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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..962f76f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54798 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54798) diff --git a/old/54798-0.txt b/old/54798-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index af15395..0000000 --- a/old/54798-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3379 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States, by Helen Pierson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: History of the United States - in Words of One Syllable - -Author: Helen Pierson - -Release Date: May 27, 2017 [EBook #54798] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - - - - -Produced by Corbin Hunter - - - - -[Illustration: PAUL REVERE.] - -HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES -IN WORDS OF ONE SYLLABLE - -BY MRS. HELEN W. PIERSON - -WITH FORTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS. - -[Illustration: AN ARMORED LOOK-OUT] - -NEW YORK -GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS -9 Lafayette Place - - - - -Copyright, 1883. -By Joseph L. Blamire. - - - - -PREFATORY. - - -In this "Child's History of the United States," it has been -the aim to use words of only one syllable. But it will be seen -that, in a historical work, names must be given of famous men, -of great battles, and of some important measures. It is thought -that parents or teachers can soon familiarize young people with -these names, so that they will read them as readily as the rest. -Titles have been sometimes omitted, and some names which deserve -a place and have it in larger histories, are not found here. -All such omissions have been made from the fear of rendering -the task of reading the book too difficult for many, who, as -they grow older, can add to the list that fame has made illustrious, -and take wider views of the history of this land. - -H. W. P. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - -CHAPTER I. -How this Land was Found. - -CHAPTER II. -The New World. - -CHAPTER III. -The Red Men. - -CHAPTER IV. -The War that Made us Free. - -CHAPTER V. -Three Great Fights. - -CHAPTER VI. -First in War--First in Peace. - -CHAPTER VII. -The Rest of the War. - -CHAPTER VIII. -In Times of Peace. - -CHAPTER IX. -New Men and New Laws. - -CHAPTER X. -The Slave Trade. - -CHAPTER XI. -A New War. - -CHAPTER XII. -The War of North and South. - -CHAPTER XIII. -Peace Once More. - - - - - -History of the United States. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -HOW THIS LAND WAS FOUND. - - -[Illustration: IN-DI-ANS HUNTING IN THE SNOW.] - -For a long time, in past years, it was not known that the world -was round. If the men in those days had been told that a ship -could start from a port and sail straight on for months and -come round to the same place, it would have made them laugh -as at a good joke. They did not know the real shape of the earth, -but thought it was a flat plane. - -In those days our land was the home of the In-di-ans, or red -men, as we call them, from their dark skins. The red man does -not live in a house, but in a sort of tent or hut. The tribes -of red men had all this land for their own when Co-lum-bus was -born. The great woods, the green plains, the bright streams, -were all theirs. They made their wars in a strange and fierce -style, and wore at their belts locks of hair, cut from the heads -of those slain by their hands. These locks, cut from the head -with part of the skin, they call a scalp. It was the pride of -an In-di-an to have scalps hung at his belt. No one had taught -him that this was wrong, and he did not have the Word of God -to show him the right way. - -When Co-lum-bus was a mere boy he was fond of the sea and ships. -He would go and watch the waves, and think about how ships were -made, and the best way to sail them. He was born in Gen-oa, -which is by the blue sea; so when he was a small boy he could -watch the white sails come in. Such queer ships they had there, -with strange high prows! As time went on, and he grew of age, -he made trips in these ships, and was in sea-fights, and once -or twice he was in a wreck. So you see he had a chance to grow -strong and brave for the work he had to do. - -[Illustration: The Oceian and Islands between Western Europe -and Eastern Asia from the Globus of Martin Behaim 1492.] - -What he read in books taught him that the world was round, and -not flat, as was thought in those times. So he knew that if -he could sail west he would come to a new land. He thought of -this a long time, and at last he grew more sure of it, but he -could get no one else to think as he did. He spent ten years -in this way. He was full of plans; but he could get no help -and no gold. He was too poor to do all with no aid from his -friends. At last he went to Spain. - -There were a King and Queen there who were kind to Co-lum-bus; -but at first they would not give their gold to help him. They -thought this was a wild dream. At last, with a sad heart, he -made up his mind to turn his back on the court of Spain. - -While on his way, a man came to him from Queen Is-a-bel-la. -She had sent him word that she would help him; "that she would -pledge her own gems to give him aid." But she did not have to -do this, as means were found when Co-lum-bus went back to the -court. His heart was made glad; for they gave him a small fleet -of three ships, and on the 3d of August, 1492, the sun rose -on the fleet as it went forth on its way to the new land. All -was strange to the new crew, and they had all sorts of queer -thoughts and fears of the sea. They had not been out of sight -of land in all their lives; and when they saw the deep, dark -sea on all sides, they were full of fear that they would not -see their homes again. The trade-wind which took them west so -fast, would keep them, they thought, from their land when they -had the wish to go back. At last they grew so full of fear, -they swore they would not go on, and Co-lum-bus had hard work -to make them. But soon there were signs of land, and some land -birds flew by the ship; and one of the crew found a branch of -a tree on the waves, which had some fresh red fruit on it. - -Oh, how glad they were! Co-lum-bus felt so sure that he was -near land, he gave word for the ships to lie by that night. -No man thought of sleep. They all kept watch on deck to see -this strange new coast for which they had borne so much. - -In the night a cry of joy was heard. Co-lum-bus had seen a light -far off, and a shout of "Land! land!" soon came from all sides. - -When the sun rose they all saw a green strip of shore some five -miles long. The men fell at the feet of Co-lum-bus and shed -tears of joy. Then they sang a hymn of praise to God, who had -kept them and brought them safe and sound to this new place. -They got out the small boats and put men and arms in them, with -flags, and a band to play a march of joy, and the crews made -their way to the shore. Co-lum-bus, in a rich dress with his -drawn sword in his hand, sprang on the beach, and then the crew -came next. They set up a cross, and all knelt at its foot and -gave thanks for their safe trip. Then Co-lum-bus set up the -flag of Cas-tile and Le-on, and took the new land for the crown -of Spain. - -While they stood there with shouts of joy and songs, some strange -dark shapes stole up with soft steps to their side. The crew -thought these men must have come from a new world, as they saw -their dark skins and the gay paint and plumes they wore. Co-lum-bus -gave them the name of In-di-ans, for he thought the new coast -was part of In-dia. He did not know that he had found a new -land. These men with red skins were glad to kiss the feet of -the Span-iards, and change their gold chains and rude rings -for the beads and pins the crew gave to them. - -Co-lum-bus spent some time in the new land he had found, and -then he set sail for home to take his friends and the Queen -the great news. A wild storm came on the way home, and Co-lum-bus -thought that all was lost, so he wrote his tale on a cake of -wax and put the cake in a cask and threw it in the sea; so that -if he had gone down in the storm, all that he had found would -not be lost to the world. - -But God took care of Co-lum-bus and his crew. They got back -to their homes once more and had a grand time. The King and -Queen gave them a new and fine fleet; and in time they came -back and saw new points of land on which to build homes, and -they found, too, South A-mer-i-ca. - -There were some in Spain who did not like Co-lum-bus, for he -had won gold and fame, while they had none. So they told false -tales of him; and when his friend, Queen Is-a-bel-la, died, -he was once brought back from the land he had found in chains. -How sad that was!--was it not? At last he had to die old and -poor, and this land did not have his name. It had no name for -some time; but at last an I-tal-ian, who made a few trips there, -and wrote of what he saw, gave his name to the new world. His -name was A-mer-i-cus Ves-pu-ci-us. That is a hard name for you -to say, but you can all say A-mer-i-ca, and that is the name -of our land. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE NEW WORLD. - -When the news of this land of gold spread over the world, Eng-land -and France and Spain all sent ships to see what they could find. -They each thought they would like to have a slice. The Eng-lish -thought they had some rights, as one of their men, named Ca-bot, -had, in truth, been the first to touch this new shore. The next -time he came, he made his way down the coast to what we call -Vir-gin-ia, and set up a claim for Eng-land. - -Then the King of France sent a man to plant his flag here, and -he gave the name of New France to part of our coast. But though -Eng-land and France both set claim to the land, they did not -send men here to live for a long time. - -At last Queen E-liz-a-beth gave one of the great men at court, -called Sir Wal-ter Ral-eigh, a claim to a large tract of land -in A-mer-i-ca. He came with two ships, and found the red skins -kind. They brought him gifts, and he went back to tell of all -the strange things he had seen, and some came to live on the -new shores. But the red skins were hard to live with, and the -small group of white men could get no food, and were near death, -when a brave man, named Sir Fran-cis Drake, came with a ship -and took them off to their homes. The next band that came met -a sad fate, for they all fell by the hand of the red men. - -There were some in Eng-land who had a great wish to see this -new world. They thought they would like to live in a land with -no King, and have a church where they could pray to God in their -own way. They were called "Pil-grims," for they went from place -to place and would sing psalms and pray, and they were full -of joy at the thought of their new home. - -Do you know the name of the ship they came in? It is a sweet -name, and you must keep it in your mind--The May-flow-er. They -did not have a smooth trip, and a storm blew them on to the -coast of Mass-a-chu-setts. It was bare and cold, but it was -nice to see land at all. There were all sorts of fowl there, -and they saw a whale; but when they went to shoot it the gun -burst. They made their way to a vale where there was a spring, -and there they took their first drink in the new land. - -[Illustration: IN-DI-AN FLINT-HEADED ARROW.] - -There was a rock called Plym-outh Rock, and here they made their -homes and built the first house. It was in 1620, in a cold time -of the year, that the May-flow-er brought her crew to Plym-outh -Rock. There was not much food, and they had from the first a -foe whom they could not trust or make a friend. These were a -new race of men. They had brown skins; were tall and straight, -with long, coarse black hair. They had no books, and got their -food in the hunt, or caught fish in the streams. They made boats -of birch bark--queer, long things, with a point at each end. -They could make bows, and would pound their corn with two stones -for their bread. They took the skins of beasts for their clothes, -for they knew how to dress them. Each tribe had its head man, -called a chief, and their great joy was in war. When their foes -took them, they would not pray for their lives. They were brave -in their own way, and would show no fear at the sight of the -fire that was to burn their flesh. - -Their wives, the squaws, would dress the food and do all the -hard work at home. They were the ones who dug each small patch -of ground and put in the beans and corn. The men had a scorn -for work. They were made to fight, they thought. They would -say, "The Great Chief gave the white man a plow and the red -man a bow, and sent them in the world to gain food, each in -his own way." - -In this new land there was not a horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog, -or hen to be found. You would not like such a place, would you? -What did the young people do for pets in those days? No chicks -to feed, no puss with her soft, warm fur, for small hands to -stroke. - -[Illustration: A canoe.] - -But the new homes were not left in peace. The red men saw that -their doom was near. They felt that they would have to move -on and on, to give place to these men who knew so much; who -read books and had schools, and taught their young ones to pray. -So they took the guns that they had bought from the white men -and went to war with them. When they took them they would tie -them fast to stakes, burn them to death, and all the time the -flames were at work, these fierce red men would dance a war -dance of joy. They bought rum from the white men, and it made -them like brutes. - -They knew that the white men had come to take their land, and -that was cause for their hate. And so the white men, in their -turn, felt no love for the red skin, and thought they did well -to push him back more and more, and take all they could from -him. The white men were to blame, for they first gave the vile -rum to the red men, and that made them wild. They would burn -down the white man's house at night, and kill his wife and babes. -Think how sad it must be to wake up in the night and find the -hot blaze of a fire in your face, and the wild war-whoop of -an In-di-an in your ears. But you can lie down in your bed in -peace, for there is no one to harm you--you live in good times. - -But those who were brave enough to come and live in this new -land, had a hard life at first. There were no snug farms as -now, with fields of green corn and wheat. At times the poor -men could not get much to eat, and one wrote home: "The crumbs -that fall from your meals would be sweet to me. When I can get -a cup of meal and boil It with a pinch of salt, I give thanks -as for a great feast. The In-di-ans at times bring corn and -trade it for clothes or knives. One day they gave me a peck -of corn for a small dog. It would be a strange thing to see -a piece of roast beef or veal here." - -[Illustration: PIL-GRIMS ON THEIR WAY TO CHURCH.] - -It will not seem strange, then, that, in such hard times, death -came to these small bands and took some away. But those who -were left kept up brave hearts, and would not go back to their -old homes; and though all were so poor, there was not a case -of theft in four years. They grew to like the land, and one -said, "A sup of New Eng-land air is worth more than a draught -of Old Eng-land ale." - -For one of the first bands of men who came here, made their -homes in a place to which they gave the name of New Eng-land, -after their old home. As time went on each place grew to be -a town, and soon had a church and a school of its own. If we -had gone in one of those towns on the Lord's day, we would have -seen some strange sights. As the clocks struck nine, there would -come out a man who would beat a drum or blow a conch shell, -or ring a bell to call all the folks to church. As we drew near -to this church, we would have seen that it was built of logs, -with a small flag to wave on it. There would be a fence of stakes -round it, and a man with a gun on guard near it. Those who went -in left all their guns in his care. - -If you look at this church you will see that it has no glass -panes like ours, but small and dull and thick ones set in lead. -It is the style now to like that old thick glass, and to use -it once more. You might see on the front of this church, near -the door, the heads of wolves that had been slain in the hunt -in the past year. - -In this church the old men sat on one side, and the young men -were not with them. They had their own place. So, too, the boys -did not sit by the girls. Most of the boys sat on the stairs, -and there was a man there as a sort of guard to see that they -did not talk. He had a long rod or wand in his hand, with a -hare's foot on one end, and a hare's tail on the other. He would -let no one go to sleep. If he saw a girl nod, he would touch -her on the face with the soft brush of the hare's tail; but -if it were a boy who was caught in a nap, he got a sharp rap -from the hare's foot. So you see in those times one could not -make such a snug nest in the pew and take a long sleep as one -does now; and they had to stay three or four hours in church. -It must have been hard for small folks not to nod at times. - -When they sung, it was out of a book by the name of "The Bay -Psalm Book," and they did not know more than ten tunes. In those -days no one could stay from church but for a good cause, or -else they had to pay a fine. And if a man staid from church -a month, he was put in the stocks, or in a cage of wood, where -all could see him and laugh and jeer at him. - -You do not know what stocks are in these times, but if you had -stood in a New Eng-land town then, you would have seen a strange -thing made of wood, by the road near the church. This queer -frame of wood would hold a man fast so that he could not move, -and you may think a day in the stocks would be hard to bear, -and would make one's bones ache. - -A house in such a town, in those days, was all built on the -ground floor; so there were no stairs. It was made of earth -or logs, and had a steep roof of thatch. The place for the fire -was built of rough stones. It was large enough to burn logs -four feet long, and had so much room in it that a man and his -wife and boys and girls could sit in it and look up at the sky. - -The dress in those days was not the same as it is now. The men -wore small clothes, which came to the knee like a small boy's -in these times, and they had stiff ruffs round their necks and -caps of rich stuff on their heads. The young men wore fine belts, -and great high boots which were made with a roll at the top. -The girls wore silk hoods in the streets, and stiff rich gowns, -with long waists, and lace caps on feast-days. But folks could -not wear gay clothes if the law did not think they had means -to spend for such fine things. - -They had some queer laws in those days. Those who had done wrong -had to stand in the stocks, which held them by the feet and -neck, so they could not get away, or they had to mount stools -in church. If a man had a wife who had the name of a bad scold, -a cleft stick was put on her tongue, or she was made to take -a cold dip in a stream. I dare say you think those were hard -laws, and you are glad to live in these days. But that was a -race who had the fear of God in their hearts; their aim was -to do just right and to rule the land in the best way. - -CHAPTER III. - -THE RED MEN AND THEIR WARS. - -At first, before they had time to plant the fields, the men -could but hunt and fish for food; but as years went by, they -had farms, and made glass and things for trade; they wove cloth -of wool, and some from a plant that grows in the south, of which -you may know the name. It is white and soft. - -They had not much coin, and so they had to do the best they -could with skins and corn, or what they could get for trade. -The first mint to make coin was set up in Mass-a-chu-setts in -1652. This coin had a pine tree on one side, and the name of -the State. One side had a date and N. E. for New Eng-land. All -this coin was known as "pine-tree coin." In time the land at -Plym-outh Bay and those near took one name, "Mass-a-chu-setts." - -In the meanwhile the small band who had made homes in Vir-gin-ia -had come to grief. They had been men of good birth in their -own land, and did not know much of hard work. They had come -in search of wealth. Great tales had been told of the gold -here. It had been said one could pick up great lumps of gold, -as large as a hen's egg, in the streams. They found that all -this was not true, and that a man had to work hard to live. -They grew sick, and death came in their midst to make things -more sad; so that they lost more than half of their small band. - -[Illustration: BUILD-ING IN VIR-GIN-IA.] - -[Illustration: JOHN SMITH.] - -One man, John Smith by name, did great things for them. He had -been brave from his birth. He had been in wars oft, and once -he built him a lodge of boughs in a forest and took his books -with him, that he might learn the art of war. Once he went to -fight the Turks. He is said to have been sold as a slave. It -may be all these tales are not true; but it is true he taught -his own friends in Vir-gin-ia how to live. He got them to build -a fort and log huts for the cold times. He made friends as far -as he could of the In-di-ans, so that he could get boat loads -of food from them. He said that "he who would not work might -not eat;" so no man could be a drone in the hive. Each one must -learn to swing the axe in the woods or to hunt and to fish. - -Once the In-di-ans took him and they told him that he must die. -Their great chief Pow-ha-tan had said the word; so his head was -laid upon a stone, and a huge war club raised to strike the -blow. But a young girl was seen to spring to his side, throw -her arms round his neck, and pray that he might be set free. -She was the pet of the tribe, for she was the child of their -chief; and so Cap-tain Smith was set free. You may be sure he -was full of thanks to his kind young friend, and it is said -she might have been seen on her way to James-town more than -once, as time went on, with small stores of corn for the white -men. And when she grew up a white man made her his wife. - -[Illustration: TO-BAC-CO PLANT.] - -But at last a bad wound made Cap-tain Smith go back to Eng-land, -and things grew worse and worse in Vir-gin-ia. Food was more -and more scarce, and a sad time came, which was long known as -"Starving Time." It was in 1609. At last they all made up their -minds to go back to their old home. None shed a tear as the -sun rose on that day; they had known bad times in the new land, -and did not grieve to go. But as their ship made its way down -the bay, they met Lord Del-a-ware, with a great stock of food, -and new men to swell the ranks. So they were glad to turn back -and try the place once more; and in the course of time they -throve and built and spread, and that part of the land made -a new State, which we know as Vir-gin-ia. In that State was -first grown a weed which you have seen men smoke and chew. - -The folks in Mass-a-chu-setts went by the name of "Pu-ri-tans." -They had left their old home that they might pray to God in -their own way, and they thought that their own way was the right -one. When men came in their midst who did not think as they -did, they were sent out of the place. There was a class called -Quak-ers, or Friends, who were mild, and did all they could -for peace; but they thought they had their rights as well as -the rest, and might serve God in their own way. They did not -believe in wars, and would not bear arms. They would not hire -a man to preach for them; but when they met, each one spoke -as he felt the thought come in his heart. They kept the laws, -and did to all men as they wished them to do to them. They said -"thee and thou" for "you," and "yea and nay" for "yes and no;" -but this could hurt no one, and it seems strange to us that -they were not let stay in the place. They had to fly for their -lives, and four were put to death. In these days all men are -free to serve God in their own way. - -And in that time there was one man to raise his voice for the -poor Quak-ers, and all who were like them. This man was Rog-er -Will-iams. He held that the State had no right to say what men -should think and feel. You may be sure those who were high in -place did not like to hear that; so he had to fly from his home -one cold day, and for a time he hid in the woods. But the In-di-ans -gave him a home, and one chief made him a gift of a piece of -land, which he called "Prov-i-dence," as it was to him like -a gift from God. And so the State of Rhode Isl-and, where this -town was built, was known as a place where thought was free. -The Quak-ers were glad to find a home in that State, where they -could dwell in peace. - -[Illustration: IN-DI-ANS RID-ING.] - -In 1675, a war, known as King Phil-ip's war, broke out in Mass-a-chu-setts. -King Phil-ip was an In-di-an chief who saw that the white man -would soon own all the land, and he knew that meant death to -his race. He made a plan to kill all the white men. The first -blow fell on the Lord's day, as the folks were on their way -home from church. The men flew to arms, and did not dare to -lay them down when they were in the field at work, or at their -homes. When they went to church they would stack them at the -door. - -King Phil-ip and his men made their camp in a great swamp, where -it was hard for the white men to reach them. Here they laid -up a store of food, and had great tribes of red men. They would -not fight in the wide fields, but would skulk in nooks, and -rush out and hold all the land in fear, for the foe would seem -to be on all sides. At last they were made to leave their strong -hold, and could find no place to hide. There was a fight, and -the In-di-ans fell thick and fast. Phil-ip ran, but one of his -own tribe, who had a grudge, shot him dead. He had done all -he could for his own folk, but fell by the hand of one of them -at last. - -All this time the King of Eng-land was at the head of this land -as well, and the men he sent were wont to rule things with a -high hand. They would not grant what our men thought to be their -rights. Dutch ships had come in to trade for furs with the In-di-ans. -Some of the crews stayed here and made their homes in a place -they called New Am-ster-dam. It is now known by the name of -New York. These first Dutch men bought the land from the In-di-ans, -and it was to go to their heirs through all time. - -[Illustration: THE DUTCH AT NEW AM-STER-DAM.] - -A band of Swedes made their home in Del-a-ware. A Quak-er by -the name of Will-iam Penn bought a grant of land from the King. -He thought to make a home for all his sect, who had as hard -a time in Eng-land as they did here. He sent a band of these -men here, and the next year he came too. He met the In-di-ans -by a great elm tree. He was a kind and good man, and would not -take their land from them. He bought it and made them his friends. -"We will live in love with Will-iam Penn and his heirs," said -they, "as long as the sun and moon shall shine." And it is said -that to this day a red man is loathe to shed Quak-er blood. - -[Illustration: IN-DI-AN PIPES.] - -[Illustration: William Penn.] - -In 1683, Penn bought land from the Swedes and laid out a town, -to which he gave the name of Phil-a-del-phia. It stood in the -midst of a wood, and the wild deer ran by the men who came to -take a look at their new home. When Penn came, he sent out a -call for all the men to meet in one place, and there he met -with them, and they laid out the code or kind of laws they were -to have. This code was known as "The Great Law." No one could -vote that did not believe in Christ; and all might pray to God -in their own way. So you see the Quak-ers did not wish to force -men to believe as they did. They felt that was not right or -just. - -Penn did all he could for his sect, and was mild and good to -the red men. He said to them, "We meet on the broad path of -good faith and good will. I will deal with you in love. We are -one flesh and blood." - -So our land grew, and State by State was laid out, and towns -were built, and all this time the King of Eng-land was at the -head of the whole. There were more In-di-an wars; for the red -men gave the new folk no peace. They would come down from the -depths of the woods of Can-a-da on their snow shoes, and drag -men and their wives from their beds and scalp them and set their -homes on fire. Many a child, too, had to fly with the rest in -the cold night, with bare feet and few clothes on, to seek a -place to hide from this fierce foe. - -[Illustration: IN-DI-AN SNOW SHOE.] - -In 1754, a war broke out which we call the "French and In-di-an -War." The Eng-lish had at this time a great strip of land on -our coast which they held as their own. It was like a string -to the great bow of French land, which went from Que-bec to -New Or-leans. Both French and Eng-lish laid claim to part of -the land; and those who had the wish to live in peace could -not but look on in fear. - -The French built three forts, and that made all feel that they -meant to hold the land. A young man by the name of George Wash-ing-ton, -was sent to ask that they should pull down these forts. You -have heard of George Wash-ing-ton, I know. You have been told -that he was "first in peace, first in war, and first in the -hearts of all." You have, I am sure, heard the tale of the fruit -tree that he cut, and how he could not tell a lie to save him. -He was a boy then, and some one had made his heart glad with -the gift of a small axe. What should a boy do with such a thing, -if he could not cut with it? So George went round to try the -sharp edge of his axe, and, as bad luck would have it, he came -on a young fruit tree. It may be that the fruit was of a rare -kind, and so when it was found that the bark of the tree had -been cut in such a way that one could hope for no more fruit, -the cry rang out on all sides, "Who has done this deed?" - -Our small boy was not at peace in his own mind. He did not know -in what shape the wrath might fall on him; but he came forth -in a brave way and said, "I did it, Father, I can not tell a -lie. I cut it." We are glad there has been one boy who could -not tell a lie, and we hope there are some in our own times. - -So this George Wash-ing-ton, then a young man, was sent to the -French man who was at the head of the forts, to say that he -must take them down at once. He had a hard time to get there, -for it was cold, and the streams were big with the rains. The -snow fell and froze as it fell. His horse gave out, and he had -to go on foot. He had one man with him, and they struck out -in to the woods. They had to cross a stream on a rude raft, -and they were caught in the ice. It bore them on with great -speed, and when Wash-ing-ton threw out his pole to check the -speed, he fell in the stream. But he knew how to swim, and so -he got to land. When day came, it grew still more cold, and -the stream froze in such a way that he could walk on it to the -place where he would be. - -The men at the French forts would not say that they would give -them up. In fact, they made boasts that they could hold them -in spite of all, and so the war went on. The French would dart -out and seize Eng-lish ships, and then the Eng-lish would march -on the French, and do them all the harm they could. Wash-ing-ton -fought on the side of the Eng-lish in this war. Once the In-di-ans -laid in wait for them in the wood, and as the men were on the -march with their flags and beat of drum, they heard the fierce -war whoop on all sides. The Brit-ish troops did not know how -to deal with such a foe; but our men sprang down and fought -them in their own way. - -One chief made a vow that he would kill Wash-ing-ton. Four balls -were sent through his clothes. Twice his horse was shot. Gen-er-al -Brad-dock, who was at the head of the Eng-lish troops, was shot -and borne from the field to die. There was a great fright, and -the men fled on all sides. Wash-ing-ton did what he could to -save them from the foe, like a brave man. But the French went -on and built more forts, and our men were at their wits' end -to hold their own with foes on all sides. - -There were six tribes of the red men who were their friends, -and I would tell you their names if they were not too long and -hard. - -But you will find in the State of New York lakes and streams -which bear the same names. We ought to bear them in mind, as -they were of great use in those times. So it was thought best -for all our men to meet in a town by the name of Al-ba-ny, to -fix on a way to keep these six tribes our friends, and to join -with them to fight the French. Al-ba-ny was then a small town -with few in it; but it had a stone fort. Here our men met the -chiefs and had a talk with them. The chiefs told our clan they -were not so wise and brave as the French, or they would build -forts like them. - -But there was one wise man in our midst, Ben-ja-min Frank-lin. -He had been a poor boy, so poor that when he went in to the -great town of Phil-a-del-phia, he had but a few cents. But he -knew how to print; and more than that he was fond of books, -and so could learn all sorts of things. He brought with him -a small print on which was shown a snake cut in parts. Each -part had on it the name of one of the States. He said they must -be made one or die, and that to be one was the way to be great. -But our men did not see their way clear to do this yet. We know -they made the States one in time. - -The death of Gen-er-al Brad-dock was a great blow to their hopes. -They saw that all the red-coats, as we call the Eng-lish, were -not brave; but could run as fast as the rest. Still they took -some forts, with long names, from the French in this war. They -made a move on them at Que-bec, with Gen-er-al Wolfe at the -head of our troops. - -[Illustration: A DUTCH HOUSEHOLD IN NEW AM-STER-DAM, NOW NEW -YORK.] - -Quebec was one of the strong forts of the world. At first Gen-er-al -Wolfe lost at all points. But he found at last a way to go in -boats. With no noise they made their way to land, and up a steep -hill, and at dawn the French woke to see red-coats on all sides. -Their Gen-er-al Mont-calm led them out of the fort to fight. -If he had not, he might have won the day, for the fort was strong. -But he chose to fight in the wide field, and so we won. - -At the time of the fight, Gen-er-al Wolfe, who had been struck -by a death shot, heard shouts of joy, "They fly--they fly!" -"Who fly!" came from his white lips. "The French." "Then praise -God, I die at peace," he said, with his last breath. - -Gen-er-al Mont-calm, too, on the French side, had a wound, and -was told he could not live. "I am glad of it," he said, "for -then I shall not live to see my town yield to the foe." So you -see they were two brave men who fell that day. In five days -a peace was made with France; for she gave up most of the land -to which she had laid claim. - -But there were some of the red men who did not want this peace -with the Eng-lish. They had seen the red-coats run away from -them, and they thought they might now strike a blow for their -own homes and land. The French made them think they would help -them. "The King of France has but slept for a time," they said, -"but he will soon wake up, and then he will drive the foe from -the homes of the red men, and give them back their land." - -[Illustration: IN-DI-AN CHIEF.] - -There was one brave chief, Pon-ti-ac, who heard all this with -a glad heart. "I will live and die a French man," he said, and -he sent men to each town to bear a belt with red or black beads -on it, and a knife with a red stain on it; these meant war. -The knife was of the kind with which they were wont to scalp -the foe, and the red stain told that deeds of blood were at -hand. When this belt and knife were kept, Pon-ti-ac knew that -the chiefs there would join the war. Their first move was on -a fort at De-troit. - -[Illustration: IRON TOM-A-HAWK.] - -[Illustration: STONE TOM-A-HAWK.] - -This was Pon-ti-ac's plan. He would go some day to the fort -with some men and ask leave to come in and show them a war dance. -While some were in the dance, a few would stroll through the -fort and see all that could be seen. Then they would go once -more as if for a call, with arms hid in their clothes, and strike -down the white men when they did not look for it. The first -part of this plan went on all right; but one of the squaws, -who was a friend to the head man of the fort, told him what -the red men meant to do. So when Pon-ti-ac and his men went -in the fort, each with his gun hid in his clothes, they found -ranks of men with arms to meet them, and they were glad to get -out with their lives. - -But Pon-ti-ac would not give up, for he made more friends, and -laid siege to De-troit in 1763. It was a long siege for the -red man, but it held out, though food was scarce, and the men -in it felt that they must soon starve. Pon-ti-ac at last had -to make peace, and met his own death at the hands of a red man, -who was mad with drink; and so the French and In-di-an war came -to an end. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE WAR THAT MADE US FREE. - - -For a time all were at peace; but at last a war broke out that -took more time, and cost more men, than all the wars of the -past. You have heard of it, it may be, by the name of the Rev-o-lu-tion. - -There are some old men who fought in that war, who are alive -this day. You see the cause of this war came out of what our -men thought to be their wrongs. They thought the rule of Eng-land -too hard, and that they should have their own men to rule them. -They would have gone on as they were, if they had thought that -Eng-land was just to them; but she put a tax on the things they -had to use. She had a large debt to pay, and so she thought -it fair our men should help to pay it; and our men held that -they ought to have a voice as to what the tax should be, and -fix what they knew to be right. - -Do you know what a tax means? It meant, in this case, that when -our men bought a thing, they had to pay a few cents more than -its real price, and these few cents were to go to Eng-land. -Of course these few cents from all sides grew to be a good sum, -and was quite a help. Eng-land, at this time, made a law which -we know by the name of the "Stamp Act." This law, which gave -to Eng-land a tax on all deeds, was one great cause of the wrath -of our men. One man made a speech on it that was put in print, -and the boys in the schools spoke it. In all the States men -took the same view; so that the Stamp Act may be said to have -lit the fire which in time made such a blaze. - -In all the States men stood up for what they thought their rights, -and they made up their mind that they would not pay this tax -on Eng-lish things, but would learn to make them of their own. -Men and their wives took a vow that the fine clothes from their -old home should not tempt them, but they would spin and weave, -and wear what they made, though it might be poor and coarse. -One brave dame wrote to her friends, "I hope there are none -of us but would wrap up in the skins of sheep and goats to keep -us warm, if we must else pay a tax which is not just on the -goods of Eng-land." - -The wrath at the Stamp Act grew more fierce each day, and the -men who were sent to put it in force did not dare to do so. -One was caught and made to say that he would give the thing -up. He was made to fling up his hat and cry as they told him, -three times, in words which meant that they were right and the -King was wrong. No one was found so bold as to put the Stamp -Act in force; and the news went to the King and set him in a -great rage. Some of their own great men were on our side, and -were glad we did not yield. - -At last the King gave up the Stamp Act, but said he had a right -to tax us as he chose. There was great joy here at the news -that the Stamp Act was to be heard from no more. The bells were -rung, and flags were flung out on the breeze, and all who were -held for debt were made free. For a year there was no more heard -of a tax; but then a new act came. This tax was made on tea -and glass, and such things, which were in use all the time. -This woke new wrath, and troops had to come out to keep the -peace, which our men said they would not bear. The boys from -the schools felt the wrong, and would call the "red-coats" in -scorn by that name; and the young men made a vow that they would -drive them from the town. - -There were street fights each day; and the men were more and -more set to have their rights. The folk wore the rough clothes -which they spun and wove, and would not buy a yard of Eng-lish -cloth. Then they sought to find some plant that they might use -for tea, so that they would not have to buy tea and pay the -tax on it. They must have had some queer drinks at that time. -When the King found they were so set in their way, he gave up -all but the tax on tea. Then he sent three large ship loads -of it here, in the hope that our folk would want it so much -when they saw it, that they would be glad to pay the tax. - -But our men had made up their minds that this tea should not -land. So when the tea ships came in, a guard was set on them -by our men as they lay at the wharf, so that the tea should -not be brought to shore. A large crowd of men met in a Hall -in Bos-ton, to say what should be done with the tea; and at -last they gave out, that if the tea were sent back where it -came from, all would be well. But the head man, who was sent -here to rule us by the King, would not do this, and said so. -When this was told to the crowd, a war-whoop was heard at the -porch, and some men in the dress of In-di-ans made a rush down -to the wharf, and went on board of the three tea ships, and -cast all the chests of tea in the bay. Then they went home in -peace and did no one harm. This was the "Bos-ton Tea Par-ty," -and is so known at this day. - -At New York and Bos-ton they did not try to land the tea when -they heard of this, but took it back. At one time the tea was -set on fire. All this made our men more and more set on their -own way; and the King grew in a rage with them. He made some -strong laws, sent troops to Bos-ton, and put in force a bill -called a Port Bill, which would not let a boat go in or out -the port, save that it brought food or wood. One of their own -men stood up and said this was a "bill to make us slaves." And -the wood and food had to be brought in a new route, and not -straight in the bay. Not a stick of wood or a pound of flour -could be brought in a row boat, or straight in from a near point; -it must all go round to the place where the Eng-lish saw fit, -where they could stop it and see just what was there. - -Of course this was hard for the good folk of Bos-ton, and they -did not bear their wrongs in peace. They had gifts sent them -by land--of grain and salt fish and sheep. From the South came -flour and rice, and some times gold for the poor. So that the -Port Bill made all feel to them like friends, for all towns -took up the cause of Bos-ton as their own. - -This was just what the wise men at the court of King George -had said would be the case. They knew it would make our folk -more strong to drive them with hard laws to fight. And so it -came to pass, as the two great men, Burke and Fox, had said, -King George was set in his way, and would not change, but did -his best to push the laws through. The Bos-ton Port Bill was -one of the things that made the States one. For they had but -one mind on these harsh laws, and stood as one man for the right. -The day when this Port Bill was first put in force, the Town -Hall in one of the towns was hung with black, as for a death; -the Bill was on it, and the toll of bells was heard all day. - -If we could have stood in Bos-ton in those days, we would have -seen that there was not much work, and no ships at the wharves -but those of Eng-land. There were guns in view, and men with -red-coats in the streets. There were tents on the green, and -clubs that met each night, to talk of this strange turn in things, -and what was best to do. They did not want war, but saw no way -to get out of it. Great men spoke of it here and there, and -each speech was read at the clubs. - -"We must fight," grew to be the cry. But there were some, of -course, who felt sad at all this, who thought it wrong not to -do the will of the King in all things. They said this land would -come to grief, for we were the ones who had the most to lose -by war. These men had the name of "To-ries," and the rest did -not look on them as friends, but held them as foes. Some of -these men went back to their old homes, and came here in the -troops of the King to fight their old friends. Some stayed and -came round to new views, and took part in the wars that came -to pass in time. All knew that the ranks of the King would be -made of men who had fought in wars, and were known to be brave; -while on our side they would be raw men, who did not know the -art of war. But still our men were brave, and they said, with -strong hearts, "The strife may be long, but the end is sure. -We will fight for our homes, for our lands, for the right. We -will be free!" - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -THREE GREAT FIGHTS. - - -In each town, at this time, men thought but of war, and how -to train for it; so that in case of need each one could spring -to arms at once. Guns were put in a safe place, and stores of -food were bought. The Brit-ish in their turn kept watch on all, -and more troops were brought in. - -Our men made a plan, that when it should be known that a large -force of the Brit-ish were to move out of Bos-ton at night, -a light should be hung out of the North Church by way of a sign. -One night the watch by the Charles saw the light gleam high -on the church, and they knew some move was on hand. At once -all was stir and noise. Men rode here and there to find out -what it meant. One went in a boat, and then took a fleet horse -to seek out two of the wise and great men, and see what was -best to do. The man who took this ride, and went from house -to house with a call to those who slept, was Paul Re-vere. There -is a song this day on that ride. - -You may be sure there was no more sleep in a house that night. -When he rode by--"Do not make so much noise," said one on guard. - -"Noise," said Paul Re-vere, "there will be noise ere long; the -foe is on us!" - -All this time the Eng-lish troops had made a swift, still march. -They thought no one had seen or known their move; but all at -once the bells in each church rang out a wild peal. In each -town the church bell sent a call to each home. So it was plain -that all was known. Paul Re-vere and the scouts had done the -work well. The Brit-ish sent back for more troops. They came, -and they were told to hold the bridge at Con-cord. But when -Ma-jor Pit-cairn, who was at the head of the Brit-ish, came -to Lex-ing-ton at dawn, he found a great crowd of men with arms. - -"What do ye here?" he said, in wrath, "go to your homes! Why -don't ye lay down your arms?" But as they made no move to go, -his troops sent forth a fire on them, which they gave back with -a will. Eight of our men got their death wounds that day, and -this was the first blood shed in the war. - -The Brit-ish then gave three cheers and set out on a march to -Con-cord. The people of that town made haste to move their stores -of food and arms to a safe place in the woods. Their scouts -took the North bridge, and could see that the Brit-ish were -in the streets of the town; that they had set the court house -on fire, and cut down the pole, and laid waste the stores they -found. So the men on the bridge made up their minds they would -try to drive this foe out. There were but few of them, but they -had strong hearts. - -One of their head men said, "I have not a man who fears to go." -He was the first who was shot, and fell dead. Still they went -on and made a brave fire, so that the Brit-ish set out to run. -But they could not go back as they came; for by this time our -men for miles round, came in on all sides. Some were in their -shirt sleeves, they had come in such haste; but each one had -a gun in his hand, and took his place back of a tree or stone -wall, where he could get good aim. One of the Brit-ish wrote -home that the men came so fast, they would seem to drop from -the sky. - -At each step the Brit-ish troops took, a shot would come from -some side, and a man would fall dead. At last such a fear came -on our foe, that they broke into a run. They did not know what -to do. They had no more shot, and could not give back the fire. -One of them wrote, "They had to lie down for rest on the ground, -and their tongues hung out of their mouths like dogs spent by the -chase." All the way to Bos-ton they felt the fire of our men, -and they were glad to get back to their great ships, the men -of war, and rest where they could be safe. They had lost three -times more men than the A-mer-i-cans. - -There was a great stir in the court of the King when the news -was brought that their troops had run from a hand full of raw -men, who had no skill in the art of war. Poor Lord Per-cy, who -had been at the head of the Eng-lish, came in for hard names, -though he was a brave man. They were mad, and had to give vent -to their wrath on some one. In A-mer-i-ca it was felt that this -was the first blow struck; and Sam-u-el Ad-ams, when he heard -the news at Lex-ing-ton, said, "Oh, what a grand day this is!" -for he knew this strife would not end till all the States were -free. - -There were some hills near Bos-ton, and our men knew that there -was a plan to gain them, and make a place for Eng-lish troops -on them. You see, if the foe had such high ground, they could -have a grand chance to fire down on those in the town. So our -men stole out by night and threw up earth works, and took all -the troops they could get from all parts, and put them in charge -there. In the mean while they sent their wives and young ones -out of the town, so that none but Brit-ish troop were left there. -They made no noise in their march that night; no one heard them, -and the bells in the church struck twelve ere they dug a sod. -But they were soon at work, and could hear the guard on the -man-of-war cry out each hour, "All's well." - -When the day came, and the sun rose, the earth works were seen -from the ships, and at once they sent out a fire on them. So -in Bos-ton the troops woke to see the true state of things, -and were not slow to do their best. But our men went on with -their work, spite of the shots. One of the foe had a glass through -which he could see each move of our men round the works. "Will -they fight?" said he. "To the last drop of their blood," said -one who stood near. - -So they made up their minds to lose no time, but to make a raid -on the works that day. It was a hot day in June. Part of our -men stood by a rail fence, on the edge of a hill, by the name -of Bun-ker Hill; part were back of the mounds which were but -half made. Then the rail fence was made to screen the men back -of it, by a lot of new mown hay, put in to fill up the gaps. - -[Illustration: JO-SEPH WAR-REN.] - -The Brit-ish troops went in boats, and took their stand on the -bank of the Charles. They had two men to our one, and were full -of skill in the use of arms. Our men had come in from the farm -or the shop. They did not know what a drill meant; but their -place was more safe back of the earth works, while the troops -of the foe were out in full sight in the field. It is a grand -sight; the long lines, the red coats and white pants of the -Brit-ish; the white cross belts, the beat of drums, the play -of fifes. The sky is clear and hot. Great white clouds sail -on the blue. The folks crowd on the roof of each house in the -town. - -So our men laid in wait, as the troops took up a slow march -on them. The Eng-lish found the day hot, and they had their -arms and food to weigh them down. But they had no doubts, and -their march was sure. They would fire now and then, and few -shots fell on them. On they came, till they got ten rods from -the earth works. Then the word rang out on our side, "Fire!" -When the smoke was gone it was seen that the dead lay on the -ground here and there; and those who were left had set off to -run. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF BUNK-ER HILL. MON-U-MENT.] - -A great shout went up from the forts; a cheer came back from -those at the rail fence. They, too, had held back their fire -to the last, and then three fourths of those who had set out -to chase them fell in the ranks, and the rest ran. Gen-er-al -Put-nam was one of our great men in this fight. When the foe -came on, he had said to his men, "Aim low; wait till you can -see the whites of their eyes," and their aim was sure. When -they saw the Brit-ish troops in flight, they thought they would -give them chase; but they had no more shot, and so could not -make good what they had won. They fell back with sad hearts, -one by one, and lost more as they did so than they had done -in the fight. - -This was the fight of Bunk-er Hill, and though the A-mer-i-cans -did not win the day, they made plain to all men that they had -stout hearts, and could deal a blow for their rights. In this -fight Gener-al War-ren lost his life. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -FIRST IN WAR--FIRST IN PEACE. - - -The first thing George Wash-ing-ton was heard to ask when news -came of this fight was, "Did our men stand fire?" And when he -was told that they did, he said, "Then the rights of our land -are safe." From this day our men took heart and were of good -cheer. The Brit-ish lost one in four of their men in that fight; -and on our side we did not lose half as much. In Eng-land men -did not know what to make of so great a loss to their troops -from so small a force as ours. - -In this land there was a call for more troops, and George Wash-ing-ton -was put at their head. He had shown that he was a brave and -true man. He came from Vir-gin-ia, his home, and met the rest -'neath a great elm tree in Cam-bridge. This tree is known as -the "Wash-ing-ton Elm" to this day. All felt a wish to see this -brave man, who had no small fame; they came from all sides to -greet him, and saw a man more than six feet tall, with a broad -chest, large hands and feet, a fine face, a clear eye, and the -air of one born to rule. He wore a blue coat, with buff small -clothes, and a black plume in his hat. - -Wash-ing-ton saw, in his turn, a crowd of men of all sorts and -kinds, rude and rough in their looks, and with odd kinds of -arms, no two of which were alike, in their hands. Some were -in old coats, some in their shirt sleeves. No state suits or -gold bands or fine plumes were there. And when Gen-er-al Wash-ing-ton -went round to the camp, he found things were in a bad state. -Some had straight lines of tents, neat and nice, but most were -in small huts made of boards or stones or turf. The food was -rough and scarce, and the men had not the first means for war; -not as much as would load their guns more than a few times. - -It would not have been strange if Wash-ing-ton had felt his -heart sink at such a sight. But he went to work in a brave way -to do the best he could. Some store ships of food fell, by good -luck, in the hands of our men, who had been sent out to get -what they could; so that food was not so scarce. But still they -had no food for their guns, and could not march on the foe. - -The Brit-ish troops still held Bos-ton; but could not get food -and wood for fires. The small-pox, too, broke out in their midst. -They had to pull down an old house now and then and burn it -to keep warm; and they sent crowds out of the town to be fed. -They put troops in each church, and made a play house of the -Town Hall. At times they would send out play bills to Wash-ing-ton -and his men. They did not want them to know that things were -so hard with them. - -Once in this hall they had a play on the times. It was meant -to show how they were shut in by the foe, and of course to make -fun at the same time. In one part, a man in a dress like Wash-ing-ton, -with a great wig, and a long sword all rust, came on the stage. -By his side was a green lad, with an old gun. This was done -to cast a slur on our men. But just then there was a cry, "The -Yan-kees are on Bunk-er Hill." At first this was thought to -be a part of the play; but when Gen-er-al Howe said, in a loud -voice, "Men, to your posts!" there was great fright. Men ran, -their wives fell in a faint, and all felt there was no fun in -such a scare. In a short time the Eng-lish left Bos-ton; for -they could not be safe from the fire that came down on them -from all the hills round. - -But they did not give up the fight. When the King and his court -heard of Bunk-er Hill, they made up their minds they would rule -this land, let it cost what it would. So they cut off our trade -as far as they could, and they brought in all the men they could -find from all lands which would give them help. So you may be -sure they had a great crowd to come on us and try to bend us -to their will. But our folk kept up a stout heart in the face -of all. They felt they had gone too far to go back. - -[Illustration: Benjamin Franklin.] - -There were some wise men who were known as the "Con-gress," -who had met in Phil-a-del-phia. They gave it as their mind that -"These States are and of right ought to be free;" and they stuck -to this text. The troops had to fight, and it was the part of -Con-gress to raise the men, the pay, and the arms. It would -seem that they had the worst part to do. To be sure, when they -thought of the past, they might take heart. In the face of such -a foe, it must be said, our men had done well. Doc-tor Frank-lin -felt that way; but there were some rich men who thought it would -be death to the States to make war. - -So Con-gress met to see if it were best that they should strike -the blow at once that would make them free. They had more than -one talk on this, and at first the time did not seem ripe. They -were to break all ties with Eng-land, to pay no more tax, and -to try to find help if they could, in their fight to be free. -Some great men wrote out the plan, and you can still see it -in the Hall in Phil-a-del-phia. This sheet is called the "Dec-la-ra-tion -of In-de-pend-ence." It meant that they were bound to be free, -and so they wrote it down. It was made Ju-ly 4th, 1776, and -that is why you hear the noise of fire works and see signs of -joy on each Fourth of Ju-ly since that day. - -[Illustration: JOHN HAN-COCK'S RES-I-DENCE, BOS-TON.] - -When the men came to sign this Dec-la-ra-tion, the one who wrote -his name first, said, "We must be one; we must all pull the -same way; we must hang side by side." "Or we shall hang with -none at our side," said Frank-lin. But no doubt there were sad -hearts that day, though these words did raise a laugh. - -[Illustration: IN-DE-PEND-ENCE HALL.] - -They did not change this dec-la-ra-tion much from the way they -wrote it first. There was one clause on the slave trade which -the men from the South did not like; so it was struck out. There -were twelve States--though they did not call them States in those -days--that gave their vote for it. New York would not vote at -all. The bell of the State House was to ring if the "Dec-la-ra-tion" -should pass. This bell had been put up years since, and one -might read on it, though these are not just the words, "Let -all the land be free." So the old man who was wont to ring this -bell, put his boy at the door of the hall where the men met. - -When at last the Dec-la-ra-tion should pass, the man who kept -the door was to make a sign to the boy. You may think how all -hearts beat when this boy ran out with a cry of "Ring, ring;" -and what a peal of joy rang out from the bell! Then the Dec-la-ra-tion -was read to each of the troops, and there were loud cheers on -cheers from all sides. That night the form of George the Third, -on horse-back, which had been wrought in stone, and stood in -one of the squares, was laid low in the dust by the crowd. - -Yet for all this brave show, the men were sad at heart. They -knew how poor they were, and how few, and the true state of -the troops, and all that could be brought to put them down. -They set out to make a flag of their own; for they had all sorts -of flags at this time. One had a pine tree on a white ground, -and was known as the "pine tree flag." On this flag were words -which meant, "Call to God for help." - -When Wash-ing-ton came to take the head of the troops, he had -a new flag made with stripes of red and white, as now; but on -one end was a red and white cross, like that which marks the -Brit-ish flag. This flag went with our troops in Bos-ton, when -the Brit-ish took up their march out of that place. But, by -vote of Con-gress, a change was made, and it was said that our -flag must have red and white stripes, and white stars on a blue -ground--a star and a stripe for each State. Now when they make -a new State, they put a new star on our flag. Count them and -see how strong we are. - -The first man to hoist the new flag was Cap-tain Paul Jones. -He was at the head of a man-of-war, and from that ship it was -first flung out on the breeze. This is the flag that now waves -in town and camp, and on our ships to all the ports of the land. -We have more stars now, but the stripes stay the same. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE REST OF THE WAR. - - -Up to this time, most of the fights had been round Bos-ton. -But Wash-ing-ton now saw that there would be a move made on -New York; so he sent Gen-er-al Lee to help keep the town, and -he soon went there too. Some men came to their aid from the -South, and Lord Howe, with a great mass of Eng-lish troops, -were there to meet them. Lord Howe had word from King George -first to speak of peace, but he did not know to whom he should -speak. He wrote a note to "George Wash-ing-ton;" but our chief -would not read it, as he said his true name, as head of the -troops, should be on it. So Lord Howe wrote no more. He saw -that the hour to fight had come. - -At first the A-mer-i-can troops came to grief, and Wash-ing-ton -and his men had to make their way back for a time. The Brit-ish -took heart from this, and our men were sad. They were poor, -and had few clothes, and some had no shoes for that long, hard -march; so that one could track their steps by the blood on the -ground. - -Wash-ing-ton saw there was no time to lose, and he must strike -a swift blow. He knew there were troops of Ger-mans at Tren-ton, -and that they still held to the ways of their land. Do you know -the name of that day when you have a tree with nice gifts and -lights hung on it? It is the day when Christ was born, and which -we keep to this time for His sake. Well, Wash-ing-ton knew these -folk would cling to the ways of their old homes. That they would -keep the feast and be off their guard. So on the eve of that -day he set out to march on them with his men. A storm of sleet -came up in the night, but they went on, and when the dawn rose, -these brave men, who had come through the snow and ice, stood -in ranks for the fight. Some one wrote a note, and a man ran -all the way to Tren-ton to warn the Ger-mans. But they were -at cards. The Gen-er-al had his cards in his hands, and it was -his turn to play. He must look at his cards first. - -Yes, his life is at stake, but he does not know it. In the dim -gray of the dawn our men march in on them. There is the sound -of wheels and a shout. Co-lon-el Kall hears the drums beat, -and the cards drop from his hands--too late! He got his death -in that fight, and all his men were held and bound. These things -put our troops in heart once more, and it was the wish of all -to go on; but they had a hard, sad time through the days of -storm and cold at Val-ley Forge. - -If we could see that camp at Val-ley Forge, in our mind's eye, -we would know how much those poor men had to bear in this war -to make us free. They had lost some by death, and more were -ill. They had so few clothes to put on when they slept, that -some sat up all night by the fires to keep warm. At one time -there were few who had shoes, and the sick had to lie on the -bare ground, for want of straw. The head men had to wear old -quilts or bed spreads round in the camp, to keep them warm, -for want of the right kind of clothes. - -The troops were not paid; or the sort of pay they got would -not buy them food. Food was so scarce that, at last, the pass -word was, "No food--no man." There were men in this camp who -had been at the court of kings; who had fed on rich food, and -had wine to drink, and now they were like to starve. - -All this time Wash-ing-ton did his best to keep up the heart -of his troops. He did not tell Con-gress how few and worn they -were; and there were those who gave him blame that he did not -do great things with these few worn out men. All this time the -Brit-ish troops in Phil-a-del-phia had what they chose of good -fare, and led a gay life. Some of them, with Gen-er-al Bur-goyne -at their head, in the mean time, had two or three fights with -our men, but found they did not gain much. At last they were -glad to go back. Just as they made a move to do so, our men -had the luck to hem them in on all sides in one place and won -the day. This was at Sar-a-to-ga. This was good news to those -in Val-ley Forge. It brought cheer to them, and they felt brave -to go on. - -In Eng-land men did not know what to make of our luck. It made -a stir in France, where we had friends; and some of their young -men came here to join our troops. We had some great French men -with us at that time. One whose name is still held in love by -all--the great La-fa-yette. - -At this time France made a vow to us that she would stand our -friend, and give us aid. When this was known in Eng-land, fears -rose on all sides; for they knew how much help France could -give, and how strong it would make us. They sent men over to -talk to us of peace, but it was too late. The A-mer-i-cans had -no thought but to be free, and they would take no less than -that. But these men still came, and thought they would see what -bribes could do. A large sum of gold was held out to Gen-er-al -Reed, if he would aid their cause. He said, "I am not worth -so much; but such as I am, the King of Eng-land has not so much -gold as would buy me!" - -[Illustration: PAUL JONES'S SEA FIGHT.] - -But the aid from France was less than they thought it would -be. Fleets were sent, but they gave small help to the cause. -And so the war went on for three years more. At times our men -would make a good fight, and then there would be dark days when -the foe had things all his own way. The Eng-lish had paid some -tribes of In-di-ans to fight on their side; and once there was -a sad scene, where men and their wives and babes were put to -death by these fierce wild men. This was not war, of course. -We give it a much worse name. - -Then there were sea-fights. In one of these, the men on the -ships fought three hours, and the ships took fire more than -once; but at last the Brit-ish gave up. In that ship the man -who took the lead on our side was Paul Jones. - -There is a tale told of what the brave wife of one of those men, -to whom we give the name of Friends, did for our cause at this -time. Gen-er-al Howe made his home in her house, a long low -brick one, at Tren-ton. He said to her one day, "I want to have -some friends here to night, and I would like to have the spare -back room to meet them in." - -"It shall be as thee says," said Friend Ruth. - -"See that all the folks in the house are in bed at a good hour," -said Gen-er-al Howe. - -"I will move that they go," said Friend Ruth. - -So when the men came to see Gen-er-al Howe that night, it was -all still in the house. Friend Ruth let them in. - -"You may go to bed and stay till I call," said Gen-er-al Howe. - -Ruth went to her room and lay down awhile; but did not take -off her clothes. She must know what these men meant to do. At -last she took off her shoes and went to the door of the room, -and put her ear to the key hole. This is what she heard. Some -one reads, "Our troops will make a move by stealth on the foe, -and we will take them ere they know we are on them!" - -There was no more sleep for Friend Ruth that night. She lay -in her bed till dawn; but all her aim was to think of a plan -to help our troops, and not to let them fall in the snare. At -last she hit on a plan to get out of the lines. She was in need -of some flour; and to get flour, she must go to a grist mill, -for they did not sell it at stores in those days. Gen-er-al -Howe could not say he would not let her get flour, as he ate -at her house; so he gave her a pass. While they ground the grist -for her at the mill, she rode on as fast as she could, till -she came to one of our guards. She said some words to him in -a low voice, and rode back, got her flour, and was home in no -time. - -When Gen-er-al Howe came on our troops the next day, he found -them all drawn up in rank and file in good trim to meet him. -He thought it best not to have a fight at all; and it was a -strange thing to him how they could have known of his move. - -Down in the South there were brave men at the head of our troops. -One was Ma-ri-on, who led his men through the woods by paths -that were known to few. They gave him the name of the "Swamp -Fox," and the Brit-ish cast slurs on him, and said he would -not come out for a fight in a bold way, but took their posts -at night, and when they were off guard. But he gave them a proof -of what he could do, when he and Greene fought them and won -the day in a fair field. Greene made such a name in this fight -that he took rank next to Wash-ing-ton from that time. - -We have to tell a sad tale now of one of our own men--a man, -too, who had won fame in the war. He had shown that he was brave; -but men did not like him much, for he thought more of his own -gain than of his land, and he had the wish for a high place, -which he did not get. His name was Ben-e-dict Ar-nold, and his -bad act was, that he made a plan to sell his own land to the -Eng-lish. He wrote to the foe all he could of the moves our -troops were to make, and their state, but he did not sign his -own name. Once he had his camp at the head of some men at West -Point, and he made up his mind to give this place, which was -strong with forts, to the Brit-ish. This he would have done, -and the whole land would have come to grief, but for a chance -that brought the vile plan to light. - -One day a young man rides down the path by the stream. There -is a wood of oak near. On the ground, by the trees, there are -three young men. They have a game of cards. They have been out -all night, and have sat down to rest. - -They hear the sound of hoofs. - -"Some one on his way to New York for trade," says one. - -His friend peers out. "No; his clothes are too good for that," -he says. - -All three spring to their feet, and cry, "Halt!" - -The man on the horse stops, and says, "I hope you are on our -side." - -"Which side is that?" cry the men. - -"The side of the King." - -"All right," they say; for they wish to find out more. - -"Thank God, I am once more with friends!" he says, as he takes -out his gold watch. "I must get on. I am in great haste." - -"We can not let you go," say the men. - -"But I have a pass." - -"Whose?" - -"Gen-er-al Ar-nold's." - -"You must get off your horse." - -"But, I tell you, you will get in a scrape if you stop me. Read -this pass." - -[Illustration: MA-JOR AN DRÉ.] - -"No good. You said you were Brit-ish; we must search you." - -"I have naught." - -"We will see. Take off your coat." - -The coat is laid off, and the boots. Ah, what is this? The hand -of Ar-nold in this; and "West Point" the date. A shout went -up, "He is a spy!" - -He was a young Eng-lish man by the name of An-dré. He took his -watch and purse, and said he would give them all, if they would -let him go free. They would not, but took him to the near A-mer-i-can -Post to try him. Of course, what Ar-nold had done all came out. -He had known this would be the case, for as soon as the news -was brought that An-dré was in the hands of our men, he took -leave of his wife, gave a kiss to his boy, and sped on his way -to an Eng-lish ship. He got to Eng-land, and was paid a large -sum of gold; and they gave him a fine place at the head of some -troops; but no man would make a friend of him. The Eng-lish -had been glad to use him, but they would not take him by the -hand. - -You may think what a life he had. His own land had cast him -out, but he came back to fight her at the head of the foe. But -the new land where he had made his home had no real place for -him. Once in the great house in Eng-land, where the wise men -meet to talk of their laws, one rose to make a speech. But when -he saw Ar-nold in a seat near him, he said, "I will not speak -while that man is in the house." Long years after, when one -of the great men of France had it in his mind to come to this -land, he went to Ar-nold for some notes to his friends. Ar-nold -said, "I was born in A-mer-i-ca. I spent my youth there; but -Ah! I can call no man in A-mer-i-ca my friend." - -In the mean time An-dré, the young Eng-lish man, who had met -Ar-nold, and got the plans which were to give us up in to the -hands of the foe, was shown to be a spy. There was but one doom -for a spy. He must be hung. All felt for his fate. He was young, -and had a fine face, and the air of good birth; but his hour -had come. Tears were shed at his death; though he was our foe. -All knew he was a brave man, who had not been slow to risk his -life in the cause of his land. He thought he was right, and -took all means to serve his own ends. For Ar-nold, who would -have sold his own, there was but hate, and they gave him a name -which would serve to show what his crime had been to all time--Ar-nold -the Trai-tor! - -All this while the French had been our friends; but they had -not met with a chance to show what they could do, till a great -fight came which made an end of this war. This was at a place -by the name of York-town, in Vir-gin-ia. Wash-ing-ton was there -with his troops, and the French Gen-er-al, who had a hard name, -which you may learn one of these days, was with him at the head -of his men. They took the best works of the Brit-ish, and made -such a brave stand, that Lord Corn-wal-lis thought it would -be wise to leave by night, with all his troops. But a storm -came, and they could not get off, so they all had to give up -to Wash-ing-ton. - -There was a grand scene that day, in the fall of 1781, when -Wash-ing-ton and his French friends stood in two ranks, and -their old foes took up a slow march by them, and laid down their -arms as they went. Great was the joy in all the land when the -news was known. Those who woke that night in Phil-a-del-phia, -heard the watch cry, "Past two o'clock and Corn-wal-lis is ours!" -When the news came to Con-gress, they sent out word for a day -to be set, in all the States, to give thanks to God, and all -who were held for debt, or for crime, or what cause it might -be, were set free, that they might share the great joy. - -Well might they all be glad, for this meant the end of the war. -It had cost them dear in gold as well as lives; but it had been -worse for Eng-land than for them. The sums she had spent were -vast, and one could not count the lives she had lost. Add to -this the fact that she had lost this great land, which had once -been all her own, and now was made free. Our land now took a -new name. You can read it, I know, though it is not in short -words, "The U-nit-ed States of A-mer-i-ca." - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -IN TIMES OF PEACE. - - -When peace came, the men who had been in camp went to their -own homes. They were all poor, and did not know what to do. -There was no gold in the land, but a kind of cash which was -so bad that it took more than you could count to buy a pair -of shoes. Gen-er-al Wash-ing-ton found his task more hard to -keep all in good cheer, now there were no fights on hand, than -when they were at war. There had to be a tax on some things -to keep all right, and they did not want to pay the tax, or -their debts at this time. Wash-ing-ton felt that things were -at loose ends, and he must make them more strong. - -[Illustration: GEORGE WASH-ING-TON.] - -Each State had a wish to be first; and it would seem that, with -no foe to fight, they were on the point of war with their own -selves. There was need of a strong hand to rule the whole land. -So men were sent out of each State to meet in Phil-a-del-phia -and talk of the best plan. They had a long talk, and at last -wrote what we call the "Con-sti-tu-tion." Ten of the States -gave it their vote at once; but three held back for a while. - -There were grand times in our land when it was known that the -Con-sti-tu-tion was to be our guide; that we were to be in truth, -"The U-nit-ed States of A-mer-i-ca," with one will, one aim, -one soul as it were, while time should last. - -A great crowd came out in Phil-a-del-phia to show their joy. -Each trade had its men there, with the tools of the trade in -their hands. There was a grand car, made in the shape of that -bird which we chose as the sign of our land. It was drawn by -six steeds, and in it sat those who were to judge the folk in -our great courts. They held a staff, and on it was our "Con-sti-tu-tion," -in a frame, and on the top of the staff a cap, which we might -call the cap of the free--a kind they were fond of in France -at that time. There were ten ships on the river, gay with flags -and gilt, to show forth the ten States that had cast their vote -in the right way. - -George Wash-ing-ton was made the first Pres-i-dent, and as he -took his way to New York, which was then the seat of rule, he -met joy and kind words on all the route. - -At Tren-ton, where he had fought, there was an arch thrown out -on a bridge, where he must pass. This was hung with