetica</i>, II. 348.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> Jeanne Françoise Thévenin (1763-1841), known as Sophie -Devienne, acted at the Comédie Française from 1785 to 1813, and was one -of the best "waiting-maids" at that classic theatre.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_680_680" id="Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> St. Pothin (87-177), one of the first apostles to the -Gauls, became Bishop of Lyons, where he suffered martyrdom at the age -of nearly ninety years. He is honoured on the 2nd of June.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_681_681" id="Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> St. Ireneus (<i>circa</i> 120—<i>circa</i> 202) succeeded St. -Pothin in the Bishopric of Lyons, and suffered martyrdom like his -predecessor, his feast falling on the 28th of June.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_682_682" id="Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> François de Mandelot (1520-1588), Governor of Lyonnais, -distinguished himself by his wholesale murder of the Lyons Protestants -on St. Bartholomew's Night.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_683_683" id="Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> The Allées des Brotteaux, Lyons, where the condemned -were shot under the Revolution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_684_684" id="Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> Loyse Labbé (1526-1566), known as <i>la Belle Cordière</i>, -married a rich merchant cord-spinner of Lyons called Perrin. She had -been well educated, devoted herself to literature, and left a number of -poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_685_685" id="Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> St. Cyprian (<i>circa</i> 200-258), Bishop of Carthage, -persecuted under Decius, and exiled and martyred under Valerian. He -was the author of the famous treatise on the Lapsed from which the -above quotation is taken. St. Cyprian is honoured on the 16th of -September.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_686_686" id="Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> Eustache Le Sueur (1617-1655), known as the French -Raphael, the first painter of the French school under Louis XIV. -Persecuted by his envious rivals, he retired to the Chartreuse on the -death of his wife, and painted for the monastery his greatest work, the -Life of St. Bruno, in twenty-two pictures.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_687_687" id="Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> St. Bruno (<i>circa</i> 1040-1101), Founder of the Carthusian -Order, and honoured on the 6th of October.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> The certificate of death has since been discovered. -Madame de Caud died in the Marais, at No. 6, Rue d'Orléans, on the 18 -Brumaire, Year XIII (9 November 1804).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> On the 13th of November 1804, Chateaubriand, who was -then staying at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne with his friend Joubert, wrote to -Chênedollé: -</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Madame de Caud is no more. She died in Paris on the 9th. We -have lost the most beautiful soul, the most exalted genius, -that ever existed. You see that I am born for every sorrow. -In how few days has Lucile gone to join Pauline [Madame -de Beaumont]! Come, my dear friend, and weep with me this -winter, in January. You will find a man who is inconsolable, -but who is your friend for life.—Joubert sends you a million -loves."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> Chateaubriand's family at that date comprised Madame -la Comtesse de Marigny; Madame la Comtesse de Chateaubourg, and their -children; the daughter of the Comtesse Julie de Farcy; and the sons of -the Comte de Chateaubriand.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> The juxtaposition of the names of Julien and Clarke, is -somewhat forced. Edward Clarke was not Cook's valet, but his companion -and his rival in fame. He three times circumnavigated the world. -Both left Plymouth together, on the 12th of July 1776, Captain Cook -commanding the <i>Discovery</i> and Captain Clarke the <i>Resolution.</i> After -the death of Cook, killed by the natives of Owhyhee, on the 14th of -February 1779, Clarke succeeded him in the command of the expedition, -and himself died as he was arriving in Kamchatka. The <i>Discovery</i> and -the <i>Resolution</i> returned to England on the 4th of October 1780.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> I omit a portion of the extracts from the servant's -Itinerary. These will be indicated in their places.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> At Trieste.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> <i>De Sparte et d'Athènes.</i>—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> I omit Julien's description of the streets of -Constantinople.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> I omit a quotation from Julien's narrative.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> I omit Julien's observations here.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> I omit a quotation from Julien's Itinerary.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> Hannibal (247-183 B.C.), the famous Carthaginian -general.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_700_700" id="Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> Dido Queen of Tyre founded Carthage <i>circa</i> 860 B.C.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_701_701" id="Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> Sophonisba (235-203 B.C.), daughter of the third -Hasdrubal, was betrothed to Masinissa King of Massylia and Numidia, but -married in his stead his rival Syphax. Masinissa recaptured his domains -from the latter, and with them his wife, whom he married. When Scipio, -however, insisted upon Sophonisba's appearance in his triumph in Rome, -Masinissa, to save her from this disgrace, sent her poison. Her story -is the subject of one of Voltaire's tragedies.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_702_702" id="Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a> When the fourth Hasdrubal (170-100 B.C.), then commander -of Carthage, surrendered to Scipio, his wife, horrified at his -treachery, killed her children before his eyes, and then threw herself -into the flames, 146 B.C.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_703_703" id="Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (<i>circa</i> 235-184 -B.C.).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_704_704" id="Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> Caius Julius Cæsar (100-44 B.C.) defeated Metellus -Scipio and Cato at Carthage in 46 B.C.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_705_705" id="Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> Tiberius Claudius Nero (42 B.C.-37 A.D.), the second -Roman Emperor. Capri contains the ruins of his twelve palaces.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_706_706" id="Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> Marcus Portius Cato (95-46 B.C.), known as Cato the -Younger, or Uticensis, sided against Cæsar with Pompey, and retired to -Utica after the defeat of the latter. He prepared to resist Cæsar in -Africa, but when Metellus had been beaten, stabbed himself rather than -fall into his enemy's hands.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_707_707" id="Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> In 1270, on his way to Palestine, in the course of his -second (the Eighth) Crusade.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_708_708" id="Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> I omit this portion of Julien's Itinerary.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> Written under the Empire, but first published in 1827, -in Volume XVI. of the Complete Works, with the title, <i>Les Aventures du -dernier Abencerage.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> The beautiful valley overlooking Granada referred to -above.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Le Sage</span>, <i>Gil Blas.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> By Joseph Haydn (1732-1809).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), the great -composer.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> The Château de Malesherbes, situated at six kilometers -from Angerville, and belonging to Louis de Chateaubriand, the writer's -nephew. It is to-day the property of Madame la Marquise de Beaufort, -<i>née</i> de Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> The column standing in the grounds of the Château de -Méréville, equalling the column of the Place Vendôme in height, and -commanding a view of over twenty leagues in extent.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> Sparta.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_717_717" id="Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Jerusalem.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_718_718" id="Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> Jean Baptiste René Dureau de La Malle (1742-1807), a -native of San Domingo, who settled in Paris and devoted his large -fortune to literature. He published translations of Seneca (1776), -Sallust (1808), and Tacitus (1793), the last of which was twice -reprinted (1808 and 1816), and he was at work on a translation of Livy -when he died. He became a member of the Institute in 1804.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_719_719" id="Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> Adolphe Jules César Auguste Dureau de La Malle -(1777-1857), author of a number of learned works and some poems, and a -considerable authority on the geography and statistics of the nations -of antiquity. In the year in which the above letter was written he -published his <i>Géographie physique de la Méditerranée et de la mer -Noire.</i> He was admitted in 1818 to the Academy of Inscriptions, and -in 1840 published his greatest work, the <i>Économie politique des -Romains.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_720_720" id="Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a> Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta (1783-1826), was -appointed to his bishopric in 1822. He was the author of a volume of -Hymns (1819), and of a narrative of a Journey through India, published -after his death by his widow.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_721_721" id="Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a> A market town in the Department of Seine-et-Oise, some -twelve miles from Paris.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_722_722" id="Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a> I omit this letter and some others addressed to the -author from the East; also a letter addressed by Fénelon to Bossuet on -the eve of the former's departure for Greece.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_723_723" id="Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a> Langhorne's <span class="smcap">Plutarch</span>: <i>Life of Pompey.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> I omit a quotation from the Anthology.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> Charles Martel, or the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia -(<i>circa</i> 691-741), reigned over France with the title of Mayor of the -Palace, and in 732 gained a complete victory over the Saracens between -Tours and Poitiers, which put an end to the Mussulman invasion, and -assured the Christianization of Europe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Job</span>, xxxvii. 10.—T.</p></div> - -<h4>END OF VOL. II.</h4> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<h4>INDEX OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE SIX VOLUMES</h4> - -<p> -A<br /> -<br /> -Aaron, vi. 135<br /> -Aaron the Hermit, Saint, i. 24, 30; ii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Abailard (<i>See</i> Abélard)<br /> -d'Abbéville, Comtesse, i. 29<br /> -Abbon the Crooked, iii. 59<br /> -Abd-el-Kader, iii. 111; vi. 99<br /> -Abdul-Medjid Sultan of Turkey, v. 51<br /> -Abel, iii. 39; vi. 25<br /> -Abélard, Peter, i. 94; ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>-<a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> -Abercromby, Sir Ralph, i. 224<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Robert, i. 224<br /> -Aberdeen, George Gordon, fourth Earl of, iii. 49<br /> -Abigail, vi. 237<br /> -Abou Gosch, vi. 105<br /> -d'Abrantès, Andoche Junot, Duc, iv. 164<br /> -d'Abrantès, Laure Permon-Comnène,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iv. 149, 207-214</span><br /> -Acerbi, Virginia, vi. 65<br /> -Achard, Comte, i. 106; ii. <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey<br /> -A'Court (see Heytesbury)<br /> -Adalbéron Archbishop of Rheims, iv. 112<br /> -Adalgarius (see Oger)<br /> -Adam, ii. <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; v. 9; vi. 89, 111, 206<br /> -Adams, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, John, i. 252</span><br /> -Adelaide of Savoy, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Dame de Montmorency, iv. 209</span><br /> -Adélaïde Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Adélaïde, known as Mademoiselle d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, v. 128, 156-157, 161</span><br /> -Addison, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; iv. 246-247; v. 57<br /> -Ader, Jean Joseph, v. 96<br /> -Admetes King of the Molossians, iii. 189<br /> -Adrian I., Pope, i. 74<br /> -Adrian (see also Hadrian)<br /> -Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 34; iv. 259; vi. 50</span><br /> -Æschylus, i. 82; ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> -Affre, Archbishop of Paris, Denis Auguste, vi. 263<br /> -Agier, M., i. 97<br /> -d'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georges Seroux, ii. <a href="#Page_230">230</a>-<a href="#Page_231">231</a></span><br /> -Agnes of Savoy, Dame de Bourbon, iv. 209<br /> -d'Agoult, Vicomtesse, v. 363, 408-409<br /> -Agricola, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> -Agrippina, the Empress, i. 234; ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -Agrippina Julia, the Empress, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marquis, ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marie Cathérine de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon, Marquise, ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 29<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri François Chancelier, i. 135; iii. 29<br /> -Ahasuerus (see Assuerus)<br /> -Ahenobarbus, Domitianus, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163; iii. 13</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Duchesse, i. 174<br /> -Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Alan III. Count of Brittany, i. 6<br /> -Alan IV. Duke of Brittany, ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> -Alaric I. King of the Visigoths, iii. 51,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; iv. 180, 226; v. 334; vi. 50, 247</span><br /> -Alaric II. King of the Visigoths, i. 24<br /> -Albani, Giuseppe Cardinal, v. 5-6, 18,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 35, 39, 46-49, 52</span><br /> -Albani, Francesco, vi. 110<br /> -Albany, Countess of (see Louisa of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stolberg, Queen of England)</span><br /> -Albéric, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Alberoni, Giulio Cardinal, v. 15-16; vi. 200<br /> -Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Consort of Great Britain and Ireland, iv. 47; vi. 207</span><br /> -Albert Duke of Prussia, iv. 37<br /> -Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Albert Duke of Saxe-Teschen, v. 127; vi. 58<br /> -d'Albert, Julie, i. 65<br /> -Albertus Magnus, i. 27<br /> -Alcibiades, iii. 45, 96; iv. 72, 123-124; v. 229<br /> -Aldus Manutius (see Manutius)<br /> -d'Alembert, Jean Baptiste Le Rond, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> -Alexander III., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Alexander VI., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Alexander VII., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Alexander VIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Alexander III. King of Macedon, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">196, 229; ii. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; iii. 149, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203, 205, 220-221, 224; iv. 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 192, 255, 264; v. 14, 298, 403; vi. 236</span><br /> -Alexander IV. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Alexander I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi, 65, 99; ii. <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; iii. 30,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 50, 57-64, 72-73, 77, 86, 92, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 107, 144-146, 149, 157, 172, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 211; iv. 33, 36, 67, 104, 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 146, 166, 203-204, 236, 277,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281; v. 272, 387, 398; vi. 45</span><br /> -Alexander II. Tsar of All the Russias, iv. 74, 271<br /> -Alexander, Captain, iii. 225<br /> -Alexandra Feodorowna of Russia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte of Prussia, Empress, i. 99; iv. 33, 35-36, 271</span><br /> -Alfieri, Vittorio Conte, i. xxiii; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203; iv. 249-251 : v. 55</span><br /> -Alfred King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> -Allart de Merftens, Hortense Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Almazan (see Saint-Priest)<br /> -d'Alopeus, David Count, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus, Countess, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus (see also La Ferronnays)<br /> -Alphonsus King of Aragon, i. 9<br /> -Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, ii. <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> -Alphonsus I. Duke of Ferrara, iv. 42; v. 13; vi. 92<br /> -Alphonsus II. Duke of Ferrara, v. 330; vi. 82, 84-87, 92, 100<br /> -Alphonsus V. King of Leon and Asturias, v. 377<br /> -Alphonsus II. King of Naples, v. 13<br /> -Alphonsus IV. King of Portugal, vi. 24<br /> -Alphonsus of Bisceglie, v. 13<br /> -Altieri, Victoria Boncompagni-Ludovisi<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">degli Principi di Piombino, Principessa, iv. 256</span><br /> -Amador Bishop of Auxerre, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Amalasontha Queen of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -d'Amboise (see Choiseul et d'Amboise)<br /> -Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Saint, iii. 30<br /> -d'Ambrugeac, Louis Alexandre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valon de Boucheron, Comte, v. 106</span><br /> -Amherst, William Pitt first Earl, iii. 211<br /> -Ampère, André Marie, v. 261, 389<br /> -Ampère, Jean Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 254; v. 261, 389; vi. 223</span><br /> -Anacreon, i. 131; iii. 29; v. 257; vi. 13<br /> -Ancillon, Jean Pierre Fréderic, iv. 34,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-61, 102; v. 91</span><br /> -Ancillon, Madame, iv. 34<br /> -d'Ancre, Baron de Lussigny, Concino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Concini, Marquis, vi. 28</span><br /> -d'Andilly, Robert Arnauld, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnauld, v. 54</span><br /> -d'Andrezel, Christophe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thérèse Picon, Comte, i. 106-107, 111</span><br /> -Angelo (see Malipieri)<br /> -d'Angély (see Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély)<br /> -d'Angennes, née Cottereau, Dame, vi. 238<br /> -Angles, Jules Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 100; iv. 7<br /> -d'Angoulême, Duc (see Louis XIX.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Duchesse (see Marie-Thérèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Comtesse, i. 120<br /> -Aniche, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Anna Maria of Orleans, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia, iv. 251</span><br /> -"Anna-Marie," pseud. (see d'Hautefeuille, Comtesse)<br /> -Anne of Prussia, Electress of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Anne Queen of England, v. 333<br /> -Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Anne Duchess of Brittany, Empress,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France, i. 27, 141</span><br /> -Anne of Austria, Queen of France, i. 126;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; iv. 245; v. 101</span><br /> -Anne of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 144; vi. 185</span><br /> -Anne Empress of Russia, i. 13; vi. 101<br /> -Année, Antoine, v. 96<br /> -Annibal (see Hannibal)<br /> -Anselme, Pierre de Gibours, known as Père, i. 5<br /> -Anson, George first Lord, i. 126<br /> -Anspach, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craven, later Margravine of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Antar, i. 122<br /> -Anthony, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; iv. 230<br /> -Anthony of Padua, Saint, vi. 104<br /> -Anthony King of Navarre, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> -Anthony Duke of Parma, v. 15<br /> -Anthony King of Saxony, iv. 231<br /> -Antigonus King of Asia, iv. 75<br /> -Antiochus King of Syria, iv. 75; vi. 247<br /> -Antipater Viceroy of Macedon, iv. 75<br /> -Antomarchi, Dr. Francesco, iii. 216-218<br /> -d'Antonelle, Pierre Antoine Marquis, iv. 18<br /> -Antoninus, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Antonio, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venetian guide, vi. 53, 63-65, 104</span><br /> -Antony, Marcus Antonius, known as Mark, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -d'Antremont (see Bourdic)<br /> -Antrodocco (see Frimont)<br /> -Apelles, vi. 57, 180<br /> -Appius Claudius (see Claudius Crassus)<br /> -Apollodorus, iv. 256<br /> -Apponyi, Anton Rodolf Count, v. 17, 146<br /> -Aquaviva of Aragon, Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Arago, Dominique François Jean, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 115, 156, 206; vi. 169</span><br /> -d'Arblay, Fanny Burney, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Arc (see Joan of Arc)<br /> -Archilochus, v. 56<br /> -Archimedes, vi. 122<br /> -Arezzo, Tommaso Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -d'Argentre, Bertrand, i. 5<br /> -d'Argout, Apollinaire Antoine Maurice<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 111, 113-114, 116; vi. 99-100</span><br /> -Ariosto, Ludovico, ii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iv. 42-43,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">228; vi. 78-79, 82, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Ariosto the Younger, vi. 82<br /> -Aristogiton, vi. 180<br /> -Aristophanes, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; vi. 9<br /> -Aristotle, v. 70<br /> -Armani, Signor, vi. 51<br /> -Armani, Signorina, vi. 51<br /> -d'Armano (see Corday)<br /> -Arnaud (see Gibert-Amaud)<br /> -Arnauld, Abbé Antoine, iv. 245<br /> -Arnauld, Antoine, v. 54<br /> -Arnauld (see also d'Andilly and Pomponne)<br /> -Arnott, Dr., iii. 217<br /> -d'Arnouville (see Machault d'Arnouville)<br /> -Arouet (see Voltaire)<br /> -Arrhidæus King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Arrighi, Giuseppe Filippo, iii. 106<br /> -d'Arsoli, Camillo Massimiliano Massimo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principe, iv. 238</span><br /> -Artaud de Montor, Alfred Frédéric<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iii. 122</span><br /> -Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, iii. 189<br /> -Artevelde, Jacob van, iii. 138<br /> -Arthur II. Duke of Brittany, i. 9<br /> -Artois, Robert Count of, ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> -d'Artois, Comte (see Charles X. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Asdrubal (see Hasdrubal)<br /> -Asgill, Sir Charles, i. 216-217<br /> -"Ashwood, Sir," v. 16<br /> -Aspasia, i. 244; iii. 45; iv. 117; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25; vi. 172</span><br /> -d'Aspremont, Comte, vi. 46<br /> -Assuerus King of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Astley, Philip, vi. 68<br /> -Astolf King of the Lombards, iv. 228<br /> -Atawulf King of the Visigoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athalric King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athenæus, i. 259; vi. 180, 247<br /> -Attalus, the Emperor, iii. 88<br /> -Atticus Herodes, Tiberias Claudius vi. 154-155<br /> -Attila King of the Huns, i. 212; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_185">185</a>; iii. 47, 90, 157, 224; v. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">334; vi. 50</span><br /> -d'Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Marquis, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> -Aubiac, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -d'Aubigné, Charles, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Geneviève Piètre, Dame, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Constant, vi. 241<br /> -d'Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa, vi. 241<br /> -Audry de Puyravault (see Puyravault)<br /> -d'Auerstädt, Prince d'Eckmühl, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas Davout, Maréchal Duc, iii. 164</span><br /> -Augereau (see Castiglione)<br /> -Auguis, Pierre René, iii. 21<br /> -Augustine, Saint, i. 31; ii. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; vi. 6<br /> -Augustulus, the Emperor, vi. 195<br /> -Augustus, the Emperor, i. 68; v. 8<br /> -Augustus II. King of Poland, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Augustus of Prussia, Prince, iv. 34, 172-173<br /> -d'Aulnay, Comte Lepelletier, i. 135<br /> -d'Aulnay, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lepelletier, i. 135</span><br /> -Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -d'Aulps (see Blacas d'Aulps)<br /> -Aulus Gellius (see Gellius)<br /> -d'Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis d'Orléans, Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></span><br /> -d'Auvergne, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> -d'Auvergne, Philippe (see Bouillon)<br /> -d'Avaray, Antoine Louis Frédéric de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bésiade, Comte, later Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; iv. 8-9</span><br /> -d'Avaray, Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> -d'Avaray, née de Mailly, Duchesse, ii. <a href="#Page_301">301</a><br /> -Avenel, Denis Louis Martial, v. 95<br /> -Azara, José Nicola de, ii. <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -B<br /> -<br /> -Bacciochi, later Prince of Lucca and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piombino, Félix Pascal Prince, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> -Bacciochi, Élisa Bonaparte, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Bacon, Sir Francis (see St. Albans)<br /> -Baedeker, Karl, vi. 266<br /> -Bagration, Princess, vi. 120<br /> -Bail, M., iii. 133<br /> -Bail, Dame, iii. 133-134<br /> -Bailly, Jean Sylvain, i. 160-161, 165<br /> -Bajazet II. Sultan of Turkey, iii. 179<br /> -Balagni, Madame de, v. 401<br /> -Balbi, Anne Jacoby Caumont La Force,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Baldwin I. Emperor of the East and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. Count of Flanders, vi. 69</span><br /> -Ballanche, Pierre Simon, ii. <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iv. 149, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 180, 213; v. 89, 199; vi. 258-260, 262</span><br /> -Balmaine, Alexander Count de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Balsamo (see Cagliostro)<br /> -Balue (see La Balue)<br /> -Balzac, Honoré de, i. 111; v. 202; vi. 156<br /> -Balzac d'Entragues (see d'Entragues)<br /> -Baptiste, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">valet, v. 250, 256, 325-326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 349-350, 352; vi. 8, 24, 129</span><br /> -Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brugière, Baron de, iv. 28, 285</span><br /> -Barante, Césarine de Houdetot, Baronne de, iv. 285<br /> -Barante, Claude Ignace Brugière de, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> -Barba, Victor, v. 121<br /> -Barbara of Austria, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 82, 84<br /> -Barbarelli (see Giorgione)<br /> -Barbarini, Signora, iv. 37<br /> -Barbauld, Anna Letitia Aiken, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Barberini, Cardinal, iv. 245<br /> -Barberini-Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Barbet, Auguste, vi. 216<br /> -Barbieri (see Guercino)<br /> -Barboux, M., v. 96<br /> -Barcarola, Nina, iv. 245<br /> -Barchou de Penhoen (see Penhoen)<br /> -Bardi, Beatrice Portinari, Signora de', iv. 225-227<br /> -Bareau de Girac, Bishop of Rennes, François, i. 152<br /> -Barentin, Charles Louis François de, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, iv. 43<br /> -Barentin, Abbess of the Annunciation, Dame de, iv. 43<br /> -Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, i. 143; ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> -Bargemont (see Villeneuve-Bargemont)<br /> -Barillon, Nicolas, v. 50<br /> -Barnage, Maître, iv. 110<br /> -Baro, Balthazar, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> -Baroni, Leonora (see Castellani)<br /> -Baronnais (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Barrande, M., v. 361, 363, 365, 367;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 37, 136-137</span><br /> -Barozzi (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrocchio (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrois, Colonel, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> -Barron, F.S.A., Mr. Oswald, vi. 266<br /> -Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117; v. 95, 113, 128, 152-153</span><br /> -Barrucand, M. Victor, iii. 213<br /> -Barry (see Du Barry)<br /> -Bart, Jean, iv. 34-35<br /> -Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Barthe, Félix, v. 95, 265-266, 302<br /> -Barthélemy, Abbé Jean Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille, v. 214-216<br /> -Bartoli, Daniello, vi. 79<br /> -Bartolozzi, Francesco, iv. 162<br /> -Bartram, William, i. 238<br /> -Basel the Hermit, Saint, i. 43<br /> -Basil, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Basil II. Emperor of the East, v. 376<br /> -Baslé, Jean, i. 108<br /> -Bassano, Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; iii. 65, 168</span><br /> -Bassompierre, François Maréchal Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 114-117; v. 383, 402</span><br /> -Bastide, Jules, v. 109, 137, 140-141<br /> -Basville, Chrétien François de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Bathsheba (see Bethsabee)<br /> -Bathurst, Allen Erst Earl, iv. 80-81<br /> -Bathurst, Henry third Earl, iii. 215;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 80-81, 89, 287</span><br /> -Bathurst, Lady Louisa Georgiana, iv. 81<br /> -Bathurst, Lady Emily Charlotte (see Ponsonby)<br /> -Bathurst, Miss, iv. 81, 287-288<br /> -Baude, Jean Jacques Baron, iv. 7; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 112, 115-116, 144, 210</span><br /> -Baudry, Vicomte de, vi. 253<br /> -Baudry, Baron de, vi. 253-254<br /> -Baudry, Anne Louise de Chateaubriand,<br /> -Baronne de, vi. 253<br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Théodore<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Démetrius Prince de, vi. 38, 128, 138</span><br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Anne Laurence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency, Princesse de, vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38, 77, 128, 138</span><br /> -Baulny (see Baudry)<br /> -Bausset, Bishop of Alais, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, iii. 18-20</span><br /> -Baville (see Lamoignon de Baville)<br /> -Bavoux, Jacques François Nicolas, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96, 115</span><br /> -Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; iii. 6; iv. 228; v. 151-152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26</span><br /> -Bayard, Dame de, v. 151-152<br /> -Bayganuet, Sire de, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> -Bayle, Pierre, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Baylis, the printer, ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Bazancourt, Colonel, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> -Beatrice (see Bardi)<br /> -Beattie, James, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Beattie the Younger, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Beaufort, née de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_333">333</a></span><br /> -Beaufort, Renée Dame of, i. 6<br /> -Beaufort (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Estrées)</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; iii. 17; iv. 165; vi. 161</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Eugène de (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -Beaujolais, Louis d'Orléans, Comte de, iv. 161<br /> -Beaulieu, Geoffroy de, vi. 139<br /> -Beaumanoir, John Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 128, 132, 173</span><br /> -Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe de, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br /> -Beaumont, Christophe François Comte de, i. 174<br /> -Beaumont, Pauline Marie Michelle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frédérique Ulrique de Montmorin-</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, i. 174;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>-<a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 7, 131; iv. 165, 183, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 238; v. 48, 319; vi. 6</span><br /> -Beaumont de La Bonnière, Gustave<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste de, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br /> -Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire (see Saint-Aulaire)<br /> -Beaurepaire (see d'Hautefeuille)<br /> -Beauvau, Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de, i. 119<br /> -Beauvilliers, Paul Due de, vi. 246<br /> -Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -Becdelièvre-Penhouët, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -Becquet, Étienne, v. 96<br /> -Bedée, Alexis Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Bedée, Seigneur de La Boüétardais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ange Annibal Comte de, i. 14</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Antoine Bénigne de<br /> -Bedée de La Boüétardais, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 17, 22-23, 74, 152; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Angélique Fortunée<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cécile Ginguené, Comtesse de, i. 23;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Anne de Ravenel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisteilleul, Dame de i. 14, 17, 21-22</span><br /> -Bedée, Charlotte Suzanne Marie, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Caroline de, i. 22-23, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Flore de, i. 22-23, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -Bedée, Marie de, i. 22-23, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -Bedée (see also La Boüétardais)<br /> -Bedford, John Russell, sixth Duke of, iv. 79<br /> -Bédoyère (see La Bédoyère)<br /> -Beethoven, Ludwig van, ii. <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> -Beker, Nicolas Léonard Comte, iii. 188<br /> -Belgiojoso, Cristina Trivulzio, Principessa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 202, 286</span><br /> -Belinaye (see La Belinaye)<br /> -Bellarmine, Archbishop of Capua,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roberto Cardinal Bellarmino, known</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Cardinal, vi. 259</span><br /> -Bellart, Nicolas François, iv. 7<br /> -Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, later Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Paris, Jean Cardinal du,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 243; v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Bellini, Giovanni, vi. 48-49<br /> -Bellocq, M., v. 28, 31, 48-49<br /> -Belloy, Madame du, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Bellune, Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 95, 129; iv. 62</span><br /> -Bellune, Julie Vosch van Avesaat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchale Duchesse de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Bellune, née Muguet, Maréchale Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Belsunce, Comte de, i. 13<br /> -Belsunce de Castel Moron, Bishop of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marseilles, Henri François Xavier</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; v. 231</span><br /> -Bembo, Pietro Cardinal, vi. 79, 103<br /> -Bénard (see Fleury)<br /> -Benedict XIV., Pope, iv. 234; v. 15<br /> -Benedict XIII., Anti-pope (see Luna, Pedro de)<br /> -Bénévent (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Benjamin, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gardener, iii. 8</span><br /> -Benoît, Frédéric, v. 254<br /> -Benoît the Elder, v. 254<br /> -Benoît, Dame, v. 254<br /> -Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelio Cardinal, vi. 79</span><br /> -Bentivoglio, Guido Cardinal, vi. 79<br /> -Bentivoglio, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Benvenuti, Giacomo Antonio Cardinal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 235; v. 6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Béranger, Pierre Jean de, ii. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>; iii. 68, 199; iv. 140; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206-209, 260, 270, 291; vi. 10, 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 262</span><br /> -Bérard, Auguste Simon Louis, v. 96, 116-117<br /> -Bérard, Pierre Clement, v. 267<br /> -Berengarius I. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Berengarius II. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Bérenger (see Chatillon)<br /> -Berenice Queen of Chalcis, later Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cilicia, vi. 247</span><br /> -Bergasse, Nicolas, i. 175<br /> -Berger, Mayor of the 2nd Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 236</span><br /> -Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, v. 70<br /> -Bériot, Charles Auguste de, vi. 175<br /> -Bériot (see also Malibran)<br /> -Bermond, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bernadotte (see Charles XIV. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweden and Norway and Désirée</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Sweden)</span><br /> -Bernard, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> -Bernard, Jean, iv. 149<br /> -Bernard, Madame, iv. 149, 173<br /> -Bernard, Louis Rose Désiré, v. 96<br /> -Bernard, Master, v. 351; vi. 266<br /> -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henri, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iii. 30; vi. 176</span><br /> -Bernetti, Tommaso Cardinal, iv. 234-235,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">290, 293, 300-301; v. 4, 8, 45-46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52; vi. 95</span><br /> -Bernis, François Joachim Cardinal de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierres de, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; iv. 38</span><br /> -Bernstorff, Christian Gunther Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 34, 60, 102; vi. 45</span><br /> -Berry, Charles Duc de, vi. 246<br /> -Berry, Charles Ferdinand Duc de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 160; ii. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_278">278</a>; iii. 89, 119, 126, 144, 156, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161; iv. 8, 11, 17, 21-23, 25; v. 161,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 190, 215, 226, 236, 303-304,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">394, 410; vi. 28, 38, 123, 185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 255</span><br /> -Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>; iii. 156; iv. 16, 24, 135, 196;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 101, 144, 147, 151, 157-158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 209, 215, 221-229, 235-239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242, 244-246, 265-266, 269,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">302-311, 320-325, 327, 340, 359,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">362, 365-366, 369, 375, 384, 391,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">405-408, 414-415; vi. 9, 22, 25-27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">36-39, 47, 61, 77-78, 80, 94-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 128-130, 132, 135-136, 139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156, 163, 192-193, 229-235, 243</span><br /> -Berryer the Elder, Pierre Nicolas<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246<br /> -Berryer the Younger, Pierre Antoine<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246-248, 259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-266, 269, 302, 309-310; vi. 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256</span><br /> -Bertrin, Abbé Georges, vi. 256<br /> -Berstoecher, M., ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; iv. 121<br /> -Bert, M., v. 96<br /> -Bertalozzi, Francesco Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Berthe de Rohan, Queen of Spain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, H.M., ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> -Berthelin, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Berthier (see Wagram)<br /> -Berthois, Auguste Marie Baron, v. 135<br /> -Berthollet, Claude Louis Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Lieutenant Albert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Jules, v. 108</span><br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 161; v. 108</span><br /> -Bertin the Elder, Louis François Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; iii. 8,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 132; iv. 100-101; v. 29, 260, 368</span><br /> -Bertin the Younger, Pierre Louis Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Bertin de Vaux or, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; iii. 125, 132; iv. 100-101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260; v. 368</span><br /> -Bertrand, Henri Gratien Comte, iii. 81,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 192, 210</span><br /> -Bertrand, née Dillon, Comtesse, iii. 192, 210<br /> -Bertrand, Captain, iii. 16<br /> -Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of, iv. 67<br /> -Besenval, Pierre Victor Baron de, i. 177; iii. 139<br /> -Besnardière (see La Besnardière)<br /> -Bessarion, Archbishop of Nicosa, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Siponto, Patriarch of Constantinople,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johannes Cardinal, vi. 49</span><br /> -Bessus Satrap of Bactriana, iii. 149<br /> -Bethsabee, vi. 237<br /> -Bettio, Abbate Pietro, vi. 53, 55-57<br /> -Beugnot, Jacques Claude Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 127, 129-130, 178</span><br /> -Beurnonville, Pierre Ruel, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 73</span><br /> -Bevilacqua, Cardinal, vi. 91<br /> -Béville, Marquis de, iii. 5<br /> -Béville (see also Lavalette)<br /> -Beyle (see Stendhal)<br /> -Bezout, Étienne, i. 44<br /> -Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuscany, vi. 238</span><br /> -Billard, A., v. 96<br /> -Billarderie (see Flahaut de La Billarderie)<br /> -Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> -Billecocq, Adolphe, iv. 102<br /> -Billing, Baron, i. 185<br /> -Billot, M., v. 97<br /> -Biré, M. Edmond, i. xvi-xvii, 5, 33;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 92, 215-219, 284; v. 360; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 180, 229-235, 248-265</span><br /> -Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, Duc de, i. 51, 176<br /> -Biron (see also Lauzun)<br /> -Bisceglie (see Alphonsus of Bisceglie)<br /> -Bissy, Claude VIII. de Thiard, Comte de, v. 162<br /> -Bissy (see also Thiard-Bissy and Thiard de Bissy)<br /> -Bivar (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Bjorn the Scandinavian, ii. <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, Pierre Louis Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 100, 102, 124-127, 159,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-175; iv. 8-9, 59, 132-133; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29, 34, 45, 52, 341-343, 352,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-359, 363, 365-366, 368-369,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378, 383-385, 408, 415; vi. 26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 120, 129, 135, 138-139, 193</span><br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the Great Warrior, v. 385<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the troubadour, v. 385<br /> -Blair, Rev. Hugh, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -Blaize, Ange, vi. 216<br /> -Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119-120, 140</span><br /> -Blanche of Castile, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>; v. 225, 377</span><br /> -Blessington, Charles John Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Earl of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Blessington, Marguerite Power,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Bletterie (see La Bletterie)<br /> -Blin, Joseph Marie Jacques, i. 153<br /> -Blitersdorff, Quarter-master, ii. <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br /> -Blondel, the troubadour, v. 377<br /> -Blossac, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> -Blossac, Madame de, ii. <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /> -Blücher (see Wahlstadt)<br /> -Boccaccio, Giovanni, iv. 185; v. 229-230<br /> -Bodsey, the publisher, ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, iv. 227<br /> -Boigne, Benoît Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Boigne, née d'Osmond, Comtesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>; v. 106</span><br /> -Bohain, Victor, v. 96<br /> -Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, i. 133; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>; iii. 10, 33; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 53; vi. 240</span><br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Elder, M. Delaunay, iii. 13<br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Younger, M. iii. 13, 16-17<br /> -Boisgarein, François Nicolas Magon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 51</span><br /> -Boisgarein, Élisabeth Anne Dame de, i. 51<br /> -Boisgelin, Louis Brune Comte de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin, née de Boufflers, Comtesse de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin de Cicé, Archbishop of Aix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Tours, Jean-de-Dieu Raymond</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Bois de La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Ferronnière)</span><br /> -Boishamon, M. du, i. 23<br /> -Boishue, Jean Baptiste René de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guehenneuc, Comte de, i. 154; ii. <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> -Boishue (see also Guehenneuc de Boishue)<br /> -Boisrobert, Abbé Francis Le Metel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sieur de, v. 55</span><br /> -Boissonade, Jean François, iii. 8<br /> -Boissy, Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; iv. 227; v. 89</span><br /> -Boissy (see also Guiccioli)<br /> -Boistelleul, Jean Baptiste Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugène de Ravenel, Comte du, i. 67, 69</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Captain Hyacinthe Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre de Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Pauline Zoé Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farcy de Montavallon, Dame de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Mademoiselle de, i. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-23; ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; vi. 127, 173</span><br /> -Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano, Matteo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, vi. 78-79</span><br /> -Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, v. 57</span><br /> -Bolivar, President of Columbia, Simon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi; iv. 291-292</span><br /> -Bolton, William Orde-Powlett, second Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Bolzona, Count, v. 404<br /> -Bon, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> -Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 97; ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; iv. 16</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Charles Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iv. 241; v. 58, 297</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Charlotte Bonaparte, Princesse, iv. 241<br /> -Bonaparte, known as Madame Mère,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Letizia Ramolino, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; iii. 64, 108-109; iv. 10</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Christine Éléonore Boyer,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> -Bonaparte, Elizabeth Patterson, Dame, iii. 200<br /> -Bonaparte, Jerome (see Jerome King of Westphalia)<br /> -Bonaparte, Joseph (see Joseph King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, later of Spain)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Louis (see Louis King of Holland)<br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Louis Napoléon (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Lucien (see Canino)<br /> -Bonaparte, Napoleon (see Napoleon I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Bonaparte Caroline (see Caroline Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Naples)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Élisa (see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)<br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame (see Canino)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Josèphe Rose<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tascher de La Pagerie, Vicomtesse de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauharnais, later Dame (see Joséphine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Pauline (see Borghese)<br /> -Bonaparte (see also Buonaparte)<br /> -Bonaventure, Saint, i. xxx<br /> -Bonchamp, General Artus de, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; v. 245<br /> -Bonchamp, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Bondy, Pierre Marie Comte de Taillepied<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 229, 235-238</span><br /> -Bondy, Comtesse de Taillepied de, v. 134<br /> -Boniface VIII., Pope, v. 48<br /> -Boniface IX., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Bonnay, François Marquis de, i. 175,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176; ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; iv. 32-33, 43-44</span><br /> -Bonnet, M., iv. 67<br /> -Bonnet de Malherbe, Dr., vi. 154<br /> -Bonnevie, Abbé Pierre Étienne de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></span><br /> -Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Bonrecueil, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bonstetten, Charles Victor de, iv. 250, 258<br /> -Boquet, Pierre Jean, ii. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; iv. 238<br /> -Borde (see La Borde)<br /> -Bordeaux, Duc de (see Henry V. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Bordesoulle, Étienne Tardif de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pommeroux, Comte de, v. 148</span><br /> -Bordier, M., i. 178<br /> -Bordone, Paride or Paris, vi. 49<br /> -Borel (see Fauche-Borel)<br /> -Borghese, Camillo Principe, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> -Borghese, Duchess of Guastalla,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pauline Bonaparte, Principessa, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; iii. 108, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 184, 248-249</span><br /> -Borghese, Principessa, iv. 248<br /> -Borgia, Duc de Valentinois, Cesare, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229; v. 13</span><br /> -Borgne (see Le Borgne)<br /> -Borromeo (see Charles Cardinal Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, Saint)</span><br /> -Bossinot de Vauvert (see Vauvert)<br /> -Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bénigne, i. 102, 151, 234; ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>; iii. 18-19, 33, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 292; v. 84-86, 177, 388, 403;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 25</span><br /> -Boucher, Abbé, v. 140<br /> -Boüétardais (see Bedée and La Boüétardais)<br /> -Boüétiez, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Boufflers, Louis François Maréchal de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, Joseph Marie Duc de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, née de Beauvais-Craon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Boufflers, Stanislas Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; iii. 26-27; iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Comtesse de Sabran, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Louis de, iii. 27<br /> -Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, i. xxi.<br /> -Bougon, Dr., vi. 193<br /> -Bouillé, Marquise de, v. 363; vi. 136<br /> -Bouillerie (see La Bouillerie)<br /> -Bouillet, Marie Nicolas, vi. 88, 266<br /> -Bouillon, Godefroy Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; iv. 138<br /> -Bouillon, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Bouillon, Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> -Bouillon (see also Godfrey of Bouillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Jerusalem)</span><br /> -Boulin, Joseph, i. 108<br /> -Boulogne, Bishop of Troyes, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Vienne, Étienne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine de, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br /> -Bounelet, Sieur, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> -Bourbon, Charles Cardinal de, iii. 74-75<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Connétable Duc de, v. 16, 58<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Duc de, vi. 200<br /> -Bourbon, Archambaud VII. Sire de, iv. 209<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Condé, Louis VI. Prince de)</span><br /> -Bourbon, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Condé)</span><br /> -Bourdaloue, Louis, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Bourdasse, Jacques, i. 108<br /> -Bourdic, later Dame Viot, Marie Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henriette Payan de L'Étang,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise d'Antremont, later, vi. 174</span><br /> -Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Bourdonnaye (see La Bourdonnaye)<br /> -Bourdonnaye-Montluc (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourdonnaye-Montluc)</span><br /> -Bourg (see Du Bourg)<br /> -Bourges, Clémence de, vi. 173<br /> -Bourgoing, Chevalier de, iv. 102<br /> -Bourgogne, Louis Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghaisne, Comte Maréchal de, v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 95, 244-245, 323</span><br /> -Bourmont, Adolphe de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourmont, Charles de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourgueney, François Adolphe Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>; iii. 86</span><br /> -Boutet (see Mars and Monvel)<br /> -Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Boutin, M., ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Brabant (see Geneviève of Brabant)<br /> -Bracciano, Giovanni Torlonia, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duca di, iv. 262; v. 19</span><br /> -Bracciano-Orsini (see Orsini)<br /> -Brackenridge, Henry M., i. 252<br /> -Bragadino, Marco Antonio, vi. 59<br /> -Brahe, Tycho, v. 387<br /> -Bramante, Donato d'Agnolo, iv. 230<br /> -Brancas, née de Colbert-Montboissier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, v. 291</span><br /> -Brandon (see Hamilton)<br /> -Braunfels (see Solm-Braunfels)<br /> -Breil de Pontbriand, Vicomtesse de, i. 150<br /> -Brémond, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Brennus, v. 305<br /> -Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier,<br /> -Baron de, i. 132, 156; ii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; iii. 125<br /> -Breton (see Le Breton)<br /> -Breuning, Fräulein Eleonora, ii. <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> -Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Brien, Jean, iii. 14<br /> -Brienne, Archbishop of Sens, Étienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles de Loménie, Comte de, i. 141</span><br /> -Brienne, Henri Auguste Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loménie de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br /> -Brienne, Comtesse de Loménie de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> -Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, Nicolas Jean, i. 13<br /> -Brignon, Marie Anne Le Tendu, Dame, i. 13<br /> -Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, iv. 167-168<br /> -Brinvilliers, Marie Marguerite Dreux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Avray, Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br /> -Briot, Pierre Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -Briqueville, Armand François Bon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude Comte de, v. 209-210, 213</span><br /> -Briqueville the Elder, Comte de, v. 209<br /> -Briqueville, Comtesse de, v. 209<br /> -Brissac (see Cossé-Brissac)<br /> -Brisson, Barnabé Président, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> -Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> -Britannicus, Claudius Tiberius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanicus, known as, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a></span><br /> -Britard (see Brizard)<br /> -Brittany, Giles of (see Chateaubriand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Chantocé)</span><br /> -Brizard, Jean Baptiste Britard, known as, i. 128<br /> -Brocard, Pere Ignace, vi. 43<br /> -Broglie, Victor François Maréchal Duc de, i. 156<br /> -Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 81, 105, 122-123, 127</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 95, 113</span><br /> -Broglie, Albertine de Staël-Holstein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, v. 81</span><br /> -Brollo, the gaoler, vi. 105-112<br /> -Brollo, Signora, vi. 105-110<br /> -Brollo, Angelica (see "Zanze")<br /> -Brosses, René Comte de, iv. 300; v. 30<br /> -Brosses (see also De Brosses)<br /> -Brougham and Vaux, Henry Brougham,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, i. 188</span><br /> -Broussais, François Joseph Victor, i. 27, 74<br /> -Brown, Charles Brockden, i. 253-254<br /> -Bruce, Lieutenant Michael, iii. 110<br /> -Brugière de Barante (see Barante)<br /> -Brummell, George Bryan, iv. 69<br /> -Brun (see Le Brun and Malte-Brun)<br /> -Brune, Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne, iii. 91<br /> -Bruno, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>-<a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> -Brutus, Lucius Junius, v. 132, 312<br /> -Brutus, Marcus Junius, v. 57, 132, 394<br /> -Brutus, Tiberius Junius, v. 312<br /> -Brutus, Titus Junius, v. 312<br /> -Bruyère (see La Bruyère)<br /> -Buckingham and Chandos, Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Greville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; iv. 79</span><br /> -Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 65</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 127, 174; iii. 33; iv. 122</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Marie Leclerc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 173</span><br /> -Buffon, later Dame de Bussières,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marguérite Françoise de Bouvier de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cepoy, Comtesse de, i. 173</span><br /> -Bugeaud de La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Buisson de La Vigne (see La Vigne)<br /> -Bullion, Claude de, i. 150<br /> -Bülow (see Dennewitz)<br /> -Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 236</span><br /> -Buonaparte, Carlo, vi. 184<br /> -Buonaparte, Giacomo, v. 58<br /> -Buonaparte (see also Bonaparte)<br /> -Buonarotti (see Michael Angelo)<br /> -Buonavita, Abbé, iii. 215-216<br /> -Burghersh, Lord, pseud (see Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Burke, Edmund, i. xxi; ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>; iv. 93; v. 57</span><br /> -Burney (see d'Arblay)<br /> -Burns, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Busoni, Philippe, v. 96<br /> -Bussi, Giovanni Battista Cardinal, v. 18<br /> -Bussières (see Buffon and Renouard de Bussières)<br /> -Bute, John Stuart, first Earl of, iv. 81<br /> -Buti, Lucrezia, iv. 232<br /> -Butler (see Dubourg-Butler)<br /> -Buttafuoco, Matteo, iii. 196<br /> -Byron, William fourth Lord, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, George Gordon sixth Lord, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">xxiii; ii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_158">158</a>; iii. 68, 88, 191,220; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 232, 254; v. 59, 89, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">209, 300, 389; vi. 50, 66, 71-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 85</span><br /> -Byron, Anne Isabella Milbanke, Lady, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Byron, Commodore Hon. John, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, Hon. Augusta Ada (see Leigh)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -C<br /> -<br /> -Cacault, François, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Elder, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Félix, v. 237</span><br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Younger, Félix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98-99, 190-191, 237-239</span><br /> -Cadoudal, Georges, i. 65; ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_259">259</a>; iii. 36, 138-139; iv. 167-168</span><br /> -Cæsar, Caius Julius, i. 17; ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; iii. 87-88, 159, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 214, 218; iv. 14, 176, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; v. 40, 56, 131-132, 155, 333,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 68, 180, 196, 243</span><br /> -Cagliari (see Veronese)<br /> -Cagliostro, Giuseppe Balsamo, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Alessandro Conte di, i. 145</span><br /> -Cahen, Louis, i. xvii; vi. 265-266<br /> -Caillet, Guillaume, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> -Cajetan, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> -Calas, Jean, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Caligula, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; vi. 209<br /> -Calixtus II., Pope, iv. 304<br /> -Calixtus III., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Callot, Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> -Calonne, Abbé de, ii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, i. 140-141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>; vi. 203</span><br /> -Calvin, John, v. 199, 273, 388; vi. 96<br /> -Camargo, Marie Anne Cuppi, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as the, ii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -Cambacérès, Second Consul, later Duke<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Parma, Jean Jacques Régis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; iii. 21, 54, 63, 75;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 409</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Marie Jean Pierre Hubert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a></span><br /> -Camden, William, ii. <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> -Camerarius, Joachim Liebhard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, vi. 142</span><br /> -Camoens, Luiz de, i. xxiv, 196, 242-243;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; iii. 30, 208, 219, 222,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">237; vi. 86-87, 104, 222</span><br /> -Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genest, Dame, v. 296</span><br /> -Campbell, Sir Neil, iii. 78-79, 81<br /> -Campbell, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Campbell, Mr. William Bernard, vi. 266<br /> -Campo-Franco, Lucchesi-Palli, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, v. 322-323</span><br /> -Camuccini, Vicenzo, iv. 241<br /> -Canaris, Constantine, iv. 119<br /> -Canaris the Younger, iv. 118-119<br /> -Candoles, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Canecaude, M. de, i. 164<br /> -Cange (see Du Cange)<br /> -Canino, Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; iii. 152, 154, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215; iv. 155-158, 196, 220</span><br /> -Canino, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess of, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> -Canning, George, i. xxii-xxiii, 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; iv. 70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 89, 92, 96, 128, 217-218,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266; v. 57, 145, 180-181; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -Canning, Joan Scott, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Canova, Antonio, i. xxiii, 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>; iv. 75, 162, 180-182, 220,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238; vi. 57-58, 60</span><br /> -Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honors<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raymond, iv. 131</span><br /> -Capelan, Abbé, ii. <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> -Capellari (sec Gregory XVI., Pope)<br /> -Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benoît<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 129, 141; v. 88,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378-379, 422</span><br /> -Capello, General Vittorio, vi. 48<br /> -Capet, Hugh (see Hugh Capet, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Capodistrias, Giovanni Anton Count, i. xxi<br /> -Capponi, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspardo Marchese, v. 25</span><br /> -Capua, Charles Ferdinand Prince of, v. 323<br /> -Caractacus King of Britain, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti, Giovanni<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pietro, ii. <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> -Caraman, Victor Louis Charles de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquet de Caraman, Marquis, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 185; iv. 91, 102; v. 123</span><br /> -Caraman, Georges Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Carracci, Agostino, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Annibale, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Lodovico, iv. 225<br /> -Carbon, Flins des Oliviers (see Flins<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Oliviers)</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Emanuel Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Maria Cristina Albertina<br /> -Carlotta of Saxe-Courlande, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Louis Victor Prince of Savoy,<br /> -Carignan, Count of Villafranca, Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, i. 51</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Albert Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy (see Charles Albert, King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia)</span><br /> -Carignan, Élisabeth Anne Princesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie (see Boisgarein)</span><br /> -Carignan (see also Eugène)<br /> -Carline, Marie Gabrielle Malagrida,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Nivelon, known as, i. 173</span><br /> -Carlskron (see Dumont)<br /> -Carlyle, Thomas, v. 381<br /> -Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 100, 153, 167-169</span><br /> -Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Augustenburg, Queen of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i, 188; ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Land-gravine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hesse-Homburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 41</span><br /> -Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; iii. 144; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189-196, 198, 201, 203</span><br /> -Carolsfeld, (see Schnorr von Carolsfeld)<br /> -Caron, Colonel Augustin Joseph, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211; vi. 159</span><br /> -Caron de Beaumarchais (see Beaumarchais)<br /> -Carrel, Nicolas Armand, v. 82-83, 96,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 206-208, 291; vi. 25, 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162-171, 215</span><br /> -Carrel the Elder, M., vi. 168-169<br /> -Carrel, Dame, vi. 168<br /> -Carrel the Younger, M., vi. 168<br /> -Carrel, Nathalie, vi. 168, 170<br /> -Carrio, Señor, vi. 72<br /> -Cartier, Jacques, i. 26, 30, 204, 232<br /> -Cary, Henry Francis, iv. 226; v. 66; vi. 61<br /> -Casimir-Périer (see Périer)<br /> -Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, iv. 227; vi. 157<br /> -Castelbajac, Marie Barthélemy Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 97; iv. 16</span><br /> -Castellani, Giulio Cesare, iv. 245<br /> -Castellani, Leonora Baroni, Signora, iv. 245<br /> -Castelnau, Seigneur de La Mauvissière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel de, i. 212</span><br /> -Castiglione, Pierre François Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augereau, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80; v. 227; vi. 139</span><br /> -Castiglioni (see Pius VIII., Pope)<br /> -Castlereagh (see Londonderry)<br /> -Castries, Madame de, iv. 285<br /> -Castro, Inez de, vi. 24-25<br /> -Castro, João de, v. 380<br /> -Cathcart, William Schaw first Earl, iii. 49<br /> -Cathcart, Charles ninth Lord, i. 188<br /> -Cathelineau, General Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>; v. 245</span><br /> -Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France, v. 84<br /> -Catherine I. Empress of All the Russias, vi. 101<br /> -Catherine II. Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132; ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; vi. 101</span><br /> -Catherine of Wurtemberg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westphalia, iii. 64, 86, 200</span><br /> -Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 215, 221</span><br /> -Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius, ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iv. 246; v. 336, 394</span><br /> -Catullus, Caius Valerius, i. 162; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; vi. 79</span><br /> -Cauchie, Dame, i. 126<br /> -Cauchie, Anne, i. 126<br /> -Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste, v. 95, 126</span><br /> -Caud, Jacques Louis René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, i. 83; ii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> -Caud, Lucile Angélique de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. xvi, 6, 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 29, 31, 40, 65, 70, 76-79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 91, 94-96, 102-103, 107, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>-<a href="#Page_319">319</a>; v. 258; vi. 128-129</span><br /> -Caulaincourt (see Vicence)<br /> -Caumont de La Force (see La Force)<br /> -Caux, Roger Comte de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Caux, Louis Victor Vicomte de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138; v. 120</span><br /> -Cavaignac, General Eugène Louis, v. 141<br /> -Cavaignac, Éléonore Louis Godefroy, v. 140-141<br /> -Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, v. 140-141<br /> -Cayet, Pierre Victoire Palma, v. 140<br /> -Cayla, Zoé Victoire Talon du Boullay<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thierry, Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, iv. 6<br /> -Cazes (see Decazes)<br /> -Cazotte, Jean, i. 179; ii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> -Ceccaldi (see Colonna-Ceccaldi)<br /> -Celestine V., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -"Célestine," vi. 171<br /> -Cellamare, Antonio Giudicce, Duca di<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Giovenazza, Principe di, vi. 200</span><br /> -Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visscher, Comte de, iv. 237; v. 37</span><br /> -Celles, née de Valence, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Celles, Demoiselles de, iv. 237<br /> -Cellini, Benvenuto, iv. 181, 239<br /> -Cels, the nursery-gardener, v. 318<br /> -Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, i. xxiv,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iv. 232; v. 263, 351; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cesarotti, Melchiore, iii. 214; vi. 79<br /> -Cessac, Jean Girard Lacuee, Comte de, vi. 184<br /> -Chabot, François, iv. 4<br /> -Chabot (see also Rohan-Chabot)<br /> -Chabrol-Croussol, André Jean Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 134-135, 138-139; v. 72, 81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 94</span><br /> -Chabrol-Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 94, 100, 112</span><br /> -Chafner, Major, i. 66, 181<br /> -Chalais (see Talleyrand-Chalais)<br /> -Chalais-Périgord, née de Beauvilliers<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aignan, Princesse de, vi. 243-246</span><br /> -Chalas, Prosper, v. 96<br /> -Chalmel, Abbé Jean François, i. 48<br /> -Chalotais (see La Chalotais)<br /> -Chambolle, François Adolphe, v. 95<br /> -Chambord, Comte de, pseud. (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Chambord, Comtesse de, pseud, (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France)</span><br /> -Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 83, 129-130, 132, 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /> -Chamisso, Charles de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Hippolyte de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Louis Charles Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chamisso de Boncourt, known as</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adelbert von, iv. 39-40</span><br /> -Champagny, Vicomte de, v. 94<br /> -Champcenetz, Louis Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; v. 267</span><br /> -Champion de Cicé, Vicomte de, i. 146<br /> -Champlain, Samuel, i. 232<br /> -Champlatreux (see Molé de Champlatreux)<br /> -Champmeslé, Marie Desmare, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Mademoiselle, ii. <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br /> -Champollion, Jean François, vi. 223<br /> -Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques, v. 86<br /> -Chantelauze, Jean Claude Balthazar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de, v. 88, 90, 189, 422</span><br /> -Chanteloup, Jean Antoine Chaptal,<br /> -Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -Chapelier (see Le Chapelier)<br /> -Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Chappe, Claude, iii. 112<br /> -Chappe, Ignace Urbain, iii. 112<br /> -Chaptal (see Chanteloup)<br /> -Chardel, Casimir Marie Marcellin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Célestin, v. 96, 115</span><br /> -Charette de La Contrie, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athanase, i. 154; ii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; v. 245</span><br /> -Charlemagne (see Charles I. King of France)<br /> -Charles Cardinal Count Borromeo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Milan, Saint, iv. 223;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 230; vi. 193</span><br /> -Charles the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; iv. 109, 263</span><br /> -Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany, i.<br /> -Charles Duke of Burgundy, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; iii. 153, 181<br /> -Charles IV. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388, 410-411</span><br /> -Charles V., the Emperor, i. 25; ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_121">121</a>; iii. 126-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, 158; iv. 239; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 84, 400</span><br /> -Charles VI., the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; iv. 246<br /> -Charles I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 187; ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>; iii. 93, 104, 127; iv. 82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 251-252; v. 115, 137, 178,255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295</span><br /> -Charles II. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 189; ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 93; v. 50</span><br /> -Charles III. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; iv. 249-252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 372-373: vi. 101, 201</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Charles Emanuel</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV. King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Charles I. King of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlemagne, the Emperor, i. 235;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; iii. 205, 228; iv. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 264; v. 11, 65, 196, 337,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 195-196</span><br /> -Charles II. King of France and III.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the Romans, v. 297</span><br /> -Charles V. King of France, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VI. King of France, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 378; vi. 10, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VII. King of France, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 108; v. 378; vi. 133, 196</span><br /> -Charles VIII. King of France, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 227; vi. 196</span><br /> -Charles IX. King of France, i. 35, 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 212; ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; iii. 30, 33; v. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 137; vi. 82</span><br /> -Charles X. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 35, 135, 156, 160, 163; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; iii. 55, 76-77, 89, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98-99, 112, 119, 136, 140-141, 155-156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 161, 166, 171, 176, 178, 184,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 227; iv. 8, 14, 16, 21, 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61-62, 96-97, 103, 106-112, 117, 120,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 130-141, 161, 252, 280, 290-291,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">293, 296, 302, 304; v. 6, 8, 17-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20-21, 23, 30-32, 34-36, 40, 47-48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-69, 74-78, 84, 86-97, 99-100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103-104, 106-108, 110-111, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 121-123, 127-128, 130-131,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">133, 135, 138, 143-157, 160, 164-165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168-170, 173-177, 180, 188, 191-192,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 209-211, 220, 222, 226-228, 235,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238-239, 260, 268, 271, 307, 321-322,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 339-340, 342-343, 349,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-362, 364-375, 378 379, 383-387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">390-391, 393-396, 398-399, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408, 415, 421-426; vi. 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 34-35, 45, 62, 99, 101, 115-118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 128-141, 149, 151, 165, 191, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 229-234, 238, 242-246</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre (see Charles VII. King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain)</span><br /> -Charles II. Grand-Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 33</span><br /> -Charles II. Duke of Parma, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Lucca,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, iv. 224</span><br /> -Charles III. Duke of Parma, iv. 224;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Spain (see Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Charles III. King of Spain and IV. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Two Sicilies, iv. 58; v. 51; vi. 202</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of Spain, i. 49; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_258">258</a>; iii. 191; iv. 236; v. 74</span><br /> -Charles V. King of Spain, iii. 221; v. 75<br /> -Charles VII. King of Spain and XI.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> -Charles IV. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Charles III. King of Spain)</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of Sweden, v. 51<br /> -Charles XIII. King of Sweden, ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; iii. 46<br /> -Charles XIV. John King of Sweden<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Norway, ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; iii. 46, 102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 144, 181, 162-167, 202, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220; v. 144</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 322<br /> -Charles of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Charles Albert King of Sardinia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54; v. 38, 322</span><br /> -Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles III. King of England, Scotland</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland)</span><br /> -Charles Emanuel I. King of Sardinia, iii. 27<br /> -Charles Emanuel II. King of Sardinia, i. 130<br /> -Charles Emanuel III. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Charles Emanuel IV. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Charles IV. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv. 242, 251</span><br /> -Charles Felix King of Sardinia, iv. 54,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 38; vi. 45</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Elector, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Baden, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; iii. 73</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince, iv. 164</span><br /> -Charles Frederic William, Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162, 164; v. 127</span><br /> -Charles Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; iii. 60</span><br /> -Charlevoix, Père Pierre François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 232-233</span><br /> -Charlotte Princess Royal of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; vi. 118</span><br /> -Charlotte of Prussia, Princess (see Alexandra<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feodorowna Empress of Russia)</span><br /> -Charlotte Mademoiselle de Valois,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena, v. 230</span><br /> -Charrière, Isabelle Agnes van Tujil,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de Sainte-Hyacinthe de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 121-122</span><br /> -Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, v. 107<br /> -Chartier, Alain, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> -Chartier, Jean, vi. 133<br /> -Chassé, David Hendrik Baron, v. 94<br /> -Chastenay, Dame de, i. 101, 104-105,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">112; ii. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; iii. 8</span><br /> -Chastenay-Lanty, Louise Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victorine Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -Chateau-d'Assie, Michel Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locquet, Comte de, i. 108</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Comte de, i. 150<br /> -Chateaubourg, Paul François de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celle, Vicomte, later Comte de, i. 104-105</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomtesse, later Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 15, 40, 53, 66, 106, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150; ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey I. Baron of, i. 6, 24<br /> -Chateaubriand, Sybil Baroness of, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey IV. Baron of, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey V. Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, ninth Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, François Comte de, i. 11-12<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 8, 82-83; ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_333">333</a>; iii. 126; v. 64-65, 154, 269;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 253, 261-263</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Henriette Félicité Zélie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orglandes, Comtesse de, i. 8; ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jean Baptiste Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 6-7, 12, 15-16, 18, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 83, 94-96, 101, 104-105, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 119, 122, 135-137, 167, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>-<a href="#Page_295">295</a>; iii. 31, 125;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 64, 304, 309; vi. 24</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Aline Thérèse Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 15, 95, 111, 135; ii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>: v. 64</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Louis Comte de, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, René Comte de, i. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 12-14, 17-19, 29, 35, 38, 42-43.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-47, 49, 57-58, 63, 70, 72-80, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-96, 107-111, 125; ii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 65, 377; vi. 200</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Apolline Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suzanne de Bedée, Comtesse de, i. 14-15</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18-20, 28, 30, 35-36, 38, 40, 53,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-62, 70, 73-74, 76-81, 91-96, 101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 107-109, 111, 125, 146-148,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>; v. 65, 152; vi. 66</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Pétronille Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamour de Lanjégu, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 11-13</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomte de, passim</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Céleste Buisson de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vigne, Vicomtesse de, i. xxiii, 130;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>-<a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_299">299</a>-<a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iii. 3, 5-7,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 39, 51-53, 99, 123-126, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-136, 140, 161, 176, 178; iv. 