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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da5040f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54807 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54807) diff --git a/old/54807-0.txt b/old/54807-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6b10045..0000000 --- a/old/54807-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11334 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to Engl, by François René Chateaubriand - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. volume 3 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe volume 3 - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - -Translator: Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 29, 2017 [EBook #54807] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--DE CHATEAUBRIAND, VOL 3 *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ - -VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - -SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND - -BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. III - - "NOTRE SANG A TEINT - LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE" - -LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII - - - - -CONTENTS - -VOLUME III - -BOOK V - -The years 1807, 1808, 1809 and 1810--Article in the Mercure of -July 1807--I purchase the Vallée-aux-Loups and retire to it--The -_Martyrs_--Armand de Chateaubriand--The years 1811, 1812, 1813, -1814--Publication of the _Itinéraire_--Letter from the Cardinal de -Bausset--Death of Chénier--I become a member of the Institute--The -affair of my speech--The decennial prizes--The _Essai sur les -Révolutions_--The _Natchez._ - - -PART THE THIRD - -1814-1830 - -BOOKS I AND II - -The last days of the Empire - -BOOK III - -Entry of the Allies into Paris--Bonaparte at Fontainebleau--The -Regency at Blois--Publication of my pamphlet _De Bonaparte et des -Bourbons_--The Senate issues the decree of dethronement--The house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin--M. de Talleyrand--Addresses of the -Provisional Government--Constitution proposed by the Senate--Arrival of -the Comte d'Artois--Bonaparte abdicates at Fontainebleau--Napoleon's -itinerary to the island of Elba--Louis XVIII. at Compiègne--His entry -into Paris--The Old Guard--An irreparable mistake--The Declaration -of Saint-Ouen--Treaty of Paris--The Charter--Departure of the -Allies--First year of the Restoration--First ministry--I publish my -_Réflexions Politiques_--Madame la Duchesse de Duras--I am appointed -Ambassador to Sweden--Exhumation of the remains of Louis XVI.--The -first 21st of January at Saint-Denis - -BOOK IV - -Napoleon at Elba--Commencement of the Hundred Days--The return from -Elba--Torpor of the Legitimacy--Article by Benjamin Constant--Order -of the day of Marshal Soult--A royal session--Petition of -the School of Law to the Chamber of Deputies--Plan for the -defense of Paris--Flight of the King--I leave with Madame de -Chateaubriand--Confusion on the road--The Duc d'Orléans and the Prince -de Condé--Tournai--Brussels--Memories--The Duc de Richelieu--The -King summons me to join him at Ghent--The Hundred Days at -Ghent--Continuation of the Hundred Days at Ghent--Affairs in Vienna - -BOOK V - -The Hundred Days in Paris--Effect of the passage of the Legitimacy -in France--Bonaparte's astonishment--He is obliged to capitulate -to ideas which he thought smothered--His new system--Three -enormous gamblers remain--Illusions of the Liberals--Clubs -and Federates--Juggling away of the Republic: the Additional -Act--Convocation of the Chamber of Representatives--A useless -Champ de Mai--Cares and bitterness of Bonaparte--Resolution in -Vienna--Movement in Paris--What we were doing at Ghent--M. de -Blacas--The Battle of Waterloo--Confusion at Ghent--What the -Battle of Waterloo was--Return of the Emperor--Reappearance of La -Fayette--Renewed abdication of Bonaparte--Stormy scenes in the House -of Peers--Threatening portents for the Second Restoration--The -departure from Ghent--Arrival at Mons--I miss the first opportunity -of fortune in my political career--M. de Talleyrand at Mons--His -scene with the King--I stupidly interest myself on M. de Talleyrand's -behalf--Mons to Gonesse--With M. le Comte Beugnot I oppose Fouché's -nomination as minister: my reasons--The Duke of Wellington gains the -day--Arnouville--Saint-Denis--Last conversation with the King - -BOOK VI - -Bonaparte at the Malmaison--General abandonment--Departure from the -Malmaison--Rambouillet--Rochefort--Bonaparte takes refuge on the -English fleet--He writes to the Prince Regent--Bonaparte on the -_Bellerophon_--Torbay--Act confining Bonaparte in St Helena--He -passes over to the Northumberland and sets sail--Judgment on -Bonaparte--Character of Bonaparte--Has Bonaparte left us in -renown what he has lost us in strength?--Futility of the truths -set forth above--The Island of St. Helena--Bonaparte crosses the -Atlantic--Napoleon lands at St. Helena--His establishment at -Longwood--Precautions--Life at Longwood--Visits--Manzoni--Illness of -Bonaparte--Ossian--Reveries of Napoleon in sight of the sea--Projects -of evasion--Last occupation of Bonaparte--He lies down to rise no -more--He dictates his will--Napoleon's religious sentiments--The -chaplain Vignale--Napoleon's speech to Antomarchi, his doctor--He -receives the last sacraments--He expires--His funeral--Destruction of -the Napoleonic world--My last relations with Bonaparte--St. Helena -after the death of Napoleon--Exhumation of Bonaparte--My visit to -Cannes - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - Louis XVIII - Charles X. (as Comte D'artois) - La Fayette - Talleyrand - Fouché, Duc d'Otrante - Pius VII - - -[Illustration: Louis XVIII.] - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - - -VOLUME III - - - - -BOOK V[1] - - -The years 1807, 1808, 1809 and 1810--Article in the Mercure of -July 1807--I purchase the Vallée-aux-Loups and retire to it--The -_Martyrs_--Armand de Chateaubriand--The years 1811, 1812, 1813, -1814--Publication of the _Itinéraire_--Letter from the Cardinal de -Bausset--Death of Chénier--I become a member of the Institute--The -affair of my speech--The decennial prizes--The _Essai sur les -Révolutions_--The _Natchez._ - - -Madame de Chateaubriand had been very ill during my travels; her -friends had often given her up for lost. In some notes which M. de -Clausel has written for his children, and which he has been good enough -to permit me to look through, I find this passage: - - "M. de Chateaubriand left on his journey to Jerusalem in the - month of July 1806: during his absence I went every day to - Madame de Chateaubriand. Our traveller did me the kindness to - write me a letter of several pages from Constantinople, which - you will find in the drawer in our library at Coussergues. - During the winter of 1806 to 1807, we knew that M. de - Chateaubriand was at sea, on his way back to Europe; one day - I had gone for a walk in the garden of the Tuileries with M. - de Fontanes, in a terrible west wind; we had taken shelter on - the terrace by the water-side. M. de Fontanes said to me: - - "Perhaps, at this minute, a blast of this horrible storm will - wreck his ship.' - - "We learnt since that this presentiment was very nearly - realized. I make a note of this to express the lively - friendship; the interest in M. de Chateaubriand's literary - fame, which was to increase by this voyage; the noble, the - deep and rare sentiments which animated M. de Fontanes, an - excellent man whom I, too, have to thank for great services, - and whom I urge you to remember in your prayers to God." - -If I were destined to live, and if I could cause to live in my works -all the persons who are dear to me, how gladly would I take with me all -my friends! - -Full of hope, I brought home my handful of gleanings my period of -repose did not last long. - -By a series of arrangements, I had become the sole proprietor of the -_Mercure._[2] Towards the end of June 1807, M. Alexandre de Laborde -published his _Journey in Spain_; in July I wrote the article in the -_Mercure_ from which I have quoted certain passages when speaking of -the death of the Duc d'Enghien: "When in the silence of abjection," -etc. Bonaparte's successes, far from subduing me, had revolted me; I -had gathered fresh energy in my opinions and in the storms. I did not -in vain carry a face bronzed by the sun, nor had I exposed myself to -the wrath of the heavens to tremble with darkened brow before a man's -anger. If Napoleon had done with the kings, he had not done with me. -My article, falling in the midst of his successes and of his wonders, -stirred France: copies in manuscript were distributed broadcast; -several subscribers to the _Mercure_ cut out the article and had it -bound separately; it was read in the drawing-rooms and hawked about -from house to house. One must have lived at that time to form an idea -of the effect produced by a voice resounding alone amid the silence -of the world. The noble sentiments thrust down at the bottom of men's -hearts revived. Napoleon flew out: one is less irritated by reason of -the offense received than by reason of the idea one has formed of one's -self. What! To despise his very glory; to brave for a second time the -man at whose feet the universe lay prostrate! - -"Does Chateaubriand think that I am an idiot, that I don't understand -him! I will have him cut down on the Steps of the Tuileries!" - -He gave the order to suppress the _Mercure_ and to arrest me. My -property perished; my person escaped by a miracle: Bonaparte had to -occupy himself with the world; he forgot me, but I remained under the -burden of the threat. - -My position was a deplorable one: when I felt bound to act according to -the inspiration of my sense of honour, I found myself burdened with my -personal responsibility and with the trouble which I caused my wife. -Her courage was great, but she suffered none the less for it, and -those storms successively called down upon my head disturbed her life. -She had suffered so much for me during the Revolution; it was natural -that she should long for a little rest. The more so in that Madame de -Chateaubriand admired Bonaparte unreservedly; she had no illusions as -to the Legitimacy: she never ceased predicting what would happen to me -on the return of the Bourbons. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Vallée-aux-Loups.] - -The first book of these Memoirs is dated from the Vallée-aux-Loups, -on the 4th of October 1811: I there give a description of the little -retreat which I bought to hide me at that time[3]. Leaving our -apartment at Madame de Coislin's, we went first to live in the Rue des -Saints-Perès, in the Hôtel de Lavalette, which took its name from the -master and mistress[4] of the hotel. - -M. de Lavalette was thick-set, wore a plum-coloured coat, and carried a -gold-headed cane: he became my man of business, if I have ever had any -business. He had been an officer of the buttery to the King, and what I -did not eat up[5] he drank. - -At the end of November, seeing that the repairs to my cottage were not -progressing, I determined to go and superintend them. We arrived at -the Vallée in the evening. We did not take the ordinary road, but went -in through the gate at the foot of the garden. The soil of the drives, -soaked through with rain, prevented the horses from going; the carriage -upset. A plaster bust of Homer, placed beside Madame de Chateaubriand, -dashed through the window and broke its neck: a bad omen for the -_Martyrs_, at which I was then working. - -The house, full of workmen laughing, singing, and hammering, was -warmed by blazing shavings and lighted by candle-ends; it looked like -a hermitage illuminated at night by pilgrims, in the woods. Delighted -to find two rooms made fairly comfortable, in one of which supper had -been laid, we sat down to table. The next morning, awakened by the -sound of the hammers and the songs of the husbandmen, I saw the sun -rise with less anxiety than the master of the Tuileries. - -I was in an endless enchantment; without being Madame de Sévigné, I -went, provided with a pair of wooden clogs, to plant my trees in the -mud, to pass up and down the same walks, to look again and again at -every smallest corner, to hide wherever there was a tuft of brushwood, -saying to myself that this would be my park in the future: for then -the future was not lacking. When striving, to-day, by force of memory -to re-open the closed horizon, I no longer find the same, but I meet -with others. I lose myself in my vanished thoughts; the illusions into -which I fall are perhaps as fair as their predecessors; only they are -no longer so young: what I used to see in the splendour of the south, -I now perceive by the light of the sunset. If, nevertheless, I could -cease to be harassed by dreams! Bayard, summoned to surrender a place, -replied: - -"Wait till I have made a bridge of dead bodies, to pass over with my -garrison." - -I fear that, to go out, I shall need to pass over the bodies of my -fancies. - -My trees, being as yet small, did not gather the sounds of the autumn -winds; but, in spring, the breezes which inhaled the breath of the -flowers of the neighbouring fields retained it and poured it over my -valley. - -I made some additions to my cottage; I improved the appearance of its -brick walls with a portico supported by two black marble columns and -two white marble caryatides: I remembered that I had been to Athens. -My plan was to add a tower to the end of my pavilion; meantime I made -counterfeit battlements on the wall separating me from the road: I thus -anticipated the mediæval mania which is stupefying us at present. The -Vallée-aux-Loups is the only thing that I regret of all that I have -lost; it is written that nothing shall remain to me. After the loss of -my Valley, I planted the Infirmerie de Marie-Thérèse[6], which also I -have lately left. I defy fate now to fix me to the smallest morsel -of earth; henceforth I shall have for a garden only those avenues, -honoured with such fine names, around the Invalides, along which I -stroll with my one-armed or limping colleagues. Not far from those -walks, Madame de Beaumont's cypress lifts its head; in those deserted -spaces, the great and frivolous Duchesse de Châtillon once leant upon -my arm. Now I give my arm only to time: it is very heavy! - -I worked with delight at my Memoirs, and the _Martyrs_ made progress; -I had already read some books to M. de Fontanes. I had settled down in -the midst of my memories as in a large library; I consulted this and -then that, and next closed the register with a sigh, for I perceived -that the light, in penetrating into it, destroyed its mystery. Light up -the days of life, and they will no longer be what they are. - -In the month of July, I fell ill and was obliged to return to Paris. -The doctors rendered the illness dangerous. In the time of Hippocrates, -there was a dearth of dead in the lower regions, says the epigram: -thanks to our modern Hippocrates, there is an abundance to-day. - -This was perhaps the only moment at which, when near death, I felt a -desire to live. When I felt myself lapsing into faintness, which often -happened, I used to say to Madame de Chateaubriand: - -"Do not be alarmed; I shall come to." - -I lost consciousness, but with great inward impatience, for I clung to -God knows what. I also passionately longed to complete what I believed -and still believe to be my most correct work. I was paying the price of -the fatigue which I had undergone during my journey to the Levant. - -[Sidenote: Bonaparte and my portrait.] - -Girodet[7] had put the finishing touches to my portrait. He made -me dark, as I then was; but he put all his genius into the work. -M. Denon[8] received the master-piece for the Salon[9]; like a -noble-hearted courtier, he prudently put it out of sight. When -Bonaparte took his view of the gallery, after examining the pictures, -he asked: - -"Where is the portrait of Chateaubriand?" - -He knew that it must be there: they were obliged to bring the outlaw -from his hiding-place. Bonaparte, whose fit of generosity had -evaporated, said, on inspecting the portrait: - -"He looks like a conspirator coming down the chimney." - -One day, on returning alone to the Vallée, I was told by Benjamin, the -gardener, that a fat strange gentleman had come and asked for me; that, -finding me out, he had said he would wait for me; that he had had an -omelette made for him; and that, afterwards, he had flung himself on -my bed. I went upstairs, entered my room, and saw something enormous -asleep; shaking that mass, I cried: - -"Hi! Hi! Who are you?" - -The mass gave a start and sat up. Its head was covered with a woollen -cap; it wore a smock and trousers of spotted wool, all in one piece; -its face was smeared with snuff, and its tongue hung out. It was my -cousin Moreau! I had not seen him since the camp at Thionville. He was -back from Russia and wanted to enter the excise. My old _cicerone_ -in Paris went to die at Nantes. Thus disappeared one of the early -characters of these Memoirs. I hope that, stretched on a couch of -daffodils, he still talks of my verses to Madame de Chastenay, if that -agreeable shade has descended to the Elysian Fields. - -* - -[Sidenote: The _Martyrs._] - -The _Martyrs_ appeared in the spring of 1809. It was a conscientious -piece of work. I had consulted critics of taste and knowledge: -Messieurs de Fontanes, Bertin, Boissonade[10], Malte-Brun[11]; and -I had accepted their judgment. Hundreds and hundreds of times I had -written, unwritten and rewritten the same page. Of all my writings, -this is the most noted for the correctness of the language. - -I had made no mistake in the scheme of the book: at present, when my -ideas have become general, no one denies that the struggles of two -religions, one ending, the other commencing, afford one of the richest, -most fruitful and most dramatic subjects for the Muses. I thought, -therefore, that I might venture to cherish some all too foolish hopes; -but I was forgetting the success of my first book: in this country -you must never reckon on two close successes; one destroys the other. -If you have some sort of talent for prose, beware of showing any -for poetry; if you are distinguished in literature, lay no claim to -politics: such is the French spirit and its poverty. The self-loves -alarmed, the jealousies surprised by an author's good fortune at the -outset combine and lie in wait for the poet's second publication, to -take a signal vengeance: - - Tous, la main dans l'encre, jurent de se venger[12]. - -I must pay for the silly admiration which I had obtained by trickery at -the time of the appearance of the _Génie du Christianisme_; I must be -made to restore what I had stolen! Alas, they need not have taken such -pains to rob me of that which I myself did not think that I deserved! -If I had delivered Christian Rome, I asked only for an obsidional -crown[13], a plait of grass culled in the Eternal City. - -The executioner of the justice of the vanities was M. Hoffmann[14], -to whom may God grant peace! The _Journal des Débats_ was no longer -free; its proprietors had no power in it, and the censors registered -my condemnation in its pages. M. Hoffmann, however, forgave the Battle -of the Franks and some other pieces in the work; but, if he thought -Cymodocée attractive, he was too excellent a Catholic not to grow -indignant at the profane conjunction of the truths of Christianity and -the fables of mythology. Velléda did not save me. It was imputed to me -as a crime that I had changed Tacitus' German druidess into a Gallic -woman, as though I had wanted to borrow anything beyond an harmonious -name! And behold, we see the Christians of France, to whom I had -rendered such great services by setting up their altars again, stupidly -taking it into their heads to be scandalized on the gospel word of M. -Hoffmann! The title of the _Martyrs_ had misled them: they expected to -read a martyrology, and the tiger who tore only a daughter of Homer to -pieces seemed to them a sacrilege. - -The real martyrdom of Pope Pius VII., whom Bonaparte had brought as a -prisoner to Paris, did not scandalize them, but they were quite roused -by my un-Christian fictions, as they called them. And it was M. the -Bishop of Chartres[15] who undertook to punish the horrible impieties -of the author of the _Génie du Christianisme._ Alas, he must realize -that to-day his zeal is wanted for very different contests! - -M. the Bishop of Chartres is the brother of my excellent friend M. -de Clausel, a very great Christian, who did not allow himself to be -carried away by so sublime a virtue as the critic, his brother. - -I thought it my duty to reply to my censors, as I had done in the -matter of the _Génie du Christianisme_. Montesquieu[16], with his -defense of the _Esprit des lois_, encouraged me. I was wrong. Authors -who are attacked might say the finest things in the world, and yet -excite merely the smiles of impartial minds and the ridicule of the -crowd. They place themselves on a bad ground: the defensive position -is antipathetic to the French character. When, in reply to objections, -I pointed out that, in stigmatizing this or that passage, they had -attacked some fine relic of antiquity, beaten on the facts, they -extricated themselves by next saying that the _Martyrs_ was a mere -"patchwork." When I justified the simultaneous presence of the two -religions by the authority of the Fathers of the Church themselves, -the reply was that, at the period in which I placed the action of the -_Martyrs_, paganism no longer existed among great minds. - -I believed in good faith that the work had fallen flat; the violence of -the attack had shaken my conviction as an author. Some of my friends -consoled me; they maintained that the proscription was unjustified, -that sooner or later the public would pronounce another verdict: M. -de Fontanes especially was firm; I was no Racine, but he might be a -Boileau, and he never ceased saying to me: - -"They'll come back to it." - -His persuasion in this regard was so deep-rooted that it inspired him -with some charming stanzas: - - Le Tasse, errant de ville en ville, etc.[17], - -without fear of compromising his taste or the authority of his judgment. - -The _Martyrs_ has, in fact, retrieved itself, has obtained the honour -of four consecutive editions, and has even enjoyed particular favour -with men of letters: appreciation has been shown me of a work which -bears evidence of serious study, of some pains towards style, of a -great reverence for language and taste. - -[Sidenote: Its reception.] - -Criticism of the subject-matter was promptly abandoned. To say that I -had mixed profane with sacred things, because I had depicted two cults -which existed side by side and which had each its beliefs, its altars, -its priests, its ceremonies, was equivalent to saying that I ought to -have renounced history. For whom did the martyrs die? For Jesus Christ. -To whom were they immolated? To the gods of the Empire. Therefore there -were two religions. - -The philosophical question, namely, whether, under Diocletian[18], the -Greeks and Romans believed in the gods of Homer, and whether public -worship had undergone any changes, was a question that did not concern -me as a poet; as an _historian_, I might have had many things to say. - -All this no longer matters. The _Martyrs_ has lived, contrary to my -first expectation, and I have had to occupy myself only with the care -of revising its text. - -The fault of the _Martyrs_ has to do with the wonderful "directness" -which, owing to what remained of my classical prejudices, I had -unadvisedly employed. Startled at my own innovations, I thought it -impossible to dispense with a "Heaven" and a "Hell." Yet the good and -bad angels sufficed to carry on the action, without delivering it to -worn-out machinery. If the Battle of the Franks, Velléda, Jérôme, -Augustin, Eudore, Cymodocée; if all these, and the descriptions of -Naples and Greece, are unable to obtain pardon for the _Martyrs_, Hell -and Heaven will not save it. - -One of the passages which most pleased M. de Fontanes was the following: - - "Cymodocée sat down at the window of the prison and, resting - her head, adorned with the martyr's veil, on her hand, sighed - forth these harmonious words: - - "'Cleave the calm and dazzling sea, O swift vessels of - Ausonia; release the sail, O slaves of Neptune, to the - amorous breath of the winds, and bend over the agile oars. - Bring me back to the care of my husband and my father, on - the happy shores of the Pamisus! Fly, O birds of Lybia, - whose supple necks so gracefully bend, fly to the summit of - Ithomus and say that the daughter of Homer shall see again - the laurels of Messenia! When shall I see once more my bed - of ivory, the light of day so dear to mortals, the meadows - studded with flowers which a clear water bathes, which - modesty adorns with her breath[19]!'" - -The _Génie du Christianisme_ will remain my great work, because it -produced, or decided, a revolution and commenced the new era of the -literary age. The case is different with the _Martyrs_: it came after -the revolution had been worked, and was only a superabundant proof of -my doctrines; my style was no longer a new thing, and, except in the -episode of Velléda and the picture of the manners of the Franks, my -poem even feels the influence of the places which it has frequented: in -it the classical dominates the romantic. - -Lastly, the circumstances no longer existed which contributed to the -success of the _Génie du Christianisme_; the Government, far from -being favourable to me, had become hostile. The _Martyrs_ meant to me -a redoubling of persecution: the frequent allusions in the portrait -of Galerius[20] and in the picture of the Court of Diocletian could -not fail to arouse the attention of the imperial police, the more so -inasmuch as the English translator, who had no reason to observe any -circumspection, and who cared not at all whether he compromised me or -not, had called attention to the allusions in his preface. - -The publication of the _Martyrs_ was coincident with a fatal -occurrence. This did not disarm the aristarchs, thanks to the ardour -with which we are animated for the powers that be; they felt that a -literary criticism which tended to diminish the interest attached to my -name might be agreeable to Bonaparte. The latter, like the millionaire -bankers who give splendid banquets and charge their customers postage, -did not disdain small profits. - -* - -Armand de Chateaubriand, whom you have seen as the companion of my -childhood, who appeared before you again in the Princes' Army with the -deaf and dumb Libba, had remained in England. He married in Jersey[21], -and was charged with the correspondence of the Princes. Setting sail -on the 25th of September 1808, he was landed, at eleven o'clock in the -same evening, on the coast of Brittany, near Saint-Cast. The boat's -crew consisted of eleven men; two only were Frenchmen: Roussel and -Quintal. - -[Sidenote: Armand de Chateaubriand.] - -Armand proceeded to the house of M. Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas the Elder, -who lived in the village of Saint-Gast, where the English had once -been driven back to their ships: his host advised him to go back[22]; -but the boat had already taken its homeward course to Jersey. Armand, -having come to an arrangement with M. Boisé-Lucas' son, handed him the -despatches with which he had been entrusted by M. Henry-Larivière[23], -the Princes' agent. - - "I went to the coast on the 29th of September," he says, in - answer to an interrogatory, "and waited there two nights, - without seeing my boat. As the moon was very bright, I - withdrew, and returned on the 14th or 15th of the month. I - remained till the 24th of the said month. I spent every night - in the rocks, but to no purpose; my boat did not come, and - by day I went to the Boisé-Lucas'. The same boat, with the - same crew, to which Roussel and Quintal belonged, was to - come to fetch me. With regard to the precautions taken with - Boisé-Lucas the Elder, there were none besides those which I - have already enumerated." - -The dauntless Armand, landed at a few steps from his paternal fields, -as though on the inhospitable coast of Taurida, in vain turned his -eyes over the billows, by the light of the moon, in search of the bark -which could have saved him. In former days, after I had already left -Combourg, with the intention of going to India, I had cast my mournful -gaze over the same billows. From the rocks of Saint-Cast where Armand -lay, from the cape of the Varde where I had sat, a few leagues of the -sea, over which our eyes have wandered in opposite directions, have -witnessed the cares and divided the destinies of two men joined by ties -of name and blood. It was also in the midst of the same waves that -I met Gesril for the last time. Often, in my dreams, I see Gesril -and Armand washing the wound in their foreheads in the deep, while, -reddened to my very feet, stretches the sea with which we used to play -in our childhood[24]. - -Armand succeeded in embarking in a boat purchased at Saint-Malo, but, -driven back by the north-west wind, he was again obliged to put back. -At last, on the 6th of January, assisted by a sailor called Jean Brien, -he launched a little stranded boat, and got hold of another which was -afloat. He thus describes his voyage, which bears an affinity to my -star and my adventures, in his examination on the 18th of March: - - "From nine o'clock in the evening, when we started, till two - o'clock in the morning, the weather favoured us. Judging then - that we were not far from the rocks called the 'Mainquiers,' - we lay-to on our anchor, intending to wait for daylight; - but, the wind having freshened, and fearing that it would - grow still stronger, we continued our course. A few minutes - later, the sea became very heavy and, our compass having been - broken by a wave, we remained uncertain as to the course we - were taking. The first land that came into sight on the 7th - (it might then be mid-day), was the coast of Normandy, which - obliged us to tack about, and we again returned and lay-to - near the rocks called 'Écreho,' situated between the coast - of Normandy and Jersey. Strong and contrary winds obliged - us to remain in that position the whole of the rest of that - day and of the next, the 8th. On the morning of the 9th, as - soon as it was light, I said to Despagne that it appeared to - me that the wind had decreased, seeing that our boat was not - working much, and to look which way the wind was blowing. He - told me that he no longer saw the rocks near which we had - dropped the anchor. I then decided that we were drifting, and - that we had lost our anchor. The violence of the storm left - us no alternative but to make for the coast. As we saw no - land, I did not know at what distance we were from it. It was - then that I flung my papers into the sea, having taken the - precaution to fasten a stone to them. We then scudded before - the wind and made the coast, at about nine o'clock in the - morning, at Bretteville-sur-Ay, in Normandy. - - "We were received on the coast by the customs officers, who - took me out of my boat almost dead; my feet and legs were - frozen. We were both lodged with the lieutenant of the - brigade of Bretteville. Two days later, Despagne was taken to - the prison at Coutances, and I have not seen him since that - day. A few days after, I myself was transferred to the gaol - at that town; the next day, I was taken by the quarter-master - to Saint-Lô, and remained for eight days with the said - quarter-master. I appeared once before M. the Prefect of - the department, and, on the 26th of January, I left with - the captain and quarter-master of the gendarmes to be taken - to Paris, where I arrived on the 28th. They took me to the - office of M. Desmarets at the ministry of the general police, - and from there to the prison of the Grande-Force." - -Armand had the wind, the waves and the imperial police against him; -Bonaparte was in connivance with the storms. The gods made a very great -expenditure of wrath against a paltry existence. - -The packet flung into the sea was cast back by it on the beach of -Notre-Dame-d'Alloue, near Valognes. The papers contained in this packet -served as documents for the conviction: there were thirty-two of them. -Quintal, returning to the sands of Brittany with his boat to fetch -Armand, had also, through an obstinate fatality, been shipwrecked in -Norman waters a few days before my cousin. The crew of Quintal's boat -had spoken; the Prefect of Saint-Lô had learnt that M. de Chateaubriand -was the leader of the Princes' enterprises. When he heard that a cutter -manned with only two men had run ashore, he had no doubt that Armand -was one of the two shipwrecked men, for all the fishermen spoke of him -as the most fearless man at sea that had ever been known. - -[Sidenote: Arrest of Armand.] - -On the 20th of January 1809, the Prefect of the Manche reported -Armand's arrest to the general police. His letter commences: - - "My conjectures have been completely verified: Chateaubriand - is arrested; it was he who landed on the coast at Bretteville - and who had taken the name of 'John Fall.' - - "Uneasy at finding that, in spite of the very precise orders - which I had given, John Fall did not arrive at Saint-Lô, - I instructed Quarter-master Mauduit of the gendarmes, a - trustworthy and extremely active man, to go to fetch this - John Fall, wherever he might be, and bring him before me, - in whatever condition he was. He found him at Coutances, at - the moment when they were arranging to transfer him to the - hospital, to treat him for his legs, which were frozen. - - "Fall appeared before me to-day. I had had Lelièvre put in - a separate room, from which he could see John Fall arrive - without being observed. When Lelièvre saw him come up a - flight of steps placed near this apartment, he cried, - striking his hands together and changing colour: - - "'It's Chateaubriand! However did they catch him?' - - "Lelièvre was in no way forewarned. This exclamation was - drawn from him by surprise. He asked me afterwards not to say - that he had mentioned Chateaubriand's name, because he would - be lost. - - "I did not let John Fall see that I knew who he was." - -Armand, carried to Paris and lodged at the Force, underwent a secret -interrogation at the military gaol of the Abbaye. General Hulin, who -was now Military Commander of Paris, appointed Bertrand, a captain in -the first demi-brigade of veterans, judge-advocate of the military -commission instructed, by a decree of the 25th of February, to inquire -into Armand's case. - -The persons implicated were M. de Goyon[25], who had been sent by -Armand to Brest, and M. de Boisé-Lucas the Younger, charged to hand -letters from Henry-Larivière to Messieurs Laya[26] and Sicard[27] in -Paris. - -In a letter of the 13th of March, addressed to Fouché, Armand said: - - "Let the Emperor deign to restore to liberty men now - languishing in prison for having shown me too much interest. - Whatever happens, let their liberty be restored to all - of them alike. I recommend my unfortunate family to the - Emperor's generosity." - -These mistakes of a man with human bowels addressing himself to an -hyena are painful to see. Bonaparte, besides, was not the lion of -Florence: he did not give up the child on observing the tears of the -mother. I had written to ask Fouché for an audience; he granted me -one, and assured me, with all the self-possession of revolutionary -frivolity, "that he had seen Armand, that I could be easy: that Armand -had told him that he would die well, and that in fact he wore a very -resolute air." Had I proposed to Fouché that he should die, would he -have preserved that deliberate tone and that superb indifference with -regard to himself? - -I applied to Madame de Rémusat, begging her to remit to the Empress a -letter containing a request for justice, or for mercy, to the Emperor. -Madame la Duchesse de Saint-Leu[28] told me, at Arenberg, of the fate -of my letter: Joséphine gave it to the Emperor; he seemed to hesitate, -on reading it; and then, coming upon some words which offended him, he -impatiently flung it into the fire. I had forgotten that one should -show pride only on one's own behalf. - -[Sidenote: His execution.] - -M. de Goyon, condemned with Armand, underwent his sentence. Yet Madame -la Baronne-Duchesse de Montmorency had been induced to interest herself -in his favour: she was the daughter of Madame de Matignon, with whom -the Goyons were allied. A Montmorency in service ought to have obtained -anything, if the prostitution of a name were enough to win over an old -monarchy to a new power. Madame de Goyon, though unable to save her -husband, saved young Boisé-Lucas. Everything combined towards this -misfortune, which struck only unknown persons; one would have thought -that the downfall of a world was in question: storms upon the waves, -ambushes on land, Bonaparte, the sea, the murderers of Louis XVI., and -perhaps some "passion," the mysterious soul of mundane catastrophes. -People have not even perceived all these things; it all struck me alone -and lived in my memory only. What mattered to Napoleon the insects -crushed by his hand upon his diadem? - -On the day of execution, I wished to accompany my comrade on his last -battle-field; I found no carriage, and hastened on foot to the Plaine -de Grenelle. I arrived, all perspiring, a second too late: Armand -had been shot against the surrounding wall of Paris. His skull was -fractured; a butcher's dog was licking up his blood and his brains. -I followed the cart which took the bodies of Armand and his two -companions, plebeian and noble, Quintal and Goyon, to the Vaugirard -Cemetery, where I had buried M. de La Harpe. I saw my cousin for the -last time without being able to recognise him: the lead had disfigured -him, he had no face left; I could not remark the ravages of years -in it, nor even see death within its shapeless and bleeding orb; he -remained young in my memory as at the time of the Siege of Thionville. -He was shot on Good Friday: the crucifix appears to me at the extremity -of all my misfortunes. When I walk on the rampart of the Plaine de -Grenelle, I stop to look at the imprint of the firing, still marked -upon the wall. If Bonaparte's bullets had left no other traces, he -would no longer be spoken of. - -Strange concatenation of destinies! General Hulin, the Military -Commander of Paris, appointed the commission which ordered Armand's -brains to be blown out; he had, in former days, been appointed -president of the commission which shattered the head of the Duc -d'Enghien. Ought he not to have abstained, after his first misfortune, -from all connection with courts-martial? And I have spoken of the death -of the descendant of the Great Condé, without reminding General Hulin -of the part which he played in the execution of the humble soldier, my -kinsman. No doubt I, in my turn, had received from Heaven my commission -to judge the judges of the tribunal of Vincennes. - -* - -The year 1811 was one of the most remarkable in my literary career[29]. -I published the _Itinéraire de Paris à Jerusalem_[30], I accepted M. -de Chénier's place at the Institute, and I began to write the Memoirs -which I am now finishing. - -[Sidenote: The _Itinéraire._] - -The success of the _Itinéraire_ was as complete as that of the -_Martyrs_ had been disputed. There is no scribbler, however -inconsiderable, but receives letters of congratulation on the -appearance of his _farrago._ Among the new compliments which were -addressed to me, I do not feel at liberty to suppress the letter of -a man of virtue and merit who has produced two works of recognised -authority, leaving hardly anything to be said on Bossuet and Fénelon. -The Bishop of Alais, Cardinal de Bausset[31], is the biographer of -those two great prelates. He goes beyond all praise with reference -to me: that is the accepted usage in writing to an author, and does -not count; but the cardinal at least shows the general opinion of the -moment on the _Itinéraire_: he foresees, with respect to Carthage, the -objections of which my geographical feeling might be the object; in -any case, that feeling has prevailed, and I have set Dido's ports in -their places. My readers will be interested to recognise in this letter -the diction of a select society, a style rendered grave and sweet by -politeness, religion and manner: an excellence of tone from which we -are so far removed to-day. - - "VILLEMOISSON, BY LONJUMEAU (SEINE-ET-OISE), - - "25 _March_ 1811. - - "You should, Sir, have received, and you have received, the - just tribute of the public gratitude and satisfaction; but - I can assure you that not one of your readers has enjoyed - your interesting work with a truer sentiment than myself. You - are the first and only traveller who has had no need of the - aid of engraving and drawing to place before the eyes of his - readers the places and monuments which recall fine memories - and great images. Your soul has felt all, your imagination - depicted all, and the reader feels with your soul and sees - with your eyes. - - "I could convey to you but very feebly the impression which - I received from the very first pages, when skirting in your - company the coast of Corfu, and when witnessing the landing - of all those 'eternal' men whom opposite destinies have - successively driven thither. A few lines have sufficed you to - engrave the traces of their footsteps for all time; they will - always be found in your _Itinéraire_, which will preserve - them more faithfully than so many marbles which have been - incapable of keeping the great names confided to them. - - "I now know the monuments of Athens in the way in which one - likes to know them. I had already seen them in beautiful - engravings, I had admired them, but I had not felt them. - One too often forgets that, if architects need exact - descriptions, measurements and proportions, men need to - recognise the mind and the genius which have conceived the - idea of those great monuments. - - "You have restored to the Pyramids that noble and profound - intention which frivolous declaimers had not even perceived. - - "How thankful I am to you, Sir, for delivering to the just - execration of all time that stupid and ferocious people - which, since twelve hundred years, has afflicted the fairest - countries of the earth! One smiles with you at the hope of - seeing it return to the desert whence it came. - - "You have inspired me with a passing feeling of indulgence - for the Arabs, for the sake of the fine comparison which you - have drawn between them and the savages of North America. - - "Providence seems to have led you to Jerusalem to assist at - the last representation of the first scene of Christianity. - If it be no longer granted to the eyes of men to behold that - Tomb, 'the only one which will have nothing to give up on - the Last Day,' Christians will always find it again in the - Gospels, and meditative and sensitive minds in the pictures - which you have drawn. - - "The critics will not fail to reproach you with the men and - incidents with which you have covered the ruins of Carthage - and which you could not have seen, since they no longer - exist. But I implore you, Sir, confine yourself to asking - them if they themselves would not have been very sorry not to - find them in those engaging pictures. - - "You have the right, Sir, to enjoy a form of glory which - belongs to you exclusively by a sort of creation; but there - is an enjoyment still more satisfying to a character like - yours, that is, to have endowed the creations of your genius - with the nobility of your soul and the elevation of your - sentiments. It is this which, at all times, will ensure to - your name and memory the esteem, the admiration and the - respect of all friends of religion, virtue and honour. - - "It is on this score that I beg you, Sir, to accept the - homage of all my sentiments. - - "L. F. DE BAUSSET, _ex-Bishop of Alais._" - -M. de Chénier[32] died on the 10th of January 1811. My friends had the -fatal idea of pressing me to take his place in the Institute. They -urged that, exposed as I was to the hostilities of the head of the -Government, to the suspicions and annoyances of the police, it was -necessary that I should enter a body then powerful through its fame and -through the men composing it; that, sheltered behind that buckler, I -should be able to work in peace. - -I had an invincible repugnance to occupying a place, even outside the -Government; I had too clear a recollection of what the first had cost -me. Chénier's inheritance seemed fraught with peril; I should not be -able to say all, save by exposing myself; I did not wish to pass over -regicide in silence, although Cambacérès was the second person in the -State; I was determined to make my demands heard in favour of liberty -and to raise my voice against tyranny; I wanted to have my say on the -horrors of 1793, to express my regrets for the fallen family of our -kings, to bemoan the misfortunes of those who had remained faithful -to them. My friends replied that I was deceiving myself; that a few -praises of the head of the Government, obligatory in the academical -speech, praises of which, in one respect, I thought Bonaparte worthy, -would make him swallow all the truths I might wish to utter; and that -I should at the same time enjoy the honour of having maintained my -opinions and the happiness of putting an end to the terrors of Madame -de Chateaubriand. By dint of their besetting me, I yielded, weary of -resistance: but I assured them that they were mistaken; that Bonaparte -would not be taken in by common-places on his son, his wife and his -glory; that he would feel the lesson but the more keenly for them; -that he would recognise the man who resigned on the death of the Duc -d'Enghien and the writer of the article that caused the suppression of -the _Mercure_; that, lastly, instead of ensuring my repose, I should -revive the persecutions directed against me. They were soon obliged to -recognise the truth of my words: true it is that they had not foreseen -the audacity of my speech. - -I went to pay the customary visits to the members of the Academy[33]. -Madame de Vintimille took me to the Abbé Morellet. We found him -sitting in an arm-chair before his fire; he had fallen asleep, and the -_Itinéraire_, which he was reading, had dropped from his hands. Waking -with a start at the sound of my name announced by his man-servant, he -raised his head and exclaimed: - -"There are passages so long, so long!" - -I told him, laughing, that I saw that, and that I would abridge the new -edition. He was a good-natured man and promised me his vote, in spite -of _Atala._ When, later, the _Monarchie selon la Charte_ appeared, he -could not recover from his astonishment that such a political work -should have the singer of "the daughter of the Floridas" for its -author. Had Grotius[34] not written the tragedy of _Adam and Eve_ and -Montesquieu the _Temple de Guide?_ True, I was neither Grotius nor -Montesquieu. - -The election took place; I was elected by ballot with a fairly large -majority[35]. I at once set to work on my speech; I wrote and rewrote -it a score of times, never feeling satisfied with myself: at one time, -wishing to make it possible for me to read, I thought it too strong; -at another, my anger returning, I thought it too weak. I did not know -how to measure out the dose of academic praise. If, in spite of my -antipathy for Napoleon, I had tried to render the admiration which I -felt for the public portion of his life, I should have gone far beyond -the peroration. Milton, whom I quote at the commencement of the speech, -furnished me with a model; in his _Second defense of the People of -England_, he made a pompous eulogy of Cromwell: - - "Not only the actions of our kings," he says, "but the fabled - exploits of our heroes, are overcome by your achievements. - Reflect, then, frequently (how dear alike the trust, and the - parent from you have received it!) that to your hands your - country has commended and confided her freedom: that what she - lately expected from her choicest representatives she now - expects, now hopes, from you alone. O reverence this high - expectation, this hope of your country relying exclusively - upon yourself! Reverence the glances and the gashes of those - brave men who have so nobly struggled for liberty under your - auspices, as well as the shades of those who perished in - the conflict! Reverence, finally, yourself, and suffer not - that liberty, for the attainment of which you have endured - so many hardships and encountered so many perils, to sustain - any violation from your own hands, or any encroachment from - those of others. Without our freedom, in fact, you cannot - yourself be free: for it is justly ordained by nature that he - who invades the liberty of others shall in the very outset - lose his own, and be the first to feel the servitude which he - has induced[36]." - -Johnson quoted only the praises given to the Protector[37], in order -to place the Republican in contradiction with himself; the fine -passage which I have just translated contains its own qualification of -those praises. Johnson's criticism is forgotten, Milton's defense has -remained: all that belongs to the strife of parties and the passions of -the moment dies like them and with them. - -[Sidenote: I am elected.] - -When my speech was ready, I was sent for to read it to the committee -appointed to hear it: it was rejected by the committee, with the -exception of two or three members[38]. It was a sight to see the -terror of the bold Republicans who listened to me and who were alarmed -by the independence of my opinions; they shuddered with indignation -and fright at the mere word of liberty. M. Daru[39] took the speech -to Saint-Cloud. Bonaparte declared that, if it had been delivered, -he would have closed the doors of the Institute and flung me into a -subterranean dungeon for the rest of my life. - -I received the following note from M. Daru: - - "SAINT-CLOUD, 28 _April_ 1811. - - "I have the honour to inform Monsieur de Chateaubriand that, - when he has the time or occasion to come to Saint-Cloud, I - shall be able to return to him the speech which he was good - enough to entrust to me. I take this opportunity to repeat to - him the assurance of the high consideration with which I have - the honour to salute him. - - "DARU." - -I went to Saint-Cloud. M. Daru returned me the manuscript, crossed -out in places, and scored _ab irato_ with parentheses and pencil -marks by Bonaparte: the lion's claw had been dug in everywhere, and I -experienced a sort of pleasure of irritation in imagining that I felt -it in my side. M. Daru did not conceal Napoleon's anger from me; but he -told me, that, if I kept the peroration, with the exception of a few -words, and changed almost the whole of the rest, I should be received -with great applause. The speech had been copied out at the palace; some -passages had been suppressed and others interpolated. Not long after, -it appeared in the provinces printed in that fashion. - -This speech is one of the best proofs of the independence of my -opinions and the consistency of my principles. M. Suard, who was free -and firm, said that, if it had been read in the open Academy, it would -have brought down the rafters of the hall with applause. Can you, -indeed, imagine the warm praises of liberty uttered in the midst of the -servility of the Empire? - -I had kept the scored manuscript with religious care; ill-fortune -willed that, when I left the Infirmerie de Marie-Thérèse, it was burnt -with a heap of papers. Nevertheless the readers of these Memoirs shall -not be deprived of it: one of my colleagues had the generosity to take -a copy of it; here it is: - -[Sidenote: My inaugural speech.] - - "When Milton published _Paradise Lost_, not a voice was - raised in the three kingdoms of Great Britain to praise - a work which, in spite of its numerous defects, remains - nevertheless one of the noblest monuments of the human mind. - The English Homer died forgotten, and his contemporaries left - to futurity the task of immortalizing the singer of Eden. - Have we here one of the great instances of literary injustice - of which examples are presented by nearly every century? No, - gentlemen; the English, but recently escaped from the Civil - Wars, were unable to bring themselves to celebrate the memory - of a man who was remarked for the ardour of his opinions in a - time of calamity. What shall we reserve, they asked, for the - tomb of the citizen who devotes himself to the safety of his - country, if we lavish honours upon the ashes of him who, at - most, is entitled to claim our generous indulgence? Posterity - will do justice to Milton's memory, but we owe a lesson to - our sons: we must teach them, by our silence, that talents - are a baleful gift when allied with the passions, and that it - is better to condemn one's self to obscurity than to achieve - celebrity through one's country's misfortunes. - - "Shall I, gentlemen, imitate this memorable example, or shall - I speak to you of the person and works of M. Chénier? To - reconcile your usages and my opinions, I feel it my duty to - adopt a middle course between absolute silence and a thorough - consideration. But, whatever the words I may utter, no - rancour will poison this address. Should you find in me the - frankness of my fellow-countryman Duclos[40], I hope also to - prove to you that I possess the same loyalty. - - "Doubtless it would have been curious to see what a man in - my position, holding my principles and my opinions, could - have to say of the man whose place I occupy to-day. It would - be interesting to examine the influence of revolutions upon - literature, to show how systems can mislead talent and - direct it into fallacious ways which seem to lead to fame - and only end in oblivion. If Milton, despite his political - aberrations, has left works which posterity admires, it is - because Milton, without repenting his errors, withdrew from; - a society which was withdrawing from him, to seek in religion - the assuagement of his ills and the source of his glory. - Deprived of the light of heaven, he created for himself a new - earth, a new sun, and quitted, so to speak, a world where he - had seen nought save misery and crime; he set in the bowers - of Eden that primitive innocence, that blessed felicity which - reigned beneath the tents of Jacob and Rachel; and he placed - in the lower regions the torments, passions and remorse of - the men whose furies he had shared. - - "Unfortunately, the works of M. Chénier, though they show - the germ of a remarkable talent, glow with neither that - antique simplicity nor that sublime majesty. The author was - distinguished for an eminently classical mind. None better - understood the principles of ancient and modern literature; - the stage, eloquence, history, criticism, satire: he - embraced all these; but his writings bear the impress of the - disastrous days that witnessed his birth. Too often dictated - by the spirit of party, they have been applauded by factions. - Shall I, in discussing my predecessor's works, separate what - has already passed away, like our discords, and what will - perhaps survive, like our glory? Here we find the interests - of society and the interests of literature confounded. I - cannot forget the first sufficiently to occupy myself solely - with the second; wherefore, gentlemen, I am obliged either to - keep silence or to raise political questions. - - "There are persons who would make of literature an abstract - thing and isolate it in the midst of human affairs. Such - persons will say to me, 'Why keep silence? Treat M. Chénier's - works only from the literary point of view.' That is to say, - gentlemen, that I must abuse your patience and my own by - repeating commonplaces which you can find anywhere and which - you know better than I. Manners change with the times: heirs - to a long series of peaceful years, our forerunners were able - to indulge in purely academic discussions which were even - less a proof of their talent than of their happiness. But we, - who remain the victims of a great shipwreck, no longer have - what is needed to relish so perfect a calm. Our ideas, our - minds have taken a different direction. The man has in us - taken the place of the academician: by divesting literature - of all its futility, we now behold it only in the light of - our mighty memories and of the experience of our adversity. - What! After a revolution which has caused us, in a few - years, to live through the events of many centuries, shall - the writer be forbidden all lofty considerations, shall he - be denied the right to examine the serious side of objects? - Shall he spend a trivial life occupied with grammatical - quibbles, rules of taste, petty literary judgments? Shall - he grow old, bound in the swaddling-clothes of his cradle? - Shall he not show, at the end of his days, a brow furrowed - by his long labours, by his grave reflections, and often by - those manly sufferings which add to the greatness of mankind? - What important cares, then, will have whitened his hair? The - miserable sorrows of self-love and the puerile sports of the - mind. - - "Surely, gentlemen, that would be treating ourselves with a - very strange contempt! Speaking for myself, I cannot thus - belittle myself, nor reduce myself to the condition of - childhood at the age of strength and reason. I cannot confine - myself within the narrow circle which they would trace around - the writer. For instance, gentlemen, if I wished to pass a - eulogy on the man of letters, on the man of the Court who - presides over this meeting[41], do you believe that I would - content myself with praising in him the light and ingenious - French wit which he received from his mother[42], and of - which he displays to us the last model? No, assuredly: I - should wish to make glow once more in all its brilliancy - the noble name which he bears. I should mention the Duc de - Boufflers[43] who forced the Austrians to raise the blockade - of Genoa. I should speak of the marshal, his father[44], - of the governor who held the ramparts of Lille against the - enemies of France, and who, by that memorable defense, - consoled a great king's unhappy old age. It was of that - companion of Turenne that Madame de Maintenon said: - - "'In him the heart was the last to die.' - - [Sidenote: My speech continued.] - - "Lastly, I should go back to that Louis de Boufflers[45], - called the Robust, who displayed in combat the vigour and - valour of Hercules. Thus, at the two extremities of this - family, I should find force and grace, the knight and the - troubadour. They say that the French are sons of Hector: I - would rather believe that they descend from Achilles, for - like that hero they wield both the lyre and the sword. - - "If I wished, gentlemen, to talk to you of the celebrated - poet[46] who sang the charms of nature in such brilliant - tones, do you think that I would confine myself to pointing - out to you the admirable flexibility of a talent which - succeeded in rendering with equal distinction the regular - beauties of Virgil and the less correct beauties of Milton? - No: I would also show you the poet refusing to part from - his unfortunate countrymen, accompanying them with his - lyre to foreign shores, singing their sorrows to console - them; an illustrious exile among that crowd of banished men - whose number I increased. It is true that his age and his - infirmities, his talents and his glory had not protected him - against persecution in his own country. Men tried to make him - purchase peace with verses unworthy of his muse, and his muse - could sing only the redoubtable immortality of crime and the - reassuring immortality of virtue: - - "Rassurez-vous, vous êtes immortels[47]! - - "If, again, I wished to speak to you of a friend very dear - to my heart[48], one of those friends who, according to - Cicero, render prosperity more brilliant and adversity less - irksome, I should extol the refinement and purity of his - taste, the exquisite elegance of his prose, the beauty, the - strength, the harmony of his verses, which, while formed - after the great models, are nevertheless distinguished by - their original character. I should extol that superior talent - which has never known the feelings of envy, that talent made - happy by every success other than its own, that talent which, - for ten years, has felt all that has happened to me of an - honourable nature with the deep and simple joy known only to - the most generous characters and the liveliest friendship. - But I should not omit my friend's political side. I should - depict him at the head of one of the principal bodies of the - State, delivering those speeches which are master-pieces of - propriety, moderation and exaltedness. I should represent him - sacrificing the gentle commerce of the Muses to occupations - which would no doubt be without charm, if one did not abandon - one's self to them in the hope of forming children capable of - one day following the example of their fathers and avoiding - their errors. - - "In speaking of the men of talent of whom this meeting - is composed, I could not therefore prevent myself from - considering them from the point of view of morality and - society. One is distinguished among you by a refined, - delicate and sagacious wit, by an urbanity nowadays so - rare, and by the most honourable constancy in his moderate - opinions[49]. Another, under the ice of age, found the - warmth of youth wherewith to plead the cause of the - unfortunate[50]. A third[51], an elegant historian and - agreeable poet, becomes more venerable and more dear to us - by the memory of a father[52] and a son[53], both mutilated - in the service of the country. Yet another, by restoring - their hearing to the deaf, their speech to the dumb, recalls - to us the miracles of the Gospels, to the cult of which he - has devoted himself[54]. Are there not, gentlemen, among - you some witnesses of your former triumphs who can tell the - worthy heir[55] of the Chancelier d'Aguesseau[56] how his - grandsire's name was once applauded in this assembly? I pass - to the favourite nurselings of the nine Sisters, and I see - the venerable author of Œdipe[57] retired in his solitude - and Sophocles forgetting at Colonos the glory that calls - him back to Athens. How greatly must we cherish the other - sons of Melpomene who have interested us in the misfortunes - of our fathers! Every French heart has throbbed anew at - the presentiment of the death of Henry IV[58]. The tragic - muse has re-established the honour of those gallant knights - dastardly betrayed by history, and nobly revenged by one of - our modern Euripides[59]. - - [Sidenote: My speech continued.] - - "Coming to the successors of Anacreon, I would pause at the - amiable man[60] who, similar to the veteran of Teos[61], - still re-tells, after fifteen lustra, those love-songs - which one begins to write at fifteen years. I would also, - gentlemen, go to seek your renown on the stormy seas which - were formerly guarded by the giant Adamastor[62], and which - became appeased by the charming names of Éléonore[63] and - Virginie[64]. _Tibi rident æquora._ - - "Alas, too many of the talents in our midst have been - wandering and restless! Has poetry not sung in harmonious - verse of the art of Neptune[65], that so fatal art which - transported it to distant shores? And has not French - eloquence, after defending the altar and the State, - withdrawn, as though into its source, to the land where St. - Ambrose[66] first saw the light[67]? Why can I not here place - all the members of this assembly in a picture the colours of - which have not been embellished by flattery! For, if it be - true that envy sometimes obscures the estimable qualities - of men of letters, it is still more true that this class of - men is distinguished by lofty sentiments, by disinterested - virtues, by the hatred of oppression, devotion to friendship, - and fidelity to misfortune. It is thus, gentlemen, that I - love to consider a subject from all its aspects, and that I - love especially to give a serious character to literature - by applying it to the most exalted subjects of morality, - philosophy and history. With this independence of mind, I - must needs abstain from touching upon works which it is - impossible to examine without irritating the passions. Were - I to speak of the tragedy of _Charles IX_, could I refrain - from avenging the memory of the Cardinal de Lorraine and - discussing the strange lesson there given to Kings? _Caius - Gracchus, Calas, Henri VIII, Fénelon_[68] would in many - respects present sent to me a distortion of history upon - which to rest the same doctrines. When I read the satires, - I there find immolated men occupying places in the first - ranks of this assembly; nevertheless, written as they are - in a pure, elegant and easy style, they agreeably recall - the school of Voltaire, and I should take the more pleasure - in praising them inasmuch as my own name has not escaped - the author's malice[69]. But let us leave on one side works - which would give rise only to painful recriminations: I will - not disturb the memory of a writer who was your colleague - and who still numbers friends and admirers among you; he - will owe to religion, which appeared to him so contemptible - in the writings of those who defend it, the peace which I - wish to his tomb. But even here, gentlemen, shall I not have - the misfortune to strike upon a rock? For, in offering to - M. Chénier this tribute of respect which is due to all the - dead, I fear to meet beneath my steps ashes very differently - illustrious. If ungenerous interpretations would impute this - involuntary emotion to me as a crime, I should take refuge at - the foot of those expiatory altars which a powerful monarch - erects to the manes of outraged dynasties. Ah, how much - happier would it have been for M. Chénier not to have taken - part in those public calamities which at last fell back upon - his head! He has known, like myself, what it means to lose - in the storms a fondly cherished brother[70]. What would our - unhappy brothers have said, had God summoned them on the - same day before His tribunal? If they had met at the hour of - death, before mingling their blood they would doubtless have - cried to us, 'Cease your intestine wars, return to thoughts - of love and peace; death strikes all parties alike, and your - cruel divisions cost us our youth and our life.' That would - have been their fraternal cry. - - [Sidenote: My speech continued.] - - "If my predecessor could hear these words, which now - console only his shade, he would appreciate the tribute - which I am here paying to his brother, for he was by nature - generous: it was even this generosity of character which - drew him into new ideas, very seductive no doubt, since they - promised to restore to us the virtues of Fabricius[71]. But, - soon deceived in his hopes, he found his mood becoming - embittered, his talent changing its nature. Removed from the - poet's solitude into the midst of factions, how could he have - abandoned himself to those sentiments which make the charm of - life? Happy had he seen no sky save the sky of Greece under - which he was born[72], had he set eyes upon no ruins save - those of Sparta and Athens! I should perhaps have met him - in his mother's beautiful country, and we would have sworn - mutual friendship on the banks of the Permessus; or else, - since he was to return to his paternal fields, why did he - not follow me to the deserts upon which I was flung by our - tempests! The silence of the forests would have calmed that - troubled soul, and the huts of the savages would perhaps have - reconciled him to the palaces of kings. Vain wish! M. Chénier - remained upon the stage of our excitements and our sorrows. - Attacked while still in his youth by a mortal malady, you - have seen him, gentlemen, droop slowly towards the tomb and - leave for ever.... I have not been told of his last moments. - - "None of us, who have lived through the troubles and - excitements, shall escape the eyes of history. Who can - flatter himself that he shall be found stainless in a time - of frenzy when none has the entire use of his reason? Let - us then be full of indulgence for others; let us excuse - that of which we cannot approve. Such is human weakness, - that talent, genius, virtue itself are sometimes able to - overstep the limits of duty. M. Chénier worshipped liberty: - can we ascribe it to him as a crime? The knights themselves, - were they to issue from their tombs, would follow the light - of our century. We should see that illustrious alliance - formed between honour and liberty, as under the reign of - the Valois, upon our monuments. Gothic battlements crowned - with infinite grace the orders borrowed from the Greeks. - Is not liberty the greatest of benefits and the first of - man's needs? It kindles genius, it elevates the heart, it - is as necessary to the friend of the Muses as the air he - breathes. The arts are, to a certain point, able to live in - dependence, because they make use of a language apart, which - is not understood by the crowd; but letters, which speak an - universal language, pine and perish in irons. How shall one - compose pages worthy of the future, if one must forbid one's - self, in writing, every magnanimous sentiment, every great - and powerful thought? Liberty is so naturally the friend - of science and literature, that she takes refuge with them - when she is banished from the midst of the peoples; and it - is we, gentlemen, whom she charges to write her annals and - to revenge her on her enemies, to hand down her name and her - cult to posterity for all time. To prevent any mistake in - the interpretation of my thought, I declare that I am here - speaking only of the liberty which is born of order and gives - birth to laws, and not of that liberty which is the daughter - of license and the mother of slavery. The wrong of the author - of Charles IX did not, therefore, lie in offering his incense - to the former of these divinities, but in believing that the - rights which she gives us are incompatible with a monarchical - form of government. A Frenchman displays in his opinions that - independence which other nations show in their laws. Liberty - is for him a sentiment rather than a principle, and he is a - citizen by instinct and a subject by choice. If the writer - whose loss you are mourning had made this reflection, he - would not have embraced in one and the same love the liberty - that creates and the liberty that destroys. - - [Sidenote: My speech concluded.] - - "Gentlemen, I have finished the task which the customs of - the Academy have laid upon me. On the point of ending this - speech, I am struck with an idea which saddens me: it is - not long since M. Chénier pronounced upon my writings some - findings which he was preparing to publish; and to-day it is - I who am judging my judge. I say, in all the sincerity of my - heart, that I would rather continue exposed to the satire of - an enemy, and live peacefully in solitude, than bring home - to you, by my presence in your midst, the rapid succession - of men upon earth, the sudden apparition of that death which - overthrows our projects and our hopes, which snatches us away - at a stroke, and which sometimes hands over our memory to - men entirely opposed to us in sentiment and principle. This - platform is a sort of battle-field in which talents come by - turns to shine and die. What diverse geniuses has it not seen - pass! Corneille, Racine, Boileau, La Bruyère[73], Bossuet, - Fénelon, Voltaire, Buffon[74], Montesquieu.... Who would not - be afraid, gentlemen, to think that he is about to form a - link in the chain of that illustrious lineage? Overcome by - the weight of those immortal names, and unable to make myself - recognised through my talents as the lawful heir, I will at - least try to prove my descent by my sentiments. - - "When my turn shall have come to yield my place to the orator - who is to speak on my tomb, he may treat my works severely, - but he will be obliged to say that I loved my mother-land - passionately, that I would have endured a thousand ills - rather than cost my country a single tear, that I would - without hesitation have made the sacrifice of my days to - those noble sentiments which alone give value to life and - dignity to death. - - "But what a moment have I chosen, gentlemen, to speak to you - of mourning and obsequies! Are we not surrounded by scenes - of festivity? A solitary traveller, I was meditating a few - days since on the ruin of the destroyed empires: and now I - see a new empire arise. Scarce have I quitted the graves in - which the buried nations sleep, and I perceive a cradle laden - with the destinies of the future. The acclamations of the - soldier resound on every hand. Cæsar mounts to the Capitol; - the nations tell of marvels, of monuments upraised, cities - beautified, the frontiers of the country bathed by those - distant seas which bore the ships of Scipio, and by those - remote waters which Germanicus did not see. - - "While the triumpher advances surrounded by his legions, what - shall the tranquil children of the Muses do? They will go - before the car to add the olive-branch of peace to the palms - of victory, to mingle with the warlike recitals the touching - images which caused Æmilius Paulus[75] to weep over the - misfortunes of Perseus[76]. - - "And you, daughter of the Cæsars[77], come forth from your - palace with your young son[78] in your arms; come, to add - mercy to greatness; come, to soften victory and to temper - the glitter of arms by the gentle majesty of a queen and a - mother." - -In the manuscript which was handed back to me, the commencement of -the speech, which relates to the opinions of Milton, was struck out -from one end to the other by Bonaparte's hand. A part of my protest -against the isolation from affairs of State, in which it was desired -to keep literature, was also stigmatized with the pencil. The eulogy -of the Abbé Delille, which recalled the Emigration and the fidelity of -the poet to the misfortunes of the Royal Family and to the sufferings -of his companions in exile, was placed between brackets; the eulogy of -M. de Fontanes had a cross set against it. Almost all that I said of -M. Chénier, of his brother, of my own, of the expiatory altars which -were being prepared at Saint-Denis was slashed with pencil marks. The -paragraph commencing with the words, "M. Chénier worshipped liberty," -etc., had a double longitudinal line drawn through it. Nevertheless, -the agents of the Empire, when publishing the speech, kept this -paragraph pretty correctly. - -All was not ended when they had handed me back my speech; they wanted -to force me to write a second. I declared that I stood by the first, -and that I would write no other. The committee then declared to me that -I should not be received into the Academy. - -Gracious, generous and courageous persons, unknown to myself, -interested themselves in me. Mrs. Lindsay, who at the time of my -return to France, in 1800, had brought me from Calais to Paris, talked -to Madame Gay[79]; the latter addressed herself to Madame Regnaud de -Saint-Jean-d'Angély, who asked the Duc de Rovigo to leave me alone. The -women of that time interposed their beauty between power and misfortune. - -[Sidenote: Bonaparte's comments.] - -All this perturbation was prolonged, by the decennial prizes, until -the year 1812. Bonaparte, who was persecuting me, sent to the Academy -to ask, in the matter of those prizes, why they had not put the _Génie -du Christianisme_ on their list. The Academy explained; several of my -colleagues wrote their unfavourable judgment of my work. I might have -said what a Greek poet said to a bird: - - "Daughter of Attica, nurtured on honey, thou who singest so - well, thou snatchest a grasshopper, a fine songstress like - thyself, and carriest her for food to thy young ones. Both of - you have wings, both inhabit these regions, both celebrate - the birth of spring: wilt thou not restore to her her - liberty? It is not just that a songstress should die by the - beak of one of her fellows[80]." - -This mixture of anger against and attraction for me displayed by -Bonaparte is constant and strange: but now he threatens, and suddenly -he asks the Institute why it has not mentioned me on the occasion of -the decennial prizes. He goes further, he declares to Fontanes that, -since the Institute does not think me worthy to compete for the prizes, -he will give me one, that he will appoint me superintendent-general of -all the libraries of France: a superintendence with the salary attached -to a first-class embassy. Bonaparte's original idea of employing me in -a diplomatic career did not leave him: he would not admit, for a reason -well known to himself, that I had ceased to form part of the Ministry -of External Relations. And yet, in spite of this proposed munificence, -his Prefect of Police invited me, some time later[81], to remove myself -from Paris, and I went to continue my Memoirs at Dieppe. - -Bonaparte stooped to play the part of a teasing school-boy; he -disinterred the _Essai sur les Révolutions_ and delighted in the war -which he brought down upon me on this subject. A certain M. Damaze de -Raymond constituted himself my champion[82]: I went to thank him in -the Rue Vivienne. He had a death's-head on his mantel-piece among his -knick-knacks; some time later he was killed in a duel[83], and his -charming features went to join the frightful face that seemed to call -to him. Everyone fought in those days: one of the police-spies charged -with the arrest of Georges received a bullet in the head from him. - -To cut short my powerful adversary's unfair attack, I applied to that -M. de Pommereul of whom I spoke to you at the time of my first arrival -in Paris: he had become director-general of the State printing works -and of the department of books. I asked him for leave to reprint the -_Essai_ in its entirety. My correspondence and the result of that -correspondence can be seen in the preface to the 1826 edition of the -_Essai sur les Révolutions_, vol. II. of the Complete Works. Moreover, -the Imperial Government was exceedingly right to refuse its assent to -the reprinting of the work in its entirety: the _Essai_ was not, having -regard both to the liberties and to the Legitimate Monarchy, a book -which should be published while despotism and usurpation held sway. -The police gave itself airs of impartiality by allowing something to -be said in my favour, and it laughed while preventing me from doing -the only thing capable of defending me. On the return of Louis XVIII., -the _Essai_ was exhumed anew: as, in the time of the Empire, they had -wished to make use of it against me in a political respect, so, in -the days of the Restoration, they tried to plead it against me in a -religious respect. I have made so complete an apology for my errors in -the notes to the new edition of the _Essai historique_, that there is -nothing left wherewith to reproach me. Posterity will come and will -pronounce on both book and commentary, if such old trash is still able -to interest it. I venture to hope that it will judge the _Essai_ as my -grey head has judged it; for, as one advances in life, one assumes the -equity of the future towards which one approaches. The book and the -notes place me before the eyes of men such as I was at the commencement -of my career and such as I am at the close of that career. - -[Sidenote: The _Essai_ reprinted.] - -Moreover, this work which I have treated with pitiless rigour offers -the compendium of my existence as a poet, a moralist and a future -politician. The pith of the work is overflowing, the boldness of the -opinions urged as far as it will go. It must needs be admitted that, in -the various roads upon which I have embarked, I have never been guided -by prejudice, that I have never been blind in whatsoever cause, that no -interest has led me on, that the sides which I have taken have always -been those of my choice. - -In the _Essai_, my independence in matters of religion and politics is -complete; I examine everything: a _Republican_, I serve the Monarchy; -a _philosopher_, I honour religion. These are not contradictions: they -are forced consequences of the uncertainty of theory and the certainty -of practice among men. My mind, constructed to believe in nothing, -not even in myself, constructed to despise everything, splendours -and miseries, peoples and kings, has nevertheless been dominated by -an instinct of reason which commanded it to submit to all that is -recognised as fine: religion, justice, humanity, equality, liberty, -glory. That which people to-day dream concerning the future, that which -the present generation imagines itself to have discovered concerning a -society yet to be born, founded upon principles quite different from -those of the old society, is announced positively in the _Essai._ -I have anticipated by thirty years those who call themselves the -proclaimers of an unknown world. My acts have belonged to the ancient -city, my thoughts to the new; the former to my duty, the latter to my -nature. - -The _Essai_ was not an impious book; it was a book of doubt and sorrow. -I have already said so[84]. - -For the rest, I have had to exaggerate my fault to myself, and to -redeem with ideas of order so many passionate ideas strewn over my -works. I fear lest, at the commencement of my career, I may have -done harm to youth; I owe it a reparation, and at least I owe it -other lessons. Let it learn that one can struggle successfully with a -troubled nature; I have seen moral beauty, the divine beauty, superior -to every earthly dream: it needs but a little courage to reach it and -keep to it. - -In order to finish what I have to say touching my literary career, -I must mention the work which commenced it, and which remained in -manuscript until the year in which I inserted it in my Complete Works. - -At the beginning of the _Natchez_, the preface described how the work -was recovered in England, thanks to the trouble and the obliging -research of Messieurs de Thuisy. - -A manuscript from which I have been able to extract _Atala, René_, and -several descriptions included in the _Génie du Christianisme_, is not -absolutely barren. This first manuscript was written in one piece, -without sections; all the subjects were confused in it: journeys, -natural history, the dramatic portion, etc.; but, besides this -manuscript, composed in one stroke, there existed another, divided into -books. In this second work, I had not only proceeded to the separation -of the matter, but I had also changed the character of the composition, -by altering it from the romantic to the idyllic. - -A young man who promiscuously heaps up his ideas, his inventions, his -studies, die results of his reading, is bound to produce chaos; but -also in this chaos there is a certain fecundity which belongs to the -potency of his age. - -To me happened that which has perhaps happened to no other author: I -read again, after a lapse of thirty years, a manuscript which I had -totally forgotten. - -I had one danger to fear. In repassing the brush over the picture, I -might wipe out the colours; a surer but less rapid hand ran the risk, -while obliterating some incorrect features, of causing the liveliest -touches of youth to disappear: it was necessary to preserve the -independence and, so to speak, the passion of the composition; the foam -must be left on the bit of the youthful courser. If in the _Natchez_ -there are things which I would hazard only in trembling to-day, there -are also things which I would no longer write, especially René's letter -in the second volume. It is in my first manner, and reproduces all -René. I do not know that the Renés who followed in my steps can have -said anything more nearly approaching folly. - -[Sidenote: The _Natchez._] - -The _Natchez_ opens with an invocation to the desert and to the star of -the night, the supreme divinities of my youth: - - "In the shade of the American forests I will sing airs of - solitude such as mortal ears have not yet heard; I will - relate your adversities, O Natchez, O nation of Louisiana, of - whom naught save the memories remain! Should the misfortunes - of an obscure dweller in the woods have less claim upon our - tears than those of other men? And are the mausoleums of the - kings in our temples more touching than the tomb of an Indian - under his native oak? - - "And thou, torch of meditation, star of the night, be for me - the star of Pindus! Go before my steps across the unknown - regions of the New World, to reveal to me by thy light the - enchanting secrets of those deserts!" - -My two natures lie mingled in this singular work, particularly in the -primitive original. In it are found political incidents and romantic -intrigues; but, across the narrative, there is heard, throughout, a -voice that sings and that seems to come from an unknown region. - -* - -From 1812 to 1814, but two years are wanting to end the Empire[85], and -those two years, of which we have seen something by anticipation, were -employed by me in researches into French history, and in the writing -of some books of these Memoirs; but I did not print anything more. My -life of poetry and erudition was really closed by the publication of -my three great works, the _Génie du Christianisme_, the _Martyrs_ and -the _Itinéraire._ My political writings began with the Restoration; -with those writings also began my active political existence. Here, -therefore, ends my literary career properly so-called; carried away by -the flood of years, I had omitted it; not until this year, 1839, have I -recalled the bygone times of 1800 to 1814. - -This literary career, as you have been free to convince yourselves, was -no less disturbed than my career as a traveller and a soldier; there -were also labours, encounters, and blood in the arena; all was not -Muses and Castalian spring. My political career was even stormier. - -Perhaps some remains may mark the spot where stood my gardens of -Academus. The _Génie du Christianisme_ commences the religious -revolution against the philosophism of the eighteenth century. I was at -the same time preparing the revolution which threatens our language, -for there can be no renewal of ideas without an accompanying renewal of -style. Will there be other forms of art, at present unknown, when I am -gone? Will it be possible to start from our studies of to-day in order -to make progress, as we ourselves have taken a step forward by starting -from past studies? Are there limits which one could not overstep, -because one would then run against the nature of things? Do not those -limits lie in the division of the modern languages, in the decay of -those same languages, in human vanity such as modern society has made -it? Languages do not follow the movement of civilization until they -are on the point of attaining the period of their perfection; having -reached this zenith, they remain stationary for a moment, and then -descend, without being able to ascend again. - -[Sidenote: Youth and age.] - -Now, the story which I am finishing joins the first books of my -political life, written previously at different dates. I feel a little -more courage on returning to the finished portions of my edifice. When -I resumed my work, I trembled lest the old son of Cœlus should see -the golden trowel of the builder of Troy turn into a trowel of lead. -And yet it seems to me that my memory, when bidden to pour me out my -recollections, has not failed me too greatly. Have you felt the ice -of winter to a great extent in my narrative? Do you find an enormous -difference between the extinct ashes which I have striven to revive -and the living persons whom I have shown you in telling you of my early -youth? My years are my secretaries: when one of them comes to die, he -passes the pen to his younger brother, and I continue to dictate. As -they are of one family, they write very nearly the same hand. - -[1] This book was written in Paris in 1839, and revised in June -1847.--T. - -[2] Chateaubriand bought it from M. de Fontanes for 20,000 francs.--B. - -[3] Chateaubriand bought the Vallée-aux-Loups in August 1807, for the -sum of 30,000 francs.--B. - -[4] Madame de Lavalette was the widow of the Marquis de Béville.--B. - -[5] _Manger_, to eat; also, to run through, to squander.--T. - -[6] The Infirmary, situated at No. 86, Rue d'Enfer (now 92, Rue -Denfert-Rochereau), was founded by M. and Madame de Chateaubriand at a -considerable cost. Madame de Chateaubriand was buried beneath the altar -of the chapel.--B. - -[7] Anne Louis Girodet Trioson, originally Girodet de Roussy -(1767-1824), a pupil of David, and not only a fine painter, but also a -poet of some merit.--T. - -[8] Dominique Vivant Baron Denon (1747-1825), Director-General of -Museums under the Empire.--T. - -[9] Chateaubriand's portrait was exhibited in the Salon of 1808.--B. - -[10] Jean François Boissonade (1774-1857), a member of the Academy of -Inscriptions, and a distinguished and indefatigable Hellenist.--T. - -[11] Conrad Malte-Brun (1775-1826), the eminent Danish geographer.--T. - -[12] "Each, his hand in _th' ink-pot_, swears to be revenged."--T. - -[13] The crown of grass granted to a general who raised the siege of a -beleaguered place.--T. - -[14] François Bénoît Hoffmann (1760-1828), author of several comic -operas, and a successful writer in the _Journal des Débats._--T. - -[15] Claude Hippolyte Clausel de Montais (1769-1857) became Bishop of -Chartres in 1824. He was the first to engage, in March 1841, in the -struggle of the bishops in favour of liberty of instruction, which -led to the law of 25 March 1850. Thanks to his writings during this -contest, Monseigneur Clausel de Montais is one of the most imposing -figures in the nineteenth-century episcopate.--B. - -[16] Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755). In the -_Esprit des lois_ (1748) he treats religion respectfully, but the book -was condemned for its deistic tendency.--T. - -[17] "Tasso wandering from town to town," etc.--T. - -[18] Caius Valerius Jovius Aurelius Diocletianus, Roman Emperor -(245-313), in 303 commenced a persecution of the Christians which -lasted for ten years, or eight years after his abdication in 305.--T. - -[19] _Martyrs_, XXIII.--B. - -[20] Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (_d._ 311), -adopted son and son-in-law of Diocletian, and associated with the -latter in his persecution of the Christians.--T. - -[21] Armand de Chateaubriand married in Jersey, in 1795, Jeanne Le Brun -d'Anneville, who died in the island in 1857.--B. - -[22] The English attempted a descent on Saint-Cast in 1758 and were -defeated by the Duc d'Aiguillon.--T. - -[23] Pierre François Joachim Henry-Larivière (1761-1838) worked -ardently for the restoration of the Monarchy from the date of his -proscription by the Convention, of which he was a member, in 1797. -Louis XVIII. made him Advocate-General and a councillor of the Court of -Appeal. He refused to take the oath to Louis-Philippe on the latter's -usurpation in 1830.--B. - -[24] The original documents of Armand's trial have been sent me by an -unknown and generous hand.--_Author's Note._ - -[25] M. de Goyon-Vaurouault.--B. - -[26] Jean Louis Laya (1761-1833), author of some poetical plays and -of the _Ami des lois_, a stirring protest against the murder of Louis -XVI. He was flung into prison, where he remained until the 9 Thermidor. -Under the Empire, he became a professor at the Lycée Napoléon and -eventually obtained the chair of poetry at the Faculté des Lettres.--T. - -[27] The Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron Sicard (1742-1822), the great -teacher and benefactor of the deaf and dumb, and a fervent Royalist.--T. - -[28] Hortense Queen of Holland (1783-1837), daughter of the Empress -Joséphine by her first husband, Alexandre Vicomte de Beauharnais, and -wife of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. She retired to Switzerland -after the Restoration, with the title of Duchesse de Saint-Leu.--T. - -[29] Chateaubriand says nothing of the time which elapsed between April -1809 and January 1811. These twenty months, in fact, were marked by no -political or literary event that in any way affected him.--B. - -[30] The _Itinéraire_ appeared in the month of March 1811.--B. - -[31] Louis François Cardinal Duc de Bausset, Bishop of Alais -(1748-1824), was appointed to the see of Alais in 1784. He was -dispossessed and imprisoned under the Terror. On the return of the -Bourbons, he was created a peer of France in 1815, a cardinal in 1817, -and a duke in the same year. He had published his successful _Histoire -de Fénelon_ in 1808; his _Histoire de Bossuet_, which was less well -received, appeared in 1814.--T. - -[32] Marie Joseph de Chénier (1764-1811).--T. - -[33] A contemporary, M. Auguis, thus describes the cavalier manner in -which Chateaubriand paid his visits (he quotes from the unpublished -Diary of Ferdinand Denis, author of _Scènes de la nature sous les -tropiques_ and of _André le voyageur_): - -"When Chateaubriand went to pay his French-Academy visits, he called -upon his future colleagues on horseback. To the famous and powerful he -paid a complete visit; to the small fry he sent in his card, without -alighting from his mettlesome steed. When they came to discuss the -election, M. ---- voted for the horse of his new colleague, saying -that, in all conscience, it was the former alone that had paid him a -visit."--B. - -[34] Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), known as Hugo Grotius, the celebrated -Dutch jurist and writer on international law, author of _De Jure belli -et pacis_ (1624), by which the system of international law was created, -etc., etc., and for some years Ambassador of Christina Queen of Sweden -to France.--T. - -[35] The election took place on Wednesday 20 February 1811, forty days -after Marie Joseph Chenier's death. Only twenty-five members were -present, and Chateaubriand was elected almost unanimously.--B. - -[36] MILTON, _Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio secunda_: Archdeacon -Wrangham's translation.--T. - -[37] Cf. JOHNSON, _Lives of the English Poets: Milton_, in which the -poet is very roughly handled.--T. - -[38] The committee consisted of Messieurs François de Neufchâteau, -Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély, Lacretelle the Elder, Laujon and -Legouvé.--B. - -[39] Pierre Antoine Noël Brunot, Comte Daru (1760-1829), a moderate -revolutionary, had been imprisoned under the Terror. He was sent to -Berlin as Minister Plenipotentiary in 1806 and entered the Institute in -the same year. In 1811, he became Secretary of State, in which capacity -he opposed the Russian War. He was created a peer by the Restoration. -His works include a metrical translation of the Works of Horace (1804), -a History of the Republic of Venice (1819), a History of Brittany -(1826), etc.--T. - -[40] Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), author of the _Considération -des mœurs_, etc., was a native of Dinan, in Brittany, and was noted -for the independence of his opinions. Louis XV. pronounced the -_Considération_ to be "the work of an honest man."--T. - -[41] Stanislas Chevalier de Boufflers (1737-1815) became a member of -the Academy in 1788, on his return from the Governorship of Senegal. He -is best known for his light erotic verse.--T. - -[42] The Marquise de Boufflers, _née_ de Beauvais-Craon, a beautiful -and witty woman who had done the honours of the Court of King -Stanislaus.--T. - -[43] Joseph Marie Duc de Boufflers (1706-1747) relieved Genoa, besieged -by the Imperial forces and by the King of Sardinia, in 1747, and died -there in the same year of the small-pox.--T. - -[44] Louis François Maréchal Duc de Boufflers (1644-1711), a pupil of -Condé and the Turennes, became famous through his defense of Lille -in 1708, for which service he was created a duke and a peer. He also -conducted the retreat and saved the French Army after the defeat of -Malplaquet in 1709.--T. - -[45] Louis de Boufflers (1534-1553), a guidon to the Duc d'Enghien, and -noted for his superhuman feats of strength and agility. He was killed, -at the age of nineteen, at the siege of Pont-sur-Yonne.--T. - -[46] The Abbé Delille.--B. - -[47] "Be reassured, immortality's yours:" a line from Delille's -_Dithyrambe sur l'immortalité de l'âme_, written during the Terror.--T. - -[48] M. de Fontanes.--B. - -[49] M. Suard.--B. - -[50] The Abbé Morellet, who, in 1795, had published two eloquent -appeals in favour of the victims of the Revolution, the _Cri des -familles_ and the _Cause des pères._--B. - -[51] Lieutenant-General Louis Philippe Comte de Ségur (1753-1830), a -very intelligent writer. After going through the American War with -Lafayette, he was sent as Ambassador to Russia, while still a very -young man, returned to France on the outbreak of the Revolution, lived -on his pen and was admitted to the Academy. Napoleon made him his -Grand-Master of Ceremonies and a senator; under the Restoration, he was -created a peer of France.--T. - -[52] Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis de Ségur (1724-1801) was badly -wounded at the battle of Klosterkamp, in 1760.-T. - -[53] Philippe Paul Comte de Ségur, author of the _Campagne de Russie_, -was riddled with bullets at the Battle of Sommo-Sierra (1808), -and refused to cease fighting until he swooned in the arms of his -grenadiers.--B. - -[54] The Abbé Sicard.--B. - -[55] Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte d'Aguesseau (1746-1826).--B. - -[56] Henri François d'Aguesseau (1668-1751), thrice Chancellor of -France.--T. - -[57] Jean Francois Ducis (1733-1816), the tragic poet, author of -_Œdipe chez Admète_, imitated from Sophocles and Euripides, and of -imitations of many of Shakespeare's tragedies. His only original play -was _Abufar, ou La Famille arabe_, which obtained a great success. He -received Voltaire's seat in the Academy in 1778. Ducis refused the many -advantages offered him by Bonaparte, preferring to live in poor and -honourable retirement.--T. - -[58] Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste Legouvé (1764-1812), the poet, author -of the _Mort d'Abel_, the _Mort d'Henri IV_ and other tragedies, and of -some didactic poetry which is better than the plays.--T. - -[59] François Juste Marie Raynouard (1761-1836), author of the tragedy -of the _Templiers_, entered the Academy in 1807 and became its -perpetual secretary in 1817.--T. - -[60] Pierre Laujon (1727-1811), author of some comic operas and of a -collection of sportive verse entitled _À-propos de société_ (1771). He -had been secretary to the Prince de Condé.--T. - -[61] Anacreon was born at Teos.--T. - -[62] Cf. CAMOËNS, _Luciad_, where Adamastor is represented as the giant -spirit of storms, warning Vasco de Gama off the Cape of Storms, now the -Cape of Good Hope.--T. - -[63] The Chevalier de Parny, author of _Éléonore_, was born in the Île -Bourbon.--T. - -[64] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, author of _Paul et Virginie_, lived -three years in the Mauritius.--T. - -[65] Joseph Alphonse Esménard (1770-1811) accompanied General Leclerc -to San Domingo, and on his return wrote his poem of the _Navigation._ -Napoleon made him Theatrical Censor. In 1810, he entered the Institute. -He was exiled, in 1811, for writing against the Emperor Alexander, -returned to France after three months, and was immediately killed by a -fall from his carriage.--T. - -[66] St. Ambrose (_circa_ 340-397), one of the Fathers of the Church, -was Governor of Liguria when he was elected bishop by the people, -although himself but recently converted to Christianity and as yet -unbaptized. He was ordained priest and consecrated Bishop of Milan -within a few days (374). St. Ambrose is honoured on the 7th of -December.--T. - -[67] Jean Siffrein Cardinal Maury (1746-1817) had been appointed to the -See of Montefiascone by Pope Pius VI. in 1794. In 1810, Napoleon had -nominated him Archbishop of Paris, a fact which Chateaubriand purposely -disregards.--B. - -[68] Chénier's tragedy of _Charles IX_ was produced in 1789, _Henri -VIII_ and the _Mort de Calas_ in 1791, _Gracchus_ in 1792, _Fénelon_ in -1793.--T. - -[69] A reference to an attack in Chénier's satire entitled the -_Nouveaux Saints_, which commences thus: - - Ah! vous parlez du diable? il est bien poétique, - Dit le dévot Chactas, ce sauvage érotique. ---B. - -[70] André de Chénier, guillotined in 1794.--T. - -[71] Caius Fabricius Luscinus (_fl._ 282 B.C.), the type of the ancient -Roman virtue.--T. - -[72] Marie Joseph Chénier was born in Constantinople in 1764.--T. - -[73] Jean de La Bruyère (1644-1696), author of the _Caractères._--T. - -[74] Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788), the great -naturalist.--T. - -[75] Lucius Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus (228-160 B.C.), elected Consul -in 182 and 168, defeated Perseus in 167 B.C., and subdued Macedonia.--T. - -[76] Perseus, the last King of Macedon (_d._ 167 B.C.), adorned his -conqueror's triumph and allowed himself to die of starvation in his -prison in Rome.--T. - -[77] Marie-Louise Empress of the French (1791-1847), daughter of the -Emperor Francis I., had been married to Napoleon on the 1st of April -1810.--T. - -[78] Francis Charles Joseph Napoleon Duc de Reichstadt (1811-1832), -created King of Rome on his birth (20 March).--T. - -[79] Marie Françoise Sophie Gay (1776-1852), _née_ Nichault de -Lavalette, author of _Léonie de Montbreuse, Anatolie_, the _Salons -célèbres_ and other successful and distinguished works, and mother of -Madame Émile de Girardin.--T. - -[80] An epigram from the Anthology. The bird to which the Greek poet -addressed it is the nightingale, "too great a friend of the author's," -as M. de Marcellus very neatly observes, "for him to dare to call it by -its name when about to speak ill of it."--B. - -[81] 4 September 1812.--B. - -[82] In a pamphlet entitled, _Réponse aux attaques dirigées contre M. -de Chateaubriand._--B. - -[83] Damaze de Raymond died on the 27th of February 1813, in a duel -resulting from a quarrel at the gaming-table.--B. - -[84] _Cf._ Vol. II. p. 116.--T. - -[85] Except in so far as concerns the incidents of his literary -life, Chateaubriand's Memoirs give us hardly any details on the two -years elapsing between 1812 and 1814. They were spent between the -Vallée-aux-Loups and an apartment in the Rue de Rivoli which M. and -Madame de Chateaubriand had hired from M. Alexandre de Laborde.--B. - - - - -PART THE THIRD - - -1814-1830 - - - - -BOOKS I AND II - - -The last days of the Empire - - -Youth is a charming thing: it sets out at life's commencement crowned -with flowers, as did the Athenian fleet going to conquer Sicily and the -delightful plains of Enna. The prayer is offered aloud by the priest -of Neptune, libations are made from goblets of gold, the crowd lining -the coast unites its invocations to those of the pilot, the pæan is -sung while the sail is unfurled to the rays and to the breath of dawn. -Alcibiades[86], arrayed in purple and beautiful as Love, is noticeable -on the triremes, proud of the seven chariots which he has launched -on the Olympian race-course. But, scarce is the isle of Alcinous[87] -passed, when the illusion vanishes: Alcibiades, banished, goes to -grow old far away from his country and to die pierced with arrows -on Timandra's bosom. The companions of his early hopes, enslaved at -Syracuse, have nothing to alleviate the weight of their chains but a -few verses of Euripides. - -You have seen my youth quitting the shore: it had not the beauty of the -pupil of Pericles[88], educated upon the knees of Aspasia[89] but it -had the same morning hours--and longings and dreams, God knows! I have -described those dreams to you: to-day, returning to land after many -an exile, I have nothing more to tell you but truths sad as my age. -If at times I still sound the chords of the lyre, these are the last -harmonies of the poet seeking to cure himself of the wounds caused by -the arrows of time, or to console himself for the slavery of years. - -You know how changeable was my life during my condition as a traveller -and a soldier; you know of my literary existence from 1800 to 1813, -the year in which you left me at the Vallée-aux-Loups, which still -belonged to me when my political career opened. We are about to enter -into that career: before penetrating into it, I must needs revert to -the general facts which I have overlooked while occupying myself solely -with my works and my personal adventures. Those facts are of Napoleon's -making. Let us therefore pass to him; let us speak of the huge edifice -which was being built outside my dreams. I now turn historian without -ceasing to be an autobiographer; a public interest is about to support -my private confidences; my own smaller recitals will group themselves -around my narrative. - -When the war of the Revolution broke out, the kings did not understand -it; they saw a revolt where they ought to have seen the changing of -the nations, the end and the commencement of a world: they flattered -themselves that for them there was a question only of enlarging their -States with a few provinces taken from France; they believed in -bygone military tactics, in bygone diplomatic treaties, in cabinet -negociations: and conscripts were about to set Frederic's grenadiers to -flight; monarchs were about to come to sue for peace in the ante-rooms -of a few obscure demagogues; and awful revolutionary opinion was about -to unravel the intrigues of old Europe upon the scaffolds. That old -Europe thought it was fighting only France; it did not perceive that a -new age was marching upon it. - -Bonaparte, in the course of his ever-increasing successes, seemed -called upon to change the royal dynasties, to make his own the oldest -of them all. He had made Kings of the Electors of Bavaria, Wurtemberg -and Saxony; he had given the crown of Naples to Murat, that of Spain -to Joseph, that of Holland to Louis, that of Westphalia to Jerome; his -sister, Élisa Bacciochi, was Princess of Lucca; he, on his own account, -was Emperor of the French, King of Italy, in which kingdom were -included Venice, Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza; Piedmont was united to -France; he had consented to allow one of his captains, Bernadotte[90], -to reign in Sweden; by the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine -he exercised the rights of the House of Austria over Germany; he had -declared himself the mediator of the Helvetian Confederation; he had -laid Prussia low; without possessing a bark, he had declared the -British Isles in a state of blockade. England, in spite of her fleets, -was on the point of not having a port in Europe in which to discharge a -bale of merchandise or post a letter. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's position in 1813.] - -The Papal States formed part of the French Empire; the Tiber was -a French department. In the streets of Paris, one saw cardinals, -half-prisoners, who, putting their heads through the window of their -cab, asked: - -"Is this where the King of ---- lives?" - -"No," replied the porter to whom the question was put, "it's higher up." - -Austria had redeemed herself only by handing over her daughter: the -"raider" of the South[91] demanded Honoria[92] from Valentinian[93], -with half of the provinces of the Empire. - -How had those miracles been worked? What qualities were possessed by -the man who gave birth to them? What qualities did he lack for their -achievement? I will trace the immense fortune of Bonaparte, who, -notwithstanding, passed so quickly that his days fill but a short -period of the time covered by these Memoirs. Fastidious productions of -genealogies, cold disquisitions upon facts, insipid verifications of -dates are the burdens and servitudes of the writer.[94] - -. . . . . . . . . - -. . . . . . . . . - -. . . . . . . . . - -In the Second Book of these Memoirs you have read (I had then returned -from my first exile to Dieppe): - -"I have been permitted to return to my valley. The soil trembles -beneath the steps of the foreign soldier: I am writing, like the last -of the Romans, to the sound of the Barbarian invasion. By day I compose -pages as agitated as the events of the day; at night, while the rolling -of the distant cannon dies away in my solitary woods, I return to the -silence of the years that sleep in the grave and to the peace of my -youngest memories." - -* - -Those agitated pages which I composed by day were notes relating to -the events of the moment which, when collected, formed my pamphlet _De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons._ I had so high an opinion of the genius of -Napoleon and the gallantry of our soldiers that an invasion by the -foreigner which should be successful in its ultimate result could not -enter into my head; but I thought that this invasion, by making France -realize the danger to which Napoleon's ambition had brought her, would -lead to a movement from within and that the enfranchisement of the -French would be worked by their own hands. It was with this idea that -I was writing my notes, so that, if our political assemblies should -stay the march of the Allies and resolve to sever from a great man who -had become a scourge, they should know to whom to resort; the shelter -seemed to me to lie in the authority, modified in accordance with the -times, under which our ancestors had lived during eight centuries: -when, in a storm, one finds nothing within reach but an old edifice, -all in ruins though it be, one retires to it. - -In the winter of 1813 to 1814, I took an apartment in the Rue de -Rivoli, opposite the first gate of the garden of the Tuileries, before -which I had heard the death of the Duc d'Enghien cried. As yet there -was nothing to be seen in that street except the arcades built by the -Government and a few houses rising here and there with their lateral -denticulation of projecting stones. - -It needed nothing less than the spectacle of the calamities weighing -on France to maintain the aversion which Napoleon inspired and at the -same time to protect one's self against the admiration which he caused -to revive so soon as he acted: he was the proudest genius of action -that ever existed; his first campaign in Italy and his last campaign in -France (I am not speaking of Waterloo) are his two finest campaigns: he -was Condé in the first, Turenne in the second, a great warrior in the -former, a great man in the latter; but they differed in their results: -by the one he gained the Empire, by the other he lost it. His last -hours of power, all uprooted, all barefoot as they were, could not be -drawn from him, like a lion's tooth, save by the efforts of the arms of -Europe. The name of Napoleon was still so formidable that the hostile -armies crossed the Rhine in terror; they unceasingly looked behind -them, in order well to assure themselves that their retreat would be -possible; masters of Paris, they trembled yet. Alexander[95], casting -his eyes towards Russia while entering France, congratulated the -persons who were able to go away, and wrote his anxieties and regrets -to his mother[96]. - -[Sidenote: His campaign in France.] - -Napoleon beat the Russians at Saint-Dizier[97], the Prussians and -Russians at Brienne[98], as though to do honour to the fields in which -he had been brought up. He routed the Army of Silesia at Montmirail[99] -and Champaubert[100] and a portion of the main army at Montereau[101]. -He made head everywhere; went and returned on his steps; repelled the -columns by which he was surrounded. The Allies proposed an armistice; -Bonaparte tore up the proffered preliminaries and exclaimed: - -"I am nearer to Vienna than the Emperor of Austria is to Paris!" - -Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, for their mutual consolation, -concluded a new treaty of alliance at Chaumont[102]; but in reality -they were alarmed at Bonaparte's resistance and were thinking of -retreat. At Lyons an army[103] was forming on the Austrian flank; -Marshal Soult was checking the English; the Congress of Châtillon[104], -which was not dissolved until the 18th of March, was still negociating. -Bonaparte drove Blücher[105] from the heights of Craonne[106]. The main -allied army had triumphed on the 26th of February, at Bar-sur-Aube, -thanks only to superiority in numbers. Bonaparte, multiplying himself, -had recovered Troyes[107], which the Allies reoccupied[108]. From -Craonne he had moved upon Rheims[109]. - -"To-night," he said, "I shall go to take my father-in-law at Troyes." - -On the 20th of March, an affair took place near Arcis-sur-Aube[110]. -Amid a rolling fire of artillery, a shell having fallen in front of a -square of the guards, the square appeared to make a slight movement: -Bonaparte dashed towards the projectile, the fuse of which was smoking, -and made his horse sniff at it; the shell burst, and the Emperor came -safe and sound from the midst of the shattered bolt. - -The battle was to recommence the following day, but Bonaparte, -yielding to the inspiration of genius, an inspiration which was -none the less fatal, retired in order to bear upon the rear of the -confederate troops, separate them from their stores, and swell his -own army with the garrisons of the frontier places. The foreigners -were preparing to fall back upon the Rhine, when Alexander, by one of -these Heaven-inspired impulses which change a whole world, took the -resolve to march upon Paris, the road to which was becoming free[111]. -Napoleon thought he would draw the mass of the enemy after him, and he -was followed, by only ten thousand men of the cavalry, whom he believed -to be the advance-guard of the main troops, whereas they masked the -real movement of the Prussians and Muscovites. He dispersed those ten -thousand horse at Saint-Dizier and Vitry, and then perceived that the -great allied army was not behind them: that army, which was flinging -itself upon the capital, had before it only Marshals Marmont[112] and -Mortier[113], with about twelve thousand conscripts. - -[Sidenote: He retires to Fontainebleau.] - -Napoleon hurriedly made for Fontainebleau[114]: there a sainted -victim[115], retiring, had left the requiter and the avenger. Two -things in history always go side by side: let a man enter upon a path -of injustice, and he at the same time opens for himself a path of -perdition in which, at a given distance, the first road will converge -into the second. - -* - -Men's minds were greatly agitated: the hope of at all costs seeing -brought to a close a cruel war which, since twenty years, had been -weighing down upon France sated with misfortune and glory, this hope -carried the day, among the masses, over the feeling of nationality. -Each one thought of the part he would have to take in the approaching -catastrophe. Every evening my friends came to talk at Madame de -Chateaubriand's, to tell and comment upon the events of the day. -Messieurs de Fontanes, de Clausel, Joubert gathered with the crowd -of those transient friends whom events bring and events withdraw. -Madame la Duchesse de Lévis, beautiful, peaceable and devoted, whom -we shall meet again at Ghent, kept Madame de Chateaubriand faithful -company. Madame la Duchesse de Duras was also in Paris, and I often -went to see Madame la Marquise de Montcalm[116], sister to the Duc de -Richelieu[117]. - -I continued to be persuaded, despite the near approach of the -battle-fields, that the Allies would not enter Paris and that a -national insurrection would put an end to our fears. The obsession -of this idea prevented me from feeling the presence of the foreign -armies as keenly as I might have done: but I could not keep myself from -reflecting upon the calamities to which we had subjected Europe, when I -saw Europe bring them back to us. - -I never ceased working at my pamphlet; I was preparing it as a remedy -when the moment of anarchy should come to burst forth. It is not thus -that we write nowadays, when we live at our ease, with only a war of -broadsheets to fear: at night, I turned the key in my lock; I placed -my papers under my pillow, with two loaded revolvers on my table: I -slept between these two muses. My text was in duplicate: I had written -it in the form of a pamphlet, which it retained, and in the shape of a -speech, differing in some respects from the pamphlet; I thought that, -when France rose, they might assemble at the Hôtel de Ville, and I had -prepared myself on two topics. - -Madame de Chateaubriand wrote a few notes at various periods of our -common life; among those notes I find the following paragraph: - - "M. de Chateaubriand was writing his pamphlet _De Bonaparte - et des Bourbons._ If that pamphlet had been seized, the - result was not doubtful: the sentence was the scaffold. - Nevertheless the author displayed incredible negligence in - concealing it. Often he would go out and leave it on the - table; his prudence never went beyond placing it under his - pillow, which he used to do before his valet, a very honest - fellow, but liable to temptation. As for me, I was in a - mortal fright: and, so soon as M. de Chateaubriand had gone - out, I used to take the manuscript and place it about my - person. One day, while crossing the Tuileries, I noticed that - I no longer had it, and, being sure that I had felt it on - leaving the house, I had no doubt that I had lost it on the - way. Already I saw the fatal work in the hands of the police - and M. de Chateaubriand arrested: I fell unconscious in the - middle of the garden; some kind people assisted me, and - afterwards took me home, which was not far off. What torture - when, on climbing the stairs, I hovered between a fear which - was almost a certainty and a slight hope that I had forgotten - to take the pamphlet! As I approached my husband's bedroom, - I felt myself fainting once more; I went in at last; nothing - on the table; I went up to the bed; I first felt the pillow, - I perceived nothing; I lifted it up, and saw the roll of - papers! My heart beats whenever I think of it. I have never - experienced such a moment of joy in my life. Certainly, I can - truthfully say that it would not have been so great had I - seen myself released at the foot of the scaffold; for, after - all, it was some one dearer to me than myself whom I saw - released from it." - -How unhappy should I be if I could have caused a moment of trouble to -Madame de Chateaubriand! - -I had nevertheless been obliged to entrust a printer[118] with my -secret: he had consented to risk the business; according to the news of -the hour, he used to return the half-composed proofs to me, or come to -fetch them back, as the sound of the cannon approached or drew farther -from Paris: I played pitch-and-toss with my life, in this way, for -nearly a fortnight. - - -[Sidenote: War at the gates of Paris.] - -The circle was drawing closer around the capital: at every moment we -heard of some progress on the part of the enemy. Russian prisoners and -French wounded entered promiscuously through the barriers, drawn in -carts: some, half-dead, fell beneath the wheels, which they stained -with their blood. Conscripts called up from the interior crossed the -capital in a long file on their way to the armies. At night, one heard -trains of artillery pass along the outer boulevards, and one did not -know whether the distant detonations announced the decisive victory or -the final defeat. - -The war at last came and fixed itself outside the barriers of Paris. -From the top of the towers of Notre-Dame, one could see the head of -the Russian columns appear, like the first undulations of the tide of -the sea upon a beach. I felt what a Roman must have experienced when, -from the ridge of the Capitol, he beheld the soldiers of Alaric[119] -and the old city of the Latins at his feet, as I beheld the Russian -soldiers and, at my feet, the old city of the Gauls. Farewell, then, -paternal gods, hearths which preserved the traditions of the country, -roofs beneath which had breathed both Virginia[120], sacrificed by -her father to modesty and liberty, and Héloïse, consecrated by love to -letters and religion. - -Paris had not since centuries seen the smoke of an enemy's camp, and it -was Bonaparte who, from triumph to triumph, brought the Thebans within -sight of the women of Sparta. Paris was the bourn from which he had -started to conquer the earth: he returned to it leaving behind him the -huge conflagration of his useless conquests. - -The people rushed to the Jardin des Plantes, which, in olden times, -the fortified Abbey of St. Victor might have been able to protect: -the small world of swans and plantain-trees, to which our power had -promised an eternal peace, was perturbed. From the summit of the -labyrinth, looking over the great cedar, over the public granaries -which Bonaparte had not had time to complete, beyond the site of the -Bastille and the keep of Vincennes (spots which told the tale of our -successive history), the crowd watched the infantry-fire in the combat -of Belleville. Montmartre was carried: the cannon-balls fell as far as -the Boulevard du Temple. A few companies of the National Guard made a -sortie and lost three hundred men in the fields around the tomb of the -"martyrs." Never did military France, in the midst of her reverses, -shine with a brighter glory; the last heroes were the one hundred -and fifty lads of the Polytechnic School, transformed into gunners -in the redoubts on the Vincennes Road. Surrounded by the enemy, they -refused to surrender; they had to be tom from their pieces: the Russian -grenadier seized them, blackened with gun-powder and covered with -wounds; while they struggled in his arms, he lifted those young French -palm-branches in the air with cries of victory and admiration and -restored them all bleeding to their mothers. - -During that time Cambacérès was fleeing with Marie-Louise, the King of -Rome and the Regency. The following proclamation was read on the walls: - - "KING JOSEPH[121], LIEUTENANT-GENERAL OF THE EMPEROR, - COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE NATIONAL GUARD. - - "CITIZENS OF PARIS, - - "The Council of Regency has provided for the safety of the - Empress and the King of Rome: I remain with you. Let us arm - ourselves to defend this town, its monuments, its riches, our - wives, our children, all that is dear to us. Let this vast - city become a camp for a short while, and let the enemy meet - with his disgrace under its walls, which he hopes to surmount - in triumph." - -Rostopschin[122] did not pretend to defend Moscow; he burnt it down. -Joseph announced that he would never leave the Parisians, and privately -decamped, leaving his courage placarded at the street-corners. - -[Sidenote: M. de Talleyrand.] - -M. de Talleyrand made one of the Regency appointed by Napoleon. Since -the day on which the Bishop of Autun, under the Empire, ceased to -be Minister of Foreign Affairs, he had dreamt of but one thing, the -disappearance of Bonaparte followed by the regency of Marie-Louise, a -regency of which he, the Prince de Bénévent, would have been the head. -Bonaparte, in appointing him a member of a provisional regency in -1814, seemed to have favoured his secret wishes. The Napoleonic death -had not occurred; there remained for M. de Talleyrand but to hobble -at the feet of the colossus whom he was unable to overthrow, and to -turn the moment to account on his own behalf: the genius of that man -of bargains and compromises lay in contriving. The position presented -difficulties: to remain in the capital was the obvious course; but, if -Bonaparte returned, the prince, separated from the fugitive Regency, -the prince, lagging behind, ran the risk of being shot: on the other -hand, how to abandon Paris at the moment when the Allies might be -entering it? Would it not be to forego the profits of success, to -betray that morrow of events for which M. de Talleyrand was made? So -far from leaning towards the Bourbons, he feared them by reason of his -various apostacies. However, since there was some sort of chance for -them, M. de Vitrolles[123], with the assent of the married prelate, -had stealthily repaired to the Congress of Châtillon, as the unavowed -whisperer of the Legitimacy. Having taken this precaution, the prince, -in order to get clear of his difficulties in Paris, had recourse to one -of those tricks of which he was a past master. - -M. de Laborie, who, soon after, became confidential secretary to the -Provisional Government under M. Dupont de Nemours[124], went to M. de -Laborde, who was attached to the National Guard, and revealed the fact -of M. de Talleyrand's departure: - -"He is preparing," said he, "to follow the Regency; it will perhaps -appear necessary to you to arrest him, in order to be in a position to -negociate with the Allies if need be." - -The comedy was played to perfection. The prince's carriages were -ostentatiously got ready; he started at broad noon-day, on the 30th of -March: on reaching the Barrière d'Enfer, he was inexorably sent back -home, in spite of his protestations. In case of a miraculous return, -the proofs were there showing that the ex-minister had tried to join -Marie-Louise and that the armed force had prevented his passage. - - -Meantime, on the advent of the Allies, the Comte Alexandre de Laborde -and M. Tourton, superior officers of the National Guard, had been -sent to the Generalissimo, Prince von Schwarzenberg[125], who had -been one of Bonaparte's generals during the Russian campaign. The -Generalissimo's proclamation was made known in Paris on the evening of -the 30th of March. It said: - - "For twenty years Europe has been inundated with blood - and tears: the attempts made to put an end to all these - sufferings have been useless, because the very principle - of the government by which you are oppressed contains an - insurmountable obstacle to peace. Parisians, you know the - situation in which your country is placed: the preservation - and the tranquillity of your city will be the object of the - cares of the Allies. It is with these sentiments that Europe, - in arms before your walls, addresses herself to you!" - - -What a magnificent acknowledgment of France's greatness: - -"Europe, in arms before your walls, addresses herself to you!" - -[Sidenote: Capitulation of Paris.] - -We, who had respected nothing, were respected by those whose towns -we had ravaged and who, in their turn, had become the stronger. We -appeared as a sacred nation in their eyes; our lands were to them -as a field of Elis upon which, by order of the gods, no battalion -dared trample. If, notwithstanding, Paris had thought fit to offer a -resistance, very easily made, of four-and-twenty hours, the results -would have been changed; but nobody, except the soldiers intoxicated -with fire and glory, wanted any more of Bonaparte, and, dreading lest -they should keep him, the people hastened to open the gates. - -Paris capitulated on the 31st of March: the military capitulation is -signed, in the names of Marshals Mortier; and Marmont, by Colonels -Denys[126] and Fabvier[127]; the civil capitulation was made in the -names of the mayors of Paris. The Municipal and Departmental Council -sent a deputation to the Russian head-quarters to arrange the several -clauses: my companion in exile, Christian de Lamoignon, was one of the -delegates. Alexander said to them: - -"Your Emperor, who was my ally, came into the very heart of my States -to bring with him evils of which the traces will long remain: a just -defense has brought me here. I am far from wishing to return to France -the wrongs which she has done me. I am just, and I know that the -French: are not to blame. The French are my friends, and I wish to -prove to them that I have come to return good for evil. Napoleon is my -only enemy. I promise my special protection to the city of Paris; I -shall protect and preserve all public institutions; I shall let only -picked troops remain there; I shall preserve your National Guard, -which is composed of the pick of your citizens. It is for yourselves -to ensure your happiness in the future; you must give yourselves a -government which will procure your repose and that of Europe. It is for -you to express your wish: you will always find me ready to second your -efforts." - -These words were punctually fulfilled: the joy of victory surmounted -every other interest in the eyes of the Allies. What must have been -Alexander's feelings when he caught sight of the domes of the buildings -of that town where no foreigner had ever entered except to admire us, -to revel in the marvels of our civilization and our intelligence; -of that inviolable city, defended by its great men during twelve -Centuries; of that glorious capital which Louis XIV. seemed still to -protect with his shade and Bonaparte with his return! - - - -[86] Alcibiades (450-404 B.C.) started on his ill-fated expedition to -Sicily in 416 B.C.--T. - -[87] Alcinous King of the Phæacians, who welcomed Ulysses in the island -of Corcyra.--T. - -[88] Pericles (_circa_ 494-429 B.C.) was Alcibiades' uncle and -instructor.