wreaths, -and young girls stood with hands full of sweet buds and bloom, -which they flung in his path, as they sung a song to greet him, -and thank him for all he had done. - -[Illustration: WASH-ING-TON MADE PRES-I-DENT.] - -As he drew near New York, a barge came out to meet him. It had -a crew all in white, and was meant to show the States--a man -for each State. Then more boats came to join them, with our -flag on each. Wash-ing-ton was led in great state to his new -home. When the time came for him first to meet with the folk -and take the oath to be true to the Con-sti-tu-tion, there was -such a rush to the place that some one said, "One might walk -on the heads of the crowd." When Wash-ing-ton came out where -all could see him, and the oath was read to him, and he took -it, a great cheer rent the air, and a cry rang out, "Long live -George Wash-ing-ton, Pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States." There -was a flag flung out from that Hall, a peal of bells rang, and -a blast was sent out from the guns, to show the joy and the -love with which they took him for their chief. This was on April -30, 1789. - -War is bad for all folks; for it is hard, when it is past, for -men to learn the arts of peace. Wash-ing-ton found the whole -land in debt. They did not want a tax, and the red men were -still their foes. But in a few years he made a great change. -The In-di-ans were put down, and France and Spain and Eng-land -were brought to deal with us as friends. It was a man by the -name of John Jay, who wrote out the terms with Eng-land, and -so we had peace for a time. - -Just then there was a great fight in France, not with a foe, -but in their own midst. The men there had seen how our land -had won the day, and they had a mind to be free and have no -King. They did not go at it in the same way that we did; but -shed much blood of their own folk, and cut off the heads of -their King and Queen, and did things which made good men sad. -But they said they did it all to be free. There was a reign -of fright for a time. But at last, the mob could rule no more, -and they were glad to take a King. - -Wash-ing-ton kept up great state, for those times, in his own -home, and when he drove out he had a state coach, cream white -in hue, and drawn by six steeds on state days. He took but one -horse on the Lord's day, when he rode to church. This coach -was of the shape of a half sphere, and had wreaths, and the -forms of small fat boys with wings, drawn on it in gay tints. -He set days for all to come and see him in his home. Those who -came would see Wash-ing-ton in front of the fire place, and near -him the band of great men who gave him help with their wise words. -He would be, seen in a coat of black, with a vest of white or -pearl, and buff gloves. His hair was made white with a kind -of dust they had in use in those days; and it was put in a sort -of silk bag at the back of his head. That was a queue. - -He would have his hat in his hand, and he wore a long sword. -He did not shake hands with his guests, but made them a bow, -and had some word for each. His wife, too, had times for her -friends to come; and all must be in full dress--the dames in -low necks and short sleeves. On the birth day of Wash-ing-ton, -men would meet to dine in all the large towns; and those who -made rhymes would write odes to the great man. There were some -who did not like all this state and form and show. They thought -it was too much like the style of kings in the old land, and -they would have been glad to have a new mode here. They did -not wish to see a Judge in a robe of red, or the man who was -to preach in the church in a wig, with gown and bands. They -were for plain dress and plain ways. - -You may see now bits of the stiff, rich silks of those days, -or it may be a quaint old gown, rich in lace, which has been -kept from that time. You may see in your mind the dame who wore -it, as she waves her fan, sent from France, with the head of -Wash-ing-ton on it. The hair of this dame would be drawn high -on her head, and made white with the dust of which I spoke, -and put in great puffs. The men whose trade it was to dress -hair in those days had such a crowd of folks to fix, that they -had to get up at four to do the work. I have heard of great -dames who sat up all night to keep their hair in good style -for some ball, or the play. The men, too, thought quite as much -of dress as their wives, and in those days they did not wear -plain cloth suits as now. Then a man put on a wig, and a white -stiff stock, that held up his chin; a vest of white silk, it -may be with rose-buds on it, and all the rest of his clothes -were rich. - -It was the mode to have a snuff box in those days; it might -be of gold, or some dear stuff, with much work on it, and when -one met a friend they would be as sure to stop and take a pinch -of snuff as to lift the hat in our time. - -[Illustration: SPIN-NING WHEEL.] - -They gave Balls in those days, which were quite grand, but they -did not dance in the same way as now. They had all sorts of -slow steps and bows. There was a kind of stiff grace in their -style, and some would like it more now, than the rush and whirl -of our mode of to-day. The dames were borne in a sort of chair -through the streets to these Balls. - -All this was the way of life with the rich. The poor still wore -the clothes they spun and wove, and they made their own lights, -and struck fire with two flints. They had not seen a match then, -and did not dream of gas, or of the strange new light which has -been found in our time. They went to bed with the chicks, and -rose when the cock crew. The towns at the North throve the best. -At the South towns were few, and in the far West the foot of -man had not yet found its way. - -[Illustration: COT-TON PLANT.] - -Those brave men who had first come to this land, had seen here -and there in the South a strange plant. It had a sort of bulb -full of a fine white down, and those who had seen it in hot -lands knew it could be spun, and cloth made from it. It was -not hard to make it grow; but the white fluff was so full of -seeds that it took a whole day to get a pound free from them. -Wise men saw in this plant a great fund of wealth for the States. -So they set to work to find a quick way to take the seed out. - -There was a man in the East who heard of this, and set his brain -to work. He was a young man by the name of E-li Whit-ney; and -he had not seen the plant when he took it in his head that he -could find a way to "gin" it; for that is the name of the work. -He had to walk all the way to one of the towns at the South, -to get the seed, and as he had no tools or wire, he had to make -them. You may think that was slow work, but he had a strong -will, and when he had made a rude "gin," he bade his friends -come and see how it would do. All saw that it would work well; -but some thieves broke in his house at night and stole it. So -there was a long time that the man who made the "gin" got nought -for it. For those who stole it made gins like it and sold them. -These gins did the work well and fast, and so there grew up -a great trade for us in this soft white fluff. - -It is made in cloth for you to wear, and is spread on your beds, -and will take all sorts of bright dyes. We sell it to all the -world, and wealth flows in on all sides. This would not have -been the case had not the young man, E-li Whit-ney, made the -"gin." - -The death of one of the great men of the land came to pass at -this time. We have told you of Ben-ja-min Frank-lin. He was -born in Bos-ton, and he was the son of a poor man. But he knew -how to print, and he set up a press in a room where he could -print each morn the news of the day. He did not scorn to sell -all sorts of wares as well, such as rags, ink, soap, and such -things. He had read a great deal, and found out more than those -round him knew. You have seen the sharp light play in the dark -clouds in a storm. You know that it strikes at times; it may -be a house or a barn or a man, and that the one who is struck -is apt to die. - -Well, Frank-lin thought that this light could be drawn down -from the skies, and when he heard a laugh at this, he set to -work to prove it. He sent his son out one day in a storm, with -a kite in his hand. As a low black cloud went by, they saw the -fierce light tear through it; it would seem that the light ran -down the string of the kite. Frank-lin had put a key on this -string, and when he made his friends touch that key, they drew -sparks from it. So they saw that he had found out a great thing; -and from that has come the plan of the rods that are now put -on a house to keep it safe in a storm. This gave him fame here -and in the rest of the world. He was sent to France and made -strong friends for us there. He is said to have done more good -works for his land than all the rest of the men of his time. -So it is not strange that all felt sad when death took him from -us. - -The French, too, met in their great hall to mourn his loss; -and one of their chiefs said, "The sage whom two worlds claim -as their own is dead;" and they wore crape on their arms for -three days, for his sake. - -While Wash-ing-ton had the rule of the land, more new States -came in. The first of these was Ver-mont. This State was full -of green hills and strong brave men, who had cut down the trees -and made homes there. Once New York laid claim to this land, -but they could not drive these brave men out. They thought they -had a right to the soil, and they sent a man, by name E-than -Al-len, to talk with the men of New York. He was met with gibes -and sneers, but he would not yield. He said to them in words -from the good Book, "Our gods are gods of the hills, so they -are more strong than yours." - -So when the men from New York came to drive out those who had -made homes in the midst of these hills, they found a stout foe. -The Vermont boys would take those who came and tie them to trees -and whip them with rods from the beech trees. To this they gave -the name of "the beech seal;" and those from New York did not -care to have the "beech seal" put on them more than once. They -grew mad, of course, and they sent out bills in which they set -forth that they would give a good price for the head of E-than -Al-len. But in time peace was made in these two States, when -they had fought side by side in the great war. And so Ver-mont -was brought in and took that name, which means "Green Hills." - -The next State that came in was Ken-tuck-y. This land was next -to Vir-gin-ia, and for a time held to be a part of that State. -The first man who made his way through its wild woods and hills -was Dan-iel Boone, who had won a name for the way he could go -in to the nooks and glens and trap wild beasts for their fur. -He took a small band of men with him, and they had no fear, -but went far in where man had not yet trod, to hunt or fish, -or make salt at the "Salt Licks" or springs. He built forts -and held them with his few friends for quite a time, spite of -the red men. But once they took him and bound him, and thought -they could make him one of them; so much did they like his strength -and pluck, but he got free. When men heard of his brave deeds, -more came to help him. The most of them were from Vir-gin-ia, -and brought their slaves with them. - -The In-di-ans were in a rage at all this new force, and made -the best fight they could to drive them from the soil; so that -whole land came to be known as the "Dark Land of Blood." In -time, peace was made, and the land grew to a State by the name -of Ken-tuck-y. - -Wash-ing-ton held his post for two terms, or eight years, and -he did not wish to serve more. So John Ad-ams was the choice -of all, for the next chief of our land. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -NEW MEN AND NEW LAWS. - - -John Ad-ams was one of the men who gave his help to write out -the "Dec-la-ra-tion of In-de-pend-ence," of which you have been -told. That was, as you know, the first step to make us free. -In it we had made known that we would make our own laws, and -no one should rule us but those in our own land. John Ad-ams -had gone to France at the end of the great war, and had been -one to help make the French our friends. In his time. Wash-ing-ton -was made the home of the Pres-i-dents. - -This town took its name from our great chief, and he was the -one to pick out a place for the new site. This home we call -the White House. At this time France did not seem to hold to -the old ties that had made us friends. When our men were sent -to her courts, she would not hear them, and there were some -sea fights with our ships. It would seem that a new war must -come out of this, and Wash-ing-ton had a call from his home -to take the head of the troops. But there was no war, for Na-po-le-on, -a young man, who had shown great tact and strength, got things -in his own hands in France, and we made peace through him with -the French. - -There were some who did not like John Ad-ams, for the laws that -he made. One of these laws gave him the right to seize and send -out of our States those who came here from strange lands, though -none could prove they had done wrong. So, though he was a great -man, he did not get votes for a new term. - -And now the hour had come when Wash-ing-ton must die. All felt -how much they were in debt to him, for the way he had led them -in the war, and his wise rule in time of peace. He had made -all men his friends in the end, and in the great hall at Wash-ing-ton, -it was then said--the words live to this day, that he was "First -in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of all." He -was sick a long time; and his last words were: "I die hard, -but I do not fear to go!" - -No new States came in while Ad-ams had the rule; but the land -grew in worth, and more homes were made here. But there was -a great stretch of wild land still, where the bears and the -wolves could prowl in the woods at will, and no smoke from the -fire on a home hearth was seen in the air. - -Jef-fer-son was the third man whom the land chose to be their -chief. He was well known as one of the first to frame the Dec-la-ra-tion. -At this time there was a war of France with Eng-land, and we -had hard work to keep clear of both. For France had made a law -that we should not help her foe; and Eng-land had done the same. -And both sides would take our ships at sea, if they thought -they made trade with the foe. So our ships had hard times, and -did not know what way to steer, lest one should seize them and -take all they had on board. More than this, Eng-land said she -had a right to search our ships and see if we had her men on -board of them, and to take such if found. And once or twice -it came to pass, that they took the whole crew of a ship, so -that there was not a man left in it to sail it. - -One day a man-of-war went to search one of our ships for men, -they said, who had run from them. They were in sight of one -of our forts; but when our men would not let the search be made, -a fire was made on our ship, and they took four of the men, -and hung one of them. This was bad for our trade, and made a -great stir in our midst, and woke up the old wrath at Eng-land. - -So Con-gress, with a wish to give Eng-land tit for tat, as you -would say, made a law that we should not trade with her, and -our ships should not go out of our own ports. But this, you -know, hurt us more than it hurt Eng-land; and, for a time, Jef-fer-son -came in for a share of the hard thoughts, as though it were -all his fault. Those whose trade had been hurt by the law felt -as if he had been to blame, and the cause of loss to them. There -were, too, on the sea a band of sea thieves, as we might call -them. They were men who came from a wild race, far off, who -would seize ships when they could, and take all the crew and -hold them for slaves, till their friends would pay a good price -for them. It was no strange thing in those days to hear read -out in church the names of those who were slaves to such men. -Great sums of gold were sent to set our men free. At last we -made some terms with these thieves of the sea, but they would -not keep the peace. - -Then John Ad-ams sent out four ships to fight these men. We -did not own but six war ships in those days. One of these had -the bad luck to run on the shore in that strange land, so the -foe took it, and the crew were made slaves. There was a brave -young man in one of our ships, who made a plan to get back the -lost boat, which had the same name as the town of "Phil-a-del-phia." -He thought if we could not get her from the foe it would be -best to burn her, so that they could not use her for their own -ends. So he took a small boat which had been won from the foe -in a fight, and put some of our own men in her, and stole up -to the side of the "Phil-a-del-phia" by night. If he was seen--it -was thought to be a boat load of friends--but they soon went -to work, and when they got on board, the fight was short and -fierce. The "Phil-a-del-phia" was theirs in no time; but they -found they could not move her, so they set her on fire, and -set sail once more, and did not lose a man. All this won a name -and fame for the young man, whose name was De-ca-tur, and in -time there grew up such a fear of him in those wild States that -they were glad to make peace and take no more slaves. - -[Illustration: DE-CA-TUR BURN-ING THE "PHIL-A-DEL-PHIA."] - -Jef-fer-son's mode of life was not like Wash-ing-ton's had been. -He did not care for fine things or a state-coach, but was plain -in all his ways. He did not go to the House in a coach and six, -but rode on a horse which he would tie to a post while he went -in to read his speech. In time he did not go at all, but sent -the speech to be read by some one, and so it is done in our -day. He had no state times for the folk to come and see him; -but on New Year's day and the Fourth of July his doors were -flung wide, and all might call who had the wish to do so. He -did not let men know when his birth day came, so that no feasts -should be kept, and odes made on it. He made the debt of the -land less in his time. He thought that all men had a right to -vote, and at that time there were those who did not hold such -views. - -[Illustration: SLAVES IN FIELD OF SUGAR CANE.] - -There was one great law that came to pass in Jef-fer-son's time. -This was to keep out the slave trade. This trade tore the black -man from his home, and sold him to those who would pay the most. -He must leave his wife, his boys and girls, and see them no more, -and be brought in the dark hold of a ship to a strange land, -where he did not know their speech. Here he must work at his -strange tasks, with no hope and no joy in his life. Jef-fer-son -felt that the slave trade was wrong, and he had the wish to -see it brought to an end. He thought it gave us a bad name. -But there were those in Con-gress who did not feel in that way. -They said if it was right to hold slaves at all, it could not -be wrong to bring them here. So the talk grew fierce, some on -this side and some on that; but, in the end, the law was made. -Spite of this law, the trade went on by stealth for years, though -the ships of more lands than one came to the aid of the slaves -to break up this bad trade. In the States there was no law to -say that slaves should not be bought and sold, and so this went -on till the last war. - -One grand thing that came to be made in the time of Jef-fer-son -was the steam boat. There were ships with sails, and boats that -went by oars, but none that went by steam. The first one that -was made would go four miles an hour; but it was not on the -same plan as those we have now. The first made like those now -in use, was built by Rob-ert Ful-ton, in 1807. Men then had -not much faith in it, and would laugh at it as they do at most -new things. Ful-ton said no one spoke a kind word of it; but -when they came to see the launch, and took note of its speed, -those who came to mock were glad to cheer. - -The first steam boat made on his plan was the "Cler-mont," and -went at the rate of five miles an hour, spite of wind and tide. -As it went on its way, it sent such a great mass of sparks up -in the air, and the noise of its wheels was so loud that when -the crews of the ships that came in its way saw it, they would -drop on their knees in fright, and pray to be kept safe from -this strange thing. But, in time, more were made, and men saw -that there was naught to fear in these great steam boats, though -they did seem to breathe out fire and smoke. Still, at first, -they did not dare to cross the sea in them. - -[Illustration: FUL-TON'S "CLER-MONT" STEAM-ER.] - -There was a great tract of land in the west, which Jef-fer-son -bought for the U-nit-ed States from the French. Part of it is -now known as the State of Lou-i-si-ana, and took its name from -the French King. One of the great streams of the world runs -through it. Do you know its name? - -Jef-fer-son sent men to find out all they could of this land -he had bought; what kind of tribes of red men were in it, what -wild beasts were in the wood, and what sort of plants grew there. -These men took with them food, fire arms, and gifts for the -chiefs of the red men. They were gone two or three years; and -made their camps in the woods, when the cold and storm were -so great they could not go on. They went up the great stream -to the falls where no white man had been, and then they went -on and found the source of the stream. They wrote of all they -saw, and men read it in their homes. They read of new tribes -of red men; of herds of wild beasts, so large that one herd -would take up a stream a mile wide. They said some of tribes -were poor, but some had good homes and fine steeds, which they -would sell for a few beads. They found, too, they could make -a great trade for furs with these tribes. There was one man -who made a post for this trade. It is said he bought furs by -the weight, and would put his hand or foot in the scale, and -call it a pound. You may think how much fur it would take to -weigh them down. - -The next chief of our land was James Mad-i-son. When he came -in, he found that men were once more in a state of wrath with -Eng-land. You see they felt it hard that our ships should have -to let Eng-land stop them and search them as she chose. So at -last it came to war, and at first we did not win at all. The -red men took part with our foe; and one chief, by name of Te-cum-seh, -made a plan to join all the tribes of In-di-ans in war on the -whites. He took part in all the fights, and made a brave stand, -but he fell at last. - -Though we did not win much on land, we had good luck on the -sea. We took one of Eng-land's ships; but then they in turn -took one of ours, and a brave man, who fought with his crew -at the head of it, fell, shot with his death wound. "Don't give -up the ship!" was his cry with his last breath. - -These words, "Don't give up the ship," were put on a flag, which -was held in a great fight that took place at that time. There -were nine ships on our side, and six on the side of the foe. - -This flag was put on our flag ship, and a brave man fought for -it. His name was Per-ry. The flag ship was lost; but Per-ry -flew to a small boat with his flag, and got to the next ship. -He fought so well that he won the day, and the Brit-ish lost -all their six ships. Such a thing had not been known till that -time. When the Brit-ish gave up, Per-ry wrote, "We have met -the foe, and they are ours!" - -There was war for three years; and in the last year the Brit-ish -took some of our towns on the coast south, and set fire to the -State Hall and Pres-i-dent's house at Wash-ing-ton. They made -a raid on New Or-leans, but we had a man there who built up -miles of bales for a sort of breast works, and fought back of -them with our troops, so they did not get that town; and this -was the last fight of the war. - -Peace was made, and both sides were glad to sign it. From this -time the Eng-lish laid claim to no right of search in our ships. -This was known for a time as the "Late War," but since then we -have had more wars, so it would not do to call it by that name -now. But from that day we have had peace with Eng-land, and -may it long last. - -Now came a time of peace when the land grew, and men went west -and made homes, and built flour mills, and cut down trees, so -that in a short time a wild place would change in to a town; -and you would see a church spire point up to the sky, and a -school with its crowd of young ones at their tasks. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -THE SLAVE TRADE. - - -Mad-i-son had two terms of rule, and then Mon-roe was the next -choice of the land. He had fought in the great war, and had -a high place in the States. He had shown that he was a brave -man, and was the one sent to France when our land bought Lou-i-si-ana. - -When he was made Pres-i-dent, he made a tour of all the posts -north and east, to see what strength they would have in case -of war. He wore a blue coat that was home-spun, and was plain -in all his dress. He won the hearts of all by his frank ways. -He met all men as friends, and had no pride and pomp to keep -them far off; he was as one of them. He thought more of the -good of his land than his own. One said of him, "If we could -turn his soul in side out, not a spot could be found on it." -When he came to die, he was poor in purse but rich in a good -name. - -The red men were not at peace in his time, and there was one -more cause of strife, and that was the slaves. Since the first -ship load of slaves had been brought in, the trade had grown -more and more at the South. The men at the North had grown to -like this trade less and less. It had been thought at first -it would soon die out, but they saw this would not be the case. -At last there was a strife each time that a State, that held -slaves, would want to come in. The free States would cry out -that it was wrong to have more slave States. - -Those at the South said that when a free State was brought in, -there ought to be a slave State too, or else the North would -grow too strong, and have things all their own way. And so there -was a fight when the time came for the State of Mis-sou-ri to -come in. I do not mean that they went to war with shot and shell. -This was a war of words. The North said that it was wrong to -buy and sell men, and to break up homes; that it was bad for -the men who held slaves, and for those in bonds, and that the -first men of the land had the wish to get rid of it. The South -said that if the great men of the land had the wish to get rid -of it, they still kept their own slaves; that it was the best -state for the black men; that they could learn more than in -their own wild land; that white men could not work out of doors -in the hot time, and so the crops could not be grown if the -black man was made free. - -At last Con-gress let Mis-sou-ri come in as a slave State, but -made a law that a line should be drawn in the land. North of -this line there could be no slaves. South of it men could keep -slaves or not, just as they chose; men look on this now as a -weak move. At that time the slaves were few, and the trade not -great, so it might have been put down with more ease. But with -time it grew so strong that it took long years and a great war -to crush it out. Five new States came in while Mon-roe was at -the head of the land. - -John Quin-cy Ad-ams came next. He was the son of the Pres-i-dent -of the same name, and had been nine years old when he heard -the Dec-la-ra-tion read from the State House in Bos-ton. Since -then the land had grown to a vast size, and was at peace. Much -was done in his time to make our land thrive and grow. The red -men were made to move west, and their lands were bought. - -In his time, the first rail road was built. It was but three -miles long, and it was a horse that drew the car and not steam. -The first use of steam came in more late from Eng-land. The -first steam car did not make much speed; but it was thought -to be a great thing. Still there were those who said it would -not be worth much; that it could not draw its own weight, but -that its wheels would spin round and round on the rail. Some -thought that if it were made to go, it would be bad for the -farms; would scare off the cows and sheep, and the smoke would -make the sheep's wool black. But their fears were laid at rest -in time by the sight of these cars as they ran on in peace, -and brought none of these ills to pass. - -[Illustration: FIRST STEAM EN-GINE.] - -In the same year the land had to mourn the death of two great -men. Strange to say, they went on the same day, and that was -the Fourth of July. Both these men had put their names on the -great Dec-la-ra-tion, and they had grown to be strong friends. -Jef-fer-son heard the fire of a gun, just as he went. His last -words were, "Is this the Fourth?" - -Ad-ams, who lay near to death, saw the sun set and heard the -shouts from those who kept the day in his town. He sent them -word to hold fast the rights that day had brought them; and -the old man could hear the cheer that they gave at his words. - -At this time there was a great talk of a sort of tax to be put -on all goods brought here from far lands. This we call a tar-iff, -and we hear a great deal of it in this day. There are those -who think a high tax should be put on all goods made out of -our own land, so as to keep them out and give those made here -a chance. There are some who think that all trade should be -free; and that ships should sail here with what they choose -and land it, with no one to see what it is, and put a tax on -it. - -Ad-ams, in his time, was for a high tax, and for this cause -he did not have but one term as our chief. Those who did not -want the tax had the most votes, and they chose An-drew Jack-son -for the next man. He had been well known in the war, and had -built up those breast works in New Or-leans of which we have -told you, from which our men beat the Brit-ish. - -While he was chief, there were some in the South who felt that -the North had more than its share of the wealth of the land. -You see there were more great mills and more goods made in the -North, and the tax on strange goods was too much help to those -at home. At least this was so thought by the South, and they -had a plan to cut loose and set up a new band of States. They -had drills of their young men, and got arms, and had made choice -of a man to lead them. His name was John C. Cal-houn, and he -was to be their first chief. But Jack-son said that "if a State -could go out of the band of States when it chose, we would come -to naught;" and he sent troops and ships of war to the South, -and put a stop to all the stir in a short time. - -Tribes of the red men had gone out to the far West, but there -were those who would not move. There was a tribe in Flor-i-da -who fought for a long time in the swamps of that land. Some -slaves who had run away from their homes were with them. One -of the chiefs of the red men had a slave for a wife, and when -she went with him to one of our forts, she was held and kept -as a slave, and the chief was put in chains. When he got free, -he made a vow to pay up the white man for all he had borne, -and for the loss of his wife. So he led the red men in this -war. His name was Os-ce-o-la. He was caught at last, and kept -in one of our forts till he died. But the war went on for years, -at a great cost of life, till few of that tribe were left in -the land. And this war cost three times as much as had been -paid for the whole of the State of Flor-i-da. - -This war had so much to do with slaves, that all the talk on -the slave trade came up once more. There was a man of that class -of which we have told you--one of the Friends, or Quak-ers, -who put in print his views, that some plan should be made by -which all slaves should be freed in time. - -Then a young man, by name of Gar-ri-son, wrote that the best -way was to set all free at once. This made a great stir, and -some said he should be brought to court and made to take back -his words. But he said, "I will speak out what I feel. I will -not go back an inch, and I will be heard." And just at this -time, to make things worse, and stir up great fear in the land, -a slave in Vir-gin-ia, got a mob of black men, and they went -from house to house and put all to death who came in their way. - -Gar-ri-son did not like war, and he would not have blood shed; -but there were those who laid all the fault of this at his door. -They said he taught the slave he had a right to be free, and -so this black man rose and took his rights. The slave who had -done so much harm was at last caught, and put in jail and then -hung. - -Jack-son thought it would be well for Con-gress to pass a bill, -that no thing on the slave trade should go through the mails; -but that bill did not pass. Some were made friends to Jack-son -by this strong course, when the South had a plan to break up -our States, and leave the North; but, of course, there were -those who did not like him for the same cause. He had both strong -friends and foes; but made so good a rule, that he put the land -out of debt, and had a sum left to share with the States. Much -new land was bought in his time. - -Jack-son was a great man. He had come from poor folks, and as -a boy he was more fond of sports than of books. His life had -its ups and downs. Once he was in the hands of the foe, and -told he must clean some boots for them. It was too much for -a free born A-mer-i-can to clean Brit-ish boots. It made his -blood boil, and he said with scorn that he would not do such -work. He was not mild or meek, you know, but had a strong will -of his own. And he kept his word spite of blows, and was sent -to jail. There the poor boy had small pox. He knew not where -to turn when he got out of jail, for he was poor, and had no -one left to help him. He had more than one fight in his time, -and scars that he did not gain in war. He was brave through -and through, and won fame where he went. He was in his old home -when he drew his last breath in peace. - -When Mar-tin Van Bu-ren came in, the talk on the slave trade -grew worse. A slave child by the name of Med, who had been brought -to Bos-ton by a man, was said to be free by the Court of that -State, as she had trod on free soil. But at the same time some -of the dames who met to take the slaves' part, were set on by -a mob, and Gar-ri-son, who stood up to make them a speech, was -bound with ropes. Then this fierce mob set to work to drag him -through the streets; but some friends got hold of him, and had -to lodge him in jail to save his life. Two schools for the blacks -were set on fire; and one man in the West, who was a great friend -of the slave, met his death at the hands of a mob. - -Just at this time there was a plan to bring in Tex-as as a slave -State, and this shook the land from North to South. Long pleas -with the names of a great mass of folks were sent to Con-gress, -to beg them not to let Tex-as come in as a slave State. John -Quin-cy Ad-ams, it is said, spoke an hour a day for twelve days, -on the side of those who would make Tex-as a free State. They -put off the strife at that time, and did not bring Tex-as in -at all. Con-gress made a rule, that no bills that spoke of slaves -should be brought in, and this was in force for ten years. - -In Van Bu-ren's time there was a great crash in trade, and hard -times in the land. He did not make the hard times, still he -had but one term for that cause. Men felt a hope that a new -man might bring in a new state of things. They chose Har-ri-son, -who had fought in a brave way in the wars with the red men. - -He came from the far West, where his home had once been in a -log house. So he had the name of the Log Cabin man, and the -poor men in the land all felt proud that one of their own kind -was their chief; one who had made his way out of the ranks. -There was a print of that log cabin on all sorts of things, -and toys were made in that form, and songs were made on it, -and sung when men met. - -The new Pres-i-dent did not live but one month, and so for the -rest of the four years, John Ty-ler took the rule; but he did -not please those who had cast their votes for him. He would -not let their bills pass: one of which was to form a States -Bank, on which the Whigs had all set their hearts. The State -of Tex-as was brought in at this time. - -You have all seen the wires which stretch from pole to pole -in the streets of our great towns, and in lone roads by field -and wood. You know what they are for, and how by means of them -you can send word to a friend in time of need, or hear from -those you love in a flash. It may be a death that is told, or -some news of joy that they can not wait to send by the slow -way of the post. - -[Illustration: SAM-UEL F. B. MORSE.] - -Well, when James K. Polk was thought of as a good man to make -chief of the land, the news was the first that had been sent -on these wires. The first lines built were made here, and went -from Bal-ti-more to Wash-ing-ton. Morse was the name of the -man who found out how to send news on wires in this way. - -At this time there were two great men of whom you should hear, -for their names are on the list of fame, which has stood the -test of time. One was Hen-ry Clay. He was born in the West, -and was poor, but he made his way from the small log school -house, where he went to learn his first task, to rank with the -great men of our land. He could win men to be his friends, when -they had made up their minds to hate him. He had a strong will, -and kept true to his own aims. He spoke with such grace and -force that he could sway men's minds and thrill their hearts. -He has said, "I owe all I have won in life to one fact, that -when I was a boy, and for some years, as I grew up, I would -learn and speak what I read in books. More than one off hand -speech did I make in a corn field or in the woods, or in a barn, -with but an ox or horse to hear me. It is to this I owe much -that has gone to shape and mould my course in life." - -One man, who was not his friend, said at his death, "If I were -to write on the stone that marks his place of rest, I would -place there these words: 'Here lies one who led men by his own -force for long years; but did not swerve from the truth, or -call in lies to help him.'" - -One more great man died on the same day as Clay. His name was -Web-ster. He was a great states man. He went to school but a -few weeks in all his life. He was then so shy that he could -not pluck up heart to speak a piece in the school. He did not -think that in time to come his words would stir the land. He -says, "I was brave in my own room, and would learn the piece -and speak it there; but when the day came, and I would see all -eyes turn to me, and they would call out my name, I could not -rise from my seat." - -In all things but this he stood well at school, and he had a -great wish to learn. But he knew they were all poor at home, -and he felt that he must go to work and help them, fond as he -was of his books. When he heard that he was to go on; that he -should have a chance to make his dream true, he was full of -joy. "I see yet," he said, "the great hill up which we went -that day in the snow. When I heard the news, I could not speak -for joy. There were such a crowd of young ones in our home, -I did not see how they could spare the funds. A warm glow ran -through me; I had to weep." - -When he was through school, he at once rose to a high place. -He was at the head of all who spoke in the House. He was grand -and great, but he had a sense of fun in him. Once some one came -to him with one of those books where the names of friends or -great men are kept, with the wish that he would write his name -by the side of John Ad-ams. He wrote: - -"If by his name I write my own, -'Twill take me where I am not known; -And the cold words will meet my ear, -Why, friend, and how did you come here?" - -When his death was known, there was grief in the length and -breadth of the land. No death since that of Wash-ing-ton was -made such a theme for speech. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -A NEW WAR. - - -In the time of James K. Polk, a war rose in which our States -were not of one mind. Our folk in Tex-as laid claim to a large -tract of land which those in Mex-i-co said was theirs. The States -at the North did not wish to go in to this war; but those at -the South did. This was in 1846. Gen-er-al Tay-lor went with -his troops at once in to the land of the foe, and built a fort -on a stream there. He gave it the name of Fort Brown. On his -way he met the troops of the foe drawn up in the road. They -had three to one of his small band; but he had the good luck -to rout them, with loss of but nine men on our side. - -Then he took up his march on their great town, which had the -name of Mon-te-rey. This town had high hills and deep gulfs -round it, and strong forts. Its streets were full of men with -arms. Gen-er-al Tay-lor made a grand move on the town. To get -out of the fire that would seem to pour on them from the roofs, -the troops went in and dug their way through stone walls from -house to house, or they would pass from roof to roof. Ere they -came to the grand place of the town, it was in their hands, -the foe gave up the fight. - -[Illustration: CAP-TURE OF MON-TE-REY.] - -At this time San-ta An-na, who was chief of the Mex-i-can troops, -heard that most of our men had been drawn off to help Gen-er-al -Scott; so he thought it would be a good time to crush us. They -laid in wait with all their best troops, and the fight went -on from the rise of the sun till dark. It grew hard to hold -our ground, and the day would have been lost but for the guns -of Cap-tain Bragg, who came to our help. He made a dash up to -a few yards from the foe, and let fire. Their ranks were seen -to shake. "Some more grape. Cap-tain Bragg," said Gen-er-al -Tay-lor. One more round, and then a third came, and the Mex-i-cans -broke and fled. In the night San-ta An-na drew all his troops -off. - -Gen-er-al Scott, at the head of our troops, made a march through -the land of Mex-i-co, and took all that came in his way. He drew -siege lines round the town of Ve-ra Cruz, and sent bombs in -to it, and in four days the town, with its strong hold, gave -up the fight. A week from that time our troops took up their -march for the chief town. At one pass in the hills, the foe -had a strong hold. Gen-er-al Scott had a road cut round the -base of those hills and through the woods; and then he was in -a place to pour out fire on the rear of the foe, while more -troops took him in front. The foe fled in such haste that San-ta -An-na, who was lame, left his leg of wood on the ground, and -got off on his wheel mule. - -The town of Mex-i-co is in the midst of a grand plain, with -green fields and cloud capt mounts round it. The foe had made -a strong stand here, with forts and men. Our men made a move -in the night. It was so dark they had to feel their way; but -they took their stand on a height from which they could storm -the strong points of the foe. At last they took some of the -guns, and the roads were laid bare to the gates of the town. - -There was some talk of a peace then, but Gen-er-al Scott found -that it was not in good faith. The foe did it to gain time, -to make things strong once more. So the next day, he took up -his march on the great town of Mex-i-co. A strong fort, on a -high rock by the town, was made ours; each out work fell one -by one, and at last our troops took the great Ci-ty of Mex-i-co, -and the next morn our flag with its stripes and stars was seen -to float in the light from those grand old piles, which had -been the home of more than one prince of Mex-i-co. So the war -came to an end in just two years. - -Till this time, Cal-i-for-nia had been known as a far off land, -to which men went by sea, round Cape Horn, to buy hides and -fur. But in 1848, came news to the East-ern States that there -were gold mines in that place. It was said that a Swiss had -found, as he dug in the sand, a bright sort of dust, and it -was thought to be gold. All at once, on this news, there was -a great rush from all parts of the land to the gold mines of -Cal-i-for-nia, and there was a great sum won the first year. -In two years the town of San Fran-cis-co had grown to quite -a large place. The name of Cal-i-for-nia is said to have been -found in an old book in Spain, and means an isle full of gold. - -[Illustration: SAN FRAN-CIS-CO IN 1849.] - -Three more States were brought in while Polk was our chief, -and two of them were free States. It was shown that those who -came to us from the old world, chose the free States for their -homes, and those at the South felt sure that the North would -grow too fast if they did not gain more ground. There was a -great piece of land which both North and South laid claim to, -and there were high words on both sides. At last a band of men -by the name of Free Soil men, took a stand that slaves should -be kept out of all new land which the U-nit-ed States might -gain in all time to come. - -The next man who was the choice of the land was Tay-lor, the -one who led part of our troops in the war with Mex-i-co. He -was put in by the Whigs. The Free Soil men did not vote for -him. He did not live but one year, and then Fill-more took his -place. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -THE WAR OF NORTH AND SOUTH. - - -Once more the talk on free States and slave States was heard -on all sides, and Hen-ry Clay had made more than one great speech -to try and keep the peace. Cal-i-for-nia came in as a free State; -but a bill went in force which made it a crime to help or keep -a slave who had run off from his home. A man could go in to -a free State and take back his slave by force, and no court -or Judge in the land could stop him. In fact, they were bound -to help him. This was thought harsh and wrong by most of the -men at the North; but it was made a law. This law made more -stir than aught else had done till this time. Men would help -the slaves, spite of the law; and in some States they made laws -of their own, that no one could claim a slave if he did not -bring the case in to court, that they might see if he had a -just claim. - -When Pierce was made Pres-i-dent, the strife still went on; -and this was made worse by a wish on the part of those who held -slaves to bring them North of the line, in to a great tract -of land--so large that two States could be made out of it--Kan-sas -and Ne-bras-ka. - -The South said all they would ask, would be that those who had -their homes on the soil should say how they would like things -to be, and put it to vote. Con-gress did at last pass a bill -to give them their own choice, to be free or slave States. But -this did not bring peace; for they had fights when they went -to vote. At last they were all at war, and would burn a town -or sack a house, or steal the cows and goods of those they thought -foes. The whole land was a scene of blood, but in the end Kan-sas -was brought in as a free State. - -In the time of Pierce a great tract of land was bought from -Mexico. It is now known as New Mex-i-co. In his time, too, trade -with Japan was first made free to our ships. - -When Bu-chan-an came to take the place of chief in our land, -the talk on the slaves was by no means at rest. In the great -Court of our land, the "Dred Scott" case was brought up in the -first year of his rule, and it was said that those who held -slaves had the right to take them with them where they chose, -through all the free States. Then came John Brown's raid, which -was like a fire brand in all the slave States. - -John Brown was a man who had fought on the side of the Free -Soil men in Kan-sas, and now all was at peace there. He had -a plan to go in to the slave States and free the slaves. He -had been in Vir-gin-ia when he was a boy, and knew there were -strong holds in the hills, where he thought the slaves could -make a stand and fight till they were free. He got a small band -of men and went to a place by the name of Har-per's Fer-ry, -and took the town. Those who had their homes there fled in fright; -so he took the great place where arms were made for our troops. -He thought he would give these arms to the black men, whom he -had no doubt would flock to his side. He had a small force, -but fear made all think it was a great one. The news of the -raid went like a flash on the wires to all parts of the States, -and men were sent to fight him and take him. His small force -were brave, and did not give up till death or wounds made them -do so. - -It is said by those who held him as their foe, that John Brown -was cool and firm in the face of death. With one son dead by -his side, and one shot through, he felt the pulse of the son -so near to death with one hand, but held fast to his gun, and -spoke words of cheer to his men. He fell at last with six wounds, -but did not die of them. He was brought in to Court, and they -set to work to try him. The head man of Vir-gin-ia, by the name -of Wise, said, "Those who think John Brown is a mad man, do -not know him. He is a man of clear head and a brave heart. I -would trust him to be a man of truth." - -[Illustration: A-BRA-HAM LIN-COLN.] - -But he was led out to be hung. On his way there, his last act -was to kiss a slave child. Six of his friends were hung on the -same spot. Some few of the band got off to the free States. -All this made the talk of North and South on the slave trade -more and more fierce; and when a new man was to be made Pres-i-dent, -those who went for free soil, that is, no slaves, chose their -own man, and he got the most votes. These Free Soil men had -grown to be a large throng, and they had a new name. The man -they chose was A-bra-ham Lin-coln. He was a man who would have -been glad to have kept the peace; but the South would not have -it so. They were in a rage, and said they would go out of the -band of States. They thought a State had the right to go out -if it chose to do so. This was "States Rights" to their mind. - -[Illustration: BAN-NER OF SOUTH CAR-O-LI-NA.] - -"States Rights" had long been held as the creed of the South; -so there were six States that put it to vote, and said they -would go out of the U-nion. South Car-o-li-na was the one to -lead the way. They said they would make a new band of States, -where it would be right to hold slaves; and they took one of -our forts. - -Troops were sent in a boat, by name, "The Star of the West," -but they were met by a fire from the fort. Then they took their -stand on the shore by Fort Sum-ter, which was held by a few -men. For two days the fire went on, and at last the brave man -who held the fort had to give it up. His men were worn out, -the place was on fire, and they had no more food for their guns. -So they went out with the beat of drums and their flags flung -out on the air. - -The sound of the first gun at Fort Sum-ter was a shock to all -the land. Most of those at the North, who had not felt the slave -trade to be wrong, now took sides with those who had been its -foes from the first. All the States at the South took one side, -but the slaves were for those who had the wish to make them -free. - -In the first of this storm the end came of Bu-chan-an's term. -Three States came in at this time. Or-e-gon, Min-ne-so-ta, and -Kan-sas. The last two bear the name the red men gave two streams -that flow through them. The name Or-e-gon is said to mean "wild -rice." - -Up to the time of the first gun fired at Fort Sum-ter, men had -felt that the South could be brought back. Few at the North -thought there would be war; but at the South it had been thought -of for a long time. The young men had met for drill, and arms -had been hid where they could be found. Lin-coln found but a -small band of troops, but he sent out a call for more. As these -men were on their march through the streets of Bal-ti-more, -the mob threw stones at them, and three of them fell dead. Then -the troops let fire on the mob, and nine men fell. This made -a great stir at the North, for they thought it went to show -the hate in the hearts of the men at the South. - -The next time the troops were sent, they did not march through -Bal-ti-more. They found the rails torn up by the way, and had -to mend them as they went on. Once when they saw a car that -was a wreck by the way side, some one was heard to ask if one -could be found in the ranks who could mend it. "I can," said -a man who stood by it, "for I built it." - -So you see the troops were made up of men from all trades, who -had left their work to fight for their land. In the course of -time, troops went in peace through the streets of Bal-ti-more. - -Men came in to the ranks on all sides when they heard the call; -but they found that arms were scarce, most had been sent South. -So the North had to buy or make these in as short a time as -they could. There had to be clothes made, too, for the troops, -and food found for stores, and carts to draw it, and drugs for -the sick. All must be done at once, and all in such a way that -there must be no waste or want. Lin-coln at this time made a -law that no ships should go in or out of the ports of the South. - -[Illustration: OFF TO THE WAR.] - -The war soon made a stand in both East and West Vir-gin-ia. -In the west of this State there were men who did not wish to -fight on the side of the South; but they had to do so or leave -the State. There was a move made to march on Rich-mond; but -the troops had to go back, and lost the day at the fight of -Bull Run. It was a sad rout for the troops of the North, as -they made haste back to Wash-ing-ton, with a fear that the foe -might come and take that place. - -At the end of this year Gen-er-al Scott gave up his place at -the head of all the troops to Gen-er-al Mc-Clel-lan. - -[Illustration: GEN-ER-AL ROB-ERT E. LEE.] - -When this war broke out, we had but four ships in a good state -to take part in it. Yet we were in need of a force that could -block up the ports of the South. Eng-land and France gave help -to the South, for they let them fit out ships in their ports, -and all through the war the South was kept up by the hope of -aid from these lands. - -[Illustration: PICK-ETS ON DU-TY.] - -A great fight took place at An-tie-tam, where the troops of -Gen-er-al Mc-Clel-lan met those of Lee. This was one of the -worst fights of the war, and there was great loss of life on -both sides. The North won the day, and Lee drew off his troops. -It was thought by some that a move in the right way would have -cut short this flight, and they said Mc-Clel-lan ought to have -made such a move. So Gen-er-al Burn-side took his place at the -head of the troops, and he took the town of Fred-er-icks-burg. -In the mean time there was a ship fight, in which the South -for a time did good work. She had a ship which she had made -strong with iron plates and hard wood, and a bow of steel. This -ship set sail in the bay to fight the whole U-nion fleet. The -ships of wood could make no stand. In vain did they pour out -fire and balls. It was said the balls would strike and glance -off, and did no more harm than peas from a pop gun. At nine -that night two of our ships had gone down in fire and smoke, -and one was run on the ground. - -[Illustration: MER-RI-MACK AND MON-I-TOR.] - -[Illustration: U-LYS-SES S. GRANT.] - -All at once a small queer thing came in sight. Some one said -it was like a cheese box on a raft. This was the Mon-i-tor. -When dawn came it bore down on the Mer-ri-mac and sent out a -fire. The ram gave the fire back. For two hours the fire was -kept up; till at last the Mon-i-tor sent a shel through the -port hole of the foe. This fell right in the midst of her crew. -So those in the Mer-ri-mac thought it would be wise to get out -of the way of more such shells, and it left the coast clear. -There was great joy felt at the North when the news came that -they had won this fight; for all had felt that if this ship, -with its hard sides and bow of steel, had been left free to -sail in to New York bay, all the ships of wood in our port would -have gone down in her path. From the time of this fight, a great -change has been made in the way they have built ships. - -Gen-er-al Grant fought in this war, and led our troops to win -the day in more than one fight. One of the great moves of the -war was made on New Or-leans by Far-ra-gut in ships, and Gen-er-al -But-ler with a land force. - -[Illustration: FAR-RA-GUT'S SHIPS.] - -This town had two strong forts, and there was a long chain with -earth works at each end. There were fire rafts full of stuff -that they could set on fire, and gun boats, and one of the kind -we know as a ram. - -[Illustration: LOOK OUT.] - -Far-ra-gut sent fire in to the forts in vain. His boats took -fire from the rafts, and he had to put out each as it went by. -At last, he thought he would try and run by the forts with his -fleet, and he did so. The forts, the steam boats, and the ram, -kept up a hot fire, but in the midst of shot and ball, he made -his way up the stream. The next day at dawn, he was in New Or-leans, -and in a day more the fleets and forts were in his hands, and -Gen-er-al But-ler, with a land force, came in to the town. - -In this year, 1862, Lin-coln sent out a bill that said "the -slaves should be free then, and for all time." - -And it was then thought that it would be a good thing for the -black man to help in this war that had made him free. So there -came to be black troops made up of the free slaves. By this -time the cost of the war had grown great, and the U-nion side -felt that it was time to bring things to a close. - -[Illustration: AR-MY HUTS.] - -The South took heart and came with their troops in to a free -State; and a great fight took place near a town by the name -of Get-tys-burg. There was great loss on both sides. But Lee -had to fly with his men, and this fight put an end to the hopes -of the South. At the time of the last shot in fight, Gen-er-al -Grant, far off in Vicks-burg, brought the foe to terms. Vicks-burg -was a place on high bluffs, and it had guns on all sides to -stop our ships on their way up the stream. It stood a long siege -of more than a month, but at last it fell. - -But as time went on, it grew more and more hard to get men for -the war. There had to be a draft, and the folks did not like -that. In a draft, one has to draw a lot, and no one knew on -whom the lot would fall. In New York there were some who felt -a sort of spite at the black folks, as they held them to be -the cause of the war, and there was a mob that set on them in -the streets. It went on for three days, and some black men fell -struck by stones from the mob. But at last it was brought to -an end. - -The next year Grant made some good moves, and, on the whole, -the sky grew more clear. Lin-coln said, "Peace does not seem -so far off as it did. I hope it will come soon and come to stay, -and come so that it will be worth all we have done for it." - -In 1864, Gen-er-al Grant was put at the head of all the troops. -He had shown that he knew a great deal of war, and he had done -good work. He soon made a plan of two great moves that should -go on at the same time. One of these was to march on Rich-mond -with one branch of the troops, while Gen-er-al Sher-man should -take one branch through the States of the South, from mount -to sea. - -[Illustration: WIL-LIAM T. SHER-MAN.] - -Gen-er-al Grant did not swerve from the course he had laid out. -He said, "I will fight it out on this line," and he did, spite -of all loss. He laid siege to Rich-mond, but for a time they -held out. At sea the ships of the South at first won on all -sides. They drove our ships out, and got off with no harm, till -the time that the Al-a-ba-ma was sunk. One more grand fight -with ships took place in Mo-bile Bay. - -This bay was a great place for boats to run in with food and -stores to the foe. Our ships could not make their way there, -for there were two forts, a ram of great strength, and shells -that would blow them up set in the way. Far-ra-gut put false -bows on his ships, so that they might charge the ram, and at -last it was sunk. - -Sher-man had a hard work to do; for he must take his troops -through the land of the foe, by their strong forts, through -hill and dale and pass. He meant to cut off their chance to -get food, and to break up the rail roads. He first took the -town of At-lan-ta, and from that point set out on the "March -to the Sea," which has won him so much fame. He had to feed -his troops for the most part on what he could find in the land -he went through. He took Sa-van-nah and wrote to Lin-coln, "I -beg to give you the gift of the town of Sa-van-nah, with all -its guns and stores." - -Then he took up his march once more through swamp and bog, or -up the high steep hills and rocks. The cold days had come, but -on they went, through storms of sleet and snow, or in the face -of floods of rain, with a foe on all sides. Such a march had -not been known in all the wars of the past. Long will the fame -of that March to the Sea live in our land. He had found, as -he said, that all the men in the South had been drawn out to -aid the troops, and that there were no more left, and the land -was a "mere shell." - -Charles-ton gave up at the end of a long siege; but it was set -on fire in all parts by its own folk, so that it might not be -worth much when it fell in our hands. - -The last move was made by Grant on Rich-mond. He felt that one -more blow would bring the war to a close. He sent out word to -Sher-i-dan, "When day dawns push round the foe, and get to his -rear." Two days more our troops were in the streets of Rich-mond. -When Lee found he could not hold his place, he sent word by -the wires to Jef-fer-son Da-vis at Rich-mond. Da-vis was the -man the South had made their chief, and he was in church when -the news came to him. He read these words: "My lines are cut -at three points. Rich-mond must be left to night." - -Da-vis left the church, and the news spread at once that the -town was lost. There was fright on all sides, and the streets -were soon full of men who knew not what to do. The means for -flight were small, and a poor cart and horse would have brought -a large sum of gold. The ships were set on fire or blown up, -and some of the stores of the town were in a blaze. Oh, what -a night! All sought to fly, but few had means to go. - -The next day some black troops were the first to march in the -town. This was the real end of the war. Gen-er-al Lee did all -he could to save his men; but they were so faint with want of -food that they could not march, and so weak they could not hold -their guns. So he gave up all at last to Gen-er-al Grant, and -the whole South had to yield. - -This war had cost the land more than you could count in gold -and lives. But it had made the slave free; and we know that -we shall have the curse of the slave trade in our land no more. -And it had shown that the creed of States Rights was not the -best one, for if we were cut up in parts we would be weak, while -if we stay as one, we will be strong. Our true strength, then, -is to hold fast the bond that binds all the States, North and -South, East and West, in one. - -There was great joy, and all gave thanks at the North when the -news that the war had come to an end was borne on the wires. -Lin-coln had held his course in a firm, brave way. He had said -in a speech in New York, when he was on his way to take his -place, "When the time comes for me to speak, I shall then take -the ground that I think is right--right for the North, for the -South, for the East, for the West, for all our land." - -And so he had done. The war was a grief to him. He said, "We -did not think this war would last so long. Both sides read the -same Word of God, and both pray to Him to aid in a war on those -who are bound to them by near ties. We hope, we pray, that this -scourge of war may soon pass. But if God wills it should stay -till each drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid with one -drawn with the sword, it must be said, 'Shall not the Judge -of all the world do right?'" - -Five days from the time that the news of joy came in a flash -on the wires, Lin-coln was dead. He had been shot while he sat -in his box, at the play, by a man of the name of Wilkes Booth. -This man had by some means got in the box and made the door -fast. When he had shot Lin-coln, he sprang from the box to the -stage, but caught his foot in one of our flags, and broke his -leg. He had a horse at the door, and got off; but was at last -found in a barn, where he stood at bay. They set the barn on -fire to drive him out; but he still stood his ground, and fought -till the last, when he fell, shot by one of our men. - -Those who stood by the bed side of Lin-coln saw that there was -no hope. All the land was full of gloom, when the sad news came. -As his corpse was borne in a train to his old home, the towns -were hung with black on the whole route, and most men wore the -badge of grief. Those who had not been warm friends of Lin-coln -in his life, felt a shock at his death, for they knew a brave, -true man had gone. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -PEACE ONCE MORE. - - -At the time of Lin-coln's death, there had been a sort of plot -to kill more of the head men of the land. Sew-ard had been shot -in his own house, and there was a great fear in Wash-ing-ton; -for no one knew how far this plot might reach. - -When An-drew John-son took the place at the head of the land, -there was some fear that those who had spent so long a time -in the war would not know how to live in time of peace. But -they soon made their way to their old homes, and were glad to -lay down their arms and take up the old trades once more. There -was a vast debt, and all sorts of loans to be got. Then there -were those who thought that the States, which were the cause -of the war, should not have the right to come back on their -own terms; and some thought they could come back when they would, -and in their own way. - -But John-son brought out a Bill which gave back all their rights -to most of those who had made the war. The States could come -back if they would say that they would have no more slaves, -and that they would be true to the U-nit-ed States in all time -to come. John-son did not act in a way to suit those who had -cast their votes for him, and Con-gress made a move that he -should give up his place. When they came to try him, they found -there was one vote short. That one vote kept him in his place; -but he did not get a new term. - -The next man who was the choice of the land was U-lys-ses S. -Grant, whose work in the war had won him such fame. In his time -all the States of the South came back in to the U-nion. Great -tracts of land were made ours; the debt was made less; and there -was a law made which said that men of all races and hues should -have a right to vote. In his last term a grand show took place -in Phil-a-del-phia. All the lands in the world sent things to -be shown there, and all the trades of the world had place in -those great halls. - -When Hayes came in there was talk that there had not been a -fair vote for him; but in time he won his way. He was fair to -both North and South, and his rule was mild but firm. He drew -all troops out of the South, that those States might put their -own laws in force, with no help from Wash-ing-ton; so that if -their own folks had wrongs, their own courts must set the thing -right. - -Time has shown that this course was wise. The States at the -South have grown in peace and good will to us since that time, -and the white men there now seem quite glad to have the black -men vote. Rail ways have been built so fast that it is thought -in a few years there will be four or five of these great lines -through the whole length and breadth of the land. Our debt has -been paid off at such a quick rate that if we go on it will -be gone ere long, and the tax on all things can be made less. -We have shown, too, that we have not stood still. - -In old times each watch in use here came from the old lands, -but now a watch is made here that might win the prize from those -on that side of the sea. So, too, in glass, tools, knives, soap, -combs, and all sorts of things, we have made a name. The beef -and grain we send out bring in vast wealth. - -James A. Gar-field was our choice in 1881. A great shock was -felt in the land, just two months from the time he came to the -White House, when we heard he had been shot while on his way -to take a train for the North. A man by the name of Gui-teau, -who had some sort of strange craze, was the one who did the -black deed. - -They bore Gar-field at once to his home in the White House, -and for a long time he lay there in great pain. Day by day the -news would flash on the wires that told his state, how his pulse -beat, how he had slept, and what hope there was for his life. -All would seize the news and read it each day, with the wish -that he might yet live. They took him to Long Branch in the -hope that the sea breeze might help him; but though his life -held out for near the space of three months, it came to an end, -and his last breath was drawn in that sweet home by the sea, -Sep-tem-ber 19, 1881. Great grief was felt at his death, and -all lands strove to say a kind word. The Court of Eng-land put -on black for him, and the Queen sent a wreath for his grave. -Gui-teau was hung for his crime. - -Ches-ter A. Ar-thur is now our Pres-i-dent. We are at peace -with all the world. The same flag, with the old stars and stripes, -floats now in the South as in the North. Long may it wave, "On -the land of the free and the home of the brave." - -[Illustration] - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by Helen Pierson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - -***** This file should be named 54798-0.txt or 54798-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/9/54798/ - -Produced by Corbin Hunter -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: History of the United States - in Words of One Syllable - -Author: Helen Pierson - -Release Date: May 27, 2017 [EBook #54798] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - - - - -Produced by Corbin Hunter - - - - - -</pre> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" width="70%" /> - </div> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/1.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PAUL REVERE.</p> - </div> - </div> - - <div id="titlepage"> - <h1>HISTORY<br /> - <small>OF THE</small><br /> - UNITED STATES<br /> - <small>IN WORDS OF ONE SYLLABLE</small> - </h1> - - <p><small>BY</small></p> - <p><i>MRS. HELEN W. PIERSON</i></p> - - <p style="font-size: 0.7em;">WITH FORTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/2.jpg" alt="" width="30%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>AN ARMORED LOOK-OUT</p> - </div> - </div> - - <p>NEW YORK</p> - <p>GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS</p> - <p>9 Lafayette Place</p> - </div> - - <div id="obverse"> - <p>Copyright, 1883.</p> - <p style="font-variant: small-caps;">By Joseph L. Blamire.</p> - </div> - - <div id="prefatory"> - <h2>PREFATORY.</h2> - - - <p>In this "Child's History of the United States," it has been - the aim to use words of only one syllable. But it will be seen - that, in a historical work, names must be given of famous men, - of great battles, and of some important measures. It is thought - that parents or teachers can soon familiarize young people with - these names, so that they will read them as readily as the rest. - Titles have been sometimes omitted, and some names which deserve - a place and have it in larger histories, are not found here. - All such omissions have been made from the fear of rendering - the task of reading the book too difficult for many, who, as - they grow older, can add to the list that fame has made illustrious, - and take wider views of the history of this land.</p> - - <p style="text-align: right;">H. W. P.</p> - </div> - - <div id="contents"> - - <h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - - <table style="width: 100%;"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER I.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">How this Land was Found.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p9">9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER II.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The New World.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p16">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER III.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The Red Men.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p26">26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER IV.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The War that Made us Free.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER V.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">Three Great Fights.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p53">53</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER VI.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">First in War—First in Peace.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER VII.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The Rest of the War.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p69">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER VIII.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">In Times of Peace.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p82">82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER IX.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">New Men and New Laws.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p95">95</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER X.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The Slave Trade.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p107">107</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER XI.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">A New War.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p120">120</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER XII.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">The War of North and South.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p126">126</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tocnumber">CHAPTER XIII.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tocname">Peace Once More.</td> - <td class="tocpnumber"><a href="#p145">145</a></td> - </tr> - </table> - </div> - - <div id="main"> - - <h1 style="text-align: center;"><span class="pageno" id="p9">9</span> History of the United States.</h1> - - <h2>CHAPTER I.<br /> - <small>HOW THIS LAND WAS FOUND.</small></h2> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/3.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-ANS HUNTING IN THE SNOW.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>For a long time, in past years, it was not known that the world -was round. If the men in those days had been told that a ship -could start from a port and sail straight on for months and -come round to <span class="pageno" id="p10">10</span> the same place, it would have made them laugh -as at a good joke. They did not know the real shape of the earth, -but thought it was a flat plane.</p> - -<p>In those days our land was the home of the In-di-ans, or red -men, as we call them, from their dark skins. The red man does -not live in a house, but in a sort of tent or hut. The tribes -of red men had all this land for their own when Co-lum-bus was -born. The great woods, the green plains, the bright streams, -were all theirs. They made their wars in a strange and fierce -style, and wore at their belts locks of hair, cut from the heads -of those slain by their hands. These locks, cut from the head -with part of the skin, they call a scalp. It was the pride of -an In-di-an to have scalps hung at his belt. No one had taught -him that this was wrong, and he did not have the Word of God -to show him the right way.</p> - -<p>When Co-lum-bus was a mere boy he was fond of the sea and ships. -He would go and watch the waves, and think about how ships were -made, and the best way to sail them. He was born in Gen-oa, -which is by the blue sea; so when he was a small boy he could -watch the white sails come in. Such queer ships they had there, -with strange high prows! As time went on, and he grew of age, -he made trips in these ships, and was in sea-fights, and once -or twice he was in a wreck. So you see he had a <span class="pageno" id="p11">11</span> chance to grow -strong and brave for the work he had to do.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/4.jpg" alt="The Oceian and Islands between Western Europe and Eastern Asia from the Globus of Martin Behaim 1492." width="80%"/> - </div> - -<p>What he read in books taught him that the world was round, and -not flat, as was thought in those times. So he knew that if -he could sail west he would come to a new land. He thought of -this a long time, and at last he grew more sure of it, but he -could get no one else to think as he did. He spent ten years -in this way. He was full of plans; but he could get no help -and no gold. He was too poor to do all with no aid from his -friends. At last he went to Spain.</p> - -<p>There were a King and Queen there who were kind to Co-lum-bus; -but at first they would not give their gold to help him. They -thought this was a wild dream. At last, with a sad heart, he -made up his mind to turn his back on the court of Spain.</p> - -<p>While on his way, a man came to him from Queen Is-a-bel-la. -She had sent him word that she would help him; "that she would -pledge her own gems to give him aid." But she did not have to -do this, as means were found when Co-lum-bus went back to the -court. His heart was made glad; for they gave him a small fleet -of three ships, and on the 3d of August, 1492, the sun rose -on the fleet as it went forth on its way to the new land. All -was strange to the new crew, and they had all <span class="pageno" id="p13">13</span> sorts of queer -thoughts and fears of the sea. They had not been out of sight -of land in all their lives; and when they saw the deep, dark -sea on all sides, they were full of fear that they would not -see their homes again. The trade-wind which took them west so -fast, would keep them, they thought, from their land when they -had the wish to go back. At last they grew so full of fear, -they swore they would not go on, and Co-lum-bus had hard work -to make them. But soon there were signs of land, and some land -birds flew by the ship; and one of the crew found a branch of -a tree on the waves, which had some fresh red fruit on it.