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 106-107, 120, 221, 223-224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 233, 285, 287, 296; v. 69-70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 93, 201, 205, 209, 234, 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251-253, 256, 258, 264, 267, 270, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-299, 313, 316-317, 359, 570; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97-98, 130, 137, 145, 258, 260, 262</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Amaury de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Armand Louis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 32; ii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12-18, 142; iv. 176</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Brien de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Christian de, i. 8; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iii. 126; v. 63-65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326; vi. 253</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François Henri de, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Frédéric de, i. 109; ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy de, i. 15<br /> -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume de, i. 43</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Guy of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, Michel de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Pierre de, i. 32<br /> -Chateaubriand, Thiern de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Chateaubourg)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Charlotte of (see Croï)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Claude Dame de, vi. 173<br /> -Chateaubriand, Julie Marie Agathe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Farcy)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Lucile de (see Caud)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Margaret of (see Rohan)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Anne Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Marigny)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Jeanne Therèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brignon de Laher, Dame de, i. 13,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15-16</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne de, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne Le Brun, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; iii. 12</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Joan of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Abbé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Hilaire de, i. 59</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Alexis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe II. de, i. 6-7, 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Parc, Joseph, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis, Pierre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, i. 11-13, 32</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis-Bertrand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brien de, i. 9</span><br /> -Chateaubriand and Chantocé, Giles of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittany, Lord of, i. 25</span><br /> -Chateaugiron, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Châteauroux, Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de La Tournelle,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>-<a href="#Page_298">298</a>; vi. 201</span><br /> -Châtel, Jean, v. 401<br /> -Châtelain, René Theophile, v. 95<br /> -Châtelet (see Du Châtelet)<br /> -Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></span><br /> -Châtillon, Henri de, iii. 138<br /> -Châtillon (see also Godet de Châtillon)<br /> -Chaulieu, Guillaume Anfrie, Abbé de, vi. 211<br /> -Chaulnes, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, ii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> -Chauvin, Pierre, iv. 297<br /> -Chauvin, Demoiselle, iv. 297<br /> -Cheftel, Dr, i. 92<br /> -Cheftel the Younger, M., i. 92<br /> -Chênedollé, Charles Lioult de, ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></span><br /> -Chénier, André Marie de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>; iii. 31, 35; iv. 152; vi. 161</span><br /> -Chénier, Marie Joseph de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; iii. 18, 20-22, 25-26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-33, 35, 68-69; vi. 187</span><br /> -Cheops, or Khufu, King of Egypt, v. 244<br /> -Chérin, Bernard, i. 6<br /> -Chevalier, Michel, v. 126, 137<br /> -Chevalier (see also Poncelet)<br /> -Chéverus, Bishop of Boston, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of Montauban, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Bordeaux, Jean Louis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Madeleine Lefébure, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Claude de Lorraine, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de Luynes, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -Chevreuse, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Chevreuse, née Norbonne-Pelet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 178-179</span><br /> -Chevet, the restaurateur, v. 311<br /> -Chiabrera, Gabriello, vi. 48<br /> -Child, Robert, i. 188<br /> -Chilperic I. King of the Franks, i. 120, 223<br /> -Choderlos de Laclos (see Laclos)<br /> -Choiseul et d'Amboise, Étienne François<br /> -Comte de Stainville, later Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50-51; vi. 28, 202</span><br /> -Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie Gabriel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florent Auguste Comte de, iii. 123</span><br /> -Choiseul-Praslin (see Praslin)<br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Claude Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, Duc de, i. 176; ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; v. 94, 112</span><br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Chopin, J., v. 263<br /> -Choulot, Paul Comte de, v. 322<br /> -Christian VIII. King of Denmark and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Christian IX. King of Denmark, iv. 118<br /> -Christina Queen of Sweden, i. 75; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>; iii. 22; v. 14, 51</span><br /> -Christophe, King of Hayti, Henri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; v. 205, 412</span><br /> -Christopher, Saint, vi. 64<br /> -Chotek, Karl Count von, v. 340-343,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">352-353, 365, 381-382, 391; vi. 36, 139</span><br /> -Chotek, Countess von, v. 381; vi. 139<br /> -Chotkowa and Wognin, Johann Rudolf<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, v. 382</span><br /> -Cicé (see Boisgelin de Cicé and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champion de Cicé)</span><br /> -Cicéri, Pierre Luc Charles, vi. 48<br /> -Cicero, Marcus Tullius, ii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; iii. 28; v. 56, 161, 341;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 47, 237</span><br /> -Cicognara, Leopolde Conte, vi. 52, 58<br /> -Cid Campeador, the (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Cimarosa, Domenico, i. 225; iv. 185<br /> -Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, i. 210;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 228</span><br /> -Cintio, Cardinal, vi. 90-91<br /> -Cisher, iv. 170<br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Meade, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meade, third Earl of, iv. 72-73, 89</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Caroline Thun, Countess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clancarty, Marquis of Heusden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Le Poer Trench, second</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iii. 145</span><br /> -Clarence, Lionel Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 57</span><br /> -Clarke, Captain Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a>-<a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> -Clarke, Mary Anne Thompson, Mrs, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Clary; Colonel, iv. 199<br /> -Claude Duchess of Brittany, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 141</span><br /> -Claudius, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -Claudius Crassus, Appius, iii. 51<br /> -Clausel de Cousserques, Jean Claude,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iii. 3-4, 51, 123; v. 70</span><br /> -Clausel de Montals, Bishop of Chartres,<br /> -Claude Hippolyte, iii. 9-10<br /> -Clavel (sec Saint-Huberti)<br /> -Clavius, Christopher, vi. 142<br /> -Clémence de Bourges (see Bourges)<br /> -Clement, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Clement of Alexandria, Saint, i. 231<br /> -Clement IV. Pope, v. 12<br /> -Clement V., Pope, i. 9<br /> -Clement VIII., Pope. vi. 88-90<br /> -Clement XII., Pope, v, 14-15<br /> -Clement XIII., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Clement XIV., Pope, v. 373<br /> -Clement VII., Anti-pope (see Robert of Geneva)<br /> -Clément, Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> -Clementina of Austria, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">two Sicilies, v. 74; vi. 114</span><br /> -Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; iv. 247<br /> -Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles<br /> -Joseph de Croix, Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of Châlons,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Toulouse, Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Jules Cardinal Duc de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; iv. 304; v. 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32-33, 41</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnere, Aimé Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspard Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre (see also Talaru)<br /> -Clery, Jean Baptiste Cant Havet, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a></span><br /> -Clinchamp de Malfilatre (see Malfilatre)<br /> -Clisson, Olivier de, i. 9, 12<br /> -Clive of Plassey, Robert first Lord, vi. 202<br /> -Clodion King of the Franks, i. 120;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 139; iv. 109</span><br /> -Clodoald, Saint, v. 404<br /> -Clodomir King of Orleans, v. 404<br /> -Clorivière (see Limoëlan de Clorivière)<br /> -Clotaire I. King of the Franks, i. 223<br /> -Clotilda Queen of the Franks, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a></span><br /> -Cloud (see Clodoald)<br /> -Clovis I. King of the Franks, i. 24;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; iii. 131, 139, 224; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 112; v. 142, 196, 279, 404;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 172, 195-196</span><br /> -Cobbett, William, v. 399<br /> -Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, iii. 210<br /> -Coëtlogon, M. de. i. 143<br /> -Cogni, the baker, vi. 71<br /> -Cogni, surnamed the Fornarina,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margherita, vi. 71-74, 76</span><br /> -Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Coigny, Marie Henri François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquetot, Duc de, i. 119, 121</span><br /> -Coislin, Charles Georges René de<br /> -Cambout, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> -Coislin, later Duchesse de Mailly,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mailly, Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_297">297</a>-<a href="#Page_302">302</a>; iii. 5</span><br /> -Cokayne, Clarenceux King-of-Arms,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. George Edward, iv. 251</span><br /> -Colbert, Jean Baptiste, i. 72, 236; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_205">205</a>; iv. 89, 127</span><br /> -Colbert de Maulevrier, Édouard Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victornien Comte de, i. 72</span><br /> -Colbert-Montboissier, Comtesse de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72; v. 290-291</span><br /> -Colburn, Henry, i. xv<br /> -Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Colet, Louise Revoil, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Coligny, Gaspard de Châtillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiral Sire de, i. 168</span><br /> -Collard (see Royer-Collard)<br /> -Collinet, the band-master, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; iv. 71<br /> -Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> -Colonna, Sciarra, v. 48<br /> -Colonna-Ceccaldi, Mayor of Vescovato, iv. 196<br /> -Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Columbus, Christopher, i. 26, 195-196;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; iii. 209; v. 335; vi. 44, 119</span><br /> -Combourg, Comte de (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René Comte de)</span><br /> -Combourg, Rivallon, Lord of, i. 43<br /> -Comines, Philippe de, vi. 47, 49<br /> -Compignano, Countess of (see Élisa<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Concini (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Condé, Henri II. Prince de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> -Condé, Charlotte Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency, Princesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; vi. 77</span><br /> -Condé, Louis II. Prince de, i. 77; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>-<a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_292">292</a>; iii. 18, 27, 227; iv. 198; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 19, 77, 167</span><br /> -Condé, Louis V. Prince de, i. 59, 83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>-<a href="#Page_293">293</a>; iii. 29, 55; 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125; v. 162, 297</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Princesse de, i. 59<br /> -Condé, Louis VI. Duc de Bourbon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Prince de, i. 59, 160; ii. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 117, 119; iv. 8</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, later Princesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caritat, Marquis de, i. 136; ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br /> -Conégliano, Bon Adrien Jeannot<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moncey, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 90, 155;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 109</span><br /> -Congreve,William, iv. 80<br /> -Connell, Mr. Conal Holmes O'Connell<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Riordan, known as F. Norreys,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 266</span><br /> -Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal, ii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_230">230</a>; vi. 47</span><br /> -Constant, M. de, v. 200, 202<br /> -Constant, Madame de, v. 200<br /> -Constant, Mademoiselle de, v. 202<br /> -Constant de Rebecque, Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, ii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>; iii. 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114-115, 122, 144, 166, 168; iv. 129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 149-153, 165-166, 201-204, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211-213, 218, 220, 264; v. 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138-139, 200, 202; vi. 5</span><br /> -Constantine I., the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 206; iv. 235; v. 196</span><br /> -Constantine of Russia, Grand-duke, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99; iv. 281</span><br /> -Constantius I., the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Constantius III., the Emperor, iii. 47, 227<br /> -Contades, Louis Georges Erasme Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 16</span><br /> -Contat, Dame de Parny, Mademoiselle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Contencin, A. de, ii. <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> -Conyngham, Henry first Marquess, i. 236<br /> -Conyngham, Elizabeth Dennison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness, i. 236; ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; iv. 73, 79, 85</span><br /> -Conyngham, Hon. Francis Nathaniel<br /> -Conyngham, later second Marquess,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 236</span><br /> -Cook, Captain James, i. 69; ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a>-<a href="#Page_320">320</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 40; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 254<br /> -Copernicus, v. 327<br /> -Coppens, M., iii. 134<br /> -Coppinger, M., iv. 67<br /> -Coquereau, Abbé Félix, iii. 226<br /> -Corbière, Jacques Joseph Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Pierre Comte de, iv. 14-16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26-30, 51, 59, 61-62, 99-101, 132,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138; v. 87</span><br /> -Corbigny, M., vi. 176<br /> -Corday, Marie Anne Charlotte Corday<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armans, known as Charlotte, ii. 225</span><br /> -Corinna, vi. 172<br /> -Cordonnier (see Saint-Hyacinthe)<br /> -Corentin, Bishop of Quimper, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Corinna, iv. 34<br /> -Coriolanus, Cnæus Marcius, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Corné, Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Corneille, Pierre, i. 156, 212; ii. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; iii. 33</span><br /> -Cornelius, Peter von, iv. 240<br /> -Cornwallis, Charles first Marquess, i. 216, 218<br /> -Coronini, Count, v. 358<br /> -Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop of Saint-Malo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Besançon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte, i. 146, 148</span><br /> -Cortois de Quincey, Abbé, v. 15<br /> -Corvaisier, Julien, i. 48<br /> -Cosmo I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, iv. 239<br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Charles Maréchal Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, iii. 75</span><br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Emmanuel de, v. 244<br /> -Cossé, Comte de, v. 360, 365, 374-375, 404<br /> -Cossé, Comtesse de, v. 374-375, 404-405<br /> -Coste, Jacques, v. 96-97<br /> -Cottens, Madame de, iv. 120<br /> -Cottereau, Jean, vi. 238<br /> -Cottreau, Felix, v. 298<br /> -Coucy, Robert de, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> -Coudert, Quarter-master Charles, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 211</span><br /> -Coudert, Eugène, iv. 208<br /> -Coudrin, Abbé Pierre Marie Joseph, v. 23-24<br /> -Couëdic, Captain, i. 69; ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> -Couhaillon (see Saint-Germain)<br /> -Coulanges, Philippe Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Couppart, Demoiselles, i. 19, 31<br /> -Courcelles, Chevalier de, i. 5<br /> -Courchamp, née Becquet, Madame de, v. 96<br /> -Courier de Méré. Paul Louis, iii. 68<br /> -Courmenin (see Deshayes)<br /> -Courtenay (see Bauffremont-Courtenay)<br /> -Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, iv. 4<br /> -Courtois (see also Cortois de Quincey)<br /> -Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 81, 88</span><br /> -Cousans de Mauléon, Jacques Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 49, 51</span><br /> -Coussergues (see Clausel de Coussergues)<br /> -Cowper, William, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Crabbe, George, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Créqui (see Lesdiguières)<br /> -Cresap, Captain Michael, i. 253<br /> -Crétineau-Joly, Jacques Augustin Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 43</span><br /> -Cristaldi, Belisario Cardinal, v. 23<br /> -Croï, Charlotte de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 9</span><br /> -Croker, John Wilson, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; iv. 82;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 252</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commonwealth, Oliver, i. 169; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>; iii. 22-23, 93, 198; iv. 42, 93,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 115, 177; vi. 123</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -Commonwealth, Richard, v. 115<br /> -Cronier, Mayor of the 9th Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 237</span><br /> -Croussol or Crouzol (see Chabrol-Croussol)<br /> -Crouzas, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Crowe, Eyre Evans, iv. 3; v. 97<br /> -Croy, Bishop of Strasburg, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Rouen, Gustave Maximilien</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juste Cardinal Prince de, v. 22-23</span><br /> -Crussol, Alexandre Charles Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, iii. 183-184</span><br /> -Cucurron Sicard (see Sicard)<br /> -Cujas, Jacques de, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Cujas, Suzanne de, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Cumberland, Duke of (see Ernest I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Hanover)</span><br /> -Cumberland, Duchess of (see Frederica<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover)</span><br /> -Curchod (see Necker)<br /> -Curtius, the showman, ii. <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> -Cussy, Chevalier de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Custine, Amand Louis Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Custine, Louise Éléonore Mélanie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sabran, Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>; iii. 142; iv. 121, 223; v. 347;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42</span><br /> -Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; iv. 78, 121</span><br /> -Custine, née de Saint-Simon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courtomer, Marquise de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Custine, Louis Philippe Enguerrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -Cyrano de Bergerac (see Bergerac)<br /> -Czartoriska, Princess, i. 176<br /> -Czelakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav, v. 389<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -D<br /> -<br /> -Dagobert I. King of the Franks, i. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120; ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>; iii. 182; iv. 35</span><br /> -Dalayrac, Nicolas, v. 198; vi. 162<br /> -Dalberg, Archbishop-Elector of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayence, Prince Primate, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Frankfort, Karl Theodor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anton Maria Prince von, v. 337</span><br /> -Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heribert Duc de, iii. 73; iv. 16</span><br /> -Dalesme, Jean Baptiste Baron, iii. 106-107<br /> -Dallas, Governor of St Helena, iii. 225<br /> -Dallas, Lady, iii. 225<br /> -Dalmatie, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49, 99, 111-112</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">115-116, 122, 141, 155, 164; iv. 75; v. 303</span><br /> -Damas, Alfred Charles François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte de, v. 374-375</span><br /> -Damas, Anne Hyacinthe Maxence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 99, 135, 139; v. 80,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">342-343, 361-365, 367, 371-372, 374-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">377, 379-380, 382, 415; vi. 29, 138</span><br /> -Damasus I., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Damaze de Raymond, M., iii. 36<br /> -Dambray, Charles Henry Chancelier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 100, 123, 127, 136; iv. 7; v. 28;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 136</span><br /> -Damian, Herr, vi. 142<br /> -Damiens, Robert François, vi. 202<br /> -Dampierre, Marquis de, v. 245<br /> -Damrémont, Charles Marie Denys,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 57</span><br /> -Dandini, Ercole Cardinal, v. 24<br /> -Dandolo, Doge of Venice, Enrico, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">400; vi. 69</span><br /> -Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 44</span><br /> -Dante Alighieri, i. xxiii-xxiv, 24, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 219; iv. 1, 42-43, 140, 225-228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 66, 78, 85; vi. 50, 54, 60-61,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 89, 222</span><br /> -Danton, Georges Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; iii. 196; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; v. 215, 310; vi. 47</span><br /> -Darius III. King of Persia, iii. 149<br /> -Daru, Pierre Antoine Noel Brunot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 23-24</span><br /> -Darwin, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Darwin, Erasmus, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Dasies, Sieur, iii. 86<br /> -Dasté, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Dautancourt, Major, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> -Daunou, Pierre Claude François, v. 96<br /> -David King of Israel, vi. 36, 207, 237<br /> -David II. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -David, Jacques Louis, i. 189; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, 211; iv. 162; v. 290</span><br /> -Davout (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -Dazincourt, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Deane, Silas, ii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Deboffe, J., ii. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Debrett, John, ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -De Brosses, Charles Président, iv. 242,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">248-249, 257; v. 14-17, 30</span><br /> -Decazes, Élie, later Duc, i. 186; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7, 9-11, 13, 23,25-26,63, 68; v. 98,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Decazes, née Muraire, Madame, iv. 10<br /> -Decazes, née de Saint-Aulaire, Duchesse, iv., 10<br /> -Decazes, Élie Baron, i. 185<br /> -Decazes the Elder, M., iv. 10-11<br /> -Decius, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; vi. 64<br /> -Deffant, Marie de Vichy-Chamroud,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise du, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -Degousée, Marie Anne Joseph, v. 141<br /> -Deguerry, Abbé Gaspard, vi. 262-263<br /> -Dejean, Napoléon Aimé Comte, v. 95<br /> -Delacroix, Charles, vi. 187<br /> -Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène, vi. 187<br /> -Delarue, M., v. 131<br /> -Delattre, Doctor, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Delaunay, Matthieu, v. 140<br /> -Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Del Drago, Teresia Massimo, Principessa, iv. 256<br /> -Delessert, Jules Paul Benjamin Baron, v. 116, 123<br /> -Delessert, Dame, v. 249<br /> -Delga, M., ii. <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> -Deliège, M., iv. 67<br /> -Delille, Abbé Jacques, i. 132; ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>; iii. 27-28, 35</span><br /> -Delille, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> -Delisle de Sales, Jean Baptiste Isoard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 126-127; ii. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Della Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Della Marmora, Teresio Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrero, v. 21</span><br /> -Della Somaglia, Bishop of Frascati,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Ostia and Velletri, Giulio</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Cardinal, v. 5-6, 17</span><br /> -Della Villa, Giovanni Battista Manso,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchese, vi. 91</span><br /> -Delloye, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D., vi. 97-98<br /> -Delphin-Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Demangeat, M., v. 266<br /> -Demosthenes, i. 252; ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; iii. 195,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214; v. 56; vi. 180</span><br /> -Denain, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> -Denis, Jean Ferdinand, iii. 21<br /> -Denis, the notary, iv. 12<br /> -Denis, Dame, i. 167<br /> -Dennewitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 162</span><br /> -Denon, Dominique Vivant Baron, iii. 7<br /> -Denys (see Damrémont)<br /> -Deplace, Père Étienne, v. 363<br /> -Desaix de Veygoux, General Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Antoine, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> -Desbrosses, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hall-porter, v. 250</span><br /> -Desclozeaux, M., iii. 104<br /> -Des Escotais, Louis Joseph, i. 7<br /> -Desèze, Raymond Comte, iii. 139<br /> -Desgarcins, Mademoiselle, i. 128; ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Desgraviers-Marceau (see Marceau)<br /> -Desgranges, M., v. 48<br /> -Deshayes, Baron de Courmenin, Louis, iv. 245<br /> -Deshoulières, Guillaume de Lafon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisguérin, Seigneur, vi. 174</span><br /> -Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Garde, Dame, vi. 174</span><br /> -Desilles, André, i. 92, 181<br /> -Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden, iv. 208-210<br /> -Des Mahir, M., i. 106<br /> -Desmarais, Cyprien, v. 240<br /> -Desmarais (see also Régnier-Desmarais)<br /> -Desmare (see Champmeslé)<br /> -Desmarets, Charles, iii. 15<br /> -Desmarets, Jean, i. 64<br /> -Desmortiers, Louis Henri, v. 258-260<br /> -Desmoulins, Benoit Camille, i. 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; v. 215</span><br /> -Desmoulins, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> -Desmousseaux de Givré (see Givré)<br /> -des Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)<br /> -des Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -Despagne, the boatman, iii. 14-15<br /> -Desport, Messieurs, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> -Despréaux (see Boileau-Despréaux)<br /> -Desprès, M., i. 20<br /> -Desprez, Louis, iv. 285-286<br /> -des Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Desrenaudes, Abbé Martial Borye, iii. 130<br /> -Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, iii. 94</span><br /> -De Stendhal (see Stendhal)<br /> -Determes, P. G. Jules, vi. 142<br /> -Deuteric, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> -Deutz, Simon, iii. 156; v. 307; vi. 156<br /> -Devienne, Jeanne Françoise Thévenin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sophie, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a></span><br /> -Devoise, M., ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a><br /> -Devoise, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a><br /> -Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, iv. 160</span><br /> -Devonshire, Georgiana Spencer, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 160-162</span><br /> -De Witt, Cornelis, iii. 88<br /> -De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan, iii. 88</span><br /> -Diaz de Bivar, the Cid Campeador,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruy, i. 244; v. 239; vi. 91</span><br /> -Dickens, Charles, vi. 54<br /> -Diderot, Denis, i. 52, 126; ii. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> -Dido Queen of Tyre, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iii. 19,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108; iv. 284; vi. 81, 127, 178, 236</span><br /> -Die, Béatrix Comtesse de, vi. 172<br /> -Diesbach, M. de, vi. 245<br /> -Dighton, John, ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Di Gregorio, Emmanuele Cardinal, v. 4-5, 8, 23<br /> -Dillon, Arthur Comte de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Théobald de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Captain, i. 69<br /> -"Dinarzade," ii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> -Dinelli, Captain, ii. <a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> -Dino (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Diocletian, the Emperor, iii. 11-12,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113; v. 58; vi. 189</span><br /> -Diogenes, vi. 180<br /> -Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 26; vi. 17, 89</span><br /> -Dominic Loricatus, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Domitian, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299; vi. 104</span><br /> -Donarin (see Le Donarin)<br /> -Donnadieu, Gabriel Vicomte, iii. 139<br /> -Donoughmore, John Hely-Hutchinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Earl of, iii. 110</span><br /> -Dorat, Claude Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> -Doria, Lamba, ii. <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> -Doria, Principessa, iv. 235<br /> -Dorica, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Dorléans, Louis, i. 130<br /> -Douay (see Merlin de Douay)<br /> -Doudeauville (see La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville)<br /> -Douglas, Marquess of (sec Hamilton)<br /> -Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Dowson, Ernest Christopher, vi. 266<br /> -Drago (see Del Drago)<br /> -Drake, Francis, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> -Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 111</span><br /> -Drouot, Antoine Comte, iii. 84, 169<br /> -Drovetti, M., ii. <a href="#Page_327">327</a>-<a href="#Page_328">328</a><br /> -Druilhet, Père Julien, v. 363<br /> -Dryden, John, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -Du Barry, Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; v. 51, 215; vi. 202</span><br /> -Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste, vi. 88<br /> -du Bellay (see Bellay)<br /> -Dubochet, M., v. 95<br /> -Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal, vi. 200</span><br /> -Dubois, Paul François, v. 260-261<br /> -Du Bois de La Ferronnière, Marquis, i. 146<br /> -du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Du Bourg, iii. 74<br /> -Dubourg-Butler, "General" Frédéric,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; v. 112-113, 118-120, 139</span><br /> -Du Cange, Charles Du Fresne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur, i. 146; iii. 124</span><br /> -Duchatelet, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Émilie Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise, vi. 9</span><br /> -Duchesnois, Catherine Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rafin, known as Mademoiselle, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> -Ducis, Jean François, iii. 29, 68-69; iv. 212<br /> -Duclos, Charles Pineau, i. 74; ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 25; iv. 252-253</span><br /> -du Deffant (see Deffant)<br /> -Dudevant, Dame (see Sand, George)<br /> -Dudley, Lord Guildford, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Dufay, Major, v. 110-111<br /> -Dufey, Pierre Joseph Spiridion, v. 55<br /> -Dufougerais, Alfred Xavier Baron, vi. 133<br /> -Du Fourni, Honoré Caille, i. 5<br /> -Dufour de Pradt (see Pradt)<br /> -Dufresne (see Duris-Dufresne)<br /> -Dugazon, Henri Gourgaud, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Dugazon, Louise Rosalie Lefèvre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 173</span><br /> -Dugied, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Duguay-Trouin, René, i. 26, 30<br /> -Du Guesclin, Connétable Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longueville, Bertrand, i. 6, 9, 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; v. 319</span><br /> -Du Guesclin, Tiphaine, i. 9<br /> -Duhamel, Abbé, i. 73<br /> -Duhamel de Monceau, Henri Louis, i. 180<br /> -Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin, Captain, i. 181, 209<br /> -Dulau, A., ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> -Dulong, François Charles, vi. 99, 158<br /> -Dumas the Elder, Alexandre Davy de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas, known as, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>; v. 290</span><br /> -Dumont, Baron von Carlskron, Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sébastien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, vi. 222</span><br /> -Dumorey, M., iv. 287<br /> -Dumoulin, Évariste, v. 95, 120<br /> -Dumouriez, General Charles François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>; iii. 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 299; v. 127</span><br /> -Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang, v. 412<br /> -Duncombe, John, vi. 18<br /> -Dunmore, John Murray, fourth Earl of, i. 253<br /> -Dupan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, Félix<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Philibert, vi. 190</span><br /> -Dupaty, Charles, iv. 253<br /> -Dupaty, Charles Marguerite Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptiste Mercier, iv. 253</span><br /> -Du Paz, Père, i. 5<br /> -Dupeloux, Sub-prefect of Aix, iii. 84<br /> -Duperron, Bishop of Évreux, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Jacques Davy</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Dupin the Elder, André Marie Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jacques Dupin, known as, ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>-<a href="#Page_269">269</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">274, 277; v. 95; vi. 161</span><br /> -Dupleix, Joseph François Marquis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 201-202</span><br /> -Dupont, Jacques François, v. 95<br /> -Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 86, 99</span><br /> -Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 173</span><br /> -Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 56, 73</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Louis François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Dupuis, Charles François, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Duquesne, Abraham Marquis, i. 38; ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> -Durand de Mareuil, M., iv. 211<br /> -Durante, Francesco, iv. 185<br /> -Duranton, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Duras, Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, i. 17, 111, 118</span><br /> -Duras, Louise Françoise Macloven<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Céleste de Coëtlequen, Maréchale</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 17</span><br /> -Duras, Amedée Bretagne Malo de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Duc de, iii. 101, 125-126,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 174-175; v. 107, 114</span><br /> -Duras, Claire Lechat de Coetnempren<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Kersaint, Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51, 101-102, 126, 128, 140; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 121, 205-206, 222</span><br /> -Duras, Duchesse Douairière de, iii. 183<br /> -Dureau de La Malle, Adolphe Jules<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César Auguste, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></span><br /> -Dureau de la Malle, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a></span><br /> -Duris-Dufresne, François, v. 162<br /> -Durrieu, Xavier, v. 96<br /> -Dussard, Hippolyte, v. 96<br /> -du Thiel (see Thiel)<br /> -Du Tillet, Bishop of Meaux, Jean, iv. 112<br /> -Duval, Alexandre, v. 199<br /> -Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 114, 217</span><br /> -Du Viviers, M., iv. 296; v. 28<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -E<br /> -<br /> -d'Eckmühl (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -d'Eckstein, Ferdinand Baron, iii. 161<br /> -Edgeworth, Maria, ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbé, vi. 196</span><br /> -Edith the Swan-necked, i. 104<br /> -Edmund II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Edward I. King of England, i. 9<br /> -Edward III. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_138">138</a>; iii. 138; iv. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175; v. 411</span><br /> -Edward IV. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; v. 351<br /> -Edward V. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Edward VII. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and of the British Dominions</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Seas, Emperor of India,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.M., v. 372</span><br /> -Edward VII. (see also Charles III. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -Égault, Abbé, i. 44-45, 53, 55-56, 63<br /> -Eggers, Karl, iv. 240<br /> -Eginhard, iv. 50<br /> -d'Églantine (see Fabre d'Églantine)<br /> -d'Egmont, Comtesse, i. 132; ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> -d'Eichstadt (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -d'Elbée, General Gigot, ii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; v. 245<br /> -Elbeuf (see Lambesc)<br /> -d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc, iii. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 114, 122, 169; iv. 7, 10; v. 246</span><br /> -Eldon, John Scott, first Earl of, iv. 70<br /> -Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of England, iv. 17</span><br /> -Elfrida Queen of England, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Elgin and eleventh of Kincardine,<br /> -Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, vi. 59<br /> -Élisa Bonaparte, Princess Bacciochi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Princess of Lucca and Piombino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Grand-duchess of Tuscany,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_294">294</a>; iii. 46, 147</span><br /> -Élisabeth, Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 83, 160; ii. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br /> -Elizabeth Queen of England, v. 351<br /> -Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; iv. 72, 93; vi. 173</span><br /> -Elizabeth of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prussia, iv. 38</span><br /> -Elizabeth Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 13; vi. 101</span><br /> -Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, v. 15<br /> -Elleviou, Jean, v. 199<br /> -Elleviou the Elder, M., v. 199<br /> -Elzear of Sabran, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Emanuel I. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -Emanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -d'Embly, Thomas Artus, Sire, iv. 73<br /> -Emery, Abbé Jacques André, ii. <a href="#Page_212">212</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -Emma Princess of France, iv. 50<br /> -Emo, Admiral Angelo, vi. 60<br /> -d'Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de<br /> -Bourbon-Condé, Duc, i. 59, 160;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_293">293</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_295">295</a>; iii. 4, 18, 21, 47, 60, 102, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 194, 219, 226; iv. 143, 145, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">198; v. 293; vi. 167, 183-185, 221</span><br /> -d'Enghien, Charlotte Louise Dorothée<br /> -de Rohan-Rochefort, Duchesse, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> -d'Enghien, François de Bourbon-Vendôme,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a></span><br /> -Enke, the musician, iv. 38<br /> -d'Entragues, Comte, i. 113<br /> -d'Entragues, François de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues, Marie Touchet, Dame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balzac, i. 117</span><br /> -d'Entragues, Demoiselle de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues (see also Saint-Huberti and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verneuil)</span><br /> -Epaphroditus, vi. 104<br /> -d'Épernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Valette, Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; v. 385</span><br /> -Epictetus, vi. 104<br /> -Epicurus, v. 129<br /> -Epimenides, iv. 94<br /> -d'Épinay, Denis Joseph de La Live, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> -d'Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tardieu d'Esclavelles, Dame de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Live, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></span><br /> -Erasmus, Desiderius, v. 272<br /> -Érard, Sébastien, iv. 42<br /> -d'Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso, i. xxiv, 212; vi. 222<br /> -Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -d'Erlon (see Drouet d'Erlon)<br /> -d'Ermenonville, Dominique de Vic,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, v. 402</span><br /> -Ernest I. King of Hanover, iv. 33, 46<br /> -Ernest II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha, ii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> -Erskine, Thomas first Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)</span><br /> -Escotais (see Des Escotais)<br /> -Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, iii. 30<br /> -Espaing, Messire, v. 70<br /> -Espartero (see Vittoria)<br /> -d'Esprémenil, M., ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -d'Essling (see Rivoli)<br /> -d'Estaing, Charles Hector Comte, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 164, 193</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Nikolaus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Field-Marshal Prince von, iii. 64</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Paul Anton<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iv. 69, 79; v. 146</span><br /> -Esterhazy, Countess von, v. 408<br /> -Esterhazy, Demoiselle, v. 408-409<br /> -Esther Queen of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Esther, Anna, v. 383<br /> -Éstoile (see L'Éstoile)<br /> -d'Estrées, Duchesse de Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabrielle, i. 72, 117, 120; ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; iv. 79; vi. 242</span><br /> -d'Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly,<br /> -Duchesse, i. 120; vi. 238<br /> -Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Ethelred II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Étienne, Charles Guillaume, iv. 15, 129; v. 87<br /> -Eudes, Jean, i. 55<br /> -Eudes (see also Odo)<br /> -Eudes de Mézeray (see Mézeray)<br /> -Eugène, Francis Eugène Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy-Carignan, known as Prince, v. 333</span><br /> -Eugenius, iii. 47<br /> -Eupert, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -Eure (see Dupont de l'Eure)<br /> -Euripides, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; iii. 29<br /> -Eve, vi. 88, 110-111, 237<br /> -Everett, Edward, vi. 159-160<br /> -Exelmans, Isidore Maréchal Comte, v. 108<br /> -Exmouth, Edward Pellew, first Viscount, v. 86<br /> -Eyck, Hubert van, iii. 135<br /> -Eyck, Jan van, iii. 135<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -F<br /> -<br /> -Fabert, Abraham Maréchal, vi. 24<br /> -Fabert, Abraham, vi. 24<br /> -Fabre, François Xavier Pascal, iv. 249-250<br /> -Fabre, Jean Raymond Auguste, v. 88, 96<br /> -Fabre, Marie Joseph Victorin, v. 89<br /> -Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nazaire, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> -Fabricius Luscinus, Caius, iii. 31<br /> -Fabry, Jean Baptiste Germain, iii. 87<br /> -Fabvier, Charles Nicolas Baron, iii. 57;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 117-118</span><br /> -Fagel, Robert Baron, iv. 211<br /> -Fairfax, Edward, i. 203<br /> -Falconieri, Signora, iv. 256<br /> -Falkland, Lucius Carey, second Viscount,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; v. 57, 295</span><br /> -Fall, pseud., John (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armand Louis de)</span><br /> -Fallon, P. J., vi. 134<br /> -Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 310-311</span><br /> -Faneau de Lahorie (see Lahorie)<br /> -Farcy, Jean George, v. 109<br /> -Farcy, Annibal Pierre François de Farcy<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montavallon, Comte de, i. 66</span><br /> -Farcy, Julie Marie Agathe de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 12, 15, 40,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66-67, 83, 96, 101-104, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180; ii. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>-<a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; v. 65, 258;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 246, 265</span><br /> -Farcy, Demoiselle de, ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> -Fare (see La Fare)<br /> -Faria, Abbé Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> -Fariau (see Saint-Ange)<br /> -Fauche, J. F., ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Fauche-Borel, Louis, iv. 107<br /> -Faure, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Fauriel, Claude, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> -Fauvelet de Bourrienne (see Bourrienne)<br /> -Faverolles (see Salvage de Faverolles)<br /> -Favorinus, vi. 172<br /> -Favras, Thomas Mahi, Marquis de, i. 165, 173<br /> -Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Fayolle, M. de, i. 63-64<br /> -Fazy, Jean Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Feltre, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte d'Hunebourg, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 112, 127, 133, 181</span><br /> -Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François de Salignac de La Mothe, i. 14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>-<a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>; iii. 18-19</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 176; vi. 200, 246</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. the Emperor, vi. 84<br /> -Ferdinand II. the Emperor, v. 355<br /> -Ferdinand V. King of Spain, iii. 127, 176<br /> -Ferdinand VII. King of Spain, i. 49;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; iii. 221; iv. 53, 83-84, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236, 272; v. 5, 8, 74-75, 84; vi. 97,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 207</span><br /> -Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">also of Würzburg, vi. 12, 45, 235</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and IV. of Naples, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 147, 156; iv. 52, 193, 196-197;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51, 74, 134; vi. 45</span><br /> -Ferdinand II. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 322-323</span><br /> -Ferdinand IV. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii. <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 34</span><br /> -Ferdinand Victor of Modena, Archduke, iv. 251<br /> -Ferrand, Antoine François Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 110</span><br /> -Ferrari, the supercargo, v. 244<br /> -Ferrero Della Marmora (see Delia Marmora)<br /> -Ferron de La Sigonnière, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prudent Malo, ii. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> -Ferronnays (see La Ferronnays)<br /> -Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La Ferronnière)<br /> -Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar, i. 259<br /> -Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_248">248</a>; iii. 64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 238; v. 6, 30, 44-45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 293</span><br /> -Feuchères, Madame de, i. 59<br /> -Feuillade (see La Feuillade)<br /> -Feuquières, Manassés de Pas, Marquis, de, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> -Feutrier, Bishop of Beauvais, François<br /> -Jean Hyacinthe Comte, iv. 139, 304<br /> -Fézensac (see Montesquiou-Fézensac)<br /> -Fielding, Henry, ii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Fiévée, Joseph, i. 97<br /> -Fieschi, Joseph Marie, v. 101<br /> -Figeac (see Champollion Figeac)<br /> -Filippo de' Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Firmont (see Edgeworth de Firmont)<br /> -Fitz-James, Édouard Duc de, i. 97; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74; iv. 67, 242, 250, 256, 258-260</span><br /> -Fitz-James, Jacques Duc de, vi. 249<br /> -Flahaut de La Billarderie, Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Joseph Comte de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Flamarens, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /> -Flavigny, Maurice Adolphe Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 33</span><br /> -Flesselles, Jacques de, i. 158<br /> -Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, André Hercule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, i. 13; vi. 200</span><br /> -Fleury, Joseph Abraham Bénard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 128-129, 173</span><br /> -Flins des Oliviers, Claude Marie Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Carbon, i. 127-128; ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></span><br /> -Flora, the courtezan, v. 204<br /> -Florio, John, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; iii. 60, 149; iv. 243-244; v. 333</span><br /> -Flotte, Étienne Gaston Baron de, ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> -Foissac-Latour, Vicomte de, v. 151<br /> -Foix (see Lautrec, Narbonne and Nemours)<br /> -Folks, Mr., v. 98-99<br /> -Fonchais (see La Fonchais)<br /> -Fontaine, Pierre François, iii. 102-103<br /> -Fontaine (see also La Fontaine)<br /> -Fontanes, the Elder, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Fontanes, Jean Pierre Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 82, 127, 133-134, 175, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>-<a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iii. 3-4, 7-8, 10-11,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28, 35-36, 51, 140; iv. 39, 71, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 213, 250-251, 258-159; v. 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 93</span><br /> -Fontanes, Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -Fontanes, Christine Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -Fontanes-Saint-Marcellin (see Saint-Marcellin)<br /> -Fontanges, Marie Angélique de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 215</span><br /> -Fontenay, Chevalier de, iv. 106<br /> -Fontenille, Philippe de Laroche, Baron de, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> -Fontenille, known as Fair Paule, Paule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vignier, Dame de Bayganuet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, ii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a></span><br /> -Fontevrault, née de Kochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Abbesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>-<a href="#Page_305">305</a></span><br /> -Forbin-Janson, Palamède de, v. 116<br /> -Force (see La Force)<br /> -Foresta, Marie Joseph Marquis de, vi. 136<br /> -Formage, Alexandre, v. 254<br /> -Forrest, Miles, ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Foscari, Doge of Venice, Francesco, vi. 50<br /> -Fossombroni, Vittorio, vi. 235<br /> -Fotrad, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -Fouchard de Grandmenil (see Grand-ménil)<br /> -Fouché (see d'Otrante)<br /> -Foullon, Joseph François, i. 156, 161<br /> -Fouquet (see Belle-Isle and Hachette)<br /> -Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>; v. 310</span><br /> -Fourier, Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Fourni (see Du Fourni)<br /> -Fourquet (see Hachette)<br /> -Fox, Charles James, i. xxi; ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>; iii. 215; iv. 70; v. 50</span><br /> -Foy, General Maximilien Sébastien,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 128, 218-219</span><br /> -Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -France (see La France and Marie de France)<br /> -Francesca da Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Franceschetti, General Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, iv. 196</span><br /> -Franceschini, the sculptor, vi. 46<br /> -Francis of Assisi, Giovanni Francesco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bernardone, known as Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 230; v. 65-66; vi. 143-145</span><br /> -Francis of Paula, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Francis I. Emperor of Austria (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis II., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Francis II. Duke of Brittany, i. 25, 141<br /> -Francis I., the Emperor, i. 156<br /> -Francis II., later Francis I. Emperor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Austria, King of Hungary and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_264">264</a>; iii. 34, 49, 64, 86, 107; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 191, 193; v. 272, 339, 341,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">358, 364, 369; vi. 12, 45, 106, 108,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 230-231</span><br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Francis V. Duke of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena)</span><br /> -Francis I. King of France, i. xxiv, 77,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">85-109, 120, 141, 172; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_205">205</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iii. 77, 188, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 180, 239; v. 110, 227, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395; vi. 27, 173, 196, 238</span><br /> -Francis II. King of France, i. 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 49; vi. 173</span><br /> -Francis III. Duke of Modena, v. 230<br /> -Francis IV. Duke of Modena, iv. 251;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 38, 40, 146; vi. 78, 102</span><br /> -Francis V. Duke of Modena, de jure<br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, iv. 251</span><br /> -Francis I. Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, vi. 118<br /> -Francis I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, vi. 238<br /> -Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 157, 238, 322-323</span><br /> -Franco (see Campo-Franco)<br /> -François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iii. 23</span><br /> -Françoise d'Aubigné, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Maintenon)</span><br /> -Franconi, Antonio, vi. 68<br /> -Franklin, Sir John, i. 136; vi. 222<br /> -Franklin, Benjamin, i. 251; ii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Franqueville, M., v. 48<br /> -Fraser, J., v. 249<br /> -Frayssinous, Bishop of Hermopolis,<br /> -Denis Comte de, iv. 135, 138-139;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 88, 363; vi. 193</span><br /> -Frederic Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, iv. 38<br /> -Frederic II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 36-37<br /> -Frederic VI. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic VII. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic I. King of Prussia, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">III. Elector of Brandenburg, later,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 37, 58, 107</span><br /> -Frederic II. King of Prussia, i. 97-99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; iii. 146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 32, 34, 37-38, 40, 47, 55, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 57, 381; vi. 6-7</span><br /> -Frederic I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 41<br /> -Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony<br /> -(see Augustus II. King of Poland)<br /> -Frederic Augustus III. King of Saxony, iii. 146<br /> -Frederic Christian Duke of Schleswig-Holstein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Eugene Duke of Wurtemburg-Mumpelgard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Josiah of Coburg, Prince, iii. 162<br /> -Frederic William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Frederic William I. King of Prussia, v. 37<br /> -Frederic William II. King of Prussia, i. 98, 107;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33-34, 52-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, 258; iv. 38, 55</span><br /> -Frederic William III. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99, 107; ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>; iii. 60, 86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 107, 164; iv. 30, 33, 35, 41-42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 49, 60, 102, 271, 279; v. 272</span><br /> -Frederic William IV. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 33-34, 271</span><br /> -Frederic William Charles of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, iv. 33</span><br /> -Frederica of Baden, Queen of Bavaria, v. 345<br /> -Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover, iv. 33, 35, 40-41,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-50, 58, 62</span><br /> -Freemantle, Messrs., i. xv<br /> -Freslon, Bailli de, i. 8<br /> -Friedland (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Frimont, Prince of Antrodocco, Johann<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Field-marshal Baron, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iv. 193</span><br /> -Frisell, John Fraser, v. 249<br /> -Frisell, Eliza, v. 249, 255-256<br /> -Froissart, Jean, i. xxiv; v. 70<br /> -Fronsac, Duc de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née de Gallifet, Duchesse de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née d'Hautefort, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51; iv. 77</span><br /> -Fruglaye (see La Fruglaye)<br /> -Fuguera, Basco, v. 227<br /> -Führich, Joseph, iv. 240<br /> -Fulton, Robert, i. 251<br /> -Funchal, Conde de, iv. 237; v. 18, 52<br /> -Fürst, Walther, v. 27, 277<br /> -Fuscaldo, Conte, iv. 236<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -G<br /> -<br /> -Gabriella of Savoy, Queen of Spain, iv. 80<br /> -Gagarin, Prince, iv. 236<br /> -Gaillard, Dr., iii. 227<br /> -Gaillard, M., iii. 141, 143<br /> -Galaizière (see La Galaizière)<br /> -Galantha (see Esterhazy von Galantha)<br /> -Galerius, the Emperor, iii. 12<br /> -Gall, Franz Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> -Galleffi, Pietro Francesco Cardinal, v. 6, 23<br /> -Gallienus, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Gallon II. King of Brittany, i. 144<br /> -Gama, Viceroy of India, Vasco da,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 196; iii. 30, 208; vi. 86</span><br /> -Gamaches, Léonore de Montaigne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 231</span><br /> -Gamba, Bartolommeo, vi. 53, 55<br /> -Gamberini, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Garambouville (set Turreau de Garambouville)<br /> -Garat, Dominique Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_106">106</a>; vi. 202<br /> -Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente, vi. 175<br /> -Gamier, Jean Jacques, i. 222<br /> -Gasc (see Kop)<br /> -Gassicourt (see Cadet-Gassicourt)<br /> -Gauja, M., v. 95<br /> -Gay, Marie Françoise Sophie Nichault<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Lavalette, Dame, iii. 35; v. 200</span><br /> -Gay (see also Girardin)<br /> -Gelée (see Lorraine)<br /> -Gellius, Aulus, vi. 247<br /> -Gemistus Pletho (see Pletho)<br /> -Geneviève, Saint, v. 232<br /> -Geneviève of Brabant, Saint, vi. 17<br /> -Genlis, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aubin, Comtesse de, iv. 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 149, 172-173, 200-201, 220, 237</span><br /> -Genoude, Eugène, i. 97<br /> -Genseric King of the Vandals, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Gensonne, Armand, ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> -Gentz, Friedrich von, iii. 79; v. 342; vi. 46<br /> -Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, i. 8<br /> -Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -Geoffroy, Julien Louis, i. 63<br /> -George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, v. 355<br /> -George II. King of Great Britain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, Elector of Hanover,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; vi. 239</span><br /> -George III. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>; iv. 77, 250-251</span><br /> -George IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, i. 184, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236; ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190; iv. 33, 49, 63, 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73-74, 76-80, 85, 87-88, 91, 161-162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 281; v. 19, 325; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -George V. King of Hanover, Prince<br /> -George of Cumberland, later, iv. 47, 49-50<br /> -George I. King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -George William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Gérard, Étienne Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 94, 105, 112, 117, 139</span><br /> -Gérard, François Pascal Simon Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 189; iv. 34, 162, 172; v. 317</span><br /> -Gerbe, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Germanicus, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_291">291</a>; iii. 34</span><br /> -Germanus of Auxerre, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Gervase of Tilbury, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Gesbert de La Noé-Sécho, Jean Baptiste, i. 48<br /> -Gesril, M. de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril, Demoiselles de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril du Papeu, Joseph François Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 32-36, 43, 64, 66, 69-70; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>; iii. 13-14</span><br /> -Gessler, Hermann, v. 277, 279<br /> -Gessner, Salomon, v. 291<br /> -Gevres, Duchesse de, v. 319<br /> -Giannuzzi (see Romano)<br /> -Gibbon, Edward, ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; iv. 120<br /> -Gibert-Arnaud, the "knight of July,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 240-241</span><br /> -Gibours (see Anselme)<br /> -Gigot d'Elbée (see d'Elbée)<br /> -Ginguené, François Écuyer, i. 23<br /> -Ginguené, Thérèse Françoise Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 23</span><br /> -Ginguené, Pierre Louis, i. 63, 129-131,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -Ginguené, Dame, i. 130, 179<br /> -Giorgini, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courier, iv. 232</span><br /> -Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli, known as, vi. 48-49<br /> -Giovanni, Fra (see John, Friar)<br /> -Giovinezza (see Cellamare)<br /> -Girac (see Bareau de Girac)<br /> -Girardin, Alexandre Comte de, iv. 21<br /> -Girardin, Émile de, iv. 21; v. 200;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 133, 167</span><br /> -Girardin, Delphine Gay, Dame de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35; v. 200</span><br /> -Girod de l'Ain, Amédée Baron, v. 115<br /> -Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis Girodet<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Roussy, later, iii. 7</span><br /> -Gisors, Fouquet, Comte de, vi. 201<br /> -Gisquet, Henri Joseph, iv. 115, 250,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256-257, 261-264, 370</span><br /> -Gisquet, Dame, v. 256-257, 261<br /> -Gisquet, Demoiselle, v. 256-257, 261-262<br /> -Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Imola, Giaccomo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbis, Agostino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pantaleone, i. 196</span><br /> -Givré, M. Desmousseaux de, v. 28, 31-32, 114-115<br /> -Gluck, Christopher Willibald, i. 179; iv. 41<br /> -Gnathæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Gobbien (see Le Gobbien)<br /> -Godard, Sieur, ii. <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> -Godet de Châtillon, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, v. 110<br /> -Godwin, William, i. 254; ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iv. 32, 181, 253 254;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 412; vi. 75, 83-84</span><br /> -Goldsmith, Oliver, ii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Gomer, i. 143<br /> -Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, Henri de, iii. 131<br /> -Gondi (see also Retz)<br /> -Goodwyn, Dr. Edmund, ii. <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> -Gontaut-Biron, Vicomte de, ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Gontaut-Biron, née de Montault-Navailles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse, later Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>; v. 361-362, 364-365,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">375, 376, 378, 391; vi. 130-131, 134</span><br /> -Gordon, Captain, i. 227<br /> -Gordon, John, i. 227<br /> -Gosch (see Abou Gosch)<br /> -Gottorp, pseud., Count of Holstein (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Gouffier (see Choiseul-Gouffier)<br /> -Goujon, Jean, iv. 238<br /> -Gourgaud, Gaspard Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169, 192, 209, 211; v. 98</span><br /> -Gourgaud (see also Dugazon)<br /> -Gourlet de Lamothe (see Lamothe)<br /> -Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, i. 172; iii. 120</span><br /> -Gouyon-Beaufort, Luc Jean Comte de, i. 75<br /> -Gouyon de Miniac, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre de, ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> -Goyon, Citizeness, i. 108-109<br /> -Goyon, M. de, v. 103<br /> -Goyon-Miniac (sec Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, M. de, iii. 16-17<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, Dame de, iii. 17<br /> -Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, iii. 30; v. 10<br /> -Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, v. 10<br /> -Grammaticus (see Saxo Grammaticus)<br /> -Gramont, Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Gramont, Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Gramont (see also Guiche)<br /> -Grandmaison, Geoffroy de, v. 259<br /> -Grandmenil, Jean Baptiste Fouchard de, i. 128<br /> -Grant, Mr., iii. 98<br /> -Grant (see also Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Gray, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233; vi. 123</span><br /> -Gregorio (see Di Gregorio)<br /> -Gregory Bishop of Tours, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> -Gregory I., Pope Saint, v. 4, 11<br /> -Gregory V., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Gregory VII., Pope Saint, iv. 260; v. 47<br /> -Gregory IX., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Gregory X., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Gregory XIII., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; vi. 142<br /> -Gregory XVI., Pope, i. xxi, 65; v. 4,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8, 23, 295, 384; vi. 95, 216, 234-235</span><br /> -Grenier, Paul Comte, iii. 167-168<br /> -Grenville, William Wyndham, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -Grétry, André Ernest Modeste, i. 164, 173<br /> -Grétry, Demoiselles, i. 173<br /> -Greville, Hon. Charles, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iv. 185<br /> -Greville, Hon. Fulke, i. 188<br /> -Grew, Nehemiah, i. 180<br /> -Grey, Lady Jane, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Grey, Charles second Earl, iv. 73, 92; vi. 134<br /> -Grey de Wilton, Arthur Grey, fourteenth Lord, v. 57<br /> -Griffi, Count, vi. 47, 66<br /> -Grignan, Françoise Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné, Comtesse de, i. 143, 228</span><br /> -Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> -Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynierc, Gaspard, ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Grimod (see also Malesherbes)<br /> -Grotius, Hugo de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugo, iii. 22; iv. 280; v. 51, 57</span><br /> -Grotius, Pieter de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, v. 51</span><br /> -Grouchy, Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 163-164, 169</span><br /> -Grünstein, the Duc d'Enghien's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, ii. <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> -Guadagni, Bishop of Arezzo, Bernardo<br /> -Gaetano Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Guarini, Giovanni Battista, vi. 79<br /> -Guastalla (see Borghese)<br /> -Guehenneuc de Boishue, Louis Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 154</span><br /> -Guénan, Chevalier de, i. 106<br /> -Gueneau de Musey, M., ii. <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> -Guer, Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier de, i. 104, 146, 152</span><br /> -Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 80</span><br /> -Guérin, Pierre Narcisse Baron, iv. 234,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241, 285; v. 317</span><br /> -Guernon-Ranville, Martial Côme Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perpétue Magloire Comte de, v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 88, 131, 189, 422</span><br /> -Guerrande (see La Guerrande)<br /> -Guerri de Maubreuil (see Maubreuil)<br /> -Guesclin (see Du Guesclin)<br /> -Guiccioli, later Marquise de Boissy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teresa Gamba, Contessa, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 227; v. 59, 89</span><br /> -Guichardière (see La Guichardière)<br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Geneviève Héraclius Agenor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Gramont, Duc de, iv. 78; v. 130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">360, 363, 365</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duchesse de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Quintina Albertina Ida de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud d'Orsay, Duchesse de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 78; v. 363-365, 381, 409</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie de Gramont, Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 78; v. 130, 360</span><br /> -Guiche (see also La Guiche)<br /> -Guidal, General Maximilien Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /> -Guignes, Duc de, iv. 160<br /> -Guilford, Frederick Lord North, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -Guillaume Le Breton (set Le Breton)<br /> -Guillaumy, the Saint-Pierre fisherman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 202-203</span><br /> -Guilleminot, Armand Charles Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 299; v. 19</span><br /> -Guillemot, Commandant, v. 246<br /> -Guillon, Bishop of Morocco, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silvestre, ii. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Guinard, Joseph Augustin, v. 109-110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">126, 137, 141</span><br /> -Guiscard (see Robert Guiscard)<br /> -Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. de Lorraine, Cardinal de, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> -Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de, v. 402<br /> -Guise, François de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; iii. 74; v. 131; vi. 23</span><br /> -Guise, Henri I. de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; iii. 173; iv. 245; v. 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 257-258; vi. 143, 162</span><br /> -Guise, Henri II. de Lorraine, Duc de, iv. 245<br /> -Guizard, Sylvain, v. 95<br /> -Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100; iv. 73-74, 219, 289; v. 80-81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 105, 116, 123, 135, 258</span><br /> -Gundling, Johann Paul, iv. 37<br /> -Gurowsky, the poet, v. 412<br /> -Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_258">258</a>; iv. 32, 37, 212</span><br /> -Gustawson, pseud. Colonel (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Guy of Penthièvre (see Penthièvre)<br /> -Guyet, Isidore, v. 95<br /> -Guyomarais (see La Guyomarais)<br /> -Gwydyr, Peter Burrell, first Lord, i. 188<br /> -Gwydyr, Baroness Willoughby de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eresby, Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bertie, Lady, i. 188; iv. 73</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -H<br /> -<br /> -Hachette, Jeanne Fouquet, Fourquet or<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lainé, known as Jeanne, iii. 181</span><br /> -Hadrian, the Emperor, i. 249; vi. 104, 172<br /> -Hall, Captain Basil, iii. 212<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Comte de, i. 18<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Jean Georges Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Marquis de, i. 17</span><br /> -Halleck, Fitz-Greene, i. 254<br /> -Ham, ii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Ham (see also Jacqueminot)<br /> -Hamilton and seventh of Brandon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Douglas-Hamilton,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of Douglas, later tenth Duke</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Hamilton, Anthony Count, iii. 136<br /> -Hamilton, Sir William, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iv. 185<br /> -Hamilton, Emma Lyon or Hart, Lady,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>; iv. 185</span><br /> -Hamilton, Horatia, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Hampden, John, vi. 123<br /> -Handel, George Frederick, ii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -d'Hane de Steenhuyse, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 141</span><br /> -Hanka, Vaclav, v. 389<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannibal, ii. <a href="#Page_330">330</a>-<a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iii. 87;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 123-124, 232; v. 336; vi. 178</span><br /> -d'Harcourt, Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> -Hardenberg, Karl August Prince von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 44, 51</span><br /> -d'Hardivilliers, M., vi. 134<br /> -Harel, F. A., v. 290<br /> -Harel, Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> -Harlay, Achille de, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; v. 257-258<br /> -Harlotta of Falaise, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Harmodius, vi. 180<br /> -Harold II. King of England, i. 104<br /> -Harpe (see La Harpe)<br /> -Harrowby, Dudley Rider, first Earl of, iv. 80<br /> -Hasdrubal, the third, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> -Hasdrubal, the fourth, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> -Hassenstein, Boguslav Lobkowitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von, v. 389, 410</span><br /> -Hastings, Warren, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Hatte-Longuerue, Madame de, ii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> -Hauranne (see Duvergier de Hauranne)<br /> -d'Haussez, Charles Le Mercher de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longpré, Baron, v. 72, 379, 422</span><br /> -Haussmann, Nicolas Valentin, v. 96<br /> -d'Haussonville, M., v. 28<br /> -d'Hautefeuille, Charles Louis Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texier, Comte, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hautefeuille, née de Beaurepaire,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Nautte, Comte, iii. 121-122</span><br /> -Hauteville, Tancred de, iv. 185-186<br /> -Hay des Nétumières, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Haymès, M., v. 135<br /> -Hazlitt, William Carew, iv. 243-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257; vi. 122</span><br /> -Hearne, Samuel, i. 136, 214<br /> -Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /> -d'Hector, Charles Jean Comte, i. 67, 69<br /> -Heiden, Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustaaf Count van, iv. 270</span><br /> -Helen, the Empress, Saint, iii. 206<br /> -Helen Pavlowna of Russia, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederica Charlotte Mary of Wurtemburg,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess, iv. 36; v. 35, 41-42, 330</span><br /> -Helerius, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Helgine, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -Hélier (see Helerius)<br /> -Heliodorus Bishop of Tricca, vi. 110<br /> -Heliogabalus, the Emperor, vi. 213<br /> -"Hell," M., ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Hello, Charles Guillaume, v. 258-259<br /> -Hello, Ernest, v. 258<br /> -Héloïse, i. 94, 114, 137; 310-311; iii. 53<br /> -Helvétius, Claude Adrien, ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; iii. 139<br /> -Hely-Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -d'Hénin, Madame, i. 174<br /> -Hennequin, Antoine Louis Marie, vi. 229<br /> -Hennin, Pierre Michel, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> -Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iv. 251</span><br /> -Henry IV. the Emperor, v. 47<br /> -Henry VI. the Emperor, v. 377<br /> -Henry Emperor of the East, vi. 69<br /> -Henry I. King of England, i. 8, 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; iv. 209</span><br /> -Henry II. King of England, i. 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 17</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Henry V. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; vi. 10<br /> -Henry VI. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Henry VII. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>; v. 351</span><br /> -Henry VIII. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; iii. 30; iv. 93; v. 14</span><br /> -Henry IX. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv. 249, 251-252</span><br /> -Henry II. King of France, i. 109; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; iii. 176; iv. 58; v. 49</span><br /> -Henry III. King of France and I. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poland, i. 109, 175, 212; ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"> <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; iii. 74, 173, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72-73, 124, 280; v. 16, 84, 137, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 83, 173, 196</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of France and III. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 72, 85, 114, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 126, 130, 175; ii. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; iii. 29, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-75, 77, 89, 97, 116, 127, 177, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 79, 124, 275, 280; v. 14, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74, 118, 137, 142, 147, 155, 162, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187-188, 196, 215, 223, 227, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 266, 303, 324-325, 333, 346-347,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">366, 377, 395-396, 401-402;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27-28, 33, 61-62, 77, 105, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151-152, 173, 196, 241-242</span><br /> -Henry V. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 124; ii. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119, 140-141, 166, 178; iv. 12, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47-49, 58-59, 122, 138-139, 252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 111, 146-147, 149-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 157-159, 168-169, 171, 174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">179, 191-192, 211-212, 215, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 222-223, 226, 235, 246, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266, 269, 302-303, 307-312, 321-325</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 342, 359-368, 371-372,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-385, 390-391, 396-397, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">406-408, 415-417; vi. 16-17, 24, 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 47, 61, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77-78, 94-100, 102, 113-118, 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128-141, 148, 151, 163, 165, 192-194,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 201, 231-232, 243-246, 248-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 263</span><br /> -Henry I. King of Hayti (see Christophe)<br /> -Henry II. King of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Henry Prince of Nassau-Saarbrück, iv. 10<br /> -Henry of Prussia, Prince, iv. 38<br /> -Henry Albert of Prussia, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry)</span><br /> -Henry-Larivière, Pierre François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joachim, iii. 13, 16</span><br /> -Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -d'Herbey (see Saint-Aubin)<br /> -d'Herbois (see Collot d'Herbois)<br /> -d'Herbouville, Marquis, i. 97<br /> -Hercules I. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 92<br /> -Hercules II. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 96<br /> -Hercules III. Duke of Modena, vi. 78<br /> -Herder, Johann Gottfried von, v. 412<br /> -Hermer, M., i. 108<br /> -Herod King of Judæa, vi. 220<br /> -Herodias, v. 173<br /> -Herodotus, i. 216, 258; v. 401; vi. 220<br /> -Herrara, Juan de, iv. 58<br /> -Herschel, Sir William, ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> -Herschel, Caroline, ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> -Heytesbury, Sir William A'Court, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iv. 83</span><br /> -Hilary Bishop of Poitiers, Saint, v. 161<br /> -Hildebert Archbishop of Tours, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Hill, George, i. 254<br /> -Hingant, Jean, i. 25<br /> -Hingant de La Tiemblais, François<br /> -Marie Anne Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; iv. 71, 213</span><br /> -Hingray, Charles, v. 126, 137<br /> -Hinton, the boatswain, iii. 89<br /> -Hipparchus, vi. 180<br /> -Hippocrates, iii. 7; v. 229-230<br /> -Hlodwigh (see Clovis)<br /> -Hoche, General Lazare, ii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-68, 203</span><br /> -Hocquart, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Hoffman, François Benoît, iii. 9<br /> -Hohenhausen, Élise Philippine Amalie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von Ochs, Baroness von, iv. 35-36</span><br /> -Holbein the Younger, Hans, v. 272-273<br /> -Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Lord, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; iii. 215; iv. 70</span><br /> -Holstein (see Staël-Holstein)<br /> -Holstein-Gottorp, pseud. Count of (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Homer, i. 51, 200, 213, 232; ii. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; iii. 5, 12, 24, 214; iv. 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 160, 258, 284; v. 347, 351; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 91, 194</span><br /> -Honoria, Tusta Grata, iii. 47<br /> -Honorius III., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Honorius, the Emperor, i. 74; iv. 227<br /> -Hontan (see La Hontan)<br /> -Honoratus, Bishop of Aries, Saint, iii. 228<br /> -Hôpital (see L'Hôpital)<br /> -Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 53, 229; ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 23, 99; iv. 185; v. 25, 55, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285, 314; vi. 4, 47, 237</span><br /> -Horatius Cocles, i. 35<br /> -Horrion, Father, vi. 142<br /> -Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of<br /> -Holland, iii. 17, 110, 122, 154; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 287; v. 44, 291-298</span><br /> -Houdet, Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Houdetot, Élisabeth Françoise Sophie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Bellegarde, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, 301; iv. 285</span><br /> -Houdetot, General César Ange de, iv. 285<br /> -Hovius, Mayor of Saint-Malo, i. xxxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 264</span><br /> -Hubert, Jean, i. 63<br /> -Hubert, M., v. 137<br /> -Hugh Capet, King of France, iii. 137;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 7, 112; v. 196, 376; vi. 135, 196</span><br /> -Hugo, Victor Marie Vicomte, iii. 68;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Hulin, Pierre Auguste Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_264">264</a>-<a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>-<a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; iii. 16, 18</span><br /> -Hulot, Madame, iv. 167<br /> -Humbert I. King of Italy, i. 51<br /> -Humbert I. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humbert II. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iii. 207-208; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Karl Ferdinand Baron von, ii. <a href="#Page_242">242</a>; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Fräulein von, iv. 39<br /> -Hume, David, ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; iv. 250<br /> -Humphrey Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -Hunt, James Henry Leigh, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Huss, John, v. 296, 388<br /> -Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -Hyacinthe (see Pilorge)<br /> -Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 177; iv. 91, 102-103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139-140, 142; v. 68, 117, 123, 250,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 258-259, 304; vi. 256</span><br /> -Hyperides, vi. 179<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -I<br /> -<br /> -Ibrahim Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, ii. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; iv. 263<br /> -Ignatius Loyola, Saint, v. 367<br /> -Inez de Castro (see Castro)<br /> -Infantado, Duquesa de, iii. 74<br /> -Innocent VIII., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Innocent X., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Innocent XIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Ippolito of Este, Cardinal Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Milan, Lyons and Narbonne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, vi. 82</span><br /> -Ireneus Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> -Irving, Washington, i. 254<br /> -Isabel of Bavaria, Queen of France, vi. 10<br /> -Isabella of Angoulême, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Isabella I. Queen of Spain, iii. 127<br /> -Isabella II. Queen of Spain, H.M.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 221; v. 75; vi. 207</span><br /> -Isabey, Jean Baptiste, iii. 211<br /> -Isaias, iii. 195<br /> -Isaure, Clémence, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; v. 72<br /> -Iscariot, Judas, v. 307; vi. 26, 156<br /> -d'Isly, Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc, vi. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 158</span><br /> -Isnard, Maximin, ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> -Isoard (see also Delisle de Sales)<br /> -d'Isoard, Archbishop of Auch, Joachim<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Xavier Cardinal Duc, v. 22</span><br /> -Isotta (see Nogarola)<br /> -Ivan VI. Tsar of All the Russias<br /> -Ives, Rev. John Clement, ii. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -Ives, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> -Ives, Charlotte (see Sutton)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -J<br /> -<br /> -Jacob, iii. 25<br /> -Jacob, J. J., i. 253<br /> -Jacquemin, potter and inn-keeper, iii. 227<br /> -Jacqueminot, Vicomte de Ham, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, v. 153-154</span><br /> -Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph Baron von, i. 180<br /> -Jacquin, Major, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> -James Intercisus, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -James I. and VI. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -James II. and VII. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, i. 187; iv. 67,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 50, 115, 163, 178, 372;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 134</span><br /> -James III. and VIII. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, Scotland and Ireland, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242, 249, 373</span><br /> -James I. King of Scots, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> -Janson, Madame de, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Janson (see also Forbin-Janson)<br /> -Japhet, i. 142<br /> -Jaucourt, Arnail François Marquis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 73, 99, 127, 171</span><br /> -Jauge, M., v. 369; vi. 39<br /> -Jay (see Le Jay)<br /> -Jean de Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -Jeannin, Pierre Président, v. 50<br /> -Jebb, M.P., Sir Richard Claverhouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56, 335</span><br /> -Jefferson, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, Thomas, i. 252-253</span><br /> -Jenny, the Marquise de Custine's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maid, ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Jepson, Mr. Edgar Alfred, vi. 266<br /> -Jeremias, v. 37<br /> -Jerome, Saint, iv. 232, 244<br /> -Jerome, King of Westphalia, iii. 64,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 162-163, 200; iv. 57, 242; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 46</span><br /> -Jerome of Brescia, vi. 102<br /> -Jerome of Prague, v. 296<br /> -Jersey, George Child Villiers, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, i. 188</span><br /> -Jersey, Sarah Fane, Countess of, i. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; iv. 73</span><br /> -Joan of Arc, Venerable, ii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 98; iv. 41, 108, 112; vi. 78</span><br /> -Joan of Penthièvre, Duchess of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -Joan Queen of Castile, iii. 127<br /> -Joachim II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Joachim King of Naples, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 46, 122, 144, 154-155; iv. 10,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184-185, 189-198, 220</span><br /> -Job, i. xxi, 82-83, ii. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a><br /> -John the Baptist, Saint, v. 173<br /> -John the Evangelist, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>; vi. 217<br /> -John the Silent, Bishop of Colonus, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -John of the Gridiron, Blessed, i. 25<br /> -John I. King of Bohemia, v. 355, 410-411<br /> -John III. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John IV. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John V. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John King of England, i. 9; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -John II. King of France, ii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 193; vi. 196</span><br /> -John III. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -John VI. King of Portugal and Brazil, iv. 53<br /> -John, Friar, vi. 46<br /> -John, the Marquess of Londonderry's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">groom, iv. 87</span><br /> -John of Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -John of Gaunt (see Lancaster)<br /> -John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Johnson, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; iii. 23; v. 413<br /> -Johnson, Thomas, iii. 216<br /> -Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie d'Orléans, Prince de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_280">280</a>; iii. 81, 225</span><br /> -Joinville, Jean Sire de, i. xxiv; ii. <a href="#Page_132">132</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></span><br /> -Joly (see Crétineau-Joly)<br /> -Joques, Père Isaac, i. 229<br /> -Jordan, Camille, iii. 68-69; iv. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 213</span><br /> -Joseph King of Naples, later of Spain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128; ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; iii. 46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54-55, 63-64, 73, 110, 154, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 195, 210, 241; v. 44; vi. 