--T. - -[89] Aspasia had married Pericles after having been his mistress.--T. - -[90] Charles XIV. King of Sweden (1764-1844), as General Bernadotte, -was adopted by Charles XIII., abjured Catholicism, fought against -France in 1813, and succeeded in 1818.--T. - -[91] Attila, King of the Huns (_d._ 453). He claimed half the Western -Empire as the betrothed husband of Honoria.--T. - -[92] Justa Grata Honoria (_b. circa_ 418), a Roman princess, daughter -of Constantius III., Emperor of the West. She was disgraced and kept -guarded because of her intrigue with Eugenius, and is said to have sent -to Attila to claim her as his bride.--T. - -[93] Valentinian III. (419-455), Honoria's brother. The losses of his -reign included Africa (to the Vandals), Britain, and large parts of -Gaul and Spain.--T. - -[94] Here I omit Chateaubriand's long history of the career of Napoleon -Bonaparte, extending over two books of these Memoirs. The publishers -propose to issue it as a supplementary volume when the publication of -the Memoirs proper has been completed.--T. - -[95] Alexander I. Paulowitch, Emperor of Russia (1777-1825).--T. - -[96] The Dowager-Empress Maria Sophia Dorothea Augusta (1759-1828), -widow of Paul I., and daughter of Frederic Eugene Duke of -Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard.--T. - -[97] 27 January 1814.--T. - -[98] 29 January 1814. Napoleon had been educated at the military school -at Brienne.--T. - -[99] 10 February 1814.--T. - -[100] 11 February.--T. - -[101] 18 February.--T. - -[102] 1 March 1814.--B. - -[103] Under the command of Marshal Augereau, Duc de Castiglione.--B. - -[104] The Congress of Châtillon, between the four allied Powers and -France, had opened on the 5th of February 1814. France was represented -by the Duc de Vicence; Austria by Count von Stadion; Prussia by Baron -von Humboldt; Russia by Count Razumowsky; England by Sir Charles -Stuart, with Lord Cathcart and the Earl of Aberdeen.--T. - -[105] Field-Marshal Gebhart Lebrecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstadt -(1743-1819), who played a prominent part in command of the Prussian -forces in the Waterloo campaign.--T. - -[106] 7 March 1814.--T. - -[107] 27 February.--T. - -[108] 4 March.--T. - -[109] Napoleon drove a Russian corps out of Rheims on the 13th of March -1814.--T. - -[110] The Battle of Arcis-Sur-Aube lasted two days (20 and 21 March). -It was the last battle which Napoleon delivered in person in this -campaign. He had to abandon the field to the enemy; but the two -days were none the less most glorious for the French soldiers and -their leader. Napoleon's 20,000 men had resisted a mass which rose -successively from 40,000 to 90,000.--B. - -[111] I have heard General Pozzo tell that it was he who persuaded the -Emperor Alexander to march forward.--_Author's Note._ - -The resolution to march on Paris was taken on the 24th of March, at -Sommepuis.--B. - -[112] Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de Raguse -(1774-1852), one of Napoleon's most distinguished commanders. Under the -Restoration, he became a peer of France and Major-General of the Royal -Guard, and he clung to the Elder Line after the usurpation of the Duc -d'Orléans. Marmont was elected an honorary member of the Academy of -Science in 1816.--T. - -[113] Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de Trévise -(1768-1835), played a prominent part in the Republic and the Empire. He -was created a peer of France under the First Restoration, but rallied -to Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and was deprived of his peerage in -1815, on refusing to try Marshal Ney. He sat in the Chamber of Deputies -from 1816 to 1819, when his peerage was restored to him; accepted the -office of Minister for War under the Usurpation; and was killed, in -July 1835, by Fieschi's infernal machine, while riding by the side of -Louis-Philippe.--T. - -[114] He arrived at Fontainebleau in the night of the 30th of March. -The Capitulation of Paris was signed at two o'clock on the morning of -the 31st.--B. - -[115] Pope Pius VII., who had been released from his captivity at -Fontainebleau early in the year.--T. - -[116] The Marquise de Montcalm was the half-sister of the Duc de -Richelieu. Their father, the Duc de Fronsac, had married twice, first, -Mademoiselle d'Hautefort, by whom he had a son, the future minister of -the Restoration; secondly, Mademoiselle de Gallifet, by whom he had two -daughters, Armande and Simplicie, who became Marquise de Montcalm and -Marquise de Jumilhac respectively.--B. - -[117] Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1766-1822), -emigrated in 1789 and served with distinction in the Russian Army. He -returned to France in 1814 and in the following year was appointed -President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He used his -great influence with the Emperor of Russia in order to reduce the -period of the foreign occupation, at the end of which, in 1818, he -retired from office, the Chambers voting him a reward of 50,000 francs -a year, the whole of which he devoted to the endowment of a hospital -at Bordeaux. In 1820, he was again appointed Prime Minister, after -the assassination of the Duc de Berry, and set himself to repress the -spirit of independence and discontent which was being displayed. His -consequent loss of popularity caused him to resign in 1821, and he died -a few months later, in 1822, universally esteemed.--T. - -[118] M. Mame, the founder of the great Tours publishing-house.--T. - -[119] Alaric I. King of the Visigoths (382-412) besieged Rome three -times in 409 and 410, and took the city by assault in the latter -year.--T. - -[120] Virginia was killed by her father, Virginius, in 449 B.C., to -save her from the lust of Appius Claudius, one of the Decemvirs of -Rome. The people rose after this event, which led to the abolition of -the Decemvirate.--T. - -[121] Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), Napoleon's elder brother, was King -of Naples from 1806 to 1808, and King of Spain from 1808 to 1813. -After Waterloo, he took refuge in the United States, where he lived -for eleven years as Comte de Survilliers, returning to Europe in 1826, -when he resided successively in England and Italy until his death in -1844.--T. - -[122] General Feodor Count Rostopschin (1765-1826) was Governor of -Moscow in 1812 at the time of the French invasion, when he set fire to -the town in order to deprive the enemy of all resources.--T. - -[123] Eugène François Auguste d'Armand, Baron de Vitrolles (1774-1854), -had fought in the Army of Condé, but was created a baron of the -Empire in 1812. He took up the cause of the Bourbons in 1814, and -was imprisoned by Bonaparte during the Hundred Days. Under the -Second Restoration, he became principal agent of the personal -policy of Monsieur (the Comte d'Artois). He was appointed Minister -Plenipotentiary to Florence in 1827 and created a peer in 1830. The -fall of the Elder Branch drove him back into private life.--B. - -[124] Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours (1739-1817), author of a number -of works on economy, politics, physiology, natural history and general -physics, had remained loyal to Louis XVI. under the Revolution, and -fled to America during the Terror. He returned to France under the -Consulate. In 1814, he was appointed Secretary to the Provisional -Government; but, after the return of Napoleon, he went back to America, -where he died two years later. Dupont de Nemours was one of the -original members of the Institute.--T. - -[125] Karl Philipp Field-Marshal Prince von Schwarzenberg (1771-1819), -the Austrian Commander-in-Chief, had distinguished himself at -Hohenlinden in 1800 and during the campaign of 1805. He negotiated the -marriage between Napoleon and Marie-Louise, and commanded the Austrian -auxiliaries in the French campaign against Russia.--T. - -[126] Charles Marie Denys, Comte de Damrémont (1783-1837). He espoused -the King's cause in 1814. In 1830, he was given a brigade in the -Algerian Expedition, was created a peer of France in 1830, and Governor -of the French North-African Possessions in 1837, but was killed on the -13th of October of the same year at the taking of Constantine.--T. - -[127] Charles Nicolas Baron Fabvier (1782-1855). General Fabvier got -himself into trouble in 1820, and was obliged to leave France. In 1823 -he offered his services to the Greeks in their War of Independence, -and defended the Acropolis of Athens in 1826. He returned to France -in 1830, on the outbreak of the Revolution. Louis-Philippe made him a -lieutenant-general and a peer (1845). In 1848 he was sent as Ambassador -of the Republic to Constantinople, and later to Denmark. He retired -into private life after the _coup d'État_ of 1851.--T. - - - - -BOOK III - - -Entry of the Allies into Paris--Bonaparte at Fontainebleau--The -Regency at Blois--Publication of my pamphlet _De Bonaparte et des -Bourbons_--The Senate issues the decree of dethronement--The house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin--M. de Talleyrand--Addresses of the -Provisional Government--Constitution proposed by the Senate--Arrival of -the Comte d'Artois--Bonaparte abdicates at Fontainebleau--Napoleon's -itinerary to the island of Elba--Louis XVIII. at Compiègne--His entry -into Paris--The Old Guard--An irreparable mistake--The Declaration -of Saint-Ouen--Treaty of Paris--The Charter--Departure of the -Allies--First year of the Restoration--First ministry--I publish my -_Réflexions Politiques_-Madame la Duchesse de Duras--I am appointed -Ambassador to Sweden--Exhumation of the remains of Louis XVI.--The -first 21st of January at Saint-Denis. - - -God had pronounced one of those words by which the silence of eternity -is at rare intervals interrupted. Then, in the midst of the present -generation, rose the hammer that struck the hour which Paris had only -once heard sound: on the 25th of December 496, Rheims announced the -baptism of Clovis, and the gates of Lutetia opened to the Franks; on -the 30th of March 1814, after the baptism of blood of Louis XVI., the -old hammer, which had so long remained motionless, rose once more in -the belfry of the ancient monarchy: a second stroke resounded, the -Tartars penetrated into Paris. In the interval of thirteen hundred and -eighteen years, the foreigner had insulted the walls of the capital of -our empire without ever being able to enter it, except when he glided -in, summoned by our own divisions. The Normans besieged the city of the -_Parisii_; the _Parisii_ gave flight to the hawks which they carried -on their wrists; Odo[128], child of Paris and future King, "_rex -futurus_," Abbon[129] says, drove back the pirates of the North: the -Parisians let fly their eagles in 1814; the Allies entered the Louvre. - -Bonaparte had waged an unjust war against Alexander, his admirer, who -had begged on his knees for peace; Bonaparte had ordered the carnage -of the Moskowa; he had forced the Russians themselves to bum Moscow; -Bonaparte had plundered Berlin, humiliated its King, insulted its -Queen[130]: what reprisals were we, then, to expect? You shall see. - -I had wandered in the Floridas round unknown monuments, devastated of -old by conquerors of whom no trace remains, and I was saved for the -sight of the Caucasian hordes encamped in the court-yard of the Louvre. -In those events of history which, according to Montaigne, "are but -weake testimonies of our worth and capacity[131]," my tongue cleaves to -my palate: _adhæret lingua mea faucibus meis._[132] - -The Allied Army entered Paris on the 31st of March 1814, at mid-day, -ten days only after the anniversary of the death of the Duc d'Enghien, -21 March 1804. Was it worth Bonaparte's while to commit an action of -such long remembrance for a reign which was to last so short a time? -The Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia rode at the head of their -troops. I saw them defile along the boulevards. Feeling stupefied and -dumfoundered within myself, as though my name as a Frenchman had been -tom from me to substitute for it the name by which I was thenceforth -to be known in the mines of Siberia, I felt, at the same time, my -exasperation increase against the man whose glory had reduced us to -that disgrace. - -Nevertheless, this first invasion of the Allies has remained -unparalleled in the annals of the world: order, peace and moderation -reigned on every hand; the shops were re-opened; Russian guardsmen, six -feet tall, were piloted through the streets by little French rogues -who made fun of them, as of jumping-jacks and carnival maskers. The -conquered might be taken for the conquerors; the latter, trembling -at their successes, looked as though they were excusing themselves. -The National Guard alone garrisoned the interior of Paris, with the -exception of the houses in which the foreign Kings and Princes were -lodged[133]. On the 31st of March 1814, countless armies were occupying -France; a few months later all those troops passed back across our -frontiers, without firing a musket-shot, without shedding a drop of -blood after the return of the Bourbons. Old France found herself -enlarged on some of her frontiers; the ships and stores of Antwerp were -divided with her; three hundred thousand prisoners, scattered over -the countries where victory or defeat had left them, were restored to -her. After five and twenty years of fighting, the clash of arms ceased -from one end of Europe to the other. Alexander departed, leaving us -the master-pieces which we had conquered and the liberty lodged in the -Charter, a liberty which we owed as much to his enlightenment as to his -influence. The head of two supreme authorities, twice an autocrat by -the sword and by religion, he alone, of all the sovereigns of Europe, -had understood that, at the age of civilization which France had -attained, she could be governed only by virtue of a free constitution. - -In our very natural hostility to the foreigners, we have confused the -invasion of 1814 and that of 1815, which were in no sense alike. - -[Sidenote: The Emperor Alexander.] - -Alexander looked upon himself merely as an instrument of Providence, -and took no credit to himself. When Madame de Staël complimented him -upon the happiness which his subjects, lacking a constitution, enjoyed -of being governed by him, he made his well-known reply: - -"I am only a 'fortunate accident.'" - -A young man in the streets of Paris expressed to him his admiration at -the affability with which he received the least of the citizens; he -replied: - -"For what else are sovereigns made?" - -He refused to inhabit the Tuileries, remembering that Bonaparte had -taken his ease in the palaces of Vienna, Berlin and Moscow. - -Looking at the statue of Napoleon on the column in the Place Vendôme, -he said: - -"If I were so high up, I should be afraid of becoming giddy." - -As he was going over the Palace of the Tuileries, they showed him the -Salon de la Paix: - -"Of what use," he asked, laughing, "was this room to Bonaparte?" - -On the day of Louis XVIII.'s entry into Paris, Alexander hid himself -behind a window, wearing no mark of distinction, to watch the -procession as it passed. - -Alexander sometimes had elegantly affectionate manners. Visiting a -mad-house, he asked a woman if there were many women "mad through love": - -"Not at present," replied she; "but it is to be feared that the number -has increased since the moment of Your Majesty's entry into Paris." - -One of Napoleon's great dignitaries said to the Tsar: - -"Your arrival has long been expected and wished for, Sire." - -"I should have come sooner," he replied; "you must blame only French -valour for my delay." - -It is certain that, when crossing the Rhine, he had regretted that he -was not able to retire in peace to the midst of his family. - -At the Hôtel des Invalides, he found the maimed soldiers who had -defeated him at Austerlitz: they were silent and gloomy; one heard -nothing save the noise of their wooden legs in their deserted yard and -their denuded church. Alexander was touched by this noise of brave men: -he ordered that twelve Russian guns should be given back to them. - -A proposal was made to him to change the name of the Pont d'Austerlitz: - -"No," he said, "it is enough for me to have crossed the bridge with my -army." - -Alexander had something calm and sad about him. He went about Paris, -on horse-back or on foot, without a suite and without affectation. He -appeared astonished at his triumph; his almost melting gaze wandered -over a population whom he seemed to regard as superior to himself: one -would have said that he thought himself a Barbarian among us, even -as a Roman felt shame-faced in Athens. Perhaps, also, he reflected -that these same Frenchmen had appeared in his fired capital; that his -soldiers, in their turn, were masters of Paris, in which he might -have been able to find again some of those now extinguished torches -by which Moscow was freed and consumed. This destiny, these changing -fortunes, this common misery of peoples and of kings were bound to make -a profound impression upon a mind so religious as his. - -* - -What was the victor of the Borodino doing? So soon as he had heard -of Alexander's resolution, he had sent orders to Major Maillard de -Lescourt of the Artillery to blow up the Grenelle powder-magazine: -Rostopschin had set fire to Moscow, but he had first sent away the -inhabitants. From Fontainebleau, to which he had returned, Napoleon -marched to Villejuif; thence he threw a glance over Paris: foreign -soldiers were guarding its gates; the conqueror remembered the days in -which his grenadiers kept watch on the ramparts of Berlin, Moscow, and -Vienna. - -Events destroy other events; how poor a thing to-day appears to us the -grief of Henry IV. learning of the death of Gabrielle at Villejuif, and -returning to Fontainebleau! Bonaparte also returned to that solitude; -he was awaited there only by the memory of his august prisoner: the -captive of peace[134] had gone from the palace in order to leave it -free for the captive of war, so swiftly does "misfortune" fill up its -"places." - -[Sidenote: Flight of the Empire.] - -The Regency had retired to Blois. Bonaparte had given orders for the -Empress and the King of Rome to leave Paris, saying that he would -rather see them at the bottom of the Seine than led back in triumph -to Vienna; but, at the same time, he had enjoined Joseph to remain in -the capital. His brother's retreat made him furious, and he accused -the ex-King of Spain of ruining all. The ministers, the members of the -Regency, Napoleon's brothers, his wife and his son arrived in disorder -at Blois, swept away in the downfall; military waggons, baggage-vans, -carriages, everything was there; the King's own coaches were there -and were dragged through the mud of the Beauce to Chambord, the only -morsel of France left to the heir of Louis XIV. Some of the ministers -did not stop here, but proceeded as far as Brittany to hide themselves, -while Cambacérès lolled in a sedan-chair in the steep streets of Blois. -Various rumours were current: there was talk of two camps and of a -general requisition. During several days, they were ignorant of what -was happening in Paris; the uncertainty did not cease until the arrival -of a waggoner whose pass was signed "Sacken[135]." Soon the Russian -General Schouvaloff[136] alighted at the Auberge de la Galère: he was -suddenly besieged by the grandees, and entreated to obtain a visa -for their stampede. However, before leaving Blois, all drew upon the -funds of the Regency for their travelling-expenses and their arrears -of salary; they held their passports in one hand and their money in -the other, taking care at the same time to send in their adhesion to -the Provisional Government, for they did not lose their heads. Madame -Mère[137] and her brother, Cardinal Fesch[138], left for Rome. Prince -Esterhazy[139] came on behalf of Francis II. to fetch Marie-Louise -and her son. Joseph and Jerome[140] withdrew to Switzerland, after -vainly trying to compel the Empress to attach herself to their fate. -Marie-Louise hastened to join her father: indifferently attached to -Bonaparte, she found means to console herself and rejoiced at being -delivered from the double tyranny of a husband and a master. When, in -the following year, Bonaparte revisited that confusion of flight on the -Bourbons, the latter, but lately rescued from their long tribulations, -had not enjoyed fourteen years of unequalled prosperity in which to -accustom themselves to the comforts of the throne. - -* - -However, Napoleon was not yet dethroned; more than forty thousand of -the best soldiers in the world were around him; he was able to retire -behind the Loire; the French armies which had arrived from Spain were -growling in the South; the military population might bubble over and -distribute its lava; even among the foreign leaders, there was still -a question of Napoleon or his son reigning over France: for two days, -Alexander hesitated. M. de Talleyrand, as I have said, secretly leant -towards the policy which tended to crown the King of Rome, for he -dreaded the Bourbons; if he did not then accept entirely the plan of -the Regency of Marie-Louise, it was because, since Napoleon had not -perished, he, the Prince de Bénévent, feared that he would not be able -to retain the mastery during a minority threatened by the existence -of a restless, erratic, enterprising man, still in the vigour of his -age[141]. - -[Sidenote: _De Bonaparte et des Bourbons._] - -It was in those critical days that I threw down my pamphlet _De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons_[142] to turn the scale: its result is well -known. I flung myself headlong into the fray to serve as a shield to -liberty reviving against tyranny still subsisting, with its strength -increased threefold by despair. I spoke in the name of the Legitimacy, -in order to add to my words the authority of positive affairs. I taught -France what the old Royal Family was; I told her how many members of -that Family existed, what their names were, and their character: it -was as though I had drawn up a fist of the children of the Emperor of -China, to so great an extent had the Republic and the Empire encroached -upon the present and relegated the Bourbons to the past. Louis XVIII. -declared, as I have already often mentioned, that my pamphlet was of -greater profit to him than an army of one hundred thousand men; he -might have added that it was a certificate of existence to him. I -assisted in giving him the crown a second time by the fortunate issue -of the Spanish War. - -From the commencement of my political career, I became popular with the -crowd; but, from that time also, I failed to make my way with powerful -men. All who had been slaves under Bonaparte abhorred me; on the other -side, I was an object of suspicion to all who wished to place France in -a state of vassalage. At the first moment, among the sovereigns, I had -none on my side except Bonaparte himself. He looked through my pamphlet -at Fontainebleau: the Duc de Bassano[143] had brought it to him; he -discussed it impartially, saying: - -"This is true; that is not true. I have nothing to reproach -Chateaubriand with: he resisted me when I was in power; but those -scoundrels, so and so!" and he named them. - -My admiration for Bonaparte was always great and sincere, even at the -time when I was attacking Napoleon with the greatest eagerness. - -Posterity is not so fair in its judgments as has been held; there are -passions, infatuations, errors of distance even as there are passions -and errors of proximity. When posterity admires without reserve, it -is scandalized that the contemporaries of the man admired should not -have had the same idea of that man as itself. This can be explained, -however: the things which offended one in that person are past; -his infirmities have died with him; all that remains of him is his -imperishable life; but the evil which he caused is none the less real: -evil in itself and in its essence, and especially for those who endured -it. - -It is the style of the day to magnify Bonaparte's victories: the -sufferers have disappeared; we no longer hear the imprecations, the -cries of pain and distress of the victims; we no longer see France -exhausted, with only women to till her soil; we no longer see parents -arrested as a pledge for their sons, the inhabitants of the villages -made jointly and severally responsible for the penalties applicable -to a rebellious recruit; we no longer see those conscription placards -posted at the street-corners, the passers-by gathered before those -enormous lists of dead, seeking in consternation the names of their -children, their brothers, their friends, their neighbours. We forget -that the whole population bewailed the triumphs; we forget that the -slightest allusion against Bonaparte on the stage which had escaped -the censors was hailed with rapture; we forget that the people, the -Court, the generals, the ministers, Napoleon's relations were weary of -his oppressions and his conquests, weary of that game always being won -and always being played, of that existence brought into question each -morning anew, thanks to the impossibility of repose. - -The reality of our sufferings is demonstrated by the catastrophe -itself: if France had been infatuated with Bonaparte, would she twice -have abandoned him, abruptly, completely, without making one last -effort to keep him? If France owed all to Bonaparte: glory, liberty, -order, prosperity, industry, commerce, manufactures, monuments, -literature, fine arts; if, before his time, the nation had done nothing -itself; if the Republic, destitute of genius and courage, had neither -defended nor enlarged the territory: then France must have been very -ungrateful, very cowardly, to allow Napoleon to fall into the hands of -his enemies, or, at least, not to protest against the captivity of so -great a benefactor? - -[Sidenote: Feeling against Napoleon.] - -This reproach, which might justly be made against us, is not made -against us, however: and why? Because it is evident that, at the moment -of his fall, France did not desire to defend Napoleon; in our bitter -mortification, we beheld in him only the author and the contemner of -our wretchedness. The Allies did not defeat us: we ourselves, choosing -between two scourges, renounced shedding our blood, which had ceased to -flow for our liberties. - -The Republic had been very cruel, doubtless, but every one hoped that -it would pass, that sooner or later we should recover our rights, while -retaining the preservatory conquests which it had given us on the Alps -and the Rhine. All the victories which it gained were won in our name; -with the Republic, there was no question save of France; it was always -France that had triumphed, that had conquered; it was our soldiers who -had done all and for whom triumphal or funeral feasts were organized; -the generals, and some were very great, obtained an honourable but -modest place in the public memory: such were Marceau[144], Moreau, -Hoche[145], Joubert[146]; the two last seemed destined to replace -Bonaparte, who, in the dawn of his glory, suddenly crossed the path of -General Hoche and, by his jealousy, rendered illustrious that warlike -pacificator who died unexpectedly after his triumphs of Altkirchen, -Neuwied and Kleinnister. - -Under the Empire, we disappeared; we were no longer mentioned, -everything belonged to Bonaparte: "_I_ have ordered, _I_ have -conquered, _I_ have spoken; _my_ eagles, _my_ crown, _my_ family, _my_ -subjects." - -What happened, however, in those two positions, at the same time -similar and opposite? We did not abandon the Republic in its reverses; -it killed us, but it honoured us; we had not the disgrace of being -the property of a man; thanks to our efforts, it was never invaded; -the Russians, defeated beyond the mountains, met with their end at -Zurich[147]. - -As for Bonaparte, he, despite his enormous acquisitions, succumbed, not -because he was conquered, but because France would have no more of him. -How great a lesson! May it ever make us remember that there is cause of -death in all that offends the dignity of man. - -Independent minds of every shade and opinion were employing uniform -language at the time of the publication of my pamphlet. La Fayette, -Camille Jordan[148], Ducis, Lemercier[149], Lanjuinais[150], Madame de -Staël, Chénier, Benjamin Constant, Le Brun[151] thought and wrote as I -did[152]. - -God, in His patient eternity, brings justice sooner or later: at -moments when Heaven seems to slumber, it is always a fine thing that -the disapproval of an honest man should keep watch and remain as a -curb upon the absolute power. France will not disown the noble souls -which protested against her servitude, when all lay prostrate, when -there were so many advantages in so lying, so many favours to receive -in return for flattery, so many persecutions to undergo in return -for sincerity. Honour then to the La Fayettes, the de Staëls, the -Benjamin Constants, the Camille Jordans, the Ducis, the Lemerciers, the -Lanjuinais, the Chéniers, who, standing erect amidst the grovelling -crowd of peoples and of kings, dared to despise victory and protest -against tyranny! - -* - -[Sidenote: Napoleon deposed.] - -On the 2nd of April, the Senators, to whom we owe one clause only of -the Charter of 1814, the contemptible clause preserving their pensions, -decreed the deposition of Bonaparte. If this decree, which emancipated -France but brought infamy upon those who issued it, offers an affront -to the human race, at the same time it teaches posterity the price of -grandeurs and fortune, when these have disdained to take their stand -upon bases of morality, justice and liberty. - - DECREE OF THE CONSERVATIVE SENATE. - - "The Conservative Senate, taking into consideration that in a - constitutional monarchy the monarch exists only by virtue of - the constitution or the social compact; - - "That Napoleon Bonaparte, for some time maintaining a firm - and prudent government, had given the nation cause to reckon, - in the future, upon acts of wisdom and justice; but that - subsequently he destroyed the compact which united him to the - French people, notably by levying imports and establishing - taxes, otherwise than by virtue of the law, against the - express tenor of the oath which he took on his accession to - the throne, in conformity with Clause 53 of the Constitutions - of the 28 Floréal Year XII.; - - "That he was guilty of this attempt upon the rights of - the people at the very time when he had without necessity - adjourned the Legislative Body, and caused a report made by - that body, whose title and whose relation to the national - representation he contested, to be suppressed as criminal; - - "That he undertook a series of wars in violation of Clause - 50 of the Act settling the Constitution of the Year VIII., - which lays down that any declaration of war shall be - proposed, discussed, decreed and promulgated like the laws; - - "That he has unconstitutionally issued several decrees - bearing the penalty of death, namely, the two decrees of the - 5th of March last, tending to cause a war to be considered as - national which was undertaken only in the interest of his own - unmeasured ambition; - - "That he has violated the laws of the Constitution by his - decrees concerning the State prisons; - - "That he has annihilated the responsibility of the ministers, - put down all the powers and destroyed the independence of the - courts of jurisdiction; - - "Taking into consideration that the liberty of the press, - established and perpetuated as one of the rights of the - nation, has been constantly subjected to the arbitrary - censorship of his police, and that, at the same time, he - has always made use of the press to fill France and Europe - with fabricated facts, with false maxims, with doctrines - favourable to despotism and with outrages against foreign - governments; - - "That acts and reports, passed by the Senate, have undergone - alterations when made public; - - "Taking into consideration that, instead of reigning with a - sole view to the interest, the happiness and the glory of the - French people, according to the terms of his oath, Napoleon - has completed the misfortunes of the country by his refusal - to treat on conditions which the national interest obliged - him to accept and which did not compromise the honour of - France; by his abuse of all the means entrusted to him in men - and money; by his abandonment of the wounded without aid, - medical requisites, or supplies; by various measures which - resulted in the ruin of the towns, the depopulation of the - rural districts, famine and infectious disease; - - "Taking into consideration that, owing to all these causes, - the Imperial Government established by the Senatus-Consultum - of the 28 Floréal Year XII., or 18 May 1804, has ceased to - exist, and that the manifest desires of all Frenchmen call - into being an order of things of which the first result would - be the restoration of general peace, and which would also - mark the epoch of a solemn reconciliation between all the - States of the great family of Europe, the Senate declares - and decrees as follows: Napoleon deposed from the throne; - hereditary right abolished in his family; the French people - and the army released from their oath of fidelity to him." - - -The Roman Senate was less harsh when it declared Nero a public enemy: -history is but a repetition of the same facts applied to varying men -and times. - -Can one picture to one's self the Emperor reading this official -document at Fontainebleau? What must he have thought of what he had -done, and of the men whom he had summoned to be his accomplices in -his oppression of our liberties? When I published my pamphlet _De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons_, could I have expected to see it amplified -and converted into a decree of deposition by the Senate? What prevented -those legislators, in the days of prosperity, from discovering the -evils of which they reproached Bonaparte with being the author, from -perceiving that the Constitution had been violated? What zeal suddenly -seized these mutes for "the liberty of the press"? How did they, who -had overwhelmed Napoleon with adulation upon his return from each of -his wars, now come to find that he had undertaken those wars "only in -the interest of his own unmeasured ambition"? How did they, who had -flung him so many conscripts to devour, suddenly melt at the thought -of the wounded soldiers "abandoned without aid, medical requisites, or -supplies"? There are times at which contempt should be but frugally -dispensed, because of the large number of those in need of it: I pity -them for this moment, because they will need it again during and after -the Hundred Days. - -[Sidenote: By the Decree of the Senate.] - -When I ask what Napoleon at Fontainebleau thought of the acts of the -Senate, his answer was made: an Order of the Day of 5 April 1814, not -published officially, but printed in different newspapers outside the -capital, thanked the army for its fidelity, adding: - - "The Senate has allowed itself to dispose of the government - of France; it has forgotten that it owes to the Emperor the - power which it is now abusing; that it was he who saved one - part of its members from the storms of the Revolution, drew - the other from obscurity and protected it against the hatred - of the nation. The Senate relies upon the clauses of the - Constitution to overthrow it; it is not ashamed to utter - reproaches against the Emperor, without remarking that, in - its capacity as the first body of the State, it took part in - all the events. The Senate is not ashamed to speak of the - libels published against the foreign governments: it forgets - that these were drawn up in its midst. So long as fortune - remained faithful to their Sovereign, these men remained - faithful, and no complaint was heard of the abuses of power. - If the Emperor had despised men, as he has been reproached - with doing, then the world would recognise to-day that he has - had reasons which justified his contempt." - - -This was a homage rendered by Bonaparte himself to the liberty of the -press: he must have believed that there was some good in it, since it -offered him a last shelter and a last aid. - -And I, who am struggling with time, I, who am striving to make it give -an account of what it has seen, I, who am writing this so long after -the events that are past, under the reign of Philip, the counterfeit -heir of so great an inheritance, what am I in the hands of that time, -that great devourer of the centuries which I thought fixed, of that -time which makes me whirl with itself through space? - -* - -Alexander had taken up his residence at M. de Talleyrand's[153]. I was -not present at the cabals: you can read about them in the narratives -of the Abbé de Pradt[154] and of the various intriguers who handled -in their dirty and paltry paws the fate of one of the greatest men -in history and the destiny of the world. I counted for nothing in -politics, outside the masses; there was no plotting understrapper but -enjoyed far more right and favour in the ante-chambers than I: a coming -figure in the possible Restoration, I waited beneath the windows, in -the street. - -Through the machinations of the house in the Rue Saint-Florentin, -the Conservative Senate appointed a Provisional Government composed -of General Beurnonville[155], Senator Jaucourt[156], the Duc de -Dalberg[157], the Abbé de Montesquiou[158] and Dupont de Nemours[159]; -the Prince de Bénévent helped himself to the presidency. - -[Sidenote: The provisional government.] - -On meeting this name for the first time, I ought to speak of the -personage who took a remarkable part in the affairs of that time; but I -reserve his portrait for the end of my Memoirs. - -The intrigue which kept M. de Talleyrand in Paris, at the time of the -entry of the Allies, was the cause of his successes at the commencement -of the Restoration. The Emperor of Russia knew him from having seen him -at Tilsit[160]. In the absence of the French authorities, Alexander -took up his quarters in the Hôtel de l'Infantado[161], which the owner -hastened to offer him. - -From that time forth, M. de Talleyrand passed for the arbiter of the -world; his apartments became the centre of the negociations. Composing -the Provisional Government to his own liking, he there placed the -partners of his rubber: the Abbé de Montesquiou figured in it only as -an advertisement of the Legitimacy. - -To the Bishop of Autun's sterility were confided the first labours of -the Restoration: he infected that Restoration with barrenness, and -communicated to it a germ of blight and death. - -* - -The first acts of the Provisional Government, placed under the -dictatorship of its chairman, were proclamations addressed to the -soldiers and to the people: - - "Soldiers," they said to the former, "France has shattered - the yoke under which she and you had been groaning for so - many years. See all that you have suffered at the hands - of tyranny. Soldiers, the time has come to put an end to - the ills of the country. You are her noblest children; you - cannot belong to him who has ravaged her, who tried to make - your name hated by all the nations, who might perhaps have - compromised your glory, were it possible for a man WHO IS NOT - EVEN A FRENCHMAN ever to impair the honour of our arms and - the generosity of our soldiers[162]." - -And so, in the eyes of his most servile slaves, he who had won so many -victories was no longer "even a Frenchman"! When, in the days of the -League, Du Bourg surrendered the Bastille to Henry IV., he refused -to doff the black scarf and to take the money which was offered him -for the surrender of the stronghold. Urged to recognise the King, he -replied that "he was no doubt a very good Prince, but that he had -pledged his faith to M. de Mayenne[163]; that, moreover, Brissac[164] -was a traitor, and that, to prove it to him, he would fight him between -four pikes, in the King's presence, and would eat the heart out of his -body." - -A difference of times and men! - -[Sidenote: Its first acts.] - -On the 4th of April, appeared a new address of the Provisional -Government to the People of France; it said: - - "On emerging from your civil discords, you chose as your - leader a man who appeared upon the world's stage endowed with - the characteristics of greatness. On the ruins of anarchy he - founded only despotism; he ought at least out of gratitude to - have _become a Frenchman_ like yourselves: he has never been - one. Without aim or object, he has never ceased to undertake - unjust wars, like an adventurer seeking fame. Perhaps he is - still dreaming of his gigantic designs, even while unequalled - reverses are inflicting such striking punishment upon the - pride and abuse of victory. He has not known how to reign - either in the national interest or even in the interest of - his own despotism. He has destroyed all that he wished to - create, and re-created all that he wished to destroy. He - believed in force alone; to-day force overwhelms him: a just - retribution for an insensate ambition." - -Incontestable truths and well-earned curses; but who was it that -uttered those curses? What became of my poor little pamphlet, squeezed -in between those virulent addresses? Did it not disappear entirely? On -the same day, the 4th of April, the Provisional Government proscribed -the signs and emblems of the Imperial Government: if the Arc de -Triomphe had existed, it would have been pulled down. Mailhe[165], who -was the first to vote for the death of Louis XVI., Cambacérès, who was -the first to greet Napoleon by the title of Emperor, eagerly recognised -the acts of the Provisional Government. - -On the 6th, the Senate drafted a constitution: it rested nearly -on the bases of the future Charter; the Senate was preserved as an -Upper Chamber; the senatorial dignity was declared permanent and -hereditary; to the title to their property was attached the endowment -of the senatorships; the Constitution made those titles and properties -transmissible to the descendants of the holder: fortunately, those -ignoble hereditary rights bore the Fates within themselves, as the -ancients used to say. - -The sordid effrontery of those senators, who, in the midst of the -invasion of their country, did not for a moment lose sight of -themselves, strikes one even in the immensity of public events. - -Would it not have been more convenient for the Bourbons, on attaining -power, to adopt the established government, a dumb Legislative Body, a -secret and servile Senate, a fettered press? On reflexion, one finds -the thing to be impossible: the natural liberties, righting themselves -in the absence of the arm that bent them, would have resumed their -vertical line under the weakness of the compression. If the legitimate -Princes had disbanded Bonaparte's army, as they ought to have done -(this was Napoleon's opinion in the island of Elba), and if, at the -same time, they had retained the Imperial Government, to break the -instrument of glory in order to keep only the instrument of tyranny -would have been too much: the Charter was the ransom of Louis XVIII. - -* - -On the 12th of April, the Comte d'Artois arrived in the quality of -Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. Three or four hundred men went on -horseback to meet him: I was one of the band. He charmed one with his -kindly grace, different from the manners of the Empire. The French -recognised with pleasure in his person their old manners, their old -politeness and their old language; the crowd pressed round him, a -consoling apparition of the past, a twofold protection as he was -against the conquering foreigner and against the still threatening -Bonaparte. Alas, the Prince was setting his foot again on French soil -only to see his son assassinated there and to go back to die in the -land of exile whence he was returning: there are men round whose necks -life has been flung like a chain! - -[Illustration: Charles X. (as Comte D'Artois.)] - -I had been presented to the King's brother; he had been given my -pamphlet to read, otherwise he would not have known my name: he -remembered to have seen me neither at the Court of Louis XVI. nor at -the Camp of Thionville, and he had doubtless never heard speak of the -_Génie du Christianisme._ That was very simple. When one has suffered -much and long, he remembers only himself: personal misfortune is a -somewhat cold, yet exacting companion; it possesses you; it leaves no -room for any other feeling, never quits you, seizes hold of your knees -and your couch. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's abdication.] - -The day before the entry of the Comte d'Artois, Napoleon, after some -useless negociations with Alexander through the intermediary of M. de -Caulaincourt, had published his act of abdication: - - "The Allied Powers having proclaimed that the Emperor - Napoleon was the sole obstacle to the restoration of peace in - Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, true to his oath, declares that - he renounces for himself and his heirs the throne of France - and Italy, because there is no personal sacrifice, even that - of his life, which he is not ready to make to the interests - of the French." - -To these sensational words the Emperor did not delay, by his return, to -give a no less sensational contradiction: he needed only the time to go -to Elba. He remained at Fontainebleau till the 20th of April. - -The 20th of April having arrived, Napoleon went down the double flight -of steps leading to the peristyle of the deserted palace of the -monarchy of the Capets. A few grenadiers, the remnants of the soldiers -who conquered Europe, drew up in line in the great court-yard, as -though on their last field of battle; they were surrounded by those old -trees, the mutilated companions of Francis I. and Henry IV. Bonaparte -addressed the last witnesses of his fights in these words: - -"Generals, officers, non-commissioned officers and men of my Old Guard, -I take my leave of you: for twenty years I have been satisfied with -you; I have always found you on the road of glory. - -"The Allied Powers have armed all Europe against me, a part of the army -has betrayed its duty, and France herself has desired other destinies. - -"With you and the brave men who have remained faithful to me, I could -have kept up civil war for three years; but France would have been -unhappy, which was contrary to the end which I proposed to myself. - -"Be faithful to the new King whom France has chosen; do not abandon -our dear country, too long unhappy! Love her always, love her well, -that dear country! - -"Do not pity my lot; I shall always be happy when I know you to be so. - -"I could have died; nothing would have been easier to me; but I shall -never cease to follow the path of honour. I have yet to write what we -have done. - -"I cannot embrace you all; but I will embrace your general.... Come, -general!" - -He pressed General Petit[166] in his arms. - -"Bring me the eagle!" - -He kissed it. - -"Dear eagle! May these kisses resound in the heart of all brave men!... -Farewell, my lads!... My good wishes will always accompany you; keep me -in remembrance." - -These words spoken, Napoleon raised his tent, which covered the world. - -* - -Bonaparte had applied to the Allies for commissaries, so that he -might be protected by them on his journey to the island which the -sovereigns granted him as his absolute property and as an installment -on the future. Count Schouvaloff was appointed for Russia, General -Roller[167] for Austria, Colonel Campbell[168] for England, and Count -Waldburg-Truchsess[169] for Prussia: the latter wrote the _Itinerary -of Napoleon from Fontainebleau to Elba._ This pamphlet and the Abbé de -Pradt's on the Polish Embassy are the two reports by which Napoleon -was most pained. No doubt he then regretted the time of his liberal -censorship, when he had poor Palm[170], the German bookseller, shot for -distributing, at Nuremberg, Herr von Gentz's[171] work, _Deutschland -in seiner tiefsten Erniedrigung._ Nuremberg, at the time of the -publication of this work, was still a free city, and did not belong to -France: ought not Palm to have been able to foresee that conquest? - -Count Waldburg begins by relating several conversations that took place -at Fontainebleau previous to the departure. He states that Bonaparte -awarded the greatest praise to Lord Wellington[172] and inquired as to -his character and habits. He excused himself for not having made peace -at Prague, Dresden and Frankfort; he agreed that he had been wrong, but -that at that time he had had other views. - -"I was no usurper," he added, "because I accepted the crown only in -compliance with the unanimous wish of the whole nation, whereas Louis -XVIII. has usurped it, being called to the throne only by a vile -Senate, more than ten of whose members voted for the death of Louis -XVI." - -[Sidenote: He leaves for Elba.] - -Count Waldburg pursues his narrative as follows: - - "The Emperor started, with his four carriages, about twelve - o'clock on the 21st, not till after he had held a long - conversation with General Roller, which he commenced with - these words: - - "'Well, you heard my speech to the Old Guard yesterday; it - pleased you, and you have seen the effect it produced. That - is the way to speak and act with them, and if Louis XVIII. - does not follow this example, he will never make anything of - the French soldier.'... - - "From the spot where the French troops ceased, the cries of - 'Long live the Emperor!' also had an end. Already in Moulins - we saw the white cockades, and the inhabitants saluted us with - 'Long live the Allies!' In Lyons, which we passed through at - about eleven o'clock at night, a few people collected who - received the Emperor with 'Long live Napoleon!' As he had - expressed a wish to be escorted by an English frigate to the - island of Elba, Colonel Campbell left us at Lyons for the - purpose of procuring one either from Toulon or Marseilles. - - "About mid-day on the 24th, on this side Valence, Napoleon - met Marshal Augereau[173]. Both alighted from their - carriages. The Emperor saluted the marshal, embraced him, - and took off his hat to him. Augereau returned none of these - civilities. The Emperor, as he asked him, 'Where are you off - to? Are you going to the Court?' took the marshal by the arm - and led him forwards. Augereau replied, his present journey - extended only to Lyons. They walked together for a quarter - of a league on the road towards Valence, and, according to - authentic information, the Emperor reproached the marshal for - his proclamation. Among other things he observed: - - "'Your proclamation is very silly; why those insults against - myself? All you need have said was, "The Nation having - pronounced its wish in favour of a new sovereign, the duty of - the Army is to conform to it. God save the King! Long live - Louis XVIII.!'" - - "Augereau, who now likewise thou'd him, reproached him, on - the other hand, with his insatiate love of conquest, to which - he had sacrificed the happiness of France. At length, tired - of the discourse, the Emperor turned suddenly towards the - marshal, embraced him, again took off his hat to him, and got - into the carriage. Augereau, who stood with his hands behind - him, did not move his cap from his head, and as Napoleon - was already in the carriage, drew one hand forwards in - order to wave, with a mien bordering on contempt, a kind of - farewell.... - - "On the 25th, as we arrived at Orange, we were received with - 'Long live the King! Long live Louis XVIII.!' - - "On the same morning, close to Avignon, where the relays of - horses awaited us, the Emperor found a crowd assembled, whose - tumultuous cries saluted him with 'Long live the King! Long - live the Allies! Down with Nicolas! Down with the tyrant, the - scoundrel, the wretched beggar!' and still coarser abuse. In - compliance with our instructions, we did everything in our - power to lighten the evil, but could only partially effect - it.... The people ... likewise conceived that we should not - deny them the liberty of venting their indignation against - the man who had made them so unhappy, and even had the - intention of rendering them still more miserable.... In - Orgon, the next place where we changed horses, the conduct - of the populace was most outrageous. Exactly on the spot - where the horses were taken out, a gallows was erected, on - which a figure in French uniform, sprinkled with blood, - was suspended. On its breast it bore a paper with this - inscription: - - [Sidenote: Napoleon insulted.] - - "'Sooner or later this will be the Tyrant's fate.' - - "The rabble pressed around his carriage, and elevated - themselves on both sides in order to look and cast in their - abuse. The Emperor pressed into a corner behind General - Bertrand[174], and looked pale and disfigured; but at length, - through our assistance, he was happily brought off. - - "Count Schouwaloff harangued the people from the side of - Buonaparte's carriage. - - "'Are you not ashamed,' said he, 'to insult an unfortunate - who has not the means of defending himself? His situation - is sufficiently humiliating for one who, expecting to give - laws to the world, now finds himself at the mercy of your - generosity. Leave him to himself; behold him: you see - contempt is the only weapon you ought to employ against this - man, who is no longer dangerous. It would be unworthy of the - French nation to take any other vengeance.' - - "The crowd applauded this harangue, and Buonaparte, seeing - the effect it produced, made signs of approbation to Count - Schouwaloff, and afterwards thanked him for the service he - had rendered him. - - "When he had proceeded about a quarter of a league from Orgon - he changed his dress in his carriage, put on a plain blue - great-coat and a round hat with a white cockade, mounted a - post-horse, and rode on before as a courier. As it was some - time ere we overtook him, we were perfectly ignorant of his - being no longer in the carriage and in Saint Cannat, where - the horses were again changed. We still believed him to be - in the greatest danger, for the people attempted to break - open the doors, which, however, were fortunately locked. Had - they succeeded, they would certainly have destroyed General - Bertrand, who sat there alone.... Characteristic is the - prayer with which some of the women assailed me: - - "'For the love of God, deliver him up as a pillage to us! He - has so well deserved it, both from you and us, that nothing - can be more just than our request!' - - "Having overtaken the Emperor's carriage about half a league - on the other side of Orgon, it shortly afterwards entered - into a miserable public-house, lying on the roadside, - called the Calade. We followed it, and here first learnt - Buonaparte's disguise, who in this attire had arrived - here, accompanied by one courier only. His suite, from - the generals to the scullions, were decorated with white - cockades, which he appeared previously to have provided - himself with. His valet-de-chambre, who came to meet us, - begged we would conduct ourselves towards the Emperor as if - he were Colonel Campbell, for whom on his arrival he had - given himself out. We entered and found in a kind of chamber - this former ruler of the world buried in thought, sitting - with his head supported by his hand. I did not immediately - recognise him, and walked towards him. He started up as he - heard somebody approaching, and pointed to his countenance - bedewed with tears. He made a sign that I might not discover - him, requested me to sit down beside him, and as long as the - landlady was in the room, conversed on indifferent subjects. - As soon, however, as she was gone out he resumed his former - position. We left him alone; he sent, however, to request we - would pass backwards and forwards, to prevent any suspicion - of his being there. We informed him it was known Colonel - Campbell had passed through here the day before on his way - to Toulon; on which he determined upon assuming the name - of Lord Burghersh. Here we dined, but as the dinner had - not been prepared by his own cooks, he had not courage to - partake of it, for fear of being poisoned. He felt ashamed, - however, at seeing us all eat, both with good appetites and - good conscience, and therefore helped himself from every - dish, but without swallowing the least morsel. He spat - everything out upon his plate or behind his chair. A little - bread and a bottle of wine taken from his carriage, and which - he divided with us, constituted his whole repast. In other - respects he was conversible and extremely friendly towards - us. Whenever the landlady, who waited upon us at table, left - the room, and he perceived we were alone, he repeated to us - his apprehensions for his life, and assured us the French - Government had indisputably determined to destroy or arrest - him here. A thousand plans passed through his brain how he - might escape, and what arrangements ought to be made to - deceive the people of Aix, whom he had learnt awaited him - by thousands at the post-house. The most eligible plan in - his estimation would be to go back again to Lyons, and from - thence strike into another road by way of Italy to the island - of Elba. This, however, we should on no account have allowed, - and we therefore endeavoured to persuade him to proceed - either directly to Toulon, or by way of Digne to Fréjus. We - assured him that, without our knowledge, it was impossible - the French Government would entertain such insidious - intentions against him, and although the people allowed - themselves the greatest improprieties, they would never - charge themselves with a crime of the nature he feared. In - order to inform us better, and to convince us the inhabitants - of that part of the country meditated his destruction, he - related to us what had happened to him as he arrived here - alone. The landlady, who did not recognise him, asked him: - - "'Well, have you met Buonaparte?' - - "He replied in the negative. - - "'I am curious,' she answered, 'to see how he will save - himself. I do believe the people will murder him: and it must - be confessed he has well deserved it, the scoundrel! Tell me, - are they going to put him on board ship for his island?' - - "'Yes, of course.' - - "'They will drown him, I hope?' - - "'Oh, no doubt,' returned the Emperor. 'And so you see,' he - added, turning towards us, 'the danger I am exposed to.' - - [Sidenote: His fears and apprehensions.] - - "And now again, with all his apprehensions and indecision, - he renewed his solicitations of counsel. He even begged us - to look around and see if we could not anywhere discover - a private door through which he might slip out, or if the - window, whose shutters upon entering he had half-closed at - the bottom, was too high for him to jump out in case of - need. On examination I found the window was provided with an - iron trellis-work on the outside, and threw him into evident - consternation as I communicated to him the discovery. At the - least noise he started up in terror, and changed colour. - After dinner we left him alone, and as we went in and out - found him frequently weeping.... - - "As... General Schouwaloff's Adjutant had... announced - that the major part of the populace assembled on the road - were dispersed, the Emperor towards midnight determined - on proceeding. For greater precaution, however, another - disguise was assumed. General Schouwaloff's Adjutant was - obliged to put on the blue great-coat and round hat in which - the Emperor had reached the inn, that in case of necessity he - might be regarded, insulted, or even murdered for him. - - "Napoleon, who now pretended to be an Austrian colonel, - dressed himself in the uniform of General Roller, with - the Order of Theresa, wore my camp cap, and cast over his - shoulders General Schouwaloff's mantle. After the Allies - had thus equipped him, the carriages drove up, and we were - obliged to march them through the other rooms of the inn in - a certain order, which had been previously tried in our own - chamber. The procession was headed by General Drouot[175]; - then came, as Emperor, General Schouwaloff's Adjutant; upon - this General-Roller, the Emperor, General Schouwaloff, and - lastly, myself, to whom the honour of forming the rear-guard - was assigned. The remainder of the Imperial suite united - themselves with us as we passed by, and thus we walked - through the gaping multitude, who vainly endeavoured to - distinguish their Tyrant amongst us. Schouwaloff's Adjutant - (Major Olewieff) placed himself in Napoleon's carriage, and - the latter sat beside General Roller in his calash.... - - "Still, however, the Emperor was constantly in alarm. He not - only remained in General Roller's calash, but even begged he - would allow the servant to smoke who sat before, and asked - the General himself if he could sing, in order that he might - dissipate, through such familiar conduct, any suspicion in - the places where we stopped, that the Emperor sat with him in - the carriage. As the General could not sing, Napoleon begged - him to whistle, and with this singular music we made our - entry into every place; whilst the Emperor, fumigated with - the incense of the tobacco-pipe, pressed himself into the - corner of the calash, and pretended to be fast asleep.... - - "At Saint-Maximin he breakfasted with us, and having learnt - that the sub-prefect of Aix was there, he ordered him into - his presence, and received him with these words: - - "'You ought to blush to see me in an Austrian uniform, which - I have been obliged to assume to protect myself against - the insults of the Provençals. I came among you in full - confidence, whilst I might have brought with me six thousand - of my guard, and I find nothing but a band of maniacs who put - my life in danger. The Provençals are a disgraceful race; - they committed every kind of crime and enormity during the - Revolution, and are quite ready to begin over again: but when - it is a question of fighting bravely, then they are cowards. - Provence has never supplied me with a single regiment with - which I could be satisfied. But to-morrow they will be as - much against Louis XVIII. as to-day they appear to be against - me,' etc.... - - [Sidenote: His protests.] - - "To us he again spoke of Louis XVIII., and said he would - never effect anything with the French nation if he treated - them with too much forbearance. He would, from necessity, - be obliged to lay large imposts upon them, and hence cause - himself to be immediately hated. He likewise told us that - 'eighteen years before, he had marched through this place - with some thousand men to liberate two Royalists who were - to have been executed for wearing the white cockade. In - spite, however, of the fury of the populace with which he - had to contend, he fortunately saved them, and to-day, he - continued, would that man be murdered by this same populace, - who should refuse to wear a white cockade,--so contradictory - and vacillating are they in everything they do.' - - "Having learnt that two squadrons of Austrian hussars were - stationed at Luc, an order was sent at his request to the - commanders to await our arrival there, in order to escort the - Emperor to Fréjus[176]." - -Here ends Count Waldburg's narrative: those accounts are painful to -read. What! Were the commissaries unable to afford better protection -to him for whom they had the honour to be responsible? Who were they, -to affect these airs of superiority with such a man? Bonaparte truly -said that, if he had wished, he might have travelled accompanied by -a portion of his guard. It is evident that men were indifferent to -his fate; they enjoyed his degradation; they gladly acquiesced in the -marks of indignity which the victim demanded for his safety: it is so -sweet to hold beneath one's feet the destiny of him who walked over the -highest heads, to avenge pride with insult! Therefore the commissaries -do not expend a word, not even a word of philosophic sensibility, on -such a change of fortune, to remind man of his nothingness and of the -greatness of the judgments of God! In the ranks of the Allies, Napoleon -had had numerous adulators: he who has gone on his knees before brute -force is not entitled to triumph over misfortune. Prussia, I admit, had -need of an effort of virtue to forget what she had suffered, herself, -her King and her Queen; but that effort should have been made. Alas! -Bonaparte had taken pity on nothing; all hearts had cooled towards him. -The moment in which he showed himself most cruel was at Jaffa[177]; the -smallest, on the way to Elba: in the first case, military necessity -served as his excuse; in the second, the harshness of the foreign -commissaries changes the course of the reader's feelings and lessens -his own abasement. - -The Provisional Government of France does not itself seem to me -quite without reproach: I reject the calumnies of Maubreuil[178]; -nevertheless, amid the terror with which Napoleon still inspired his -former servants, a fortuitous catastrophe might have presented itself -in their eyes in the light only of a misfortune. - -One would gladly doubt the truth of the facts reported by Count -Waldburg-Truchsess, but General Koller, in a _Sequel to Waldburgs -Itinerary_, has confirmed a part of his colleague's narrative; -General Schouvaloff, on his part, has certified, in conversation with -myself, the exactness of the facts: his measured words said more than -Waldburg's expansive recital. Lastly, Fabry's[179] _Itinéraire_ is -composed of authentic French documents furnished by eye-witnesses. - -[Sidenote: His humiliation.] - -Now that I have done justice on the commissaries and the Allies, is -it really the conqueror of the world whom one sees in Waldburg's -_Itinerary?