</p> - -<p>Oh, how glad they were! Co-lum-bus felt so sure that he was -near land, he gave word for the ships to lie by that night. -No man thought of sleep. They all kept watch on deck to see -this strange new coast for which they had borne so much.</p> - -<p>In the night a cry of joy was heard. Co-lum-bus had seen a light -far off, and a shout of "Land! land!" soon came from all sides.</p> - -<p>When the sun rose they all saw a green strip of shore some five -miles long. The men fell at the feet of Co-lum-bus and shed -tears of joy. Then they sang a hymn of praise to God, who had -kept them and brought them safe and sound to this new place. -They got out the small boats and put men <span class="pageno" id="p14">14</span> and arms in them, with -flags, and a band to play a march of joy, and the crews made -their way to the shore. Co-lum-bus, in a rich dress with his -drawn sword in his hand, sprang on the beach, and then the crew -came next. They set up a cross, and all knelt at its foot and -gave thanks for their safe trip. Then Co-lum-bus set up the -flag of Cas-tile and Le-on, and took the new land for the crown -of Spain.</p> - -<p>While they stood there with shouts of joy and songs, some strange -dark shapes stole up with soft steps to their side. The crew -thought these men must have come from a new world, as they saw -their dark skins and the gay paint and plumes they wore. Co-lum-bus -gave them the name of In-di-ans, for he thought the new coast -was part of In-dia. He did not know that he had found a new -land. These men with red skins were glad to kiss the feet of -the Span-iards, and change their gold chains and rude rings -for the beads and pins the crew gave to them.</p> - -<p>Co-lum-bus spent some time in the new land he had found, and -then he set sail for home to take his friends and the Queen -the great news. A wild storm came on the way home, and Co-lum-bus -thought that all was lost, so he wrote his tale on a cake of -wax and put the cake in a cask and threw it in the sea; so that -if he had gone down in the <span class="pageno" id="p15">15</span> storm, all that he had found would -not be lost to the world.</p> - -<p>But God took care of Co-lum-bus and his crew. They got back -to their homes once more and had a grand time. The King and -Queen gave them a new and fine fleet; and in time they came -back and saw new points of land on which to build homes, and -they found, too, South A-mer-i-ca.</p> - -<p>There were some in Spain who did not like Co-lum-bus, for he -had won gold and fame, while they had none. So they told false -tales of him; and when his friend, Queen Is-a-bel-la, died, -he was once brought back from the land he had found in chains. -How sad that was!—was it not? At last he had to die old and -poor, and this land did not have his name. It had no name for -some time; but at last an I-tal-ian, who made a few trips there, -and wrote of what he saw, gave his name to the new world. His -name was A-mer-i-cus Ves-pu-ci-us. That is a hard name for you -to say, but you can all say A-mer-i-ca, and that is the name -of our land.</p> - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p16">16</span> CHAPTER II.<br /> -<small>THE NEW WORLD.</small></h2> - -<p>When the news of this land of gold spread over the world, Eng-land -and France and Spain all sent ships to see what they could find. -They each thought they would like to have a slice. The Eng-lish -thought they had some rights, as one of their men, named Ca-bot, -had, in truth, been the first to touch this new shore. The next -time he came, he made his way down the coast to what we call -Vir-gin-ia, and set up a claim for Eng-land.</p> - -<p>Then the King of France sent a man to plant his flag here, and -he gave the name of New France to part of our coast. But though -Eng-land and France both set claim to the land, they did not -send men here to live for a long time.</p> - -<p>At last Queen E-liz-a-beth gave one of the great men at court, -called Sir Wal-ter Ral-eigh, a claim to a large tract of land -in A-mer-i-ca. He came with two ships, and found the red skins -kind. They brought him gifts, and he went back to tell of all -the strange things he had seen, and some came to live on the -new shores. But the red skins were <span class="pageno" id="p17">17</span> hard to live with, and the -small group of white men could get no food, and were near death, -when a brave man, named Sir Fran-cis Drake, came with a ship -and took them off to their homes. The next band that came met -a sad fate, for they all fell by the hand of the red men.</p> - -<p>There were some in Eng-land who had a great wish to see this -new world. They thought they would like to live in a land with -no King, and have a church where they could pray to God in their -own way. They were called "Pil-grims," for they went from place -to place and would sing psalms and pray, and they were full -of joy at the thought of their new home.</p> - -<p>Do you know the name of the ship they came in? It is a sweet -name, and you must keep it in your mind—The May-flow-er. They -did not have a smooth trip, and a storm blew them on to the -coast of Mass-a-chu-setts. It was bare and cold, but it was -nice to see land at all. There were all sorts of fowl there, -and they saw a whale; but when they went to shoot it the gun -burst. They made their way to a vale where there was a spring, -and there they took their first drink in the new land.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 15%;"> - <img src="images/5.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-AN FLINT-HEADED ARROW.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>There was a rock called Plym-outh Rock, and here they made their -homes and built the first house. It was in 1620, in a cold time -of the year, that the <span class="pageno" id="p18">18</span> May-flow-er brought her crew to Plym-outh -Rock. There was not much food, and they had from the first a -foe whom they could not trust or make a friend. These were a -new race of men. They had brown skins; were tall and straight, -with long, coarse black hair. They had no books, and got their -food in the hunt, or caught fish in the streams. They made boats -of birch bark—queer, long things, with a point at each end. -They could make bows, and would pound their corn with two stones -for their bread. They took the skins of beasts for their clothes, -for they knew how to dress them. Each tribe had its head man, -called a chief, and their great joy was in war. When their foes -took them, they would not pray for their lives. They were brave -in their own way, and would show no fear at the sight of the -fire that was to burn their flesh.</p> - -<p>Their wives, the squaws, would dress the food and do all the -hard work at home. They were the ones who dug each small patch -of ground and put in the beans and corn. The men had a <span class="pageno" id="p19">19</span> scorn -for work. They were made to fight, they thought. They would -say, "The Great Chief gave the white man a plow and the red -man a bow, and sent them in the world to gain food, each in -his own way."</p> - -<p>In this new land there was not a horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog, -or hen to be found. You would not like such a place, would you? -What did the young people do for pets in those days? No chicks -to feed, no puss with her soft, warm fur, for small hands to -stroke.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/6.jpg" alt="A canoe." width="70%"/> - </div> - -<p>But the new homes were not left in peace. The red men saw that -their doom was near. They felt that they would have to move -on and on, to give place to these men who knew so much; who -read books and had schools, and taught their young ones to pray. -So they took the guns that they had bought from the white men -and went to war with them. When they took them they would tie -them fast to stakes, burn them to death, and all the time the -flames were at work, these fierce red men would <span class="pageno" id="p20">20</span> dance a war -dance of joy. They bought rum from the white men, and it made -them like brutes.</p> - -<p>They knew that the white men had come to take their land, and -that was cause for their hate. And so the white men, in their -turn, felt no love for the red skin, and thought they did well -to push him back more and more, and take all they could from -him. The white men were to blame, for they first gave the vile -rum to the red men, and that made them wild. They would burn -down the white man's house at night, and kill his wife and babes. -Think how sad it must be to wake up in the night and find the -hot blaze of a fire in your face, and the wild war-whoop of -an In-di-an in your ears. But you can lie down in your bed in -peace, for there is no one to harm you—you live in good times.</p> - -<p>But those who were brave enough to come and live in this new -land, had a hard life at first. There were no snug farms as -now, with fields of green corn and wheat. At times the poor -men could not get much to eat, and one wrote home: "The crumbs -that fall from your meals would be sweet to me. When I can get -a cup of meal and boil It with a pinch of salt, I give thanks -as for a great feast. The In-di-ans at times bring corn and -trade it for clothes or knives. One day they gave <span class="pageno" id="p21">21</span> me a peck -of corn for a small dog. It would be a strange thing to see -a piece of roast beef or veal here."</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/7.jpg" alt="" width="90%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PIL-GRIMS ON THEIR WAY TO CHURCH.</p> - </div> - </div> -<p>It will not seem strange, then, that, in such hard times, death -came to these small bands and took some away. But those who -were left kept up brave hearts, and would not go back to their -old homes; and though all were so poor, there was not a case -of theft in four years. They grew to like the land, and one -said, "A sup of New Eng-land air is worth more than a draught -of Old Eng-land ale."</p> - -<p>For one of the first bands of men who came here, made their -homes in a place to which they gave the name of New Eng-land, -after their old home. As time went on each place grew to be -a town, and soon had a church and a school of its own. If we -had gone in one of those towns on the Lord's day, we would have -seen some strange sights. As the clocks struck nine, there would -come out a man who would beat a drum or blow a conch shell, -or ring a bell to call all the folks to church. As we drew near -to this church, we would have seen that it was built of logs, -with a small flag to wave on it. There would be a fence of stakes -round it, and a man with a gun on guard near it. Those who went -in left all their guns in his care.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p23">23</span> If you look at this church you will see that it has no glass -panes like ours, but small and dull and thick ones set in lead. -It is the style now to like that old thick glass, and to use -it once more. You might see on the front of this church, near -the door, the heads of wolves that had been slain in the hunt -in the past year.</p> - -<p>In this church the old men sat on one side, and the young men -were not with them. They had their own place. So, too, the boys -did not sit by the girls. Most of the boys sat on the stairs, -and there was a man there as a sort of guard to see that they -did not talk. He had a long rod or wand in his hand, with a -hare's foot on one end, and a hare's tail on the other. He would -let no one go to sleep. If he saw a girl nod, he would touch -her on the face with the soft brush of the hare's tail; but -if it were a boy who was caught in a nap, he got a sharp rap -from the hare's foot. So you see in those times one could not -make such a snug nest in the pew and take a long sleep as one -does now; and they had to stay three or four hours in church. -It must have been hard for small folks not to nod at times.</p> - -<p>When they sung, it was out of a book by the name of "The Bay -Psalm Book," and they did not know more than ten tunes. In those -days no one <span class="pageno" id="p24">24</span> could stay from church but for a good cause, or -else they had to pay a fine. And if a man staid from church -a month, he was put in the stocks, or in a cage of wood, where -all could see him and laugh and jeer at him.</p> - -<p>You do not know what stocks are in these times, but if you had -stood in a New Eng-land town then, you would have seen a strange -thing made of wood, by the road near the church. This queer -frame of wood would hold a man fast so that he could not move, -and you may think a day in the stocks would be hard to bear, -and would make one's bones ache.</p> - -<p>A house in such a town, in those days, was all built on the -ground floor; so there were no stairs. It was made of earth -or logs, and had a steep roof of thatch. The place for the fire -was built of rough stones. It was large enough to burn logs -four feet long, and had so much room in it that a man and his -wife and boys and girls could sit in it and look up at the sky.</p> - -<p>The dress in those days was not the same as it is now. The men -wore small clothes, which came to the knee like a small boy's -in these times, and they had stiff ruffs round their necks and -caps of rich stuff on their heads. The young men wore fine belts, -and great high boots which were made with a roll at the top. -The girls wore silk hoods in the <span class="pageno" id="p25">25</span> streets, and stiff rich gowns, -with long waists, and lace caps on feast-days. But folks could -not wear gay clothes if the law did not think they had means -to spend for such fine things.</p> - -<p>They had some queer laws in those days. Those who had done wrong -had to stand in the stocks, which held them by the feet and -neck, so they could not get away, or they had to mount stools -in church. If a man had a wife who had the name of a bad scold, -a cleft stick was put on her tongue, or she was made to take -a cold dip in a stream. I dare say you think those were hard -laws, and you are glad to live in these days. But that was a -race who had the fear of God in their hearts; their aim was -to do just right and to rule the land in the best way.</p> - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p26">26</span> CHAPTER III.<br /> -<small>THE RED MEN AND THEIR WARS.</small></h2> - -<p>At first, before they had time to plant the fields, the men -could but hunt and fish for food; but as years went by, they -had farms, and made glass and things for trade; they wove cloth -of wool, and some from a plant that grows in the south, of which -you may know the name. It is white and soft.</p> - -<p>They had not much coin, and so they had to do the best they -could with skins and corn, or what they could get for trade. -The first mint to make coin was set up in Mass-a-chu-setts in -1652. This coin had a pine tree on one side, and the name of -the State. One side had a date and N. E. for New Eng-land. All -this coin was known as "pine-tree coin." In time the land at -Plym-outh Bay and those near took one name, "Mass-a-chu-setts."</p> - -<p>In the meanwhile the small band who had made homes in Vir-gin-ia -had come to grief. They had been men of good birth in their -own land, and did not know much of hard work. They had come -in search of wealth. Great tales had been told of the gold -here. It had been said one could pick up <span class="pageno" id="p27">27</span> great lumps of gold, -as large as a hen's egg, in the streams. They found that all -this was not true, and that a man had to work hard to live. -They grew sick, and death came in their midst to make things -more sad; so that they lost more than half of their small band.</p> - -<div style="position: relative; margin: 0 0 2em 0;" class="caption"> - <img src="images/8.jpg" style="width: 100%;" alt="" /> - <p style="position: absolute; top: 60%; left: 60%;">BUILD-ING IN VIR-GIN-IA.</p> - <p style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 15%;">JOHN SMITH.</p> -</div> - -<p>One man, John Smith by name, did great things for them. He had -been brave from his birth. He had been in wars oft, and once -he built him <span class="pageno" id="p28">28</span> a lodge of boughs in a forest and took his books -with him, that he might learn the art of war. Once he went to -fight the Turks. He is said to have been sold as a slave. It -may be all these tales are not true; but it is true he taught -his own friends in Vir-gin-ia how to live. He got them to build -a fort and log huts for the cold times. He made friends as far -as he could of the In-di-ans, so that he could get boat loads -of food from them. He said that "he who would not work might -not eat;" so no man could be a drone in the hive. Each one must -learn to swing the axe in the woods or to hunt and to fish.</p> - - -<p>Once the In-di-ans took him and they told him that he must die. -Their great chief Pow-ha-tan had said the word; so his head was -laid upon a stone, and a huge war club raised to strike the -blow. But a young girl was seen to spring to his side, throw -her arms round his neck, and pray that he might be set free. -She was the pet of the tribe, for she was the child of their -chief; and so Cap-tain Smith was set free. You may be sure he -was full of thanks to his kind young friend, and it is said -she might have been seen on her way to James-town more than -once, as time went on, with small stores of corn for the white -men. And when she grew up a white man made her his wife.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 20%;"> - <img src="images/9.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>TO-BAC-CO PLANT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p29">29</span> But at last a bad wound made Cap-tain Smith go back to Eng-land, -and things grew worse and worse in Vir-gin-ia. Food was more -and more scarce, and a sad time came, which was long known as -"Starving Time." It was in 1609. At last they all made up their -minds to go back to their old home. None shed a tear as the -sun rose on that day; they had known bad times in the new land, -and did not grieve to go. But as their ship made its way down -the bay, they met Lord Del-a-ware, with a great stock of food, -and new men to swell the ranks. So they were glad to turn back -and try the place once more; and in the course of time they -throve and built and spread, and that part of the land made -a new State, which we know as Vir-gin-ia. In that State was -first grown a weed which you have seen men smoke and chew.</p> - -<p>The folks in Mass-a-chu-setts went by the name of "Pu-ri-tans." -They had left their old home that they might pray to God in -their own way, and they thought that their own way was the right -one. When men came in their midst who did not think <span class="pageno" id="p30">30</span> as they -did, they were sent out of the place. There was a class called -Quak-ers, or Friends, who were mild, and did all they could -for peace; but they thought they had their rights as well as -the rest, and might serve God in their own way. They did not -believe in wars, and would not bear arms. They would not hire -a man to preach for them; but when they met, each one spoke -as he felt the thought come in his heart. They kept the laws, -and did to all men as they wished them to do to them. They said -"thee and thou" for "you," and "yea and nay" for "yes and no;" -but this could hurt no one, and it seems strange to us that -they were not let stay in the place. They had to fly for their -lives, and four were put to death. In these days all men are -free to serve God in their own way.</p> - -<p>And in that time there was one man to raise his voice for the -poor Quak-ers, and all who were like them. This man was Rog-er -Will-iams. He held that the State had no right to say what men -should think and feel. You may be sure those who were high in -place did not like to hear that; so he had to fly from his home -one cold day, and for a time he hid in the woods. But the In-di-ans -gave him a home, and one chief made him a gift of a piece of -land, which he called "Prov-i-dence," as it was to him like -a gift from God. And so the State of <span class="pageno" id="p31">31</span> Rhode Isl-and, where this -town was built, was known as a place where thought was free. -The Quak-ers were glad to find a home in that State, where they -could dwell in peace.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/10.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-ANS RID-ING.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>In 1675, a war, known as King Phil-ip's war, broke out in Mass-a-chu-setts. -King Phil-ip was an In-di-an chief who saw that the white man -would soon own all the land, and he knew that <span class="pageno" id="p32">32</span> meant death to -his race. He made a plan to kill all the white men. The first -blow fell on the Lord's day, as the folks were on their way -home from church. The men flew to arms, and did not dare to -lay them down when they were in the field at work, or at their -homes. When they went to church they would stack them at the -door.</p> - -<p>King Phil-ip and his men made their camp in a great swamp, where -it was hard for the white men to reach them. Here they laid -up a store of food, and had great tribes of red men. They would -not fight in the wide fields, but would skulk in nooks, and -rush out and hold all the land in fear, for the foe would seem -to be on all sides. At last they were made to leave their strong -hold, and could find no place to hide. There was a fight, and -the In-di-ans fell thick and fast. Phil-ip ran, but one of his -own tribe, who had a grudge, shot him dead. He had done all -he could for his own folk, but fell by the hand of one of them -at last.</p> - -<p>All this time the King of Eng-land was at the head of this land -as well, and the men he sent were wont to rule things with a -high hand. They would not grant what our men thought to be their -rights. Dutch ships had come in to trade for furs with the In-di-ans. -Some of the crews stayed here and made their homes in a place -they called New Am-ster-dam. <span class="pageno" id="p33">33</span> It is now known by the name of -New York. These first Dutch men bought the land from the In-di-ans, -and it was to go to their heirs through all time.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/11.jpg" alt="" width="90%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>THE DUTCH AT NEW AM-STER-DAM.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>A band of Swedes made their home in Del-a-ware. A Quak-er by -the name of Will-iam Penn bought a grant of land from the King. -He thought to make a home for all his sect, who had as hard -a time in Eng-land as they did here. He sent a band of these -men here, and the next year he came too. He met the In-di-ans -by a great elm tree. He was a kind and good man, and would not -take <span class="pageno" id="p35">35</span> their land from them. He bought it and made them his friends. -"We will live in love with Will-iam Penn and his heirs," said -they, "as long as the sun and moon shall shine." And it is said -that to this day a red man is loathe to shed Quak-er blood.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/12.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-AN PIPES.</p> - </div> - </div> - - -<div class="image-right" style="width: 30%;"> - <img src="images/13.jpg" alt="William Penn." width="100%"/> - </div> - -<p>In 1683, Penn bought land from the Swedes and laid out a town, -to which he gave the name of Phil-a-del-phia. It stood in the -midst of a wood, and the wild deer ran by the men who came to -take a look at their new home. When Penn came, he sent out a -call for all the men to meet in one place, and there he met -with them, and they laid out the code or kind of laws they were -to have. This code was known as "The Great Law." No one could -vote that did not believe in Christ; and all might pray to God -in their own way. So you see the Quak-ers did not wish to force -men to believe as they did. They felt that was not right or -just.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p36">36</span> Penn did all he could for his sect, and was mild and good to -the red men. He said to them, "We meet on the broad path of -good faith and good will. I will deal with you in love. We are -one flesh and blood."</p> - -<p>So our land grew, and State by State was laid out, and towns -were built, and all this time the King of Eng-land was at the -head of the whole. There were more In-di-an wars; for the red -men gave the new folk no peace. They would come down from the -depths of the woods of Can-a-da on their snow shoes, and drag -men and their wives from their beds and scalp them and set their -homes on fire. Many a child, too, had to fly with the rest in -the cold night, with bare feet and few clothes on, to seek a -place to hide from this fierce foe.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/14.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-AN SNOW SHOE.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>In 1754, a war broke out which we call the "French and In-di-an -War." The Eng-lish had at this time a great strip of land on -our coast which they held as their own. It was like a string -to the <span class="pageno" id="p37">37</span> great bow of French land, which went from Que-bec to -New Or-leans. Both French and Eng-lish laid claim to part of -the land; and those who had the wish to live in peace could -not but look on in fear.</p> - -<p>The French built three forts, and that made all feel that they -meant to hold the land. A young man by the name of George Wash-ing-ton, -was sent to ask that they should pull down these forts. You -have heard of George Wash-ing-ton, I know. You have been told -that he was "first in peace, first in war, and first in the -hearts of all." You have, I am sure, heard the tale of the fruit -tree that he cut, and how he could not tell a lie to save him. -He was a boy then, and some one had made his heart glad with -the gift of a small axe. What should a boy do with such a thing, -if he could not cut with it? So George went round to try the -sharp edge of his axe, and, as bad luck would have it, he came -on a young fruit tree. It may be that the fruit was of a rare -kind, and so when it was found that the bark of the tree had -been cut in such a way that one could hope for no more fruit, -the cry rang out on all sides, "Who has done this deed?"</p> - -<p>Our small boy was not at peace in his own mind. He did not know -in what shape the wrath might fall on him; but he came forth -in a brave <span class="pageno" id="p38">38</span> way and said, "I did it, Father, I can not tell a -lie. I cut it." We are glad there has been one boy who could -not tell a lie, and we hope there are some in our own times.</p> - -<p>So this George Wash-ing-ton, then a young man, was sent to the -French man who was at the head of the forts, to say that he -must take them down at once. He had a hard time to get there, -for it was cold, and the streams were big with the rains. The -snow fell and froze as it fell. His horse gave out, and he had -to go on foot. He had one man with him, and they struck out -in to the woods. They had to cross a stream on a rude raft, -and they were caught in the ice. It bore them on with great -speed, and when Wash-ing-ton threw out his pole to check the -speed, he fell in the stream. But he knew how to swim, and so -he got to land. When day came, it grew still more cold, and -the stream froze in such a way that he could walk on it to the -place where he would be.</p> - -<p>The men at the French forts would not say that they would give -them up. In fact, they made boasts that they could hold them -in spite of all, and so the war went on. The French would dart -out and seize Eng-lish ships, and then the Eng-lish would march -on the French, and do them all the harm they could. Wash-ing-ton -fought on the side of the <span class="pageno" id="p39">39</span> Eng-lish in this war. Once the In-di-ans -laid in wait for them in the wood, and as the men were on the -march with their flags and beat of drum, they heard the fierce -war whoop on all sides. The Brit-ish troops did not know how -to deal with such a foe; but our men sprang down and fought -them in their own way.</p> - -<p>One chief made a vow that he would kill Wash-ing-ton. Four balls -were sent through his clothes. Twice his horse was shot. Gen-er-al -Brad-dock, who was at the head of the Eng-lish troops, was shot -and borne from the field to die. There was a great fright, and -the men fled on all sides. Wash-ing-ton did what he could to -save them from the foe, like a brave man. But the French went -on and built more forts, and our men were at their wits' end -to hold their own with foes on all sides.</p> - -<p>There were six tribes of the red men who were their friends, -and I would tell you their names if they were not too long and -hard.</p> - -<p>But you will find in the State of New York lakes and streams -which bear the same names. We ought to bear them in mind, as -they were of great use in those times. So it was thought best -for all our men to meet in a town by the name of Al-ba-ny, to -fix on a way to keep these six tribes our friends, and to join -with them to fight the <span class="pageno" id="p40">40</span> French. Al-ba-ny was then a small town -with few in it; but it had a stone fort. Here our men met the -chiefs and had a talk with them. The chiefs told our clan they -were not so wise and brave as the French, or they would build -forts like them.</p> - -<p>But there was one wise man in our midst, Ben-ja-min Frank-lin. -He had been a poor boy, so poor that when he went in to the -great town of Phil-a-del-phia, he had but a few cents. But he -knew how to print; and more than that he was fond of books, -and so could learn all sorts of things. He brought with him -a small print on which was shown a snake cut in parts. Each -part had on it the name of one of the States. He said they must -be made one or die, and that to be one was the way to be great. -But our men did not see their way clear to do this yet. We know -they made the States one in time.</p> - -<p>The death of Gen-er-al Brad-dock was a great blow to their hopes. -They saw that all the red-coats, as we call the Eng-lish, were -not brave; but could run as fast as the rest. Still they took -some forts, with long names, from the French in this war. They -made a move on them at Que-bec, with Gen-er-al Wolfe at the -head of our troops.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/15.jpg" alt="" width="90%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>A DUTCH HOUSEHOLD IN NEW AM-STER-DAM, NOW NEW YORK.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Quebec was one of the strong forts of the world. At first Gen-er-al -Wolfe lost at all points. But he <span class="pageno" id="p42">42</span> found at last a way to go in -boats. With no noise they made their way to land, and up a steep -hill, and at dawn the French woke to see red-coats on all sides. -Their Gen-er-al Mont-calm led them out of the fort to fight. -If he had not, he might have won the day, for the fort was strong. -But he chose to fight in the wide field, and so we won.</p> - -<p>At the time of the fight, Gen-er-al Wolfe, who had been struck -by a death shot, heard shouts of joy, "They fly—they fly!" -"Who fly!" came from his white lips. "The French." "Then praise -God, I die at peace," he said, with his last breath.</p> - -<p>Gen-er-al Mont-calm, too, on the French side, had a wound, and -was told he could not live. "I am glad of it," he said, "for -then I shall not live to see my town yield to the foe." So you -see they were two brave men who fell that day. In five days -a peace was made with France; for she gave up most of the land -to which she had laid claim.</p> - -<p>But there were some of the red men who did not want this peace -with the Eng-lish. They had seen the red-coats run away from -them, and they thought they might now strike a blow for their -own homes and land. The French made them think they would help -them. "The King of France has but slept for a time," they said, -"but he will soon wake up, and then he will drive the foe from -the homes <span class="pageno" id="p43">43</span> of the red men, and give them back their land."</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/16.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DI-AN CHIEF.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>There was one brave chief, Pon-ti-ac, who heard all this with -a glad heart. "I will live and die a French man," he said, and -he sent men to each <span class="pageno" id="p44">44</span> town to bear a belt with red or black beads -on it, and a knife with a red stain on it; these meant war. -The knife was of the kind with which they were wont to scalp -the foe, and the red stain told that deeds of blood were at -hand. When this belt and knife were kept, Pon-ti-ac knew that -the chiefs there would join the war. Their first move was on -a fort at De-troit.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/17.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IRON TOM-A-HAWK.</p> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/18.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>STONE TOM-A-HAWK.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>This was Pon-ti-ac's plan. He would go some day to the fort -with some men and ask leave to come in and show them a war dance. <span class="pageno" id="p45">45</span> -While some were in the dance, a few would stroll through the -fort and see all that could be seen. Then they would go once -more as if for a call, with arms hid in their clothes, and strike -down the white men when they did not look for it. The first -part of this plan went on all right; but one of the squaws, -who was a friend to the head man of the fort, told him what -the red men meant to do. So when Pon-ti-ac and his men went -in the fort, each with his gun hid in his clothes, they found -ranks of men with arms to meet them, and they were glad to get -out with their lives.</p> - -<p>But Pon-ti-ac would not give up, for he made more friends, and -laid siege to De-troit in 1763. It was a long siege for the -red man, but it held out, though food was scarce, and the men -in it felt that they must soon starve. Pon-ti-ac at last had -to make peace, and met his own death at the hands of a red man, -who was mad with drink; and so the French and In-di-an war came -to an end.</p> - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p46">46</span> CHAPTER IV.<br /> -<small>THE WAR THAT MADE US FREE.</small></h2> - - -<p>For a time all were at peace; but at last a war broke out that -took more time, and cost more men, than all the wars of the -past. You have heard of it, it may be, by the name of the Rev-o-lu-tion.</p> - -<p>There are some old men who fought in that war, who are alive -this day. You see the cause of this war came out of what our -men thought to be their wrongs. They thought the rule of Eng-land -too hard, and that they should have their own men to rule them. -They would have gone on as they were, if they had thought that -Eng-land was just to them; but she put a tax on the things they -had to use. She had a large debt to pay, and so she thought -it fair our men should help to pay it; and our men held that -they ought to have a voice as to what the tax should be, and -fix what they knew to be right.</p> - -<p>Do you know what a tax means? It meant, in this case, that when -our men bought a thing, they had to pay a few cents more than -its real price, and these few cents were to go to Eng-land. -Of course these few cents from all sides grew to be a good <span class="pageno" id="p47">47</span> sum, -and was quite a help. Eng-land, at this time, made a law which -we know by the name of the "Stamp Act." This law, which gave -to Eng-land a tax on all deeds, was one great cause of the wrath -of our men. One man made a speech on it that was put in print, -and the boys in the schools spoke it. In all the States men -took the same view; so that the Stamp Act may be said to have -lit the fire which in time made such a blaze.</p> - -<p>In all the States men stood up for what they thought their rights, -and they made up their mind that they would not pay this tax -on Eng-lish things, but would learn to make them of their own. -Men and their wives took a vow that the fine clothes from their -old home should not tempt them, but they would spin and weave, -and wear what they made, though it might be poor and coarse. -One brave dame wrote to her friends, "I hope there are none -of us but would wrap up in the skins of sheep and goats to keep -us warm, if we must else pay a tax which is not just on the -goods of Eng-land."</p> - -<p>The wrath at the Stamp Act grew more fierce each day, and the -men who were sent to put it in force did not dare to do so. -One was caught and made to say that he would give the thing -up. He was made to fling up his hat and cry as they told him, -three times, in words which meant that they <span class="pageno" id="p48">48</span> were right and the -King was wrong. No one was found so bold as to put the Stamp -Act in force; and the news went to the King and set him in a -great rage. Some of their own great men were on our side, and -were glad we did not yield.</p> - -<p>At last the King gave up the Stamp Act, but said he had a right -to tax us as he chose. There was great joy here at the news -that the Stamp Act was to be heard from no more. The bells were -rung, and flags were flung out on the breeze, and all who were -held for debt were made free. For a year there was no more heard -of a tax; but then a new act came. This tax was made on tea -and glass, and such things, which were in use all the time. -This woke new wrath, and troops had to come out to keep the -peace, which our men said they would not bear. The boys from -the schools felt the wrong, and would call the "red-coats" in -scorn by that name; and the young men made a vow that they would -drive them from the town.</p> - -<p>There were street fights each day; and the men were more and -more set to have their rights. The folk wore the rough clothes -which they spun and wove, and would not buy a yard of Eng-lish -cloth. Then they sought to find some plant that they might use -for tea, so that they would not have to buy tea and pay the -tax on it. They must have <span class="pageno" id="p49">49</span> had some queer drinks at that time. -When the King found they were so set in their way, he gave up -all but the tax on tea. Then he sent three large ship loads -of it here, in the hope that our folk would want it so much -when they saw it, that they would be glad to pay the tax.