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184</span><br /> -Joseph, the Milanese tinman, ii. <a href="#Page_321">321</a>-<a href="#Page_322">322</a>; v. 326<br /> -Josephine of Sardinia, Queen of France, iv. 9<br /> -Josephine of Saxony, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> -Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Bonaparte, later Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 110, 184, 196; iv. 42, 165-166,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; vi. 12</span><br /> -Joubert, General Barthélemy Cathérine, iii. 67-68<br /> -Joubert, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_177">177</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>-<a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iii. 51; iv. 213,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221; vi. 6</span><br /> -Joubert, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Joubert the Younger, ii. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Joubert, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Jouberthon, Jean François Hippolyte, ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> -Jouffroy, Théodore Simon, vi. 256-257<br /> -Jourdain, M., i. 178<br /> -Jourdan, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 67, 155, 162, 203</span><br /> -Jowett, Benjamin, vi. 105<br /> -Judas Iscariot (see Iscariot)<br /> -Julia, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Julian, the Emperor, i. 97; v. 196,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378; vi. 18</span><br /> -Julie Clary, Queen of Naples, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 210-211; v. 44; vi. 184</span><br /> -Julien, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, i. xvi; ii. <a href="#Page_319">319</a>-<a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></span><br /> -Julius II., Pope, iii. 176; iv. 42, 228<br /> -Julius III., Pope, iv. 241<br /> -Jullien, M., ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> -Jumilhac, Simplicis du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 51</span><br /> -Junken, Bishop of Dol, i. 17<br /> -Junot (see d'Abrantès)<br /> -Jussac, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /> -Jussieu, Alexis de, v. 95<br /> -Jussieu, Bernard de, i. 180<br /> -Justinian, the Emperor, iv. 227; v. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -K<br /> -<br /> -Kaumann, Captain, v. 101<br /> -Keith, tenth Earl Marischal, George, iv. 106<br /> -Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iii. 191-192</span><br /> -Keller, Xavier, v. 289<br /> -Kellermann (see Valmy)<br /> -Kepler, Johann, v. 337<br /> -Kéralieu (see Kersalaün)<br /> -Keranevant, Abbé de, iv. 168<br /> -Kératry, Auguste Hilarion Comte de, v. 27<br /> -Kératry, Jean François de, i. 144<br /> -Kergariou, Comte de, i. 149<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Florian Paul Comte de, v. 244<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Gabriel César Vicomte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, v. 244</span><br /> -Kergu (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Kersalaün, Marquis de, i. 153<br /> -Kersalaün, Jean Joseph Comte de, i. 153<br /> -Kerviler, M. René, vi. 265<br /> -Khlodwig (see Clovis)<br /> -Khufu (sec Cheops)<br /> -Kincardine (see Elgin)<br /> -Kléber, General Jean Baptiste, iii. 67<br /> -Knowles, James Sheridan, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Koller, Franz Baron von, iii. 78, 84, 87<br /> -Komierowski, Colonel, v. 107<br /> -Kop, Ol de, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Kop, Honorine Gasc, Fru de, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Koreff, Dr. David Friedrich, iv. 44-45<br /> -Kotzebue, Captain Otto von, iv. 40, 46<br /> -Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 40, 46</span><br /> -Krüdener, Baron von, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -Krüdener, Barbara Juliana von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vietinghoff-Scheel, Baroness</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232</a>-<a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; iv. 203-204</span><br /> -Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smolensk, Mikhail, iii. 190</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -L<br /> -<br /> -La Balue, Jean Cardinal, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -La Baronnais, Chevalier de, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> -La Baronnais, François Pierre Collas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> -La Baronnais, Renée de Kergu, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -Labat, Père Jean Baptiste, iv. 247-248<br /> -Labé, Dame Perrin, Loyse, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 173</span><br /> -La Bédoyère, Charles Angélique François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huchet, Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -La Belinaye, Armand Magdelon Comte de, i. 126<br /> -La Belinaye, Renée Élisabeth de, i. 126<br /> -La Besnardière, Jean Baptiste de Gouy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 144-145</span><br /> -La Billarderie (see Flahault de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Billarderie)</span><br /> -La Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -La Bletterie, Abbé Jean Philippe René<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 18</span><br /> -La Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Laborde, Captain, iv. 168<br /> -Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; iii. 4, 39, 56; v. 96, 115</span><br /> -La Borde, Jean Joseph de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Laborie, Antoine Athanase Roux de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; iii. 56, 86, 131, 177</span><br /> -Laborie the Younger, Roux, vi. 163<br /> -Labouchere, M. P., Mr. Henry Du Pré, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Joseph Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Bedée, Comte de, i. 22-23; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>; iv. 71;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 205; vi. 252</span><br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Vincente de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francheville, Dame de Trélan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -La Boüétardais (see also Bedée)<br /> -La Bouillerie, François Marie Pierre<br /> -Roullet, Baron de, iv. 288<br /> -La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahé de, i. 26; vi. 201</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye, François Régis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 136; v. 72, 81-82</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 146</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -Labrador, Pedro Gomez Kavalo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marques de, iv. 236; v. 8</span><br /> -Labre, Blessed Benedict Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -La Briche, Alexis Janvier de La Live<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -La Briche, Adélaïde Edmée Prévost,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de La Live de, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -La Bruyère, Jean de, iii. 33<br /> -La Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeuc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 18, 26</span><br /> -Lachambre, M., i. 149<br /> -Lachaud, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Laclos, Pierre Ambroise François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choderlos de, i. 135, 176</span><br /> -Lacombe, Charles de, vi. 256<br /> -Lacretelle the Elder, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iii. 23</span><br /> -Lacretelle the Younger, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iv. 128;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 80</span><br /> -Lacroix, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Ladvocat, the publisher, iv. 120, 136<br /> -Lælius Sapiens, Caius, v. 56<br /> -Laensberg, Mathew, vi. 7<br /> -La Fare, Bishop of Nancy, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Anne Louis Henri</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, v. 22</span><br /> -Lafaye, Pierre Benjamin, vi. 256-257<br /> -La Fayette, Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motier, Marquis de, i. 160, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">181; ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; iii. 28, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 165-168, 177; iv. 127; v. 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105-107, 112-113, 126, 128, 135-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">141, 159, 163, 217; vi. 158, 162, 191</span><br /> -La Fayette, née de Noailles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Georges Washington Motier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Vergne, Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 128; vi. 240</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Pierre Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferron, Comte de, i. 27; iv. 36, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104-106, 138, 215-216, 261-263,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">265-284, 290-296; v. 22, 28, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77; vi. 100, 120, 229-335, 264</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Albert de, iv. 36<br /> -La Ferronnays, Alexandrine d'Alopeus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 36</span><br /> -La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferronnière)</span><br /> -La Feuillade, Pierre Raymond Hector<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Aubusson, Comte de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Laffitte, Jacques, iv. 137; v. 105-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 116-117, 127-128, 133,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-139, 141, 159, 265, 267, 370</span><br /> -Lafitau, Père Joseph François, i. 232<br /> -La Fonchais, Angélique Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 92, 181</span><br /> -Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, v. 344<br /> -La Fontaine, Jean de, ii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; v. 314, 334; vi. 25, 201, 246</span><br /> -La Force, Armand Maréchal de, vi. 20<br /> -La Force, François Philibert Bertrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nompar de Caumont, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -La Force, Marie Constance de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de Caumont de, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -Laforest, Antoine René Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathurin Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></span><br /> -La France, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 29, 35</span><br /> -La Fruglaye, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -La Galaizière, M., i. 156<br /> -Lagarde, M., vi. 51<br /> -Lagrange, Bishop of Chartres, François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190</span><br /> -Lagrange, Joseph Louis Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> -La Guerrande (see Chateaubriand de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerrande)</span><br /> -La Guichardière, Thibault de, vi. 255<br /> -La Guiche, Philibert de, i. 25<br /> -La Guyomarais, Dame de La Motte de, i. 92<br /> -La Harpe, Jean François de, i. 127-128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 133, 175, 178; ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-<a href="#Page_105">105</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a>; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-155, 158, 220; v. 335</span><br /> -La Harpe, née de Hatte Longuerue,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br /> -Laher (see Brignon)<br /> -Lahire, Étienne de Vignoles, known as, v. 378<br /> -La Hontan, Armand Louis de Delondarce,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, i. 232</span><br /> -Lahorie, General Victor Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alphonse Faneau de, ii. <a href="#Page_269">269</a></span><br /> -l'Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Lainé, Jean Henri Joachim Hostein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, ii. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; iii. 100-101, 118;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 27, 118, 202; v. 303-304, 416</span><br /> -Lainé (see also Hachette)<br /> -Lais, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 252-253, 257</span><br /> -La Laurencie, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -La Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -La Live de La Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Lallemand, Charles François Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 111</span><br /> -Lallemand, Henri Dominique Baron, iii. 111<br /> -Lallemant, Père Jérôme, i. 229<br /> -Lally, Thomas Arthur Baron Tolendal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 127</span><br /> -Lally-Tolendal, Trophine Gérard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 161; ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; iii. 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 5-6, 128</span><br /> -Lalor, Alice, i. 65<br /> -La Luzerne, Bishop of Langres, César<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal de, i. 97, 156;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Comte de, i. 73; ii. <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> -La Luzerne, Guillaume Comte de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></span><br /> -La Luzerne, Victoire de Montmorin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></span><br /> -La Luzerne, César Henri de, ii. <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> -La Maisonfort, Antoine François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br /> -La Maisonfort, Dame de, vi. 241<br /> -La Malle (see Dureau de La Malle)<br /> -Lamarque, Maximilien Comte, v. 243, 290<br /> -Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57, 79-80</span><br /> -Lamartinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 125</span><br /> -La Martinière, M. de, i. 106-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125-126; ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; iii. 176; v. 317</span><br /> -La Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Lamballe, Marie Therèse Louise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de, i. 51;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de, i. 157</span><br /> -Lambruschini, Archbishop of Genoa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luigi Cardinal, iv. 300; v. 23, 29, 35</span><br /> -Lamennais, Abbé Hugues Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert de, i. 27, 97; iv. 16; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 214-216</span><br /> -Lameth, Alexandre Théodore Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -Lameth, Charles de, iv. 43<br /> -La Mettrie, Offroy de, i. 26<br /> -Lamoignon, René Chrétien Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></span><br /> -Lamoignon, Anne Pierre Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> -Lamoignon, Guillaume Président de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 50, 134; ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Lamoignon, Chrétien François de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Christian de, i. 134; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">57; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon (see also Basville and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malesherbes)</span><br /> -Lamoignon de Baville, Nicolas, i. 134<br /> -La Morandais, François Placide Maillard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 50, 52</span><br /> -Lamothe, Étienne Auguste Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gourlet de, iii. 177</span><br /> -La Mothe-Fénelon (see Fénelon)<br /> -Lamotte, Demoiselle, ii. <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> -La Motte de La Guyomarais (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guyomarais)</span><br /> -Lamotte-Piquet, Comte de, i. 69<br /> -Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Lancelotti, Ottavio Principe, iv. 238<br /> -Lancelotti, Giuseppina Massimo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Arsoli, Principessa, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv. 238</span><br /> -Lanchantin (see Valmore)<br /> -Lander, Richard Lemon, vi. 121<br /> -Langhorne, John, ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; vi. 243<br /> -Langhorne, William, ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; vi. 243<br /> -Langres, Pierre de, i. 36<br /> -Lanjamet, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Lanjuinais, Jean Denis Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">68-69, 165, 167</span><br /> -La Noue, François de, ii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> -La Noue, M. de, v. 80<br /> -Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Marquess of, iv. 78</span><br /> -Lansfeld, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, known as Lola Montes, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess von, v. 25</span><br /> -Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere, Maria<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonna, Duchessa di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Lanty (see Chastenay-Lanty<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas (see Dumas)</span><br /> -Lapanouze, Alexandre César Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 201-202</span><br /> -Lapelouse, V. de, v. 95<br /> -La Pérouse, Jean François Galaup,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 69, 193; ii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a></span><br /> -La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> -La Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -La Porte, Arnaud de, i. 156<br /> -Laprade, Pierre Marin Victor Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 257-260</span><br /> -Laqueville, Jean Claude Marin Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a></span><br /> -La Revellière-Lepeaux, Louis Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 119</span><br /> -La Reynière (see Grimod)<br /> -Larive, Jean Mauduit de, i. 128<br /> -Larivière (see Henry-Larivière)<br /> -Larnage, Dame de, vi. 71<br /> -Laroche (see Lenoir-Laroche)<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Prince de Marcillac,<br /> -François Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; iii. 128, 131<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Louis Alexandre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 174</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Sosthène de, iii. 97; v. 97<br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polycarpe Duc de, iv. 134-135, 177; vi. 184</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Gabriel Sosthène Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 177</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Élisabeth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency-Laval, Duchesse de, iv. 12</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Frédéric Duc de, i. 171; iv. 132</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Auguste du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vergier, Comte de, iii. loi</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Claire Louise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustine Félicité Magloire de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Princesse de Talmont,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comtesse de, iii. 101</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 181; ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; v. 245</span><br /> -La Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -La Rouerie, Armand Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66, 92, 146, 180-181</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Anne Joseph Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuffin de, i. 126</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Therèse de La Belinaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 126</span><br /> -Larousse, Pierre Athanase, vi. 266<br /> -Larreguy, F., v. 96<br /> -Larrey, Félix Hyppolite Baron, v. 103<br /> -Larrey, Jean Dominique Baron, v. 103<br /> -La Sablière, Antoine Rambouillet de, vi. 25<br /> -La Sablière, Dame de, vi. 25<br /> -La Salle, Antoine de, v. 371<br /> -La Saudre, François Guillaume de, i. 149<br /> -La Saudre, Pierre de, i. 149<br /> -Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>-<a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 192, 209, 211, 215</span><br /> -Las Cases the Younger, M. de, iii. 209, 211<br /> -La Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -La Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Lassalle, Sieur, ii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Lassalle, pseud. (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François René Vicomte de, passim)</span><br /> -La Suze, Marquis de, iii. 176<br /> -Latapie, Colonel, iii. 216<br /> -La Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Latil, Bishop of Amycla, later Bishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chartres, later Archbishop of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rheims, Jean Baptiste Marie Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Cardinal Duc de, v. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20, 22-23, 35, 52, 343, 363, 373-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378, 415; vi. 136, 193</span><br /> -La Tour, pseud., Abbé de (see Charrière, Madame de)<br /> -Latour (see also Foissac-Latour)<br /> -Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Fay, Marquis de, v. 321, 323; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 136</span><br /> -La Tournelle, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> -La Tournelle (see also Châteauroux)<br /> -La Trémoille, Vicomte de Thouars,<br /> -Prince de Talmont, Louis II. Sire de, i. 150<br /> -Lauderdale, James Maitland, eighth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Earl of, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -Laughton, M.A., Professor John Knox, vi. 155-156<br /> -Laujon, Pierre, iii. 23, 29<br /> -L'Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, David, i. 47<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, Gilles Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 47, 108</span><br /> -Launey, Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de, i. 158<br /> -Lauraguais, Diane Adélaïde de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> -Laurence, Saint, v. 307<br /> -Laurencie (see La Laurencie)<br /> -Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Law, Maréchal Marquis de, iv. 62</span><br /> -Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 120; ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iv. 228</span><br /> -Lautrec de Saint-Simon, M., i. 171<br /> -Lauzun, later Duc de Biron, Armand<br /> -Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 51, 176, 181; ii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; v. 318</span><br /> -Laval, Agnes of, i. 8<br /> -Laval (see also Montmorency-Laval)<br /> -Laval-Montmorency, Anne Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adrien Prince de Montmorency,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; iii. 97; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 158-160, 164-166, 213, 302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3, 7-8, 17, 27, 49, 52, 68, 78</span><br /> -Lavalette, M. de, iii. 5<br /> -Lavalette, Marquise de Béville, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iii. 5</span><br /> -Lavallette, Antoine Marie Chamans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 110, 169, 190</span><br /> -Lavallette, Émilie Louise de Beauharnais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iii. 110</span><br /> -La Vallière, Françoise Louise de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 120; ii. 172; v. 215; vi. 201, 242</span><br /> -Lavandier, M., i. 58<br /> -Lavater, Johann Caspar, v. 291<br /> -La Vauguyon, M., i. 156<br /> -Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -La Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -La Vigne, Alexis Jacques Buisson de, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -La Vigne, Céleste Rapion de La Placelière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Dame Buisson de, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -La Vigne the Elder, M. Buisson de, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -La Vigne (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessix de Parscau)</span><br /> -La Villate, M. de, v. 361-362, 380; vi. 136<br /> -La Villate the Elder, M. de, v. 362<br /> -La Villedeneu (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, vi. 161<br /> -Law, John, vi. 200, 239<br /> -Laya, Jean Louis, iii. 16<br /> -Leæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lebeschu, Mathilde, v. 244; vi. 98, 100<br /> -Lebon, Joseph, iv. 4<br /> -Le Borgne, Sieur, i. 5<br /> -Le Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Le Breton, Guillaume, i. 199; ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Lebrun, Third Consul, later Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piacenza, Charles François, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68</span><br /> -Le Brun, Ponce Denis Escouchard, i. 131<br /> -Lebrun, Élisabeth Vigée, Dame, i. 131; ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy, i. 167; ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel, ii. <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 30, 191</span><br /> -Le Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Le Corvaisier (see Corvaisier)<br /> -Lecoulteux, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Led'huy, Édouard, v. 244<br /> -Le Donarin, M., i. 108<br /> -Ledru, Charles, v. 261, 309-310<br /> -Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, v. 261<br /> -Lefebvre, Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Lefebvre-Desnoettes, Charles Comte, iii. 111<br /> -Lefebvre de Vatimesnil (see Vatimesnil)<br /> -Lefranc, Jean Baptiste Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Le Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -Le Gobbin, i. 55<br /> -Legouvé, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, iii. 23<br /> -Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 292</span><br /> -Leiberich (see Mack von Leiberich)<br /> -Leigh, Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Le Jay, the bookseller, i. 176<br /> -Le Jay, Dame, i. 176<br /> -Lelièvre, the boatman, iii. 16<br /> -Lemaire (see Cauchois-Lemaire)<br /> -Le Maître, M., ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> -Lemercier, Louis Jean Népomucène, ii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68-69</span><br /> -Le Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Lemierre, Antoine Marie, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -Lemierre, Auguste Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> -Lemoine, M., v. 319<br /> -Lemontey, Pierre Édouard, iv. 44; v. 230<br /> -Le Motha, Captain, v. 129<br /> -Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, Paul Lemoyne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 285</span><br /> -Lenclos, Anne, known as Ninon de, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Lenglet-Dufresney, Abbé Nicolas, vi. 78<br /> -Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> -Lenormant, Charles, iv. 180, 299;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 85, 200, 261</span><br /> -Lenormant, Amélie Cyvoct, Dame, i. 5;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 180, 188, 234, 299; v. 85,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 261; vi. 237, 258-261</span><br /> -Le Normant, the publisher, ii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91, 103, 133; iv. 7, 15-16;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 122</span><br /> -Le Nôtre, André, vi. 241-242<br /> -Leo I., Pope Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -Leo III., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> -Leo IV., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Leo X., Pope, iv. 226, 228; v. 14, 58, 273<br /> -Leo XII., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; iv. 232,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">234-235, 238, 287, 290-290, 299-303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 1-5, 7-8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 31, 36-37,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">53, 316, 373, 384</span><br /> -Leo XIII., Pope, v. 57<br /> -Léon, Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean François de La Marche, Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Leonardo da Vinci (see Vinci)<br /> -Leonidas I. King of Sparta, i. 216; iv. 298<br /> -Leonora of Este, Princess, v. 330; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82-84, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Leonora (see also Castellani)<br /> -Leopold I. Duke of Austria, v. 377<br /> -Leopold I. King of the Belgians, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">323, 381; vi. 118</span><br /> -Leopold I. the Emperor, iv. 37<br /> -Leopold II. the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>; vi. 114<br /> -Léotaud, the gaoler, v. 252-253<br /> -Léotaud, Dame, v. 252<br /> -Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Lepelletier, the committee-man, v. 126<br /> -Lepelletier d'Aulnay (see d'Aulnay)<br /> -Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (see Saint-Fargeau)<br /> -Le Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Leprince, Abbé, i. 44, 57, 63<br /> -Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugène, vi. 10<br /> -Leroux, Pierre, v. 95, 260<br /> -Lerva, Gendarme, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> -Le Sage, Alain René, ii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a><br /> -Lescarbot, Marc, i. 232<br /> -Lescourt (see Maillard de Lescourt)<br /> -Lescure, Louis Marie Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> -Lesdiguières, François de Bonne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Créqui, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Lesseps, Ferdinand Vicomte de, vi. 223<br /> -L'Estoile, Pierre de, i. 175; ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 187-188, 239</span><br /> -Le Sueur, Eustache, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -Le Sueur, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -L'Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Leuchtenberg, Prince d'Eichstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viceroy of Italy, Eugène Vicomte de</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">165-166, 191; v. 103</span><br /> -l'Eure (see Dupont de L'Eure)<br /> -Levasseur, M., v. 96<br /> -Lévis, Gaston François Christophe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Duc de Ventadour and de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 140-141; v. 268</span><br /> -Lévis, Marie Cathérine Amande<br /> -d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Lévis, Gaston Marc Pierre Duc de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">136, 139-140, 174</span><br /> -Lévis, Pauline Louise Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charpentier d'Ennery, Duchesse de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51, 139-140, 176; iv. 14-15</span><br /> -Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Lewis, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -L'Herault (see Rio)<br /> -L'Hôpital, Michel Chancelier de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_102">102</a>; v. 49-50, 55</span><br /> -Liancourt (see La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt)<br /> -Libba, or Libbe, Armand de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistress, ii. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -Liberi, Pietro, vi. 103<br /> -Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke, Frau<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rietz, later Countess von, iv. 38</span><br /> -Licino, Monsignor, vi. 85<br /> -Lieven, Khristopher Andreievitch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, later Prince de, iv. 74</span><br /> -Lieven, Doroteya Khristoforovna von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benkendorf, Countess, later Princess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 72; iv. 73-74</span><br /> -Ligne, Charles Joseph Field-marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, ii. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-<a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Lille, pseud., Comte de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XVIII. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Limoëlan de Clorivière, Joseph Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picot, i. 65</span><br /> -Lindsay, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>; iii. 35</span><br /> -Linnæus, Carolus, i. 180<br /> -Lioult de Chênedollé (see Chênedollé)<br /> -Lippi, Fra Filippo, iv. 232<br /> -Lippold, the poisoner, iv. 37<br /> -Lipsius, Joest Lips, known as Justus, v. 62<br /> -Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Live de La Bride (see La Bride)<br /> -Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawkesbury, first Earl of, iv. 81</span><br /> -Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, i. 187; ii. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 215; iv. 81-82, 89, 92, 217; vi. 252</span><br /> -Livorel, Robert Lambert, i. 150<br /> -Livy, Titus Livius, known as, i. 33; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_335">335</a>; iv. 185, 225; v. 155; vi. 79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 142, 157</span><br /> -Lobau, Georges Mouton, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 113</span><br /> -Lobineau, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Lobkowitz (see Hassenstein)<br /> -Lodi, Vice-president of the Cisalpine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Francesco di Mela, Duca</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a></span><br /> -Lodin, Mayor of Combourg, i. 108<br /> -Lœwenhielm, Gustav Karl Frederik<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, v. 144, 146</span><br /> -Logan, James, i. 253<br /> -Logan, Tah-Gah-Jute, known as John, i. 253<br /> -Lointier, the tavern-keeper, v. 137<br /> -Loisel de La Villedeneu, Demoiselles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 22; ii. <a href="#Page_310">310</a></span><br /> -Lomaria, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Lombard, Charles, i. 227<br /> -Loménie-Brienne (see Brienne)<br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of, i. 188</span><br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Viscount<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castlereagh, later second Marquess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. xxxi, 188; ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 65-67, 71, 73, 76, 80-83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-90, 92, 190</span><br /> -Londonderry, Amelia Anne Hobart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 65, 87</span><br /> -Longuerue (see Hatte-Longuerue)<br /> -Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; vi. 77</span><br /> -Longueville (see also Du Guesclin)<br /> -Longueville-Nemours, Marie Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 106-107</span><br /> -Lopez, Fernando, iii. 207<br /> -Lorgeril, Comte de, v. 87<br /> -Lorges, Comte, later Duc de, v. 245<br /> -Lorrain, Claude Gelée, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude, iv. 242, 258-259; v. 288</span><br /> -Lorraine, Charles de Guise, Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 30, 74</span><br /> -Lothair King of France, iv. 112<br /> -Lothon, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Loudoun, John Campbell, fourth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 224</span><br /> -Louis I. King of Bavaria, iv. 118, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25, 41</span><br /> -Louis I. Count of Flanders, iii. 138<br /> -Louis I. King of France, the Emperor,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11; vi. 195</span><br /> -Louis V. King of France, iii. 137; iv. 112<br /> -Louis VI. King of France, i. 9; iv. 209<br /> -Louis VII. King of France, iv. 17; vi. 196<br /> -Louis VIII. King of France, ii. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 225; vi. 196</span><br /> -Louis IX. King of France, Saint, i. 6,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 144, 164; ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iii. 90, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 138, 144-145, 177, 228; iv. 5,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 22-23, 143, 291; v. 12, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">142, 155, 175, 188, 212, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 239, 268, 273, 296, 302, 336,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">356, 372, 379, 396; vi. 27, 36, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 139-140, 194, 196, 251</span><br /> -Louis XI. King of France, ii. 32, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; iii. 153; v. 355; vi. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147, 196</span><br /> -Louis XII. King of France, i. 141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 172; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; iii. 176; iv. 229;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 395; vi. 27, 96; vi. 196, 238</span><br /> -Louis XIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 114; ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245; vi. 28-29, 33, 196</span><br /> -Louis XIV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 7, 26, 38, 77, 85, 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103, 117, 120, 126, 232, 236; ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>-<a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; iii. 25, 27, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 177, 194, 197-198, 225, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 22, 34-35, 38, 44, 58-59, 79, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 137, 217, 274; v. 50, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101, 137, 143, 215, 230, 272, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 403; vi. 19-20, 27, 32, 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151, 174, 185, 196, 199, 222, 238-242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247, 250</span><br /> -Louis XV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 26, 138, 163, 176-177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>-<a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 127, 181, 194; iv. 8, 38, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 252; v. 51, 137, 215, 333; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 78, 80, 151, 174, 199-200, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242</span><br /> -Louis XVI. King of France and<br /> -Navarre, i. xxi, 6, 18, 51, 111-112,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118-123, 134, 138, 140, 143-144, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156-157, 159-165, 168-169, 176, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 216, 247, 261; ii. 4, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>-<a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 5, 16-17, 56, 59, 65, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75-76, 79, 94, 99, 102-104, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 139, 142-143, 167, 177, 182,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 218; iv. 4, 22, 25, 38, 40, 55,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">84, 91, 96, 109-111, 124, 189, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">252; v. 162, 175, 177-178, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189, 275, 303, 321, 332, 356, 387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">393, 402, 407-409; vi. 30, 32-33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 146, 150, 153, 159, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 181, 194-196, 198, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242</span><br /> -Louis XVII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 156-157, 160, 163; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_216">216</a>; iii. 94; iv. 109</span><br /> -Louis XVIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. xxi, 32, 37, 59, 71, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 176, 178, 184-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_280">280</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_301">301</a>; iii. 13, 37, 57, 61, 63, 65, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 76, 78-81, 84-85, 87, 89-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 111-112, 116-124, 126-129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131-133, 136-139, 141-147, 150, 153, 155</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-159, 161-162, 165, 168-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180-184, 188-189, 211; iv. 1, 3, 7-12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 21, 27, 29-30, 43-44, 59, 61-63</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65-66, 68-69, 79, 85-86, 90-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 101, 106-107, 109, 111, 138-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169-170, 187, 199, 212, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230, 302; v. 18, 44, 78, 81, 97, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 119, 146-148, 160, 172, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 267, 339, 342, 348, 360, 393,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395, 398-399, 401; vi. 45, 97, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 183, 185, 187, 194-195</span><br /> -Louis XIX. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, Louis Antoine Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Angoulême, later, i. 156, 160; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; iii. 119-120, 122, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140; iv. 8, 96, 116, 169, 219, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280, 299; v. 69, 84, 88, 96, 104, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 129-132, 143, 147-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 168-169, 191-192, 220, 307,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 342, 360-361, 372, 374-375, 378-379,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">385-386, 394, 402, 406, 417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 35, 62, 97, 128, 131-132, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-138, 140, 193, 197, 243, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253-254</span><br /> -Louis King of Holland, iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241; v. 44, 292</span><br /> -Louis II. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Louis of Bavaria, H.R.H. Prince, iv. 251<br /> -Louis of Bavaria, <i>de jure</i> Mary IV.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of England, Scotland and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Maria Theresa Henrietta</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothea of Modena, H.R.H. Princess, iv. 251</span><br /> -Louis Dauphin of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Great Dauphin, vi. 241</span><br /> -Louis Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France, vi. 241, 246</span><br /> -Louis of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33<br /> -Louis, Joseph Dominique Abbé Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; iii. 100, 127, 129-131, 171-173;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 115, 172-173</span><br /> -Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290; iv. 34</span><br /> -Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of the French, i. 37, 134, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; ii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_223">223</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>; iii. 13, 50-51, 57, 65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89-90, 95, 99, 111-112, 117, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125, 137, 139, 143, 145, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 178, 225; iv. 15, 21, 58, 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 111, 114, 135, 138, 145, 161;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 27, 86-87, 94, 101, 103, 105-106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 114, 118, 123, 126-128, 132-143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-152, 156-163, 168, 171-174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178, 193, 211, 218-220, 222, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238, 253, 258, 260-261, 264, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307-308, 325, 327, 366, 368, 396,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">398; vi. 26, 33-34, 37, 78, 95, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 130-131, 146-152, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 162, 164-166, 170-171, 242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">244, 249, 261</span><br /> -Louisa of Mecklemburg-Strelitz, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; iii. 60, 86; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 49, 58, 164</span><br /> -Louise of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians, vi. 118<br /> -Louise of Stolberg-Godern, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, known as Countess of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; iv. 249-250</span><br /> -Louise of France, Duchess of Parma,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 174, 321, 324-325, 359, 361-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-378, 383, 388, 390-391, 406-408,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415; vi. 24, 129, 132, 134, 136, 193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231-232, 243-245, 254-255</span><br /> -Louvel, Louis Pierre, ii. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>; iii. 89,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119; iv. 11, 21-23, 59; v. 303</span><br /> -Louverture (see Toussaint-Louverture)<br /> -Louvois, François Michel Letellier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, vi. 19</span><br /> -Louÿs, M. Pierre, i. xiii.