_ The hero reduced to disguises and tears, weeping under a -post-boy's jacket in the corner of a back-room at an inn! Was it thus -that Marius bore himself on the ruins of Carthage, that Hannibal died -in Bithynia, Cæsar in the Senate? How did Pompey disguise himself? By -covering his head with his toga! He who had donned the purple taking -shelter beneath the white cockade, uttering the cry of safety: "God -save the King!"--that King, one of whose heirs he had had shot! The -master of the nations encouraging the commissaries in the humiliations -which they heaped upon him in order the better to hide him, delighted -to have General Koller whistling before him and a coachman smoking in -his face, compelling General Schouwaloff's aide-de-camp to enact the -part of the Emperor, while he, Bonaparte, wore the dress of an Austrian -colonel and wrapped himself in the cloak of a Russian general. He must -have loved life cruelly: those immortals cannot consent to die. - -Moreau said of Bonaparte: - -"His chief characteristics are falsehood and the love of life: let me -beat him, and I should see him at my feet begging me for mercy." - -Moreau thought thus, being unable to grasp Bonaparte's nature; he fell -into the same error as Lord Byron. At least, at St. Helena, Napoleon, -dignified by the Muses, although petty in his quarrels with the English -Governor, had to support only the weight of his own immensity. In -France, the evil which he had done appeared to him personified by the -widows and orphans, and constrained him to tremble before the hands of -a few women. - -This is too true; but Bonaparte should not be judged by the rules -applied to great geniuses, because he was lacking in magnanimity. There -are men who have the faculty of rising, and who have not the faculty -of descending. Napoleon possessed both faculties: like the rebellious -angel, he was able to contract his incommensurable stature, so as to -enclose it within a measured space; his ductility furnished him with -means of safety and regeneration: with him, all was not finished when -he seemed to have finished. Changing his manners and costume at will, -as perfect in comedy as in tragedy, this actor knew how to appear -natural in the slave's tunic as in the king's mantle, in the part of -Attalus or in the part of Cæsar. Another moment and you shall see, from -the depth of his degradation, the dwarf raising his Briarean head; -Asmodeus will come forth in a huge column of smoke from the flask into -which he had compressed himself. Napoleon valued life for what it -brought him; he had the instinct of that which yet remained to him to -paint; he did not wish his canvas to fail him before he had completed -his pictures. - -[Sidenote: Scott's _Life of Napoleon._] - -Writing of Napoleon's fears, Sir Walter Scott[180], less unfair than -the commissaries, frankly remarks that the unkindness of the people -made much impression on Bonaparte, that he even shed tears, that -he showed more fear of assassination than seemed consistent with -his approved courage; "but," he adds, "it must be recollected that -the danger was of a new and particularly horrible description, and -calculated to appall many to whom the terrors of a field of battle were -familiar. The bravest soldier might shudder at a death like that of the -de Witts." Napoleon was made to undergo this revolutionary anguish in -the same places where he commenced his career with the Terror. - -The Prussian General, once interrupting his recital, thought himself -obliged to reveal a disorder which the Emperor did not conceal: Count -Waldburg may have confused what he saw with the sufferings which M. de -Ségur[181] witnessed in the Russian campaign, when Bonaparte, compelled -to alight from his horse, leant his head against the guns. Among the -number of the infirmities of illustrious warriors, true history reckons -only the dagger which pierced the heart of Henry IV., or the ball which -killed Turenne. - -After describing Bonaparte's arrival at Fréjus, Sir Walter Scott, rid -of the great scenes, joyfully falls back upon his talent; he "goes -his way gossiping," as Madame de Sévigné says; he chats of Napoleon's -passage to Elba, of the seduction exercised by Napoleon over the -English sailors, excepting Hinton[182], who could not hear the praises -given to the Emperor without muttering the word "humbug." When Napoleon -left the ship, Hinton wished "His Honour" good health and better luck -the next time. Napoleon typified all the littlenesses and all the -greatnesses of mankind. - -* - -While Bonaparte, known to the universe, was escaping amid curses from -France, Louis XVIII., everywhere forgotten, was leaving London under a -canopy of white banners and crowns. Napoleon, on landing in the island -of Elba, found back his strength there. Louis XVIII., on landing at -Calais[183], might have seen Louvel[184]; he met General Maison[185], -commissioned, sixteen years after, to put Charles X. on board at -Cherbourg. Charles X., apparently to render him worthy of his future -mission, later gave M. Maison the baton of a marshal of France, even as -a knight, before fighting, conferred knighthood upon the man of lower -rank with whom he deigned to measure swords. - -I dreaded the effect of Louis XVIII.'s appearance. I hastened to go -ahead of him to the residence whence Joan of Arc[186] fell into the -hands of the English and where I was shown a volume struck by one of -the cannon-balls hurled against Bonaparte. What would people think at -the sight of the royal invalid replacing the horseman who might have -said with Attila: - -"The grass no longer grows wherever my horse has passed." - -With no mission or taste for it, I undertook (I was clearly under a -spell) a somewhat difficult task, that of describing the arrival at -Compiègne, of causing the son of St. Louis to be seen as I idealized -him by the aid of the Muses. I expressed myself thus: - - "The King's coach was preceded by the generals and the - marshals of France who had gone to meet his Majesty. There - were no more cries of 'God save the King!' but confused - clamours amid which one distinguished only accents of tender - emotion and joy. The King wore a blue coat, marked only by a - star and a pair of epaulettes; his legs were encased in wide - gaiters of red velvet, edged with a narrow gold braid. Seated - in his arm-chair, with his old-fashioned gaiters, holding - his cane between his knees, he suggests Louis XIV.[187] at - fifty years of age.... Marshals Macdonald[188], Ney[189], - Moncey[190], Sérurier[191], Brune[192], the Prince de - Neuchâtel[193], all the generals, all the persons present - alike received the most affectionate words from the King. So - great in France is the power of the legitimate Sovereign, the - magic attached to the name of the King. A man arrives alone - from exile, despoiled of everything, without a following, - guards, or riches; he has nothing to give, almost nothing to - promise. He alights from his carriage, leaning on the arm of - a young woman; he shows himself to captains who have never - seen him, to grenadiers who hardly know his name. Who is that - man? Tis the King! Every one falls at his feet[194]!" - - -[Sidenote: Return of Louis XVIII.] - -What I said above of the warriors, with the object which I was -proposing to attain, was true as regards the leaders; but I lied with -respect to the soldiers. I have present in my memory, as though I saw -it still, the spectacle which I witnessed when Louis XVIII., entering -Paris on the 3rd of May, went to visit Notre-Dame: they had wished -to spare the King the sight of the foreign troops; a regiment of the -old foot-guards kept the line from the Pont-Neuf to Notre-Dame, along -the Quai des Orfèvres. I do not believe that human faces ever wore so -threatening and so terrible an expression. Those grenadiers, covered -with wounds, the conquerors of Europe, who had seen so many thousands -of cannon-balls pass over their heads, who smelt of fire and powder; -those same men, robbed of their captain, were forced to salute an old -king, disabled by time, not war, watched as they were by an army of -Russians, Austrians and Prussians, in Napoleon's invaded capital. Some, -moving the skin of their foreheads, brought down their great bear-skin -busbies over their eyes, as though to keep them from seeing; others -lowered the corners of their mouth in angry scorn; others again showed -their teeth through their mustachios, like tigers. When they presented -arms, it was with a furious movement, and the sound of those arms made -one tremble. Never, we must admit, have men been put to so great a -test and suffered so dire a torment. If, at that moment, they had been -summoned to vengeance, it would have been necessary to exterminate them -to the last, or they would have swallowed the earth. - -At the end of the line was a young hussar, on horse-back; he held a -drawn sword, and made it leap and as it were dance with a convulsive -movement of anger. His face was pale; his eyes rolled in their sockets; -he opened and shut his mouth by turns, clashing his teeth together, -and stifling cries of which one heard only the first sound. He caught -sight of a Russian officer: the look which he darted at him cannot be -described. When the King's carriage passed before him, he made his -horse spring, and certainly he had the temptation to fling himself upon -the King. - -The Restoration committed an irreparable mistake at its outset: it -ought to have disbanded the army, while retaining the marshals, -generals, military governors and officers in their pensions, honours -and rank; the soldiers would afterwards have successively returned -into the reconstituted army, as they have since done into the Royal -Guard: the Legitimate Monarchy would not then have had against it, -from the first, those soldiers of the Empire, organized, divided into -brigades, denominated as they had been in the days of their victories, -unceasingly talking together of the time that was past, nourishing -regrets and feelings hostile to their new master. - -The miserable resurrection of the Maison Rouge[195], that mixture -of soldiers of the old Monarchy and fighting men of the new Empire, -augmented the evil: to believe that veterans distinguished on a -thousand battle-fields would not be offended at seeing young men, very -brave no doubt, but for the most part new to the calling of arms, -wearing symbols of high military rank without having earned them, was -to betray a want of knowledge of human nature. - -[Sidenote: Declaration of Saint-Ouen.] - -Alexander had been to visit Louis XVIII. during the stay which the -latter made at Compiègne. Louis XVIII. offended him by his haughtiness: -this interview led to the Declaration of Saint-Ouen of the 2nd of May. -The King said in this that he had resolved to give, as the basis of the -Constitution which he proposed to award to his people, the following -guarantees: representative government divided into two bodies, -taxes freely granted, public and individual liberty, liberty of the -press, liberty of public worship, sacred inviolability of property, -irrevocability of the sale of national goods, irremovable judges and -an independent judicial bench, every Frenchman admissible to every -employment, etc., etc. - -This declaration, although it was in keeping with Louis XVIII.'s -intelligence, nevertheless pertained neither to him nor to his -advisers; it was simply the time which was issuing from its rest: its -wings had been folded, its soaring suspended since 1792; it was now -resuming its flight, or its course. The excesses of the Terror, the -despotism of Bonaparte had caused ideas to turn back again; but, so -soon as the obstacles that had been opposed to them were destroyed, -they flowed into the bed which they were at the at same time to follow -and to dig. Matters were taken up at the point at which they had been -stopped; all that had passed was as though it had not happened: the -human race, thrust back to the commencement of the Revolution, had only -lost forty years[196] of its life; well, what is forty years in the -general life of society? That gap disappears when the cut fragments of -time have been joined together. - -The Treaty of Paris, between the Allies and France, was concluded -on the 30th of May 1814. It was agreed that, within two months, all -the Powers engaged on either side in the present war should send -plenipotentiaries to Vienna to settle the final arrangements in a -general congress. - -On the 4th of June, Louis XVIII. appeared in royal session in a -collective assembly of the Legislative Body and a fraction of the -Senate. He delivered a noble speech: old, by-gone, worn-out, these -wearisome details now serve only as an historic thread. - -To the greater part of the nation, the Charter possessed the drawback -of being "granted:" this most useless word stirred up the burning -question of royal or popular sovereignty. Louis XVIII. also dated -his boon from the nineteenth year of his reign, considering that of -Bonaparte as null and void, in the same way as Charles II[197]. had -taken a clean leap over Cromwell's head: it was a kind of insult to -the sovereigns, who had all recognised Napoleon and who were at that -very moment in Paris. That obsolete language and those pretensions of -the ancient monarchies added nothing to the lawfulness of the right -and were mere puerile anachronisms[198]. That apart, the Charter, -replacing despotism, bringing us legal liberty, was calculated to -satisfy conscientious men. Nevertheless, the Royalists, who gained -so many advantages by it, who, issuing from their village, or their -paltry fireside, or the obscure posts on which they had lived under -the Empire, were called to a lofty and public existence, received the -boon only in a grudging spirit; the Liberals, who had accommodated -themselves whole-heartedly to the tyranny of Bonaparte, thought the -Charter a regular slave-code. We have returned to the time of Babel, -but we no longer work at a common monument of confusion: each builds -his tower to his own height, according to his strength and stature. -For the rest, if the Charter appeared defective, it was because the -Revolution had not run its course; the principles of equality and -democracy lay at the bottom of men's minds and worked in a contrary -direction to the monarchical order. - -The Allied Princes lost no time in leaving Paris. Alexander, when -going away, had a religious sacrifice celebrated on the Place de la -Concorde[199]. An altar was erected where the scaffold of Louis XVI. -had stood. Seven Muscovite priests performed the service, and the -foreign troops defiled before the altar. The _Te Deum_ was sung to one -of the beautiful airs of the old Greek music. The soldiers and the -sovereigns bent their knee to the ground to receive the benediction. -The thoughts of the French were carried back to 1793 and 1794, when -the oxen refused to go over pavements which the smell of blood made -hateful to them. What hand had led to the expiatory festival those men -of all countries, those sons of the ancient barbarian invasions, those -Tartars, some of whom dwelt in sheep-skin tents beneath the Great Wall -of China? Those are spectacles which the feeble generations that will -follow my century shall no longer see. - -[Sidenote: The first Restoration.] - -In the first year of the Restoration, I assisted at the third -transformation of society: I had seen the old Monarchy turn into -the Constitutional Monarchy, and the latter into the Republic; I -had seen the Republic change into military despotism; I had seen -military despotism turn back into a free Monarchy, the new ideas and -the new generations return to the old principles and the old men. The -marshals of the Empire become marshals of France; with the uniforms -of Napoleon's Guard were mingled the uniforms of the bodyguards and -the Maison Rouge, cut precisely after the old patterns; the old -Duc d'Havré[200], with his powdered wig and his black cane, ambled -along with shaking head, as Captain of the Body-guards, near Marshal -Victor[201], limping in the Bonaparte style; the Duc de Mouchy[202], -who had never seen a shot fired, went in to Mass near Marshal -Oudinot[203], riddled with wounds; the Palace of the Tuileries, so -proper and soldierly under Napoleon, became filled, instead of the -smell of powder, with the odours of the breakfasts which ascended -on every side: under messieurs the lords of the Bed-chamber, with -messieurs the officers of the Mouth and the Wardrobe, everything -resumed an air of domesticity. In the streets, one saw decrepit -Emigrants wearing the airs and clothes of former days, most respectable -men no doubt, but appearing as outlandish among the modern crowd -as did the Republican captains among the soldiers of Napoleon. The -ladies of the Imperial Court introduced the dowagers of the Faubourg -Saint-Germain and taught them "their way about" the palace. There -arrived deputations from Bordeaux, adorned with armlets; parish -captains from the Vendée, wearing La Rochejacquelein hats. These -different persons retained the expression of the feelings, thoughts, -habits, manners familiar to them. Liberty, which lay at the root -of that period, made things exist together which, at first sight, -appeared as though they ought not to exist; but one had difficulty in -recognising that liberty, because it wore the colours of the Ancient -Monarchy and of the Imperial Despotism. Everyone, too, was badly -acquainted with the language of the Constitution: the Royalists made -glaring errors when talking Charter; the Imperialists were still less -well-informed; the Conventionals, who had become, in turn, counts, -barons, senators of Napoleon and peers of Louis XVIII., lapsed at one -time into the Republican dialect which they had almost forgotten, at -another into the Absolutist idiom which they had learned thoroughly. -Lieutenant-generals had been promoted to game-keepers. Aides-de-camp of -the last military tyrant were heard to prate of the inviolable liberty -of the peoples, and regicides to sustain the sacred dogma of the -Legitimacy. - -These metamorphoses would be hateful, if they did not in part belong -to the flexibility of the French genius. The people of Athens governed -itself; orators appealed to its passions in the public places; the -sovereign crowd was composed of sculptors, painters, artizans, "who -are wont to be spectators of speeches and hearers of deeds[204]," as -Thucydides says. But when, good or bad, the decree had been delivered, -who issued to execute it from amid that incoherent and inexpert mass? -Socrates, Phocion, Pericles, Alcibiades. - -* - -Is it the Royalists who are "to blame for the Restoration," as is -urged to-day? Not in the least: it was as though one should say that -thirty millions of men had stood aghast, while a handful of Legitimists -accomplished a detested restoration, against the wish of all, by -waving a few handkerchiefs and putting a ribbon of their wives' in -their hats! The vast majority of Frenchmen was, it is true, full of -joy; but that majority was not a _Legitimist_ one in the limited -sense of the word, applicable only to the rigid partisans of the old -Monarchy. The majority was a mass composed of every shade of opinion, -happy at being delivered, and violently incensed against the man whom -it accused of all its misfortunes: hence the success of my pamphlet. -How many avowed aristocrats were numbered among those who proclaimed -the King's name? Messieurs Mathieu and Adrien de Montmorency; the -Messieurs de Polignac, escaped from their jail; M. Alexis de Noailles; -M. Sosthène de La Rochefoucauld. Did those seven or eight men, whom the -people neither recognised nor followed, lay down the law to a whole -nation? - -Madame de Montcalm had sent me a bag containing twelve hundred francs -to distribute among the pure Legitimist race: I sent it back to her, -not having succeeded in placing a crown-piece. An ignominious cord -was fastened round the neck of the statue which surmounted the column -in the Place Vendôme; there were so few Royalists to raise a hubbub -around glory and to pull at the rope that the authorities themselves, -Bonapartists all, had to lower their master's image with the aid of -a scaffold; the colossus was forced to bow his head: he fell at the -feet of the sovereigns of Europe, who had so often lain prostrate -before him. It was the men of the Republic and of the Empire who -enthusiastically greeted the Restoration. The conduct and ingratitude -of the persons raised by the Revolution were abominable towards him -whom they affect to-day to regret and admire. - -[Sidenote: Its supporters.] - -Imperialists and Liberals, it is you into whose hands the power fell, -you who knelt down before the sons of Henry IV. It was quite natural -that the Royalists should be happy to recover their Princes and to see -the end of the reign of him whom they regarded as an usurper; but you, -the creatures of that usurper, surpassed the feelings of the Royalists -in exaggeration. The ministers, the high dignitaries vied with each -other in taking the oath to the Legitimacy; all the civil and judicial -authorities crowded on each other's heels to swear hatred against the -proscribed new dynasty and love to the ancient race whom they had a -hundred and a hundred times condemned. Who drew up those proclamations, -those adulatory addresses, so insulting to Napoleon, with which France -was flooded? The Royalists? No: the ministers, the generals, the -authorities chosen and maintained in office by Bonaparte. Where was -the jobbing of the Restoration done? At the Royalists'? No: at M. de -Talleyrand's. With whom? With M. de Pradt, almoner to "the God Mars" -and mitred mountebank. Where and with whom did the Lieutenant-General -of the Kingdom dine on his arrival? At the Royalists' and with -Royalists? No: at the Bishop of Autun's, with M. de Caulaincourt. -Where were entertainments given to "the infamous foreign princes?" At -the country-houses of the Royalists? No: at Malmaison, at the Empress -Joséphine's. To whom did Napoleon's dearest friends, Berthier, for -instance, carry their ardent devotion? To the Legitimacy. Who spent -their existences with the Emperor Alexander, with that brutal Tartar? -The classes of the Institute, the scholars, the men of letters, the -philosophers, philanthropists, theophilanthropists and others; they -returned enchanted, laden with praises and snuff-boxes. As for us poor -devils of Legitimists, we were admitted nowhere; we went for nothing. -Sometimes we were told, in the streets, to go home to bed; sometimes -we were recommended not to shout "God Save the King!" too loud, -others having undertaken that responsibility. So far from compelling -anyone to be a Legitimist, those in power declared that nobody would -be obliged to change his conduct or his language, that the Bishop of -Autun would be no more compelled to say Mass under the Royalty than -he had been compelled to attend it under the Empire. I saw no lady of -the castle-keep, no Joan of Arc proclaim the rightful sovereign with -falcon on wrist or lance in hand; but Madame de Talleyrand[205], whom -Bonaparte had fastened to her husband like a sign-board, drove through -the streets in a calash, singing hymns on the pious Family of the -Bourbons. A few sheets fluttering from the windows of the familiars -of the Imperial Court made the good Cossacks believe that there were -as many lilies in the hearts of the converted Bonapartists as white -rags at their casements. It is wonderful how far contagion will go -in France, and a man would cry, "Off with my head!" if he heard his -neighbour cry the same. The Imperialists went so far as to enter our -houses and make us Bourbonists put out, by way of spotless flags, such -white remnants as our presses contained. This happened at my house; but -Madame de Chateaubriand would have none of it, and valiantly defended -her muslins. - -* - -[Sidenote: The Restoration ministry.] - -The Legislative Body, transformed into a Chamber of Deputies, and -the House of Peers, composed of 154 members, appointed for life, and -including over 60 senators, formed the two first Legislative Chambers. -M. de Talleyrand, installed at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, left -for the Congress of Vienna, the opening of which was fixed for the 3rd -of November, in execution of Clause 32 of the Treaty of the 30th of -May; M. de Jaucourt held the portfolio during an interim which lasted -until the Battle of Waterloo. The Abbé de Montesquiou became Minister -of the Interior, having M. Guizot[206] as his secretary-general; M. -Malouet[207] entered the Admiralty: he died, and was succeeded by M. -Beugnot[208]; General Dupont[209] obtained the War Office; he was -replaced by Marshal Soult[210], who distinguished himself through the -erection of the funeral monument at Quiberon; the Duc de Blacas[211] -was Minister of the Royal Household; M. Anglès[212], Prefect of Police; -Councillor Dambray[213], Minister of Justice; the Abbé Louis[214], -Minister of Finance. - -On the 21st of October, the Abbé de Montesquiou introduced the first -law on the subject of the press; it submitted every writing of less -than twenty pages of print to the censorship: M. Guizot worked out this -first law of liberty. - -Carnot[215] addressed a letter to the King; he admitted that the -Bourbons "had been joyfully received;" but, taking no account of the -shortness of the time, nor of all that the Charter granted, he gave -haughty lessons together with risky advice: all this is worth nothing -when one has to accept the rank of minister and the title of count -of the Empire; it is not becoming to show one's self proud towards a -weak and liberal Prince when one has been submissive towards a violent -and despotic Prince, when, a worn-out machine of the Terror, one has -found one's self unequal to the calculation of the proportions of -Napoleonic warfare. I sent to the press, in reply, my _Réflexions -politiques_[216]; they contain the substance of the _Monarchie selon -la Charte._ M. Lainé[217], the President of the Chamber of Deputies, -spoke of this work to the King with praise. The King always seemed -charmed with the services which I had the happiness to render him; -Heaven seemed to have thrown over my shoulders the mantle of herald of -the Legitimacy: but the greater the success of the work, the less did -its author please His Majesty. The _Réflexions politiques_ divulged my -Constitutional doctrines: the Court received an impression from them -which my fidelity to the Bourbons has been unable to wipe out. Louis -XVIII. used to say to his intimates: - -"Beware of ever admitting a poet into your affairs: he will ruin all. -Those people are good for nothing." - -[Sidenote: The Duchesse de Duras.] - -A powerful and lively friendship at that time filled my heart: the -Duchesse de Duras[218] had imaginative powers, and even some of the -facial expression of Madame de Staël: she has given a proof of her -talent as an author in _Ourika._ On her return from the Emigration, -she led a secluded life, for many years, in her Château d'Ussé, on the -banks of the Loire, and I first heard speak of her in the beautiful -gardens at Méréville, after having passed near her in London without -meeting her. She came to Paris for the education of her charming -daughters, Félicie[219] and Clara[220]. Relations of family, province, -literary and political opinion opened the door of her company to -me. Her warmth of soul, her nobility of character, her loftiness of -mind, her generosity of sentiment made her a superior woman. At the -commencement of the Restoration, she took me under her protection; for, -in spite of all that I had done for the Legitimate Monarchy and the -services which Louis XVIII. confessed that he had received from me, I -had been placed so far on one side that I was thinking of retiring to -Switzerland. Perhaps I should have done well: in those solitudes which -Napoleon had intended for me as his ambassador to the mountains, might -I not have been happier than in the Palace of the Tuileries? When I -entered those halls on the return of the Legitimacy, they made upon -me an impression almost as painful as on the day when I saw Bonaparte -there prepared to kill the Duc d'Enghien. Madame de Duras spoke of -me to M. de Blacas. He replied that I was quite free to go I where I -would. Madame de Duras was so tempestuous, so courageous on behalf of -her friends, that a vacant embassy was dug up, the Embassy to Sweden. -Louis XVIII., already wearied of my noise, was happy to make a present -of me to his good brother, King Bernadotte. Did the latter imagine that -I was being sent to Stockholm to dethrone him? By the Lord, ye princes -of the earth, I dethrone nobody; keep your crowns, if you can, and -above all do not give them to me, for I "will none of them." - -Madame de Duras, an excellent woman, who allowed me to call her my -sister, and whom I had the happiness of seeing in Paris during many -years, went to Nice to die[221]: one more wound re-opened. The Duchesse -de Duras saw much of Madame de Staël. I cannot conceive how I did -not come across Madame Récamier[222], who had returned from Italy to -France; I should have greeted the succour which came in aid of my -life. Already I no longer belonged to those mornings which console -themselves; I was on the verge of those evening hours which stand in -need of consolation. - -* - -On the 30th of December of the year 1814, the Legislative Chambers were -prorogued to the 1st of May 1815, as though they had been convoked for -the assembly of Bonaparte's _champ-de-mai._ On the 18th of January, the -remains were exhumed of Marie-Antoinette and Louis XVI. I was present -at this exhumation in the cemetery[223] in which Fontaine[224] and -Percier[225] have since, at the pious call of Madame la Dauphine, -and in imitation of a sepulchral church at Rimini, raised what is -perhaps the most remarkable monument in Paris. This cloister, formed -of a concatenation of tombs, strikes the imagination and fills it -with sadness. I have spoken, in Book IV. of these Memoirs, of the -exhumations of 1815[226]. In the midst of the bones, I recognised the -Queen's head by the smile which that head had given me at Versailles. - -[Sidenote: The 21st of January.] - -On the 21st of January, was laid the first stone of the ground-work -of the statue which was to be erected on the Place Louis XV., and -which was never erected. I wrote the funeral splendour of the 21st of -January; I said: - - "The monks who came with the Oriflamme[227] to meet the - shrine of St. Louis will not receive the descendant of the - Sainted King. In the subterraneous abodes where dwelt those - annihilated kings and princes, Louis XVI. will lie alone!... - How is it that so many dead have risen? Why is Saint-Denis - deserted? Let us rather ask why its roof has been restored, - why its altar is left standing. What hand has reconstructed - the vault of those caverns and prepared those empty tombs? - The hand of that same man who was seated on the throne of the - Bourbons[228]! O Providence, he thought that he was preparing - sepulchres for his race, and he was but building the tomb of - Louis XVI.[229]!" - -I long wished that the image of Louis XVI. might be set up on the -spot where the martyr shed his blood: I should no longer be of that -opinion. The Bourbons must be praised for thinking of Louis XVI. at -the first moment of their return. They were bound to touch their -foreheads with his ashes, before placing his crown on their heads. -Now I think that they ought not to have gone further. It was not in -Paris, as in London, a committee which tried the monarch: it was the -whole Convention; thence the annual reproach which a repeated funeral -ceremony seemed to make to the nation, apparently represented by -a complete assembly. Every people has fixed anniversaries for the -celebration of its triumphs, its disorders, or its misfortunes, for -all have, in an equal measure, desired to keep up the memory of one -and the other: we have had solemnities for the barricades, songs for -St. Bartholomew's Night, feasts for the death of Capet; but is it not -remarkable that the law is powerless to create days of remembrance, -whereas religion has made the obscurest saint live on from age to -age? If the fasts and prayers instituted for the sacrifice of Charles -I. still survive[230], it is because, in England, the State unites -religious to political supremacy and because, by virtue of that -supremacy, the 30th of January 1649 has become a _feria._ In France -things go differently: Rome alone has the right to command in religion; -thenceforth, of what value is an order published by a prince, a decree -promulgated by a political assembly, if another prince, another -assembly have the right to expunge them? I therefore think to-day that -the symbol of a feast which may be abolished, or the evidence of a -tragic catastrophe not consecrated by religion, is not fitly placed on -the road of the crowd carelessly and heedlessly pursuing its pleasures. -At the time in which we live, it is to be feared lest a monument raised -with the object of impressing horror of popular excesses might prompt -the longing to imitate them: evil tempts more than good; when wishing -to perpetuate the sorrow, one often perpetuates only the example. The -centuries do not adopt the bequests of mourning: they have present -cause enough for weeping, without undertaking to shed hereditary tears -as well. - -[Sidenote: Reflections at Saint-Denis.] - -On beholding the catafalque leaving the Cemetière de Desclozeaux[230b], -laden with the remains of the Queen and King, I felt a strong emotion; -I followed it with my eyes with a fatal presentiment. At last Louis -XVI. resumed his couch at Saint-Denis; Louis XVIII., on his side, slept -at the Louvre. The two brothers were together commencing a new era of -legitimate kings and sceptres: vain restoration of the throne and the -tomb, of which time has already swept away the dual dust. - -Since I have spoken of those funeral ceremonies, which were so often -repeated, I will tell you of the incubus with which I used to be -oppressed when, after the ceremony, I walked in the evening in the -half-undraped basilica: that I dreamt of the vanity of human greatness -among those devasted tombs follows as the vulgar moral issuing from -the spectacle itself; but the workings of my mind did not stop at -that: I penetrated into the very nature of man. Is all emptiness and -absence in the region of the sepulchres? Is there nothing in that -nothingness? Are there no existences of nihility, no thoughts of dust? -Have those bones no modes of life with which we are unacquainted? Who -knows of the passions, the pleasures, the embraces of those dead? Are -the things which they have dreamt, thought, expected like themselves -idealities, engulfed pell-mell with themselves? Dreams, futures, joys, -sorrows, liberties and slaveries, powers and weaknesses, crimes and -virtues, honours and infamies, riches and miseries, talents, geniuses, -intelligences, glories, illusions, loves: are you but perceptions of -a moment, perceptions that pass with the destruction of the skulls in -which they take birth, with the extinction of the bosom in which once -beat a heart? In your eternal silence, O tombs, if tombs you be, is -nought heard but a mocking and eternal laughter? Is that laughter the -God, the sole derisive reality, which will survive the imposture of -this universe? Let us close our eyes; let us fill up life's despairing -abyss with those great and mysterious words of the martyr: - -"I am a Christian!" - - - -[128] Odo King of France (_d._ 898), the first king of the Capet -Dynasty.--T. - -[129] Abbon (_d._ 923), nicknamed the Crooked, author of a Latin poem -on the siege of Paris by the Normans. - -[130] Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia Queen of Prussia (1776-1810), -the beautiful wife of Frederic William III., and daughter of the Duke -of Mecklemburg-Strelitz. Napoleon was said to be enamoured of Louisa of -Prussia.--T. - -[131] Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. VIII.--T. - -[132] _Ps._ XXI. 16. In the Vulgate: _Et lingua mea adhasit faucibus -meis._--B. - -[133] The Emperor Alexander had expressed a wish to say, not at the -Tuileries, but at the Élysée; he remained there only a few hours, and -accepted the offer of the Prince of Talleyrand, who hastened to place -at his disposal his house in the Rue Saint-Florentin.--B. - -[134] Pope Pius VII.--T. - -[135] Fabian Wilhelm Prince von der Osten-Sacken (1752-1837) had fought -in all the campaigns against Turkey, Poland and France, and been taken -prisoner by Masséna at Zurich. Alexander appointed him Governor of -Paris in 1814.--T. - -[136] Paul Count Schouvaloff (_circa_ 1775-1823), a distinguished -Russian general, the same who later escorted Napoleon to Fréjus.--T. - -[137] Madame Charles Bonaparte (1750-1836), _née_ Ramolino, Napoleon's -mother. When Bonaparte assumed the title of Emperor, he bestowed upon -his mother that of Madame Mère and Imperial Highness.--T. - -[138] Cardinal Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, was Madame Mère's -half-brother.--T. - -[139] Nikolaus Field-Marshal Prince Esterhazy von Galantha (1765-1833), -the Hungarian magnate who, in 1797, had organized an army in Hungary to -repel the French invasion.--T. - -[140] Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1784-1860), Napoleon's -youngest and most worthless brother, distinguished for little save his -personal courage. From Jerome the present Bonapartist pretenders are -descended. He had married a daughter of the King of Wurtemberg, who, -after Waterloo, gave him the title of Comte de Montfort. He returned -to France in 1848, and prepared the way for the election to the -Presidency of his nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, afterwards Napoleon -III. Jerome, who resumed his royal title under the Second Empire, was -successively appointed Governor of the Invalides (1848), a marshal of -France (1850), and President of the Senate (1851).--T. - -[141] _Cf._ my description of the Hundred Days at Ghent, _infra,_ -and the portrait of M. de Talleyrand given at the end of these -Memoirs.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1839). - -[142] The full title of Chateaubriand's work was _De Bonaparte, des -Bourbons et de la nécessité de se rallier à nos princes légitimes pour -le bonheur de la France et celui de l'Europe._ Extracts from the famous -pamphlet were published in the _Journal des Débats_ on the 4th of April -1814, and the work itself was placed on sale the next day, Wednesday -the 5th of April.--B. - -[143] Hugues Maret, Duc de Bassano (1763-1839), was the editor of -the bulletins of the National Assembly in 1789, and thus laid the -foundations of the _Moniteur universel._ In 1792, he was sent as -Ambassador to Naples, was captured by the Austrians on the road, and -was kept in confinement until 1795, when he was exchanged for the -daughter of Louis XVI. Bonaparte appointed Maret Secretary-General to -the Consuls and later, in 1804, made him Secretary of State. In this -capacity Maret accompanied Napoleon on all his campaigns, drawing up -most of the instructions and bulletins. He was in 1811 created Duc -de Bassano, and was appointed Foreign Minister and Minister of War -in 1813. He was exiled in 1815, not returning to France until 1820. -The Duc de Bassano was a minister of Louis-Philippe for the space of -one week only (10 to 18 November 1834). To Napoleon he had been an -invaluable and indefatigable servant.--T. - -[144] François Séverin Desgraviers-Marceau (1769-1796) enlisted at -the age of sixteen, became a captain in the Vendée in 1793 and, in -the same year, when only twenty-four years old, was, upon Kléber's -recommendation, appointed General-in-Chief of the Western Army. On the -12th of December, he won the bloody battle of Mans over the Vendeans. -In 1794, he was employed as a general of division in the Army of -Sambre-et-Meuse, and contributed to the victory of Fleurus. In 1796, -he protected the retreat of Jourdan's Army, and had several times -repelled the enemy when he fell mortally wounded near Altkirchen, at -the age of twenty-seven years. Marceau was noted for his humanity and -disinterestedness, as much as for his courage and strategic talent His -native city of Chartres erected a monument to him in 1850.--T. - -[145] Lazare Hoche (1768-1797) received the command of the Army of -the Moselle at the age of twenty-five. In 1793-94, he cleared the -Austrians out of Alsace. He was thrown into prison for a short time, -at the instance of Pichegru, over whose head he had been promoted, but -recovered his liberty on the 9 Thermidor, and was placed at the head -of the Army of the Vendée. He defeated the Emigrants at Quiberon and -succeeded in pacifying the whole district. In 1796, he commanded the -army which was intended to effect a landing in Ireland, but was driven -back by storms. He was next, in February 1797, placed in command of the -Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, consisting of 80,000 men, and defeated the -Austrians in three engagements, but died, in September, of a complaint -of the bowels. Hoche has a statue at Versailles, where he was born.--T. - -[146] Barthélemy Cathérine Joubert (1769-1799) served with great -distinction in Italy, as second to Bonaparte, in 1795 and 1796; in -1798, he himself commanded the Army of Italy and at first obtained -great successes. On the 15th of August 1799, however, he was -unexpectedly attacked by the Russians at Novi, saw his army routed, and -was mortally wounded while attempting to effect a rally. The Directory -were considering whether they should place Joubert in the supreme -power, when his death occurred.--T. - -[147] Masséna routed the Russians at Zurich on the 26th of August -1799.--T. - -[148] Camille Jordan (1771-1821), a moderate French citizen of liberal -opinions, and author of some wise and temperate works.--T. - -[149] Louis Jean Népomucène Lemercier (1771-1840), a notable playwright -and a member of the French Academy.--T. - -[150] Jean Denis Comte Lanjuinais (1753-1827), a moderate member of the -Convention, of which, after escaping from arrest, he was made President -in 1795. In 1800, he was made a senator, and, although he voted against -the life consulship, he was later created a count of the Empire. In -1814, he voted for the deposition of Napoleon and was made a peer by -Louis XVIII.--T. - -[151] Charles François Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance (1739-1824), the third -of the three Consuls. Under the Empire, Bonaparte created him Duc de -Plaisance, High Treasurer, and Administrator-General of Holland. He -gave in his adhesion to the recall of the Bourbons in 1814, and was -created a peer under the Restoration.--T. - -[152] Here I omit quotations from Marie Joseph de Chénier, Madame de -Staël, Benjamin Constant, Béranger, Courier, Victor Hugo, Sheridan and -Lord Byron.--T. - -[153] M. de Talleyrand occupied the house which forms the corner of the -Place de la Concorde and the Rue Saint-Florentin. After the death of -the Prince de Talleyrand, it was taken by the Princesse de Lieven. It -is now the property of M. Alphonse de Rothschild.--B. - -[154] The Abbé Dominique Dufour de Pradt (1759-1837), was Grand Vicar -at Rouen on the outbreak of the Revolution. He emigrated in 1791, -returned in 1801, and became successively almoner to the Emperor, a -baron, Bishop of Poitiers and Archbishop of Mechlin. In 1812, he was -sent as Ambassador to Warsaw, but acquitted himself very badly in this -capacity, and was deprived of his almoner-ship and sent back to his -diocese. He thereupon became a violent enemy of Napoleon, and was one -of the first to declare against him when the Allies entered Paris. -Nevertheless, he was coldly received by the Bourbons and obliged to -resign his archbishopric, receiving a pension of 12,000 francs by way -of indemnity. He wrote a mass of occasional matter, including a History -of his Polish Embassy. The publication referred to above is his _Récit -historique sur la restauration de la royauté en France le 31 mars_ -1814.--T. - -[155] Pierre de Ruel, Maréchal Marquis de Beurnonville (1752-1821), had -served in the Republican armies, was made Minister of War in 1792, but -was captured by Dumouriez and delivered to the Austrians: he was one of -the French officers exchanged in 1795 for Louis XVI.'s daughter, who -became Duchesse d'Angoulême. Under the Consulate and Empire, he was -sent as Ambassador to Berlin and Madrid. He became a senator in 1805, a -count of the Empire in 1808. Louis XVIII. created him a peer of France -in 1814, a marshal of France in 1816, gave him his marquisate in 1817 -and the Order of the Holy Ghost in 1820.--T. - -[156] Arnail François Marquis de Jaucourt (1757-1852) was a colonel in -the royal service at the age of twenty-five. Under the Revolution, he -pronounced for the Constitutional Monarchy and was obliged to emigrate. -Napoleon made him a senator in 1803, First Chamberlain to King Joseph -in 1804, a count in 1808; and Jaucourt remained faithful until the -flight of Joseph and Marie-Louise, when he consented to join the -Provisional Government. Louis XVIII. made him a minister of State and -a peer of France; but he held office for only short periods, devoting -himself mainly to the interests of Protestantism, a form of worship to -which he belonged.--T. - -[157] Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang Heribert Duc de Dalberg (1773-1833) left -the service of the Grand-duke of Baden for that of Napoleon and was -naturalized a Frenchman. He was created a duke of the Empire in 1810 -and, for the rest, clung to the fortunes of Talleyrand.--T. - -[158] François Xavier Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de Montesquiou-Fezensac -(1757-1832) had followed the Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII.) to -England after the Revolution. He returned to France after the 9 -Thermidor to serve the interests of the Bourbons, but was exiled -by Bonaparte. Louis XVIII. made him his Minister of the Interior -(1814-1815), and he was for some time at the head of affairs. After the -Second Restoration, he was created a peer of France (1815), a count -(1817) and a duke (1821) but took no further part in politics. In 1816, -he was admitted to the French Academy, although he had no literary -qualifications. He died in retirement and poor.--T. - -[159] Dupont de Nemours (_vide_ note, _supra_, p. 56) was Secretary to -the Provisional Government, rather than a member of it.--B. - -[160] The Treaty of Tilsit, between Russia and Prussia on the one hand -and France on the other, took place in 1807.--T. - -[161] At the commencement of the reign of Louis XVI., the house in the -Rue Saint-Florentin belonged to the Duc de Fitz-James, who sold it, -in 1787, to the Duchesse de l'Infantado. Hence the name of Hôtel de -l'Infantado by which it was generally designated under the Empire and -in the early years of the Restoration.--B. - -[162] Adresse du Gouvernement provisoire aux armées françaises (2 April -1814).--B. - -[163] Charles de Lorraine, Duc de Mayenne (1544-1611), brother to the -Duc de Guise and the Cardinal de Lorraine, on whose death he proclaimed -himself the Head of the League and Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, -and made war upon Henry III. and the King of Navarre (Henry IV.), -but was defeated by the latter at Arques and Ivry. He kept up his -resistance after the death of Henry III., and proclaimed a phantom king -in the person of the Cardinal de Bourbon. On the death of that Prince, -in 1590, he convoked the States-General in the hope of securing his own -election, but failed, ended by submitting and, in 1596, made his peace -with Henry IV., who made him Governor of the Isle of France.--T. - -[164] Charles Comte, later Duc de Cossé-Brissac was appointed Governor -of Paris by the Duc de Mayenne in 1594. A few months later, he -surrendered the capital to Henry IV., who made him a marshal.--T. - -[165] Jean Baptiste Mailhe (1754-1834), member of the Convention for -the Haute-Garonne. As the result of the drawing which took place among -the departments, he was the first called upon to vote in the trial of -the King. In 1814, he sent an address to the Senate to congratulate it -on pronouncing the deposition of Napoleon.--B. - -[166] Baron Petit (1772-1856) had been Brigadier-General of the -Imperial Guard since the 23rd of June 1813. The day after the -leave-taking at Fontainebleau, he swore allegiance to Louis XVIII., -who made him a knight of St. Louis; but he fought at Cambronne's side -at Waterloo, and protected the flight of the Emperor. Louis-Philippe -created him a peer of France in 1837, and made him Commander of the -Invalides. Napoleon III. appointed him a Senator in 1852.--T. - -[167] Franz Baron von Koller (1767-1826), Adjutant-General to Prince -von Schwarzenberg, and an Austrian general of the first merit.--T. - -[168] Colonel, later General Sir Neil Campbell (1776-1827). Colonel -Campbell stayed in Elba at Napoleon's request, and it was during one -of his absences in Italy that Napoleon escaped, Campbell's supposed -residence having put the English naval captains off their guard.--T. - -[169] Friedrich Ludwig Count Truchsess von Waldburg (1776-1844), author -of the _Reise von Fontainebleau nach Fréjus_ (1815), from which the -following extracts are taken.--T. - -[170] Johann Philipp Palm (1766-1806), the victim of this judicial -murder. A book was published at Nuremberg, in 1814, by the unfortunate -publisher's family, giving a full and touching account of his trial and -execution.--T. - -[171] Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832), a noted German publicist, -author of the Prussian manifesto against France in 1806, the Austrian -manifestoes of 1809 and 1813, the protocols of the Conferences of -Vienna (1814) and Paris (1815), and of several remarkable political -works.--T. - -[172] Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), did not receive -his duchy until the 11th of May 1814. The earlier steps are: Baron -Douro and Viscount Wellington (4 September 1809), Earl of Wellington -(28 February 1812), and Marquess of Wellington (3 October 1812).--T. - -[173] Paul François Charles Augereau, Maréchal Duc de Castiglione -(1757-1816), a brilliant, dashing and courageous soldier. He was one of -the first to recognise the Bourbons.--T. - -[174] Henri Gratien Comte Bertrand (1773-1844), Napoleon's intimate -and confidant, accompanied him to Elba and St. Helena, and never left -his side until his death. He had been sentenced to death by contumacy -in 1816. On his return from St. Helena, in 1821, Louis XVIII. remitted -his penalty and restored him to his rank. In 1840, he accompanied the -Prince de Joinville to St. Helena and, with him, brought back the -remains of Napoleon to France. He is buried at the Invalides by the -Emperor's side.--T. - -[175] Comte Drouot (1774-1847), the great artillery general. Napoleon -made him Governor of Elba. He returned to France with the Emperor at -Waterloo, and fought with extraordinary gallantry. He was proscribed by -Louis XVIII. and tried by court-martial, but acquitted. He ended his -days in retirement, and lost his sight some years before his death. -Napoleon left him 100,000 francs in his will.--T. - -[176] TRUCHSESS-WALDBURG, _A Narrative of Napoleon Buonaparte's Journey -from Fontainebleau to Fréjus in April 1814_ (London: John Murray, -1816).--T. - -[177] In 1799, after the capture of Jaffa, Bonaparte had the garrison -murdered in cold blood, as well as some thousands of prisoners of whom -he had a difficulty in disposing.--T - -[178] According to several historians, the Marquis de Maubreuil was a -needy adventurer, as destitute of scruples as of money, who is supposed -to have been charged by Talleyrand, in April 1814, to assassinate -Napoleon. Dupont, the Minister for War, Anglès, the Minister for -Police, and Bourrienne, the Postmaster-General, the commanders of the -Russian and Austrian troops, the Emperor of Russia, the Emperor of -Austria himself are said to have approved of the mission entrusted to -Maubreuil. All this is an abominable calumny. - -The royalist zeal of which Maubreuil had given signs, after the entry -of the Allies into Paris, had earned for him the good graces of M. -Laborie, the assistant-secretary to the Provisional Government; but his -protector, failing to procure him a post, he invented a stroke of the -boldest character. - -Under the pretext that he was going in search of a portion of the Crown -diamonds, which had been removed from Paris and were not to be found, -on the 21st of April, at the village of Fossard, near Montereau, he -waylaid the Queen of Westphalia, who was returning to Germany, and -seized eleven cases containing the Queen's jewelry and diamonds and -80,000 francs in gold. When the news of this great stroke reached -Paris, the Sovereigns, and the Emperor Alexander in particular, -displayed the liveliest annoyance and demanded the punishment of the -culprits. Maubreuil, meantime, had returned to Paris, on the night -of the 23rd of April; he carried to the Tuileries the cases which he -had taken, one of them, according to him, having been broken and its -contents scattered on the road. At the same time, he handed over four -sacks, containing gold, he said. The next day, when the cases were -opened by the locksmith who had made the keys, they were found to be -almost empty; the sacks contained silver pieces of twenty sous, instead -of gold pieces of twenty francs. The police, before long, had proofs -that the broken case, which was just that which had contained the -most precious objects, had been opened at Versailles, in a room at an -inn, by Maubreuil and his accomplice, a certain Dasies. Moreover, in -one of the apartments occupied by Maubreuil in Paris--he had three or -four--they found on the bed a magnificent diamond which had belonged to -the Queen of Westphalia. The evidences of the theft were incontestable. -Maubreuil put a bold face upon it. He declared that he had left Paris -with the mission to assassinate the Emperor; that this mission had -been given him by M. de Talleyrand; that, in spite of the horror with -which it inspired him, he had accepted it for fear lest it should be -given to another. "He had," he continued, "arranged everything to -deceive the criminal intentions of those who had employed him, and he -had sought, by bringing them a treasure and contenting their greed, to -appease their dissatisfaction." This could not stand proof; but, in the -then circumstances, those lies might have produced the most deplorable -and baleful effects among the public, particularly the soldiers. The -Government thought it the wisest course to hurry nothing, to keep the -accused in prison, and to await aid and counsel from time and the -progress of events. _Cf._ the _Souvenirs du comte de Semallé_ and Vol. -II. of the _Mémoires du chancelier Pasquier._--B. - -[179] Jean Baptiste Germain Fabry (1780-1821), author of the -_Itinéraire de Buonaparte de Doulevent à Fréjus_ (1821) and of numerous -publications, written with talent and animated with a profoundly -religious and royalist spirit.--B. - -[180] Sir Walter Scott, Bart (1771-1832). The above extract is taken -from his _Life of Napoleon Buonaparte_ (1827), chap, lxxxi.--T. - -[181] Philippe Paul Comte de Ségur (1786-1873), author of the _Histoire -de Napoléon et de la grande armée en 1812_ (1824), from which the above -incident is quoted.--T. - -[182] Hinton was boatswain on board the _Undaunted_, which conveyed -Napoleon to Elba.--T. - -[183] Louis XVIII. landed at Calais on the 24th of April 1814. He had -left France on the 22nd of June 1791.--B. - -[184] Louis Pierre Louvel (1753-1820), the assassin of the Duc de Berry -(13 February 1820). He declared in one of his interrogatories that, -on the first day of the Restoration, he had sworn to exterminate all -the Bourbons and that, in April 1814, he had gone on foot from Metz to -Calais with the object of stabbing Louis XVIII.--T. - -[185] Nicolas Joseph Maréchal Comte Maison (1771-1840) rallied to the -new Government and was made Governor of Paris and a peer of France -(1814). He refused to accept any post from Napoleon on the return of -the latter from Elba, and in 1817 was created a marquis. He commanded -the Morean Expedition in 1828, and was made a marshal of France in -the following year. Maison was one of the commissaries appointed to -accompany Charles X. to Cherbourg in 1830. Under Louis-Philippe he was -Ambassador to Vienna (1831-1833), to St. Petersburg (1833-1835), and -Minister of War (1835-1836).--T. - -[186] Joan of Arc (1410-1430) was captured by the English on the 24th -of May 1430, on attempting a sortie from Compiègne, besieged by the -English and Burgundians. Louis XVIII. arrived at Compiègne on the 29th -of April 1814.--T. - -[187] Louis XIV. (1638-1715) was the direct ancestor of Louis XVIII. in -the fifth generation (great-great-great-grandfather).--T. - -[188] Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc de -Tarente (1765-1840), a fine soldier, of Irish descent. He was made a -peer of France, after Napoleon's abdication, and Grand Chancellor of -the Legion of Honour, a dignity which he retained until 1831.--T. - -[189] Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa -(1769-1815), was, at the end of the next year, sentenced to be shot for -his treachery to the King, the sentence being executed on the 7th of -December 1815.--T. - -[190] Bon Adrien Jeannot Moncey, Maréchal Duc de Conégliano -(1754-1842), was imprisoned for three months in 1815 at Ham for -refusing to try Marshal Ney, and excluded from the House of Peers, -to which he was not readmitted until 1819. In 1823 he was given a -command in Spain in the war of French intervention. He ended his -life as Governor of the Invalides, where he received the remains of -Napoleon.--T. - -[191] Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal Comte Sérurier (1742-1819) was -Governor of the Invalides, in 1814, and burnt the flags captured from -the enemy in the court-yard to save them from being restored to the -Allies. Louis made him a peer of France and Grand Cross of St. Louis, -but he resigned all his functions in December 1815.--T. - -[192] Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune (1763-1815) rejoined Napoleon -on his return from Elba, and was killed by the Royalist mob at Avignon -shortly after the Battle of Waterloo.--T. - -[193] Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal Prince de Wagram, Prince de -Neuchâtel (1753-1815), committed suicide on the return of Napoleon, -from the balcony of his mother-in-law, the Duke of Birkenfeld's palace -at Bamberg, during a fit of fever (1 June 1815).--T. - -[194] _Cf. Compiègne, avril_ 1814 (Paris: Le Normant, 1814).--B. - -[195] The musketeers of the King's Military Household, so called -because of their red uniform.--B. - -[196] The manuscript of the Memoirs says forty years. Is this simply -a _lapsus calami_, or did Chateaubriand, who, it is true, was an -indifferent calculator, really reckon forty years between 1792 and -1814?--B. - -[197] Charles II. King of England (1630-1685) dated his reign from -1649, the year of the execution of Charles I., and not from 1660, the -year of his restoration.--T. - -[198] In spite of what Chateaubriand says, it is only just to recognise -that Louis XVIII. had given proof of a truly royal dignity in not -consenting to accept the crown at the hands of the senators, and in -proclaiming that he held it in his own right. The Comte de Lille, the -exile of Hartwell, had, in fact, no other title to occupy the throne -than as the descendant of Louis XIV., the brother of Louis XVI., and -the successor of Louis XVII.--B. - -[199] Chateaubriand here commits a slight error of date. The Emperor -Alexander left Paris on the 2nd of June 1814. It was not then, nor on -the eve of his departure, that he had a religious service celebrated on -the Place Louis XV. This ceremony had taken place almost immediately -after the entry of the Allies, before either the Comte d'Artois or -Louis XVIII. had arrived in Paris, on Sunday the 10th of April. On -that day, the Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia and Prince von -Schwarzenberg, representing the Emperor of Austria, reviewed their -respective troops, drawn up in line, to the number of 80,000 men, from -the Boulevard de l'Arsenal to the Boulevard de la Madeleine. At one -o'clock, a mass was said on the Place Louis XV. by a bishop and six -priests of the Greek rite. A _Te Deum_ was sung to thank God for giving -peace to France and the world. The Allied troops defiled before the -altar, which was surrounded by the National Guard of Paris, under the -orders of its commandant, General Dessolle.--B. - -[200] Joseph Anne Auguste Maximilien de Croy, Duc d'Havré (1744-1839). -He was a brigadier-general, in 1789, when elected a deputy to the -States-General by the nobles of the bailiwick of Amiens and Ham. In -1814, Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France, a lieutenant-general and -a captain of the Body-guards. He was then seventy years of age.--B. - -[201] Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc de Bellune (1766-1841), known as -Marshal Victor, had been seriously wounded in the campaign of 1814. -He remained faithful to Louis XVIII. during the Hundred Days, and was -created a peer of France in 1815. He was Minister for War for a few -days under the Bourbons.--T. - -[202] Philippe Louis Marie Antoine de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc -de Mouchy (1752-1819). His career resembled that of the Duc d'Havré -in every particular. He was sent to the States-General in 1789 by the -nobles of the bailiwick of Amiens and Ham, and was created a peer, a -lieutenant-general and a captain of the Body-guards in 1814.--B. - -[203] Nicolas Charles Oudinot, Maréchal Duc de Reggio (1767-1847), -one of the bravest of Napoleon's generals, was wounded no less than -thirty-two times. Under the Restoration, to which he continued faithful -in 1815, he became a peer of France, Major-General of the Royal Guard -and Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard of Paris. Louis-Philippe -appointed Oudinot Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour (1839) and -Governor of the Invalides (1842).--T. - -[204] THUC. III. 38.--T. - -[205] Madame de Talleyrand-Périgord, _née_ Worley, was born at -Pondichéry, where her father was harbour-master. At sixteen years of -age, she married a Swiss, Mr. Grant, who lived with her successively at -Chandernagor and Calcutta; she allowed herself to be eloped with and -carried to Europe. After numerous adventures, she became Talleyrand's -mistress under the Directory and lived with him publicly. The First -Consul ordered his minister to marry her, which was done, after -Talleyrand had received a brief from the Court of Rome releasing him -from his vows, and after Mr. Grant, then in Paris, had agreed to a -divorce, in consideration of a large sum of money and a good place... -at the Cape of Good Hope. The marriage of the ex-Bishop of Autun was, -for that matter, a purely civil one. When the Restoration came, he -settled a pension of 60,000 francs on his wife, on condition that she -went to live in England.--B. - -[206] François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (1787-1874) became Minister -of the Interior in 1830, under Louis-Philippe, was French Ambassador -to England for a few months in 1840, and Prime Minister from 1840 to -1848.