</p> - -<p>But our men had made up their minds that this tea should not -land. So when the tea ships came in, a guard was set on them -by our men as they lay at the wharf, so that the tea should -not be brought to shore. A large crowd of men met in a Hall -in Bos-ton, to say what should be done with the tea; and at -last they gave out, that if the tea were sent back where it -came from, all would be well. But the head man, who was sent -here to rule us by the King, would not do this, and said so. -When this was told to the crowd, a war-whoop was heard at the -porch, and some men in the dress of In-di-ans made a rush down -to the wharf, and went on board of the three tea ships, and -cast all the chests of tea in the bay. Then they went home in -peace and did no one harm. This was the "Bos-ton Tea Par-ty," -and is so known at this day.</p> - -<p>At New York and Bos-ton they did not try to land the tea when -they heard of this, but took it back. At one time the tea was -set on fire. All this made our men more and more set on their -own <span class="pageno" id="p50">50</span> way; and the King grew in a rage with them. He made some -strong laws, sent troops to Bos-ton, and put in force a bill -called a Port Bill, which would not let a boat go in or out -the port, save that it brought food or wood. One of their own -men stood up and said this was a "bill to make us slaves." And -the wood and food had to be brought in a new route, and not -straight in the bay. Not a stick of wood or a pound of flour -could be brought in a row boat, or straight in from a near point; -it must all go round to the place where the Eng-lish saw fit, -where they could stop it and see just what was there.</p> - -<p>Of course this was hard for the good folk of Bos-ton, and they -did not bear their wrongs in peace. They had gifts sent them -by land—of grain and salt fish and sheep. From the South came -flour and rice, and some times gold for the poor. So that the -Port Bill made all feel to them like friends, for all towns -took up the cause of Bos-ton as their own.</p> - -<p>This was just what the wise men at the court of King George -had said would be the case. They knew it would make our folk -more strong to drive them with hard laws to fight. And so it -came to pass, as the two great men, Burke and Fox, had said, -King George was set in his way, and would <span class="pageno" id="p51">51</span> not change, but did -his best to push the laws through. The Bos-ton Port Bill was -one of the things that made the States one. For they had but -one mind on these harsh laws, and stood as one man for the right. -The day when this Port Bill was first put in force, the Town -Hall in one of the towns was hung with black, as for a death; -the Bill was on it, and the toll of bells was heard all day.</p> - -<p>If we could have stood in Bos-ton in those days, we would have -seen that there was not much work, and no ships at the wharves -but those of Eng-land. There were guns in view, and men with -red-coats in the streets. There were tents on the green, and -clubs that met each night, to talk of this strange turn in things, -and what was best to do. They did not want war, but saw no way -to get out of it. Great men spoke of it here and there, and -each speech was read at the clubs.</p> - -<p>"We must fight," grew to be the cry. But there were some, of -course, who felt sad at all this, who thought it wrong not to -do the will of the King in all things. They said this land would -come to grief, for we were the ones who had the most to lose -by war. These men had the name of "To-ries," and the rest did -not look on them as friends, but held them as foes. Some of -these men went back <span class="pageno" id="p52">52</span> to their old homes, and came here in the -troops of the King to fight their old friends. Some stayed and -came round to new views, and took part in the wars that came -to pass in time. All knew that the ranks of the King would be -made of men who had fought in wars, and were known to be brave; -while on our side they would be raw men, who did not know the -art of war. But still our men were brave, and they said, with -strong hearts, "The strife may be long, but the end is sure. -We will fight for our homes, for our lands, for the right. We -will be free!"</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p53">53</span> CHAPTER V.<br /> -<small>THREE GREAT FIGHTS.</small></h2> - - -<p>In each town, at this time, men thought but of war, and how -to train for it; so that in case of need each one could spring -to arms at once. Guns were put in a safe place, and stores of -food were bought. The Brit-ish in their turn kept watch on all, -and more troops were brought in.</p> - -<p>Our men made a plan, that when it should be known that a large -force of the Brit-ish were to move out of Bos-ton at night, -a light should be hung out of the North Church by way of a sign. -One night the watch by the Charles saw the light gleam high -on the church, and they knew some move was on hand. At once -all was stir and noise. Men rode here and there to find out -what it meant. One went in a boat, and then took a fleet horse -to seek out two of the wise and great men, and see what was -best to do. The man who took this ride, and went from house -to house with a call to those who slept, was Paul Re-vere. There -is a song this day on that ride.</p> - -<p>You may be sure there was no more sleep in a <span class="pageno" id="p54">54</span> house that night. -When he rode by—"Do not make so much noise," said one on guard.</p> - -<p>"Noise," said Paul Re-vere, "there will be noise ere long; the -foe is on us!"</p> - -<p>All this time the Eng-lish troops had made a swift, still march. -They thought no one had seen or known their move; but all at -once the bells in each church rang out a wild peal. In each -town the church bell sent a call to each home. So it was plain -that all was known. Paul Re-vere and the scouts had done the -work well. The Brit-ish sent back for more troops. They came, -and they were told to hold the bridge at Con-cord. But when -Ma-jor Pit-cairn, who was at the head of the Brit-ish, came -to Lex-ing-ton at dawn, he found a great crowd of men with arms.</p> - -<p>"What do ye here?" he said, in wrath, "go to your homes! Why -don't ye lay down your arms?" But as they made no move to go, -his troops sent forth a fire on them, which they gave back with -a will. Eight of our men got their death wounds that day, and -this was the first blood shed in the war.</p> - -<p>The Brit-ish then gave three cheers and set out on a march to -Con-cord. The people of that town made haste to move their stores -of food and arms to a safe place in the woods. Their scouts -took the North bridge, and could see that the Brit-ish were <span class="pageno" id="p55">55</span> -in the streets of the town; that they had set the court house -on fire, and cut down the pole, and laid waste the stores they -found. So the men on the bridge made up their minds they would -try to drive this foe out. There were but few of them, but they -had strong hearts.</p> - -<p>One of their head men said, "I have not a man who fears to go." -He was the first who was shot, and fell dead. Still they went -on and made a brave fire, so that the Brit-ish set out to run. -But they could not go back as they came; for by this time our -men for miles round, came in on all sides. Some were in their -shirt sleeves, they had come in such haste; but each one had -a gun in his hand, and took his place back of a tree or stone -wall, where he could get good aim. One of the Brit-ish wrote -home that the men came so fast, they would seem to drop from -the sky.</p> - -<p>At each step the Brit-ish troops took, a shot would come from -some side, and a man would fall dead. At last such a fear came -on our foe, that they broke into a run. They did not know what -to do. They had no more shot, and could not give back the fire. -One of them wrote, "They had to lie down for rest on the ground, -and their tongues hung out of their mouths like dogs spent by the -chase." All the way to Bos-ton they felt the <span class="pageno" id="p56">56</span> fire of our men, -and they were glad to get back to their great ships, the men -of war, and rest where they could be safe. They had lost three -times more men than the A-mer-i-cans.</p> - -<p>There was a great stir in the court of the King when the news -was brought that their troops had run from a hand full of raw -men, who had no skill in the art of war. Poor Lord Per-cy, who -had been at the head of the Eng-lish, came in for hard names, -though he was a brave man. They were mad, and had to give vent -to their wrath on some one. In A-mer-i-ca it was felt that this -was the first blow struck; and Sam-u-el Ad-ams, when he heard -the news at Lex-ing-ton, said, "Oh, what a grand day this is!" -for he knew this strife would not end till all the States were -free.</p> - -<p>There were some hills near Bos-ton, and our men knew that there -was a plan to gain them, and make a place for Eng-lish troops -on them. You see, if the foe had such high ground, they could -have a grand chance to fire down on those in the town. So our -men stole out by night and threw up earth works, and took all -the troops they could get from all parts, and put them in charge -there. In the mean while they sent their wives and young ones -out of the town, so that none but Brit-ish troop were left there. -They made no noise in their <span class="pageno" id="p57">57</span> march that night; no one heard them, -and the bells in the church struck twelve ere they dug a sod. -But they were soon at work, and could hear the guard on the -man-of-war cry out each hour, "All's well."</p> - -<p>When the day came, and the sun rose, the earth works were seen -from the ships, and at once they sent out a fire on them. So -in Bos-ton the troops woke to see the true state of things, -and were not slow to do their best. But our men went on with -their work, spite of the shots. One of the foe had a glass through -which he could see each move of our men round the works. "Will -they fight?" said he. "To the last drop of their blood," said -one who stood near.</p> - -<p>So they made up their minds to lose no time, but to make a raid -on the works that day. It was a hot day in June. Part of our -men stood by a rail fence, on the edge of a hill, by the name -of Bun-ker Hill; part were back of the mounds which were but -half made. Then the rail fence was made to screen the men back -of it, by a lot of new mown hay, put in to fill up the gaps.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 30%;"> - <img src="images/19.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>JO-SEPH WAR-REN.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The Brit-ish troops went in boats, and took their stand on the -bank of the Charles. They had two men to our one, and were full -of skill in the use of arms. Our men had come in from the farm -or the <span class="pageno" id="p58">58</span> shop. They did not know what a drill meant; but their -place was more safe back of the earth works, while the troops -of the foe were out in full sight in the field. It is a grand -sight; the long lines, the red coats and white pants of the -Brit-ish; the white cross belts, the beat of drums, the play -of fifes. The sky is clear and hot. Great white clouds sail -on the blue. The folks crowd on the roof of each house in the -town.</p> - -<p>So our men laid in wait, as the troops took up a slow march -on them. The Eng-lish found the day hot, and they had their -arms and food to weigh them down. But they had no doubts, and -their march was sure. They would fire now and then, and few -shots fell on them. On they came, <span class="pageno" id="p59">59</span> till they got ten rods from -the earth works. Then the word rang out on our side, "Fire!" -When the smoke was gone it was seen that the dead lay on the -ground here and there; and those who were left had set off to -run.</p> - -<div class="image-right" style="width: 30%;"> - <img src="images/20.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PLAN OF BUNK-ER HILL. MON-U-MENT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>A great shout went up from the forts; a cheer came back from -those at the rail fence. They, too, had held back their fire -to the last, and then three fourths of those who had set out -to chase them fell in the ranks, and the rest ran. Gen-er-al -Put-nam was one of our great men in this fight. When the foe -came on, he had said to his men, "Aim low; wait till you can -see the whites of their eyes," and their aim was sure. When -they saw the Brit-ish troops in flight, they thought they would -give them chase; but they had no more shot, and so could not -make good what they had won. They fell back with sad hearts, -one by one, and lost more as they did so than they had done -in the fight.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p60">60</span> This was the fight of Bunk-er Hill, and though the A-mer-i-cans -did not win the day, they made plain to all men that they had -stout hearts, and could deal a blow for their rights. In this -fight Gener-al War-ren lost his life.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p61">61</span> CHAPTER VI.<br /> -<small>FIRST IN WAR—FIRST IN PEACE.</small></h2> - - -<p>The first thing George Wash-ing-ton was heard to ask when news -came of this fight was, "Did our men stand fire?" And when he -was told that they did, he said, "Then the rights of our land -are safe." From this day our men took heart and were of good -cheer. The Brit-ish lost one in four of their men in that fight; -and on our side we did not lose half as much. In Eng-land men -did not know what to make of so great a loss to their troops -from so small a force as ours.</p> - -<p>In this land there was a call for more troops, and George Wash-ing-ton -was put at their head. He had shown that he was a brave and -true man. He came from Vir-gin-ia, his home, and met the rest -'neath a great elm tree in Cam-bridge. This tree is known as -the "Wash-ing-ton Elm" to this day. All felt a wish to see this -brave man, who had no small fame; they came from all sides to -greet him, and saw a man more than six feet tall, with a broad -chest, large hands and feet, a fine face, a clear eye, and the -air of one born to rule. He <span class="pageno" id="p62">62</span> wore a blue coat, with buff small -clothes, and a black plume in his hat.</p> - -<p>Wash-ing-ton saw, in his turn, a crowd of men of all sorts and -kinds, rude and rough in their looks, and with odd kinds of -arms, no two of which were alike, in their hands. Some were -in old coats, some in their shirt sleeves. No state suits or -gold bands or fine plumes were there. And when Gen-er-al Wash-ing-ton -went round to the camp, he found things were in a bad state. -Some had straight lines of tents, neat and nice, but most were -in small huts made of boards or stones or turf. The food was -rough and scarce, and the men had not the first means for war; -not as much as would load their guns more than a few times.</p> - -<p>It would not have been strange if Wash-ing-ton had felt his -heart sink at such a sight. But he went to work in a brave way -to do the best he could. Some store ships of food fell, by good -luck, in the hands of our men, who had been sent out to get -what they could; so that food was not so scarce. But still they -had no food for their guns, and could not march on the foe.</p> - -<p>The Brit-ish troops still held Bos-ton; but could not get food -and wood for fires. The small-pox, too, broke out in their midst. -They had to pull down an old house now and then and burn it -to <span class="pageno" id="p63">63</span> keep warm; and they sent crowds out of the town to be fed. -They put troops in each church, and made a play house of the -Town Hall. At times they would send out play bills to Wash-ing-ton -and his men. They did not want them to know that things were -so hard with them.</p> - -<p>Once in this hall they had a play on the times. It was meant -to show how they were shut in by the foe, and of course to make -fun at the same time. In one part, a man in a dress like Wash-ing-ton, -with a great wig, and a long sword all rust, came on the stage. -By his side was a green lad, with an old gun. This was done -to cast a slur on our men. But just then there was a cry, "The -Yan-kees are on Bunk-er Hill." At first this was thought to -be a part of the play; but when Gen-er-al Howe said, in a loud -voice, "Men, to your posts!" there was great fright. Men ran, -their wives fell in a faint, and all felt there was no fun in -such a scare. In a short time the Eng-lish left Bos-ton; for -they could not be safe from the fire that came down on them -from all the hills round.</p> - -<p>But they did not give up the fight. When the King and his court -heard of Bunk-er Hill, they made up their minds they would rule -this land, let it cost what it would. So they cut off our trade -as far as they could, and they brought in all the men <span class="pageno" id="p64">64</span> they could -find from all lands which would give them help. So you may be -sure they had a great crowd to come on us and try to bend us -to their will. But our folk kept up a stout heart in the face -of all. They felt they had gone too far to go back.</p> - -<div class="image-left" style="width: 30%;"> - <img src="images/21.jpg" alt="Benjamin Franklin." width="100%"/> - </div> - -<p>There were some wise men who were known as the "Con-gress," -who had met in Phil-a-del-phia. They gave it as their mind that -"These States are and of right ought to be free;" and they stuck -to this text. The troops had to fight, and it was the part of -Con-gress to raise the men, the pay, and the arms. It would -seem that they had the worst part to do. To be sure, when they -thought of the past, they might take heart. In the face of such -a foe, it must be said, our men had done well. Doc-tor Frank-lin -felt that way; but there were some rich men who thought it would -be death to the States to make war. <span class="pageno" id="p65">65</span></p> - -<p>So Con-gress met to see if it were best that they should strike -the blow at once that would make them free. They had more than -one talk on this, and at first the time did not seem ripe. They -were to break all ties with Eng-land, to pay no more tax, and -to try to find help if they could, in their fight to be free. -Some great men wrote out the plan, and you can still see it -in the Hall in Phil-a-del-phia. This sheet is called the "Dec-la-ra-tion -of In-de-pend-ence." It meant that they were bound to be free, -and so they wrote it down. It was made Ju-ly 4th, 1776, and -that is why you hear the noise of fire works and see signs of -joy on each Fourth of Ju-ly since that day.<span class="pageno" id="p66">66</span></p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/22.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>JOHN HAN-COCK'S RES-I-DENCE, BOS-TON.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>When the men came to sign this Dec-la-ra-tion, the one who wrote -his name first, said, "We must be one; we must all pull the -same way; we must hang side by side." "Or we shall hang with -none at our side," said Frank-lin. But no doubt there were sad -hearts that day, though these words did raise a laugh.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 50%;" > - <img src="images/23.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>IN-DE-PEND-ENCE HALL.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>They did not change this dec-la-ra-tion much from the way they -wrote it first. There was one clause on the slave trade which -the men from the South did not like; so it was struck out. There -were twelve States—though they did not call them States in those -days—that gave their vote for it. New York would not vote at -all. The bell of the State House was to ring if the "Dec-la-ra-tion" -should pass. This bell had <span class="pageno" id="p67">67</span> been put up years since, and one -might read on it, though these are not just the words, "Let -all the land be free." So the old man who was wont to ring this -bell, put his boy at the door of the hall where the men met.</p> - -<p>When at last the Dec-la-ra-tion should pass, the man who kept -the door was to make a sign to the boy. You may think how all -hearts beat when this boy ran out with a cry of "Ring, ring;" -and what a peal of joy rang out from the bell! Then the Dec-la-ra-tion -was read to each of the troops, and there were loud cheers on -cheers from all sides. That night the form of George the Third, -on horse-back, which had been wrought in stone, and stood in -one of the squares, was laid low in the dust by the crowd.</p> - -<p>Yet for all this brave show, the men were sad at heart. They -knew how poor they were, and how few, and the true state of -the troops, and all that could be brought to put them down. -They set out to make a flag of their own; for they had all sorts -of flags at this time. One had a pine tree on a white ground, -and was known as the "pine tree flag." On this flag were words -which meant, "Call to God for help."</p> - -<p>When Wash-ing-ton came to take the head of the troops, he had -a new flag made with stripes of <span class="pageno" id="p68">68</span> red and white, as now; but on -one end was a red and white cross, like that which marks the -Brit-ish flag. This flag went with our troops in Bos-ton, when -the Brit-ish took up their march out of that place. But, by -vote of Con-gress, a change was made, and it was said that our -flag must have red and white stripes, and white stars on a blue -ground—a star and a stripe for each State. Now when they make -a new State, they put a new star on our flag. Count them and -see how strong we are.</p> - -<p>The first man to hoist the new flag was Cap-tain Paul Jones. -He was at the head of a man-of-war, and from that ship it was -first flung out on the breeze. This is the flag that now waves -in town and camp, and on our ships to all the ports of the land. -We have more stars now, but the stripes stay the same.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p69">69</span> CHAPTER VII.<br /> -<small>THE REST OF THE WAR.</small></h2> - - -<p>Up to this time, most of the fights had been round Bos-ton. -But Wash-ing-ton now saw that there would be a move made on -New York; so he sent Gen-er-al Lee to help keep the town, and -he soon went there too. Some men came to their aid from the -South, and Lord Howe, with a great mass of Eng-lish troops, -were there to meet them. Lord Howe had word from King George -first to speak of peace, but he did not know to whom he should -speak. He wrote a note to "George Wash-ing-ton;" but our chief -would not read it, as he said his true name, as head of the -troops, should be on it. So Lord Howe wrote no more. He saw -that the hour to fight had come.</p> - -<p>At first the A-mer-i-can troops came to grief, and Wash-ing-ton -and his men had to make their way back for a time. The Brit-ish -took heart from this, and our men were sad. They were poor, -and had few clothes, and some had no shoes for that long, hard -march; so that one could track their steps by the blood on the -ground.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p70">70</span> Wash-ing-ton saw there was no time to lose, and he must strike -a swift blow. He knew there were troops of Ger-mans at Tren-ton, -and that they still held to the ways of their land. Do you know -the name of that day when you have a tree with nice gifts and -lights hung on it? It is the day when Christ was born, and which -we keep to this time for His sake. Well, Wash-ing-ton knew these -folk would cling to the ways of their old homes. That they would -keep the feast and be off their guard. So on the eve of that -day he set out to march on them with his men. A storm of sleet -came up in the night, but they went on, and when the dawn rose, -these brave men, who had come through the snow and ice, stood -in ranks for the fight. Some one wrote a note, and a man ran -all the way to Tren-ton to warn the Ger-mans. But they were -at cards. The Gen-er-al had his cards in his hands, and it was -his turn to play. He must look at his cards first.</p> - -<p>Yes, his life is at stake, but he does not know it. In the dim -gray of the dawn our men march in on them. There is the sound -of wheels and a shout. Co-lon-el Kall hears the drums beat, -and the cards drop from his hands—too late! He got his death -in that fight, and all his men were held and bound. These things -put our troops in heart once more, and it was the wish of all -to go on; but they had a <span class="pageno" id="p71">71</span> hard, sad time through the days of -storm and cold at Val-ley Forge.</p> - -<p>If we could see that camp at Val-ley Forge, in our mind's eye, -we would know how much those poor men had to bear in this war -to make us free. They had lost some by death, and more were -ill. They had so few clothes to put on when they slept, that -some sat up all night by the fires to keep warm. At one time -there were few who had shoes, and the sick had to lie on the -bare ground, for want of straw. The head men had to wear old -quilts or bed spreads round in the camp, to keep them warm, -for want of the right kind of clothes.</p> - -<p>The troops were not paid; or the sort of pay they got would -not buy them food. Food was so scarce that, at last, the pass -word was, "No food—no man." There were men in this camp who -had been at the court of kings; who had fed on rich food, and -had wine to drink, and now they were like to starve.</p> - -<p>All this time Wash-ing-ton did his best to keep up the heart -of his troops. He did not tell Con-gress how few and worn they -were; and there were those who gave him blame that he did not -do great things with these few worn out men. All this time the -Brit-ish troops in Phil-a-del-phia had what they chose of good -fare, and led a gay life. Some of <span class="pageno" id="p72">72</span> them, with Gen-er-al Bur-goyne -at their head, in the mean time, had two or three fights with -our men, but found they did not gain much. At last they were -glad to go back. Just as they made a move to do so, our men -had the luck to hem them in on all sides in one place and won -the day. This was at Sar-a-to-ga. This was good news to those -in Val-ley Forge. It brought cheer to them, and they felt brave -to go on.</p> - -<p>In Eng-land men did not know what to make of our luck. It made -a stir in France, where we had friends; and some of their young -men came here to join our troops. We had some great French men -with us at that time. One whose name is still held in love by -all—the great La-fa-yette.</p> - -<p>At this time France made a vow to us that she would stand our -friend, and give us aid. When this was known in Eng-land, fears -rose on all sides; for they knew how much help France could -give, and how strong it would make us. They sent men over to -talk to us of peace, but it was too late. The A-mer-i-cans had -no thought but to be free, and they would take no less than -that. But these men still came, and thought they would see what -bribes could do. A large sum of gold was held out to Gen-er-al -Reed, if he would aid their cause. He said, "I am not worth -so much; but such as I am, <span class="pageno" id="p74">74</span> the King of Eng-land has not so much -gold as would buy me!"</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/24.jpg" alt="" width="90%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PAUL JONES'S SEA FIGHT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>But the aid from France was less than they thought it would -be. Fleets were sent, but they gave small help to the cause. -And so the war went on for three years more. At times our men -would make a good fight, and then there would be dark days when -the foe had things all his own way. The Eng-lish had paid some -tribes of In-di-ans to fight on their side; and once there was -a sad scene, where men and their wives and babes were put to -death by these fierce wild men. This was not war, of course. -We give it a much worse name.</p> - -<p>Then there were sea-fights. In one of these, the men on the -ships fought three hours, and the ships took fire more than -once; but at last the Brit-ish gave up. In that ship the man -who took the lead on our side was Paul Jones.</p> - -<p>There is a tale told of what the brave wife of one of those men, -to whom we give the name of Friends, did for our cause at this -time. Gen-er-al Howe made his home in her house, a long low -brick one, at Tren-ton. He said to her one day, "I want to have -some friends here to night, and I would like to have the spare -back room to meet them in."</p> - -<p>"It shall be as thee says," said Friend Ruth.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p75">75</span> "See that all the folks in the house are in bed at a good hour," -said Gen-er-al Howe.</p> - -<p>"I will move that they go," said Friend Ruth.</p> - -<p>So when the men came to see Gen-er-al Howe that night, it was -all still in the house. Friend Ruth let them in.</p> - -<p>"You may go to bed and stay till I call," said Gen-er-al Howe.</p> - -<p>Ruth went to her room and lay down awhile; but did not take -off her clothes. She must know what these men meant to do. At -last she took off her shoes and went to the door of the room, -and put her ear to the key hole. This is what she heard. Some -one reads, "Our troops will make a move by stealth on the foe, -and we will take them ere they know we are on them!"</p> - -<p>There was no more sleep for Friend Ruth that night. She lay -in her bed till dawn; but all her aim was to think of a plan -to help our troops, and not to let them fall in the snare. At -last she hit on a plan to get out of the lines. She was in need -of some flour; and to get flour, she must go to a grist mill, -for they did not sell it at stores in those days. Gen-er-al -Howe could not say he would not let her get flour, as he ate -at her house; so he gave her a pass. While they ground the grist -for her at the mill, she rode on as fast as she could, till -she came <span class="pageno" id="p76">76</span> to one of our guards. She said some words to him in -a low voice, and rode back, got her flour, and was home in no -time.</p> - -<p>When Gen-er-al Howe came on our troops the next day, he found -them all drawn up in rank and file in good trim to meet him. -He thought it best not to have a fight at all; and it was a -strange thing to him how they could have known of his move.</p> - -<p>Down in the South there were brave men at the head of our troops. -One was Ma-ri-on, who led his men through the woods by paths -that were known to few. They gave him the name of the "Swamp -Fox," and the Brit-ish cast slurs on him, and said he would -not come out for a fight in a bold way, but took their posts -at night, and when they were off guard. But he gave them a proof -of what he could do, when he and Greene fought them and won -the day in a fair field. Greene made such a name in this fight -that he took rank next to Wash-ing-ton from that time.</p> - -<p>We have to tell a sad tale now of one of our own men—a man, -too, who had won fame in the war. He had shown that he was brave; -but men did not like him much, for he thought more of his own -gain than of his land, and he had the wish for a high place, -which he did not get. His name was Ben-e-dict Ar-nold, and his -bad act was, that he <span class="pageno" id="p77">77</span> made a plan to sell his own land to the -Eng-lish. He wrote to the foe all he could of the moves our -troops were to make, and their state, but he did not sign his -own name. Once he had his camp at the head of some men at West -Point, and he made up his mind to give this place, which was -strong with forts, to the Brit-ish. This he would have done, -and the whole land would have come to grief, but for a chance -that brought the vile plan to light.</p> - -<p>One day a young man rides down the path by the stream. There -is a wood of oak near. On the ground, by the trees, there are -three young men. They have a game of cards. They have been out -all night, and have sat down to rest.</p> - -<p>They hear the sound of hoofs.</p> - -<p>"Some one on his way to New York for trade," says one.</p> - -<p>His friend peers out. "No; his clothes are too good for that," -he says.</p> - -<p>All three spring to their feet, and cry, "Halt!"</p> - -<p>The man on the horse stops, and says, "I hope you are on our -side."</p> - -<p>"Which side is that?" cry the men.</p> - -<p>"The side of the King."</p> - -<p>"All right," they say; for they wish to find out more.</p> - -<p>"Thank God, I am once more with friends!" he <span class="pageno" id="p78">78</span> says, as he takes -out his gold watch. "I must get on. I am in great haste."</p> - -<p>"We can not let you go," say the men.</p> - -<p>"But I have a pass."</p> - -<p>"Whose?"</p> - -<p>"Gen-er-al Ar-nold's."</p> - -<p>"You must get off your horse."</p> - -<p>"But, I tell you, you will get in a scrape if you stop me. Read -this pass."</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 30%;" > - <img src="images/25.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>MA-JOR AN DRÉ.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>"No good. You said you were Brit-ish; we must search you."</p> - -<p>"I have naught."</p> - -<p>"We will see. Take off your coat."</p> - -<p>The coat is laid off, and the boots. Ah, what is this? The hand -of Ar-nold in this; and "West Point" the date. A shout went -up, "He is a spy!"</p> - -<p>He was a young Eng-lish man by the name of An-dré. He took his -watch and purse, and said he would give them all, if they would -let him go free. They would not, but took him to the near A-mer-i-can -Post to try him. Of course, what Ar-nold had done all came out. -He had known this would be the case, for as soon as the news -was brought that An-dré was in the hands of our men, he took -leave of his wife, gave a kiss to his boy, and sped on his <span class="pageno" id="p79">79</span> way -to an Eng-lish ship. He got to Eng-land, and was paid a large -sum of gold; and they gave him a fine place at the head of some -troops; but no man would make a friend of him. The Eng-lish -had been glad to use him, but they would not take him by the -hand.</p> - -<p>You may think what a life he had. His own land had cast him -out, but he came back to fight her at the head of the foe. But -the new land where he had made his home had no real place for -him. Once in the great house in Eng-land, where the wise men -meet to talk of their laws, one rose to make a speech. But when -he saw Ar-nold in a seat near him, he said, "I will not speak -while that man is in the house." Long years after, when one -of the great men of France had it in his mind to come to this -land, he went to Ar-nold for some notes to his friends. Ar-nold -said, "I was born in A-mer-i-ca. I spent my youth there; but -Ah! I can call no man in A-mer-i-ca my friend."</p> - -<p>In the mean time An-dré, the young Eng-lish man, who had met -Ar-nold, and got the plans which were to give us up in to the -hands of the foe, was shown to be a spy. There was but one doom -for a spy. He must be hung. All felt for his fate. He was young, -and had a fine face, and the air of good birth; but his hour -had come. Tears were <span class="pageno" id="p80">80</span> shed at his death; though he was our foe. -All knew he was a brave man, who had not been slow to risk his -life in the cause of his land. He thought he was right, and -took all means to serve his own ends. For Ar-nold, who would -have sold his own, there was but hate, and they gave him a name -which would serve to show what his crime had been to all time—Ar-nold -the Trai-tor!</p> - -<p>All this while the French had been our friends; but they had -not met with a chance to show what they could do, till a great -fight came which made an end of this war. This was at a place -by the name of York-town, in Vir-gin-ia. Wash-ing-ton was there -with his troops, and the French Gen-er-al, who had a hard name, -which you may learn one of these days, was with him at the head -of his men. They took the best works of the Brit-ish, and made -such a brave stand, that Lord Corn-wal-lis thought it would -be wise to leave by night, with all his troops. But a storm -came, and they could not get off, so they all had to give up -to Wash-ing-ton.</p> - -<p>There was a grand scene that day, in the fall of 1781, when -Wash-ing-ton and his French friends stood in two ranks, and -their old foes took up a slow march by them, and laid down their -arms as they went. Great was the joy in all the land when <span class="pageno" id="p81">81</span> the -news was known. Those who woke that night in Phil-a-del-phia, -heard the watch cry, "Past two o'clock and Corn-wal-lis is ours!" -When the news came to Con-gress, they sent out word for a day -to be set, in all the States, to give thanks to God, and all -who were held for debt, or for crime, or what cause it might -be, were set free, that they might share the great joy.</p> - -<p>Well might they all be glad, for this meant the end of the war. -It had cost them dear in gold as well as lives; but it had been -worse for Eng-land than for them. The sums she had spent were -vast, and one could not count the lives she had lost. Add to -this the fact that she had lost this great land, which had once -been all her own, and now was made free. Our land now took a -new name. You can read it, I know, though it is not in short -words, "The U-nit-ed States of A-mer-i-ca."</p> - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p82">82</span> CHAPTER VIII.<br /> -<small>IN TIMES OF PEACE.</small></h2> - - -<p>When peace came, the men who had been in camp went to their -own homes. They were all poor, and did not know what to do. -There was no gold in the land, but a kind of cash which was -so bad that it took more than you could count to buy a pair -of shoes. Gen-er-al Wash-ing-ton found his task more hard to -keep all in good cheer, now there were no fights on hand, than -when they were at war. There had to be a tax on some things -to keep all right, and they did not want to pay the tax, or -their debts at this time. Wash-ing-ton felt that things were -at loose ends, and he must make them more strong.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 40%;" > - <img src="images/26.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>GEORGE WASH-ING-TON.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p83">83</span> Each State had a wish to be first; and it would seem that, with -no foe to fight, they were on the point of war with their own -selves. There was need of a strong hand to rule the whole land. -So men were sent out of each State to meet in Phil-a-del-phia -and talk of the best plan. They had a long talk, and at last -wrote what we call the "Con-sti-tu-tion." Ten of the States -gave it their vote at once; but three held back for a while.