<br /> -Lovelace, Richard, v, 255<br /> -Lowe, Sir Hudson, ii. <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; iii. 88,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192, 210</span><br /> -Lowes, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Loyola (see Ignatius Loyola)<br /> -Luc (see Vintimille du Luc)<br /> -Lucan, Marcus Annæus Lucanus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 29</span><br /> -Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli di Campo Franco e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pignatelli, Duca Della Gracia, Ettore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conte di, iii. 156; v. 321-323, 366;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 94, 96, 98, 231-232, 234-235</span><br /> -Lucchesi-Palli Demoiselle de, iii. 156<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli (see also Campo-Franco)<br /> -Lucian, v. 379; vi. 179<br /> -Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, 53, 83; v. 229</span><br /> -Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, v. 13<br /> -Lucrezia de'Medici, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 84<br /> -Lucrezia of Este, Princess, vi. 82<br /> -Luke, Saint, v. 300, 307; iv. 240; vi. 90, 220<br /> -Luna, Pedro de, v. 13<br /> -Lusignan, Hugh of, i. 9<br /> -Lussigny (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Luther, Martin, iv. 32; v. 16, 273, 332, 388<br /> -Lützow, Count von, iv. 236; v. 7, 32, 38<br /> -Lützow, Countess von, iv. 236<br /> -Luxembourg, François Henri de<br /> -Montmorency-Bouteville, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 162; vi. 19</span><br /> -Luynes, Charles d'Albert Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>; vi. 28-29</span><br /> -Luynes, née de Montmorency-Laval,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Luynes, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Luynes, Duchesse de (see also Chevreuse)<br /> -Luzerne (see La Luzerne)<br /> -Lycurgus, iv. 31<br /> -Lydia, the courtezan, v. 285<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -M<br /> -<br /> -Macbeth King of Scotland, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Mac Carthy, Abbé Nicolas de, v. 367<br /> -Mac Carthy, Mr., v. 367<br /> -Macchi, Archbishop of Nisibis, Vincento<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 18, 38-39</span><br /> -Macdonald (see Tarente)<br /> -Maceroni, Colonel Francis, iv. 197<br /> -Machault d'Arnouville, Jean Baptiste,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; vi. 202</span><br /> -Machiavelli, Niccolo, vi. 78<br /> -M'Intyre (see Simms and M'Intyre)<br /> -Macirone (see Maceroni)<br /> -Mack von Leiberich, Karl Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> -Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, i. 136, 215<br /> -Mackintosh, Sir James, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Macpherson, James, ii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, vi. 247<br /> -Madrid, Duque de (see Charles VII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and XI. King of Spain, France and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre)</span><br /> -Madrid, Duquesa de (see Bertha Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and France)</span><br /> -Magnay, Christopher, iv. 71<br /> -Magon, Hervine, i. 34<br /> -Mahaffy, Dr. John Pentland, v. 56, 229<br /> -Mahé de La Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Mahis (see Des Mahis)<br /> -Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272, 277-279, 283-284, 297, 303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25-26, 51, 389</span><br /> -Mahomet, iv. 277<br /> -Mailhe, Jean Baptiste, iii. 75<br /> -Maillard de Lescourt, Major, iii, 62<br /> -Mailleville, M., v. 55<br /> -Mailly, Louis Marie Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> -Mailly, Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>-<a href="#Page_299">299</a></span><br /> -Mailly (see also Coislin and Nesle)<br /> -Maintenon, later Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise d'Aubigné, Dame Scarron,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, i. 14; ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>; iii. 27; iv. 79; vi. 238,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">240-243, 246-247</span><br /> -Maison, Nicolas Joseph Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Marquis, iii. 89-90; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">267; v. 152-153; vi. 244</span><br /> -Maison-Blanche, Sieur, iv. 245-246<br /> -Maisonfort (see La Maisonfort)<br /> -Maitland, Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190, 192</span><br /> -Majorian, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Malatesta, Francesca da Rimini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Signora, iv. 229; vi. 57</span><br /> -Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney, iii. 212<br /> -Malescot, i. 7<br /> -Malesherbes, Guillaume de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 134</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon de, i. xxi, 8, 50, 72, 83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-137, 161, 167, 180, 215-216, 227;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_263">23</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_295">295</a>; iii. 139; iv, 4; v. 64-65, 304;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Françoise Thérèse Grimod,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a></span><br /> -Malet, General Claude François de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></span><br /> -Malfilatre, Alexandre Henri de, i. 83<br /> -Malfilatre, Jacques Charles Louis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinchamp de, i. 83; ii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> -Malherbe (see Bonnet de Malherbe)<br /> -Malibran, Mr., vi. 175<br /> -Malibran, later Dame de Bériot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_207">207</a>; vi. 175</span><br /> -Malipieri, Podesta of Padua, Angelo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Malle (see Bureau de La Malic)<br /> -Mallet-Dupan, Jacques, i. 175<br /> -Malo Bishop of Aleth, Saint, i. 25<br /> -Malouet, Pierre Victor Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 99</span><br /> -Malte-Brun, Conrad, iii. 8<br /> -Mame, Auguste, iii. 53<br /> -Mandaroux-Vertamy, M., v. 304<br /> -Mandelot, François de, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> -Mandini, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Mandini, Signora, i. 173<br /> -Mandricardo, Silvio Pellico's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messenger, vi. 107, 109, 111</span><br /> -Mangin, Jean Henri Claude, v. 94, 96<br /> -Mansfield, David Murray, second Earl of, i. 188<br /> -Mansfield, Louisa Cathcart, Countess of, i. 188<br /> -Manso (see Della Villa)<br /> -Manuel I. Emperor of the East, v. 400<br /> -Manuel, Jacques Antoine, iii. 166; iv. 128<br /> -Manutius, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius the Younger, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius, Paulus, vi. 67<br /> -Manzoni, Alessandro Conte, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 214; v. 229-230; vi. 15, 65, 79</span><br /> -Marat, Jean Paul, i. 132, 161, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, 159; iv. 189</span><br /> -Marbod (see Maroboduus)<br /> -Marceau, General François Séverin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Desgraviers, iii. 67</span><br /> -Marcellus, Marie Louis Jean André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Demartin du Tyrac, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 5, 185; iv. 139, 215-219; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 40-41, 153; vi. 14, 260</span><br /> -Marchais, André Louis Augustin, v. 105<br /> -Marchal, Pierre François, v. 96, 115<br /> -Marchand, Abbé, i. 63<br /> -Marchand, Napoleon's valet, iii. 211<br /> -Marck, Alexander Count von der, iv. 38<br /> -Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the<br /> -Emperor, v. 57-58; vi. 104<br /> -Maret (see Bassano)<br /> -Mareuil (see Durand de Mareuil)<br /> -Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Margaret of Lusignan, Queen (?) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Margaret of Provence, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Margaret of Scotland, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Margaret of Valois, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; vi. 173</span><br /> -Margaret of France, Queen of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Margaret of Valois, mother of Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Blois, i. 141</span><br /> -Margherita di Gonzaga, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 84</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saxe-Teschen, vi. 58</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iii. 221; v. 74, 207</span><br /> -Maria Feodorowna (Maria Sophia) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Russia, iii. 49; iv. 281</span><br /> -Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Sicilies, v. 74-75</span><br /> -Maria Louisa of Spain, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etruria, iv. 224</span><br /> -Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungry and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Empress, v. 410; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 202</span><br /> -Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Bavaria, v. 345</span><br /> -Marie Leczinska, Queen of France, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a><br /> -Marie de Medici, Queen of France, i. 117;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 28</span><br /> -Marie de France, vi. 172<br /> -Marie, Sister, iv. 207<br /> -Marie-Amélie of Naples, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orléans, later Queen of the French,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 134, 156-161; vi. 37</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 32, 100-101, 118-119, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 175, 187, 216-217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; iii. 102-104; iv. 4; v. 144,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 309, 356, 407-408; vi. 7, 78,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 178</span><br /> -Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, later Duchess of Parma,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; iii. 34, 54-56, 64, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 144, 154, 156, 194, 217; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse Duchesse d'Angoulême,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Queen of France, i. 102, 156-157</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; iii. 65, 73, 91, 103, 119-120</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 176; iv. 91, 96-97, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; v. 111, 144, 147, 275, 297,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 325, 359, 361, 363, 365-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">372, 374, 391, 405-410, 412-417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 7, 29-36, 102, 129, 133-134, 140,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 243, 245, 253-254</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, v. 146; vi. 78</span><br /> -Marigny, Jean Joseph Geffelot, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 53</span><br /> -Marigny, Marie Anne Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de, i. 15,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 53, 66, 111-112, 150; ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_319">319</a>; vi. 255-256</span><br /> -Marin, Chevalier, iv. 162<br /> -Marischal (see Keith)<br /> -Marius, Caius, iii. 87; iv. 14; v. 40<br /> -Mark, Saint, iii. 123; v. 374; vi. 58<br /> -Marlborough, John Churchill, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iii. 197; v. 333;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 20</span><br /> -Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 333</span><br /> -Marmont (see Raguse)<br /> -Marmontel, Jean François, i. 133<br /> -Marmora (see Della Marmora)<br /> -Marnes, pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Louis XIX. King of France</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre and Marie-Thérèse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -Maroboduus King of the Marcomanni, vi. 127<br /> -Marolles, Abbé Michel de, i. 75<br /> -Maroncelli, Signor, vi. 56<br /> -Marot, Clement, vi. 75, 96, 238<br /> -Mars, Marguerite Salvetat, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, i. 128</span><br /> -Mars, Anne Françoise Hippolyte<br /> -Boutet, known as Mademoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Martignac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Gaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 13, 138, 221, 261;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 67-69, 120</span><br /> -Martin Bishop of Tours, Saint, vi. 26<br /> -Martin, K.C.B., Sir Theodore, iv. 225<br /> -Martinez de La Rosa, Francisco, i. xxii<br /> -Martinière (see La Martinière)<br /> -Mary II. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary I. Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scots)</span><br /> -Mary III. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary Beatrice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena)</span><br /> -Mary IV. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, H.M. (see Louis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, H. R. H. Princess)</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Scots, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, de jure Mary II. Queen of</span><br /> -England and Ireland, i. 245; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; vi. 173</span><br /> -Mary of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanover, iv. 47</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Portugal, iv. 53<br /> -Mary II. Queen of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Mary, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Mary Beatrice of Sardinia, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena, <i>de jure</i> Mary III. Queen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 251; vi. 78</span><br /> -Masinissa King of Massylia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Numidia, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a></span><br /> -Mason, William, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Massa, Claude Ambroise Regnier, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a></span><br /> -Masséna (see Rivoli)<br /> -Massias, Nicolas Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /> -Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, Jean<br /> -Baptiste, i. 54, 84<br /> -Massimo (see d'Arsoli)<br /> -Masson, M. Frédéric, iv. 189<br /> -Matignan, Madame de, iii. 17<br /> -Matthew, Saint, iv. 291; v. 374<br /> -Mattos (see Teixeira de Mattos)<br /> -Maubourg (see Latour-Maubourg)<br /> -Maubreuil, Marie Armand, Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerri de Maubreuil, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orvault, known as Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 86-87; vi. 181</span><br /> -Maud <i>de jure</i> Queen of England, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress, i. 8</span><br /> -Mauduit, Quarter-master, iii. 15<br /> -Mauduit de Larive (see Larive)<br /> -Mauguin, François, v. 96, 113, 116<br /> -Mauléon (see Causans de Mauléon)<br /> -Maulevrier, Comte de, i. 72<br /> -Maulevrier, Louis de Brézé, Comte de, ii. 294<br /> -Maulevrier (see also Colbert de Maulevrier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Valentinois)</span><br /> -Maunoir, Père, i. 30<br /> -Mauny (see Noury de Mauny)<br /> -Maupcou, René Nicolas, i. 138; vi. 202<br /> -Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, i. 18-26<br /> -Maurel, the game-keeper, v. 244<br /> -Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phelippeaux,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 202</span><br /> -Maurice, Saint, vi. 190<br /> -Mauro, Fra, vi. 54<br /> -Maury, Bishop of Montefiascone, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Paris, Jean Siffrein</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, iii. 30</span><br /> -Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Maximian, the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Maximilian I. Elector of Bavaria, ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Maximilian I. King of Bavaria, iv. 57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164; v. 25, 345</span><br /> -Maximilian II. King of Bavaria, v. 25<br /> -Maximilian I., the Emperor, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 176</span><br /> -Maximus, v. 60<br /> -Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; iii. 74-75</span><br /> -Mazarin, Jules Cardinal, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 9, 245; v. 50; vi. 125</span><br /> -Méchin, Alexandre Edme Baron, v. 138-139<br /> -Mecklenburg (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Medici (see Sforza)<br /> -Megret de Sérilly (see Sérilly)<br /> -Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 264, 278</span><br /> -Melanchthon, Philipp, vi. 142<br /> -Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melbourne, Elizabeth Milbanke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscountess, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melchthal, Arnold von, v. 274, 277<br /> -Melmoth the Younger, William, v. 60<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melzi (see Lodi)</span><br /> -Mennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Méot, the tavern-keeper, ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Mercier Dupaty (see Dupaty)<br /> -Mercœur, Élisa, vi. 175<br /> -Mercy, Franz Field-Marshal Baron von, ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Méré (see Courier de Méré and Poltrot de Méré)<br /> -Merfeld, General, v. 103<br /> -Méricourt (see Théroigne de Mencourt)<br /> -Mérilhou, Joseph, v. 95, 115, 265<br /> -Méritens (see Allart de Méritens)<br /> -Merlin, the auctioneer, iv. 11<br /> -Merlin de Douay, Philippe Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; iii. 153</span><br /> -Merlin de Thionville, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christophe, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; iii. 153</span><br /> -Mérona, M. de, iv. 103<br /> -Merovius (see Merowig)<br /> -Merowig King of the Franks, ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, i. 145<br /> -Mesnard, Paul, iv. 128<br /> -Mesnard, Louis Charles Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Comte de, v. 244; vi. 38</span><br /> -Mesnard, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Mesnier, Louis Marthe, iv. 7<br /> -Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trapassi, known as, ii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> -Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Métel, Hugues, ii. <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> -Metella, Cæcilia, ii. <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; iv. 236; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 61; vi. 2</span><br /> -Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; iii. 154; iv. 73-74, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 128, 266; v. 38, 91, 123, 181,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">339, 341-342, 352-353, 369, 384,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">408; vi. 16, 46, 114, 118, 187, 232</span><br /> -Mettrie (see La Mettrie)<br /> -Meunier, Captain, v. 110<br /> -Mézeray, François Eudes de, i. 55<br /> -Mézy, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Micara, Luigi Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Michael I. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237; v. 81</span><br /> -Michael II. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Michael Pavlowitch of Russia, Grand-duke, iv. 36<br /> -Michael Angelo, Michelagnolo Buonarotti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 166; ii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iii. 225; iv. 181, 226, 236, 239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-243, 256, 286; v. 2, 29, 36, 59,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61, 316; vi. 17, 59, 103</span><br /> -Michaud, Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; iv. 131-132, 204<br /> -Migneret, the publisher, ii. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> -Mignet, François Auguste Marie, v. 82-83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95-96, 105, 127, 206; vi. 189-190</span><br /> -Mila, the Indian girl, i. 231, 236; vi. 66<br /> -Milbanke-Noel, Sir Ralph, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Milton, John, i. 95, 166; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>; iii. 22, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 34; iv. 42-43, 93-94, 245, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 133; vi. 47, 91, 123, 179</span><br /> -Miniac (see Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Mionnet, Theodore, v. 53-54<br /> -Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167; vi. 42</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riquetti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 83, 155, 166-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-177, 179, 182; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>; iii. 166; iv. 6, 39, 47, 55-56;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42, 155</span><br /> -Mirabeau, André Boniface Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquetti, Vicomte de, i. 170-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -Mirabeau, Jean Antoine Joseph Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elzéar de Riquetti, known as the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, i. 167</span><br /> -Misson, François Maximilien, iv. 246<br /> -Mithridales VI. Eupator King of Pontus, v. 335<br /> -Mnata, v. 386<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Giovanni, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Luigi, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Tommaso, vi. 59<br /> -Moëlien de Trojolif, Thérèse Josèphe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 66, 92, 126</span><br /> -Mohl, Julius von, vi. 258<br /> -Mohl, Madame, vi. 258<br /> -Molé, Matthieu Louis Comte, i. 134;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; iv. 26, 118-119</span><br /> -Molé, Édouard, i. 134<br /> -Molé, Matthieu, i. 134; ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> -Molé, François René Molet, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Molé de Champlatreux, Édouard François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthieu Président, i. 134; ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Molet (see Molé)<br /> -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>; iv. 2; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 70, 345, 353; vi. 74</span><br /> -Moligny, Abbé de, v. 363, 372<br /> -Molin, Captain, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /> -Monceau (see Duhamel de Monceau)<br /> -Moncey (see Conegliano)<br /> -Monet, M., i. 179<br /> -Monet, Demoiselle, i. 179<br /> -Monfeltrio delle Rovere (see Lante<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monfeltrio delle Rovere)</span><br /> -Monge (see Péluse)<br /> -Monica, Saint, i. 31<br /> -Monmerqué, Louis Jacques Nicolas, iv. 44<br /> -Monnier, Marquis de, i. 168<br /> -Monnier, Sophie Ruffei, Marquise de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167-168</span><br /> -Monroe, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, James, iv. 66, 127</span><br /> -Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iii. 60, 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 149, 231, 243-244, 257; v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; vi. 47, 122</span><br /> -Montaigne (see also Gamaches)<br /> -Montaigu, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Montalivet, Marthe Camille Bachasson,<br /> -Comte de, iv. 114-115, 247-248, 259, 266<br /> -Montauban, Arthur de, i. 25<br /> -Montbel, Guillaume Isidore Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 72, 81-82, 379, 422;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 100, 116-118, 229-230, 234-235</span><br /> -Montboissier, Baron de, ii. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> -Montboissier, née de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, ii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> -Montboissier (see also Colbert de Montboissier)<br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Simon Marquis de, i. 72, 135</span><br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise Pauline de Malesherbes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 135</span><br /> -Montbourcher, René François Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 153</span><br /> -Montcalm, Armande du Plessis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vignerot, Marquise de, iii. 51, 97;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 26-27; v. 398</span><br /> -Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 224; vi. 202</span><br /> -Montchenu, Marquis de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Montebello, Jean Lannes, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 300; v. 28</span><br /> -Montebello, Napoléon Auguste Lannes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Duc de, iv. 300-302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 28-29</span><br /> -Montenoy (see Palissot de Montenoy)<br /> -Montenuovo, Wilhelm Albert Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 187, 224; v. 322</span><br /> -Montes, Lola (see Lansfeld)<br /> -Montespan, Françoise Athénais de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochechouart de Mortemart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 103, 120; v. 215; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247</span><br /> -Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de La Brède and de, ii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 22, 33, 129; iv. 122, 127, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de, iii. 73-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 127, 131; iv. 59</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Ambroise Anatole<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustin Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 134, 156-157</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Élisabeth Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 183-184</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Louise Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Briche, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -Montesson (see d'Orléans)<br /> -Montfort, Simon Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Montfort, pseud., Comte de (see Jerome<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Westphalia)</span><br /> -Montgascon, M. de, v. 131<br /> -Montgelas, Max Jose Garnerin, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 57</span><br /> -Montgomery, Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Tristan Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; iii. 192, 209, 211, 222-223</span><br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Albinie Hélène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vassal, Comtesse de, iii. 209</span><br /> -Monti, Vincenzo, i. xxiii; vi. 79<br /> -Montléart, Prince de, v. 322<br /> -Montlosier, François Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynaud Comte de, i. 175; ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>; iv. 123-125</span><br /> -Montlouët, François Jean Raphaël de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunes, Comte, later Marquis de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 108-109</span><br /> -Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Seigneur de, i. 109; v. 380</span><br /> -Montluc (see also La Bourdonnaye-Montluc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Bourdonnaye de Montluc)</span><br /> -Montmirel, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cook, iv. 98; v. 326; vi. 14</span><br /> -Montmorency, Anne Maréchal Connétable de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 182</span><br /> -Montmorency, Mathieu I. Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, iv. 209</span><br /> -Montmorency, Aline Dame de, iv. 209<br /> -Montmorency, Henry II. Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> -Montmorency, François Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -Montmorency, née de Matignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne-Duchesse de, iii. 17</span><br /> -Montmorency, Baronne de, ii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> -Montmorency, Demoiselle de, i. 117<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency (see also Adelaide,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laval-Montmorency and Luxembourg)</span><br /> -Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; iv. 12, 29-30, 62, 65-69</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76-77, 83-91, 95, 122, 133, 160,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164-166, 169, 171, 176-177, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207-209, 213, 216-217, 286; vi. 45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Montmorin the Elder, Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> -Montmorin, Antoine Hugues Calixte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -Montmorin, Auguste de, ii. <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -Montmorin, Louis Victor Hippolyte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luce de, ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 140, 145, 156; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183; v. 319</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> -Montolieu, Baron de, iv. 120<br /> -Montolieu, Jeanne Isabelle Pauline<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polier de Bottens, Dame de Crouzas,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, iv. 120</span><br /> -Montor (see Arnaud de Montor)<br /> -Montpensier, Antoine Philippe d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 161</span><br /> -Montrond, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Monvel, Jacques Marie Boutet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">as, i. 128; vi. 162</span><br /> -Moore, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Morandais (see La Morandais)<br /> -More, Blessed Sir Thomas, v. 57<br /> -Moreau, Marshal Jean Victor, i. xxi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 153; ii. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; iii. 67, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203; iv. 164-170, 220, 299; v. 246,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 332, 387</span><br /> -Moreau, née Hulot, Maréchale, ii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 166-167, 169</span><br /> -Moreau, Demoiselle, iv. 169<br /> -Moreau, Annibal, i. 101, 104-105, 112;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; iii. 8</span><br /> -Moreau, Julie Angélique Hyacinthe de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedée, Dame, i. 101</span><br /> -Moreau de Saint-Méry, Méderic Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Élie, i. 161</span><br /> -Morellet, Abbé André, ii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 28; iv. 6</span><br /> -Moréti, Louis, i. 5<br /> -Morey, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Morice, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Mornay, Demoiselle de, v. 115<br /> -Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Morosini, Doge of Venice, Michele, vi. 59<br /> -Mortemart, Casimir Louis Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rochechouart, Prince de Tonnay-Charente,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 111, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 122-123, 128</span><br /> -Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 103, 178<br /> -Mortemart, Victurnien Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 106; ii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; vi. 246</span><br /> -Mortemart (see also Fontevrault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montespan and Thianges)</span><br /> -Mosbourg, Jean Michel Laurent Agar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 190</span><br /> -Mosbourg, née Marat, Comtesse de, iv. 190<br /> -Moses, ii. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; iv. 226, 285; v. 392<br /> -Moskowa (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Mosselmann, M., iv. 170<br /> -Motha (see Le Motha)<br /> -Motier de La Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Motteux, Peter Anthony, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Motteville, Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245</span><br /> -Motteville, Françoise Bertaud, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 245; v. 71</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 163</span><br /> -Mouchy, Antoine Juste Léon Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 239</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe Louis Marie Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 95</span><br /> -Mouchy, Arthur Jean Tristan Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Languedoc Comte de Noailles, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a></span><br /> -Mouchy, Nathalie Luce Léontine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joséphine de La Borde de Méréville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Noailles, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a></span><br /> -Mounier, Claude Philibert Édouard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 131, 171</span><br /> -Mounier, Jean Joseph, iii. 131<br /> -Mousette, M., v. 95<br /> -"Mousset," M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Muiron, Colonel, iii. 210<br /> -Müller, Johann von, v. 274<br /> -Munich, Christoph Burchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal Count von, i. 13</span><br /> -Muraire, Honoré Comte, iv. 10<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Achille Prince, iv. 198<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iv. 198</span><br /> -Murat, the inn-keeper, ii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; iv. 184<br /> -Murat (see also Caroline Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, Joachim King of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepoli and Rasponi)</span><br /> -Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, iv. 239;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 381</span><br /> -Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, v. 203<br /> -Mussy (see Gueneau de Mussy)<br /> -Mustapha II. Sultan of Turkey, vi. 101<br /> -Mustapha IV. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-268<br /> -Muther, Dr. Richard, iv. 240<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -N<br /> -<br /> -Nacquart, Colonel de, v. 245<br /> -Nagault (see Nagot)<br /> -Nagot, Abbé François Charles, i. 181, 195, 200<br /> -Nangis, Guillaume de, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Napoleon, Saint, iii. 209<br /> -Napoleon I. Emperor of the French, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 21-22, 13, 16, 71, 99, 102, 104,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 132, 134, 170, 176, 179, 211-214,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">217, 235; ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>-<a href="#Page_255">255</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>-<a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>-<a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; iii. 4-5, 7-9, 12, 15-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-24, 29-30, 34-36, 46-52, 54-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-99, 102-103, 106-124, 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">129-131, 133-134, 136-137, 139-141,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143, 145-146, 148-171, 179-180, 182-206</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208-228; iv. 1-3, 6-7, 10, 19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 32, 40, 49, 53, 56, 58, 75-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 109-111, 143, 145, 158, 163-169,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174-180, 183-184, 187-203, 205, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 223-224, 231, 237-238, 242, 254-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264, 274, 295; v. 4-5, 40, 43-44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46, 48, 58-59, 68, 80-82, 90, 92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 103, 108, 113, 116, 121, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 160, 162, 164, 166, 174, 176,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 202, 211, 227, 232, 235, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 263, 272, 280, 291-296, 330-331,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 337, 379, 390, 393-394,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">397-401, 403; vi. 7, 10-12, 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25, 30, 33, 42-43, 46, 51, 61, 79, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95, 97, 120, 148, 151, 155, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182-185, 195, 197, 200, 203-204, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253</span><br /> -Napoleon II. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; iii. 34, 54, 64, 109, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 166-167, 170, 217; iv. 59, 224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44; v. 92, 280; vi. 117</span><br /> -Napoleon III. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of the French Republic,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, i. 185; ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 109, 143, 169, 192, 227; iv. 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; v. 58, 83, 94, 103, 108, 292-298,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301-302: vi. 99</span><br /> -Narbonne, Duc de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Duchesse de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Jean de Foix, Vicomte de, i. 120<br /> -Narischkine, Alexander, iv. 236<br /> -Narischkine, Maria Antonovna, iv. 236<br /> -Navarre, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /> -Nay, M., v. 256, 263<br /> -Neale, Mary, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -Necker, Jacques, i. 130, 141, 155-157,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-163, 165, 177; ii. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>-<a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 120, 158-160, 170, 183; v. 300;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 203</span><br /> -Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Dame, iv. 120, 300<br /> -Necker de Saussure, Albertine Adrienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Saussure, Dame, v. 200</span><br /> -Nefftzer, A., v. 96<br /> -Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Count von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; iv. 187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Nelson, Duke of Bronte, Horatio first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, i. 21; ii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>; iv.</span><br /> -Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Nemours (see also Dupont de Nemours<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Longueville-Nemours)</span><br /> -Nero, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 299; v. 196, 215</span><br /> -Nerva, the Emperor, iv. 229<br /> -Nesle, Regent of France, Jean II. de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> -Nesle, Raoul Connétable de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> -Nesle, Louis de Mailly, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> -Nesle the Younger, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a><br /> -Nesle, Drogon de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> -Nesselrode, Karl Robert Count, v. 384<br /> -Nettement, Alfred François, v. 99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101; vi. 131, 193</span><br /> -Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)<br /> -Neuchâtel (see Wagram)<br /> -Neufchâteau (see François de Neufchâteau)<br /> -Neuhof (see Theodore King of Corsica)<br /> -Neuville (see Hyde de Neuville)<br /> -Neveu, the painter, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Neville, Archbishop of York, George, v. 336<br /> -Newton, Sir Isaac, i. 151; ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>; v. 387</span><br /> -Ney (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Nicholas Bishop of Myra, Saint, i. 174;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 289</span><br /> -Nicholas II., Pope, v. 11<br /> -Nicholas III. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99; iv. 33, 36, 118, 266-270, 274-279,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281-283; v. 322</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duke (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duchess (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandra Feodorowna Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russia)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Pisa (see Pisano)<br /> -Nicolaï, Monsignore Nicola Maria, iv. 259<br /> -Nicolas (see Chamfort)<br /> -Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, iv. 236<br /> -Nivelon, M., i. 173<br /> -Nivelon (see also Carline)<br /> -Nivernais, Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 156</span><br /> -Noah (see Noe)<br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Noailles, vi. 238-240</span><br /> -Noailles, nie d'Aubigné, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 238, 240</span><br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathieu Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; vi. 239</span><br /> -Noailles, Clotilde de la Ferté-Méung-Molé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Champlatreux, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douairière de, ii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Paul Duc de, vi. 236, 242-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 249, 259</span><br /> -Noailles, Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, vi. 243-244, 246</span><br /> -Noailles, Alexis Louis Joseph Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 97; iv. 199</span><br /> -Noailles, Louis Marie Vicomte de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163, 176</span><br /> -Noailles, Alfred Louis Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent de Paule Vicomte de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles, Charlotte Marie Antoinette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léontine de Noailles-Mouchy,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Noe, v. 182<br /> -Noel (see Milbanke-Noel)<br /> -Nogart, Guillaume de, v. 48<br /> -Nogarola, Isotta, vi. 110-111<br /> -Noirot, Lieutenant, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a>; v. 103<br /> -Normandie, Duc de (see Louis XVII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Normant (see Le Normant)<br /> -North (see Guilford)<br /> -Norvins, Jacques Marquet de Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 180, 182</span><br /> -Nôtre (see Le Nôtre)<br /> -Nouail, Pierre Henri, i. 15-16<br /> -Noue (see La Noue)<br /> -Noury de Mauny, i. 108<br /> -Nova, João de, iii. 206-207<br /> -Nugent, Charles Vicomte de, vi. 133<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -O<br /> -<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este and Lord of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 92</span><br /> -O'Connell, Daniel, iv. 92, 293<br /> -Odescalchi, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 5, 8</span><br /> -Odo King of France, iii. 58<br /> -Odo of Orleans, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Odoacer King of the Heruli, iv. 227;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 195</span><br /> -Oger or Ogier, v. 378<br /> -O'Heguerty the Elder, Comte, v. 371,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378; vi. 138</span><br /> -O'Heguerty the Younger, M., v. 408, 410<br /> -O'Larry, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -O'Larry, Miss. ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -Olewieff, Major, iii. 83-84<br /> -Olga Nicolaiëvna of Russia, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, v. 322</span><br /> -Olimpia (see Pamfili)<br /> -Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, Conde<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 51</span><br /> -Olive, Demoiselle, iv. 148<br /> -Olivet, Captain, vi. 70<br /> -d'Olivet, Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 41</span><br /> -Olivier, François Chancelier, v. 49-50<br /> -Olivier, Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine, i. 128, 173<br /> -Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edward, iii. 216<br /> -Oppian, ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, 306-<a href="#Page_307">307</a><br /> -Oppizzoni, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 21, 23</span><br /> -d'Ops, M., iii. 134<br /> -d'Ops, Dame, iii. 134<br /> -d'Orbesan, Sieur, vi. 103<br /> -Orford, Horace Walpole, third Earl of, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -d'Orglandes (see Chateaubriand)<br /> -O'Riordan (see Connell)<br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe I. first Duc, iv. 251; v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Henrietta Anna of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iii. 128; iv. 251; v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Charlotte Elizabeth of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe II. second Duc, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 230; vi. 199-200</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Françoise Mademoiselle de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blois, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis third Duc, v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Augusta of Baden, Duchesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe fourth Duc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise de Bourbon-Conti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Jeanne Béraud de La Haye<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Riou, Marquise de Montesson,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 51, 145, 157, 174, 176; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; iii. 111, 143; iv. 12; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 141, 151</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe sixth Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Louis-Philippe King of the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French)</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Henri seventh Duc, vi. 150</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penthièvre, Duchesse, iv. 12</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, vi. 150</span><br /> -Orléans (see Dorléans and Odo of Orléans)<br /> -d'Ornano, Philippe Antoine Comte, iii. 109<br /> -d'Ornano (see also Walewska)<br /> -d'Orsay, Gillion Gaspard Alfred de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud, Comte, iv. 73</span><br /> -d'Orsay, Lady Harriet Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, iv. 73</span><br /> -Orsini, Duca di Bracciano, iv. 80<br /> -Osman Seid, ii. <a href="#Page_333">333</a><br /> -d'Osmond, René Eustache Marquis, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>; iv. 74</span><br /> -d'Osmond, Éléonore Dillon, Marquise, iv. 74<br /> -d'Ossat, Bishop of Rennes, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bayeux, Arnaud Cardinal, iv. 280;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50, 55, 70</span><br /> -Ossian, ii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iii. 214; vi. 79<br /> -Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von der, iii. 63</span><br /> -Otho, the Emperor, i. 158<br /> -d'Otrante, Joseph Fouché Duc, ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; iii. 16-17, 111, 141-144</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144, 151, 154-155, 165, 167-168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 178-180, 182-184; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 180, 194, 196</span><br /> -Otto III., the Emperor, v. 376<br /> -Otto IV., the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Otto King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -Ottoboni, Pietro Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Otway, Thomas, vi. 74-75<br /> -Oudart, M., v. 135<br /> -Oudinot (see Reggio)<br /> -Outcaire (see Oger)<br /> -Ouvrard, the printer, v. 132<br /> -Ouvrier, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, iv. 240<br /> -Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; v. 63, 69, 229</span><br /> -Oxenstiern, Axel Count, v. 51<br /> -Oxenstiern, Benedikt, v. 51<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -P<br /> -<br /> -Pacca, Bishop of Velletri, Bartolommeo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-5, 23</span><br /> -Paganini, Nicola, iv. 237<br /> -Paisiello, Giovanni, i. 225<br /> -Pajol, Pierre Claude Comte, v. 108,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 152-153</span><br /> -Pajol, Élise Oudinot de Reggio,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, v. 108</span><br /> -Palestrina, Principessa Barberini-Colonna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, i. 132<br /> -Palladio, Andrea, vi. 17, 46<br /> -Palli (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Pallucci, Field-Marshal, vi. 62<br /> -Palm, Johann Philipp, iii. 78-79<br /> -Palma the Elder, Jacopo, vi. 49<br /> -Palma the Younger, Jacopo, vi. 49, 103<br /> -Palma-Cayet (see Cayet)<br /> -Pamfili, Olimpia Maldachini, Donna, v. 14<br /> -Pan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Panat, Chevalier de, ii. 100, 117-<a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> -Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> -Pange, François de, i. 174<br /> -Pange (see also Silléry)<br /> -Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli, vi. 105<br /> -Paolo, Pietro Paolo Sarpi, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fra, vi. 65</span><br /> -Paolo, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian servant, vi. 47</span><br /> -Parc (see Chateaubriand du Parc)<br /> -Pardessus, Jean Marie, v. 304<br /> -Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 22</span><br /> -Paris (see also Robert Count of Paris)<br /> -Pâris, Body-guard, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>; vi. 162<br /> -Parma (see Cambacérès)<br /> -Parmentier, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Parny, Évariste Désiré Desforges,<br /> -Chevalier de, i. 64, 129, 178; iii. 30<br /> -Parny, M. de, i. 128<br /> -Parny, Dame de (see Contat)<br /> -Parquin, Charles, v. 296<br /> -Parquin, née Cochelet, Dame, v. 296<br /> -Parry, Sir William Edward, i. 136;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 62, 122, 222</span><br /> -Pascal, Blaise, ii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; v. 406<br /> -Paskevitch (see Warsaw)<br /> -Pasquier, Étienne Denis Baron, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancelier Duc, i. 37; ii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 87; iv. 26, 30, 45, 51-55, 59;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 89, 172-173, 256</span><br /> -Pasquin, the lampooner, v. 273<br /> -Pasta, Giuditta Negri, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">v. 67; vi. 175</span><br /> -Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph<br /> -Pierre Chancelier Marquis de, v. 303-304;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26, 136, 138</span><br /> -Patin, Charles Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patin, Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patrick Bishop of Armagh, Saint, vi. 172<br /> -Paul the Apostle, Saint, v. 241<br /> -Paul the Hermit or the Simple, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; v. 54</span><br /> -Paul IV., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Paul V., Pope, vi. 65<br /> -Paul I. Tsar of all the Russias, ii. <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49; iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -Paul (see also Vincent of Paul)<br /> -Paul Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, Prince, iv. 36; v. 41</span><br /> -Paule, Fair (see Fontenille)<br /> -Paulin, the bookseller, v. 127<br /> -Paulus (see Æmilius Paulus)<br /> -Paz (see Du Paz)<br /> -Pecquet, Jean, i. 125<br /> -Pedicini, Carlo Maria Cardinal, v. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 23</span><br /> -Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 80, 219<br /> -Peggy, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Pellico, Silvio, i. xxiii; v. 348; vi. 55-57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 79, 105-112</span><br /> -Pellisson, Paul, iv. 292<br /> -Peltier, Jean Gabriel, i. 175; ii. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>; v. 205, 333</span><br /> -Péluse, Gaspard Monge, Comte de, ii. 187-<a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -Penhoën, Auguste Théodore Hilaire<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron Barchon de, v. 86</span><br /> -Penhouet (see Becdelièvre-Penhouët)<br /> -Penn, William, i. 207<br /> -Penthièvre, Louis Joseph Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, Duc de, iv. 12</span><br /> -Penthièvre, Eudon Count of, i. 9<br /> -Penthièvre, Guy of, i. 141<br /> -Pepe, General Florestano, iv. 52<br /> -Pepin King of the Franks, iv. 109-110, 228<br /> -Pepin, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Pepoli, Contessa di Castiglione, Letizia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josefina Murat, Marchesa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Peretti, Signorina, v. 13<br /> -Pericles, i. 252; iii. 45, 96; v. 56, 272<br /> -Périer, Augustin Charles, v. 116, 123<br /> -Périer, Casimir, iv. 115, 137, 142; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 95-96, 98, 106-107, 113, 116-117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 154, 229</span><br /> -Périer, ex-President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 137</span><br /> -Périgord (see Chalais-Périgord and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talleyrand-Périgord)</span><br /> -Pérouse (see La Pérouse)<br /> -Perray, M. de, iii. 175<br /> -Perrin, Ennemond, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> -Perrin (see also Bellune and Labé)<br /> -Perlet, Adrien, v. 120<br /> -Perrers, Alice, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Perron (see Duperron)<br /> -Perseus King of Macedon, iii. 34<br /> -Persil, Jean Charles, v. 96, 310<br /> -Perugino, Pietro Vannucci, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 240</span><br /> -Pesaro (see Sforza)<br /> -Peter, Pope Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; v. 9-10, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">316; vi. 216, 221</span><br /> -Peter I. Tsar of All the Russias, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">271; vi. 101, 203</span><br /> -Peter III. Tsar of All the Russias, i. 13;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_289">289</a></span><br /> -Peter I. King of Portugal, vi. 24-25<br /> -Peter IV. King of Portugal and I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of Brazil, iv. 53</span><br /> -Peter, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Petermann, Lieutenant, ii. 261<br /> -Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, ii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Petit, Jean Martin Baron, iii. 78<br /> -Petit, Louis Sébastien Olympe, ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> -Petit, René, i. 48, 108<br /> -Petit-Bois, Roger Vicomte du, i. 48<br /> -Petit-Bois (see also Pinot du Petit-Bois)<br /> -Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-<a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iv. 181;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 49-50, 78</span><br /> -Peyra, Adolphe, vi. 170<br /> -Peyronnet, Charles Ignace Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 62, 117, 135-136; v. 87-88, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">422; vi. 229</span><br /> -Peysse, M., v. 95<br /> -Pezay, Alexandre Frédéric Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masson, Marquis de, i. 162</span><br /> -Pharamond King of the Franks, iv. 109<br /> -Phidias, v. 26; vi. 59<br /> -Phila, the courtezan, vi. 179<br /> -Philip III. Duke of Burgundy, iii. 135<br /> -Philip II. Augustus King of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 199; ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; iii. 177; vi. 27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">196</span><br /> -Philip III. King of France, i. 9; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 196</span><br /> -Philip IV. King of France, v. 48<br /> -Philip VI. King of France, i. 141; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>; v. 355, 411</span><br /> -Philip II. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Philip Duke of Parma, vi. 202<br /> -Philip II. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, i. 212; ii. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; iii. 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 239; v. 13</span><br /> -Philip III. King of Spain, ii. <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> -Philip V. King of Spain, iv. 80; v. 15;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 200, 238, 246</span><br /> -Philip of Austria, Archduke, iii. 127<br /> -Philip, Pompey's freedman, ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> -Philipon, Charles, v. 261-263<br /> -Philipon, Emma, v. 261-263<br /> -Philippa of Hainault, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iii. 138</span><br /> -Phocion, i. 223; iii. 96<br /> -Phryne, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Piacenza (see Lebrun)<br /> -Piat, Demoiselles, ii. <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br /> -Pibrac, Gui du Faur, Seigneur de, ii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Picard, Louis Benoit, ii. <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> -Piccini, Nicola, i. 179<br /> -Piccolomini, Octavio Trince, vi. 4<br /> -Piccolomini, Max, vi. 4<br /> -Pichegni, General Charles, i. 65; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>; iii. 67, 203;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 167-168, 299</span><br /> -Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Piégard Sainte-Croix (see Sainte-Croix)<br /> -Pierre, Madame de Bedée's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 22</span><br /> -Pierres de Bernis (see Bernis)<br /> -Piet-Tardiveau, Jean Pierre, iv. 14<br /> -Pietro di Filippo de' Giunazzi (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Romano)</span><br /> -Piffre, M., iv. 67<br /> -Pilate, Pontius Pilatus, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pontius, vi. 220</span><br /> -Pillet, Léon, v. 96<br /> -Pilorge, Hyacinthe, iv. 45, 90, 97, 298;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 28, 89, 121, 197-198, 218, 236,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">325, 330-331, 338, 340-341, 348,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">351; vi. 102, 105, 121, 129, 139, 168</span><br /> -Pindar, i. 131; ii. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; vi. 172<br /> -Pindemonte, Giovanni, vi. 79<br /> -Pindemonte, Ippolyto, i. xxiii; vi. 79<br /> -Pinelli, Bartolomeo, iv. 241<br /> -Pinot du Petit-Bois, Jean Anne Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 48, 108</span><br /> -Pinsonnière, the Polytechnic scholar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 107</span><br /> -Pinte-de-Vin (see Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin)<br /> -Pioche de La Vergne, Aymar, iii. 128<br /> -Piron, Alexis, v. 55<br /> -Pisan, Thomas de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisan, Christine de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisano, Nicholas of Pisa, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niccola, vi. 46, 59</span><br /> -Pitt, William, i. xxi, 186; ii. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>; iv. 82, 93, 120</span><br /> -Pitton de Tournefort (see Tournefort)<br /> -Pius II., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Pius VI., Pope, iii. 30; v. 373<br /> -Pius VII., Pope, i. xxi, 181; ii. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>; iii. 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51,63, 194, 209; v. 29, 110, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182, 198-199, 220, 225, 229, 231,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 262, 297, 302; v. 1-2, 4-6,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23-24, 48, 59; vi. 45</span><br /> -Pius VIII., Pope, v. 4-5, 23, 27, 29-31,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35-40, 46, 49, 53, 61, 78, 384</span><br /> -Pius IX., Pope, iv. 33<br /> -Placence (see Lebrun)<br /> -Placidia Queen of the Visigoths, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Empress Galla, iv. 227</span><br /> -Plagnol, M., v. 96<br /> -Planta, Joseph, iv. 65<br /> -Plato, ii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; iv. 93; v. 53; vi. 194<br /> -Plautus, Titus Maccius, ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> -Pleineselve, Colonel de, v. 103<br /> -Plélo, Louis Robert Hippolyte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bréhan, Comte de, i. 13</span><br /> -Plessix, M. du, v. 85<br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Hervé Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Comte du, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; v. 85</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Anne Buisson de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vigne, Comtesse du, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau née de Kermalun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse du, ii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, vi. 49<br /> -Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 39; iv. 140; v. 60, 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 237</span><br /> -Pliny the Younger, Caius Plinius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæcilius Secundus, known as, v. 60</span><br /> -Ploërmel, Bemborough, Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Plotinus, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Plouer, Françoise Gertrude de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contades, Comtesse de, i. 15-16, 18</span><br /> -Plutarch, i. 23; ii. <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; iii. 220; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 236</span><br /> -Podenas, née de Nadaillac, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 94, 98, 100</span><br /> -Podiebrad (see George Podiebrad, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Bohemia)</span><br /> -Poe, Edgar Allen, i. 254<br /> -Poitiers (see Saint-Vallier and Valentinois)<br /> -Poix, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Poix (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Polastron, Vicomte de, v. 373<br /> -Polastron, Marie Louise Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lussan d'Esparbès, Vicomtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 373-374</span><br /> -Polignac, Jules François Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, later Duc de, i. 160</span><br /> -Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Polastron, Vicomtesse, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 160; v. 373</span><br /> -Polignac, Armand Prince de, iii. 97<br /> -Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, i. 160; iii. 97, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">29, 33, 136, 138, 167; v. 69, 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-78, 81-82, 84, 87, 92-93, 95-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 106, 108, 144, 189, 320, 375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">380, 422; vi. 117</span><br /> -Pollio, Caius Asinius, iii. 197<br /> -Polo, Maffeo, vi. 77<br /> -Polo, Marco, vi. 77-78<br /> -Polo, Nicolo, vi. 77<br /> -Poltrot de Méré, Sieur, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Pombal, Sebastiio Jose de Carvalho e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mello, Marques de, v. 51</span><br /> -Pommereul, François René Jean Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 104-105; iii. 36</span><br /> -Pommereul, Messieurs de, i. 111, 125<br /> -Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Normant d'Étioles, Marquise de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>: iii. 181; iv. 38, 79;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51; vi. 242</span><br /> -Pompey, Sextus Pompeius Magnus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sextus, i. 68; ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 14, 180; v. 85, 204</span><br /> -Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 54</span><br /> -Poncelet, alias Chevalier, Louis, v. 220<br /> -Pons de L'Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -Pons de Verdun, Philippe Laurent, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> -Ponsonby, Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish, iv. 81<br /> -Ponsonby, née Bathurst, Lady Emily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte, iv. 81</span><br /> -Pontbriand (see Breil de Pontbriand)<br /> -Pontcarré, Vicomte de, iv. 106<br /> -Pontecoulant, Louis Gustave Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doulcet, Comte de, iii. 168, 170</span><br /> -Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Ferrand, Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Pope, Alexander, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; iv. 80<br /> -Poppœa Sabina, the Empress, v. 215<br /> -Poquelin (see Molière)<br /> -Porcher, Abbé, i. 43, 45, 56-57, 63<br /> -Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -Portal, M., i. 108<br /> -Portalis, Joseph Marie Comte, iv. 138,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296, 299-303; v. 2-8, 17-18, 20-24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 30-34, 37-42, 46-49, 52, 68, 77</span><br /> -Porte (see La Porte)<br /> -Portland, Henrietta Scott, Duchess of, ii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Portsmouth, Duchesse d'Aubigny,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Renée de Kerouaille, Duchess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -Potelet, Seigneur de Saint-Mahé and de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Durantais, François Jean Baptiste,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 47</span><br /> -Pothin Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_308">308</a><br /> -Potier, Charles, v. 21<br /> -Potocki, Jan Count, iv. 232<br /> -Poubelle, M., v. 137<br /> -Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> -Poultier, M., v. 258<br /> -Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurent, v. 206, 234</span><br /> -Pourrat, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Pourtales, Louis Comte de, iv. 107<br /> -Poussin, Nicolas, iv. 232, 242, 258-259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285-286, 298, 304</span><br /> -Poussin, Anne Marie Dughet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 242</span><br /> -Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea Count,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50, 111, 158, 162, 171-172; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76; v. 145-147</span><br /> -Pradon, Nicolas, vi. 240<br /> -Pradt, Bishop of Poitiers, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Mechlin, Dominique Baron</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dufour de, iii. 72, 78, 98</span><br /> -Prague (see Jerome of Prague)<br /> -Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Théobald<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Choiseul, iii. 168</span><br /> -Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Sébastiani,<br /> -Duchesse de Choiseul, iii. 168<br /> -Praxiteles, vi. 54, 180<br /> -Pressigny (see Cortois de Pressigny)<br /> -Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Princeteau, Marie Decazes, Dame, iv. 10<br /> -Prior, Matthew, iv. 80<br /> -Probus, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -Procopius, iv. 227<br /> -Propertius, Sextus, i. 162; iv. 248<br /> -Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, v. 219<br /> -Proudhon, née Sainte-Croix, Madame, v. 219<br /> -Provence, Comte de (see Louis XVIII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Provence, Comtesse de (see Josephine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Sardinia, Queen of France)</span><br /> -Prudhomme, Louis Marie, vi. 154<br /> -Prunelle, Dr. Clement François Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, iv. 120</span><br /> -Ptolemy I. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy II. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemæus, known as, v. 335<br /> -Pufendorf, Samuel Baron von, iv. 280<br /> -Puyravault, Pierre François Audrey de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98, 105-106, 113</span><br /> -Pythagoras, i. 196; iv. 206; v. 68; vi. 4<br /> -Pytheas, ii. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Q<br /> -<br /> -Quatt, Herr, iv. 37<br /> -Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Xavier Comte de, i. 53, 106</span><br /> -Québriac, Comtesse de (see Chateaubourg)<br /> -Quecq, Jacques Édouard, iv. 241<br /> -Queensberry, William Douglas, fourth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 111-112; v. 190, 241-242;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190, 263</span><br /> -Quincy (see Cortois de Quincy)<br /> -Quinette, Nicolas Marie Baron, iii. 167-168<br /> -Quintal, the boatman, iii. 13, 15, 17<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -R<br /> -<br /> -Rabbe, Colonel, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> -Rabbe, Alphonse, v. 97<br /> -Rabelais, François, i. 133; ii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, 124,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; 243</span><br /> -Rachel, iii. 25<br /> -Racine, Jean Baptiste, i. 14, 62, 178;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 10, 33, 131, 223; iv. 23; v. 57,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; vi. 36, 202, 240</span><br /> -Racine the Younger, M., vi. 202<br /> -Radcliffe, Ann Wood, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Radziwill, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Radziwill the Younger, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Rafin (see Duchesnois)<br /> -Raguse, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">50, 57, 118, 124; iv. 202; v. 94-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 100-101, 106-110, 130-131</span><br /> -Raineral (see Ruvigny and Raineval)<br /> -Rainneville, Alphonse Valentin Vaysse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 97</span><br /> -Ranville (see Guernon-Ranville)<br /> -Rambouillet de La Sablière (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sablière)</span><br /> -Rameses II. King of Egypt (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sesostris)</span><br /> -Rancé, Abbot of the Trappe, Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Le Bouthillier de, vi. 251, 253</span><br /> -Raphael Sanzio, i. 31; ii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>; iii. 135; iv. 181, 225, 232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239-240, 242-243, 248-249; v. 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 58, 61, 89, 273, 286, 353; vi. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 59, 84, 141</span><br /> -Rasponi, Luisa Giulia Carolina Murat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contessa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Raulx, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">game-keeper, i. 49</span><br /> -Rauzan, Henri Louis Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestellux, later Duc de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Rauzan, Claire Henriette Philippine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamine de Durfort, Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 101, 128</span><br /> -Ravenel du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Ravier, Colonel, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /> -Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bordeaux, Marquis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></span><br /> -Raymond (see also Damaze de Raymond)<br /> -Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 110</span><br /> -Rayneval, François Joseph Maximilien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gérard Comte de, iv. 102</span><br /> -Raynouard, François Juste Marie, iii. 29<br /> -Razumowsky, Cyrille Field-Marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, iii. 49</span><br /> -Réal, Pierre François Comte, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> -Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Rebecque (see Constant de Rebecque)<br /> -Reboul, Jean, ii. <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> -Récamier, Jacques Rose, i. 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>; iv. 150, 158, 170-171, 178</span><br /> -Récamier, Jeanne Françoise Julie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Bernard, Dame, i. 5, 188;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; iii. 102; iv. 34, 40, 119, 121,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-174, 177-184, 186-192, 194, 198-214</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 233-234, 261-262, 284-288,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296-299, 302-304; v. 2, 18-19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 25, 30, 35-37, 49, 64, 66 67, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-94, 156; v. 162, 197-201, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260-261, 291-293, 296-301; vi. 25,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">56, 102, 236, 250, 258-262</span><br /> -Récamier, Madame Delphin, iv. 178<br /> -Reeve, Henry, vi. 155-156<br /> -Reggio, Nicolas Charles Oudinot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 95; iv. 135</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Louis Étienne, iii. 23</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iii. 35</span><br /> -Regnault, Jean Baptiste, iv. 234<br /> -Regnier (see Massa)<br /> -Régnier, Mathurin, ii. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>; vi. 29<br /> -Régnier-Desmarais, François Séraphin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 336</span><br /> -Regulus Bishop of Senlis, Saint, iii. 177<br /> -Regulus, Marcus Atilius, i. 33<br /> -Reid, Thomas, vi. 256<br /> -Reinhard, Charles Frédéric Comte, vi. 189<br /> -Rembrand van Rijn, Paul, ii. <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel, v. 80<br /> -Rémusat, Auguste Laurent Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> -Rémusat, Claire Élisabeth Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; iii. 17</span><br /> -Rémusat, Charles de, v. 95<br /> -Rémusat, M. Paul Louis Étienne de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_282">282</a></span><br /> -René I. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75, 96</span><br /> -Renouard de Brussières, M., i. 174<br /> -Renouard de Brussières (see also Buffon)<br /> -Reshid Pasha, Mustapha Mehemed, v. 51<br /> -Retz, Archbishop of Paris, Jean François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 246; v. 14, 16</span><br /> -Revellière-Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Reynière (see Grimrod)<br /> -Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Girolamo, iv. 229</span><br /> -Riario, Ottaviano, iv. 229<br /> -Riario (see also Sforza)<br /> -Ricé, M. de, iii. 171, 173<br /> -Richard I. King of England, v. 70,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">329, 377</span><br /> -Richard II. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Richard III. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -Richard de Laprade (see Laprade)<br /> -Richardson, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> -Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, i. 114; iv. 212,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 50, 55, 90</span><br /> -Richelieu, Louis François Armand du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 132; ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> -Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Duc de, iii. 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 223; iv. 4, 7, 9, 11, 25-29, 43,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59-77, 87, 141; v. 398</span><br /> -Richelieu, née de Rochechouart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 77</span><br /> -Richer, vi. 139<br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles Lennox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lennox, third Duke of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Ricimer, ii. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Riedmatten, President of the Town<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of Sion, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_250">250</a></span><br /> -Rietz, Frederic William II.'s footman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 38</span><br /> -Rietz (see also Lichtenau)<br /> -Rigaud, Chief Syndic of Geneva, v. 201<br /> -Rigny, Henri Comte de, v. 72<br /> -Rigoltus (see Rigord)<br /> -Rigord, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Rijn (see Rembrand van Rijn)<br /> -Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Rio, André Pons de L'Hérault, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 109</span><br /> -Riouffe, Honoré Jean Baron, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> -Rivarol, Antoine Comte de, i. 175-176;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; iii. 125; v. 267;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 158</span><br /> -Rivarola, Agostino Cardinal, iv. 235<br /> -Rivaux, M., v. 103<br /> -Rivera, Dame de, vi. 244<br /> -Rivière, Charles François Riffordeau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 138-139, 167; v. 342, 379</span><br /> -Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, André Masséna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 68, 112, 120, 170, 203; iv. 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 282</span><br /> -Robert I. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -Robert I. King of England (see Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. Duke of Normandy)</span><br /> -Robert I. King of France, vi. 28<br /> -Robert II. King of France, iv. 58; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 196</span><br /> -Robert I. Duke of Normandy, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Robert II. Duke of Normandy, de jure<br /> -Robert I. King of England, ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Robert Count of Paris, vi. 28<br /> -Robert I. Duke of Parma, H.R.H., iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Robert of Geneva, Count, v. 12<br /> -Robert, Hubert, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Robert, Louis Léopold, iv. 240-241<br /> -Robert de Lamennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calabria, iv. 185-186</span><br /> -Robertson, Étienne Gaspard, ii. <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> -Robertson, William, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> -Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132, 170-171, 175, 218; ii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; iii. 124, 201;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 4, 23, 189; v. 215; vi. 166</span><br /> -Robion, M., i. 108<br /> -Robusti, the dyer, vi. 48<br /> -Robusti (see also Tintoretto)<br /> -Rocca, M. de, i. 163; iv. 177-178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206</span><br /> -Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Viveur, Comte de, i. 218-219</span><br /> -Roche, Achille, ii. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>-<a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> -Rochechouart, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Rochefoucauld (see La Rochefoucauld)<br /> -Rochejacquelein (see La Rochejacquelein)<br /> -Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Marquess of, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -Rocoules, Madame de, iv. 37<br /> -Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Velasquez)</span><br /> -Rodney, George Brydges, first Lord, i. 215<br /> -Roederer, Pierre Louis Comte, vi. 184<br /> -Roger I. Count of Sicily, iv. 186<br /> -Roger I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -Roger II. Count of Sicily, later, iv. 186<br /> -Roger, Lieutenant, iv. 211-212<br /> -Rogers, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; vi. 88-89<br /> -Roh, Père Jacques, vi. 43<br /> -Rohan, Edward of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Margaret of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Renée de, i. 75<br /> -Rohan-Chabot, Archbishop of Auch,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Besançon, Louis François</span><br /> -Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardmal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 187-188; v. 64; vi. 136</span><br /> -Rohan-Chabot, née de Serent, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 187</span><br /> -Rohan-Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Roland de La Platière, Jean Marie, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></span><br /> -Roland de la Platière, Manon Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philipon, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -Rolle, Jacques Hippolyte, v. 95<br /> -Rollin, Charles, i. 63<br /> -Rollin, Dame, v. 261<br /> -Rollin (see also Ledru-Rollin)<br /> -Rollo Duke of Normandy, i. 39<br /> -Romano, Giulio di Pietro di Filippo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de' Giunnazzi, known as Giulio, iv. 239</span><br /> -Romanzoff, Nikolai Count, iv. 40<br /> -Romberg, Édouard, iii. 132<br /> -Romulus King of Rome, vi. 196<br /> -Ronsard, Pierre de, i. 133, 245; vi. 82<br /> -Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, v. 96<br /> -Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -Rosanbo, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Rosanbo, Louis Le Péletier, Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Louis de Péletier, President<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 126, 134, 136, 178; ii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Marie Thérese de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Présidente de, i. 135-136; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Rose, the milliner, Madame, i. 99-100<br /> -Rose, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Rose Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Roseau, Jean, ii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> -Rosny (see Sully)<br /> -Rospigliosi (see Zagarolo)<br /> -Ross, Sir James Clark, vi. 222<br /> -Rossignol, General Jean Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, iv. 41; v. 19, 43<br /> -Rostopchin, Feodor Count, iii. 55<br /> -Rostrenen, Père Grégoire de, i. 142<br /> -Rothenflue, Père Gaspard, vi. 43<br /> -Rothesay (see Stuart de Rothesay)<br /> -Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer first Lord, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Alphonse Baron de, iii. 72<br /> -Rothschild, Anselm Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Charles Mayor Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, James Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Nathan Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Mayer Anselm, iv. 79<br /> -Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Rouillac, Abbé de, i. 73<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 131<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, i. 83, 122, 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; ii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-<a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>-<a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 106-107, 122, 202, 253, 285; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292, 300-301, 318; vi. 65, 70-75, 82,</span><br /> -Rousseau, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> -Rousseau, the clock-maker, vi. 72<br /> -Roussel, the boatman, iii. 13<br /> -Roussy (see Girodet)<br /> -Roux, Jacques, iv. 4<br /> -Roux de Laborie (see Laborie)<br /> -Rovere (see Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere)<br /> -Roxana Queen of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Rovedino, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_261">261</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_272">272</a>-<a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; iii. 188; iv. 176</span><br /> -Roy, Antoine Comte, iv. 138-139<br /> -Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, iv. 61, 136,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 142; v. 304, 416</span><br /> -Rubempré, Louis de Mailly, Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> -Rubens, Peter Paul, iv. 250; vi. 74<br /> -Rudolph II., the Emperor, v. 387<br /> -Rulhière, Claude Carloman de, i. 132;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> -Rupert Bishop of Worms, Saint, vi. 126<br /> -Russell, John first Earl, iv. 69<br /> -Ruvigny and Raineval, Melville<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 237</span><br /> -Rysbrack, Michael, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -S<br /> -<br /> -Sabatier, Alexis, v. 244<br /> -Sablière (see La Sablière)<br /> -Sabran, Marquis de, i. 144<br /> -Sabran, Elzéar Louis Marie Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 164</span><br /> -Sabran (see also Boufflers and Elzear)<br /> -Sacchetti, v. 14<br /> -Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo, i. 179<br /> -Sacken (see Osten-Sacken)<br /> -Sagan (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Saget, M., ii. <a href="#Page_307">307</a>-<a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -Saint-Agnan, Comte de, v. 247<br /> -Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -St. Albans, Sir Francis Bacon, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Verulam, first Viscount, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57</span><br /> -Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as de, ii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Saint-Aubin, Jeanne Charlotte Schroeder,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame d'Herbey, known as Madame, i. 173</span><br /> -Saint-Balmont, Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a></span><br /> -Saint-Chamans, Alfred Armand Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Saint-Cyr (see Gouvion de Saint-Cyr)<br /> -Saint-Germain, Claude Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Germain Couhaillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>-<a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>-<a href="#Page_317">317</a></span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -Saint-Gilles (see Raymond IV. Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Toulouse)</span><br /> -Saint-Huberti, later Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Antoinette Cécile Clauvel,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 113</span><br /> -Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Thémiseuil, v. 413</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Michel Lepelletier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>; vi. 162</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Dame de, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>-<a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> -Saint-Gall, the Monk of, iv. 170<br /> -Saint-Jean d'Angely (see Regnaud de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Jean d'Angely)</span><br /> -Saint-Just, Antoine, iii. 196<br /> -Saint-Lambert, Henri François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>-<a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> -Saint-Léon, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duchesse de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hortense Queen of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Comte de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Saint-Louis (see Poullain)<br /> -Saint-Luc (see Toussaint de Saint-Luc)<br /> -Saint-Mahé (see Potelet)<br /> -Saint-Marcellin, M. de Fontanes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; iii. 140</span><br /> -Saint-Marsault, Baron de, i. 119<br /> -Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 119</span><br /> -Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Saint-Martin, Antoine Jean, v. 80<br /> -Saint-Méry (see Moreau de Saint-Méry)<br /> -Saint-Paul (see Lemoyne-Saint-Paul)<br /> -Saint-Phal, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Pierre (see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)<br /> -Saint-Pol, Antoine Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal de, v. 131</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guignard, Comte de, i. 156; vi. 