--T. - -[207] Pierre Victor Baron Malouet (1740-1814) served in the Admiralty -all his life: under Louis XVI.; as Commissary-general of Marine under -Bonaparte; and as Minister of Marine under the Restoration.--T. - -[208] Jacques Claude Comte Beugnot (1761-1835) had, under the Empire, -been Prefect of Rouen, a councillor of State, Minister of Finance to -King Jerome, and Prefect of Lille. Louis XVIII. made him Minister of -Marine in December 1814. He accompanied the King to Ghent and, on the -return, became Postmaster-general. He was made a peer of France in -1730.--B. - -[209] Pierre Antoine Comte Dupont de L'Étang (1765-1840), had been one -of the most brilliant generals of the Empire, but was cashiered for -his capitulation at Baylen (1808), and kept in prison until 1814. He -remained only a few months at the War Office. In 1836, Dupont published -a translation in verse of the Odes of Horace and, in 1839, the _Art de -la guerre_, a poem in ten cantos.--T. - -[210] Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Maréchal Duc de Dalmatie (1769-1852), -Napoleon's greatest tactician. He became Major-general of Napoleon's -army during the Hundred Days, and was exiled by the Bourbons at the -Second Restoration; returned to France in 1819, and was raised to -the peerage, in 1827, by Charles X. But, in 1830, he devoted himself -to Louis-Philippe; became Minister of War and President of the -Council; reorganized the French Army in 1832; represented France at -the coronation of Victoria in 1838, and received a veritable ovation -in England. In 1839 and again in 1840, Soult resumed the office of -Minister of War, together with the Presidency of the Council; but was -obliged by the state of his health to resign, in 1847, and received the -quite exceptional title of Marshal-General, which only Turenne, Villars -and Saxe had borne before him.--T. - -[211] Pierre Louis Casimir Duc de Blacas d'Aulps (1770-1839) -accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent, was created a peer under the Second -Restoration, and Ambassador to Naples and later to Rome. In 1823, -he was reappointed to Naples, where he remained till 1830, when he -followed the Bourbons into exile, dying at Prague in 1839.--T. - -[212] Jules Jean Baptiste Comte Anglès (1778-1828). He again became -Prefect of Police in 1818, and retained that post until 1821.--B. - -[213] Charles Dambray (1760-1829) was made Chancellor, Minister of -Justice and President of the Chamber in 1814. He took refuge in England -during the Hundred Days, and resumed the presidency of the Chamber on -his return.--T. - -[214] Joseph Dominique Baron Louis (1755-1837) had taken orders -and assisted as deacon to the Bishop of Autun at the Feast of the -Federation in 1790. He emigrated, nevertheless, and employed his exile -in studying the financial system of England. He was several times -Minister of Finance: in 1814, 1816, 1818 and 1831.--T. - -[215] Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1753-1823), the famous -"Organizer of Victory." He became Minister of the Interior during the -Hundred Days, and was exiled during the Second Restoration, retiring -first to Warsaw and next to Magdeburg, where he died. He was the author -of several works, including the _Mémoire adressé au roi en juillet -1814_, the letter in question.--T. - -[216] _Réflexions politiques sur quelques écrits du jour et sur -les intérêts de tous les Français_ (December 1814). This is one of -Chateaubriand's finest writings.--B. - -[217] Jean Henri Joachim Hostein, Vicomte Lainé (1767-1835), became -Minister of the Interior in 1816, a member of the French Academy in the -same year, and a viscount and peer of France in 1823.--T. - -[218] Claire Duchesse de Duras (1777-1829), _née_ de Coëtnempren de -Kersaint, married in 1797, in England, Amédée Bretagne Malo de Durfort, -who, three years later, on the death of his father, became Duc de -Duras. On the return of the Bourbons, the Duc de Duras was made a peer -of France and First Lord of the Bed-chamber. The duchess at that time -had one of the most popular salons in Paris. She wrote several little -novels: _Édouard, Ourika, Frère Ange, Olivier_, and the _Mémoires -de Sophie_, of which the two first were published in 1820 and 1824 -respectively; the other three are still in manuscript. Towards the -end of her life, the Duchesse de Duras wrote some eminently Christian -pages, which were published, ten years after her death, in 1839, under -the title of _Réflexions et prières inédites._--B. - -[219] Claire Louise Augustine Félicité Magloire de Durfort (_b._ -1798), known as Félicie, married, first (1813), Charles Léopold Henri -de La Trémoille, Prince de Talmont (_d._ 1815), and, secondly (1819), -Brigadier-general Auguste du Vergier, Comte de La Rochejacquelein.--B. - -[220] Claire Henriette Philippine Benjamine de Durfort (1799-1863), -known as Clara, married (1819) Henri Louis Comte de Chastellux, created -Duc de Rauzan on the occasion of his marriage.--B. - -[221] In January 1829.--B. - -[222] Madame Julie Récamier (1777-1849), _née_ Bernard, of whom much -will be read in the sequel, was very intimate with Madame de Staël, -and had been banished from Paris by Napoleon for the frequency of her -visits to Madame de Staël at Coppet.--T. - -[223] The old Cemetière de la Madeleine, at No. 48, Rue -d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré.--B. - -[224] Pierre François Fontaine (1762-1865), an eminent modern French -architect and member of the Academy of Arts, who, together with -Percier, _quem vide infra_, constructed the Expiatory Chapel at the -corner of the Rue d'Anjou and the Boulevard Haussmann, mentioned below, -and a number of other public works, including the great staircase at -the Louvre, the restorations at Versailles, etc.--T - -[225] Charles Percier (1764-1840), member of the Institute, and -Fontaine's friend and collaborator.--T. - -[226] _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 157.--T. - -[227] The Oriflamme, which, under the Capets, became the standard -of France, was originally the private banner of the Abbey of -Saint-Denis.--T. - -[228] The tombs of the Kings at Saint-Denis were opened in 1793, by -order of the Convention (6 August), and restored, together with the -church, by Napoleon, in 1806.--T. - -[229] Chateaubriand: _Le Vingt-et-un janvier_ (Paris: Le Normant, -1815).--B. - -[230] The service in memory of the martyrdom of King Charles I. was -struck out of the Prayer-book in the year 1859.--T. - -[230b] M. Descloseaux (not Ducluzeau, as the previous editions of the -Memoirs have it) was a faithful Royalist, who had become the proprietor -of the old Cemetière de la Madeleine to save the remains of the King -and Queen from profanation.--B. - - - - -BOOK IV - - -Napoleon at Elba--Commencement of the Hundred Days--The return from -Elba--Torpor of the Legitimacy--Article by Benjamin Constant--Order -of the day of Marshal Soult--A royal session--Petition of -the School of Law to the Chamber of Deputies--Plan for the -defense of Paris--Flight of the King--I leave with Madame de -Chateaubriand--Confusion on the road--The Duc d'Orléans and the Prince -de Condé--Tournai--Brussels--Memories--The Duc de Richelieu--The -King summons me to join him at Ghent--The Hundred Days at -Ghent--Continuation of the Hundred Days at Ghent--Affairs in Vienna. - - -Bonaparte had refused to embark in a French ship, setting value at -that time only on the English Navy, because it was victorious; he had -forgotten his hatred, the calumnies, the outrages with which he had -overwhelmed perfidious Albion; he saw none now worthy of his admiration -save the triumphant party, and it was the _Undaunted_ that conveyed -him to the harbour of his first exile. He was not without anxiety as -to the manner in which he would be received. Would the French garrison -hand over to him the territory which it was guarding? Of the Italian -islanders, some wished to call in the English, others to remain free of -all masters; the Tricolour and the White Flag waved on near headlands. -All was arranged nevertheless. When it became known that Bonaparte was -bringing millions with him, opinions generously decided to receive -"the august victim." The civil and religious authorities were brought -round to the same conviction. Joseph Philip Arrighi, the Vicar-General, -issued a charge: - - "Divine Providence," said the pious injunction, "has decreed - that in future we shall be the subjects of Napoleon the - Great. The island of Elba, raised to so sublime an honour, - receives the Lord's Anointed in its bosom. We order that a - solemn _Te Deum_ be sung by way of thanksgiving," etc. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon in Elba.] - -The Emperor had written to General Dalesme[231], commanding the -French garrison, that he must make known to the people of Elba that -"he had selected" their island for his residence in consideration of -the gentleness of their manners and of their climate. He set foot -on land at Porto-Ferrajo[232], amid the dual salute of the English -frigate which had brought him and the batteries on shore. Thence he -was taken under the parish canopy to the church, where the _Te Deum_ -was sung. The beadle, the master of ceremonies, was a short, fat man, -who was unable to join his hands across his person. Napoleon was next -conducted to the mayor's, where his lodging was prepared. They unfurled -the new Imperial Standard, a white ground intersected by a red stripe -strewn with three gold bees. Three violins and two basses followed him -with scrapings of delight The throne, hastily erected in the public -ball-room, was decorated with gilt paper and pieces of scarlet cloth. -The actor's side of the prisoner's nature accommodated itself to these -displays: Napoleon made a serious business of trifles, even as he -used to amuse his Court with little old-time games inside his palace -at the Tuileries, going out afterwards to kill men by way of pastime. -He formed his Household: it consisted of four chamberlains, three -orderly-officers, and two harbingers of the palace. He stated that he -would receive the ladies twice a-week, at eight o'clock in the evening. -He gave a ball. He took possession, for his own residence, of the -pavilion intended for the engineers. Bonaparte was constantly meeting -in his life the two sources from which it had issued: democracy and the -royal power; his strength was derived from the citizen masses, his rank -from his genius; and therefore you see him pass without effort from -the market-square to the throne, from the kings and queens who crowded -round him at Erfurt[233] to the bakers and oilmen who danced in his -barn at Porto-Ferrajo. He had something of the people among princes, -and of the prince among the people. At five o'clock in the morning, in -silk stockings and buckled shoes, he presided over his masons in the -island of Elba. - -Established in his Empire, inexhaustible in iron since the days of -Virgil, - -Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis[234], - -Bonaparte had not forgotten the outrages to which he had lately -been subjected; he had not renounced his intention of tearing off -his winding-sheet; but it suited him to seem buried, only to make -some appearance of a phantom around his monument. That is why he -was eager, as though thinking of nothing else, to go down into his -quarries of specular iron and adamant; one would have taken him for -the ex-inspector of Mines of his former States. He repented of having -once appropriated the revenue of the forges of "Ilva" to the Legion of -Honour: 500,000 francs now seemed to him worth more than a blood-bathed -cross on the breast of his grenadiers. - -"What was I thinking of?" he said. "But I have issued many stupid -decrees of that nature." - -He made a commercial treaty with Leghorn and proposed to make another -with Genoa. At all hazards, he began to make five or six furlongs of -high-road and designed the sites of four large towns, just as Dido laid -out the boundaries of Carthage. A philosopher who had seen too much of -human greatness, he declared that he intended thenceforth to live like -a justice of the peace in an English county: and notwithstanding, on -climbing a height which overlooks Porto-Ferrajo, these words escaped -him at the sight of the sea which flowed up on every side at the foot -of the cliffs: - -"The devil! It must be owned that my island is very small!" - -He had visited his domain within a few hours; he wished to join to it a -rock called Pianosa. - -"Europe will accuse me," he said, laughing, "of already having made a -conquest." - -The Allied Powers made merry over the fact that they had in derision -left him four hundred soldiers: he needed no more to bring them all -back to the flag. - -Napoleon's presence on the coast of Italy, which had witnessed the -commencement of his glory and which retains his memory, agitated -everybody. Murat was his neighbour; his friends, strangers secretly or -publicly landed at his retreat; his mother and his sister, the Princess -Pauline, visited him; they expected soon to see Marie-Louise and her -son arriving. A woman[235] did in fact appear, with a child[236]; she -was received with great mystery, and went to live in a secluded villa -in the most remote corner of the island: on the shores of Ogygia, -Calypso spoke of her love to Ulysses, who, instead of listening to her, -thought of how to defend himself against the suitors. After a two days' -repose, the Swan of the North put out to sea again, to land among the -myrtles of Baja, carrying away her little one in her white yawl. - -[Sidenote: Madame Walewska.] - -If we had been less trustful, it would have been easy for us to -perceive an approaching catastrophe. Bonaparte was too near his cradle -and his conquests: his funeral island should have been more distant -and surrounded by more waves. It is inexplicable how the Allies had -come to think of banishing Napoleon to the rocks where he was to serve -his apprenticeship in exile: was it possible to believe that at the -sight of the Apennines, that when smelling the powder of the fields -of Montenotte, Areola and Marengo, that on discovering Venice, Rome -and Naples, his three fair slaves, his heart would not be seized with -irresistible temptations? Had they forgotten that he had stirred up -the earth and that he had admirers and debtors everywhere, all of whom -were his accomplices? His ambition was deceived, not extinguished; -misfortune and revenge rekindled its flames: when the Prince of -Darkness from the verge of the created universe looked upon man and the -world, he resolved to destroy them. - -Before bursting forth, the terrible captive restrained himself for -some weeks. In the huge public bank at faro which he was holding, his -genius negociated a fortune or a kingdom. The Fouchés, the Guzmans -d'Alfarache swarmed. The great actor had long made his police the home -of melodrama and had reserved the upper stage for himself; he amused -himself with the vulgar victims who disappeared through the trap-doors -of his theatre. - -Bonapartism, in the first year of the Restoration, passed on from -simple desire to action in the measure as its hopes increased and as -it became better acquainted with the weak character of the Bourbons. -When the intrigue had been hatched without, it was hatched within, and -the conspiracy became flagrant. Under the able administration of M. -Ferrand[237], M. de Lavallette[238] undertook the correspondence: the -mails of the Monarchy carried the despatches of the Empire. Concealment -was abandoned; the caricatures foretold a desired return: one saw -eagles entering by the windows of the Palace of the Tuileries, through -the doors of which issued a flock of turkeys; the _Nain jaune_[239] -or _vert_ spoke of "_plumes de cane._" Warnings came from every side, -and were disbelieved. The Swiss Government had gone out of its way -to no purpose to inform His Majesty's Government of the intrigues -of Joseph Bonaparte, who had retreated to the Pays de Vaud. A woman -arriving from Elba gave the most circumstantial details of what was -happening at Porto-Ferrajo, and the police sent her to prison. People -held for certain that Napoleon would not venture any attempt before -the dissolution of the Congress and that, in any case, his views would -turn upon Italy. Others, still better advised, prayed that the "Little -Corporal," the "Ogre," the "Prisoner," might land on the French coast; -that would be too great a stroke of luck; they would settle him at one -blow! M. Pozzo di Borgo[240] declared at Vienna that the delinquent -would be strung up to the nearest tree. Were it possible to have -certain papers, one would there find the proof that, as early as 1814, -a military conspiracy was contrived and went side by side with the -political conspiracy which the Prince de Talleyrand was conducting at -Vienna, at Fouché's instigation. Napoleon's friends wrote to him that, -if he did not hasten his return, he would find his place taken at the -Tuileries by the Duc d'Orléans[241]: they imagine that this revelation -served to hurry the Emperor's return. I am convinced of the existence -of these plottings, but I also believe that the determinative cause -which decided Bonaparte was simply the nature of his genius. - -[Sidenote: Bonapartist intrigues.] - -The conspiracy of Drouet d'Erlon[242] and Lefebvre-Desnoëttes had -broken out. A few days before those generals rose in arms, I was dining -with M. le Maréchal Soult, who had been appointed Minister of War on -the 3rd of December 1814: a simpleton was describing Louis XVIII.'s -time of exile at Hartwell; the marshal listened; to each detail he -answered with the words: - -"That's historical." - -They used to bring His Majesty's slippers: - -"That's historical!" - -On days of abstinence the King used to take three new-laid eggs before -commencing his dinner: - -"That's historical!" - -This reply struck me. When a government is not solidly established, -every man whose conscience goes for nothing becomes, according to the -greater or lesser amount of energy in his character, a quarter, or a -half, or three-quarters of a conspirator; he awaits the decision of -fortune: more traitors are made by events than by opinions. - -Suddenly the telegraph announced to Napoleon's braves and to the -doubters that the man had landed[243]: Monsieur[244] hurried to Lyons, -with the Duc d'Orléans and Marshal Macdonald, and returned forthwith. -Marshal Soult, denounced in the Chamber of Deputies, gave up his office -on the 11th of March to the Duc de Feltre[245]. Bonaparte found facing -him, as Minister of War of Louis XVIII. in 1815, the general who had -been his last Minister of War in 1814. - -The boldness of the enterprise was unprecedented. From the political -point of view, this enterprise might be regarded as the irremissible -crime and capital fault of Napoleon. He knew that the Princes still -assembled at the Congress, that Europe still under arms would not -suffer him to be reinstated; his judgment must have warned him that a -success, if he obtained one, would be only for a day: he was offering -up to his passion for reappearing on the scene the repose of a people -which had lavished its blood and its treasures upon him; he was laying -open to dismemberment the country from which he derived all that he -had been in the past and all that he will be in the future. In this -fantastic conception lay a ferocious egoism and a terrible absence of -gratitude and generosity towards France. - -All this is true according to practical reason, for a man with a heart -rather than brains; but, for beings of Napoleon's nature, there exists -a reason of another sort; those creatures of lofty renown have ways -of their own: comets describe curves which evade calculation; they -belong to nothing, they seem good for nothing; if a globe finds itself -on their passage, they shatter it and return into the abysses of the -sky; their laws are known to God alone. Extraordinary individuals are -monuments of human intelligence; they are not its rule. - -Bonaparte, therefore, was persuaded to his enterprise less by the -false reports of his friends than by the needs of his genius: he -took up the cross by virtue of the faith that was in him. To a great -man, to be born is not everything: he must die. Was Elba an end for -Napoleon? Could he accept the sovereignty of a vegetable-patch, like -Diocletian[246] at Salona? If he had waited till later, would he have -had more chances of success, at a time when his memory would have -aroused less emotion, when his old soldiers would have left the army, -when new social positions would have been adopted? - -Well, then, he committed a fool-hardy act against the world: at the -commencement he must have believed that he had not deceived himself as -to the spell of his power. - -[Sidenote: The return from Elba.] - -One night, that of the 25th of February, at the end of a ball of which -the Princess Borghese was doing the honours, he made his escape with -victory, long his comrade and accomplice; he crossed a sea covered with -our fleets, met two frigates, a ship of 74 guns and the man-of-war -brig _Zéphyr_, which spoke and questioned him; he himself replied to -the captain's questions; the sea and the waves saluted him, and he -pursued his course. The deck of the _Inconstant_, his little ship, -served him as a room for exercise and as a writing-closet; he dictated -amid the winds and had copies made, on that shifting table, of three -proclamations to the army and to France; some feluccas, carrying his -companions in adventure, flew the white flag strewn with stars around -his admiral bark. On the 1st of March, at three o'clock in the morning, -he struck the coast of France between Cannes and Antibes, in the Golfe -Jouan; he landed, strolled along the _riviera_, gathered violets, and -bivouacked in a plantation of olive-trees. The dumfoundered population -retired. He avoided Antibes and threw himself into the mountains of -Grasse, passing through Sernon, Barrème, Digne and Gap. At Sisteron, -twenty men could have stopped him, and he found nobody. He went on, -meeting no obstacle among those inhabitants who, a few months earlier, -had wished to cut his throat. Whenever a few soldiers entered the void -which formed around his gigantic shadow, they were invincibly drawn on -by the attraction of his eagles. His fascinated enemies sought him and -did not see him; he hid himself in his glory, as the lion of the Sahara -hides himself in the rays of the sun to avoid the sight of the dazzled -hunters. Enveloped in a fiery cyclone, the bloody phantoms of Areola, -Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Friedland, Eylau, the Moskowa, Lützen, -Bautzen formed his retinue with a million of dead. From the midst of -this column of fire and smoke, there issued, at the entrance to the -towns, a few trumpet-blasts mingled with the signals of the tricoloured -_labarum_: and the gates of the town fell. When Napoleon crossed -the Niemen, at the head of four-hundred thousand foot and a hundred -thousand horse, to blow up the palace of the Tsars in Moscow, he was -less astonished than when, breaking his ban and flinging his irons in -the faces of the kings, he came alone, from Cannes to Paris, to sleep -peacefully at the Tuileries. - -Beside the prodigy of the invasion of one man must be placed another -which was the consequence of the first: the Legitimacy was seized with -a fainting-fit; the failure of the heart of the State attacked the -members and rendered France motionless. For twenty days, Bonaparte -marched on by stages; his eagles flew from steeple to steeple and, -along a road of two hundred leagues the Government, masters of -everything, disposing of money and men, found neither the time nor the -means to cut a bridge, to throw down a tree, so as to delay, at least -by an hour, the progress of a man to whom the populations offered no -opposition, but whom also they did not follow. - -This torpor on the part of the Government seemed the more deplorable -inasmuch as public opinion in Paris was greatly excited; it would have -countenanced anything, despite the defection of Marshal Ney. Benjamin -Constant wrote in the newspapers: - - "After visiting our country with every plague, he left the - soil of France. Who would not have thought that he was - leaving it for ever? Suddenly he appears, and again promises - Frenchmen liberty, victory and peace. The author of the most - tyrannical Constitution that ever ruled France, he speaks - to-day of liberty! But it was he who, during fourteen years, - undermined and destroyed liberty. He had not the excuse of - memory, the habit of power; he was not born in the purple. It - was his fellow-citizens whom he enslaved, his equals whom he - loaded with chains. He had not inherited power; he desired - and meditated tyranny: what liberty is he able to promise? - Are we not a thousand times more free than under his empire? - He promises victory, and three times he forsook his troops, - in Egypt, in Spain and in Russia, abandoning his companions - in arms to the triple agony of cold, destitution and despair. - He brought upon France the humiliation of invasion; he lost - the conquests which we had made before him. He promises - peace, and his name alone is a signal for war. The nation - unhappy enough to serve him would again become the object - of European hatred; his triumph would be the commencement - of a combat to the death against the civilized world.... He - has therefore nothing to claim, nor to offer. Whom could he - convince, or whom seduce? War at home, war abroad: those are - the gifts which he brings us." - -[Sidenote: Soult's order of the day.] - -Marshal Soult's Order of the Day, dated 8 March 1815, repeats very -nearly the ideas of Benjamin Constant, with an effusion of loyalty: - -"SOLDIERS, - -"The man who lately, before the eyes of Europe, abdicated the power -which he had usurped, and which he had so fatally abused, has landed on -French soil, which he was never to see again. - -"What does he want? Civil war. What does he seek? Traitors. Where will -he find them? Shall it be among those soldiers whom he has so often -deceived and sacrificed by misleading their valour? Shall it be in the -heart of those families which the mere sound of his name still fills -with terror? - -"Bonaparte despises us enough to believe us capable of abandoning a -lawful and dearly-beloved Sovereign to share the fate of a man who is -no longer more than an adventurer. He believes this, the madman, and -his last act of insanity reveals him to us as he is! - -"Soldiers, the French Army is the bravest army in Europe; it will also -be the most faithful. - -"Let us rally round the banner of the lilies, at the voice of the -father of the people, the worthy heir of the virtues of Henry the -Great. He himself has traced for you the duties which you have to -fulfil. He places at your head that Prince, the model of French -knighthood, who, by his happy return to our country, has already once -driven out the usurper, and who to-day, by his presence among us, will -destroy his sole and last hope." - -Louis XVIII. appeared on the 16th of March in the Chamber of Deputies; -the destinies of France and of the world were at stake. When His -Majesty entered, the deputies and the strangers in the galleries -uncovered and rose; cheers shook the walls of the house. Louis XVIII. -slowly mounted the steps of his throne; the Princes, the marshals and -the captains of the guards ranged themselves on either side of the -King. The cheers ceased; none spoke: in that interval of silence, one -seemed to hear the distant footsteps of Napoleon. His Majesty, seated, -cast his eyes over the assembly, and in a firm voice delivered this -speech: - -[Sidenote: The King's speech.] - - "GENTLEMEN, - - "At this critical moment, when the public enemy has - penetrated into a part of my kingdom and threatens the - liberty of all the remainder, I come into your midst to knit - yet more closely the ties which, uniting you to myself, - constitute the strength of the State; I come, by addressing - you, to make manifest my feelings and my wishes to the whole - of France. - - "I have seen my country again; I have reconciled it with - foreign Powers, who will, you may be sure, be faithful to the - treaties which have restored peace to us; I have laboured - for the good of my people; I have received, I continue daily - to receive the most touching marks of its love; could I, at - sixty years of age, better end my career than by dying in its - defense? - - "I fear nothing, therefore, for myself; but I fear for - France: he who comes to kindle among us the torches of civil - war brings with him also the scourge of foreign war; he - comes to put back our country under his iron yoke; he comes, - lastly, to destroy the Constitutional Charter which I have - given you, that Charter which will be my proudest title in - the eyes of posterity, that Charter which all Frenchmen - cherish and which I here swear to maintain: let us then rally - round it." - -The King was still speaking, when a fog spread darkness through the -house; eyes were turned towards the ceiling to ascertain the cause of -that sudden gloom. When the King-Lawgiver ceased to speak, the cries of -"Long live the King!" were renewed, amid tears. - - "The assembly," the _Moniteur_ truly says, "electrified by - the King's sublime words, stood up, its hands stretched - towards the throne. One heard only the words: 'Long live the - King! We will die for the King! The King in life and death!' - repeated with an enthusiasm which will be shared by every - French heart" - - -It was, in fact, a pathetic sight: an old, infirm King who, in reward -for the murder of his family and twenty-three years of exile, had -brought France peace, liberty, forgiveness of all outrages and all -misfortunes; this patriarch of sovereigns coming to declare to the -deputies of the nation that, at his age, after seeing his country -again, he could not better end his career than by dying in defense of -his people! The Princes swore fidelity to the Charter; those tardy -oaths were closed with that of the Prince de Condé and with the -adhesion of the father of the Duc d'Enghien. This heroic race on the -verge of extinction, this race of the patrician sword seeking behind -liberty a shield against a younger, longer and more cruel plebeian -sword offered, by reason of a multitude of memories, a spectacle that -was extremely sad. - -When Louis XVIII.'s speech became known outside, it aroused unspeakable -enthusiasm. Paris was wholly Royalist, and remained so during the -Hundred Days. The women in particular were Bourbonists. - -The youth of to-day worships the memory of Bonaparte, because it is -humiliated by the part which the present Government makes France play -in Europe; the youth of 1814 hailed the Restoration, because the latter -had thrown down despotism and set up liberty. In the ranks of the -Royal Volunteers were included M. Odilon Barrot[247], a large number -of pupils of the School of Medicine and the whole of the School of -Law[248]; the last, on the 13th of March, addressed this petition to -the Chamber of Deputies: - - "GENTLEMEN, - - "We offer our services to our King and country; the whole - School of Law asks to go to the front. We will abandon - neither our King nor our Constitution. Faithful to French - honour, we ask you for arms. The feeling of love which we - bear to Louis XVIII. is answerable to you for the constancy - of our devotion. We want no more irons, we want liberty. - We have it, and they come to snatch it from us. We will - defend it to the death. Long live the King! Long live the - Constitution!" - -In this energetic, natural and sincere language, one feels the -generosity of youth and the love of liberty. They who come to tell us -to-day that the Restoration was received by France with dislike and -sorrow are ambitious men who are playing a game, or new-comers who have -never known Bonaparte's oppression, or old imperialized revolutionary -liars who, after applauding the return of the Bourbons with the rest, -now, according to their habit, insult the fallen and return to their -instincts of murder, police and servitude. - -* - -The King's Speech had filled me with hope. Conferences were held at -the house of the President of the Chamber of Deputies, M. Lainé. I -there met M. de La Fayette: I had never seen him except at a distance, -at another period, under the Constituent Assembly. The proposals were -various and for the most part weak, as happens in peril: some wished -the King to leave Paris and fall back upon the Havre; others spoke -of moving him to the Vendée; one stammered out unfinished sentences; -another said that we must wait and see what was coming: what was coming -was very visible, for all that. I expressed a very different opinion: -oddly enough, M. de La Fayette supported it, and warmly[249]. M. Lainé -and Marshal Marmont were also of my opinion. I said: - - -[Illustration: La Fayette.] - - -[Sidenote: My advice to the government.] - - "Let the King keep his word; let him stay in his capital. - The National Guard is on our side. Let us make sure of - Vincennes. We have the arms and the money; with the money - we shall overcome weakness and cupidity. If the King leaves - Paris, Paris will admit Bonaparte; Bonaparte master of - Paris is master of France. The army has not gone over to - the enemy as a whole; several regiments, many generals and - officers have not yet betrayed their oaths: if we hold - firm, they will remain faithful. Let us disperse the Royal - Family, let us keep only the King. Let Monsieur go to the - Havre, the Duc de Berry[250] to Lille, the Duc de Bourbon to - the Vendée, the Duc d'Orléans to Metz; Madame la Duchesse - and M. le Duc d'Angoulême[251] are already in the South. - Our different points of resistance will prevent Bonaparte - from concentrating his forces. Let us barricade ourselves - in Paris. Already the national guards of the neighbouring - departments are coming to our aid. Amid this movement, our - old Monarch, protected by the will of Louis XVI., will remain - peacefully seated on his throne at the Tuileries, with the - Charter in his hand; the diplomatic body will range itself - round him; the two Chambers will meet in the two wings of the - Palace; the King's Household will encamp in the Carrousel - and in the Tuileries Gardens. We shall line the quays and - the water-terrace with guns: let Bonaparte attack us in this - position; let him carry our barricades one by one; let him - bombard Paris, if he please and if he have mortars; let him - make himself odious to the whole population, and we shall see - the result of his enterprise! Let us resist for but three - days, and victory is ours. The King, defending himself in - his palace, will arouse universal enthusiasm. Lastly, if he - must die, let him die worthy of his rank; let Napoleon's - last exploit be to cut an old man's throat. Louis XVIII., in - sacrificing his life, will win the only battle he will have - fought; he will win it for the benefit of the freedom of the - human race." - -Thus I spoke: one is never entitled to say that all is lost so long as -one has attempted nothing. What could have been finer than an old son -of St. Louis overthrowing, with Frenchmen, in a few moments, a man whom -all the confederate kings of Europe had taken so many years to lay low? - -This resolution, desperate in appearance, was very reasonable at bottom -and offered not the smallest danger. I shall always remain convinced -that, had Bonaparte found Paris hostile and the King present, he -would not have tried to force them. Without artillery, provisions, -or money, he had with him only troops collected at random, still -wavering, astonished at their sudden change of cockade, at their oaths -taken headlong on the roads: they would promptly have become divided. -A few hours' delay and Napoleon was lost; it but needed a little -heart. Already, even, we could rely on a portion of the army; the two -Swiss regiments were keeping their faith: did not Marshal Gouvion -Saint-Cyr make the Orleans garrison resume the white cockade two days -after Bonaparte's entry into Paris? From Marseilles to Bordeaux, all -recognised the King's authority during the whole month of March: at -Bordeaux, the troops were hesitating; they would have remained with -Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême, if the news had come that the King was -at the Tuileries and that Paris was being defended. The provincial -towns would have imitated Paris. The loth Regiment of the line fought -very well under the Duc d'Angoulême; Masséna was proving himself crafty -and uncertain; at Lille, the garrison responded to Marshal Mortier's -stirring proclamation. If all those proofs of a possible fidelity took -place in spite of a flight, what would they not have been in the case -of a resistance? - -Had my plan been adopted, the foreigners would not have ravaged France -afresh; our Princes would not have returned with the hostile armies; -the Legitimacy would have been saved through itself. One thing alone -would have to be feared after success: the too great confidence of the -Royalty in its strength, and, consequently, attempts upon the rights of -the nation. - -Why did I arrive at a period in which I was so ill-placed? Why have I -been a Royalist against my instinct, at a time when a miserable race -of courtiers was unable either to hear or to understand me? Why was I -flung into that troop of mediocrities, who took me for a raver when I -spoke of courage, for a revolutionary when I spoke of liberty? - -A fine question of defense, indeed! The King had no fear, and my plan -rather pleased him through a certain "Louis-Quatorzian" grandeur; -but other faces had lengthened. They packed up the Crown diamonds -(formerly purchased out of the privy-purse of the Sovereigns), leaving -thirty-three million crowns in the treasury and forty-two millions in -securities. Those sixty-five millions were the produce of taxation: why -was it not returned to the people, rather than left to tyranny! - -A dual procession passed up and down the stair-cases of the Pavillon -de Flore; people were asking what they were to do: no answer. They -applied to the captain of the guards; they questioned the chaplains, -the precentors, the almoners: nothing. Vain talk, vain retailing of -news. I saw young men weep with rage when uselessly asking for orders -and arms; I saw women faint with anger and contempt. Access to the King -was impossible; etiquette closed the door. - -[Sidenote: A Royal order: "Hunt him down."] - -The great measure decreed against Bonaparte was an order to "hunt him -down[252]:" Louis XVIII., with no legs, "hunting down" the conqueror -who bestrode the earth! This form of the ancient laws, renewed for -the occasion, is enough to show the compass of mind of the statesmen -of that period. "To hunt down" in 1815! "Hunt down!" And "hunt" whom? -"Hunt" a wolf? "Hunt" a brigand chieftain? "Hunt" a felon lord? No: -"hunt" Napoleon, who had "hunted down" kings, who had seized and -branded them for all time on the shoulder with his indelible "N"! - -From this order, when considered more closely, sprang a political truth -which no one saw: the Legitimate House, estranged from the nation for -three-and-twenty years, had remained at the day and place at which the -Revolution had caught it, whereas the nation had progressed in point of -time and space. Hence the impossibility of understanding and meeting -one another; religion, ideas, interests, language, earth and heaven, -all were different for the people and for the King, because they were -separated by a quarter of a century equivalent to centuries. - -But if the order "to hunt down" appears strange, owing to the -preservation of the old idiom of the law, had Bonaparte originally -the intention of acting better, although employing a newer language? -Papers of M. d'Hauterive[253], catalogued by M. Artaud[254], prove -that it cost great difficulty to prevent Napoleon from having the Duc -d'Angoulême shot, in spite of the official document in the _Moniteur_, -a show document which remains to us: he thought it wrong of the Prince -to have defended himself. And yet the fugitive from Elba, when leaving -Fontainebleau, had recommended the soldiers to be "faithful to the -monarch" whom France had chosen. Bonaparte's family had been respected; -Queen Hortense had accepted from Louis XVIII. the title of Duchesse de -Saint-Leu; Murat, who still reigned in Naples, saw his kingdom sold by -M. de Talleyrand only during the Congress of Vienna. - -This period, in which all are lacking in frankness, oppresses the -heart: every one threw out a profession of faith as it were a -foot-bridge to cross the difficulty of the day, free to change his -direction, the difficulty once passed; youth alone was sincere, because -it was near its cradle. Bonaparte solemnly declared that he renounced -the crown; he departed, and returned after nine months. Benjamin -Constant printed his vehement protest against the tyrant, and he -changed in twenty-four hours. It will be seen later, in another book -of these Memoirs, who inspired him with the noble impulse to which the -fickleness of his nature did not permit him to remain faithful. Marshal -Soult excited the troops against their old leader; a few days later he -was roaring with laughter at his own proclamation in Napoleon's closet -at the Tuileries, and became Major-general of the army at Waterloo; -Marshal Ney kissed the King's hands, swore to bring him Bonaparte -locked up in an iron cage, and handed over to the latter all the corps -under his command. And the King of France, alas? He declared that, at -the age of sixty years, he could not better end his career than by -dying in defense of his people ... and fled to Ghent! At sight of this -incapacity for truth in men's feelings, at the want of harmony between -their words and their deeds, one feels seized with disgust for the -human kind. - -Louis XVIII., on the 16th of March, was declaring his intention of -dying in the midst of France; had he kept his word, the Legitimacy -might have lasted another century; nature herself seemed to have taken -from the old King the power of retreating by chaining him about with -wholesome infirmities; but the future destinies of the human race would -have been trammelled by the accomplishment of the resolution of the -author of the Charter. Bonaparte hastened to the assistance of the -future; that Christ of the power for evil took the new man sick of the -palsy by the hand, and said to him: - -"Arise, take up thy bed, and walk[255]." - -* - -It was evident that a scamper was being contemplated: for fear of being -detained, they did not even warn those who, like myself, would have -been shot within an hour after Napoleon's entry into Paris. I met the -Duc de Richelieu in the Champs-Élysées: - -"They are deceiving us," he said; "I am keeping watch here, for I do -not propose to await the Emperor at the Tuileries all by myself." - -[Sidenote: Flight of Louis XVIII.] - -On the evening of the 19th, Madame de Chateaubriand had sent a servant -to the Carrousel, with instructions not to return until he had the -certainty of the flight of the King. At midnight, as the man had not -come in, I went to my room. I had just gone to bed, when M. Clausel de -Coussergues entered. He told us that His Majesty had left and had gone -in the direction of Lille. He brought me this news on the part of the -Chancellor, who, knowing me to be in danger, was violating secrecy on -my behalf and sent me twelve thousand francs recoverable on my salary -as Minister to Sweden. I was obstinately bent on remaining, not wishing -to leave Paris until I should be physically certain of the royal -removal. The servant who had been sent to reconnoitre returned: he had -seen the Court carriages go by. Madame de Chateaubriand pushed me into -her carriage, at four o'clock in the morning on the 20th of March. I -was in such a fit of fury that I knew neither where I was going nor -what I was doing. - -We passed out through the Barrière Saint-Martin. At dawn, I saw crows -coming down peacefully from the elms on the high-road where they had -spent the night, to take their first meal in the fields, without -troubling their heads about Louis XVIII. and Napoleon: they were not -obliged to leave their country and, thanks to their wings, they were -able to laugh at the bad road along which I was being jolted. Old -friends of Combourg, we were more alike in the old days when, at break -of day, we used to breakfast on mulberries from the brambles in the -thickets of Brittany! - -The roadway was broken up, the weather rainy, Madame de Chateaubriand -poorly: she looked every moment through the little window at the -back of the carnage to see if we were not being pursued. We slept at -Amiens, where Du Cange[256] was born; next at Arras, the birth-place of -Robespierre[257]: there I was recognised. When we sent for horses, on -the morning of the 22nd, the postmaster said that they had been engaged -for a general who was taking to Lille the news of "the triumphal entry -of the Emperor-King into Paris;" Madame de Chateaubriand was dying -of fright, not for herself, but for me. I ran to the post-office and -removed the difficulty with money. - -On arriving under the ramparts of Lille, at two in the morning of the -23rd, we found the gates closed; the orders were not to open them to -any one whomsoever. They could not, or would not, tell us if the King -had entered the town. I induced the postillion for a few louis to make -for the other side of the place, outside the glacis, and to drive us -to Tournay; in 1792, I had covered the same road on foot, during the -night, with my brother. On arriving at Tournay, I learnt that Louis -XVIII. had certainly entered Lille with Marshal Mortier, and that -he meant to defend himself there. I despatched a courier to M. de -Blacas, asking him to send me a permit to be received into the place. -My courier returned with a permit from the commandant, but not a word -from M. de Blacas. Leaving Madame de Chateaubriand at Tournay, I was -getting into the carriage again to go to Lille, when the Prince de -Condé arrived. We learnt through him that the King had gone and that -Marshal Mortier had had him accompanied to the frontier. From these -explanations it became clear that Louis XVIII. was no longer at Lille -when my letter arrived there. - -The Duc d'Orléans followed close after the Prince de Condé. Under an -apparent dissatisfaction, he was glad, at bottom, to find himself out -of the hurly-burly; the ambiguousness of his declaration and of his -behaviour bore the stamp of his character. As to the old Prince de -Condé, the Emigration was his household god. He had no fear of Monsieur -de Bonaparte, not he; he fought if they liked or went away if they -liked: things were a little muddled in his brain; he was none too clear -as to whether he should stop at Rocroi to give battle there or go to -dine at the White Hart. He struck his tents a few hours before us, -telling me to recommend the coffee at the inn to the members of his -Household whom he had left behind him. He did not know that I had sent -in my resignation on the death of his grandson; he was not very sure -that he had had a grandson; he only felt a certain increase of glory in -his name, which might come from some Condé whom he had forgotten. - -Do you remember my first passing through Tournay with my brother, at -the time of my first emigration? Do you remember, in that connection, -the man transformed into a donkey, the girl from whose ears grew -corn-spikes, the rain of ravens that set everything on fire[258]? In -1815, indeed, we ourselves were a rain of ravens; but we set nothing on -fire. Alas, I was no longer with my unfortunate brother! Between 1792 -and 1815, the Republic and the Empire had passed: what revolutions had -also been accomplished in my life! Time had ravaged me like the rest. -And you, the young generations of the moment, let twenty-three years -come, and then tell me in my tomb what has become of your loves and -your illusions of to-day. - -The two brothers Bertin had arrived at Tournay: M. Bertin de Vaux[259] -returned from there to Paris; the other Bertin, Bertin the Elder, was -my friend. You know through these Memoirs what it was that attached me -to him. - -[Sidenote: I follow the King to Ghent.] - -From Tournay we went to Brussels: there I found no Baron de Breteuil, -nor Rivarol, nor all those young aides-de-camp who had become dead or -old, which is the same thing. No news of the barber who had given me -shelter. I did not take up the musket, but the pen; from a soldier -I had become a paper-stainer. I was looking for Louis XVIII.; he -was at Ghent, where he had been taken by Messieurs de Blacas and -de Duras[260]: their first intention had been to ship the King to -England. If the King had consented to this plan, he would never have -reascended the throne. - -Having gone into a lodging-house to look at an apartment, I perceived -the Duc de Richelieu smoking, half-outstretched on a sofa, at the -back of a dark room. He spoke to me of the Princes in the most brutal -manner, declaring that he was going to Russia and that he would not -hear another word about those people. Madame la Duchesse de Duras, on -arriving in Brussels, had the sorrow to lose her niece there. - -I loathe the Brabant capital; it has never served me except as a -passage to my exiles; it has always brought sorrow upon myself or my -friends. - -An order of the King summoned me to Ghent. The Royal Volunteers and -the Duc de Berry's little army had been disbanded at Béthune, in the -middle of the mud and of the accidents of a military breaking-up: -touching farewells had been exchanged. Two hundred men of the King's -Household remained and were quartered at Alost; my two nephews, Louis -and Christian de Chateaubriand, formed part of that corps. - -I had been given a billet of which I did not avail myself; a baroness -whose name I have forgotten came to see Madame de Chateaubriand at the -inn and offered us an apartment in her house: she implored us with so -good a grace! - -"You must pay no attention," she said, "to anything my husband says: -his head is a little... you understand? My daughter also is a trifle -eccentric; she has terrible moments, poor child! But the rest of the -time she is as gentle as a lamb. Alas, it is not she who causes me -the greatest trouble, but my son Louis, the youngest of my children: -without God's help, he will be worse than his father!" - -Madame de Chateaubriand politely refused to go and live with such -rational people. - -The King, well-lodged, having his service and his guards, formed his -council. The empire of that great monarch consisted of a house in the -Kingdom of the Netherlands, which house was situated in a town which, -although the birthplace of Charles V.[261], had been the chief town -of a prefecture of Bonaparte's: those names comprise between them a -goodly number of centuries and events. - -[Sidenote: And join his Ministry.] - -The Abbé de Montesquiou being in London, Louis XVIII. appointed -me Minister of the Interior _ad interim._[262] My correspondence -with the "departments" did not give me much to do; I easily kept -up my correspondence with the prefects, sub-prefects, mayors and -deputy-mayors of our good towns, on the inner side of our frontiers; -I did not repair the roads much, and I let the steeples tumble down; -my budget hardly enriched me; I had no secret funds; only, by a -crying abuse, I was a "pluralist:" I was still His Majesty's Minister -Plenipotentiary to the King of Sweden, who, like his fellow-townsman -Henry IV.[263], reigned by right of conquest, if not by right of birth. -We discoursed round a table covered with a green cloth in the King's -closet. M. de Lally-Tolendal, who was, I think, Minister of Public -Instruction, delivered speeches even more voluminous and more inflated -than his cheeks: he quoted his illustrious ancestors the Kings of -Ireland and muddled up his father's[264] trial with those of Charles I. -and Louis XVI. He refreshed himself in the evening, after the tears, -the sweat and the words which he had shed at the council, with a lady -who had come all the way from Paris out of enthusiasm for his genius; -he virtuously strove to cure her, but his eloquence betrayed his virtue -and drove the dart more deeply. - -Madame la Duchesse de Duras had come to join M. le Duc de Duras among -the exiles. I will speak no more ill of misfortune, because I have -spent three months with that admirable woman, talking of all that -upright minds and hearts can find in a conformity of tastes, ideas, -principles and feelings. Madame de Duras was ambitious for me: she -alone saw at once what I might be worth in political life; she always -deplored the envy and short-sightedness which kept me removed from the -King's counsels; but she even much more deplored the obstacles which my -character placed in the way of my fortune: she scolded me, she wanted -to correct me of my indifference, my candour, my ingenuousness, and to -make me adopt habits of courtierism which she herself could not endure. -Nothing, perhaps, leads to greater attachment and gratitude than to -feel one's self under the patronage of a superior friendship which, -by virtue of its ascendancy over society, passes off your defects as -good qualities, your imperfections as an attraction. A man protects you -through his worth, a woman through your worth: that is why, of those -two empires, one is so hateful, the other so sweet. - -Since I have lost that great-hearted person, gifted with a soul so -noble, with an intelligence which combined something of the strength -of the thought of Madame de Staël with the grace of the talent of -Madame de La Fayette[265], I have never ceased, while mourning her, -to reproach myself with any unevenness of temper with which I may -sometimes have wounded hearts that were devoted to me. Let us keep a -close watch upon our character! Let us remember that, with a profound -attachment, we can nevertheless poison days which we would buy back -again at the price of all our blood. When our friends have sunk into -the grave, what means have we to repair our trespasses? Our useless -regrets, our vain repentings, are those a remedy for the pain that we -have given them? They would have preferred one smile from us during -their life than all our tears after their death. - -The charming Clara[266] was at Ghent with her mother. We two made up -bad couplets to the air of the _Tyrolienne._ I have held many pretty -little girls on my knees who are young grandmothers to-day. When you -have left a woman, married in your presence at sixteen years of age, -if you return sixteen years later, you find her of the same age still: - -"Ah, madame, you have not put on a day!" - -No doubt: but it is the daughter to whom you are saying so, the -daughter whom you will also lead up to the altar. But you, a sad -witness to both hymens, you treasure up the sixteen years which you -received at each union: a wedding-present which will hasten your own -marriage with a white-haired lady, rather thin. - -[Sidenote: Marshal Victor.] - -Marshal Victor had come to join us, at Ghent, with an admirable -simplicity: he asked for nothing, never teased the King with his -assiduity; one scarcely saw him; I do not know whether he ever had -the honour and the favour of being invited on a single occasion to -His Majesty's dinner-party. I have met Marshal Victor since; I have -been his colleague in office, and I have always perceived the same -excellent nature. In Paris, in 1823, M. le Dauphin was very harsh to -that honest soldier: it was very good of this Duc de Bellune to repay -such easy ingratitude with such modest devotion[267]! Candour carries -me away and touches me, even when, on certain occasions, it attains the -final expression of its ingenuousness. For instance, the marshal told -me of his wife's[268] death in the language of a soldier, and he made -me weep: he pronounced coarse words so quickly, and changed them so -chastely, that one might even have written them. - -M. de Vaublanc[269] and M. Capelle[270] joined us. The former used to -say that he had some of everything in his portfolio. Do you want some -Montesquieu? Here you are. Some Bossuet? Here it is! In proportion -as the game seemed about to take a different turn, more travellers -arrived. The Abbé Louis and M. le Comte Beugnot alighted at the inn -where I was lodging. Madame de Chateaubriand was suffering from -terrible fits of choking, and I was sitting up with her. The two -new-comers installed themselves in a room separated from my wife's only -by a thin partition; it was impossible not to hear, unless by stopping -one's ears: between eleven and twelve at night the new arrivals raised -their voices. The Abbé Louis, who spoke like a wolf and in jerks, was -saying to M. Beugnot: - -"You, a minister? You'll never be one again! You have committed one -stupidity after the other!" - -I could not clearly hear M. le Comte Beugnot's answer, but he spoke -of thirty-three millions left behind in the Royal Treasury. The abbé, -apparently in anger, pushed a chair, which fell down. Through the -uproar I caught these words: - -"The Duc d'Angoulême? He'll have to buy his national property at the -gates of Paris. I shall sell what remains of the State forests. I shall -cut down everything. The elms on the highroads, the Bois de Boulogne, -the Champs-Élysées: what's the use of all that, eh?" - -Brutality formed M. Louis' principal merit; his talent lay in a stupid -love of material interests. If the Minister of Finance drew the forests -after him, he had doubtless a different secret from that of Orpheus, -who "made the woods go after him with his fail; fiddling." In the slang -of the time, M. Louis was known as a "special" man; his speciality of -finance had led him to accumulate the tax-payers' money in the Treasury -in order to let it be taken by Bonaparte. Napoleon had had no use for -this special man, who was in no sense an unique man, and who was at the -most good enough for the Directory. - -The Abbé Louis had gone to Ghent to claim his office; he was in very -good favour with M. de Talleyrand, with whom he had solemnly officiated -at the first federation in the Champ de Mars: the bishop was the -celebrant, the Abbé Louis the deacon, and the Abbé Desrenaudes[271] the -sub-deacon. M. de Talleyrand, recollecting this admirable profanation, -used to say to the Baron Louis: - -"Abbé, you were very fine as the deacon in the Champ de Mars!" - -We endured this shame under the great tyranny of Bonaparte: ought we to -have endured it later? - -The "Most Christian" King had screened himself from any reproach of -bigotry: he owned in his Council a married bishop, M. de Talleyrand; a -priest living in concubinage, M. Louis; a non-practising abbé, M. de -Montesquiou. - -The last-named, a man as feverish as a consumptive, gifted with a -certain glibness of speech, had a narrow and disparaging mind, a -malignant heart, a sour character. One day, when I had made a speech at -the Luxembourg on behalf of the liberty of the press, the descendant -of Clovis, passing in front of me, who went back only to the Breton -Mormoran, caught me a great blow with his knee in my thigh, which was -not in good taste; I gave him one back, which was not polite: we played -at the Duc de La Rochefoucauld and the Coadjutor[272]. The Abbé de -Montesquiou humorously called M. de Lally-Tolendal "an English beast." - -[Sidenote: The fish dinners at Ghent.] - -In the rivers at Ghent they catch a very dainty white fish: we used, -_tutti quanti_, to go to eat this good fish in a suburban road-side -inn, while waiting for the battles and the end of empires. M. Laborie -never failed us at our meetings: I had first met him at Savigny when, -fleeing from Bonaparte, he came in at Madame de Beaumont's by one -window and made his way out by another. Indefatigable at work, renewing -his errands as often as his bills, as fond of doing services as others -are of receiving them, he has been calumniated: calumny is not the -impeachment of the calumniated, but the excuse of the calumniator. I -have seen men grow tired of the promises in which M. Laborie was so -rich; but why? Illusions are like torture: they always help to pass an -hour or two[273]. I have often led by the head, with a golden bridle, -old hacks of memory unable to stand on their legs, which I took for -young and frisky hopes. - -I also met M. Mounier[274] at the white-fish dinners, a sensible and -upright man. M. Guizot deigned to honour us with his presence[275]. - -A _Moniteur_[276] had been started at Ghent: my report to the King of -the 12th of May[277], inserted in that journal, proves that my feelings -on the liberty of the press and on foreign domination have at all times -been the same. I can quote the following passages to-day; they in no -way belie my life: - - "SIRE, - - "You were preparing to crown the institutions of which you - had laid the foundation-stone.... You had fixed a period for - the commencement of the hereditary peerage; the ministry - would have gained greater unity; the ministers I would have - become members of the two Chambers, according to the true - spirit of the Charter; a law would have been brought in to - allow the election of a member of the Chamber of Deputies - before the age of forty, so that citizens might have had a - real political career. It was proposed to discuss a penal - code for press offenses, after the adoption of which law the - press would have been entirely free, for that freedom is - inseparable from all representative government.... - - "Sire, and this is the occasion solemnly to protest it: - all your ministers, all the members of your Council, are - inviolably attached to the principles of a wise liberty; they - derive from you that love of laws, of order and of justice - without which there can be no happiness for a people. Sire, - let us be permitted to say that we are ready to shed the - last drop of our blood for you, to follow you to the ends - of the earth, to share with you the tribulations which it - will please the Almighty to send you, because we believe - before God that you will maintain the Constitution which you - have given to your people, and that the sincerest wish of - your royal heart is the liberty of Frenchmen. Had it been - otherwise, Sire, we would all have died at your feet in - defense of your sacred person; but we would have been only - your soldiers, we would have ceased to be your councillors - and your ministers.... - - "Sire, at this moment we share your royal sadness; there is - not one of your councillors and ministers who would not give - up his life to prevent the invasion of France. You, Sire, - are a Frenchman, we are Frenchmen! Alive to the honour of - our country, proud of the glory of our arms, admirers of the - courage of our soldiers, we would be willing, in the midst of - your battalions, to shed the last drop of our blood to bring - them back to their duty or to share lawful triumphs with - them. We can only look with the deepest sorrow upon the ills - that are ready to break over our country." - -Thus, at Ghent, did I propose to add to the Charter that which it -still lacked, while displaying my sorrow at the new invasion which was -threatening France: nevertheless, I was only an exile whose wishes were -in contradiction with the facts which could again open the gates of my -country to me. Those pages were written in the States of the allied -sovereigns, among kings and Emigrants who detested the liberty of the -press, in the midst of armies marching to conquest of whom we were, so -to speak, the prisoners: these circumstances perhaps add some strength -to the feelings which I venture to express. - -[Sidenote: The _Rapport au Roi._] - -My report on reaching Paris made a great noise; it was reprinted by -M. Le Normant the Younger, who risked his life upon this occasion, -and for whom I had all the difficulty in the world to obtain a barren -warrant of printer to the King. Bonaparte acted, or allowed others to -act, in a manner unworthy of him: on the occasion of my report, they -did what the Directory had done on the appearance of Cléry's Memoirs; -they falsified fragments of it: I was made to propose to Louis XVIII. -stupid ideas for the revival of feudal rights, for the tithes of the -clergy, for the recovery of the national property, as though the -printing of the original piece in the _Moniteur de Gand_ at a fixed and -known date, did not confound the imposture. The pseudonymous writer -entrusted with the production of an insincere pamphlet was a soldier -fairly high up in rank: he was dismissed after the Hundred Days; his -dismissal was ascribed to his conduct towards me; he sent his friends -to me; they begged me to intervene, lest a man of merit should lose his -sole means of existence: I wrote to the Minister of War and obtained -a retiring-pension for this officer[278]. He is dead: his wife has -remained attached to Madame de Chateaubriand by a feeling of gratitude -to which I was far from having any claim. Certain proceedings are -too highly prized; the most ordinary persons are susceptible to such -feelings of generosity. A name for virtue is cheaply acquired: the -superior mind is not that which pardons, but that which has no need of -pardon. - -I do not know where Bonaparte, at St. Helena, discovered that I had -"rendered essential services at Ghent:" if he judged the part I played -too favourably, at least there lay behind his opinion an appreciation -of my political value. - -* - -I avoided at Ghent, as far as I could, intrigues, which were opposed to -my character and contemptible in my eyes; for, at bottom, I perceived -in our paltry catastrophe the catastrophe of society. My refuge against -the idlers and rogues was the Enclos du Béguinage. I used to walk round -that little world of veiled or tuckered women, consecrated to different -Christian works: a calm region, placed like the African quicksands -on the edge of the tempests. There no incongruity shocked my ideas, -for the sentiment of religion is so lofty that it is never irrelevant -to the gravest revolutions: the solitaries of the Thebaid and the -Barbarians, destroyers of the Roman world, are in no way discordant -facts or mutually exclusive existences. - -I was graciously received in the close as the author of the _Génie du -Christianisme_: wherever I go, among Christians, the curates flock -round me; next come the mothers bringing me their children: the latter -recite to me my chapter on the First Communion. Then appear unhappy -persons who tell me of the good I have had the happiness to do them. My -passage through a Catholic town is announced like that of a missionary -or a physician. I am touched by this dual reputation: it is the only -agreeable memory of myself that I retain; I dislike myself in all the -rest of my personality and my reputation. - -I was pretty often invited to festive dinners in the family of M. and -Madame d'Ops, a venerable father and mother surrounded by some thirty -children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. At M. Coppens', a -banquet which I was obliged to accept was prolonged from one in the -afternoon to eight in the evening. I counted nine courses: they began -with the preserves and finished with the cutlets. The French alone know -how to dine methodically, just as they alone know how to compose a -book. - -[Sidenote: Diversions at Ghent.] - -My "ministry" kept me at Ghent; Madame de Chateaubriand, less busy, -went to see Ostend, where I had embarked for Jersey in 1792. I had -travelled, a dying exile, down the same canals along whose banks I now -walked, still an exile, but in perfect health: there has always been -something fabulous in my career! The miseries and joys of my first -emigration revived in my thoughts; I saw England again, my companions -in misfortune, and Charlotte, whom I was to meet once more. There is -no one like myself to create a real society by calling up shadows; it -goes so far that the life of my memories absorbs the feeling of my -real life. Even persons with whom I have never occupied myself, if -they come to die, invade my memory: one would say that none can become -my companion if he has not passed through the tomb, which leads me to -think that I am a dead man. Where others find an eternal separation, I -find an eternal union; when one of my friends departs this earth, it -is as though he had come to make my home his own; he never leaves me -again. According as the present world retires, the past world returns -to me. If the actual generations scorn the generations that have grown -old, they waste their disdain where I am concerned: I am not even aware -of their existence. - -My Golden Fleece had not yet reached Bruges[279], Madame de -Chateaubriand did not bring it to me. At Bruges, in 1426, "there was -a man whose name was John[280]," who invented or perfected the art -of painting in oils: let us be grateful to John of Bruges[281]; but -for the propagation of his method, Raphael's master-pieces would be -obliterated to-day. Where did the Flemish painters steal the light with -which they illumined their pictures? What ray from Greece strayed to -Batavia's shore? - -After her journey to Ostend, Madame de Chateaubriand took a trip to -Antwerp. There she saw, in a cemetery, plaster souls in purgatory, -smeared all over with fire and black. At Louvain, she recruited a -stammerer, a learned professor, who came expressly to Ghent to gaze -upon a man so out of the ordinary as my wife's husband. He said to me, -"Illus... ttt... rr...;" his speech fell short of his admiration, and -I asked him to dinner. When the hellenist had drunk some curaçao, his -tongue became loosened. We got upon the merits of Thucydides, whom the -wine made us find clear as water. By dint of keeping up with my guest, -I ended, I believe, by talking Dutch; at least, I no longer understood -what I was saying. - -Madame de Chateaubriand spent a bad night at the inn at Antwerp: a -young Englishwoman, recently confined, lay dying; during two hours she -made her groans heard; then her voice weakened, and her last moan, -which the stranger's ear could scarcely catch, was lost in an eternal -silence. The cries of this traveller, solitary and forsaken, might be -taken as a prelude to the thousand voices of death about to rise at -Waterloo. - -The customary solitude of Ghent was rendered more striking by the -foreign crowd which was then enlivening it and which was soon to -disperse. Belgian and English recruits were learning their drill -on the squares and under the trees of the public walks; gunners, -contractors, dragoons were landing trains of artillery, herds of oxen, -horses which struggled in the air while they were being let down in -straps; canteen-women came on shore carrying the sacks, the children, -the muskets of their husbands: all these were going, without knowing -why and without having the smallest interest in it, to the great -_rendez-vous_ of destruction which Bonaparte had given them. One saw -politicians gesticulating along a canal, near a motionless angler, -Emigrants trotting from the King's to "Monsieur's," from "Monsieur's" -to the King's. The Chancellor of France, M. Dambray, in a green coat -and a round hat, with an old novel under his arm, walked to the Council -to amend the Charter; the Duc de Lévis[282] went to pay his court in a -pair of old loose shoes, which dropped from his feet, because, brave -man and new Achilles that he was, he had been wounded in the heel. He -was very witty, as can be judged by the selection from his Reflexions. - -The Duke of Wellington used to come occasionally to hold a review. -Louis XVIII. went out every afternoon in a coach and six, with his -First Lord of the Bed-chamber and his guards, to drive round Ghent, -just as though he had been in Paris. If he met the Duke of Wellington -on his road, he would give him a little patronizing nod in passing. - -[Sidenote: The dignity of Louis XVIII.] - -Louis XVIII. never lost sight of the pre-eminence of his cradle; he -was a king everywhere, as God is God everywhere, in a manger or in a -temple, on an altar of gold or of clay. Never did his misfortune wring -the smallest concession from him; his loftiness increased in the ratio -of his depression; his diadem was his name; he seemed to say, "Kill -me, you will not kill the centuries inscribed upon my brow." If they -had scraped his arms off the Louvre, it signified little to him: were -they not engraved on the globe? Had commissioners been sent to scratch -them off in every corner of the universe? Had they been erased in -India, at Pondichéry; in America, at Lima and Mexico; in the East, at -Antioch, Jerusalem, Acre, Cairo, Constantinople, Rhodes, in the Morea; -in the West, on the walls of Rome, on the ceilings of Caserta and the -Escurial, on the arches of the halls of Ratisbon and Westminster, in -the escutcheon of all the kings? Had they been torn from the needle of -the compass, where they seemed to proclaim the reign of the lilies to -the several regions of the earth? - -The fixed idea of the grandeur, the antiquity, the dignity, the -majesty of his House gave Louis XVIII. a real empire. One felt its -dominion: even Bonaparte's generals confessed it; they stood more -intimidated before that impotent old man than before the terrible -master who had commanded them in a hundred battles. In Paris, when -Louis XVIII. accorded to the triumphing monarchs the honour of dining -at his table, he passed without ceremony before those princes whose -soldiers were camping in the court-yard of the Louvre; he treated them -like vassals who had only done their duty in bringing men-at-arms to -their liege-lord. In Europe there is but one monarchy, that of France; -the destiny of the other monarchies is bound up in the fate of that -one. All the Royal Houses are of yesterday beside the House of Hugh -Capet[283], and almost all are its daughters. Our old royal power was -the old royalty of the world: from the banishment of the Capets will -date the era of the expulsion of the kings. - -The more impolitic that haughtiness on the part of the descendant of -St. Louis (it became fatal to his heirs), the more pleasing was it to -the national pride: the French rejoiced at seeing sovereigns who, when -conquered, had borne the chains of a man, bear, as conquerors, the yoke -of a dynasty. - -The unshaken faith of Louis XVIII. in his blood is the real might that -restored his sceptre; it was that faith which twice let fall upon -his head a crown for which Europe certainly did not believe, did not -pretend that she was exhausting her populations and her treasures. The -soldier-less exile was to be found at the issue of all the battles -which he had not delivered. Louis XVIII. was the Legitimacy incarnate; -it ceased to be visible when he disappeared. - -* - -At Ghent, I took walks by myself, as I do wherever I go. The barges -gliding along narrow canals, obliged to cross ten or twelve leagues of -pasture-land to reach the sea, appeared to be sailing over the grass; -they reminded me of the canoes of the savages in the wild-oat marshes -of Missouri. Standing at the edge of the water, while they were dipping -lengths of brown holland, I let my eyes wander over the steeples of -the town; its history appeared to me on the clouds in the sky: the -citizens of Ghent revolting against Henri de Châtillon, the French -governor; the wife[284] of Edward III.[285] bringing forth John of -Gaunt[286], the stock of the House of Lancaster; the popular reign of -van Artevelde[287]: - -"Good people, who moves you? Why are you so incensed against me? In -what can I have angered you?" - -"You must die!" cried the people: it is what Time cries to all of -us. Later, I saw the Dukes of Burgundy; the Spaniards came. Then the -pacification, the sieges and the captures of Ghent. - -When I had done musing among the centuries, the sound of a little bugle -or a Scotch bagpipe would rouse me. I saw living soldiers hastening -to join the buried battalions of Batavia: ever destructions, powers -overthrown; and, at last, a few faded shadows and some names that had -passed. - -Sea-board Flanders was one of the first cantonments of the companions -of Clodion[288] and Clovis. Ghent, Bruges and the surrounding country -furnished nearly a tenth of the grenadiers of the Old Guard: that -terrible army was in part drawn from the cradle of our fathers, and -came in its turn to be exterminated beside that cradle. Did the -Lys[289] give its flower to the arms of our Kings? - -Spanish manners leave the impress of their character: the buildings -of Ghent retraced for me those of Granada, less the sky of the Vega. -A large town almost bereft of inhabitants, deserted streets, canals -as deserted as the streets.... twenty-six islands formed by those -canals, which were not the canals of Venice, a huge piece of ordnance -of the middle ages: that is what replaced at Ghent the city of the -Zegris[290], the Duero and the Xenil[291] the Generalife and the -Alhambra; old dreams of mine, shall I ever see you more? - - -* - -[Sidenote: The Duchesse de Lévis.] - -Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême, who had taken ship on the Gironde, came -to us by way of England with General Donnadieu[292] and M. Desèze[293], -of whom the latter had crossed the ocean wearing his blue ribbon -across his waistcoat. The Duc and Duchesse de Lévis[294] followed in -the Princess' suite: they had flung themselves into the diligence and -escaped from Paris by the Bordeaux road. Their fellow-travellers talked -politics: - -"That scoundrel of a Chateaubriand," said one of them, "is no such -fool! He had his carriage waiting packed in his court-yard for three -days: the bird has flown. They would have made short work of him, if -Napoleon had caught him!" - -Madame la Duchesse de Lévis was a very handsome, very kind woman, and -as calm as Madame la Duchesse de Duras was restless. She never left -Madame de Chateaubriand's side; she was our assiduous companion at -Ghent. No one has diffused more quietude in my life, a thing of which -I have great need. The least troubled moments of my existence are -those which I spent at Noisiel, in the house of that woman whose words -and sentiments entered into your soul only to restore its serenity. I -recall with regret those moments passed under the great chestnut-trees -of Noisiel! With a soothed spirit, a convalescent heart, I used to look -upon the ruins of Chelles Abbey and the little lights of the boats -loitering among the willows on the Marne. - -The remembrance of Madame de Lévis is for me that of a silent autumn -evening. She passed away in a few hours; she mingled with death as with -the source of all rest I saw her sink noiselessly into her grave in -the Cemetery of Père-Lachaise; she is laid above M. de Fontanes, and -the latter sleeps beside his son Saint-Marcellin, killed in a duel. -Thus, bowing before the monument of Madame de Lévis, have I come into -contact with two other sepulchres: man cannot awaken one sorrow without -reawakening another; during the night, the different flowers which open -only in the shade expand. - -To Madame de Lévis' affectionate kindness for me was added the -friendship of M. le Duc de Lévis, the father: I may now reckon only by -generations. M. de Lévis wrote well; he had a versatile and fertile -imagination which betrayed his noble race, as it had already displayed -itself in his blood shed on the beach at Quiberon. - -Nor was that to be the end of all: it was the impulse of a friendship -which passed on to the second generation. M. le Duc de Lévis, the -son[295], attached at present to M. le Comte de Chambord, has drawn -near to me; my hereditary affection will fail him no more than will -my fidelity to his august master. The new and charming Duchesse de -Lévis[296], his wife, joins to the great name of d'Aubusson the -brightest qualities of heart and mind: life is worth something, when -the graces borrow unwearied wings from history! - -* - -The Pavillon Marsan[297] existed at Ghent as in Paris. Every day -brought Monsieur news from France which was the offspring of -self-interest or imagination. - -[Sidenote: Fouché, Duc D'Otrante.] - -M. Gaillard[298], an ex-Oratorian, a counsel in the royal courts, an -intimate friend of Fouché's, alighted in our midst; he made himself -known, and was brought into touch with M. Capelle. - -When I waited upon Monsieur, which was rarely, those around him used to -talk to me in covert words, and with many sighs, of "a man who (it must -be admitted) was behaving admirably: he was impeding all the Emperor's -operations; he was defending the Faubourg Saint-Germain, etc., -etc." The faithful Marshal Soult was also the object of Monsieur's -predilection and, after Fouché, the most loyal man in France. - -One day a carriage stopped at the door of my inn, and I saw Madame la -Baronne de Vitrolles step out of it: she had arrived bearing powers -from the Duc d'Otrante. She took away with her a note, written in -Monsieur's hand, in which the Prince declared that he would retain -an eternal gratitude to him who saved M. de Vitrolles. Fouché wanted -no more; armed with this note, he was sure of his future in case of -a restoration. Thenceforward, there was no question at Ghent save of -the immense obligations due to the excellent M. Fouché de Nantes[299], -save of the impossibility of returning to France otherwise than by -that just man's good pleasure: the difficulty was how to make the King -relish this new redeemer of the Monarchy. - -After the Hundred Days, Madame de Custine compelled me to meet Fouché -at dinner at her house. I had seen him once, five years before, -in connection with the condemnation of my poor Cousin Armand. The -ex-minister knew that I had opposed his nomination at Roye, at Gonesse, -at Arnouville; and, as he suspected me of being powerful, he wished -to make his peace with me. The death of Louis XVI. was the best -thing about him: regicide was his innocence. A prater, like all the -revolutionaries, beating the air with empty phrases, he retailed a -heap of commonplaces stuffed with "destiny," with "necessity," with -"the right of things," mingling with this philosophic nonsense further -nonsense on the march and progress of society, and shameless maxims in -favour of the strong as against the weak; and he was free in his use of -impudent avowals on the justice of success, the little worth of a head -which falls, the equity of that which prospers, the iniquity of that -which suffers, affecting to speak of the most horrid disasters with -airy indifference, as though he were a genius above all such fooleries. -Not a choice idea escaped him, not a remarkable thought, on any subject -whatsoever. I went away shrugging my shoulders at crime. - -M. Fouché never forgave me my dryness and the small effect he produced -on me. He had thought he would fascinate me by causing the blade of the -fatal instrument to rise and fall before my eyes, like a glory of Mount -Sinai; he had imagined that I would look up, as to a colossus, to the -ranter who, speaking of the soil of Lyons, had said: - -"That soil shall be overturned; on the ruins of that proud and -rebellious city shall rise scattered cottages which the friends of -liberty will hasten to come and inhabit.... We shall have the energetic -courage to walk through the vast tombs of the conspirators.... Their -blood-stained corpses, hurled into the Rhône, give on both banks and at -its mouth the impression of terror and the image of the omnipotence of -the people. . . . . . . . - -"We shall celebrate the victory of Toulon; we shall this evening send -two hundred and fifty rebels under the lead of the thunder." - -Those horrible trimmings did not impose upon me: because M. "de -Nantes" had diluted republican crimes with imperial mire; because the -_sans-culotte_, transformed into a duke, had wrapped the cord of the -lantern in the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, he appeared neither the -abler nor the greater for it in my eyes. The Jacobins detest men who -make no account of their atrocities and who despise their murders; -their pride is provoked, like that of authors whose talent one disputes. - -* - -[Sidenote: His underhand negotiations.] - -At the same time that Fouché was sending M. Gaillard to Ghent to -negociate with the brother of Louis XVI., his agents at Bâle were -parleying with those of Prince Metternich[300] on the subject of -Napoleon II., and M. de Saint-Léon, dispatched by this same Fouché, -was arriving in Vienna to treat of the crown as a "possibility" for -M. le Duc d'Orléans. The friends of the Duc d'Otrante could rely upon -him no more than his enemies: on the return of the legitimate Princes, -he maintained his old colleague, M. Thibaudeau[301], on the list of -exiles, while M. de Talleyrand struck this or that outlaw off the list, -or added that other to the catalogue, according to his whim. Had not -the Faubourg Saint-Germain reason indeed to believe in M. Fouché? - -M. de Saint-Léon carried three notes to Vienna, of which one was -addressed to M. de Talleyrand: the Duc d'Otrante proposed that the -ambassador of Louis XVIII. should push the son of Égalité on to the -throne, if he saw his way! What probity in those negociations! How -fortunate they were to have to do with such honest persons! Yet we have -admired, censed, blessed those highway robbers; we have paid court to -them; we have called them _monseigneur!_ That explains the world as it -stands. M. de Montrond came in addition, after M. de Saint-Léon. - -M. le Duc d'Orléans did not conspire in fact but by consent; he let -the revolutionary affinities intrigue: a sweet society! In this dark -lane, the plenipotentiary of the King of France lent an ear to Fouché's -overtures. - -Speaking of M. de Talleyrand's detention at the Barrière d'Enfer, I -said what had, till then, been M. de Talleyrand's fixed idea as to the -regency of Marie-Louise: he was obliged by the emergency to embrace -the eventuality of the Bourbons; but he was always ill at ease: it -seemed to him that, under the heirs of St. Louis, a married bishop -would never be sure of his place. The idea of substituting the Younger -Branch for the Elder Branch pleased him, therefore, so much so the more -in that he had had former relations with the Palais Royal. - -Taking that side, without however exposing himself entirely, he -hazarded a few words of Fouché's project to Alexander. The Tsar had -ceased to interest himself in Louis XVIII.: the latter had hurt him, -in Paris, by his affectation of superiority of race; he had hurt him -again by refusing to consent to the marriage of the Duc de Berry with -a sister of the Emperor; the Princess was rejected for three reasons: -she was a schismatic; she was not of an old enough stock; she came of -a family of madmen: these reasons were not put forward upright but -aslant, and, when seen through, gave Alexander treble offense. As a -last subject of complaint against the old sovereign of exile, the -Tsar brought up the projected alliance between England, France and -Austria. For the rest, it seemed as though the succession were open; -all the world claimed to succeed to the estate of the sons of Louis -XIV.: Benjamin Constantin the name of Madame Murat[302], was pleading -the rights which Napoleon's sister believed herself to possess over -the Kingdom of Naples; Bernadotte was casting a distant glance upon -Versailles, apparently because the King of Sweden came from Pau. - -La Besnardière[303], head of a department at the Foreign Office, -went over to M. de Caulaincourt; he drew up a hurried report on "the -complaints and rejoinders of France" to the Legitimacy. After this -kick had been let fly, M. de Talleyrand found means of communicating -the report to Alexander: discontented and fickle, the Autocrat was -struck with La Besnardière's pamphlet. Suddenly, in the middle of the -Congress, the Tsar asked, to the general stupefaction, if it would not -be a matter for deliberation to examine in how far M. le Duc d'Orléans -might suit France and Europe as King. This is perhaps one of the most -surprising things in those extraordinary times, and perhaps it is -still more extraordinary that it has been so little discussed[304]. -Lord Clancarty[305] made the Russian proposal fall through; His -Lordship declared that he had no powers to treat so grave a question: - -"As for myself," he said, "giving my opinion as a private individual, I -think that to put M. le Duc d'Orléans on the throne of France would be -to replace a military usurpation by a family usurpation, which is more -dangerous to the sovereigns than any other usurpation." - -[Sidenote: At the Congress of Vienna.] - -The members of the Congress went to dinner, using the sceptre of St. -Louis as a rush with which to mark the folio at which they had left off -in their protocols. - -Upon the obstacles encountered by the Tsar, M. de Talleyrand faced -about: foreseeing that the stroke would resound, he sent a report to -Louis XVIII. (in a despatch which I have seen and which was numbered 25 -or 27) of this strange session of the Congress[306]; he thought himself -obliged to inform His Majesty of so exorbitant a proceeding, because -this news, said he, would not long delay in reaching the King's ears: a -singular ingenuousness for M. le Prince de Talleyrand. - -There had been a question of a declaration on the part of the Alliance, -in order to make it quite clear to the world that there was no quarrel -except with Napoleon, that there was no pretension to impose upon -France either an obligatory form of government or a sovereign who -should not be of her own choice. This latter part of the declaration -was suppressed, but it was positively announced in the official journal -of Frankfort. England, in her negociations with the Cabinets, always -employs that Liberal language, which is only a precaution against the -parliamentary tribune. - -We see that the Allies were troubling themselves no more about the -re-establishment of the Legitimacy at the Second than at the First -Restoration: the event alone did all. What mattered it to such -short-sighted sovereigns whether the mother of European monarchies had -her throat cut? Would that prevent them from giving entertainments and -keeping guards? The monarchs are so solidly seated to-day, the globe in -one hand, the sword in the other! - -M. de Talleyrand, whose interests were at that time in Vienna, feared -lest the English, whose opinion was no longer so favourable to him, -should begin the military game before all the armies were drawn up -in line, and lest the Cabinet of St. James should thus acquire the -predominance: that is why he wished to induce the King to re-enter -by the south-eastern provinces, in order that he might find himself -under the protection of the Austrian Empire and Cabinet. The Duke of -Wellington had given a precise order not to commence hostilities; it -was Napoleon who wanted the Battle of Waterloo: the destinies of such a -nature are not to be arrested. - -Those historic facts, the most curious in the world, have remained -generally unknown; in the same way, also, a confused opinion has been -formed of the Treaties of Vienna relating to France: they have been -thought the iniquitous work of a troop of victorious sovereigns, -implacably bent upon our ruin; unfortunately, if they are harsh, they -have been envenomed by a French hand: when M. de Talleyrand is not -conspiring, he is trafficking. - -Prussia desired to have Saxony, which will sooner or later be her prey; -France ought to have countenanced this wish, for, Saxony obtaining -an indemnification within the sphere of the Rhine, Landau would have -remained to us with our surrounding territories; Coblentz and other -fortresses would have passed to a small friendly State, which, placed -between ourselves and Prussia, prevented any point of contact; the keys -of France would not have been handed over to the shade of Frederic. -For three millions which Saxony paid him, M. de Talleyrand opposed the -combinations of the Cabinet of Berlin; but, in order to obtain the -assent of Alexander to the existence of Old Saxony, our Ambassador was -obliged to abandon Poland to the Tsar, notwithstanding that the other -Powers desired that a Poland of some kind should restrict the freedom -of the Muscovite's movements in the North. The Bourbons of Naples -redeemed themselves, like the sovereign of Dresden, with money[307]. -M. de Talleyrand claimed that he was entitled to a subvention, in -exchange for his Duchy of Benevento: he was selling his livery on -leaving his master. When France was losing so much, could not M. de. -Talleyrand also have lost something? Benevento, moreover, did not -belong to the High Chamberlain: by virtue of the revival of the ancient -treaties, that principality was a dependency of the States of the -Church. - -[Illustration: Talleyrand.] - - -[Sidenote: A letter from Talleyrand.] - -Such were the diplomatic transactions which were being completed in -Vienna while we were stopping at Ghent. In this latter residence, I -received the following letter from M. de Talleyrand: - - "VIENNA, 4 _April._ - - "I learnt, monsieur, with much pleasure that you were at - Ghent, for circumstances require that the King should be - surrounded with strong and independent men. - - "You will certainly have thought that it was useful to - refute, by means of strenuously-reasoned publications, the - whole of the new doctrine which they are trying to establish - in the official documents now appearing in France. - - "It would be useful if something could appear of which the - object would be to establish that the Declaration of the - 31st of March, made in Paris by the Allies, that the Act of - Deposition, that the Act of Abdication, that the Treaty of - the 11th of April, which resulted from them, are so many - preliminary, indispensable and absolute conditions of the - Treaty of the 30th of May; that is to say that, without those - previous conditions, the treaty would not have been made. - This admitted, the man who violates the said conditions or - seconds their violation breaks the peace which that treaty - established. It is, therefore, he and his accomplices who are - declaring war against Europe. - - "An argument taken in this sense would do good abroad as - well as at home; only it must be well done, so make it your - business. - - "Accept, monsieur, the homage of my sincere attachment and of - my high regard. - - "TALLEYRAND. - - "I hope to have the honour of seeing you at the end of the - month." - -Our Minister in Vienna was faithful to his hatred of the great chimera -escaped from the shades: he dreaded a blow from its wing. This letter -shows, for the rest, all that M. de Talleyrand was capable of doing -when he wrote alone: he had the kindness to teach me the "movement," -leaving the "graces" to me. It was a question indeed of a few -diplomatic phrases on the deposition, on the abdication, on the Treaty -of the 11th of April and of the 30th of May, to stop Napoleon! I was -very grateful for the instructions given me by virtue of my patent as -"a strong man," but I did not follow them: an ambassador _in petto_ I -was not at that moment meddling with foreign affairs; I busied myself -only with my Ministry of the Interior _ad interim._ - -But what was taking place in Paris? - -[231] Jean Baptiste Baron Dalesme (1763-1832) was a brigadier-general -under Napoleon, sat in the Legislative Body as Deputy for the -Haute-Vienne from 1802 to 1809, and was created a baron of the -Empire in 1810. He rallied to the Restoration, which made him a -lieutenant-general in October 1814. He was Governor of Elba during the -Hundred Days, and left the service on the Second Restoration. He was -reinstated in 1830, and died Governor of the Invalides.--B. - -[232] 4 May 1814.--B. - -[233] At the celebrated Congress of Erfurt, held in 1808, were present -the Emperors Alexander and Napoleon and almost all the sovereigns of -Germany. The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria were the only -crowned heads not invited to it.--T. - -[234] Æneid, X. 174.--B. - -[235] Marie Countess Walewice-Walewska (circa 1787-1817), _née_ -Laczinska, married, first (_circa_ 1804), to Anastasius Colonna, -Count Walewice-Walewski, who died in 1814, at the age of eighty-four; -secondly, to General Philippe Antoine Comte d'Omano. She visited -Napoleon at Elba on the 1st of September 1814, accompanied by a child -of four or five years of age. She stayed about fifty hours; during this -time the Emperor received no one, not even Madame Mère, who was then -in Elba, at Marciana. But, after those fifty hours, Madame Walewska -went to Longone to embark for the Continent in a gale so severe that -the very sailors feared for her safety. She refused to listen to all -representations. The Emperor sent an officer to delay her departure; -but she was already out at sea, and Napoleon knew no peace of mind -until he had received from the Countess Walewska herself news of her -safe arrival. (_Cf._ PONS DE L'HÉRAULT, _Souvenirs et anecdotes de -l'île d'Elbe_).--T. - -[236] Alexandre Florian Joseph de Colonna, Comte, later Duc de Walewski -(1810-1868), the reputed illegitimate son of Napoleon I., Minister of -Foreign Affairs and, later, President of the Legislative Body under -Napoleon III.--T. - -[237] Antoine Francois Claude Comte Ferrand (1758-1825) was -Postmaster-general. In 1816, he was created a peer of France and became -a member of the French Academy. His best-known literary work is the -Esprit de l'histoire in four volumes (1802), which has been many times -reprinted.--T. - -[238] Antoine Marie Chamans, Comte de Lavallette (1769-1830), was -married to a Mademoiselle de Beauharnais, a niece of the Empress -Joséphine. He had been Postmaster-general in 1814; lost that office -on the return of the Bourbons, and resumed it, in 1816, on the flight -of the Princes. He was tried for seconding the return of Bonaparte -and sentenced to death, but made his escape from prison by the aid -of his wife. Three English officers, Messrs. Hutchinson, Wilson and -Bruce, assisted him across the frontier, and he took refuge in Bavaria. -Lavallette was permitted to return to France in 1820, when he retired -into private life.--T. - -[239] The _Nain jaune_ was a satirical Bonapartist journal, inspired by -the circle of the ex-Queen Hortense, which adopted a guise of extreme -Royalism. The number for the 28th of February 1815 contains a letter -from a correspondent who says: - -"I have worn out ten goose-quills in writing to you, without receiving -a reply; perhaps I shall be luckier if I try a duck-quill" (_plume de -cane_). - -On the next day, the 1st of March, Napoleon landed at Cannes on his -return from Elba.--B. - -[240] Carlo Andrea Count Pozzo di Borgo (1764-1842), a native of -Corsica, entered the Russian diplomatic service and took part in all -the congresses of the Holy Alliance. Pozzo acted as Russian Ambassador -to France from 1814 to 1835, and to England from 1835 to 1839. He spent -his last years in Paris.--T. - -[241] Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans (1773-1850), afterwards "King of the -French," and son (some say a changeling) of Louis Philippe Joseph Duc -d'Orléans (Philippe Égalité).--T. - -[242] General Drouet d'Erlon (1765-1844) was placed in command of -the 1st Army Corps during the Hundred Days. He was condemned to -death by contumacy in 1816, fled to Prussia, and returned to France -in 1825, but did not resume service till 1830. In 1834, he was -appointed Governor-General of Algeria, but was recalled in 1835 for -not displaying sufficient vigour against Abd-el-Kader; nevertheless -Drouet was made a marshal in 1843. The military conspiracy in which -he engaged with General Lefebvre-Desnoëttes and Lallemand was of a -semi-Imperialist, semi-Revolutionary character, and broke out on the -9th of March 1815, but was immediately suppressed.--T. - -[243] Marshal Masséna, on the evening of the 3rd of March, sent to the -Minister of War, from Marseilles, the dispatch announcing Bonaparte's -landing at the Golfe Jouan. In 1815, the aerial telegraph stopped at -Lyons. The message was therefore carried by a courier as far as Lyons, -and did not reach Paris until mid-day on the 5th of March. Impressed by -the gravity of the news, M. Chappe, the Director-General of Telegraphs -(brother of the inventor), took upon himself to take the message to -M. de Vitrolles, in the King's closet, instead of transmitting it to -Marshal Soult. Vitrolles handed the despatch, sealed as it was, to -Louis XVIII., who read it several times over and threw it on the table, -saying with the greatest calm: - -"It is to say that Bonaparte has landed on the coast of Provence. This -letter must be taken to the Minister of War. He will see what is to be -done." - -The Government kept the news secret for two days, and it was only on -the 7th of March that it was officially announced in the _Moniteur._--B. - -[244] The Comte d'Artois, the King's brother, became "Monsieur" on the -latter's accession.--T. - -[245] Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Maréchal Comte d'Hunebourg, Duc -de Feltre (1765-1818), descended from an Irish family, had been one -of Napoleon's generals, and Minister of War from 1807. After rallying -to the Bourbons, he managed the War Office at a time of the greatest -difficulty, and was created a marshal of France after the Second -Restoration, in 1816. The Duc de Feltre retired in 1817, a year before -his death.--T. - -[246] Caius Valerius Jovius Aulerius Diocletianus (245-313), Roman -Emperor, was born at Dioclea, near Salona. Diocletian's mind became -weakened in 304, and in 305 he abdicated and retired to Salona, where -he cultivated his garden with his own hands.--T. - -[247] Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (1791-1873) became a prominent -leader of the Opposition under Louis-Philippe, and was Prime Minister -and Minister of Justice in 1848 to 1849.--T. - -[248] The battalion of the pupils of the School of Law was formed on -the 14th of March 1815; its effective force amounted to 1200 men. After -being drilled at Vincennes, the Volunteers, to the number of about -700, joined the Body-guards at Beauvais on Easter Sunday, the 26th of -March; they crossed the frontier and were cantoned at Ypres. On the -30th of July, the battalion returned to Paris, amid the cheers of an -immense multitude which had come out to greet it. The professors of the -school, prevented by their age from leaving France, at least refused to -wait upon Napoleon, and it was only at the express invitation of the -Minister of the Interior that they went so far as to send an address in -which they expressed their gratitude at seeing the Emperor renounce all -spirit of conquest.--B. - -[249] M. de La Fayette, in some Memoirs published since his death -and valuable for their facts, confirms the singular conjunction of -his opinion and mine on the occasion of Bonaparte's return. M. de La -Fayette was a sincere lover of honour and liberty.--_Author's Note_ -(Paris, 1840). - -[250] Charles Ferdinand Duc de Berry (1778-1820), second son of the -Comte d'Artois, assassinated by the fanatic Louvel on leaving the -Opera, 13 February 1820.--T. - -[251] Louis Antoine Duc d'Angoulême (1775-1844), eldest son of the -Comte d'Artois, was Dauphin of France during the reign of the latter as -Charles X. He abdicated his right to the throne immediately after his -father, and was thus for only a few minutes King of France, with the -title of Louis XIX. He was succeeded by his nephew, the Duc de Bordeaux -(the Comte de Chambord), as Henry V. The Duc d'Angoulême died at -Goritz, where he lived under the style of Comte de Marnes. He possessed -many solid qualities and conciliatory intentions, without being gifted -with any hyper-eminent faculties.--T. - -[252] A Royal order of the 6th of March, declaring Bonaparte a traitor -and rebel, and enjoining all soldiers, national guards, or private -citizens "to hunt him down" (_de lui courir sus_), appears in the -_Moniteur_ of the 7th of March.--B. - -[253] Alexandre Maurice Blanc de La Nautte, Comte d'Hauterive -(1754-1830), commenced life as a professor in the Oratorian College at -Tours (1779), accompanied the Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier on his embassy -to Constantinople (1784), became French _Chargé d'affaires_ in Moldavia -(1785), and Consul in New York (1792). In America he grew intimate with -Talleyrand, who made him head of a department at the Foreign Office so -soon as he obtained his ministry, and later had him appointed Keeper of -the Archives (1807).--T. - -[254] Alfred Frédéric Chevalier Artaud de Montor (1772-1849), after a -long diplomatic career, wrote or edited a large number of historical -works, including the _Vie et travaux du comte d'Hauterive_, published -at a later date than that at which Chateaubriand wrote the above -lines.--T. - -[255] MARK ii. II.--T. - -[256] Charles Du Fresne, Seigneur Du Cange (1610-1688), the noted -historian and philologist, born at Amiens, 18 December 1610.--T. - -[257] Robespierre was born at Arras on the 6th of May 1758.--T. - -[258] _Cf._ Vol. II. p. 30.--T. - -[259] Pierre Louis Bertin de Vaux (1771-1842), younger brother of Louis -François Bertin, known as Bertin the Elder, assisted him in founding -the _Journal des Débats_ (1799), and in editing that paper, while -directing a banking-house which he had established in 1801. Bertin de -Vaux was sent as Ambassador to the Netherlands in 1830 and raised to -the peerage in 1832.--T. - -[260] Amédée Bretagne Malo de Durfort, Duc de Duras (1771-1838), First -Lord of the Bed-chamber to the King. He accompanied Louis XVIII. to -Ghent and returned with him. He had been created a Peer of France in -1814. After the Revolution of 1830, he retired into private life.--B. - -[261] Charles V. Emperor of Germany, King of Spain and of the Two -Sicilies (1500-1558), born at Ghent, son of the Archduke Philip of -Austria and of Joan, heiress of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and -Isabella. He was proclaimed King of Spain in 1516, during his mother's -life-time, and elected to the Empire three years later. Charles V. -abdicated in 1556, two years before his death.--T. - -[262] The other ministers were: M. Louis, Finance; the Duc de Feltre, -War; M. Beugnot, Navy; M. Dambray, Chancellor of France; M. de -Jaucourt, Foreign Affairs _ad interim_, the Prince de Talleyrand being -in Vienna. M. de Blacas was Minister of the King's Household. M. de -Lally-Tolendal was _ad interim_ Minister of Public Instruction.--B. - -[263] Bernadotte and Henry IV. were both born at Pau.--T. - -[264] Thomas Arthur Comte de Lally, Baron Tolendal in Ireland -(1702-1766), after contributing to the victory of Fontenoy (1745), -was in 1756 appointed Governor of the French possessions in India and -drove the English from the Coromandel Coast. He failed, however, before -Madras, was himself besieged in Pondichéry, and obliged to surrender -with a garrison of 700 men: he had resisted for several months against -an army of 22,000 men and a fleet of 14 ships (1761). Nevertheless, he -was accused of betraying the King's interests, sent to the Bastille -and, after eighteen months' imprisonment and an informal trial, -sentenced to death. He was executed on the 9th of May 1766. Voltaire -published an eloquent _factum_ in the condemned man's favour and, -in 1778, Louis XVI., at the instance of Lally's son, the Marquis de -Lally-Tolendal mentioned above, had the iniquitous verdict revised. The -sentence was unanimously quashed by a new set of judges, and Lally's -memory entirely rehabilitated.--T. - -[265] Marie Madeleine Comtesse de La Fayette (1634-1693), _née_ Pioche -de La Vergne, daughter of the Governor of the Havre, and the intimate -friend of La Rochefoucauld. She made a name in letters by her novels, -_Zaïde_ the _Princesse de Clèves_, etc., and also wrote an _Histoire et -Henriette d'Angleterre._--T. - -[266] Madame La Duchesse de Rauzan.--_Author's Note._ - -[267] The Duc de Bellune remained absolutely faithful to the Elder -Branch after the usurpation of 1830.--T. - -[268] Julie Maréchale Duchesse de Bellune, _née_ Vosch van Avesaat, -married to the Maréchal Duc de Bellune in 1801. He had previously -divorced his first wife, _née_ Muguet, to whom he had been married in -1791.--T. - -[269] Vincent Marie Viennot, Comte de Vaublanc (1756-1845), an eager -supporter of the Royalist cause and Minister of the Interior from -September 1815 to May 1816. He published some political works, a few -indifferent tragedies and an epic poem, the _Dernier des Césars_ -(1836).--T. - -[270] Guillaume Antoine Bénoît Baron Capelle (1775-1843) held various -prefectures under Napoleon and Louis XVIII., and was created a baron -of the Empire by the former. In May 1830, he became Minister of Public -Works in M. de Polignac's Cabinet and, as a signatory of the Ordinances -of July, was condemned by contumacy to perpetual imprisonment. He -returned to France in 1836, after the amnesty.--B. - -[271] The Abbé Martial Borye Desrenaudes (1755-1825), not d'Ernaud as -the preceding editions of the Memoirs have it, was grand-vicar to the -Bishop of Autun at the time of the Revolution. He had a remarkable -talent as a writer, and was of the greatest use to Talleyrand as a -literary assistant. After the 18 Brumaire, Desrenaudes became a member -of the Tribunate, and later a councillor of the University and Imperial -Censor. He retained his censorship under the Restoration.--B. - -[272] Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz (1614-1679), was in -1643 appointed Coadjutor to his uncle, Henri de Gondi, Archbishop of -Paris, before himself succeeding to the archbishopric.--T. - -[273] _Cf._ RACINE, _Les Plaideurs_, Act III. sc. IV.--T. - -[274] Claude Philibert Édouard Baron Mounier (1784-1843), son of -Joseph Mounier, the celebrated Constituent. Under the Empire, he had -been Superintendent of the Crown Lands, in which post he was confirmed -by Louis XVIII., and he continued to hold various political and -administrative offices. He was created a peer of France in 1819.--B. - -[275] Louis XVIII. himself was a great epicure of this fish, and -sometimes allowed himself to be taken to this inn, which was called the -Halter. (Cf. ROMBERG, _Louis XVIII. à Gand._)--B. - -[276] Early in April, under the management of the two Bertins. Upon the -objection of the Netherlands Government, which saw difficulties in the -way of the co-existence of two _Moniteurs_ in the kingdom, the original -title was changed to the _Journal universel_, which continued to be the -official organ of Louis XVIII.--B. - -[277] _Rapport sur l'état de la France, fait au roi dans son conseil_, -May 1815.--B. - -[278] A certain M. Bail, an inspector of reviews. Chateaubriand's -letter to the Duc de Feltre is dated "Paris, 22 August 1826," and runs: - - "A Monsieur Bail, inspector of reviews, wrote a pamphlet - against me. He says that he has lost his place for this act. - May I venture, monsieur le duc, to hope from your indulgence - that you will be so good as to restore him to your kindness? - The King's person was respected in the pamphlet. Pray forget, - monsieur le maréchal, all that concerns only myself.--B." - - -[279] The Order of the Golden Fleece was instituted at Bruges, in 1429, -by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.--T. - -[280] JOHN i. 6.--T. - -[281] Jan van Eyck (_circa_ 1380-1450) was born at Maaseyk near -Maastricht, but settled at Bruges, with his brother Hubert, at an early -age. He is usually known as Jean de Bruges in France.--T. - -[282] Gaston Pierre Marc Duc de Levis (1764-1830) had been wounded at -Quiberon in 1795. Between 1808 and 1814 he published his _Maximes et -réflexions sur différents sujets_, the _Suite des quatre Facardins_, -imitated from Hamilton's Tales, _Voyage de Khani, ou Nouvelles lettres -chinoises, Souvenirs et Portraits_, and L'_Angleterre au commencement -du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle._ He became a peer of France in 1814, a privy -councillor in 1815 and a member of the French Academy in 1816.--B. - -[283] Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris (_d._ 996), was -proclaimed King of France in 987 on the death of Louis V., the last of -the Second or Carlovingian Dynasty, thus founding the Third or Capetian -Dynasty of Kings of France. The House of Capet proper reigned from 987 -to 1328; its two branches, the Houses of Valois and Bourbon from 1328 -to 1589 and 1589 to 1830 respectively. The usurpation of Louis-Philippe -gives a reign of 18 years (1830 to 1848) to the House of Orleans, or -Younger Branch of Bourbon.--T. - -[284] Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England (_circa_ 1314-1369).--T. - -[285] Edward III. King of England (1212-1377).--T. - -[286] John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (1349-1399), fourth son of -Edward III. and father of Henry IV., who founded the House of Lancaster -after procuring the murder of Richard II., by usurping the throne to -the prejudice of the descendants of Lionel Duke of Clarence, second son -of Edward III.--T. - -[287] Jacob van Artevelde (_d._ 1345) headed a revolt of his -fellow-citizens against the Count of Flanders (1336) and became for -some time absolute master of Flanders. Finding himself, however, on the -point of being reduced, he proposed to offer the sovereignty to Edward -the Black Prince, but failed in his project, and was murdered by the -populace of Ghent in 1345.--T. - -[288] Clodion (_d. circa_ 448) is accepted as the second King of France -(Merovingian Dynasty).--T. - -[289] The Lys, or Lily, rises a little below Béthune and flows into the -Scheldt at Ghent.--B. - -[290] A Moorish tribe which had a violent quarrel with the -Abencerrages.--T. - -[291] Granada stands near the junction of the Rivers Duero and -Xenil.--T. - -[292] Gabriel Vicomte Donnadieu (1777-1849), an inveterate enemy of -Napoleon and later of Louis-Philippe, and a fervent, although somewhat -discredited Royalist.--T. - -[293] Raymond Comte Desèze (1748-1828), the famous advocate. He -distinguished himself early in his career by his defense of the -daughters of Helvétius. In 1789 he obtained the acquittal of the Baron -de Bésenval, accused of high treason; and he assisted Malesherbes and -Tronchet in their defense of King Louis XVI. before the Convention. -Desèze had been made a knight of the Holy Ghost by Louis XVI., which -explains the allusion to the blue ribbon. Louis XVIII. made him -President of the Court of Appeal and a peer of France in 1815, and a -count in 1817. Desèze was, in 1816, elected a member of the French -Academy.--T. - -[294] Pauline Louise Françoise de Paule Duchesse de Lévis (_d._ 1819), -_née_ Charpentier d'Ennery, married to the Duc de Lévis in 1785.--B. - -[295] Gaston François Christophe Victor Duc de Ventadour and de Lévis -(1794-1863), became aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Angoulême in 1814, and -took part in the Spanish War of 1823 and the expedition to Morocco in -1828. He succeeded his father in the peerage in 1830, but refused to -sit after the Revolution of July and followed the Royal Family into -exile. He was for many years one of the Comte de Chambord's chief -councillors, and died at Venice in 1863.--B. - -[296] Marie Cathérine Amanda Duchesse de Lévis (1798-1854), daughter of -Pierre Raymond Hector d'Aubusson, Comte de La Feuillade, and married to -the Duc de Lévis in 1821.--B. - -[297] The Pavillon Marsan formed the corner of the Tuileries bounded by -the garden and the Rue de Rivoli, and was occupied under Louis XVIII. -by the Comte d'Artois.--T. - -At Ghent, the Comte d'Artois had his Pavillon Marsan in the Hôtel des -Pays Bas, where he was lodged with his suite and his carriages and paid -1000 francs a day. Louis XVIII. lived in the house which the Comte -d'Hane de Steenhuyse had placed at his disposal.-B. - -[298] Gaillard had been Fouché's secretary.--B. - -[299] The Duc d'Otrante was born at the Martinière, near Nantes.--T. - -[300] Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von Metternich-Winneburg -(1773-1859), the great Austrian statesman, was at this time presiding -over the Congress of Vienna.--T. - -[301] Auguste Clair Thibaudeau (1765-1854) had voted for the death of -the King in the Convention, and became one of the most ardent servants -of Napoleon, who made him a councillor of State, a prefect, and a count -of the Empire (31 December 1809). He was exiled in 1815 and did not -return to France until after the Revolution of July. Napoleon III. made -him a senator and a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. Thibaudeau -left a large number of historical works.--B. - -[302] Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples (1782-1839), _née_ Bonaparte, -married to Murat in 1800.--T. - -[303] Jean Baptiste de Gouy, Comte de La Besnardière (_d._ 1843), had -been employed at the Foreign Office since 1795, where he had become the -intimate fellow-worker of Talleyrand, who liked both him and his work. -He accompanied the prince to the Congress of Vienna; on his return, the -King made him a count and director of Public Works. He retired into -private life in 1819.--B. - -[304] A recently-published pamphlet entitled _Lettres de l'Étranger_, -written apparently by an able and well-informed diplomatist, points to -this strange Russian negociation in Vienna.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, -1840). - -[305] Richard Le Poer Trench, second Earl of Clancarty, later Marquis -of Heusden in the Netherlands (1767-1837), British Plenipotentiary -to the Congress of Vienna, and later Ambassador to the Netherlands -(1816-1822).--T. - -[306] It is stated that, in 1830, M. de Talleyrand had his private -correspondence with Louis XVIII. removed from the Archives of the -Crown, even as he had had removed from the Archives of the Empire all -that he, M. de Talleyrand, had written respecting the death of the Duc -d'Enghien and the affairs of Spain.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1840). - -[307] Talleyrand was paid six million francs by the Neapolitan Bourbons -for favouring their restoration. (_Cf._ SAINTE-BEUVE, _Nouveaux -Lundis_, vol. XII.).--B. - - - - -BOOK V - - -The Hundred Days in Paris--Effect of the passage of the Legitimacy -in France--Bonaparte's astonishment--He is obliged to capitulate -to ideas which he thought smothered--His new system--Three -enormous gamblers remain--Illusions of the Liberals--Clubs -and Federates--Juggling away of the Republic: the Additional -Act--Convocation of the Chamber of Representatives--A useless -Champ de Mai--Cares and bitterness of Bonaparte--Resolution in -Vienna--Movement in Paris--What we were doing at Ghent--M. de -Blacas--The Battle of Waterloo--Confusion at Ghent--What the -Battle of Waterloo was--Return of the Emperor--Reappearance of La -Fayette--Renewed abdication of Bonaparte--Stormy scenes in the House -of Peers--Threatening portents for the Second Restoration--The -departure from Ghent--Arrival at Mons--I miss the first opportunity -of fortune in my political career--M. de Talleyrand at Mons--His -scene with the King--I stupidly interest myself on M. de Talleyrand's -behalf--Mons to Gonesse--With M. le Comte Beugnot I oppose Fouché's -nomination as minister: my reasons--The Duke of Wellington gains the -day--Arnouville--Saint-Denis--Last conversation with the King. - - -I show you the wrong side of events which history does not display: -history exhibits only the right side. Memoirs have the advantage of -presenting both surfaces of the texture: in this respect they depict -the whole complexion of humanity better, by exposing, as in the -tragedies of Shakespeare, low and exalted scenes. There is everywhere -a cottage beside a palace, a man who weeps beside a man who laughs, a -ragman carrying his basket beside a king losing his throne: what was -the fall of Darius[308] to the slave present at the Battle of Arbela? - -Ghent, then, was only a tiring-room behind the slips of the spectacle -opened in Paris. Some famous personages still remained in Europe. I -had, in 1800, commenced my career with Alexander and Napoleon; why had -I not followed those leading actors, my contemporaries, on the great -stage? Why only at Ghent? Because Heaven casts you where it wills. From -the "little Hundred Days" at Ghent let us pass to the "great Hundred -Days" in Paris. - -I have told you the reasons which ought to have stopped Bonaparte in -Elba and the urgent reasons, or rather the necessity drawn from his -nature, which compelled him to issue from exile. But the march from -Cannes to Paris exhausted all that remained of the old man. In Paris, -the talisman was shattered. - -The few moments for which the reign of lawfulness had reappeared had -sufficed to render impossible the re-establishment of arbitrariness. -Despotism muzzles the masses and enfranchises individuals, within a -certain limit; anarchy lets loose the masses and enslaves individual -independence. Hence, despotism resembles liberty, when it follows -after anarchy; it remains what it really is when it replaces liberty: -Bonaparte, a liberator after the Constitution of the Directory, was -an oppressor after the Charter. He felt this so well that he thought -himself obliged to go further than Louis XVIII. and to return to the -sources of national sovereignty. He, who had trodden the people under -foot as its master, was reduced to create himself anew a tribune of the -people, to court the favour of the suburbs, to parody the revolutionary -infancy, to lisp an old language of liberty which forced his lips into -a grimace, while each syllable angered his sword. - -His destiny as a power was, in fact, so well accomplished that the -genius of Napoleon was no longer recognised during the Hundred Days. -That genius was the genius of success and order, not that of defeat -and liberty: now he could do nothing through victory, which had -betrayed him, nothing for order, since it existed without him. In his -astonishment he said: - -"To what a condition have the Bourbons reduced France for me, in a few -months! It will take me years to restore her." - -It was not the work of the Legitimacy which the conqueror saw, but the -work of the Charter; he had left France dumb and prostrate, he found -her erect and speaking: in the ingenuousness of his absolute mind, he -took liberty for disorder. - -And yet Bonaparte was obliged to capitulate with the ideas which he -was unable to conquer at first sight. In the absence of any real -popularity, workmen hired at forty sous a head came, at the end of -their day's work, to howl, "Long live the Emperor!" in the Carrousel. -That was called "going to the crying." Proclamations at first announced -marvels of forgetting and forgiving; individuals were declared -free, the nation free, the press free; nothing was wanted but the -peace, independence and happiness of the people; the whole imperial -system was changed; the golden age was about to return. In order to -conform practice with theory, France was divided into seven great -police sections; the seven lieutenants were invested with the same -powers which were enjoyed under the Consulate and the Empire by the -directors-general: it is well-known what those protectors of individual -liberty were at Lyons, Bordeaux, Milan, Florence, Lisbon, Hamburg, -Amsterdam. Over these lieutenants, in a hierarchy "more and more -favourable to liberty," Bonaparte placed commissaries-extraordinary, -after the fashion of the representatives of the people under the -Convention. - -[Sidenote: The hundred days.] - -The police, directed by Fouché, informed the world, by means of -solemn proclamations, that it would thenceforward serve only to -spread philosophy, that it would act only in accordance with virtuous -principles. - -Bonaparte re-established, by decree, the National Guard of the Kingdom, -the mere name of which used formerly to make his head swim. He found -himself compelled to annul the divorce pronounced under the Empire -between despotism and demagogy and to favour their renewed alliance: -from this hymen was to spring, on the Champ de Mai, a liberty wearing -the red cap and the turban on its head, the mameluke's sabre in its -belt and the revolutionary axe in its hand, a liberty surrounded by -the shades of those thousands of victims sacrificed on the scaffolds -or in the burning campaigns of Spain and the icy deserts of Russia. -Before success, the mamelukes were Jacobins; after success, the -Jacobins were to become mamelukes: Sparta was for the moment of danger, -Constantinople for that of triumph. - -Bonaparte would, indeed, have liked to recover possession for himself -alone, but that was impossible for him; he found men prepared to -dispute it with him: first, the earnest Republicans, delivered from -the chains of despotism and the laws of the Monarchy, desired to -retain an independence which is, perhaps, but a noble error; next, the -madmen of the old faction of the Mountain: these latter, humiliated at -having been nothing more under the Empire than the police-spies of a -despot, seemed resolved to resume on their own account that liberty of -doing everything of which, during fifteen years, they had yielded the -privilege to a master. - -But not the Republicans, nor the Revolutionaries, nor the satellites -of Bonaparte were strong enough to establish their separate power, -or mutually to subjugate each other. Threatened from without by an -invasion, pursued from within by public opinion, they understood that, -if they became divided, they were lost: in order to escape the danger, -they adjourned their quarrel; some brought their systems and illusions -to the common defense, others their terror and perversity. None was in -earnest in this compact; each, once the crisis passed, resolved to turn -it to his profit; all sought beforehand to make sure of the results of -victory. In that awful _trente-et-un_ three enormous gamblers kept the -bank by turns: liberty, anarchy and despotism, all three cheating and -striving to win a game which was lost for all. - -Full of that thought, they did not proceed rigorously against a -forlorn hope which was urging on revolutionary measures: federates -had been formed in the _faubourgs_ and federations were being -organized under stem oaths in Brittany, Anjou, Lyonnais and Burgundy; -the _Marseillaise_ and the _Carmagnole_ were heard sung; a club, -established in Paris, corresponded with other clubs in the provinces; -the resurrection of the _Journal des Patriotes_ was announced. But -on that side what confidence were the resuscitated of 1793 able to -inspire? Was it not known how they explained liberty, equality, -the rights of man? Were they more moral, more wise, more sincere, -after their enormities than before? Was it because they had tainted -themselves with all the vices that they had become capable of all the -virtues? One cannot abdicate crime as easily as a crown: the brow once -girt with the hideous circlet retains ineffaceable marks from its -contact. - -The idea of reducing an ambitious man of genius from the rank of -Emperor to that of Generalissimo or President of the Republic was a -chimera: the red cap which they had fixed on the head of his busts -during the Hundred Days would only have foreboded to Bonaparte the -resumption of the diadem, were it given to the athletes who race -through the world to run the same course twice. - -Still, some Liberals of the better sort promised themselves the -victory: mistaken men, like Benjamin Constant, dolts, like M. -Simonde-Sismondi[309], spoke of placing the Prince of Canino[310] at -the Ministry of the Interior, Lieutenant-general Comte Carnot at -the War Office, the Comte Merlin[311] at the Ministry of Justice. In -appearance despondent, Bonaparte made no opposition to democratic -movements which, in the last result, supplied his army with conscripts. -He allowed himself to be attacked in pamphlets; caricatures repeated -"Elba" to him as parrots cried "Péronne" to Louis XI[312]. They -preached liberty and equality to the man escaped from prison, -addressing him in the second person singular; he listened to these -remonstrances with an air of compunction. Suddenly, bursting the -shackles in which they had pretended to bind him, he proclaimed, by -his own authority, not a plebeian Constitution, but an aristocratic -Constitution, an "Additional Act" to the Constitutions of the -Empire[313]. - -[Sidenote: The "Additional Act."] - -The contemplated Republic was changed by this adroit piece of juggling -into the old Imperial Government, rejuvenated with feudality. The -"Additional Act" lost Bonaparte the Republican Party and made -malcontents in almost all the other parties. License reigned in -Paris, anarchy in the provinces; the civil and military authorities -contended with each other; here men threatened to burn the manors and -murder the priests; there they hoisted the White Flag and shouted, -"Long live the King!" Finding himself attacked, Bonaparte retreated; -he withdrew the nomination of the mayors of communes from his -commissaries-extraordinary and restored that nomination to the people. -Alarmed at the multiplicity of negative votes against the "Additional -Act," he abandoned his _de facto_ dictatorship and convened the Chamber -of Representatives by virtue of that Act which was not yet accepted. -Blundering from rock to rock, he was scarcely delivered from one danger -before stumbling against another: the sovereign of a day, how was he to -establish an hereditary peerage which the spirit of equality repelled? -How to govern the two Chambers? Would they yield a passive obedience? -What would be the relations of the Chambers with the proposed assembly -of the Champ de Mai, which had no real object, since the "Additional -Act" was brought into operation before the suffrages had been counted? -Would that assembly, consisting of thirty thousand electors, not -believe itself to be the representatives of the nation? - -This Champ de Mai, so pompously announced and celebrated on the 1st -of June, resolved itself into a simple march-past of troops and a -distribution of colours before a despised altar. Napoleon, surrounded -by his brothers, the State dignitaries, the marshals, the civil and -judicial bodies, proclaimed the sovereignty of the people in which he -did not believe. The citizens had imagined that they themselves would -frame a Constitution on that solemn day, the peaceful middle class -expected that then would be declared Napoleon's abdication in favour -of his son, an abdication concocted at Bâle between the agents of -Fouché and of Prince Metternich: and there was nothing but a ridiculous -political trap! The "Additional Act," for the rest, stood forth as -an act of homage to the Legitimacy; save for a few differences, and, -in particular, excluding "the abolition of confiscation," it was the -Charter. - -* - -Those sudden changes, that confounding of all things, announced the -last struggles of despotism. Nevertheless, the Emperor could not -receive the death-stroke from within, for the power which was combating -him was as debilitated as himself; the revolutionary Titan, whom -Napoleon had floored of old, had not recovered his native energy; the -two giants were now aiming useless blows at one another; it was nothing -more than the contest of two shadows. - -To these general impossibilities were added, for Bonaparte, domestic -tribulations and palace cares; he announced to France the return of the -Empress and the King of Rome, and neither one nor the other came back. -Speaking of the Queen of Holland, who, thanks to Louis XVIII., had -become Duchesse de Saint-Leu, he said: - -"When one has accepted the prosperity of a family, one must embrace its -adversity." - -Joseph, who had hastened from Switzerland, only asked him for money; -Lucien alarmed him through his Liberal connections; Murat, after first -conspiring against his brother-in-law, had been in too great a hurry, -on returning to him, to attack the Austrians: stripped of the Kingdom -of Naples, a runaway of ill-omen, he was awaiting, under arrest, near -Marseilles, the catastrophe which I will describe to you later[314]. - -[Sidenote: Twofold traitors.] - -And then, was the Emperor able to trust his former partisans and his -self-styled friends? Had they not infamously abandoned him at the -moment of his fall? That Senate which formerly crawled at his feet, -now ensconced in the peerage, had it not decreed its benefactor's -deposition? Could he believe those men, when they came and said to him: - -"The interests of France are inseparable from your own. If fortune -betrays your efforts, reverses, Sire, would not impair our perseverance -and would redouble our attachment to your person." - -Your perseverance! Your attachment redoubled by misfortune! You said -this on the 11th of June 1815: what had you said on the 2nd of April -1814? What will you say a few weeks later, on the 19th of July 1815? - -The Ministry of the Imperial Police was in correspondence, as you have -seen, with Ghent, Vienna and Bâle; the marshals to whom Bonaparte was -compelled to give the command of his soldiers had but now taken the -oath to Louis XVIII.; they had issued the most violent proclamations -against him, Bonaparte[315]: since that time, it is true, they had -re-espoused their sultan; but, if he had been arrested at Grenoble, -what would they have done with him? Is it enough to break an oath to -restore its whole strength to another violated oath? Are two perjuries -equivalent to one fidelity? - -A few days more, and those swearers of the Champ de Mai will carry -back their devotion to Louis XVIII. in the halls of the Tuileries; -they will approach the sacred table of the God of Peace, in order -to have themselves appointed ministers at the banquets of war[316]; -heralds-at-arms and brandishers of the royal insignia at the coronation -of Bonaparte, they will fulfil the same functions at the coronation of -Charles X.