</p> - -<p>There were grand times in our land when it was known that the -Con-sti-tu-tion was to be our guide; that we were to be in truth, -"The U-nit-ed States of A-mer-i-ca," with one will, one aim, -one soul as it were, while time should last.</p> - -<p>A great crowd came out in Phil-a-del-phia to show their joy. -Each trade had its men there, with the tools of the trade in -their hands. There was a grand car, made in the shape of that -bird which we chose as the sign of our land. It was drawn by -six steeds, and in it sat those who were to judge the folk in -our great courts. They held a staff, and on it was our "Con-sti-tu-tion," -in a frame, and on the top of the staff a cap, which we might -call the cap of the free—a kind they were fond of in France -at that time. There were ten ships on the river, gay with flags -and gilt, to show forth the ten States that had cast their vote -in the right way.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p84">84</span> George Wash-ing-ton was made the first Pres-i-dent, and as he -took his way to New York, which was then the seat of rule, he -met joy and kind words on all the route.</p> - -<p>At Tren-ton, where he had fought, there was an arch thrown out -on a bridge, where he must pass. This was hung with wreaths, -and young girls stood with hands full of sweet buds and bloom, -which they flung in his path, as they sung a song to greet him, -and thank him for all he had done.</p> - -<div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/27.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>WASH-ING-TON MADE PRES-I-DENT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>As he drew near New York, a barge came out to meet him. It had -a crew all in white, and was meant to show the States—a man -for each State. Then more boats came to join them, with our -flag <span class="pageno" id="p85">85</span> on each. Wash-ing-ton was led in great state to his new -home. When the time came for him first to meet with the folk -and take the oath to be true to the Con-sti-tu-tion, there was -such a rush to the place that some one said, "One might walk -on the heads of the crowd." When Wash-ing-ton came out where -all could see him, and the oath was read to him, and he took -it, a great cheer rent the air, and a cry rang out, "Long live -George Wash-ing-ton, Pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States." There -was a flag flung out from that Hall, a peal of bells rang, and -a blast was sent out from the guns, to show the joy and the -love with which they took him for their chief. This was on April -30, 1789.</p> - -<p>War is bad for all folks; for it is hard, when it is past, for -men to learn the arts of peace. Wash-ing-ton found the whole -land in debt. They did not want a tax, and the red men were -still their foes. But in a few years he made a great change. -The In-di-ans were put down, and France and Spain and Eng-land -were brought to deal with us as friends. It was a man by the -name of John Jay, who wrote out the terms with Eng-land, and -so we had peace for a time.</p> - -<p>Just then there was a great fight in France, not with a foe, -but in their own midst. The men there had seen how our land -had won the day, and they <span class="pageno" id="p86">86</span> had a mind to be free and have no -King. They did not go at it in the same way that we did; but -shed much blood of their own folk, and cut off the heads of -their King and Queen, and did things which made good men sad. -But they said they did it all to be free. There was a reign -of fright for a time. But at last, the mob could rule no more, -and they were glad to take a King.</p> - -<p>Wash-ing-ton kept up great state, for those times, in his own -home, and when he drove out he had a state coach, cream white -in hue, and drawn by six steeds on state days. He took but one -horse on the Lord's day, when he rode to church. This coach -was of the shape of a half sphere, and had wreaths, and the -forms of small fat boys with wings, drawn on it in gay tints. -He set days for all to come and see him in his home. Those who -came would see Wash-ing-ton in front of the fire place, and near -him the band of great men who gave him help with their wise words. -He would be, seen in a coat of black, with a vest of white or -pearl, and buff gloves. His hair was made white with a kind -of dust they had in use in those days; and it was put in a sort -of silk bag at the back of his head. That was a queue.</p> - -<p>He would have his hat in his hand, and he wore a long sword. -He did not shake hands with <span class="pageno" id="p87">87</span> his guests, but made them a bow, -and had some word for each. His wife, too, had times for her -friends to come; and all must be in full dress—the dames in -low necks and short sleeves. On the birth day of Wash-ing-ton, -men would meet to dine in all the large towns; and those who -made rhymes would write odes to the great man. There were some -who did not like all this state and form and show. They thought -it was too much like the style of kings in the old land, and -they would have been glad to have a new mode here. They did -not wish to see a Judge in a robe of red, or the man who was -to preach in the church in a wig, with gown and bands. They -were for plain dress and plain ways.</p> - -<p>You may see now bits of the stiff, rich silks of those days, -or it may be a quaint old gown, rich in lace, which has been -kept from that time. You may see in your mind the dame who wore -it, as she waves her fan, sent from France, with the head of -Wash-ing-ton on it. The hair of this dame would be drawn high -on her head, and made white with the dust of which I spoke, -and put in great puffs. The men whose trade it was to dress -hair in those days had such a crowd of folks to fix, that they -had to get up at four to do the work. I have heard of great -dames who sat up all night to <span class="pageno" id="p88">88</span> keep their hair in good style -for some ball, or the play. The men, too, thought quite as much -of dress as their wives, and in those days they did not wear -plain cloth suits as now. Then a man put on a wig, and a white -stiff stock, that held up his chin; a vest of white silk, it -may be with rose-buds on it, and all the rest of his clothes -were rich.</p> - -<p>It was the mode to have a snuff box in those days; it might -be of gold, or some dear stuff, with much work on it, and when -one met a friend they would be as sure to stop and take a pinch -of snuff as to lift the hat in our time.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 20%;" > - <img src="images/28.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>SPIN-NING WHEEL.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>They gave Balls in those days, which were quite grand, but they -did not dance in the same way as now. They had all sorts of -slow steps and bows. There was a kind of stiff grace in their -style, and some would like it more now, than the rush and whirl -of our mode of to-day. The dames were borne in a sort of chair -through the streets to these Balls.</p> - -<p>All this was the way of life with the rich. The poor still wore -the clothes they spun and wove, and they made their own lights, -and struck fire with two flints. They had not seen a match then, -and did not dream of gas, or of the strange new light which has -<span class="pageno" id="p89">89</span> been found in our time. They went to bed with the chicks, and -rose when the cock crew. The towns at the North throve the best. -At the South towns were few, and in the far West the foot of -man had not yet found its way.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 60%;" > - <img src="images/29.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>COT-TON PLANT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Those brave men who had first come to this land, had seen here -and there in the South a strange plant. It had a sort of bulb -full of a fine white down, and those who had seen it in <span class="pageno" id="p90">90</span> hot -lands knew it could be spun, and cloth made from it. It was -not hard to make it grow; but the white fluff was so full of -seeds that it took a whole day to get a pound free from them. -Wise men saw in this plant a great fund of wealth for the States. -So they set to work to find a quick way to take the seed out.</p> - -<p>There was a man in the East who heard of this, and set his brain -to work. He was a young man by the name of E-li Whit-ney; and -he had not seen the plant when he took it in his head that he -could find a way to "gin" it; for that is the name of the work. -He had to walk all the way to one of the towns at the South, -to get the seed, and as he had no tools or wire, he had to make -them. You may think that was slow work, but he had a strong -will, and when he had made a rude "gin," he bade his friends -come and see how it would do. All saw that it would work well; -but some thieves broke in his house at night and stole it. So -there was a long time that the man who made the "gin" got nought -for it. For those who stole it made gins like it and sold them. -These gins did the work well and fast, and so there grew up -a great trade for us in this soft white fluff.</p> - -<p>It is made in cloth for you to wear, and is spread on your beds, -and will take all sorts of <span class="pageno" id="p91">91</span> bright dyes. We sell it to all the -world, and wealth flows in on all sides. This would not have -been the case had not the young man, E-li Whit-ney, made the -"gin."</p> - -<p>The death of one of the great men of the land came to pass at -this time. We have told you of Ben-ja-min Frank-lin. He was -born in Bos-ton, and he was the son of a poor man. But he knew -how to print, and he set up a press in a room where he could -print each morn the news of the day. He did not scorn to sell -all sorts of wares as well, such as rags, ink, soap, and such -things. He had read a great deal, and found out more than those -round him knew. You have seen the sharp light play in the dark -clouds in a storm. You know that it strikes at times; it may -be a house or a barn or a man, and that the one who is struck -is apt to die.</p> - -<p>Well, Frank-lin thought that this light could be drawn down -from the skies, and when he heard a laugh at this, he set to -work to prove it. He sent his son out one day in a storm, with -a kite in his hand. As a low black cloud went by, they saw the -fierce light tear through it; it would seem that the light ran -down the string of the kite. Frank-lin had put a key on this -string, and when he made his friends touch that key, they drew -sparks from it. So they saw that he had found out <span class="pageno" id="p92">92</span> a great thing; -and from that has come the plan of the rods that are now put -on a house to keep it safe in a storm. This gave him fame here -and in the rest of the world. He was sent to France and made -strong friends for us there. He is said to have done more good -works for his land than all the rest of the men of his time. -So it is not strange that all felt sad when death took him from -us.</p> - -<p>The French, too, met in their great hall to mourn his loss; -and one of their chiefs said, "The sage whom two worlds claim -as their own is dead;" and they wore crape on their arms for -three days, for his sake.</p> - -<p>While Wash-ing-ton had the rule of the land, more new States -came in. The first of these was Ver-mont. This State was full -of green hills and strong brave men, who had cut down the trees -and made homes there. Once New York laid claim to this land, -but they could not drive these brave men out. They thought they -had a right to the soil, and they sent a man, by name E-than -Al-len, to talk with the men of New York. He was met with gibes -and sneers, but he would not yield. He said to them in words -from the good Book, "Our gods are gods of the hills, so they -are more strong than yours."</p> - -<p>So when the men from New York came to <span class="pageno" id="p93">93</span> drive out those who had -made homes in the midst of these hills, they found a stout foe. -The Vermont boys would take those who came and tie them to trees -and whip them with rods from the beech trees. To this they gave -the name of "the beech seal;" and those from New York did not -care to have the "beech seal" put on them more than once. They -grew mad, of course, and they sent out bills in which they set -forth that they would give a good price for the head of E-than -Al-len. But in time peace was made in these two States, when -they had fought side by side in the great war. And so Ver-mont -was brought in and took that name, which means "Green Hills."</p> - -<p>The next State that came in was Ken-tuck-y. This land was next -to Vir-gin-ia, and for a time held to be a part of that State. -The first man who made his way through its wild woods and hills -was Dan-iel Boone, who had won a name for the way he could go -in to the nooks and glens and trap wild beasts for their fur. -He took a small band of men with him, and they had no fear, -but went far in where man had not yet trod, to hunt or fish, -or make salt at the "Salt Licks" or springs. He built forts -and held them with his few friends for quite a time, spite of -the red men. But once they took him and bound him, and thought -they could make him <span class="pageno" id="p94">94</span> one of them; so much did they like his strength -and pluck, but he got free. When men heard of his brave deeds, -more came to help him. The most of them were from Vir-gin-ia, -and brought their slaves with them.</p> - -<p>The In-di-ans were in a rage at all this new force, and made -the best fight they could to drive them from the soil; so that -whole land came to be known as the "Dark Land of Blood." In -time, peace was made, and the land grew to a State by the name -of Ken-tuck-y.</p> - -<p>Wash-ing-ton held his post for two terms, or eight years, and -he did not wish to serve more. So John Ad-ams was the choice -of all, for the next chief of our land.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p95">95</span> CHAPTER IX.<br /> -<small>NEW MEN AND NEW LAWS.</small></h2> - - -<p>John Ad-ams was one of the men who gave his help to write out -the "Dec-la-ra-tion of In-de-pend-ence," of which you have been -told. That was, as you know, the first step to make us free. -In it we had made known that we would make our own laws, and -no one should rule us but those in our own land. John Ad-ams -had gone to France at the end of the great war, and had been -one to help make the French our friends. In his time. Wash-ing-ton -was made the home of the Pres-i-dents.</p> - -<p>This town took its name from our great chief, and he was the -one to pick out a place for the new site. This home we call -the White House. At this time France did not seem to hold to -the old ties that had made us friends. When our men were sent -to her courts, she would not hear them, and there were some -sea fights with our ships. It would seem that a new war must -come out of this, and Wash-ing-ton had a call from his home -to take the head of the troops. But there was no war, for Na-po-le-on, -a young man, who had shown great tact <span class="pageno" id="p96">96</span> and strength, got things -in his own hands in France, and we made peace through him with -the French.</p> - -<p>There were some who did not like John Ad-ams, for the laws that -he made. One of these laws gave him the right to seize and send -out of our States those who came here from strange lands, though -none could prove they had done wrong. So, though he was a great -man, he did not get votes for a new term.</p> - -<p>And now the hour had come when Wash-ing-ton must die. All felt -how much they were in debt to him, for the way he had led them -in the war, and his wise rule in time of peace. He had made -all men his friends in the end, and in the great hall at Wash-ing-ton, -it was then said—the words live to this day, that he was "First -in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of all." He -was sick a long time; and his last words were: "I die hard, -but I do not fear to go!"</p> - -<p>No new States came in while Ad-ams had the rule; but the land -grew in worth, and more homes were made here. But there was -a great stretch of wild land still, where the bears and the -wolves could prowl in the woods at will, and no smoke from the -fire on a home hearth was seen in the air.</p> - -<p>Jef-fer-son was the third man whom the land chose to be their -chief. He was well known as one <span class="pageno" id="p97">97</span> of the first to frame the Dec-la-ra-tion. -At this time there was a war of France with Eng-land, and we -had hard work to keep clear of both. For France had made a law -that we should not help her foe; and Eng-land had done the same. -And both sides would take our ships at sea, if they thought -they made trade with the foe. So our ships had hard times, and -did not know what way to steer, lest one should seize them and -take all they had on board. More than this, Eng-land said she -had a right to search our ships and see if we had her men on -board of them, and to take such if found. And once or twice -it came to pass, that they took the whole crew of a ship, so -that there was not a man left in it to sail it.</p> - -<p>One day a man-of-war went to search one of our ships for men, -they said, who had run from them. They were in sight of one -of our forts; but when our men would not let the search be made, -a fire was made on our ship, and they took four of the men, -and hung one of them. This was bad for our trade, and made a -great stir in our midst, and woke up the old wrath at Eng-land.</p> - -<p>So Con-gress, with a wish to give Eng-land tit for tat, as you -would say, made a law that we should not trade with her, and -our ships should not go out of our own ports. But this, you -know, hurt us more <span class="pageno" id="p98">98</span> than it hurt Eng-land; and, for a time, Jef-fer-son -came in for a share of the hard thoughts, as though it were -all his fault. Those whose trade had been hurt by the law felt -as if he had been to blame, and the cause of loss to them. There -were, too, on the sea a band of sea thieves, as we might call -them. They were men who came from a wild race, far off, who -would seize ships when they could, and take all the crew and -hold them for slaves, till their friends would pay a good price -for them. It was no strange thing in those days to hear read -out in church the names of those who were slaves to such men. -Great sums of gold were sent to set our men free. At last we -made some terms with these thieves of the sea, but they would -not keep the peace.</p> - -<p>Then John Ad-ams sent out four ships to fight these men. We -did not own but six war ships in those days. One of these had -the bad luck to run on the shore in that strange land, so the -foe took it, and the crew were made slaves. There was a brave -young man in one of our ships, who made a plan to get back the -lost boat, which had the same name as the town of "Phil-a-del-phia." -He thought if we could not get her from the foe it would be -best to burn her, so that they could not use her for their own -ends. So he took a small boat which had <span class="pageno" id="p100">100</span> been won from the foe -in a fight, and put some of our own men in her, and stole up -to the side of the "Phil-a-del-phia" by night. If he was seen—it -was thought to be a boat load of friends—but they soon went -to work, and when they got on board, the fight was short and -fierce. The "Phil-a-del-phia" was theirs in no time; but they -found they could not move her, so they set her on fire, and -set sail once more, and did not lose a man. All this won a name -and fame for the young man, whose name was De-ca-tur, and in -time there grew up such a fear of him in those wild States that -they were glad to make peace and take no more slaves.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/30.jpg" alt="" width="90%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>DE-CA-TUR BURN-ING THE "PHIL-A-DEL-PHIA."</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Jef-fer-son's mode of life was not like Wash-ing-ton's had been. -He did not care for fine things or a state-coach, but was plain -in all his ways. He did not go to the House in a coach and six, -but rode on a horse which he would tie to a post while he went -in to read his speech. In time he did not go at all, but sent -the speech to be read by some one, and so it is done in our -day. He had no state times for the folk to come and see him; -but on New Year's day and the Fourth of July his doors were -flung wide, and all might call who had the wish to do so. He -did not let men know when his birth day came, so that no feasts -should be kept, and odes made on it. He made the debt of the -<span class="pageno" id="p101">101</span> land less in his time. He thought that all men had a right to -vote, and at that time there were those who did not hold such -views.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 40%;" > - <img src="images/31.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>SLAVES IN FIELD OF SUGAR CANE.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>There was one great law that came to pass in Jef-fer-son's time. -This was to keep out the slave trade. This trade tore the black -man from his home, and sold him to those who would pay the most. -He must leave his wife, his boys and girls, and see them no more, -and be brought in the dark hold of a ship to a strange land, -where he did not know their speech. Here he must work at his -strange tasks, with no hope and no joy in his life. Jef-fer-son -felt that the slave trade was wrong, and he had the wish to -see it brought to an end. He thought it gave us a bad name. -But there were those in Con-gress who did not feel in that way. -They said if it was right to hold slaves at all, it could not -be wrong to bring them here. So the talk grew fierce, some on -this side and some <span class="pageno" id="p102">102</span> on that; but, in the end, the law was made. -Spite of this law, the trade went on by stealth for years, though -the ships of more lands than one came to the aid of the slaves -to break up this bad trade. In the States there was no law to -say that slaves should not be bought and sold, and so this went -on till the last war.</p> - -<p>One grand thing that came to be made in the time of Jef-fer-son -was the steam boat. There were ships with sails, and boats that -went by oars, but none that went by steam. The first one that -was made would go four miles an hour; but it was not on the -same plan as those we have now. The first made like those now -in use, was built by Rob-ert Ful-ton, in 1807. Men then had -not much faith in it, and would laugh at it as they do at most -new things. Ful-ton said no one spoke a kind word of it; but -when they came to see the launch, and took note of its speed, -those who came to mock were glad to cheer.</p> - -<p>The first steam boat made on his plan was the "Cler-mont," and -went at the rate of five miles an hour, spite of wind and tide. -As it went on its way, it sent such a great mass of sparks up -in the air, and the noise of its wheels was so loud that when -the crews of the ships that came in its way saw it, they would -drop on their knees in fright, <span class="pageno" id="p103">103</span> and pray to be kept safe from -this strange thing. But, in time, more were made, and men saw -that there was naught to fear in these great steam boats, though -they did seem to breathe out fire and smoke. Still, at first, -they did not dare to cross the sea in them.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/32.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>FUL-TON'S "CLER-MONT" STEAM-ER.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>There was a great tract of land in the west, which Jef-fer-son -bought for the U-nit-ed States from the French. Part of it is -now known as the State of Lou-i-si-ana, and took its name from -the French King. One of the great streams of the world runs -through it. Do you know its name?</p> - -<p>Jef-fer-son sent men to find out all they could of <span class="pageno" id="p104">104</span> this land -he had bought; what kind of tribes of red men were in it, what -wild beasts were in the wood, and what sort of plants grew there. -These men took with them food, fire arms, and gifts for the -chiefs of the red men. They were gone two or three years; and -made their camps in the woods, when the cold and storm were -so great they could not go on. They went up the great stream -to the falls where no white man had been, and then they went -on and found the source of the stream. They wrote of all they -saw, and men read it in their homes. They read of new tribes -of red men; of herds of wild beasts, so large that one herd -would take up a stream a mile wide. They said some of tribes -were poor, but some had good homes and fine steeds, which they -would sell for a few beads. They found, too, they could make -a great trade for furs with these tribes. There was one man -who made a post for this trade. It is said he bought furs by -the weight, and would put his hand or foot in the scale, and -call it a pound. You may think how much fur it would take to -weigh them down.</p> - -<p>The next chief of our land was James Mad-i-son. When he came -in, he found that men were once more in a state of wrath with -Eng-land. You see they felt it hard that our ships should have -to let Eng-land stop them and search them as she <span class="pageno" id="p105">105</span> chose. So at -last it came to war, and at first we did not win at all. The -red men took part with our foe; and one chief, by name of Te-cum-seh, -made a plan to join all the tribes of In-di-ans in war on the -whites. He took part in all the fights, and made a brave stand, -but he fell at last.</p> - -<p>Though we did not win much on land, we had good luck on the -sea. We took one of Eng-land's ships; but then they in turn -took one of ours, and a brave man, who fought with his crew -at the head of it, fell, shot with his death wound. "Don't give -up the ship!" was his cry with his last breath.</p> - -<p>These words, "Don't give up the ship," were put on a flag, which -was held in a great fight that took place at that time. There -were nine ships on our side, and six on the side of the foe.</p> - -<p>This flag was put on our flag ship, and a brave man fought for -it. His name was Per-ry. The flag ship was lost; but Per-ry -flew to a small boat with his flag, and got to the next ship. -He fought so well that he won the day, and the Brit-ish lost -all their six ships. Such a thing had not been known till that -time. When the Brit-ish gave up, Per-ry wrote, "We have met -the foe, and they are ours!"</p> - -<p>There was war for three years; and in the last year the Brit-ish -took some of our towns on the <span class="pageno" id="p106">106</span> coast south, and set fire to the -State Hall and Pres-i-dent's house at Wash-ing-ton. They made -a raid on New Or-leans, but we had a man there who built up -miles of bales for a sort of breast works, and fought back of -them with our troops, so they did not get that town; and this -was the last fight of the war.</p> - -<p>Peace was made, and both sides were glad to sign it. From this -time the Eng-lish laid claim to no right of search in our ships. -This was known for a time as the "Late War," but since then we -have had more wars, so it would not do to call it by that name -now. But from that day we have had peace with Eng-land, and -may it long last.</p> - -<p>Now came a time of peace when the land grew, and men went west -and made homes, and built flour mills, and cut down trees, so -that in a short time a wild place would change in to a town; -and you would see a church spire point up to the sky, and a -school with its crowd of young ones at their tasks.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p107">107</span> CHAPTER X.<br /> -<small>THE SLAVE TRADE.</small></h2> - - -<p>Mad-i-son had two terms of rule, and then Mon-roe was the next -choice of the land. He had fought in the great war, and had -a high place in the States. He had shown that he was a brave -man, and was the one sent to France when our land bought Lou-i-si-ana.</p> - -<p>When he was made Pres-i-dent, he made a tour of all the posts -north and east, to see what strength they would have in case -of war. He wore a blue coat that was home-spun, and was plain -in all his dress. He won the hearts of all by his frank ways. -He met all men as friends, and had no pride and pomp to keep -them far off; he was as one of them. He thought more of the -good of his land than his own. One said of him, "If we could -turn his soul in side out, not a spot could be found on it." -When he came to die, he was poor in purse but rich in a good -name.</p> - -<p>The red men were not at peace in his time, and there was one -more cause of strife, and that was the slaves. Since the first -ship load of slaves had been <span class="pageno" id="p108">108</span> brought in, the trade had grown -more and more at the South. The men at the North had grown to -like this trade less and less. It had been thought at first -it would soon die out, but they saw this would not be the case. -At last there was a strife each time that a State, that held -slaves, would want to come in. The free States would cry out -that it was wrong to have more slave States.</p> - -<p>Those at the South said that when a free State was brought in, -there ought to be a slave State too, or else the North would -grow too strong, and have things all their own way. And so there -was a fight when the time came for the State of Mis-sou-ri to -come in. I do not mean that they went to war with shot and shell. -This was a war of words. The North said that it was wrong to -buy and sell men, and to break up homes; that it was bad for -the men who held slaves, and for those in bonds, and that the -first men of the land had the wish to get rid of it. The South -said that if the great men of the land had the wish to get rid -of it, they still kept their own slaves; that it was the best -state for the black men; that they could learn more than in -their own wild land; that white men could not work out of doors -in the hot time, and so the crops could not be grown if the -black man was made free.</p> - -<p>At last Con-gress let Mis-sou-ri come in as a <span class="pageno" id="p109">109</span> slave State, but -made a law that a line should be drawn in the land. North of -this line there could be no slaves. South of it men could keep -slaves or not, just as they chose; men look on this now as a -weak move. At that time the slaves were few, and the trade not -great, so it might have been put down with more ease. But with -time it grew so strong that it took long years and a great war -to crush it out. Five new States came in while Mon-roe was at -the head of the land.</p> - -<p>John Quin-cy Ad-ams came next. He was the son of the Pres-i-dent -of the same name, and had been nine years old when he heard -the Dec-la-ra-tion read from the State House in Bos-ton. Since -then the land had grown to a vast size, and was at peace. Much -was done in his time to make our land thrive and grow. The red -men were made to move west, and their lands were bought.</p> - -<p>In his time, the first rail road was built. It was but three -miles long, and it was a horse that drew the car and not steam. -The first use of steam came in more late from Eng-land. The -first steam car did not make much speed; but it was thought -to be a great thing. Still there were those who said it would -not be worth much; that it could not draw its own weight, but -that its wheels would spin round and round on the rail. Some -thought that if it were <span class="pageno" id="p110">110</span> made to go, it would be bad for the -farms; would scare off the cows and sheep, and the smoke would -make the sheep's wool black. But their fears were laid at rest -in time by the sight of these cars as they ran on in peace, -and brought none of these ills to pass.</p> - -<div class="image-right" style="width: 50%;" > - <img src="images/33.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>FIRST STEAM EN-GINE.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>In the same year the land had to mourn the death of two great -men. Strange to say, they went on the same day, and that was -the Fourth of July. Both these men had put their names on the -great Dec-la-ra-tion, and they had grown to be strong friends. -Jef-fer-son heard the fire of a gun, just as he went. His last -words were, "Is this the Fourth?"</p> - -<p>Ad-ams, who lay near to death, saw the sun set and heard the -shouts from those who kept the day in his town. He sent them -word to hold fast the rights that day had brought them; and -the old <span class="pageno" id="p111">111</span> man could hear the cheer that they gave at his words.</p> - -<p>At this time there was a great talk of a sort of tax to be put -on all goods brought here from far lands. This we call a tar-iff, -and we hear a great deal of it in this day. There are those -who think a high tax should be put on all goods made out of -our own land, so as to keep them out and give those made here -a chance. There are some who think that all trade should be -free; and that ships should sail here with what they choose -and land it, with no one to see what it is, and put a tax on -it.</p> - -<p>Ad-ams, in his time, was for a high tax, and for this cause -he did not have but one term as our chief. Those who did not -want the tax had the most votes, and they chose An-drew Jack-son -for the next man. He had been well known in the war, and had -built up those breast works in New Or-leans of which we have -told you, from which our men beat the Brit-ish.</p> - -<p>While he was chief, there were some in the South who felt that -the North had more than its share of the wealth of the land. -You see there were more great mills and more goods made in the -North, and the tax on strange goods was too much help to those -at home. At least this was so thought by the South, and they -had a plan to cut loose and <span class="pageno" id="p112">112</span> set up a new band of States. They -had drills of their young men, and got arms, and had made choice -of a man to lead them. His name was John C. Cal-houn, and he -was to be their first chief. But Jack-son said that "if a State -could go out of the band of States when it chose, we would come -to naught;" and he sent troops and ships of war to the South, -and put a stop to all the stir in a short time.</p> - -<p>Tribes of the red men had gone out to the far West, but there -were those who would not move. There was a tribe in Flor-i-da -who fought for a long time in the swamps of that land. Some -slaves who had run away from their homes were with them. One -of the chiefs of the red men had a slave for a wife, and when -she went with him to one of our forts, she was held and kept -as a slave, and the chief was put in chains. When he got free, -he made a vow to pay up the white man for all he had borne, -and for the loss of his wife. So he led the red men in this -war. His name was Os-ce-o-la. He was caught at last, and kept -in one of our forts till he died. But the war went on for years, -at a great cost of life, till few of that tribe were left in -the land. And this war cost three times as much as had been -paid for the whole of the State of Flor-i-da.</p> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p113">113</span> This war had so much to do with slaves, that all the talk on -the slave trade came up once more. There was a man of that class -of which we have told you—one of the Friends, or Quak-ers, -who put in print his views, that some plan should be made by -which all slaves should be freed in time.</p> - -<p>Then a young man, by name of Gar-ri-son, wrote that the best -way was to set all free at once. This made a great stir, and -some said he should be brought to court and made to take back -his words. But he said, "I will speak out what I feel. I will -not go back an inch, and I will be heard." And just at this -time, to make things worse, and stir up great fear in the land, -a slave in Vir-gin-ia, got a mob of black men, and they went -from house to house and put all to death who came in their way.</p> - -<p>Gar-ri-son did not like war, and he would not have blood shed; -but there were those who laid all the fault of this at his door. -They said he taught the slave he had a right to be free, and -so this black man rose and took his rights. The slave who had -done so much harm was at last caught, and put in jail and then -hung.</p> - -<p>Jack-son thought it would be well for Con-gress to pass a bill, -that no thing on the slave trade should go through the mails; -but that bill did not pass. Some were made friends to Jack-son -by this <span class="pageno" id="p114">114</span> strong course, when the South had a plan to break up -our States, and leave the North; but, of course, there were -those who did not like him for the same cause. He had both strong -friends and foes; but made so good a rule, that he put the land -out of debt, and had a sum left to share with the States. Much -new land was bought in his time.</p> - -<p>Jack-son was a great man. He had come from poor folks, and as -a boy he was more fond of sports than of books. His life had -its ups and downs. Once he was in the hands of the foe, and -told he must clean some boots for them. It was too much for -a free born A-mer-i-can to clean Brit-ish boots. It made his -blood boil, and he said with scorn that he would not do such -work. He was not mild or meek, you know, but had a strong will -of his own. And he kept his word spite of blows, and was sent -to jail. There the poor boy had small pox. He knew not where -to turn when he got out of jail, for he was poor, and had no -one left to help him. He had more than one fight in his time, -and scars that he did not gain in war. He was brave through -and through, and won fame where he went. He was in his old home -when he drew his last breath in peace.</p> - -<p>When Mar-tin Van Bu-ren came in, the talk on the slave trade -grew worse. A slave child by <span class="pageno" id="p115">115</span> the name of Med, who had been brought -to Bos-ton by a man, was said to be free by the Court of that -State, as she had trod on free soil. But at the same time some -of the dames who met to take the slaves' part, were set on by -a mob, and Gar-ri-son, who stood up to make them a speech, was -bound with ropes. Then this fierce mob set to work to drag him -through the streets; but some friends got hold of him, and had -to lodge him in jail to save his life. Two schools for the blacks -were set on fire; and one man in the West, who was a great friend -of the slave, met his death at the hands of a mob.</p> - -<p>Just at this time there was a plan to bring in Tex-as as a slave -State, and this shook the land from North to South. Long pleas -with the names of a great mass of folks were sent to Con-gress, -to beg them not to let Tex-as come in as a slave State. John -Quin-cy Ad-ams, it is said, spoke an hour a day for twelve days, -on the side of those who would make Tex-as a free State. They -put off the strife at that time, and did not bring Tex-as in -at all. Con-gress made a rule, that no bills that spoke of slaves -should be brought in, and this was in force for ten years.