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 234-235</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Duque de Almazan,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, vi. 97-192, 112</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Vicomtesse de, vi. 97,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, Henri du Rocher, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 64</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, André François Jean du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rocher de, i. 64, 154</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Anne Duc de, i. 49<br /> -Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvray, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 167; iv. 80; v. 333</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Henri Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Saint-Simon (see also Lautrec de Saint-Simon)<br /> -Saint-Tropez (see Suffren de Saint-Tropez)<br /> -Saint-Val the Elder, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Val the Younger, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Vallier, Jean de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br /> -Saint-Véran (see Montcalm de Saint-Véran)<br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaupoil, de, iv. 10; v. 161-162;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 113</span><br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Comtesse de, iv. 10<br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>; iii. 147; iv. 107; vi. 190</span><br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Demoiselle, vi. 143<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Gaudet de, ii. <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> -Sainte-Croix, Piégard, v. 219<br /> -Sainte-Hyacinthe de Charrière, see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charrière)</span><br /> -Sainte-Rosalie, Père Ange de, i. 5<br /> -Saintsbury, Professor George Edward<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateman, vi. 88</span><br /> -Sala, Alexandre Adolphe, v. 101, 244;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 97-98, 100</span><br /> -Sales (see Delisle de Sales)<br /> -Salisbury, William de Montacute, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -Salisbury, Catharine Grandison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, ii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Salisbury, James Cecil, seventh Earl,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later first Marquess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salisbury, Emily Mary Hill,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salle (see La Salle)<br /> -Sallust, Caius Sallustius Crispus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; vi. 157</span><br /> -Salluste, Du Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Salmasius (see Saumaise)<br /> -Salome, v. 175<br /> -Salvage de Faverolles, née Dumorey,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iv. 287, 297; v. 297</span><br /> -Salvandy, Narcisse Achille Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 144</span><br /> -Salverte, Eusèbe, v. 105<br /> -Salvetat (see Mars)<br /> -Salvianus, ii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> -Samoyloff, Countess, vi. 120<br /> -Sand, Karl Ludwig, iv. 46, 56<br /> -Sand, Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Dudevant, known as George,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 70; vi. 175-180</span><br /> -Sannazaro, Jacopo, iv. 185; vi. 48<br /> -Sanson, Charles Henri, i. 156; ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Sansovino, Francesco, vi. 103<br /> -Sansovino, Giacomo Tatti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 103</span><br /> -Santeuil, Jean Baptiste, v. 255<br /> -Sappho, vi. 172, 180<br /> -Sarrans the Younger, Bernard Alexis, v. 96<br /> -Saudre (see La Saudre)<br /> -Saumaise, Claude de, ii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Saunois, the Revolutionary, iii. 213<br /> -Saussure, Horace Benedicte de, v. 200<br /> -Saussure (see also Necker de Saussure)<br /> -Sautelet, the publisher, v. 83; vi. 168-169<br /> -Sauvigny (see Bertier de Sauvigny)<br /> -Sauvo, François, v. 116<br /> -Savarin (see Brillat-Savarin)<br /> -Savoie-Carignan (see Carignan and Eugène)<br /> -Savary (see Rovigo)<br /> -Saxo Grammaticus, v. 277<br /> -Say, Thomas, i. 253<br /> -Scaliger, Joseph Justus, ii. <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; vi. 45<br /> -Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, vi. 45<br /> -Scandiano (see Bojardo)<br /> -Scarron, Paul, vi. 241<br /> -Schadow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, iv. 240<br /> -Scheffer, Ary, v. 128<br /> -Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 41, 108, 253, 274, 279; v. 412;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Schiller, the gaoler, vi. 56<br /> -Schnetz, Jean Victor, iv. 240<br /> -Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius, iv. 240<br /> -Schouwaloff, Paul Count, iii. 63, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81, 83-84, 87</span><br /> -Schonen, Auguste Jean Marie Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 96, 98, 113, 152-153</span><br /> -Schwartz, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">travelling footman, v. 326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 339-340, 352; vi. 12</span><br /> -Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iii. 56-57, 94</span><br /> -Schwed, Margrave, iv. 38<br /> -Sciarra, Marco, vi. 88<br /> -Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Africanus Major, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 27; ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iii. 33; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scipio Numantinus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Major,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scipio, Metellus, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iv. 184; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scott, Sir Walter, i. xxiii, 82; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, 127; iii. 88-89, 209; v. 246</span><br /> -Scudéry, Madeleine de, i. 14<br /> -Sébastiani de La Porta, Horace François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bastien Comte, iii. 167-168; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 127-128, 137, 142; v. 88, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116, 123, 154</span><br /> -Sedaine, Michel Jean, i. 179<br /> -Ségalas, Anais Ménard, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Séguier, Pierre Chancelier, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine Louis, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Matthieu, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Pierre, i. 134-135<br /> -Ségur, Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 29</span><br /> -Ségur, Louis Philippe Comte de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29</span><br /> -Ségur, Philippe Paul Comte de, iii. 29,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; v. 80</span><br /> -Ségur, Joseph Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177</span><br /> -Seleucus I. Nicator King of Syria,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macedon, Thrace and Asia Minor,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 75</span><br /> -Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 233</span><br /> -Semallé, Comte de, iii. 87<br /> -Semonville, Charles Louis Huguet,<br /> -Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 8, 110-111,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132; v. 111, 113-114, 116-118, 122,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 173</span><br /> -Sénacour, Étienne Pivert de, vi. 175<br /> -Seneca, Lucius Annæus, ii. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 89</span><br /> -Senozan, Président Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> -Senozan, Anne Nicole de Lamoignon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Malesherbes, Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br /> -Senty, M., v. 96<br /> -Sequin, Abbé, vi. 253, 256-257<br /> -Sérilly, Antoine Jean François de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Megret de, i. 174</span><br /> -Sérilly, later Dame de Pange, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Thomas, Dame de, i. 174</span><br /> -Seroux d'Agincourt (see d'Agincourt)<br /> -Serre, Pierre François Hercule Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 103, 128; vi. 46</span><br /> -Serres, Olivier de, vi. 242<br /> -Sérurier, Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 91</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Donatien Comte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesmaisons, née Dambray, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 28</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesostris King of Egypt, Rameses II.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi, 198</span><br /> -Severoli, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 14, 105, 125, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 6, 89, 246; vi. 201</span><br /> -Sévigné, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Sévin, Abbé René Malo, i. 48, 108-109<br /> -Sèze, Raymond Comte de, iv. 24-25<br /> -Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, later Signora Riario, later<br /> -Signora de' Medici, Caterina, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, Giovanni, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13; vi. 50</span><br /> -Shakspeare, William, ii. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; iv. 93-94, 297;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 272, 387-388; vi. 46, 74, 169</span><br /> -Shelley, Percy Bysshe, i. 254<br /> -Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., i. 254</span><br /> -Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; iii. 68</span><br /> -Sicard, Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 16, 29</span><br /> -Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs., iv. 78<br /> -Sidonius Apollinaris, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11</span><br /> -Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph Comte<br /> -Sieyès, known as Abbé, v. 68-69<br /> -Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -Silvester II., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Simiane, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Simmons, Mr. Frederic John, i. xvii.<br /> -Simms and M'Intyre, i. xv.<br /> -Simon, Père Richard, i. 125<br /> -Simon, Antoine, i. 156<br /> -Simond, Louis, iv. 258<br /> -Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léonard, iii. 152; v, 200</span><br /> -Simonides of Amorgos, v. 56<br /> -Simplicius Bishop of Bourges, Saint, v. 11<br /> -Sismondi (see Simonde de Sismondi)<br /> -Sivry, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Sixtus V., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; iv. 296; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 47; vi. 87 88</span><br /> -Skrynecki, General Jan Sigismund<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boncza, v. 381-382</span><br /> -Skrynecki, Dame, v. 381-382<br /> -Smith, William, i. 186<br /> -Smolensk (see Kutuzoff)<br /> -Smollett, Tobias George, ii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> -"Snaffle," pseud., vi. 266<br /> -Socrates, iii. 96; v. 63, 229; vi. 172<br /> -Solm-Braunfels, Frederic William<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 33</span><br /> -Solon, v. 6<br /> -Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleventh Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; iv. 75, 161</span><br /> -Somerset, Charlotte Douglas-Hamilton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, iv. 58</span><br /> -Sophocles, ii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; iii. 29;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56</span><br /> -Sophonisba, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br /> -Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_293">293</a></span><br /> -Soult (see Dalmatie)<br /> -Southey, Robert, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Spenser, Edmund, v. 57<br /> -Spinoza, Baruch, ii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> -Spon, Jacques, ii. <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; iv. 246-247<br /> -Spontini, Gaspardo, iv. 42<br /> -Spontini, née Érard, Dame, iv. 42<br /> -Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 49</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Baron de, i. 163<br /> -Staël-Holstein, later Dame de Rocca,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Louise Germaine Necker,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, i. 163, 174, 177; ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_289">289</a>-<a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>-<a href="#Page_304">304</a>; iii. 61, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101-102, 128; iv. 120-121, 148-149,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-160, 163-164, 166, 170-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 200-201, 205-206, 213, 220, 254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">286; v. 198, 200, 202, 209, 237,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; vi. 42, 75-76, 187</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Auguste Baron de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; v. 300</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Matthieu Baron de, ii. 242<br /> -Staël-Holstein the Younger, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 178; v. 300</span><br /> -Stanislaus I. Leczinski, King of Poland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; iii. 27; vi. 101</span><br /> -Stapfer, Albert, v. 95<br /> -Statius, Publius Papinius, i. 56; v. 326;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 79</span><br /> -Stauffacher, Werner, v. 274, 277<br /> -Steele, Sir Richard, ii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> -Steenhuyse (see d'Hane de Steenhuyse)<br /> -Steibelt, Daniel, iv. 213<br /> -Steinle, Eduard, iv. 240<br /> -Stendhal, Marie Henri Beyle, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 202</span><br /> -Sterne, Rev. Laurence, ii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; iv. 80<br /> -Stewart, Dugald, v. 109; vi. 256<br /> -Stoltzenberg, Baroness von, iv. 38<br /> -Strabo, i. 27; vi. 68, 247<br /> -Strozzi, Pietro Marshal, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Strozzi, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, vi. 79<br /> -Stuart de Rothesay, Sir Charles Stuart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iii. 49, 90; v. 144-145</span><br /> -Stürmer, Bartholomäus Baron von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 210-211</span><br /> -Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine, ii. 300;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 24, 28</span><br /> -Suard, née Panckoucke, Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_300">300</a><br /> -Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, i. 57; iv. 225<br /> -Sueur (see Le Sueur)<br /> -Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. xxi</span><br /> -Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, vi. 133<br /> -Suidas, vi. 247<br /> -Suleau, François, i. 175<br /> -Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, iv. 14; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224-225</span><br /> -Sulla, Metella, vi. 224<br /> -Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rosny, later Duc de, i. 117; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_121">121</a>; iv. 127</span><br /> -Surcouf, Robert, i. 26<br /> -Survilliers,pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Joseph King of Naples, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and Julia Queen of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Spain)</span><br /> -Sussy, Jean Baptiste Henry Collin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 117, 122, 128</span><br /> -Sutton, Admiral Sir John, ii. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Sutton, Charlotte Ives, Lady, ii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>; iii. 135; iv. 63, 65, 94-95;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 13, 252</span><br /> -Sutton, Captain, iv. 95<br /> -Sutton, Mrs., iv. 95<br /> -Suze (see La Suze)<br /> -Suwaroff, Alexander Count, v. 282<br /> -Swanton. Mr. Calvert Hutchinson, vi. 266<br /> -Swanwick, Anna, vi. 83-84<br /> -Swedenborg, Emanuel, ii. <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> -Swift, Dean Jonathan, iv. 80<br /> -Swift, the fur-trader, i. 217-218<br /> -Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, v. 418<br /> -Symonds, John Addington, iv. 181<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -T<br /> -<br /> -Taboureau des Réaux, M., i. 162<br /> -Tacitus, Cornelius, ii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_335">335</a>; iii. 9. 195; iv. 225; v. 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19, 126-127, 137, 157</span><br /> -Taillepied de Bondy (see Bondy)<br /> -Talaru, Louis Justin Marie Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; iv. 101</span><br /> -Talaru, Comtesse de Clermont-Tonnerre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>; iv. 153</span><br /> -Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 333</span><br /> -Tallemant des Réaux, Gedeon, iv. 44<br /> -Talleyrand-Chalais, Prince de, iv. 79<br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Bishop of Autun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de Bénévent, Charles</span><br /> -Maurice Duc de, i. 99, 130, 176-177;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>-<a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>-<a href="#Page_284">284</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_289">289</a>; iii. 55-56, 60, 64, 72-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-87, 98-100, 111, 122, 127, 131, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">148, 157, 159. 165, 171-175, 177-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182, 196; iv. 3, 16, 26;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 83, 271, 325; vi. 40, 181-192</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Mrs. Grant, née<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wortley, later Duchesse de, iii. 98</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Édouard Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dino, later Duc de, i. 99</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Princess Dorothea<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Courland, Duchesse de Dino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, i. 99; iv. 33</span><br /> -Talma, François Joseph, i. 128, 173;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; iv. 212</span><br /> -Talma, Charlotte Vanhove, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petit, later Dame, ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Talma, Louise Julie Carreau, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Talmont, Charles Léopold Henri de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trémoille, Prince de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Talmont (see also La Rochejacquelein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Trémoille)</span><br /> -Talon, General, v. 101<br /> -Tamerlane Khan of Tartary, iii. 191<br /> -Tancred Prince of Galilee, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edessa, ii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; iv. 186</span><br /> -Tancred (see also Hauteville)<br /> -Tardieu d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Tardiveau (see Piet-Tardiveau)<br /> -Tarente, Étienne Jacques Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 112, 177-178</span><br /> -Tasso, Bernardo, vi. 79, 81<br /> -Tasso, Torquato, i. xxiv, 203, 247; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iii. 10; iv. 185-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231, 244, 286; v. 26-27, 63-64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70, 254, 286, 330; vi. 3, 47,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 81-94, 96-97, 100, 102, 222</span><br /> -Tasso, Cornelia, vi. 84<br /> -Tastu, Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, vi. 171-172, 174-175</span><br /> -Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, i, 88<br /> -Taylor, the British agent, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> -Teixeira de Mattos, Mr. David, i. xiii-xiv<br /> -Telemachus, ii. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Tell, William, v. 264-275, 277-279<br /> -Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, v. 56; vi. 11</span><br /> -Termes, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /> -Ternaux, Louis Guillaume Baron, iv.<br /> -Terray, Abbé Joseph Marie, i. 162<br /> -Tertre (see Duport du Tertre),<br /> -Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tertullianus, known as, v. 10; vi. 59</span><br /> -Terwagne (see Théroigne de Méricourt)<br /> -Teste, Charles, v. 137<br /> -Teste, Jean Baptiste, v. 126<br /> -Tharin, Bishop of Strasburg, Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Paul, iv. 139</span><br /> -Tharsis, Gendarme, ii. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> -Thiel, Jean François du, ii. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> -Themistocles, i. 223; ii. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; iii. 189-190<br /> -Theodatus King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodebert I. King of Austrasia, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> -Theodora, the Empress, iii. 206<br /> -Theodore I. King of Corsica, Theodor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von Neuhof, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodoric II. King of the Visigoths, ii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Theodosius I., the Emperor, iv. 227<br /> -Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terwagne, known as Demoiselle, ii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br /> -Thévenin (see Devienne)<br /> -Thianges, née de Rochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Duchesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Thiard (see Bissy, Thiard-Bissy and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thiard de Bissy)</span><br /> -Thiard-Bissy, Henri Charles Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 140, 145, 153; v. 162</span><br /> -Thiard de Bissy, Auxonne Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Théodose Comte de, v. 162</span><br /> -Thibaudeau, Auguste Clair, iii. 143, 217<br /> -Thibaut IV. Count of Champagne, i. xxiv<br /> -Thionville (see Merlin de Thionville)<br /> -Thierry, Amedée Simon Dominique), v. 271<br /> -Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 288-289; v. 28, 208, 270-271</span><br /> -Thiers, President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 156, 192; v. 82-83, 95-96, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 127-128, 134, 137, 140-141, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206, 217, 307; vi. 125, 154-157</span><br /> -Thomas, Antoine Leonard, i. 162; ii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> -Thomas, Jacques Léonard Clément, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 140-141</span><br /> -Thomas, Victor, v. 310<br /> -Thomas Aquinas, Saint, ii. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Thomson, James, ii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, iv. 241,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297; v. 275</span><br /> -Thorwaldsen, Miss, iv. 297<br /> -Thouars (see La Trémoille)<br /> -"Thouret," M., ii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Thucydides, iii. 96, 136, 195; v. 56,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 177, 229-230; vi. 157</span><br /> -Thumery, Marquis de, ii. <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> -Tiberius, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291, 297; vi. 209</span><br /> -Tibullus, Albius, i. 54, 84, 162; v. 63<br /> -Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Tilbury (see Gervase of Tilbury)<br /> -Tillet (see Du Tillet)<br /> -Tilleul, M. du, ii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Timon, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Tinténiac, i. 9<br /> -Tinténiac, M. de, i. 48<br /> -Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 48, 58</span><br /> -Tinville (see Fouquier-Tinville)<br /> -Titian, Tiziano Vicelli, known as, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239; vi. 17, 48-49, 57-58, 75</span><br /> -Titus, the Emperor, iii. 183; v. 58,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; vi. 247</span><br /> -Tobias, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Tocqueville, Hervé Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; vi. 24</span><br /> -Tocqueville, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br /> -Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clérel de, i. 135; ii. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; vi. 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261</span><br /> -Tolendal (see Lally-Tolendal)<br /> -Tollendal (see Lally-Tolendal<br /> -Tolstoi, Countess, vi. 46<br /> -Tolstoi the Younger, Count, vi. 46<br /> -Tonnerre (see Clermont-Tonnerre)<br /> -Torlonia (see Bracciano)<br /> -Torrenté, M. de, ii. <a href="#Page_250">250</a><br /> -Torrington, George Byng, sixth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> -Touchet (see Du Touchet and d'Entragues)<br /> -Tour (see La Tour)<br /> -Tourel, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Tourneaux, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, i. 180<br /> -Tournelle (see La Tournelle)<br /> -Tournon, Philippe Camille Marcelin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 258; vi. 7</span><br /> -Tourton, M., iii. 56<br /> -Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Contentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 175</span><br /> -Toussaint-Louverture, Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, iii. 191; vi. 42</span><br /> -Toussaint de Saint-Luc, Père, i. 5<br /> -"Tout-le-Monde," the cow-keeper, v. 346<br /> -Townsend, John Kirk, i. 253<br /> -Trajan, the Emperor, iii. 225; iv. 229;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 58, 60; vi. 239</span><br /> -Trapassi (see Metastasio)<br /> -Travanet, rufe de Bombelles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> -Trélat, Ulysse, v. 126, 141<br /> -Trémargat, Louis Anne Pierre Geslin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 145-146, 152</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Nicolas Pierre Philippes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 48</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Dame de, i. 48<br /> -Tremerello (see Mandricardo)<br /> -Trémigon, Comte de, i. 21; vi. 127, 173<br /> -Trémoille (see La Trémoille)<br /> -Trevelec, Abbé de, i. 108<br /> -Treves, Clement Wenceslaus Duke in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of, ii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a></span><br /> -Trévise, Édouard Adolphe Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50-51, 57, 120, 124, 155; v. 101</span><br /> -Triboulet, the Court fool, ii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Trioson (see Girodet Trioson)<br /> -Trivulzio, Signorina, iv. 229<br /> -Trochu, General Louis Jules, v. 109<br /> -Trogoff, Joachim Simon Comte de, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408-409, 417</span><br /> -Trojolif, Sébastien Marie Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Moëlien, Chevalier Seigneur de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 66</span><br /> -Trojolif (see also Moëlien de Trojolif)<br /> -Tromelin, Jacques Jean Marie François<br /> -Boudin, Comte de, v. 106<br /> -Tronchet, François Denis, iii. 139<br /> -Tronjoli (see Trojolif)<br /> -Trouin (see Duguay-Trouin)<br /> -Trublet, Abbé Nicolas Charles Joseph,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 18, 27</span><br /> -Truchsess von Waldburg (see Waldburg)<br /> -Tuffin de La Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Tulloch, Francis, i. 195, 197, 208<br /> -Tully (see Cicero)<br /> -Turenne, Henri Amédée Mercure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 164-165</span><br /> -Turenne, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Vicomte de, i. 57, 77; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>; iii. 27, 89, 225; v. 101, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Turenne (see also Bouillon)<br /> -Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Jacques, i. 162; vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> -Turreau de Garambouville, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Baron de, ii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a></span><br /> -Tyler, Wat, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Tyrtæus, v. 213<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -U<br /> -<br /> -Ulliac, M., i. 153<br /> -Unwin, Mr. Thomas Fisher, vi. 166<br /> -Urban V., Pope, ii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Urias, vi. 237<br /> -d'Urte, Honoré, ii. <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; v. 132<br /> -Urquhart, Sir Thomas, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Ursins (see also Orsini)<br /> -Ursins, Anne Marie de La Trémoille,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse de Talleyrand-Chalais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse des, iv. 79-80; v. 50</span><br /> -Ursinus, Anti-pope, v. 11<br /> -d'Urville (see Dumont d'Urville)<br /> -Usquin, M., iv. 67<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -V<br /> -<br /> -Vachon, Mademoiselle, v. 364<br /> -Vaillant, M., v. 96<br /> -Valangin (see Wagram)<br /> -Valence, Comte de, iv. 237<br /> -Valence, née de Genlis, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Valentine, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chateaubriand's footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Valentinian III., the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 47; iv. 227</span><br /> -Valentinois, Diane de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Maulevrier, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br /> -Valentinois (see also Borgia)<br /> -Valerian, the Emperor, ii. <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> -Valmore, François Prosper Lanchantin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 174</span><br /> -Valmore, Marceline Josèphe Félicité<br /> -Desbordes, Dame Desbordes, vi. 174<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vallière (see La Vallière)</span><br /> -Valmy, François Christophe Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127; vi. 249</span><br /> -Valmy, François Edmond Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, vi. 249</span><br /> -Vancouver, George, i. 215<br /> -Vaneau, the Poly technic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Vannucci (see Perugino)<br /> -Vanozza, Rosa, v. 13<br /> -Varano, Alfonso Marchese di, vi. 79<br /> -Varenne (see Billaud-Varenne)<br /> -Vassal, M., v. 96<br /> -Vatimesnil, Antoine François Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lefebvre de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Vauban, Sébastien Maréchal Le Prestre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; iii. 225; vi. 23</span><br /> -Vaublanc, Vincent Marie Viennot,<br /> -Comte de, ii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe de Rigaud,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 131<br /> -Vaudreuil, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Vaudrin, the grave-digger, vi. 170-171<br /> -Vaufreland, M. de, v. 304<br /> -Vauguyon (see La Vauguyon)<br /> -Vauquelin, Burgess, i. 126<br /> -Vaurouault (see Goyon-Vaurouault)<br /> -Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, v. 387; vi. 1-2</span><br /> -Vauvert, Michel Bossinot de, ii. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Vauxelles, Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_105">105</a></span><br /> -Vega Carpia, Lope Felix de, ii. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; v. 318<br /> -Veit, Philipp, iv. 240<br /> -Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 239</span><br /> -Velly, Abbé Paul François, i. 222-223<br /> -Vendramin, Doge of Venice, Andrea,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Ventador, Duc de, v. 130<br /> -Veremund II. King of Leon and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asturias; v. 377</span><br /> -Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Carle, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> -Vernet, Claude Joseph, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> -Vernet, Émile Jean Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Horace, ii. <a href="#Page_298">298</a>; iv. 241</span><br /> -Verneuil, Cathérine Henriette de Balzac<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Marquis de, i. 117; iv. 79</span><br /> -Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, vi. 48, 103</span><br /> -Vertamy (see Mandaroux-Vertamy)<br /> -Vespasian, the Emperor, v. 58; vi. 17<br /> -Vestris, Marie Rose Gourgaud, Dame, i. 128<br /> -Vezderdjerd I. King of Persia, ii. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Vibraye, Anne Victor Denis Hubault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 21</span><br /> -Vic (see d'Ermenonville)<br /> -Vicence, Armand Auguste Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Caulaincourt, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>-<a href="#Page_283">283</a>; iii. 49, 77, 98, 157.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-168</span><br /> -Victoire Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Victor I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Victor Emanuel I.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Victor (see also Bellune)<br /> -Victor Amadeus II. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Victor Amadeus III. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv. 251</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel I. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Victor I. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 251; vi. 45, 78</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel II. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Italy, iv. 224</span><br /> -Victoria Queen of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Empress of India, iv. 47, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 251; vi. 207</span><br /> -Vidal, Pierre, v. 328<br /> -Vidocq, François Eugène, v. 258<br /> -Vidoni, Pietro Cardinal, iv. 235-236<br /> -Vieillard, Narcisse, v. 297-298<br /> -Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, v. 138-139<br /> -Vieuzac (see Barère de Vieuzac)<br /> -Viganoni, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Vigarous, Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim, ii. <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -Vigée-Lebrun (see Lebrun)<br /> -Vigier, Comte, vi. 154<br /> -Vignale, Abbé, ii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -Vignola, Giacomo Barrocchio or Barozzi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 241</span><br /> -Vignoles (see Lahire)<br /> -Vigny, Alfred Victor Comte de, v. 128<br /> -Vildéneux (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Villa (see Della Villa)<br /> -Villafranca (see Carignan)<br /> -Villafranca-Soisson, Conti di, i. 51<br /> -Villaret, Claude, i. 222<br /> -Villars, Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de, vi. 20<br /> -Villate (see La Villate)<br /> -Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, i. xxiv;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 69-70</span><br /> -Villèle, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Séraphin Joseph Comte de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">37, 97, 124; iv. 13-17, 26-30, 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59, 61-62, 85-86, 91, 95, 97-101, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 124-125, 131-132, 135-144, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 68, 82, 88, 180, 303-304, 361,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415-416; vi. 136</span><br /> -Villemain, Abel François, ii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259-261; v. 29, 86, 260, 263; vi. 257</span><br /> -Villemarest, Charles Maxime de, ii. 251<br /> -Villeneuve, Pierre, i. 193-194<br /> -Villeneuve, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand's nurse, i. 19, 23, 28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30-31, 34, 93, 193</span><br /> -Villeneuve, Pons Louis François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 340</span><br /> -Villeneuve (see also Pélion de Villeneuve)<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban de, v. 245<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Dame de, v. 245<br /> -Villeroi, François de Neufville,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 197-198; v. 403</span><br /> -Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 50, 55</span><br /> -Villette, Charles Michel Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-178</span><br /> -Villette, Reine Philiberte Roupt de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varicourt, Marquise de, i. 167-168</span><br /> -Villette, Demoiselle de, i. 178<br /> -Villo, Gonzalo, i. 196<br /> -Vincent, Baron von, iii. 158, 163<br /> -Vincent, General, v. 107<br /> -Vincent of Paul, Saint, v. 315<br /> -Vinci, Leonardo da, iv. 239; v. 26;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Vintimille, Pauline Félicité de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>-<a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> -Vintimille du Luc, née de La Live de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jully, Comtesse de, ii. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_296">296</a>; iii. 21</span><br /> -Viot (see Bourdic)<br /> -Virgil, Publius Virgilius Maro, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 24, 84, 195, 201, 249; ii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; iii. 27, 108, 214; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185, 258, 284; v. 57, 63, 229, 286,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326-327; vi. 79, 158, 237</span><br /> -Virginia, iii. 53<br /> -Virginie, the Comtesse de Caud's maid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_316">316</a>-<a href="#Page_317">317</a></span><br /> -Virginius, iii. 53<br /> -Violet, the dancing-master, i. 218-220;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> -Visconti, Cavaliere Filippo Aureliano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 298</span><br /> -Vitellius, the Emperor, i. 158; iv. 241<br /> -Vitré, Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Vitrolles, Eugène François Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armand, Baron de, iii. 55, 112;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16; v. 111, 113-114</span><br /> -Vitrolles, Baronne de, iii. 141<br /> -Vitry, Philippe de, vi. 200<br /> -Vittoria, Baldomero Espartero, Duque<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 221</span><br /> -Viviers (see Du Viviers)<br /> -Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as de, i. 4, 18, 27, 97, 99, 167; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>; iii. 33, 127; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32, 38, 44, 47, 58, 122, 150, 248,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253; v. 203-204, 208, 300; vi. 1-2,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6, 9, 41, 47, 90, 100-101, 202</span><br /> -Voss, Fräulein, iv. 38<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -W<br /> -<br /> -Wace, Robert, i. 39; ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Wagram, Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Valangin, Prince of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neuchâtel, Duc de, ii. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>; iii. 91, 98;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 107, 256; vi. 11</span><br /> -Wahlstadt, Gebhart Leberecht von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blücher, Field-marshal Prince von,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49, 162, 186; iv. 75</span><br /> -Waldburg, Friedrich Ludwig Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truchsess von, iii. 78-85, 87</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince Christian Augustus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince George Frederic of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 162</span><br /> -Waldor, Mélanie Villenave, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Wales, known as the Black Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Prince of, ii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; iii. 193</span><br /> -Walewska, later Comtesse d'Ornano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Laczinska, Countess Walewice,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Colonna, Comte, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Anastasius Colonna, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walewice, iii. 109</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklemburg and Sagan, Albrecht</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eusebius von, v. 354-355, 383; vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Thekla von, vi. 4<br /> -Walpole (see Orford)<br /> -Walsh, Édouard Vicomte, vi. 192<br /> -Ward, Dr., ii. <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /> -Warsaw, Ivan Paskevitch, Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 267</span><br /> -Warville (see Boissot de Warville)<br /> -Warwick, Richard Neville, sixteenth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, v. 336; vi. 187</span><br /> -Washington, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, George, i. xv,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 207, 210-214, 217, 251, 255;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 187-188, 228; v. 113, 143; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 160, 221</span><br /> -Weisse, Christian Hermann, v. 412<br /> -Weld, Bishop of Amycla, Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 358</span><br /> -Wellesley, General Hon. Arthur (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellington)</span><br /> -Wellington, Arthur Wellesley,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal first Duke of, i. 188; ii. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; iii. 79, 136-137, 146, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-164, 166, 178, 180, 190,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224; iv. 71, 76, 89, 91-92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205; v. 360; vi. 134</span><br /> -Wenceslaus VI. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388</span><br /> -Wendel, Clara, v. 289<br /> -Wentworth, Judith Noel, Viscountess, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Werther, Karl Anton Philpp Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Werther, Wilhelm Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Westmoreland, John Fane, tenth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 188; iv. 80</span><br /> -Wheler, Sir George, iv. 247<br /> -Whitbread, Samuel, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Whitelocke, Bulstrode, ii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Wignacourt, Antoine Louis, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 50</span><br /> -Wilberforce, William, ii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Wilhelmina of Prussia, Margravine of<br /> -Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Sophia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38; vi. 6</span><br /> -William I. Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -William II. Duke of Apulia, iv. 186<br /> -William of Bavaria, Duke of Birkenfeld,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91</span><br /> -William I. Duke of Normandy, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, i. 257; ii. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 109; v. 175</span><br /> -William III. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, iv. 93</span><br /> -William IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -William I. Elector of Hesse-Cassel,<br /> -William IX. Landgrave, later, iv. 57<br /> -William Duke of Mantua, vi. 84<br /> -William I. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -William Prince of Orange, later, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 162, 164, 237; v. 226, 323;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 115</span><br /> -William II. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 163; v. 323</span><br /> -William V. Stadtholder of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 270</span><br /> -William I. King of Prussia, German<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, iv. 33, 271</span><br /> -William I. King of Wurtemberg, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 329</span><br /> -William of Prussia, Amelia Marianne of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesse-Homburg, Princess, iv. 41, 49</span><br /> -Willoughby de Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, iii. 110, 190<br /> -Wilson, Alexander, i. 253<br /> -Wimpfen, Louis Félix Baron de, ii. <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> -Windsor, William de, ii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan de, v. 51</span><br /> -Witt, Cornelis de, v. 51<br /> -Wolfe, General James, i. 224; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_107">107</a>; vi. 202</span><br /> -Wordsworth, William, ii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Wrangham, Archdeacon Francis, iii. 23<br /> -Wright, the inn-keeper, i. 185<br /> -Wyclif, John, v. 388<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -X<br /> -<br /> -Xenophon, v. 56<br /> -Ximenes, Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 51</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Y<br /> -<br /> -York, Henry Cardinal of (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. King of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -York, Richard Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -York and Albany, Bishop of Osnaburg,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Duke of, ii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77, 79</span><br /> -Young, Arthur, ii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Z<br /> -<br /> -Zagarolo, Margherita Gioeni-Colonna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principessa Rospigliosi, Duchessa di,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 256</span><br /> -Zampieri (see Domenichino)<br /> -"Zanze," Angelica Brollo, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 56-57, 77, 105-112, 118</span><br /> -Zarviska, the poet, iv. 179-180<br /> -Zeno, ii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Zeuxis, vi. 57<br /> -Zimmer, "Colonel," v. 112-113<br /> -Zuccaro, Taddeo, iv. 241<br /> -Zulietta, the Venetian courtezan, vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70-72, 74</span><br /> -Zuñiga (see Ercilla y Zuñiga)<br /> -Zurla, Placido Cardinal, v. 8, 23; vi. 100<br /> -</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte -de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England, by François René -Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS; V 2/6 *** - -***** This file should be named 54788-h.htm or 54788-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/8/54788/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_001.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_001.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 868d69d..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_001.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_002.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_002.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9a938bf..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_002.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_003.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_003.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6fc41c6..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_003.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_004.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_004.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 87e3426..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_004.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_005.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_005.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0b1e558..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_005.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_006.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_006.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dc43a48..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_006.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_007.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_007.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 81b755c..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_007.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_front.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/chat02_front.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ba985d3..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/chat02_front.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54788-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/54788-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 76e5eaf..0000000 --- a/old/54788-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null |