[317]; then, as the commissaries of another power[318], they -will lead that King a prisoner to Cherbourg, scarce finding a little -corner free in their consciences to hang up in it the badge of their -new oath. It is hard to be born in times of improbity, in those days -when two men talking together study how to keep back words from their -tongue, for fear of offending each other and of mutually making one -another blush. - -Those who had not been able to tie themselves to Napoleon by his glory, -who had not been able to adhere from gratitude to the benefactor from -whom they had received their riches, their honours and their very -names, were they likely to sacrifice themselves now to his needy hopes? -Would they link themselves to a precarious and reincipient fortune, the -ingrates whom a fortune consolidated by unexampled successes and by a -possession of sixteen years of victories had failed to fix? So many -chrysalides who, between two spring-times, had put off and put on, shed -and resumed the skin of the Legitimist and the Revolutionary, of the -Napoleonist and the Bourbonist; so many words given and broken; so many -crosses moved from the knight's breast to the horse's tail and from the -horse's tail to the knight's breast; so many doughty warriors changing -their banners and strewing the lists with their pledges of perjured -faith; so many noble dames, the attendants by turns of Marie-Louise -and Marie-Caroline[319], were calculated to leave in the depths of -Napoleon's heart naught but distrust, horror and contempt; that great -man grown old stood alone among all those traitors, men and fortune, on -a tottering earth, under a hostile sky, in front of his accomplished -destiny and the judgment of God. - -* - -Napoleon had found no faithful friends, but the phantoms of his past -glory; these escorted him, as I have told you, from the spot at which -he landed to the capital of France. But the eagles which had "flown -from steeple to steeple" from Cannes to Paris alighted wearily upon the -chimneys of the Tuileries, able to go no further. - -Napoleon did not hurl himself at the head of the roused populace -upon Belgium, before an Anglo-Prussian army had assembled there: he -stopped; he tried to negociate with Europe and humbly to maintain the -treaties of the Legitimacy. The Congress of Vienna urged against M. -le Duc de Vicence the abdication of the 11th of April 1814: by that -abdication, Bonaparte "recognised that he was the sole obstacle to -the restoration of peace in Europe" and consequently "renounced, for -himself and his heirs, the thrones of France and Italy." Now, since he -had come to restore his power, he was manifestly violating the Treaty -of Paris and placing himself again in the political situation anterior -to the 31st of March 1814: therefore it was he, Bonaparte, who was -declaring war against Europe, and not Europe against Bonaparte. These -logical quibbles of diplomatic attorneys, as I remarked in connection -with M. de Talleyrand's letter, were worth what they might be before -the battle. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's last campaign.] - -The news of Bonaparte's landing at Cannes had reached Vienna on the 6th -of March, in the middle of an entertainment at which was represented -the assembly of the divinities of Olympus and Parnassus. Alexander had -just received the proposal for an alliance between France, Austria and -England; he hesitated a moment between the two pieces of intelligence, -and then said: - -"The question is not of myself, but of the safety of the world." - -And an estafette carried orders to St. Petersburg to dispatch the -Guards. The withdrawing armies stopped short; their long line faced -about, and eight hundred thousand enemies turned their eyes towards -France. Bonaparte prepared for war; he was expected in new Catalaunian -Fields[320]: God had summoned him to the battle which was to put an end -to the reign of battles. - -The heat of the wings of the renown of Marengo and Austerlitz had -sufficed to hatch armies in that France which is one great nest of -soldiers. Bonaparte had restored to his legions their epithets of -"invincible," "terrible" and "incomparable;" seven armies resumed -the titles of Armies of the Pyrenees, of the Alps, of the Jura, the -Moselle, the Rhine: great memories which served as a frame for supposed -troops, for expected triumphs. A real army was mustered in Paris -and at Laon: one hundred and fifty mounted batteries, ten thousand -picked soldiers entered into the guards; eighteen thousand sailors -distinguished at Lützen and Bautzen; thirty thousand veterans, officers -and non-commissioned officers, in garrison in the fortified towns; -seven departments in the North and East ready to rise in a body; one -hundred and eighty thousand men of the National Guard mobilized; -volunteer corps in Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté; federates -offering their pikes and their strength; Paris turning out three -thousand muskets a day: those were the Emperor's resources. Perhaps -he might yet once more have overturned the world, had he been able to -resolve, while liberating the country, to summon the foreign nations -to independence. The moment was propitious: the kings, after promising -their subjects constitutional government, had shamefully gone from -their word. But liberty was distasteful to Napoleon, since he had drunk -of the cup of power; he preferred to be vanquished with soldiers rather -than to vanquish with peoples. The army corps which he successively -sent towards the Netherlands amounted to seventy thousand men. - -* - -We Emigrants, in the city of Charles V., were like the women of that -city: seated behind their windows, they watch the soldiers, in a little -slanting mirror, passing down the street. Louis XVIII. was there in -a corner, completely forgotten: scarcely did he from time to time -receive a note from the Prince de Talleyrand returning from Vienna, -a few lines from the members of the diplomatic body resident about -the Duke of Wellington as commissaries, Messieurs Pozzo di Borgo, de -Vincent[321], etc., etc. They had plenty to do besides thinking of -us! A man unacquainted with politics would never have believed that -an impotent hidden on the banks of the Lys would be flung back upon -the throne by the collision of thousands of soldiers ready to cut each -other's throats: soldiers of whom he was neither the King nor the -general, who were not thinking of him, who knew of neither his name nor -his existence. Of two such close spots as Ghent and Waterloo, never did -one appear so dim, the other so dazzling: the Legitimacy lay in the -store-house, like an old broken waggon. - -We knew that Bonaparte's troops were approaching; to cover us we had -only two little companies under the orders of the Duc de Berry, a -Prince whose blood could not avail us, for it was already demanded -elsewhere. One thousand horse, detached from the French army, would -have carried us off in a few hours. The fortifications of Ghent were -demolished; the enceinte which remained would have been the more easily -carried in that the Belgian population was not in our favour. The scene -which I had witnessed at the Tuileries was repeated: His Majesty's -carriages were secretly got ready; the horses were ordered. We faithful -ministers would have splashed after by God's grace. Monsieur left for -Brussels, charged to watch the movements from near at hand. - -M. de Blacas had become anxious and melancholy; I, poor man, consoled -him. People in Vienna were not favourably disposed to him; M. de -Talleyrand laughed at him; the Royalists accused him of being the cause -of Napoleon's return. Thus, whatever happened, no further honoured -exile for him in England, no further possibility of first places in -France: I was his only support. I used to meet him pretty often in the -Horse-market, where he trotted about alone; harnessing myself to his -side, I fell in with "his sad thought." This man whom I have defended -at Ghent and in England, whom I defended in France after the Hundred -Days and even in the preface to the _Monarchie selon la Charte_, has -always been adverse to me: that would be nothing, if he had not been -an evil for the Monarchy. I do not repent my past simplicity; but I -am bound, in these Memoirs, to rectify the surprises sprung upon my -judgment and my good heart. - -* - -[Sidenote: Excitement at Ghent.] - -On the 18th of June 1815, I left Ghent at noon by the Brussels gate; -I was going to finish my walk alone on the high-road. I had taken -Cæsar's _Commentaries_ with me, and I strolled slowly along, immersed -in my reading. I was more than a league from the town, when I thought -I heard a dull rumbling: I stopped, looked up at the sky, which was -fairly laden with clouds, taking counsel with myself whether I should -continue to walk on, or go back towards Ghent for fear of a storm. -I listened; I heard nothing more save the cry of a moor-hen in the -rushes and the sound of a village-clock. I pursued my way: I had not -taken thirty steps before the rumbling began again, now short, now -long and at irregular intervals; sometimes it was perceptible only -through a trembling of the air, which communicated itself to the ground -over those immense plains, so distant was it. Those detonations, less -extensive, less undulating, less connected than those of thunder, -gave rise in my mind to the idea of a battle. I found myself in front -of a poplar planted at the corner of a hop-field. I crossed the road -and leant erect against the trunk of the tree, my face turned in the -direction of Brussels. A southerly wind springing up carried to me more -distinctly the sound of artillery. That great battle, nameless as yet, -of which I listened to the echoes at the foot of a poplar, and of which -a village clock had just rung out the unknown funerals, was the Battle -of Waterloo! - -A silent and solitary hearer of the formidable judgment of the -destinies, I should have been less moved if I had found myself in -the fray: the peril, the fire, the press of Death would have left me -no time for meditation; but, alone under a tree, in the fields of -Ghent, like the shepherd of the flocks which passed around me, I was -overwhelmed by the weight of my reflexions: what was that battle? -Was it decisive? Was Napoleon there in person? Were lots being cast -upon the world, as upon Christ's vesture? In the event of success or -reverse for one side or the other, what would be the consequence for -the nations: liberty or slavery? But what blood was flowing! Was not -each sound that reached my ear the last sigh of a Frenchman? Was it -a new Crécy, a new Poitiers, a new Agincourt, in which France's most -implacable enemies were about to revel? If they triumphed, was not -our glory lost? If Napoleon won the day, what became of our liberty? -Although a success on Napoleon's side opened up to me an eternal exile, -the mother-land at that moment gained the mastery in my heart; my -prayers were for the oppressor of France, if, while saving our honour, -he was to snatch us from foreign domination. - -Was Wellington triumphing? Then the Legitimacy would re-enter Paris -behind those red uniforms which had just renewed their die in the -blood of the French! Then the royalty would have as state-carriages -at its coronation the ambulance-waggons filled with our maimed -grenadiers! What manner of restoration would it be, accomplished under -such auspices?... That is but a very small portion of the ideas that -tormented me. Each gun-shot gave me a shock and doubled the beating -of my heart. At a few leagues from an immense catastrophe, I did not -see it, I could not touch the huge funeral monument growing minute by -minute at Waterloo, even as from the shore of Bulak, on the bank of the -Nile, I had vainly stretched out my hands towards the Pyramids. - -No traveller appeared; a few women in the fields, peacefully weeding -rows of vegetables, did not seem to hear the noise to which I was -listening. But see, a courier came riding up: I left the foot of my -tree and placed myself in the middle of the road; I stopped the courier -and questioned him. He belonged to the Duc de Berry and came from -Alost: - -"Bonaparte entered Brussels yesterday (17 June), after a sanguinary -combat. The battle was to have recommenced to-day (18 June). They think -the Allies have suffered a decisive defeat, and the order is given to -retreat." - -The courier continued his road. - -I followed him, hastening my steps: I was passed by the carriage of -a merchant who was fleeing post with his family; he confirmed the -courier's story. - -[Sidenote: Confusion at Ghent.] - -All was in confusion when I returned to Ghent: they were closing the -gates of the city; only the wickets remained half-open; ill-armed -civilians and a few soldiers in depot were keeping sentry. I went to -the King's. - -Monsieur had just arrived by a circuitous route: he had left Brussels -upon the false news that Bonaparte was about to enter it and that a -first lost battle left no hope of winning a second. They were saying -that, as the Prussians had not formed their lines, the English had been -crushed. - -At these bulletins, the stampede became general: the possessors of some -resources left; I, who am accustomed never to have anything, was always -ready and prepared. I wanted to let Madame de Chateaubriand move out -before me; she was a great Bonapartist, but did not like cannon-shots: -she refused to leave me. - -In the evening, council at His Majesty's: we heard Monsieur's reports -over again, as well as the _on dits_ picked up at the military -commandant's or at the Baron d'Eckstein's[322]. The waggon to contain -the Crown diamonds was put to: I had no need of a waggon to remove my -treasure. I put the black-silk handkerchief in which I wrap my head at -night into my flaccid minister-of-the-interior's portfolio, and placed -myself at the Sovereign's disposal, with that important document of the -affairs of the Legitimacy. I was richer in my first emigration, when -my knapsack did duty as my pillow and served as a swaddling-band for -_Atala_: but, in 1815, _Atala_ was a big gawky little girl of thirteen -or fourteen, who was going about alone in the world and who, to her -father's honour, had got herself too much talked about. - -On the 19th of June, at one o'clock in the morning, a letter from M. -Pozzo, brought to the King by express, reestablished the truth of the -facts. Bonaparte had never entered Brussels; he had decidedly lost -the Battle of Waterloo. Leaving Paris on the 12th of June, he joined -his army on the 14th. On the 15th, he forced the enemy's lines on -the Sambre. On the 16th, he beat the Prussians in those plains of -Fleurus[323] where victory seems to be always faithful to the French. -The villages of Ligny and Saint-Amand were carried. At Quatre-Bras, a -further success: the Duke of Brunswick[324] remained among the dead. -Blücher[325], in full retreat, fell back upon a reserve of thirty -thousand men under the orders of General Bülow[326]; the Duke of -Wellington, with the English and Dutch, set his back against Brussels. - -On the morning of the 18th, before the first gun had been fired, the -Duke of Wellington declared that he would be able to hold out until -three o'clock; but that, at that time, if the Prussians did not come -into sight, he would necessarily be destroyed: driven back upon -Planchenois and Brussels, he was shut out from all retreat. He had been -surprised by Napoleon, his strategic position was detestable; he had -accepted it and had not chosen it. - -The French, at first, on the left wing of the enemy, took the -heights commanding the Château d'Hougoumont as far as the farms of -the Haye-Sainte and Papelotte; on the right wing, they attacked the -village of Mont Saint-Jean; the farm of the Haye-Sainte was carried -in the centre by Prince Jerome. But the Prussian reserves appeared in -the direction of Saint-Lambert at six o'clock in the evening: a new -and furious attack was delivered upon the village of the Haye-Sainte; -Blücher arrived with fresh troops and cut off the squares of the -Imperial Guard from the rest of our forces. Around this immortal -phalanx, the torrent of fugitives carried all with it among waves -of dust, fiery smoke and grape-shot, in darkness ploughed with -congreve-rockets, amid the roar of three hundred pieces of artillery -and the headlong gallop of five-and-twenty thousand horses: it was -as it were the summary of all the battles of the Empire. Twice the -French shouted, "Victory!" and twice their shouts were stifled under -the pressure of the enemy's columns. The fire from our lines died out; -the cartridges were exhausted; some wounded grenadiers, amid thirty -thousand slain and a hundred thousand blood-stained cannon-balls, -cooled and conglomerated at their feet, remained erect, leaning on -their muskets, with broken bayonets and empty barrels. Not far from -them, the man of battles listened, with a fixed stare, to the last -cannon-shot he was to hear in his life. In that field of carnage, -his brother Jerome was still fighting with his expiring battalions -overwhelmed by numbers; but his courage was unable to retrieve the -victory. - -[Sidenote: The battle of Waterloo.] - -The number of killed on the side of the Allies was estimated at -eighteen thousand men, on the side of the French at twenty-five -thousand; twelve hundred British officers had perished; almost all -the Duke of Wellington's aides-de-camp were killed or wounded; there -was not a family in England but went into mourning. The Prince of -Orange[327] was hit by a bullet in the shoulder; the Baron de Vincent, -the Austrian Ambassador, was shot through the hand. The English were -beholden for the success to the Irish and to the Highland Brigade, whom -our cavalry charges were unable to break. General Grouchy's[328] corps, -not having advanced, was not present in the action. The two armies -crossed steel and fire with a valour and desperation inspired by a -national enmity of ten centuries. Lord Castlereagh, giving an account -of the battle in the House of Lords[329], said: - -"The British and French soldiers, after the action, washed their -blood-stained hands in the same stream, and from opposite banks -congratulated each other on their courage." - -Wellington had always been baleful to Bonaparte, or rather the rival -genius to France, the English genius, barred the road to victory. -To-day, the Prussians lay claim to the honour of this decisive battle, -as against the English; but in war it is not the action accomplished -but the name that makes the triumpher: it was not Bonaparte who won the -real Battle of Jena[330]. - -The blunders of the French were important: they made mistakes as to -friendly or hostile bodies; they occupied the position of Quatre-Bras -too late; Marshal Grouchy, whose instructions were to hold the -Prussians in check with his thirty-six thousand men, allowed them to -pass without seeing them: hence the reproaches which our generals cast -at one another. Bonaparte attacked in front, according to his custom, -instead of turning the English, and, with a master's presumption, -occupied himself in cutting off the retreat of an enemy who was not -beaten. - -Many falsehoods and some rather curious truths have been retailed -concerning this catastrophe. The phrase, "The Guard dies but does -not surrender," is an invention which no one dares now to defend. It -appears to be certain that, at the commencement of the action, Soult -made some strategic observations to the Emperor, and that Napoleon -replied, drily: - -"Because Wellington defeated you, you persist in thinking him a great -general." - -At the end of the fighting, M. de Turenne[331] urged Bonaparte to -retire, to avoid falling into the hands of the enemy: Bonaparte, -emerging from his thoughts as from a dream, at first flew into a -passion; then, suddenly, in the midst of his rage, he flung himself -upon his horse and fled. - -* - -On the 19th of June, a salute of a hundred guns at the Invalides -announced the successes of Ligny, Charleroi and Quatre-Bras; they -were celebrating victories that had died the day before at Waterloo. -The first messenger to bring to Paris the news of this defeat, one -of the greatest in history in its results, was Napoleon himself. He -re-entered the barriers on the night of the 21st: as who should say -returning from his shades to inform his friends that he was no more. He -stayed at the Élysée-Bourbon; when he arrived from Elba, he had stayed -at the Tuileries: those refuges, instinctively chosen, revealed the -change in his destiny. - -[Sidenote: Flight of Napoleon.] - -Fallen in a noble fight abroad, Napoleon had, in Paris, to endure the -assaults of the advocates who wished to exploit his misfortunes: he -regretted that he had not dissolved the Chamber before his departure -for the army; he often also repented that he had not had Fouché and -Talleyrand shot. But it is certain that Bonaparte, after Waterloo, -forbade himself any kind of violence, whether because he obeyed the -natural calm of his temperament, or because he was daunted by fate; he -no longer said, as before his first abdication: - -"They shall see what the death of a great man is." - -The time for that spirited language was past. Opposed as he was to -liberty, he thought of breaking up the Chamber of Representatives, -presided over by Lanjuinais, who from a citizen became a senator, from -a senator a peer, who since became a citizen again, and who from a -citizen was about again to become a peer. General La Fayette, deputy, -read from the tribune a motion declaring "the Chamber in permanent -session, any attempt to dissolve it a crime of high treason, whosoever -should be guilty of it a traitor to the country and to be tried as -such" (21 June 1815). - -The general's speech began with these words: - - "Gentlemen, now when, for the first time since many years, - I raise a voice which the old friends of liberty will still - recognise, I feel called upon to speak to you of the danger - of the country. . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . This is the time to rally round the Tricolour Flag, - the flag of '89, the flag of liberty, equality and public - order." - -The anachronism of this speech caused a momentary illusion; people -thought they saw the Revolution, personified by La Fayette, rise from -the tomb and stand pale and wrinkled in the tribune. But those motions -of order, revived after Mirabeau, were now no more than worn-out -weapons taken from an old arsenal. If La Fayette nobly united the end -and the commencement of his life, it was not in his power to weld -together the two ends of the broken chain of time. Benjamin Constant -waited on the Emperor at the Élysée-Bourbon; he found him in his -garden. The crowd was filling the Avenue de Marigny and shouting, "Long -live the Emperor!" a touching cry coming from the popular heart: it was -addressed to the vanquished! Bonaparte said to Benjamin Constant: - -"What duty do these owe me? I found them and left them poor." - -This is perhaps the only speech that came from his heart, if, -nevertheless, the deputy's emotion did not deceive his hearing. -Bonaparte, foreseeing the event, anticipated the summons they were -preparing to serve on him. He abdicated so as not to be compelled to -abdicate. - -"My political life is ended," he said; "I declare my son Emperor of the -French, under the name of Napoleon II." - -A useless disposition, like that of Charles X. in favour of Henry V.: -one gives crowns only when one possesses them, and men upset the will -of adversity. Moreover, the Emperor was no more sincere on descending -the throne a second time than he had been in his first retirement; when -the French commissaries went to inform the Duke of Wellington that -Napoleon had abdicated, he replied: - -"I knew that a year ago." - -The Chamber of Representatives, after some debates in which Manuel[332] -addressed the House, accepted its Sovereign's new abdication, but -vaguely and without appointing a Regency. - -An Executive Commission was created[333]: the Duc d'Otrante presided -over it; three ministers, a councillor of State and a general of the -Emperor's composed it, and stripped their master once more: these were -Fouché, Caulaincourt, Carnot, Quinette[334] and Grenier[335]. - -During these transactions, Bonaparte was turning over his ideas in his -head: - -"I have no army left," he said; "I have nothing but fugitives. The -majority of the Chamber of Deputies are good; I have only La Fayette, -Lanjuinais and a few others against me. If the nation rises, the enemy -will be crushed; if, instead of rising, they quarrel, all will be lost. -The nation has not sent deputies to overthrow me, but to support me. -I am not afraid of them, whatever they may do; I shall always be the -idol of the people and the army: if I were to say a word, they would be -beaten to death. But if we quarrel, instead of acting in concert, we -shall meet with the fate of the Lower Empire." - -[Sidenote: His second abdication.] - -A deputation from the Chamber of Representatives having come to -congratulate him on his new abdication, he replied: - -"I thank you: I wish that my abdication may bring happiness to France; -but I am not hopeful." - -He repented soon after, when he heard that the Chamber of -Representatives had appointed a Commission of Government composed of -five members. He said to the ministers: - -"I have not abdicated in favour of a new Directory; I have abdicated -in favour of my son: if they do not proclaim him, my abdication is -null and void. It is not by appearing before the Allies with hang-dog -looks and bent knee that the Chambers will force them to recognise the -national independence." - -He complained that La Fayette, Sébastian[336], Pontécoulant[337], -Benjamin Constant had conspired against him, that, besides, the -Chambers had not enough energy. He said that he alone could repair all, -but that the leaders would never consent, that they would rather be -swallowed up in the abyss than unite with him, Napoleon, to close it. - -On the 27th of June, at the Malmaison, he wrote this sublime letter: - - "In abdicating the power, I did not renounce the citizen's - noblest right, the right of defending my country. In these - grave circumstances, I offer my services as a general, - regarding myself still as the first soldier of the - mother-land." - -The Duc de Bassano having represented to him that the Chambers would -not be for him: - -"Then I see," he said, "one must always give in. That infamous Fouché -is deceiving you: only Caulaincourt and Carnot are worth anything; but -what can they do, with a traitor, Fouché, and two simpletons, Quinette -and Grenier, and two Chambers which do not know what they want? You -all believe, like fools, in the fine promises of the foreigners; you -believe they will set the pot boiling, and that they will give you a -prince of their making, do you not? You are wrong[338]." - -Plenipotentiaries were sent to the Allies. On the 29th of June, -Napoleon demanded two frigates, stationed at Rochefort, to take him out -of France. Meanwhile he had retired to the Malmaison. - -The debates in the House of Peers were lively. Long an enemy of -Bonaparte, Carnot, who signed the order for the massacres of Avignon -without having time to read it, had found time during the Hundred -Days to immolate his republicanism to the title of count. On the 22nd -of June, he had read, in the Luxembourg, a letter from the Minister -of War containing an exaggerated report on the military resources -of France. Ney, newly arrived, was unable to hear this report -unangered. Napoleon, in his bulletins, had spoken of the marshal with -ill-disguised dissatisfaction, and Gourgaud accused Ney of being the -chief cause of the loss of the Battle of Waterloo. Ney rose and said: - -"The report is untrue, untrue in every respect: Grouchy can have only -twenty to twenty-five thousand men under his orders, at the most. There -is not a single soldier of the Guard left to be rallied: I commanded -it; I saw it slaughtered bodily before leaving the battle-field. The -enemy is at Nivelle with eighty thousand men; he can be in Paris in -six days: you have no other means of saving the country than to open -negociations." - -[Sidenote: Debates in the peers.] - -The Aide-de-camp Flahaut[339] endeavoured to support the report of the -Minister of War. Ney replied, with fresh vehemence: - -"I repeat, you have no other way of safety except negociation. You -must recall the Bourbons. As for myself, I shall retire to the United -States." - -At these words, Lavallette and Carnot overwhelmed the marshal with -reproaches; Ney replied, with disdain: - -"I am not one of those men to whom their own interest is everything. -What have I to gain by the return of Louis XVIII.? To be shot for the -crime of desertion. But I owe the truth to my country." - -In the sitting of the Peers of the 23rd, General Drouot, recalling this -scene, said: - -"I heard with regret what was said yesterday to disparage the glory -of our arms, to exaggerate our disasters and disparage our resources. -My astonishment was so much the greater because those speeches were -delivered by a distinguished general who, through his great valour and -his military attainments, has so often deserved the gratitude of the -nation." - -In the sitting of the 22nd, a second storm had burst out at the heel -of the first: the question was Bonaparte's abdication; Lucien was -insisting that his nephew should be recognized as Emperor. M. de -Pontécoulant interrupted the speaker, and asked by what right Lucien, a -foreigner and a Roman prince, permitted himself to give a sovereign to -France: - -"How," he added, "can we recognise a child living in a foreign country?" - -At this question, La Bédoyère[340], speaking excitedly from his seat: - -"I have heard voices around the throne of the fortunate sovereign; they -withdraw from it to-day when he is unfortunate. There are people who -do not want to recognise Napoleon II., because they want to receive -the law from the foreigner, to whom they give the name of Allies.... -Napoleon's abdication is indivisible. If you refuse to recognise his -son, he must remain sword in hand, surrounded by Frenchmen who have -shed their blood for him and who are still all covered with wounds.... -He will be abandoned by base generals who have already betrayed him.... -But if you declare that every Frenchman who deserts his flag shall -be covered with infamy, his house razed to the ground, his family -outlawed, then there will be no more traitors, no more intrigues such -as have occasioned the late catastrophes, some of whose authors are -perhaps sitting among us." - -The House rose in an uproar: - -"Order! Order! Order!" they bellowed, feeling the thrust. - -"Young man, you forget yourself!" cried Masséna[341]. - -"Do you think you are still in the guard-room?" asked Lameth. - -All the portents of the Second Restoration were threatening: Bonaparte -had returned at the head of four hundred Frenchmen, Louis XVIII. was -returning behind four hundred thousand foreigners; he passed near the -bloody pool of Waterloo to go to Saint-Denis as though to his funeral. - -It was while the Legitimacy was thus advancing that the interpellations -of the House of Peers resounded; they contained something, I know not -what, of those terrible revolutionary scenes of the great days of our -troubles, when the dagger was passed round on the bench from hand to -hand among the victims. A few soldiers whose baleful fascination had -brought about the ruin of France, by producing the second foreign -invasion, struggled on the threshold of the palace; their prophetic -despair, their gestures, their words from the tomb, seemed to announce -a treble death: death to themselves, death to the man whom they had -blessed, death to the man whom they had proscribed. - -* - -While Bonaparte was retiring to the Malmaison with the finished Empire, -we were leaving Ghent with the recommencing Monarchy. Pozzo, who -knew how little question of the Legitimacy there was in high places, -hastened to write to Louis XVIII. to set out and arrive in good time, -if he wished to reign before the place was taken: it was to that note -that Louis XVIII. owed his crown in 1815. - -At Mons, I missed the first occasion of fortune in my political career; -I was my own obstacle, and I found myself incessantly in my way. This -time my "good qualities" played me the ill turn which my faults might -have done me. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand again.] - -M. de Talleyrand, in all the pride of a negociation which had enriched -him, claimed that he had rendered the greatest services to the -Legitimacy, and was returning as the master. Astonished that they -had not already followed, for the return to Paris, the road which he -had traced out, he was much more dissatisfied to find M. de Blacas -still with the King. He looked upon M. de Blacas as the scourge of -the Monarchy; but this was not the real motive of his aversion: he -beheld in M. de Blacas the favourite, and consequently the rival; he -also feared Monsieur, and had flown into a passion when, a fortnight -earlier, Monsieur had made him an offer of his hotel on the Lys. To -ask for M. de Blacas' removal was most natural; to demand it was too -reminiscent of Bonaparte. - -M. de Talleyrand drove into Mons at six o'clock in the evening, -accompanied by the Abbé Louis: M. de Ricé, M. de Jaucourt and a few -other boon companions flew to him. Full of an ill-humour such as he -had never yet displayed, the ill-humour of a king who believes his -authority to have been slighted, he refused at first to go to Louis -XVIII., replying to those who urged him to do so with his ostentatious -phrase: - -"I am never in a hurry; it will be time enough tomorrow." - -I went to see him; he tried upon me all those wheedling tricks -with which he used to seduce small ambitious men and important -nincompoops. He took me by the arm, leant upon me while he spoke to -me: familiarities denoting high favour and calculated to turn my head, -although with me they were quite lost; I did not even understand. I -invited him to come to the King's, where I was going. - -Louis XVIII. was in one of his great sorrows: it was a question of -parting with M. de Blacas; the latter could not return to France; -opinion had risen against him. Although I had had reason to complain -of the favourite in Paris, I had displayed no resentment towards him -at Ghent. The King had been pleased with my conduct; in his emotion he -treated me marvellously well. M. de Talleyrand's remarks had already -been repeated to him: - -"He boasts," he said to me, "of having a second time put back the crown -on my head, and he threatens to go back again to Germany: what do you -think of that, Monsieur de Chateaubriand?" - -I replied: - -"Your Majesty must have been misinformed; M. de Talleyrand is only -tired. If the King consents, I will return to see the minister." - -The King appeared gratified; what he liked least was worries; he longed -for his repose, even at the expense of his affections. - -M. de Talleyrand, in the midst of his flatterers, was more arrogant -than ever. I represented to him that, at so critical a moment, he could -not dream of going away. Pozzo preached at him in the same sense: -although he had not the slightest inclination for him, he liked, at -that moment, to see him at the head of affairs, as an old acquaintance; -besides, he believed him to be in favour with the Tsar. I made no -headway on M. de Talleyrand's mind, the prince's familiars fought -against me; even M. Mounier thought that M. de Talleyrand ought to -retire. The Abbé Louis, who snapped at everybody, said to me, shaking -his jaw three times: "If I were the prince, I should not remain a -quarter of an hour at Mons." - -I answered: - -"Monsieur l'abbé, you and I can go where we please, no one will notice -us; it is different with M. de Talleyrand." - -I insisted again and said to the prince: - -"Do you know that the King is continuing his journey?" - -M. de Talleyrand appeared surprised, and then said to me, loftily, as -did the Balafré to those who wished to put him on his guard against the -designs of Henry III.: - -"He will not dare!" - -I returned to the King's, where I found M. de Blacas. I told His -Majesty, to excuse his minister, that he was ill, but that he would -most certainly have the honour of paying his court to the King the next -day. - -"As he pleases," replied Louis XVIII.: "I leave at three o'clock;" and -then he added these words, in an affectionate tone: "I am going to part -with M. de Blacas; the place will be vacant, Monsieur de Chateaubriand." - -[Sidenote: The great man snubbed.] - -It was the Royal Household laid at my feet A wary politician would -have ceased to trouble his head about M. de Talleyrand and would have -had the horses put to his carriage to follow or precede the King: I -remained stupidly at my inn. - -M. de Talleyrand, unable to persuade himself that the King would go, -had gone to bed: at three o'clock they woke him to tell him that the -King was starting; he could not believe his ears: - -"Tricked! Betrayed!" he cried. - -They got him out of bed, and there he was, for the first time in his -life, in the street at three o'clock in the morning, leaning on M. de -Ricé's arm. He reached the King's house; the two leaders of the team -had already half their bodies through the gate-way. The people motioned -to the postillion to pull up; the King asked what was the matter; they -cried: - -"Sire, it is M. de Talleyrand." - -"He's asleep," said Louis XVIII. - -"He is here, Sire." - -"Come on!" replied the King. - -The horses moved backward with the carriage; the door was opened, the -King got down and dragged himself back to his apartment, followed -by the limping minister. There M. de Talleyrand began an angry -explanation. His Majesty listened to him, and answered: - -"Prince de Bénévent, so you're leaving us? The waters will do you good: -you must send us your news." - -The King left the prince open-mouthed, had himself taken back to his -berlin, and drove away. - -M. de Talleyrand was foaming with rage; Louis XVIII.'s composure had -staggered him: he, M. de Talleyrand, who prided himself so greatly on -his composure, to be beaten on his own ground, given the slip, on a -square at Mons, like the most insignificant of men: he could not get -over it! He remained dumb, watched the coach moving off, and then, -seizing the Duc de Lévis by a button of his spencer: - -"Go, monsieur le duc, go and say how I am treated! I have put back -the crown on the King's head"--he was always harking back to that -crown--"and I am going back to Germany to begin the new Emigration." - -M. de Lévis, listening absent-mindedly, lifting himself on his toes, -said: - -"Prince, I am going; the King must have at least one great lord with -him." - -M. de Lévis flung himself into a hired cariole which was conveying the -Chancellor of France: the two grandees of the Capetian Monarchy were -going, side by side, to catch it up, sharing expenses, in a Merovingian -_benna._ - -I had asked M. de Duras to endeavour to effect a reconciliation, and to -send me the first news of it: - -"What!" said M. de Duras. "You are remaining behind, after what the -King said to you?" - -M. de Blacas, when leaving Mons in his turn, thanked me for the -interest I had shown him. - -I went back and found M. de Talleyrand embarrassed; he was now -regretting that he had not followed my advice and that, like a -wrong-headed subaltern, he had refused to go to the King in the -evening; he feared that arrangements would be made without him, that he -would not be able to participate in the political power and to profit -by the financial jobbing which was preparing. I told him that, although -I differed from his opinion, I remained none the less attached to him, -as an ambassador to his minister; that, besides, I had friends with the -King, and that I hoped soon to hear something good. M. de Talleyrand -was all tenderness; he leant upon my shoulder: certainly, at that -moment, he thought me a very great man. - -It was not long before I received a note from M. de Duras; he wrote to -me from Cambrai that the affair was arranged and that M. de Talleyrand -would receive orders to start: this time the prince did not fail to -obey. - -What devil was prompting me? I had not followed the King, who had, so -to speak, offered or rather given me the ministry of his Household and -who was offended at my obstinacy in remaining at Mons: I was breaking -my neck on behalf of M. de Talleyrand whom I hardly knew, whom I did -not esteem, whom I did not admire; for M. de Talleyrand who was about -to enter into combinations quite different from mine, who lived in an -atmosphere of corruption in which I could not breathe! - -[Sidenote: I neglect fortune.] - -It was from Mons itself, amid all his worries, that the Prince de -Bénévent sent M. de Perray to Naples to receive the millions of one of -his Viennese bargains. M. de Blacas was at the same time travelling -with the Naples Embassy in his pocket, and some other millions which -the generous exile of Ghent had given him at Mons. I had kept on good -terms with M. de Blacas, precisely because everybody detested him; I -had incurred M. de Talleyrand's friendship for my fidelity to a whim of -his mood; Louis XVIII. had positively called me about his person, and I -preferred the baseness of a faithless man to the King's favour: it was -only too just that I should receive the reward of my stupidity, that I -should be abandoned by all for having tried to serve all. I returned -to France without the wherewithal to pay my journey, while treasures -poured down upon those in disgrace: I deserved that correction. It is -very well to fence one's way as a poor knight when the whole world is -cased in gold; but still one must not make enormous mistakes: had I -remained with the King, the combination of the Talleyrand and Fouché -Ministry would have become almost impossible; had the Restoration -commenced with a moral and honourable ministry, all the combinations of -the future might have been different. My carelessness of my own person -deceived me as to the importance of facts: the majority of men have -the fault of reckoning themselves too high; I have the fault of not -reckoning myself high enough: I wrapped myself in my habitual disdain -of my fortune; I ought to have seen that the fortune of France was at -that moment linked with that of my small destinies: such entanglements -are very common in history. - -* - -Leaving Mons at last, I arrived at Cateau-Cambrésis; M. de Talleyrand -joined me there: we seemed as though we had come to remake the treaty -of peace of 1559 between Henry II. of France[342] and Philip II. of -Spain[343]. - -At Cambrai it appeared that the Marquis de La Suze, a quarter-master of -the time of Fénelon, had disposed of the billets of Madame de Lévis, -Madame de Chateaubriand and myself. We remained in the street, in the -midst of the bon-fires, of the crowd circulating around us, and of the -inhabitants crying, "Long live the King!" A student, hearing that I was -there, took us to his mother's house. - -The friends of the different monarchies of France were beginning to -make their appearance; they were not coming to Cambrai for the league -against Venice[344], but to combine against the new Constitutions; they -were hastening to lay at the King's feet their successive loyalties and -their hatred of the Charter: a passport which they considered necessary -with Monsieur; I and two or three reasonable Gileses already smelt of -Jacobinism. - -On the 28th of June, appeared the Declaration of Cambrai. In it the -King said: - -"I wish to remove from my person only those men whose reputation is a -subject of grief to France and of dismay to Europe." - -Now behold, the name of Fouché was pronounced with gratitude by the -Pavillon Marsan! The King laughed at his brother's new passion, and -said: - -"He has not received it by divine inspiration." - -I have already told you that, when passing through Cambrai after the -Hundred Days, I vainly sought my lodging of the time of the Navarre -Regiment and the coffee-house which I frequented with La Martinière: -all had vanished with my youth. - -From Cambrai, we went to sleep at Roye: the mistress of the inn took -Madame de Chateaubriand for Madame la Dauphine; she was carried in -triumph to a large room in which stood a table laid for thirty persons: -the room, lighted by wax-candles, tallow-candles and a great fire, was -stifling. The hostess did not wish to receive payment, and said: - -"I look askance at myself for not having got myself guillotined for our -kings." - -Last spark of a fire which had animated the French for so many -centuries. - -General Lamothe, brother-in-law to M. Laborie, came, despatched by the -authorities of the capital, to tell us that it would be impossible -for us to appear in Paris without the tricolour cockade. M. de La -Fayette and other commissaries, very ill received, for the rest, by the -Allies, went fawning from one staff-office to the other, begging from -the foreigners for a master of some sort for France: any king, at the -Cossack's own option, would do excellently, provided that he did not -descend from St. Louis and Louis XIV. - -[Sidenote: The journey to Paris.] - -At Roye we held a council: M. de Talleyrand had a pair of hacks put to -his carriage and went to the King's. His equipage took up the width -of the square, from the minister's inn to the Kings door. He stepped -out of his car with a memorandum, which he read to us: he considered -the course we should have to follow on our arrival; he ventured a few -words on the necessity of admitting all, without distinction, to the -distribution of places; he hinted that we might extend our generosity -as far as the judges of Louis XVI. His Majesty coloured and, striking -the two arms of his chair, with both hands, cried: - -"Never!" - -A "never" of twenty-four hours! - -At Senlis we called at a canon's: his servant-maid received us like -dogs; as to the canon, who was not St. Regulus[345], the patron saint -of the town, he would not so much as look at us. His maid had orders -to show us no other service than to buy us something to eat, for our -own money: the _Génie du Christianisme_ availed me nothing. Yet Senlis -ought to have been of good omen to us, since it was in that town that -Henry IV. escaped from the hands of his gaolers in 1576: - -"I have no regret," exclaimed the King who was Montaigne's -fellow-countryman, as he made his escape, "save for two things which I -have left in Paris: the Mass and my wife." - -From Senlis we went to the birth-place of Philip Augustus, otherwise -Gonesse. On approaching the village we saw two persons coming -towards us: it was Marshal Macdonald and my faithful friend Hyde de -Neuville[346]. They stopped our carriage and asked us where M. de -Talleyrand was; they made no difficulties about telling me that they -were looking for him in order to inform the King that His Majesty -must not think of passing the gates before he had taken Fouché as his -minister. Anxiety came over me, for, in spite of the manner in which -Louis XVIII. had pronounced himself at Roye, I did not feel greatly -reassured. I questioned the marshal: - -"What, monsieur le maréchal!" I asked. "Is it certain that we cannot -return except on such harsh conditions?" - -"Faith, monsieur le vicomte," replied the marshal, "I am not quite -convinced of it." - -The King stopped two hours at Gonesse. I left Madame de Chateaubriand -in her carriage in the middle of the highroad, and went to the council -at the mayor's offices. There a measure was brought under deliberation -upon which depended the future fate of the monarchy. The discussion -began: I, alone with M. Beugnot, maintained that in no case ought Louis -XVIII. to admit M. Fouché to his counsels. The King listened: I saw -that he would have liked to keep his word given at Roye; but he was -absorbed by Monsieur and driven by the Duke of Wellington. - -[Sidenote: Fouché.] - -In a chapter of the _Monarchie selon la Charte_, I have recapitulated -the reasons upon which I laid stress at Gonesse. I was excited; the -spoken word has a strength which becomes weaker in the written word: - - "Wherever an open tribune exists," I said, in this chapter, - "no one liable to be exposed to reproaches of a certain - kind can be placed at the head of the government There are - certain speeches, certain phrases, which would oblige such a - minister to resign on leaving the Chamber. This impossibility - resulting from the free principle of representative - government was not felt at a time when all illusions united - to place a famous man in office, notwithstanding the too - well-founded repugnance of the Crown. The rise of that man - was bound to produce one of these two things: either the - abolition of the Charter or the fall of the ministry at the - opening of the session. Can one picture the minister to - whom I refer listening in the Chamber of Deputies to the - discussion concerning the 21st of January, liable every - moment to be apostrophized by some deputy from Lyons, and - always threatened with the terrible _Tu es ille vir!_ Men - of that kind cannot be employed ostensibly, except with - the mutes of the seraglio of Bajazet or the mutes of the - Legislative Body of Bonaparte. What will become of the - minister if a deputy, ascending the tribune with a _Moniteur_ - in his hand, reads the report of the Convention of the 9th - of August 1795; if he demands the expulsion of Fouché, - as unworthy by virtue of that report which 'ejected him, - Fouché'--I am quoting literally--'as a thief and a terrorist, - whose atrocious and criminal conduct conferred dishonour and - opprobrium upon any assembly whatever of which he became a - member[347]?'" - -Those are the things which have been forgotten! - -After all, supposing they had had the misfortune to think that a man -of that kind could ever be useful: they ought to have kept him behind -the scenes, consulted his deplorable experience; but to do violence to -the Crown and to public opinion, in a barefaced manner to summon such a -minister as that to affairs, a man whom Bonaparte, at that very moment, -treated as infamous: was that not to declare that they disclaimed -liberty and virtue? Is a crown worth so great a sacrifice? It left them -powerless to remove anybody: whom could they exclude, after accepting -Fouché? - -Parties acted without thinking of the form of government which they had -adopted; every one spoke of the Constitution, of liberty, of equality, -of the right of peoples, and no one wanted them; fashionable verbiage: -one asked, without thinking, for news of the Charter, hoping all the -time that it would soon die the death. Liberals and Royalists leant -towards absolute government, modified by our habits: such is the temper -and trend of France. Material interests prevailed: they did not want, -they said, to disown what had been done during the Revolution; each was -burdened with his own life and claimed the right to load his neighbour -with it: evil, they asserted, had become an element in public life -which must thenceforth combine with the governments and enter as a -vital principle into society. - -My crotchet, relative to a Charter set in motion by religious and -moral action, was the cause of the ill-will which certain parties -have borne me: for the Royalists, I was too much attached to liberty; -for the Revolutionaries, I had too great a scorn for crimes. Had I not -been there, to my great detriment, to make myself the school-master of -constitutionalism, the Ultras and the Jacobins would from the earliest -days have put the Charter into the pocket of their fleury dress-coats -or their carmagnoles _à la Cassius._ - -M. de Talleyrand had no liking for M. Fouché; M. Fouché detested and, -strangest of all, despised M. de Talleyrand: it was difficult to -achieve that success. M. de Talleyrand, who at first would have been -pleased not to be coupled to M. Fouché, feeling that the latter was -inevitable, consented to the proposal; he did not perceive that, with -the Charter (especially when he was united with the man of the Lyons -grape-shot), he was hardly more possible than Fouché. - -Promptly what I had declared was verified: they obtained no profit -from the admission of the Duc d'Otrante, they obtained nothing but -opprobrium; the approaching shadow of the Chambers was enough to cause -the disappearance of ministers too much exposed to the plain-speaking -of the tribune. - -My opposition was of no avail: according to the custom of weak -characters, the King closed the sitting without deciding anything; the -Order in Council was to be settled at the Château d'Arnouville. - -No council, strictly speaking, was held at this last residence: only -the intimates and those associated with the secret were assembled. M. -de Talleyrand, having distanced us, entered into intelligence with his -friends. The Duke of Wellington arrived: I saw him drive past in a -calash; the plumes of his hat waved in the air; he had come to confer -with M. Fouché and M. de Talleyrand upon France, as a twofold present -which the Battle of Waterloo was making to our country. When it was -represented to him that the regicide of M. le Duc d'Otrante was perhaps -a drawback, he replied: - -"That's a trifle!" - -An Irish Protestant, an English general unacquainted with our manners -and our history, a mind seeing in the French year 1793 only the -English precedent of the year 1649 was charged to shape our destinies! -Bonaparte's ambition had reduced us to this state of wretchedness. - -I rambled by myself in the gardens which the Comptroller-general -Machault[348] left, at the age of ninety-three years, to go and die -at the Madelonnettes; for Death, in his great review, passed none -over then. I was no longer sent for; the familiarities of a common -misfortune had ceased between the Sovereign and the subject: the King -was getting ready to return to his palace, I to my retreat. The vacuum -forms anew round monarchs so soon as they recover their power. I have -rarely passed, without making serious reflexions, through the silent -and uninhabited rooms of the Tuileries which led me to the King's -closet: for me, deserts of another kind, infinite solitudes in which -the very worlds vanished before God, the only real Being. - -Bread was scarce at Arnouville; but for an officer named Dubourg[349], -who was hurrying away from Ghent like ourselves, we should have fasted. -M. Dubourg went marauding; he brought us back half a sheep to the house -of the mayor, who had run away. If the servant of the mayor, a Heroine -of Beauvais left alone, had had any arms, she would have received us -like Jeanne Hachette[350]. - -[Sidenote: Saint-Denis.] - -We proceeded to Saint-Denis: along both sides of the road-way stretched -the bivouacs of the Prussians and English; in the distance, the eye -met the spires of the abbey: into its foundations Dagobert[351] threw -his jewels, in its vaults the successive dynasties buried their kings -and their great men; four months since, we had laid the bones of Louis -XVI. there to replace the other dust. When I returned from my first -exile in 1800, I had crossed this same plain of Saint-Denis: then only -Napoleon's soldiers were encamped there; Frenchmen still took the place -of the old bands of the Constable de Montmorency[352]. - -A baker harboured us. In the evening, at nine o'clock, I went to pay -my court to the King. His Majesty was lodged in the abbey buildings: -they had all the difficulty in the world to prevent the little girls of -the Legion of Honour[353] from crying, "Long live Napoleon!" I first -entered the church: a piece of wall adjoining the cloister had fallen; -the old abbey church was lit only by a lamp. I said my prayer at the -entrance to the vault where I had seen Louis XVI. lowered: full of -dread as to the future, I do not know that I ever felt my heart drowned -in a more profound and more religious melancholy. Next I went to His -Majesty's: shown into one of the rooms which preceded the King's, I -found no one there; I sat down in a corner and waited. Suddenly, a -door opened: silently vice entered leaning on the arm of crime, M. de -Talleyrand walking supported by M. Fouché; the infernal vision passed -slowly before me, penetrated into the King's closet, and vanished. -Fouché was coming to swear fealty and homage to his lord; the trusty -regicide on his knees laid the hands which caused the head to fall of -Louis XVI. between the hands of the brother of the Royal Martyr; the -apostate bishop was surety for the oath. - -On the next day, the Faubourg Saint-Germain arrived; everything -concerned itself with the nomination, already obtained, of Fouché: -religion as well as impiety, virtue as well as vice, the Royalist as -well as the Revolutionary, the foreigner as well as the Frenchman; on -every hand the cry was heard: - -"No safety for the King without Fouché; no salvation for France without -Fouché: he alone has saved the country, he alone can complete his -work." - -[Illustration: Fouché, Duc D'Otrante.] - -The old Duchesse de Duras was one of the noble dames who joined most -eagerly in the pæan; the Bailli de Crussol[354], a survivor of Malta, -chimed in: he declared that, if his head was still on his shoulders, -it was because M. Fouché had permitted it. The timorous ones had stood -in such terror of Bonaparte that they had taken the butcher of Lyons -for a Titus[355]. During more than three months, the drawing-rooms of -the Faubourg Saint-Germain looked upon me as a miscreant, because I -disapproved of the nomination of their ministers. Poor people, they -had prostrated themselves at the feet of the "upstarts;" they none -the less made a great noise about their nobility, their hatred of the -Revolutionaries, their unshaken fidelity, the inflexibility of their -principles: and they adored Fouché. - -Fouché had seen the incompatibility of his ministerial existence with -the game of the Representative Monarchy: as he could not amalgamate -with the elements of a legal government, he endeavoured to make the -political elements homogeneous to his own nature. He had created a -factitious terror: inventing imaginary dangers, he made pretensions to -oblige the Crown to recognise Bonaparte's two Chambers and to receive -the Declaration of Rights which had been hurriedly completed; a few -words even were murmured as to the necessity of exiling Monsieur and -his sons: to isolate the King would have been the masterpiece. - -[Sidenote: State of Paris.] - -People continued to be gulled: in vain the National Guard climbed over -the walls of Paris and came to protest its devotion; it was asserted -that this guard was ill-disposed. The faction had had the gates closed -in order to prevent the population, which had remained Royalist -during the Hundred Days, from hurrying up, and it was said that this -population was threatening to butcher Louis XVIII. on his way. The -blindness was marvellous, for the French Army was falling back upon -the Loire, one hundred and fifty thousand allies occupied the outposts -of the capital, and they continued to pretend that the King was not -strong enough to penetrate into a city where not a soldier remained, -where none was left but civilians, quite capable of restraining a -handful of federates, if these had taken it into their heads to stir. -Unfortunately, the King, through a series of fatal coincidences, -seemed to be the leader of the English and Prussians; he thought -himself surrounded with liberators, and he was accompanied by enemies; -he appeared environed by an escort of honour, and this escort was in -reality only the gendarmes taking him out of his kingdom: he was merely -crossing Paris in the company of the foreigners whose memory would one -day serve as a pretext for the banishment of his House. - -The Provisional Government formed after the abdication of Bonaparte -was dissolved by means of a kind of indictment of the Crown: a -stepping-stone upon which it was hoped one day to build a new -revolution. - -At the First Restoration, I was of opinion that the tricolour cockade -should be kept: it was resplendent in all its glory; the white cockade -was forgotten; by retaining colours warranted by so many triumphs, men -were not preparing a rallying-token for a coming revolution. Not to -adopt the white cockade would have been wise; to abandon it after it -had been worn by Bonaparte's own Grenadiers was an act of cowardice: -one cannot pass with impunity under the Caudine Forks; that which -dishonours is fatal: a slap in the face does you no harm physically, -and yet it kills you. - -Before leaving Saint-Denis, I was received by the King and had the -following conversation with him: - -"Well?" said Louis XVIII., opening the dialogue with this exclamation. - -"Well, Sire, you are taking the Duc d'Otrante?" - -"I needs had to: from my brother down to the Bailli de Crussol (and the -latter is not suspect), every one said that we could not do otherwise. -What do you think?" - -"Sire, the thing is done: I beg your Majesty's permission to say -nothing." - -"No, no, speak: you know how I resisted since Ghent." - -"Sire, I only obey your orders; pardon my loyalty: I think the Monarchy -is finished." - -The King kept silence; I was beginning to tremble at my boldness, when -His Majesty resumed: - -"Well, Monsieur de Chateaubriand, I am of your opinion." - -This conversation concludes my story of the Hundred Days. - -[308] Darius III., the last King of Persia (_d._ 331 B.C.), defeated by -Alexander at Arbela and assassinated by Bessus Satrap of Bactriana in -his flight.