</p> - -<p>In Van Bu-ren's time there was a great crash in trade, and hard -times in the land. He did not make the hard times, still he -had but one term for <span class="pageno" id="p116">116</span> that cause. Men felt a hope that a new -man might bring in a new state of things. They chose Har-ri-son, -who had fought in a brave way in the wars with the red men.</p> - -<p>He came from the far West, where his home had once been in a -log house. So he had the name of the Log Cabin man, and the -poor men in the land all felt proud that one of their own kind -was their chief; one who had made his way out of the ranks. -There was a print of that log cabin on all sorts of things, -and toys were made in that form, and songs were made on it, -and sung when men met.</p> - -<p>The new Pres-i-dent did not live but one month, and so for the -rest of the four years, John Ty-ler took the rule; but he did -not please those who had cast their votes for him. He would -not let their bills pass: one of which was to form a States -Bank, on which the Whigs had all set their hearts. The State -of Tex-as was brought in at this time.</p> - -<p>You have all seen the wires which stretch from pole to pole -in the streets of our great towns, and in lone roads by field -and wood. You know what they are for, and how by means of them -you can send word to a friend in time of need, or hear from -those you love in a flash. It may be a death that is told, or -some news of joy that they can not wait to send by the slow -way of the post.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 40%;" > - <img src="images/34.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>SAM-UEL F. B. MORSE.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p><span class="pageno" id="p117">117</span> Well, when James K. Polk was thought of as a -good man to make chief of the land, the news was -the first that had been sent on these wires. The -first lines built were made here, -and went from Bal-ti-more to -Wash-ing-ton. Morse was the -name of the man who found out -how to send news on wires in -this way.</p> - -<p>At this time there were two great men of whom you should hear, -for their names are on the list of fame, which has stood the -test of time. One was Hen-ry Clay. He was born in the West, -and was poor, but he made his way from the small log school -house, where he went to learn his first task, to rank with the -great men of our land. He could win men to be his friends, when -they had made up their minds to hate him. He had a strong will, -and kept true to his own aims. He spoke with such grace and -force that he could sway men's minds and thrill their hearts. -He has said, "I owe all I have won in life to one fact, that -when I was a boy, and for some years, as I grew up, I would -learn and speak what I read in books. More than one off hand -speech did I make in a corn field or in the woods, or in a <span class="pageno" id="p118">118</span> barn, -with but an ox or horse to hear me. It is to this I owe much -that has gone to shape and mould my course in life."</p> - -<p>One man, who was not his friend, said at his death, "If I were -to write on the stone that marks his place of rest, I would -place there these words: 'Here lies one who led men by his own -force for long years; but did not swerve from the truth, or -call in lies to help him.'"</p> - -<p>One more great man died on the same day as Clay. His name was -Web-ster. He was a great states man. He went to school but a -few weeks in all his life. He was then so shy that he could -not pluck up heart to speak a piece in the school. He did not -think that in time to come his words would stir the land. He -says, "I was brave in my own room, and would learn the piece -and speak it there; but when the day came, and I would see all -eyes turn to me, and they would call out my name, I could not -rise from my seat."</p> - -<p>In all things but this he stood well at school, and he had a -great wish to learn. But he knew they were all poor at home, -and he felt that he must go to work and help them, fond as he -was of his books. When he heard that he was to go on; that he -should have a chance to make his dream true, he was full of -joy. "I see yet," he said, "the <span class="pageno" id="p119">119</span> great hill up which we went -that day in the snow. When I heard the news, I could not speak -for joy. There were such a crowd of young ones in our home, -I did not see how they could spare the funds. A warm glow ran -through me; I had to weep."</p> - -<p>When he was through school, he at once rose to a high place. -He was at the head of all who spoke in the House. He was grand -and great, but he had a sense of fun in him. Once some one came -to him with one of those books where the names of friends or -great men are kept, with the wish that he would write his name -by the side of John Ad-ams. He wrote:</p> - -<p>"If by his name I write my own,<br /> -'Twill take me where I am not known;<br /> -And the cold words will meet my ear,<br /> -Why, friend, and how did you come here?"</p> - -<p>When his death was known, there was grief in the length and -breadth of the land. No death since that of Wash-ing-ton was -made such a theme for speech.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p120">120</span> CHAPTER XI.<br /> -<small>A NEW WAR.</small></h2> - - -<p>In the time of James K. Polk, a war rose in which our States -were not of one mind. Our folk in Tex-as laid claim to a large -tract of land which those in Mex-i-co said was theirs. The States -at the North did not wish to go in to this war; but those at -the South did. This was in 1846. Gen-er-al Tay-lor went with -his troops at once in to the land of the foe, and built a fort -on a stream there. He gave it the name of Fort Brown. On his -way he met the troops of the foe drawn up in the road. They -had three to one of his small band; but he had the good luck -to rout them, with loss of but nine men on our side.</p> - -<p>Then he took up his march on their great town, which had the -name of Mon-te-rey. This town had high hills and deep gulfs -round it, and strong forts. Its streets were full of men with -arms. Gen-er-al Tay-lor made a grand move on the town. To get -out of the fire that would seem to pour on them from the roofs, -the troops went in and dug their way through stone walls from -house to house, or <span class="pageno" id="p122">122</span> they would pass from roof to roof. Ere they -came to the grand place of the town, it was in their hands, -the foe gave up the fight.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/35.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>CAP-TURE OF MON-TE-REY.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>At this time San-ta An-na, who was chief of the Mex-i-can troops, -heard that most of our men had been drawn off to help Gen-er-al -Scott; so he thought it would be a good time to crush us. They -laid in wait with all their best troops, and the fight went -on from the rise of the sun till dark. It grew hard to hold -our ground, and the day would have been lost but for the guns -of Cap-tain Bragg, who came to our help. He made a dash up to -a few yards from the foe, and let fire. Their ranks were seen -to shake. "Some more grape. Cap-tain Bragg," said Gen-er-al -Tay-lor. One more round, and then a third came, and the Mex-i-cans -broke and fled. In the night San-ta An-na drew all his troops -off.</p> - -<p>Gen-er-al Scott, at the head of our troops, made a march through -the land of Mex-i-co, and took all that came in his way. He drew -siege lines round the town of Ve-ra Cruz, and sent bombs in -to it, and in four days the town, with its strong hold, gave -up the fight. A week from that time our troops took up their -march for the chief town. At one pass in the hills, the foe -had a strong hold. Gen-er-al Scott had a road cut round the -base of those hills and through the woods; and then he was in -a place to <span class="pageno" id="p123">123</span> pour out fire on the rear of the foe, while more -troops took him in front. The foe fled in such haste that San-ta -An-na, who was lame, left his leg of wood on the ground, and -got off on his wheel mule.</p> - -<p>The town of Mex-i-co is in the midst of a grand plain, with -green fields and cloud capt mounts round it. The foe had made -a strong stand here, with forts and men. Our men made a move -in the night. It was so dark they had to feel their way; but -they took their stand on a height from which they could storm -the strong points of the foe. At last they took some of the -guns, and the roads were laid bare to the gates of the town.</p> - -<p>There was some talk of a peace then, but Gen-er-al Scott found -that it was not in good faith. The foe did it to gain time, -to make things strong once more. So the next day, he took up -his march on the great town of Mex-i-co. A strong fort, on a -high rock by the town, was made ours; each out work fell one -by one, and at last our troops took the great Ci-ty of Mex-i-co, -and the next morn our flag with its stripes and stars was seen -to float in the light from those grand old piles, which had -been the home of more than one prince of Mex-i-co. So the war -came to an end in just two years.</p> - -<p>Till this time, Cal-i-for-nia had been known as a <span class="pageno" id="p124">124</span> far off land, -to which men went by sea, round Cape Horn, to buy hides and -fur. But in 1848, came news to the East-ern States that there -were gold mines in that place. It was said that a Swiss had -found, as he dug in the sand, a bright sort of dust, and it -was thought to be gold. All at once, on this news, there was -a great rush from all parts of the land to the gold mines of -Cal-i-for-nia, and there was a great sum won the first year. -In two years the town of San Fran-cis-co had grown to quite -a large place. The name of Cal-i-for-nia is said to have been -found in an old book in Spain, and means an isle full of gold.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/36.jpg" alt="" width="80%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>SAN FRAN-CIS-CO IN 1849.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Three more States were brought in while Polk <span class="pageno" id="p125">125</span> was our chief, -and two of them were free States. It was shown that those who -came to us from the old world, chose the free States for their -homes, and those at the South felt sure that the North would -grow too fast if they did not gain more ground. There was a -great piece of land which both North and South laid claim to, -and there were high words on both sides. At last a band of men -by the name of Free Soil men, took a stand that slaves should -be kept out of all new land which the U-nit-ed States might -gain in all time to come.</p> - -<p>The next man who was the choice of the land was Tay-lor, the -one who led part of our troops in the war with Mex-i-co. He -was put in by the Whigs. The Free Soil men did not vote for -him. He did not live but one year, and then Fill-more took his -place.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p126">126</span> CHAPTER XII.<br /> -<small>THE WAR OF NORTH AND SOUTH.</small></h2> - - -<p>Once more the talk on free States and slave States was heard -on all sides, and Hen-ry Clay had made more than one great speech -to try and keep the peace. Cal-i-for-nia came in as a free State; -but a bill went in force which made it a crime to help or keep -a slave who had run off from his home. A man could go in to -a free State and take back his slave by force, and no court -or Judge in the land could stop him. In fact, they were bound -to help him. This was thought harsh and wrong by most of the -men at the North; but it was made a law. This law made more -stir than aught else had done till this time. Men would help -the slaves, spite of the law; and in some States they made laws -of their own, that no one could claim a slave if he did not -bring the case in to court, that they might see if he had a -just claim.</p> - -<p>When Pierce was made Pres-i-dent, the strife still went on; -and this was made worse by a wish on the part of those who held -slaves to bring them North of the line, in to a great tract -of land—so <span class="pageno" id="p127">127</span> large that two States could be made out of it—Kan-sas -and Ne-bras-ka.</p> - -<p>The South said all they would ask, would be that those who had -their homes on the soil should say how they would like things -to be, and put it to vote. Con-gress did at last pass a bill -to give them their own choice, to be free or slave States. But -this did not bring peace; for they had fights when they went -to vote. At last they were all at war, and would burn a town -or sack a house, or steal the cows and goods of those they thought -foes. The whole land was a scene of blood, but in the end Kan-sas -was brought in as a free State.</p> - -<p>In the time of Pierce a great tract of land was bought from -Mexico. It is now known as New Mex-i-co. In his time, too, trade -with Japan was first made free to our ships.</p> - -<p>When Bu-chan-an came to take the place of chief in our land, -the talk on the slaves was by no means at rest. In the great -Court of our land, the "Dred Scott" case was brought up in the -first year of his rule, and it was said that those who held -slaves had the right to take them with them where they chose, -through all the free States. Then came John Brown's raid, which -was like a fire brand in all the slave States.</p> - -<p>John Brown was a man who had fought on the <span class="pageno" id="p128">128</span> side of the Free -Soil men in Kan-sas, and now all was at peace there. He had -a plan to go in to the slave States and free the slaves. He -had been in Vir-gin-ia when he was a boy, and knew there were -strong holds in the hills, where he thought the slaves could -make a stand and fight till they were free. He got a small band -of men and went to a place by the name of Har-per's Fer-ry, -and took the town. Those who had their homes there fled in fright; -so he took the great place where arms were made for our troops. -He thought he would give these arms to the black men, whom he -had no doubt would flock to his side. He had a small force, -but fear made all think it was a great one. The news of the -raid went like a flash on the wires to all parts of the States, -and men were sent to fight him and take him. His small force -were brave, and did not give up till death or wounds made them -do so.</p> - -<p>It is said by those who held him as their foe, that John Brown -was cool and firm in the face of death. With one son dead by -his side, and one shot through, he felt the pulse of the son -so near to death with one hand, but held fast to his gun, and -spoke words of cheer to his men. He fell at last with six wounds, -but did not die of them. He was brought in to Court, and they -set to work to try him. The head man of Vir-gin-ia, by the name -of <span class="pageno" id="p129">129</span> Wise, said, "Those who think John Brown is a mad man, do -not know him. He is a man of clear head and a brave heart. I -would trust him to be a man of truth."</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 40%;" > - <img src="images/37.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>A-BRA-HAM LIN-COLN.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>But he was led out to be hung. On his way there, his last act -was to kiss a slave child. Six of his friends were hung on the -same spot. Some few of the band got off to the free States. -All this made the talk of North and South on the slave trade -more and more fierce; and when a new man was to be made Pres-i-dent, -those who went for free soil, that is, no slaves, chose their -own man, and he got the most votes. These Free Soil men had -grown to be a large throng, and they had a new name. The man -they chose was A-bra-ham Lin-coln. He was a man who would have -been glad to have kept the peace; but the South would not have -it so. They were in a rage, <span class="pageno" id="p130">130</span> and said they would go out of the -band of States. They thought a State had the right to go out -if it chose to do so. This was "States Rights" to their mind.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 20%;" > - <img src="images/38.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>BAN-NER OF SOUTH CAR-O-LI-NA.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>"States Rights" had long been held as the creed of the South; -so there were six States that put it to vote, and said they -would go out of the U-nion. South Car-o-li-na was the one to -lead the way. They said they would make a new band of States, -where it would be right to hold slaves; and they took one of -our forts.</p> - -<p>Troops were sent in a boat, by name, "The Star of the West," -but they were met by a fire from the fort. Then they took their -stand on the shore by Fort Sum-ter, which was held by a few -men. For two days the fire went on, and at last the brave man -who held the fort had to give <span class="pageno" id="p131">131</span> it up. His men were worn out, -the place was on fire, and they had no more food for their guns. -So they went out with the beat of drums and their flags flung -out on the air.</p> - -<p>The sound of the first gun at Fort Sum-ter was a shock to all -the land. Most of those at the North, who had not felt the slave -trade to be wrong, now took sides with those who had been its -foes from the first. All the States at the South took one side, -but the slaves were for those who had the wish to make them -free.</p> - -<p>In the first of this storm the end came of Bu-chan-an's term. -Three States came in at this time. Or-e-gon, Min-ne-so-ta, and -Kan-sas. The last two bear the name the red men gave two streams -that flow through them. The name Or-e-gon is said to mean "wild -rice."</p> - -<p>Up to the time of the first gun fired at Fort Sum-ter, men had -felt that the South could be brought back. Few at the North -thought there would be war; but at the South it had been thought -of for a long time. The young men had met for drill, and arms -had been hid where they could be found. Lin-coln found but a -small band of troops, but he sent out a call for more. As these -men were on their march through the streets of Bal-ti-more, -the mob threw stones at them, and three of them fell <span class="pageno" id="p132">132</span> dead. Then -the troops let fire on the mob, and nine men fell. This made -a great stir at the North, for they thought it went to show -the hate in the hearts of the men at the South.</p> - -<p>The next time the troops were sent, they did not march through -Bal-ti-more. They found the rails torn up by the way, and had -to mend them as they went on. Once when they saw a car that -was a wreck by the way side, some one was heard to ask if one -could be found in the ranks who could mend it. "I can," said -a man who stood by it, "for I built it."</p> - -<p>So you see the troops were made up of men from all trades, who -had left their work to fight for their land. In the course of -time, troops went in peace through the streets of Bal-ti-more.</p> - -<p>Men came in to the ranks on all sides when they heard the call; -but they found that arms were scarce, most had been sent South. -So the North had to buy or make these in as short a time as -they could. There had to be clothes made, too, for the troops, -and food found for stores, and carts to draw it, and drugs for -the sick. All must be done at once, and all in such a way that -there must be no waste or want. Lin-coln at this time made a -law that no ships should go in or out of the ports of the South.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/39.jpg" alt="" width="60%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>OFF TO THE WAR.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The war soon made a stand in both East and <span class="pageno" id="p133">133</span> West Vir-gin-ia. -In the west of this State there were men who did not wish to -fight on the side of the South; but they had to do so or leave -the State. There was a move made to march on Rich-mond; <span class="pageno" id="p134">134</span> but -the troops had to go back, and lost the day at the fight of -Bull Run. It was a sad rout for the troops of the North, as -they made haste back to Wash-ing-ton, with a fear that the foe -might come and take that place.</p> - -<p>At the end of this year Gen-er-al Scott gave up his place at -the head of all the troops to Gen-er-al Mc-Clel-lan.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 30%;" > - <img src="images/40.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>GEN-ER-AL ROB-ERT E. LEE.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>When this war broke out, we had but four ships in a good state -to take part in it. Yet we were in need of a force that could -block up the ports of the South. Eng-land and France gave help -to the South, for they let them fit out ships in their ports, -and all through the war the South was kept up by the hope of -aid from these lands.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 50%;" > - <img src="images/41.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>PICK-ETS ON DU-TY.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>A great fight took place at An-tie-tam, where the troops of -Gen-er-al Mc-Clel-lan met those of Lee. This was one of the -worst fights of the war, and there was great loss of life on -both sides. The North won the day, and Lee drew off his troops. -It was thought by some that a move in the right way would have -cut short this flight, and they said Mc-Clel-lan ought to have -made such <span class="pageno" id="p135">135</span> a move. So Gen-er-al Burn-side took his place at the -head of the troops, and he took the town of Fred-er-icks-burg. -In the mean time there was a ship fight, in which the South -for a time did good work. She had a ship which she had made -strong with iron plates and hard wood, and a bow of steel. This -ship set sail in the bay to fight the whole U-nion fleet. The -ships of wood could make no stand. In vain did they pour out -fire and balls. It was said the balls would strike and glance -off, and <span class="pageno" id="p136">136</span> did no more harm than peas from a pop gun. At nine -that night two of our ships had gone down in fire and smoke, -and one was run on the ground.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/42.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>MER-RI-MACK AND MON-I-TOR.</p> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 30%;" > - <img src="images/43.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>U-LYS-SES S. GRANT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>All at once a small queer thing came in sight. Some one said -it was like a cheese box on a raft. This was the Mon-i-tor. -When dawn came it bore down on the Mer-ri-mac and sent out a -fire. The ram gave the fire back. For two hours the fire was -kept up; till at last the Mon-i-tor sent a shel through the -port hole of the foe. This fell right in the midst of her crew. -So those in the Mer-ri-mac thought it would be wise to get out -of the way of more such shells, and it left the coast clear. -There was great joy felt at the North when the news came that -they had won this fight; for all had felt that if this ship, -with its hard sides and bow of steel, had been left free to -sail in to New York bay, all the ships of wood in our port would -have gone down in her path. From the time of this fight, a great -change has been made in the way they have built ships.</p> - -<p>Gen-er-al Grant fought in this war, and led our troops to win -the day in more than one <span class="pageno" id="p137">137</span> fight. One of the great moves of the -war was made on New Or-leans by Far-ra-gut in ships, and Gen-er-al -But-ler with a land force.</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/44.jpg" alt="" width="70%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>FAR-RA-GUT'S SHIPS.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>This town had two strong forts, and there was a long chain with -earth works at each end. There were fire rafts full of stuff -that they could set on fire, and gun boats, and one of the kind -we know as a ram.</p> - - <div class="image-right" style="width: 30%;" > - <img src="images/45.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>LOOK OUT.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Far-ra-gut sent fire in to the forts in vain. His boats took -fire from the rafts, and he had to put out each as it went by. -At last, he thought he would try and run by the forts with his -fleet, and he did so. The forts, the steam boats, and the ram, -kept up a hot fire, but in the midst of shot and ball, he made -<span class="pageno" id="p138">138</span> his way up the stream. The next day at dawn, he was in New Or-leans, -and in a day more the fleets and forts were in his hands, and -Gen-er-al But-ler, with a land force, came in to the town.</p> - -<p>In this year, 1862, Lin-coln sent out a bill that said "the -slaves should be free then, and for all time."</p> - -<p>And it was then thought that it would be a good thing for the -black man to help in this war that had made him free. So there -came to be black troops made up of the free slaves. By this -time the cost of the war had grown great, and the U-nion side -felt that it was time to bring things to a close.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 50%;" > - <img src="images/46.jpg" alt="AR-MY HUTS." width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>AR-MY HUTS.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The South took heart and came with their troops in to a free -State; and a great fight took place near a town by the name -of Get-tys-burg. There was great loss on both sides. But Lee -had to fly with his men, and this fight put an end to the hopes -of the South. At the time of the last shot in fight, Gen-er-al -Grant, far off in Vicks-burg, brought the foe to terms. Vicks-burg -was a <span class="pageno" id="p139">139</span> place on high bluffs, and it had guns on all sides to -stop our ships on their way up the stream. It stood a long siege -of more than a month, but at last it fell.</p> - -<p>But as time went on, it grew more and more hard to get men for -the war. There had to be a draft, and the folks did not like -that. In a draft, one has to draw a lot, and no one knew on -whom the lot would fall. In New York there were some who felt -a sort of spite at the black folks, as they held them to be -the cause of the war, and there was a mob that set on them in -the streets. It went on for three days, and some black men fell -struck by stones from the mob. But at last it was brought to -an end.</p> - -<p>The next year Grant made some good moves, and, on the whole, -the sky grew more clear. Lin-coln said, "Peace does not seem -so far off as it did. I hope it will come soon and come to stay, -and come so that it will be worth all we have done for it."</p> - -<p>In 1864, Gen-er-al Grant was put at the head of all the troops. -He had shown that he knew a great deal of war, and he had done -good work. He soon made a plan of two great moves that should -go on at the same time. One of these was to march on Rich-mond -with one branch of the troops, while Gen-er-al Sher-man should -take one <span class="pageno" id="p140">140</span> branch through the States of the South, from mount -to sea.</p> - - <div class="image-left" style="width: 40%;" > - <img src="images/47.jpg" alt="" width="100%"/> - <div class="caption"> - <p>WIL-LIAM T. SHER-MAN.</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Gen-er-al Grant did not swerve from the course he had laid out. -He said, "I will fight it out on this line," and he did, spite -of all loss. He laid siege to Rich-mond, but for a time they -held out. At sea the ships of the South at first won on all -sides. They drove our ships out, and got off with no harm, till -the time that the Al-a-ba-ma was sunk. One more grand fight -with ships took place in Mo-bile Bay.</p> - -<p>This bay was a great place for boats to run in with food and -stores to the foe. Our ships could not make their way there, -for there were two forts, a ram of great strength, and shells -that would blow them up set in the way. Far-ra-gut put false -bows on his ships, so that they might charge the ram, and at -last it was sunk.</p> - -<p>Sher-man had a hard work to do; for he must take his troops -through the land of the foe, by their strong forts, through -hill and dale and pass. He meant to cut off their chance to -get food, and to break up the rail roads. He first took the -town <span class="pageno" id="p141">141</span> of At-lan-ta, and from that point set out on the "March -to the Sea," which has won him so much fame. He had to feed -his troops for the most part on what he could find in the land -he went through. He took Sa-van-nah and wrote to Lin-coln, "I -beg to give you the gift of the town of Sa-van-nah, with all -its guns and stores."</p> - -<p>Then he took up his march once more through swamp and bog, or -up the high steep hills and rocks. The cold days had come, but -on they went, through storms of sleet and snow, or in the face -of floods of rain, with a foe on all sides. Such a march had -not been known in all the wars of the past. Long will the fame -of that March to the Sea live in our land. He had found, as -he said, that all the men in the South had been drawn out to -aid the troops, and that there were no more left, and the land -was a "mere shell."</p> - -<p>Charles-ton gave up at the end of a long siege; but it was set -on fire in all parts by its own folk, so that it might not be -worth much when it fell in our hands.</p> - -<p>The last move was made by Grant on Rich-mond. He felt that one -more blow would bring the war to a close. He sent out word to -Sher-i-dan, "When day dawns push round the foe, and get to his -rear." Two days more our troops were <span class="pageno" id="p142">142</span> in the streets of Rich-mond. -When Lee found he could not hold his place, he sent word by -the wires to Jef-fer-son Da-vis at Rich-mond. Da-vis was the -man the South had made their chief, and he was in church when -the news came to him. He read these words: "My lines are cut -at three points. Rich-mond must be left to night."</p> - -<p>Da-vis left the church, and the news spread at once that the -town was lost. There was fright on all sides, and the streets -were soon full of men who knew not what to do. The means for -flight were small, and a poor cart and horse would have brought -a large sum of gold. The ships were set on fire or blown up, -and some of the stores of the town were in a blaze. Oh, what -a night! All sought to fly, but few had means to go.</p> - -<p>The next day some black troops were the first to march in the -town. This was the real end of the war. Gen-er-al Lee did all -he could to save his men; but they were so faint with want of -food that they could not march, and so weak they could not hold -their guns. So he gave up all at last to Gen-er-al Grant, and -the whole South had to yield.</p> - -<p>This war had cost the land more than you could count in gold -and lives. But it had made the slave free; and we know that -we shall have the curse of the slave trade in our land no more. -And it had shown <span class="pageno" id="p143">143</span> that the creed of States Rights was not the -best one, for if we were cut up in parts we would be weak, while -if we stay as one, we will be strong. Our true strength, then, -is to hold fast the bond that binds all the States, North and -South, East and West, in one.</p> - -<p>There was great joy, and all gave thanks at the North when the -news that the war had come to an end was borne on the wires. -Lin-coln had held his course in a firm, brave way. He had said -in a speech in New York, when he was on his way to take his -place, "When the time comes for me to speak, I shall then take -the ground that I think is right—right for the North, for the -South, for the East, for the West, for all our land."</p> - -<p>And so he had done. The war was a grief to him. He said, "We -did not think this war would last so long. Both sides read the -same Word of God, and both pray to Him to aid in a war on those -who are bound to them by near ties. We hope, we pray, that this -scourge of war may soon pass. But if God wills it should stay -till each drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid with one -drawn with the sword, it must be said, 'Shall not the Judge -of all the world do right?'"</p> - -<p>Five days from the time that the news of joy came in a flash -on the wires, Lin-coln was dead. <span class="pageno" id="p144">144</span> He had been shot while he sat -in his box, at the play, by a man of the name of Wilkes Booth. -This man had by some means got in the box and made the door -fast. When he had shot Lin-coln, he sprang from the box to the -stage, but caught his foot in one of our flags, and broke his -leg. He had a horse at the door, and got off; but was at last -found in a barn, where he stood at bay. They set the barn on -fire to drive him out; but he still stood his ground, and fought -till the last, when he fell, shot by one of our men.</p> - -<p>Those who stood by the bed side of Lin-coln saw that there was -no hope. All the land was full of gloom, when the sad news came. -As his corpse was borne in a train to his old home, the towns -were hung with black on the whole route, and most men wore the -badge of grief. Those who had not been warm friends of Lin-coln -in his life, felt a shock at his death, for they knew a brave, -true man had gone.</p> - - - - -<h2><span class="pageno" id="p145">145</span> CHAPTER XIII.<br /> -<small>PEACE ONCE MORE.</small></h2> - - -<p>At the time of Lin-coln's death, there had been a sort of plot -to kill more of the head men of the land. Sew-ard had been shot -in his own house, and there was a great fear in Wash-ing-ton; -for no one knew how far this plot might reach.</p> - -<p>When An-drew John-son took the place at the head of the land, -there was some fear that those who had spent so long a time -in the war would not know how to live in time of peace. But -they soon made their way to their old homes, and were glad to -lay down their arms and take up the old trades once more. There -was a vast debt, and all sorts of loans to be got. Then there -were those who thought that the States, which were the cause -of the war, should not have the right to come back on their -own terms; and some thought they could come back when they would, -and in their own way.</p> - -<p>But John-son brought out a Bill which gave back all their rights -to most of those who had made the war. The States could come -back if they would say that they would have no more slaves, -and that <span class="pageno" id="p146">146</span> they would be true to the U-nit-ed States in all time -to come. John-son did not act in a way to suit those who had -cast their votes for him, and Con-gress made a move that he -should give up his place. When they came to try him, they found -there was one vote short. That one vote kept him in his place; -but he did not get a new term.</p> - -<p>The next man who was the choice of the land was U-lys-ses S. -Grant, whose work in the war had won him such fame. In his time -all the States of the South came back in to the U-nion. Great -tracts of land were made ours; the debt was made less; and there -was a law made which said that men of all races and hues should -have a right to vote. In his last term a grand show took place -in Phil-a-del-phia. All the lands in the world sent things to -be shown there, and all the trades of the world had place in -those great halls.</p> - -<p>When Hayes came in there was talk that there had not been a -fair vote for him; but in time he won his way. He was fair to -both North and South, and his rule was mild but firm. He drew -all troops out of the South, that those States might put their -own laws in force, with no help from Wash-ing-ton; so that if -their own folks had wrongs, their own courts must set the thing -right.</p> - -<p>Time has shown that this course was wise. The <span class="pageno" id="p147">147</span> States at the -South have grown in peace and good will to us since that time, -and the white men there now seem quite glad to have the black -men vote. Rail ways have been built so fast that it is thought -in a few years there will be four or five of these great lines -through the whole length and breadth of the land. Our debt has -been paid off at such a quick rate that if we go on it will -be gone ere long, and the tax on all things can be made less. -We have shown, too, that we have not stood still.</p> - -<p>In old times each watch in use here came from the old lands, -but now a watch is made here that might win the prize from those -on that side of the sea. So, too, in glass, tools, knives, soap, -combs, and all sorts of things, we have made a name. The beef -and grain we send out bring in vast wealth.</p> - -<p>James A. Gar-field was our choice in 1881. A great shock was -felt in the land, just two months from the time he came to the -White House, when we heard he had been shot while on his way -to take a train for the North. A man by the name of Gui-teau, -who had some sort of strange craze, was the one who did the -black deed.</p> - -<p>They bore Gar-field at once to his home in the White House, -and for a long time he lay there in great pain. Day by day the -news would flash on the wires that told his state, how his pulse -beat, <span class="pageno" id="p148">148</span> how he had slept, and what hope there was for his life. -All would seize the news and read it each day, with the wish -that he might yet live. They took him to Long Branch in the -hope that the sea breeze might help him; but though his life -held out for near the space of three months, it came to an end, -and his last breath was drawn in that sweet home by the sea, -Sep-tem-ber 19, 1881. Great grief was felt at his death, and -all lands strove to say a kind word. The Court of Eng-land put -on black for him, and the Queen sent a wreath for his grave. -Gui-teau was hung for his crime.</p> - -<p>Ches-ter A. Ar-thur is now our Pres-i-dent. We are at peace -with all the world. The same flag, with the old stars and stripes, -floats now in the South as in the North. Long may it wave, "On -the land of the free and the home of the brave."</p> - - <div class="image-center"> - <img src="images/48.jpg" alt="An emblem with a bell and the American flag." width="20%"/> - </div> - - </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by Helen Pierson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - -***** This file should be named 54798-h.htm or 54798-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/9/54798/ - -Produced by Corbin Hunter -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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