--T. - -[309] Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842), the -Swiss Calvinist historian and economist, author of, among many other -voluminous works, the _Histoire des Français_, in 29 volumes, an -erudite but prejudiced compilation.--T. - -[310] Lucien Bonaparte.--T. - -[311] Philippe Antoine Comte Merlin (1754-1838), known as Merlin de -Douay, to distinguish him from Merlin de Thionville, a jurisconsult -of the highest eminence and the lowest principles. He had sat in -the Constituent Assembly and the Convention, held office under -the Directory and the Empire, gave in his adhesion to the First -Restoration, accepted office again from Napoleon in 1814, and was -exiled in 1815 as a regicide who had held functions during the Hundred -Days. He retired to Brussels, returning to France after the Usurpation -of 1830.--T. - -[312] Louis XI. King of France (1423-1479) was held as a prisoner at -Péronne by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in 1468, and compelled -to sign the treaty known by the name of that town.--T. - -[313] The "Additional Act" was published in the _Moniteur_ of 23 April -1815.--B. - -[314] Murat had placed himself at the Emperor's disposal on landing at -Cannes. Napoleon, dreading the contagion of ill-fortune, did not reply -to the dethroned King, and had him forbidden the access to Paris by -Fouché.--B. - -[315] _Vide_ the proclamation by Marshal Soult, _supra.--Author's Note._ - -[316] An allusion to Marshal Soult.--B. - -[317] Marshal Moncey carried the constable's sword at the coronation of -Charles X.; Marshals Soult, Mortier and Jourdan the sceptre, the hand -of justice and the crown respectively.--B. - -[318] Louis-Philippe.--T. - -[319] Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise Duchesse de Berry (1798-1870), -daughter of Ferdinand I. King of Naples, and married to the Duc de -Berry in 1816. She followed Charles X. into exile after the Revolution -of 1830, and in 1832 made a descent, first upon Marseilles and secondly -upon the Vendée, where she tried in vain to effect a general rising. -She sought refuge at Nantes, where she lay hidden for five months, -until sold to the police of M. Thiers by a Jewish convert called Deutz, -and imprisoned at Blaze. Here, in 1833, she gave birth to a child, the -offspring of her secret marriage with the Comte Lucchesi-Palli. She was -shortly afterwards released, and spent the remainder of her days in -retirement.--T. - -[320] The term applied to the vast plain near Châlons-sur-Marne where -Attila's immense army was destroyed, in 451, by the combined forces of -the Franks, Burgundians and Goths.--T. - -[321] The Baron de Vincent, Austrian Ambassador to the Court of -France.--B. - -[322] Ferdinand Baron d'Eckstein (1790-1861) was a native of Denmark, -of Jewish parentage. He became a Catholic in 1806, fought as a -volunteer in the French ranks in 1813, and on the fall of the Empire -entered the Dutch service and was appointed Governor of Ghent, where he -gained the favour of Louis XVIII. He followed the King to France, and -was made a baron and given various offices in succession. He spent the -last thirty years of his life writing in favour of religion in his own -paper, the _Catholique_, and others.--B. - -[323] On the 1st of July 1690, the Duc de Luxembourg defeated the -Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus; on the 26th of June 1794, General Jourdan -defeated the Imperials under Coburg; and, on the 16th of June 1815, -Napoleon routed Blücher. This last battle is more generally known as -that of Ligny.--T. - -[324] Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1771-1815), son -of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg mortally wounded at Auerstädt in -1806.--T. - -[325] Field-Marshal Gebhardt Leberecht von Blücher, Count and Prince -Blücher von Wahlstadt (1742-1819).--T. - -[326] Friedrich Wilhelm von Billow, Count von Dennewitz (1765-1816).--T. - -[327] William I. King of the Netherlands (1772-1843), then Prince -of Orange and Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, commanding an -army-corps at Waterloo. His son, William Prince of Orange (1792-1848), -later King William II. of the Netherlands, was also present at the -battle and also wounded.--T. - -[328] Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis de Grouchy (1766-1847) received his -marshal's baton during the Hundred Days. The Restoration refused to -recognise the general's new dignity, which was not confirmed to him -until 1831. The Marquis de Grouchy was made a peer by Louis-Philippe in -1832.--T. - -[329] Lord Castlereagh was leader of the House of Commons. He moved -the vote of thanks to the Duke of Wellington, giving an account of the -Battle of Waterloo, on the 23rd of June 1815.--T. - -[330] Of the two battles that took place on the 14th of October 1806, -the more important was that of Auerstädt, where Marshal Davout had on -his hands the greater part of the Prussian Army, commanded by the King -of Prussia in person and the Duke of Brunswick; at Jena, Napoleon, -with superior forces, had to do with the weaker portion of the enemy's -army. Davout had 60,000 men in front of him and Napoleon only 40,000. -The Emperor, in his 5th Bulletin, completely inverted the state of -things. While reducing the numbers of the army which Davout had to -fight against from sixty to forty thousand, he raised those to which he -himself was opposed from forty to eighty thousand, making of the Battle -of Auerstädt only a very secondary episode in the Battle of Jena, -whereas it was really a capital and decisive event. It was thus that -the admirable victory of Auerstädt came to be effaced and eclipsed by -that of Jena.--B. - -[331] Henri Amédée Mercure Comte de Turenne (1776-1852) was an officer -in the King's Regiment, when the Revolution broke out. He refused -to emigrate and wished to continue his military service, but was -imprisoned as a suspect under the Terror and not released until the -9 Thermidor, when he served in the Army of the Western Pyrenees. The -decree of 1794 against the nobles obliged him to leave the army; he -remained in private life until the proclamation of the Empire, when he -was one of the first to rally to the new power. He held various offices -in Napoleon's Civil and Military Households, and was created a count of -the Empire in 1813. Turenne was present at Napoleon's leave-taking at -Fontainebleau, but failed to obtain leave to accompany the Emperor to -Elba. Louis XVIII. made him a knight of St. Louis and a sub-lieutenant -in the Grey Musketeers. Under the Hundred Days, he resumed his service -with Napoleon, who made him a peer, and fought at Ligny and Waterloo, -where he made desperate efforts against the English Guards. The Second -Restoration deprived him of his titles and functions, but received -him into favour in 1829. Turenne, however, sided with the Monarchy of -July, and was again created a peer of France by Louis-Philippe. He -was smitten with blindness a few years later, and ended his days in -retirement--B. - -[332] Jacques Antoine Manuel (1775-1827), a noted orator and advocate. -He opposed the monarchy throughout the Restoration, and in 1823 -was expelled by force from the Chamber of Deputies. Manuel was not -re-elected. He remained a popular hero, and his body was followed to -the grave by over 100,000 persons.--T. - -[333] 22 June 1815.--B. - -[334] Nicolas Marie Baron Quinette (1762-1821) had been a member of -the Convention voting for the death of the King, and Minister of the -Interior to Napoleon (1799), who made him a baron of the Empire. In -1814, he adhered to the Restoration, and was created a peer of France, -but returned to the Emperor during the Hundred Days, and at the Second -Restoration was banished as a relapsed regicide.--T. - -[335] General Paul Comte Grenier (1768-1827) served with distinction in -the wars of the Revolution and the Empire. He was vice-president of the -Chamber in 1815 and, under the Second Restoration, sat as a deputy from -1813 to 1822.--B. - -[336] General Horace François Bastien Comte Sébastiani de La Porta -(1775-1851), one of Napoleon's most intrepid cavalry generals. He -accepted the Restoration in 1814, but returned to Napoleon during -the Hundred Days, and was left without employment under the Second -Restoration. He sat as a Corsican deputy from 1816 to 1824 and 1826 to -1830, sitting in the Extreme Left and maintaining an active opposition -to the Government Under Louis-Philippe, he was Minister of Foreign -Affairs from 1830 to 1833, and subsequently Ambassador to Naples -(1834) and London (1835-1840). On his return from the latter embassy -he was created a marshal. His last years were clouded over by the -assassination of his daughter, the Duchesse de Praslin, by her husband -(17 August 1847).--T. - -[337] Louis Gustave Le Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant (1764-1853), had, -as a member of the Convention, resisted the excesses of 1793 and was -outlawed and fled to Zurich. He returned after the Terror and filled -various military and diplomatic offices under Napoleon, who created -him a count (1808). Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France, and for -over thirty years he took a prominent part in the work of the House of -Peers.--T. - - -[338] _Vide_ the Works of Napoleon, vol. I., the last pages.--_Author's -Note._ - -[339] Auguste Charles Joseph Comte de Flahaut de La Billarderie -(1785-1870), a peer of the Hundred Days, a peer of France from 1831 to -1848, a senator of the Second Empire, Ambassador to London from 1860 -to 1862, Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour from 1861 to 1870. -Flahaut was a general of division in 1813, at the age of twenty-eight. -He died on the 1st of September 1870, on the day of the disaster of -Sedan, and did not behold the fall of the dynasty to which he was -attached by intimate and secret affections. The Duc de Moray, natural -brother to Napoleon III., was his son.--B. - -[340] Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de La Bédoyère -(1786-1815), served with distinction under Napoleon and became a -colonel at the age of 26. After the first abdication, his family -obtained for him the Cross of St. Louis and the command of the 7th -Regiment of the Line. Nevertheless he was the first colonel to join -Napoleon with his regiment after the return from Elba. The Emperor made -him a general and raised him to the peerage (2 June 1815). After the -second abdication, La Bédoyère was arrested, tried by court-martial -for treason, and shot (19 August 1815) in the twenty-ninth year of his -age.--T. - -[341] André Masséna, Maréchal Prince d'Essling, Duc de Rivoli -(1758-1817), one of Napoleon's earlier and greatest generals, of -Italian Jewish origin. Louis XVIII. created him a peer of France in -December 1814.--T. - -[342] Henry II. King of France (1518-1559) signed the famous "Unhappy -Peace" of Cateau-Cambrésis after the Battle of Saint-Quentin, a peace -by which France lost a large portion of her conquests.--T. - -[343] Philip II. King of Spain, England, Naples and Sicily -(1527-1598).--T. - -[344] The League of Cambrai was formed in 1508 by the Emperor -Maximilian I., King Louis XII. of France, King Ferdinand the Catholic -of Spain and Pope Julius II. against the Republic of Venice.--T. - -[345] St Regulus, first Bishop of Senlis (_fl._ 1300), honoured on the -30th of March.--T. - -[346] Jean Guillaume Baron Hyde de Neuville (1776-1857) was an agent of -the Emigrant Princes before he was seventeen years of age, and served -their cause throughout. He was French Minister to the United States -(1816), later to Portugal, later Minister of Marine (1828). In 1830, -Hyde de Neuville refused to accept the Government of Louis-Philippe and -defended the cause of the Duc de Bordeaux in the Lower Chamber, almost -unaided.--T. - -[347] Sitting of the Convention on the 22 Thermidor Year III. (9 August -1795) _Moniteur_, (14 August 1795).--B. - -[348] Jean Baptiste Machault d'Arnouville (1701-1794) was -appointed Comptroller-general of Finance under Louis XV. in 1745. -In 1750, he became Keeper of the Seals, while retaining his -Comptroller-generalship; but he was disgraced in 1754, owing to the -efforts of the clergy, whose privileges he had attacked, and the -intrigues of Madame de Pompadour. Machault retired to his property at -Arnouville, where he lived for forty years, until, in 1794, he was -flung into the Madelonnettes prison, as a suspect, where he died.--T. - -[349] We shall meet with my friend General Dubourg again in the Days of -July.--_Author's Note._ - -Frédéric Dubourg-Butler (1778-1850) fought in the Royalist Army in the -Vendée, in the Republican Army under Bernadotte, in the Russian Army -in 1812. He returned to France after the fell of the Empire. In 1815, -as an officer on the staff of the Duc de Feltre, Minister of War, he -followed the King to Ghent, and received the command of the Artois -Regiment, but almost immediately fell into disgrace. He disappeared for -fifteen years, and sprang up, on the 29th of July 1830, at the Hôtel de -Ville, improvised himself into a general, and for a moment played the -part of head of the "military section of the Provisional Government," -whereupon he disappeared afresh. We do not find him again until the -24th of February 1848, when the new Provisional Government awarded him -the retiring pension of a brigadier-general. This pension was no doubt -very irregularly paid, for in 1850 the poor devil put an end to the -romance of his life by swallowing an over-dose of opium.--B. - -[350] Jeanne Hachette (_b. circa_ 1454) of Beauvais defended that place -in 1472, at the head of a regiment of women, against the Burgundians -under Charles the Bold. Her real name is uncertain: historians vary -between Fouquet, Fourquet and Lainé; she was called Hachette after the -axe which she bore during the siege.--T. - -[351] Dagobert I. King of France (602-638) founded the Abbey of -Saint-Denis in 632.--T. - -[352] Anne Maréchal Connétable de Montmorency (1493-1567) was slain at -the Battle of Saint-Denis, in which he defeated the Protestants.--T. - -[353] An imperial educational establishment for the daughters of -members of the Legion of Honour had been founded in the buildings of -the old abbey in 1809.--T. - -[354] Alexandre Charles Emmanuel Bailli de Crussol (1743-1815). Louis -XVIII. had created him a peer of France in 1814.--T. - -[355] Titus Flavius Savinus Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (40-81), "the -delight of the human race."--T. - - - - -BOOK VI - - -Bonaparte at the Malmaison--General abandonment--Departure from the -Malmaison--Rambouillet--Rochefort--Bonaparte takes refuge on the -English fleet--He writes to the Prince Regent--Bonaparte on the -_Bellerophon_--Torbay--Act confining Bonaparte in St Helena--He -passes over to the Northumberland and sets sail--Judgment on -Bonaparte--Character of Bonaparte--Has Bonaparte left us in -renown what he has lost us in strength?--Futility of the truths -set forth above--The Island of St. Helena--Bonaparte crosses the -Atlantic--Napoleon lands at St. Helena--His establishment at -Longwood--Precautions--Life at Longwood--Visits--Manzoni--Illness of -Bonaparte--Ossian--Reveries of Napoleon in sight of the sea--Projects -of evasion--Last occupation of Bonaparte--He lies down to rise no -more--He dictates his will--Napoleon's religious sentiments--The -chaplain Vignale--Napoleon's speech to Antomarchi, his doctor--He -receives the last sacraments--He expires--His funeral--Destruction of -the Napoleonic world--My last relations with Bonaparte--St. Helena -after the death of Napoleon--Exhumation of Bonaparte--My visit to -Cannes. - - -If a man were unexpectedly transported from life's most clamorous -scenes to the silent shores of the Arctic Ocean, he would feel what -I feel beside the tomb of Napoleon, for we find ourselves suddenly -standing by the edge of that tomb. - -Leaving Paris on the 25th of June, Napoleon awaited at the Malmaison -the moment of his departure from France. I return to him: coming back -to past days, anticipating future times, I shall not leave him again -until after his death. - -The Malmaison, where the Emperor rested, was empty. Joséphine was -dead[356]; Bonaparte found himself alone in that retreat. There he had -commenced his fortune; there he had been happy; there he had become -intoxicated with the incense of the world; there, from the heart of -his tomb, issued orders that shook the world. In those gardens where -formerly the feet of the crowd raked up the sanded walks, the grass -and brambles grew green; I had ascertained this when walking there. -Already, for want of tending, the exotic trees were pining away; on the -canals the black Australian swans no longer floated; the cage no longer -held the tropical birds prisoners: they had flown away to await their -host in their own country. - -Bonaparte might, however, have found a subject of consolation by -turning his eyes upon his early days: fallen kings are afflicted above -all because, looking upwards from their fall, they see only a splendid -inheritance and the pomps of their cradle: but what did Napoleon -discern prior to his prosperity? The manger of his birth in a Corsican -village. Higher-minded, when flinging off the purple mantle, he would -have proudly resumed the goat-herd's sayon; but men do not place -themselves back at their origin when it was humble; it seems that an -unjust Heaven deprives them of their patrimony when, in fate's lottery, -they do naught but lose what they have won; and nevertheless Napoleon's -greatness arises from the fact that he had started from himself: none -of his blood had gone before him and prepared his power. - -At the sight of those abandoned gardens, of those untenanted -apartments, of those galleries faded by the routs, of those rooms -in which song and music had ceased, Napoleon was able to go over -his career: he was able to ask himself whether, with a little more -moderation, he might not have preserved his delights. Foreigners, -enemies, were not banishing him now; he was not departing as a _quasi_ -victor, leaving the nations in admiration of his passage, after the -prodigious campaign of 1814: he was retiring beaten. Frenchmen, -friends, were demanding his immediate abdication, urging his departure, -refusing even to have him as a general, sending him messenger after -messenger, to oblige him to quit the soil over which he had shed as -much glory as scourges. - -Added to this harsh lesson, came other warnings: the Prussians were -prowling around the neighbourhood of the Malmaison; Blücher, full of -wine, staggering, ordered them to seize, to "hang" the conqueror who -had "put his foot on the neck of Kings." The rapidity of the fortunes, -the vulgarity of the manners, the promptness of the elevation and -degradation of the personages of to-day will, I fear, take away a part -of the nobility of history: Rome and Greece did not speak of "hanging" -Alexander and Cæsar. - -The scenes which had taken place in 1814 were renewed in 1815, but -with something more offensive, because the ingrates were stimulated -by fear; it was necessary to get rid of Napoleon quickly: the Allies -were arriving; Alexander was not there, at first, to temper the triumph -and curb the insolence of fortune; Paris was no more adorned with its -lustral inviolability; a first invasion had profaned the sanctuary; it -was no longer God's anger that fell upon us, it was the contempt of -Heaven: the human thunder-bolt was spent. - -All the cowardly characters had acquired a new degree of malignity -through the Hundred Days; affecting to raise themselves, through love -of the country, above personal attachments, they exclaimed that it was -really too criminal of Bonaparte to have violated the treaties of 1814. -But were not the true culprits those who had countenanced his designs? -Suppose that, in 1815, instead of getting new armies for him, after -forsaking him once only to forsake him again, they had said to him, -when he came to sleep at the Tuileries: - -"You have been deceived by your genius, opinion is no longer with you; -take pity on France. Retire after this last visit to the country; go -and live in the land of Washington. Who knows that the Bourbons will -not make mistakes? Who knows that, one day, France will not turn her -eyes towards you, when, in the school of liberty, you shall have learnt -to respect the laws? You will then return, not as a ravisher swooping -on his prey, but as a great citizen, the pacificator of his country!" - -They did not hold that language to them: they humoured the passions of -their returned leader; they contributed to blinding him, sure as they -were of benefiting by either his victory or his defeat. The soldier -alone died for Napoleon, with admirable sincerity; the rest was but a -grazing herd, growing fat to right and left. If, at least, the viziers -of the despoiled caliph had been satisfied to turn their backs on him! -But no: they reaped profit from his last moments; they overwhelmed him -with their sordid demands; all wanted to make money out of his poverty. - -[Sidenote: Abandonment of Napoleon.] - -Never was a more complete abandonment; Bonaparte had given cause for -it: he was insensible to the troubles of others; the world paid him -with indifference for indifference. Like most despots, he was on good -terms with his domestics; at bottom he cared for nobody: a solitary -man, he sufficed unto himself; misfortune did nothing except to restore -him to the desert which was his life. - -When I gather up my memories, when I recollect having seen Washington -in his little house at Philadelphia and Bonaparte in his palaces, it -seems to me that Washington, retiring to his field in Virginia, cannot -have experienced the searchings of conscience of Bonaparte awaiting -exile in his gardens at the Malmaison. Nothing was altered in the life -of the first; he relapsed into his modest habits; he had not raised -himself above the happiness of the husbandman whom he had freed: all -was subverted in the life of the second. - -* - -Napoleon left the Malmaison[357] accompanied by Generals Bertrand, -Rovigo and Beker[358], the latter in the quality of inspector -or commissary. On the way, he was seized with a wish to stop at -Rambouillet. He left it to take ship at Rochefort, as did Charles X. -to take ship at Cherbourg; Rambouillet, the inglorious retreat where -all that was greatest in men or dynasties was eclipsed: the fatal spot -where Francis I. died; where Henry III., escaping from the barricades, -slept booted and spurred in passing; where Louis XVI. left his -shadow[359]! How happy would Louis, Napoleon and Charles have been, had -they been only the humble keepers of the herds of Rambouillet! - -On arriving at Rochefort[360], Napoleon hesitated: the Executive -Commission were sending imperative orders: - -"The garrisons of Rochefort and the Rochelle," said the dispatches, -"must use main force to make Napoleon take ship.... Employ force... -make him go... his services cannot be accepted." - -Napoleon's services could not be accepted! And had you not accepted his -bounties and his chains? Napoleon did not go away; he was driven out: -and by whom? - -Bonaparte had believed only in fortune; he banned misfortune _ab -igne et aquâ_; he had acquitted the ungrateful in advance: a just -retaliation made him appear before his own system. When success, -ceasing to animate his person, became incarnate in another individual, -the disciples abandoned the master for the school. I, who believe in -the legitimacy of benefits and the sovereignty of misfortune, had -I served Bonaparte, I would not have left him; I would have proved -to him, by my fidelity, the falseness of his political principles; -sharing his disgrace, I would have remained by his side as a living -contradiction of his barren doctrines and of the worthlessness of the -right of prosperity. - -Frigates had been waiting for him in the Rochefort road-stead stead -since the first of July: hopes which never die, memories inseparable -from a last farewell kept him back. How he must have regretted the -days of his childhood, when his clear eyes had not yet known the first -rain-drops! He left time for the English fleet to approach. He was -still able to embark on two luggers which were to join a Danish ship at -sea (this was the course which his brother Joseph took); but decision -failed him when he looked at the coast of France. He felt an aversion -for a republic; the liberty and equality of the United States were -repugnant to him. He inclined towards asking shelter of the English: - -"What disadvantage do you see in that course?" he asked of those whom -he consulted. - -"The disadvantage of dishonouring yourself," answered a naval officer; -"you must not fall, even dead, into the hands of the English. They will -have you stuffed and show you at a shilling a head." - - -* - -[Sidenote: The letter to the Regent.] - -Notwithstanding these observations, the Emperor resolved to give -himself up to his conquerors. On the 13th of July, when Louis XVIII. -had already been five days in Paris, Napoleon sent the captain[361] -of the English ship _Bellerophon_ the following letter for the Prince -Regent: - - "ROYAL HIGHNESS, - - "A victim to the factions which distract my country - and to the enmity of the greatest powers in Europe, I - have terminated my political career, and I come, like - Themistocles[362], to throw myself upon the hospitality of - the British people. I put myself under the protection of - their laws; which I claim from Your Royal Highness as the - most powerful, the most constant and the most generous of my - enemies. - - "ROCHEFORT, 13 _July_ 1815." - -If Bonaparte had not, during twenty years, overwhelmed with outrages -the British people, its government, its King, and the heir of that -King, one might find a certain propriety of tone in this letter; but -how had this "Royal Highness," so long despised, so long insulted by -Napoleon, suddenly become "the most powerful, the most constant and the -most generous" of enemies by the mere fact that he was victorious? -Napoleon could not be persuaded of what he was saying; and that which -is not true is not eloquent. The phrase setting forth the fact of a -fallen greatness addressing itself to an enemy is fine; the well-worn -instance of Themistocles is superfluous. - -The step taken by Napoleon shows something worse than a lack of -sincerity; it shows neglect of France: the Emperor busied himself only -with his individual catastrophe; when the fall came, we no longer -counted for anything in his eyes. Without reflecting that, by giving -the preference to England over America, his choice became an outrage -to the mourning of the country, he begged a shelter of the government -which, for twenty years, had kept Europe in its pay against ourselves, -of the government whose commissary with the Russian Army, General -Wilson[363], urged Kutuzoff[364], in the retreat from Moscow, to -exterminate us completely: the English, successful in the final battle, -were encamped in the Bois de Boulogne. Go then, O Themistocles, to -seat yourself quietly by the British hearth, while the soil has not -yet finished drinking in the French blood shed for you at Waterloo! -What part would the fugitive, feasted may-be, have played on the banks -of the Thames, in the face of France invaded, of Wellington become -dictator at the Louvre? Napoleon's high fortunes served him better: -the English, allowing themselves to be carried towards a narrow and -spiteful policy, missed their final triumph; instead of undoing their -supplicant by admitting him to their fortresses or their banquets, they -rendered more brilliant for posterity the crown which they believed -they had snatched from him. He grew greater in his captivity through -the enormous affright of the Powers; the Ocean enchained him in vain: -Europe in arms camped on the shore, her eyes fixed upon the sea. - -* - -On the 15th of July, the _Épervier_ conveyed Bonaparte to the -_Bellerophon._ The French craft was so small that, from the deck of the -English ship, they did not see the giant on the waves. The Emperor, -accosting Captain Maitland, said to him: - -"I come to place myself under the protection of the laws of England" - -Once at least the contemner of the laws confessed their authority. - -The fleet set sail for Torbay: a multitude of shipping cruised around -the _Bellerophon_; the same eagerness was shown at Plymouth. On the -30th of July, Lord Keith[365] handed the applicant the Act confining -him at St. Helena. - -"It is worse than Tamerlane's[366] cage," said Napoleon. - -[Sidenote: Ordered to St. Helena.] - -This violation of the Law of Nations and of the respect due to -hospitality was revolting. If you see the light on board of any ship, -provided it be _under sail_, you are _English born_; by virtue of the -old London customs, the _waves_ are considered _soil of Albion._ And an -English ship was not an inviolable altar for a supplicant, it did not -place the great man who embraced the poop of the _Bellerophon_ under -the protection of the British trident! Bonaparte protested; he argued -about laws, talked of treachery and perfidy, appealed to the future: -did that become him? Had he not laughed at justice? Had he not, in his -might, trampled under foot the sacred things whose guarantee he now -invoked? Had he not carried off Toussaint-Louverture[367] and the King -of Spain[368]? Had he not had English travellers arrested who happened -to be in France at the time of the rupture of the Peace of Amiens, -and kept them prisoners for years? Allowable therefore to mercantile -England to imitate what he had done himself, and to use ignoble -reprisals; but they might have acted differently. - -With Napoleon, the size of the heart did not correspond with the width -of the head: his quarrels with the English are deplorable; they revolt -Lord Byron. How could he condescend to honour his gaolers with a word? -One suffers at seeing him stoop to wordy conflicts with Lord Keith at -Torbay, with Sir Hudson Lowe[369] at St. Helena, publish statements -because they break faith with him, cavil about a title, about a little -more, or a little less, gold or honours. Bonaparte, reduced to himself, -was reduced to his glory, and that ought to suffice him: he had nothing -to ask of men; he did not treat adversity despotically enough; one -would have pardoned him for making of misfortune his last slave. I find -nothing remarkable in his protest against the violation of hospitality, -save the date and signature of that protest: - - "On board the _Bellerophon_, at sea. - - "NAPOLEON." - -There are harmonies of immensity. - -From the _Bellerophon_ Bonaparte crossed on to the Northumberland. Two -frigates laden with the future garrison of St. Helena escorted him. -Some of the officers of that garrison had fought at Waterloo. They -permitted that explorer of the globe to keep with him M. and Madame -Bertrand, Messieurs de Montholon[370], Gourgaud and de Las Cases[371], -voluntary and generous passengers on the submerged plank. By one -clause in the captain's instructions, "Bonaparte must be disarmed:" -Napoleon alone, a prisoner on board ship, in the midst of the Ocean, -"disarmed[372]!" What a magnificent terror of his power! But what a -lesson from Heaven to men who abuse the sword! The stupid Admiralty -treated the great convict of the human race as a Botany-Bay felon: did -the Black Prince "disarm" King John? - -The squadron weighed anchor. Since the bark which carried Cæsar, no -ship had been laden with so great a destiny. Bonaparte was approaching -that sea of miracles upon which the Arab of Mount Sinai had seen -him pass. The last French land that Napoleon discerned was Cape la -Hogue[373]: another trophy of the English. - -The Emperor had been mistaken in the interest of his memory, when he -wished to remain in Europe; he would soon have been only a vulgar or -faded prisoner: his old rôle was ended. But, beyond that rôle, a new -position revivified him with a new renown. No man of universal fame has -had an end similar to Napoleon's. He was not, as after his first fall, -proclaimed autocrat of a few quarries of iron and marble, the first to -furnish him with a sword, the second with a statue; an eagle, he was -given a rock on the point of which he remained in the sun-light till -his death, in full view of the whole world. - -* - -At the moment when Bonaparte is quitting Europe, in which he is giving -up his life to go in search of the destinies of his death, it is well -to examine this man of two existences, to depict the false and the true -Napoleon: they blend and form a whole from the mixture of their reality -and their falsehood. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon as statesman.] - -From the conjunction of these remarks it results that Bonaparte was -a poet in action, an immense genius in war, an indefatigable, able -and intelligent spirit in administration, a laborious and rational -legislator. That is why he has so great a hold on the imagination of -peoples and so much authority over the judgment of practical men. -But, as a politician, he will always appear deficient in the eyes of -statesmen. This observation, which has escaped the majority of his -panegyrists, will, I am convinced, become the definite opinion that -will survive concerning him; it will explain the contrast between his -prodigious actions and their pitiful results. At St. Helena, he himself -severely condemned his political conduct on two points: the Spanish War -and the Russian War; he might have extended his confession to other -delinquencies. His enthusiasts will perhaps not maintain that, when -blaming himself, he was mistaken in himself. - -Let us recapitulate: - -Bonaparte acted contrary to all prudence, not to speak again of the -hatefulness of the action, in killing the Duc d'Enghien: he attached -a weight to his life. Notwithstanding the puerile apologists, this -death, as we have seen, was the secret leaven of the discords that -subsequently burst out between Alexander and Napoleon, as also between -Prussia and France. - -The attempt upon Spain was completely improper: the Peninsula was the -Emperor's; he could turn it to the most advantageous account: instead -of that, he turned it into a school for the English soldiers and into -the cause of his own destruction through the rising of a people. - -The detention of the Pope and the annexation of the States of the -Church to France were but the caprice of tyranny through which he lost -the advantage of passing for the restorer of religion. - -Bonaparte did not stop, as he should have done, when he had married the -daughter of the Cæsars: Russia and England were crying mercy to him. - -He did not revive Poland, when the safety of Europe depended on the -restoration of that kingdom. - -Madness having once set in, he went on from Smolensk[374]; everything -told him that he must not go further at his first step, that his first -Northern Campaign was finished, and that the second, as he himself -felt, would make him master of the Empire of the Tsars. - -[Illustration: Pope Pius VII.] - -He was able neither to compute the days nor to foresee the effect -of the climatic changes, which every one at Moscow computed and -foresaw. See above what I have said of the Continental Blockade and -the Confederation of the Rhine[375]: the first, a gigantic conception, -but a questionable act; the second, an important work, but spoilt in -the execution by the camp instinct and the fiscal spirit Napoleon -inherited the old French monarchy as the centuries and an uninterrupted -succession of great men had made it, as the majesty of Louis XIV. and -the alliances of Louis XV. had left it, as the Republic had enlarged -it. He seated himself on that magnificent pedestal, stretched out -his arms, laid hold of the peoples, and gathered them around him; -but he lost Europe with as much suddenness as he had taken it; he -twice brought the Allies to Paris, notwithstanding the marvels of his -military intelligence. He had the world under his feet, and all he got -from it was a prison for himself, exile for his family, the loss of all -his conquests and of a portion of the old French soil. - -[Sidenote: Where Napoleon failed.] - -Here is history proved by facts and deniable by none. Whence arose -the faults which I have just pointed out, followed by so quick and so -fatal a catastrophe? They arose from Bonaparte's imperfectness as a -politician. - -In his alliances, he enchained the governments only with concessions -of territory, of which he soon altered the boundaries, constantly -displaying the reservation to take back what he had given, ever making -the oppressor felt; in his invasions, he reorganized nothing, Italy -excepted. Instead of stopping at every step to raise up again, under -another shape, what he had overthrown, he did not discontinue his -movement of progression among ruins: he went so fast that he scarce had -the time to breathe where he passed through. If, by a sort of Treaty -of Westphalia, he had settled and assured the existence of the States -in Germany, in Prussia, in Poland, at his first retrograde march he -would have leant his back against contented populations and have found -shelters. But his poetic edifice of victories, lacking a base and -suspended in mid-air only by his genius, fell when his genius came to -retire. The Macedonian founded empires in his course: Bonaparte, in his -course, knew only how to destroy them; his sole aim was to be, in his -own person, the master of the globe, without troubling his head about -the means of preserving it. - -Men have tried to make of Bonaparte a perfect being, a type of -sentiment, of delicacy, of morality and of justice, a writer like -Cæsar and Thucydides, an orator and an historian like Demosthenes -and Tacitus. Napoleon's public speeches, his phrases in the tent or -the council-chamber are so much the less inspired with the breath of -prophecy in that what they foretell by way of catastrophes has not been -accomplished, while the Isaias of the sword has himself disappeared: -writings on the wall which pursue States, without catching and -destroying them, remain puerile, instead of being sublime. Bonaparte -was truly Destiny during sixteen years: Destiny is mute, and Bonaparte -ought to have been so. Bonaparte was not Cæsar; his education was -neither learned nor select; half a foreigner, he was ignorant of the -first words of our language: what mattered, after all, that his speech -was faulty? He gave the pass-word to the universe. His bulletins have -the eloquence of victory. Sometimes, in the intoxication of success, -they made a show of drafting them on a drum-head; from amid the most -mournful accents arose fatal bursts of laughter. I have read with -attention all that Bonaparte has written: the early manuscripts of his -childhood, his novels; next, his letters to Buttafuoco, the _Souper -de Beaucaire_, his private letters to Joséphine; the five volumes -of his speeches, his orders and his bulletins, his dispatches left -unpublished and spoilt by the editing in M. de Talleyrand's offices. -I know something of these matters; I have found scarcely any thoughts -resembling the great islander's nature, except in a scrap of autograph -left behind at Elba: - - "My heart denies itself to common joys as to ordinary pain." - - "Not having given myself life, I shall not rob myself of it, - so long as it will have me." - - "My evil genius appeared to me and foretold my end, which I - found at Leipzig." - - "I have laid the terrible spirit of innovation which was - overrunning the world." - -That most certainly is genuine Bonaparte. - -If the bulletins, the dispatches, the allocutions, the proclamations -of Bonaparte are distinguished for energy, this energy did not -belong to him in his own right: it was of his time, it came from the -revolutionary inspiration which grew weaker in Bonaparte, because he -marched counter to that inspiration. Danton said: - -"The metal is boiling over; if you do not watch the furnace, you will -all be scalded." - -Saint-Just said: - -"Dare!" - -That word contains the whole policy of our Revolution; they who make -revolutions by halves only dig a grave. - -Do Bonaparte's bulletins rise above that pride of speech? - -[Sidenote: Napoleon as writer.] - -As for the numerous volumes published under the title of _Mémoires de -Sainte-Hélène, Napoléon dans l'exil._, etc., those documents, gathered -from Bonaparte's mouth or dictated by him to different persons, contain -a few fine passages on actions of war, a few remarkable appreciations -of certain men; but, in the upshot, Napoleon is occupied only in making -his apology, in justifying his past, in basing on commonplace ideas -accomplished events and things of which he had never dreamt during -the course of those events. In this compilation, in which _pros_ and -_cons_ succeed one another, in which every opinion finds a favourable -authority and a peremptory refutation, it is difficult to separate that -which belongs to Napoleon from that which belongs to his secretaries. -It is probable that he had a different version for each of them, in -order that readers might choose according to their taste and, in the -future, create for themselves Napoleons to their liking. He dictated -his history as he wished to leave it; he was an author writing articles -on his own work. Nothing therefore could be more absurd than to go -into ecstasies over chronicles by different hands which are not, like -Cæsar's _Commentaries_, a short work, springing from a great head, -written by a superior writer; and yet those brief commentaries, Asinius -Pollio[376] thought, were neither faithful nor exact. The _Mémorial -de Sainte-Hélène_ is good, allowing liberally for the candour and -simplicity of the admiration. - -One of the things that contributed most to render Napoleon hateful -during his life was his inclination for debasing everything: in a fired -city, he would couple decrees on the re-establishing of a few comedians -with fiats which suppressed monarchs; a parody of the omnipotence of -God, who rules the lot of the world and of an ant. With the fall of -empires he mingled insults to women; he delighted in the humiliation -of what he had overthrown; he calumniated and wounded particularly all -that had dared to resist him. His arrogance was equal to his luck; -the more he lowered others the greater he believed himself to appear. -Jealous of his generals, he accused them of his own mistakes, for, as -for himself, he was infallible. Despising all merits, he reproached -them harshly with their errors. He would never have said, after the -disaster of Ramillies, as Louis XIV.[377] said to the Maréchal de -Villeroi[378]: - -"Monsieur le maréchal, at our age one is not lucky." - -A touching magnanimity of which Napoleon knew nothing. The century of -Louis XIV. was made by Louis the Great: Bonaparte made his century. - -The history of the Empire, changed by false traditions, will be yet -further falsified by the state of society during the imperial Epoch. -Any revolution written in the presence of the liberty of the press -can allow the eye to probe to the bottom of facts, because each one -reports them as he has seen them: the reign of Cromwell is known, -because it was customary to say to the Protector what one thought of -his acts and his person. In France, even under the Revolution, despite -the inexorable censorship of the executioner, the truth came out; the -triumphing faction was not always the same; it soon succumbed, and the -faction which succeeded it taught you what its predecessor had hidden -from you: there was liberty from one scaffold to the other, between the -cutting off of two heads. But when Bonaparte seized upon the power, -when thought was gagged, when one heard nothing but the voice of a -despotism which spoke only to praise itself and allowed only itself to -be spoken of, truth disappeared. - -The would-be authentic documents of that time are tainted; nothing -was published, books or newspapers, save by the master's order: -Bonaparte saw to the articles in the _Moniteur_; his prefects sent back -from the various departments the recitals, the congratulations, the -felicitations, in the form in which the Paris authorities had dictated -and forwarded them, in which form they expressed a conventional public -opinion, quite different from the real opinion. Write history from -such documents as those! In proof of your impartial studies, quote the -authentic sources to which you have gone: you will only be quoting a -lie in support of a lie. - -If it were possible to call this universal imposture into question, -if men who have not seen the days of the Empire were to insist upon -regarding as sincere all that they come upon in printed documents, or -even all that they might dig up in certain boxes at the public offices, -it would be enough to appeal to an unexceptionable witness, to the -"Conservative" Senate; there, in the decree which I have quoted above, -you have seen its own words: - -* - -"Taking into consideration that the liberty of the press has been -constantly submitted to the arbitrary censorship of his police, and -that, at the same time, he has always made use of the press to fill -France and Europe with fabricated facts and false maxims; that acts and -reports, passed by the Senate, have undergone alterations when made -public, etc." - - -Is there any reply possible to this declaration? - -The life of Bonaparte was an incontestable truth, which imposture had -taken upon itself to write. - -* - -[Sidenote: Pride and affectation.] - -A monstrous pride and an incessant affectation spoil Napoleon's -character. At the time of his dominion, what need had he to exaggerate -his stature, when the God of Armies had furnished him with the war -chariot "whose wheels are living"? - -He took after the Italian blood; his nature was complex: great men, -a very small family upon earth, unhappily find only themselves to -imitate them. At once a model and a copy, a real personage and an -actor representing that personage, Napoleon was his own mime; he would -not have believed himself a hero, if he had not dressed himself up -in a hero's costume. This curious weakness gives something false and -equivocal to his astonishing realities: one is afraid of taking the -king of kings for Roscius, or Roscius for the king of kings. - -Napoleon's qualities are so much adulterated in the gazettes, the -pamphlets, the poems and even in the songs overrun with imperialism, -that those qualities are completely unrecognisable. All the touching -things ascribed to Bonaparte in the _ana_ about the "prisoners," the -"dead," the "soldiers," are idle trash to which the actions of his life -give the lie. - -The _Grand-mère_ of my illustrious friend Béranger is only an admirable -ballad: Bonaparte had nothing of the good fellow about him. Dominion -personified, he was hard; that coldness formed the antidote to his -fiery imagination; he found in himself no word, he found only a deed, -and a deed ready to chafe at the smallest independence: a gnat that -flew without his orders was a rebellious insect in his eyes. - -It was not enough to lie to the ears, it was necessary to lie to the -eyes: here, in an engraving, we see Bonaparte taking off his hat to -the Austrian wounded; there, we have a little _tourlourou_[379] who -prevents the Emperor from passing; further on, Napoleon touches the -plague-stricken of Jaffa, and he never touched them; he crosses Mount -St. Bernard on a spirited horse amid a whirl of snow-flakes, and it -was the finest weather in the world. - -Are they not now trying to transform the Emperor into a Roman of -the early days of the Aventine, into a missionary of liberty, into -a citizen who instituted slavery only for love of the opposite -virtue? Draw your conclusions from two features of the great founder -of equality: he ordered his brother Jerome's marriage with Miss -Patterson[380] to be annulled, because the brother of Napoleon could -ally himself only with the blood of Princes; later, after returning -from the isle of Elba, he invested the new "democratic" constitution -with a peerage and crowned it with the "Additional Act." - -That Bonaparte, following up the successes of the Revolution, -everywhere disseminated principles of independence; that his victories -helped to relax the bonds between the peoples and the kings, and -snatched those peoples from the power of the old customs and the -ancient ideas; that, in this sense, he contributed to the social -enfranchisement: these are facts which I do not pretend to contest; but -that, of his own will, he laboured scientifically for the political and -civil deliverance of the nations; that he established the narrowest -despotism with the idea of giving to Europe and to France in particular -the widest Constitution; that he was only a tribune disguised as a -tyrant: all this is a supposition which I cannot possibly adopt. - -Bonaparte, like the race of princes, desired nothing and sought nothing -save power, attaining it, however, through liberty, because he made -his first appearance on the world's stage in 1793. The Revolution, -which was Napoleon's wet-nurse, did not long delay in appearing to -him as an enemy; he never ceased beating her. The Emperor, for the -rest, knew evil very well, when the evil did not come directly from -the Emperor; for he was not destitute of moral sense. The sophism -put forward concerning Bonaparte's love for liberty proves only one -thing, the abuse which can be made of reason; nowadays it lends -itself to everything. Is it not established that the Terror was a -time of humanity? In fact, were they not demanding the abolition of -the death-penalty while they were killing everybody? Have not great -civilizers, as they are "called," always immolated men, and is it -not therefore, as far as has been "proved," that Robespierre was the -continuer of Jesus Christ? - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's popularity.] - -The Emperor meddled with everything; his intelligence never rested; he -had a sort of perpetual agitation of ideas. In the impetuousness of his -nature, instead of a free and continuous train, he advanced by leaps -and bounds, he flung himself upon the universe and shook it; he would -have none of it, of that universe, if he was obliged to wait for it: -an incomprehensible being, who found the secret of debasing his most -towering actions by despising them, and who raised his least elevated -actions to his own level. Impatient of will, patient of character, -incomplete and as though unfinished, Napoleon had gaps in his genius: -his understanding resembled the sky of that other hemisphere under -which he was to go to die, the sky whose stars are separated by empty -spaces. - -One asks one's self by what spell Bonaparte, so aristocratic, so -hostile to the people, came to achieve the popularity which he enjoyed: -for that forger of yokes has most certainly remained popular with -a nation whose pretension was to raise altars to independence and -equality; here is the solution of the enigma: - -Daily experience makes us recognise that the French are instinctively -drawn towards power; they do not love liberty; equality alone is their -idol. Now equality and despotism have secret connections. In those -two respects, Napoleon had his fount in the hearts of the French, -militarily inclined towards dominion, democratically enamoured of -the level. Once on the throne, he made the people sit down beside -him: a proletarian king, he humbled the kings and nobles in his -ante-chambers; he levelled the ranks, not by lowering but by raising -them: the descending level would have charmed the plebeian envy more, -the ascending level was more flattering to its pride. French vanity -was puffed up also by the superiority which Bonaparte gave us over the -rest of Europe; another cause of Napoleon's popularity has to do with -the affliction of his last days. After his death, as men became better -acquainted with what he had suffered at St. Helena, they began to be -moved; they forgot his tyranny to remember that, after conquering our -enemies, after subsequently drawing them into France, he had defended -us against them; we imagine that he might save us to-day from the -disgrace into which we have sunk: his fame was recalled to us by his -misfortune; his glory profited by his adversity. - -Lastly, the marvels of his arms have bewitched the young, while -teaching us to worship brute force. His unexampled fortune has left to -the overweening conceit of every ambition the hope of arriving at the -point which he attained. - -And yet this man, so popular through the roller which he had passed -over France, was the mortal enemy of equality and the greatest -organizer of aristocracy within democracy. - -I cannot acquiesce in the false praises with which men have insulted -Bonaparte, while trying to justify everything in his conduct; I cannot -surrender my reason nor go into ecstasies before that which arouses my -horror or my pity. - -If I have succeeded in conveying what I have felt, there will remain -of my portrait one of the leading figures in history; but I have -adopted no part of the fantastic creature composed of lies: lies which -I saw born, lies which, taken at first for what they were, passed in -time to the state of truth through the infatuation and the imbecile -credulity of mankind. I refuse to be a gull and to fall into a fit with -admiration. I strive to paint persons conscientiously, without taking -from them what they have, without giving them what they have not. If -success were esteemed as innocence; if, debauching even posterity, it -loaded it with its chains; if, a future slave, begotten by a slavish -past, that suborned posterity became the accomplice of whosoever should -have triumphed: where would be the right, where would be the reward -of sacrifices? Good and evil becoming only relative qualities, all -morality would be blotted out from human actions. - -That is the difficulty which is caused to the impartial writer by a -brilliant renown; he keeps it on one side as much as he can, in order -to lay bare the truth; but the glory returns like a golden haze and -instantly covers the picture. - -* - -In order not to admit the diminution of territory and power which we -owe to Bonaparte, the present generation consoles itself by imagining -that he has given back to us in illustriousness what he has taken from -us in strength: - -"Are we not from this time forward," it asks, "famed in the four -quarters of the earth? Is not a Frenchman feared, remarked, sought out, -known on every shore?" - -But were we placed between those two conditions: either immortality -without power, or power without immortality? Alexander made the Greek -name known to the universe; none the less he left them four empires -in Asia; the language and civilization of the Hellenes extended from -the Nile to Babylon and from Babylon to the Indus. At his death, -his ancestral Kingdom of Macedon, far from being diminished, had -increased a hundred-fold in force. Bonaparte made us known on every -shore; commanded by him, the French threw Europe so low at their -feet that France still prevails by her name, and that the Arc de -l'Étoile can rise up without appearing a puerile trophy; but, before -our reverses, that monument would have stood as a witness, instead of -being only a record. And yet, had not Dumouriez, with raw recruits, -given the foreigner his first lessons[381], Jourdan won the Battle -of Fleurus[382], Pichegru conquered Belgium and Holland[383], Hoche -crossed the Rhine[384], Masséna triumphed at Zurich[385], Moreau at -Hohenlinden[386]: all exploits most difficult to obtain and preliminary -to others? Bonaparte made a corporate whole of these scattered -successes; he continued them, he caused those victories to shine forth: -but without those first wonders, would he have obtained the last? He -was raised above all things only when reason with him was executing the -inspirations of the poet. - -[Sidenote A true appreciation.] - -Our sovereign's illustriousness cost us merely two or three hundred -thousand men a year; we paid for it with merely three millions of our -soldiers; our fellow-citizens bought it merely at the cost of their -sufferings and their liberties during fifteen years: can such trifles -count? Are the generations that have come after us not resplendent? So -much the worse for those who have disappeared! The calamities under the -Republic served for the safety of all; our misfortunes under the Empire -did much more: they deified Bonaparte! That is enough for us. - -That is not enough for me: I will not stoop so low as to hide my nation -behind Bonaparte; he did not make France: France made him. No talent, -no superiority will ever bring me to consent to the power which can, -with one word, deprive me of my independence, my home, my friends: if -I do not say of my fortune and my honour, it is because one's fortune -does not appear to me to be worth the trouble of defending it; as -for honour, it escapes tyranny: it is the soul of the martyrs; bonds -encompass and do not enchain it; it pierces the vault of prisons and -carries the whole man away with it. - -The wrong which true philosophy will never forgive Bonaparte is that -he accustomed society to passive obedience, thrust back humanity -towards the times of moral degradation, and perhaps corrupted -characters in such a way that it would be impossible to say when men's -hearts will begin to throb with generous sentiments. The weakness in -which we are plunged as regards Europe, our actual abasement are the -result of the Napoleonic slavery: all that remains to us is the faculty -to bear the yoke. Bonaparte unsettled even the future: 'twould not -surprise me if, in the discomfort of our impotence, we were seen to -grow smaller, to barricade ourselves against Europe instead of going to -seek it out, to give up our freedom within to deliver ourselves from an -illusory terror without, to lose ourselves in ignoble provident cares, -contrary to our genius and to the fourteen centuries which compose our -national manners. The despotism which Bonaparte left in the air will -descend upon us in the shape of fortresses. - -The fashion nowadays is to greet liberty with a sardonic smile, to look -upon it as a piece of old lumber, fallen into disuse with honour. I am -not in the fashion: I think that there is nothing in the world without -liberty; it gives a price to life; were I to remain the last to defend -it, I would never cease to proclaim its rights. To attack Napoleon in -the name of things that are past, to assail him with ideas that are -dead is to prepare fresh triumphs for him. He is to be fought only with -something greater than himself, liberty: he was guilty towards it and -consequently towards the human race. - -* - -Vain words! Better than any do I feel their uselessness. Henceforth any -observation, however moderate it may be, is reputed profane: it needs -courage to dare brave the cries of the vulgar, not to be afraid of -being treated as a narrow intelligence, incapable of understanding and -feeling the genius of Napoleon, for the sole reason that, in the midst -of the lively and real admiration which one professes for him, one -is nevertheless not able to worship all his imperfections. The world -belongs to Bonaparte: that of which the ravisher was unable to complete -the conquest, his fame usurps; living he missed the world, dead he -possesses it. It is vain for you to protest: the generations pass by -without listening to you. Antiquity makes the son of Priam say to the -shade: - -"Judge not Hector from his little tomb; the _Iliad_, Homer, the Greeks -in flight, see there my sepulchre: I am buried under all those great -deeds." - -[Sidenote: The Napoleonic legend.] - -Bonaparte is no longer the real Bonaparte, but a legendary figure put -together from the vagaries of the poet, the talk of the soldier and the -tales of the people; it is the Charlemagne and the Alexander of the -idylls of the middle ages that we behold to-day. That fantastic hero -will remain the real personage; the other portraits will disappear. -Bonaparte is so strongly connected with absolute dominion that, -after undergoing the despotism of his person, we have to undergo the -despotism of his memory. This latter despotism is more overbearing than -the former; for, though men fought against Napoleon when he was on the -throne, there is an universal agreement to accept the irons which he -flings to us now that he is dead. He is an obstacle to future events: -how could a power issuing from the camps establish itself after him? -Has he not killed all military glory by surpassing it? How could a free -government come into being, when he has corrupted the principles of all -liberty in men's hearts? No legitimate power is now able to drive the -usurping spectre from the mind of man: the soldier and the citizen, -the Republican and the Monarchist, the rich and the poor alike place -busts and portraits of Napoleon in their homes, in their palaces or in -their cottages; the former conquered are in agreement with the former -conquerors; one cannot take a step in Italy without coming across him; -one cannot enter Germany without meeting him, for in that country the -young generation which rejected him is past. Generally, the centuries -sit down before the portrait of a great man, they finish it by means of -a long and successive work. This time, the human race has declined to -wait: perhaps it was in too great a hurry to stump a crayon drawing. It -is time to place the completed side of the idol in juxtaposition with -the defective side. - -Bonaparte is not great through his words, his speeches, his writings, -through the love of liberty which he never possessed and which he never -pretended to establish; he is great in that he created a regular and -powerful government, a code of laws adopted in different countries, -courts of law, schools, a strong, active, intelligent administration, -which still lasts us; he is great in that he revived, enlightened and -governed Italy superlatively well; he is great in that, in France, -he restored order from the midst of chaos, in that he built up the -altars, in that he reduced furious demagogues, vainglorious scholars, -anarchical men of letters, Voltairean atheists, open-air orators, -cut-throats of the prisons and streets, starvelings of the tribune, -the clubs and the scaffolds, in that he reduced them to serve under -him; he is great in that he curbed an anarchical mob; he is great in -that he put an end to the familiarities of a common fortune, in that he -forced soldiers, his equals, and captains, his chiefs or his rivals, -to bend before his will; he is great above all in that he was born of -himself alone, in that he was able, with no other authority than that -of his genius, able, he, to make himself obeyed by thirty-six million -subjects, at a time when no illusion surrounds the thrones; he is great -in that he overthrew all the kings his opponents, in that he defeated -all the armies, whatever the difference in their discipline and valour, -in that he taught his name to savage as well as to civilized peoples, -in that he surpassed all the conquerors who preceded him, in that he -filled ten years with prodigies so great that we have difficulty to-day -in understanding them. - -The famous offender in triumphal matter is no more; the few men who -still understand noble sentiments can do justice to glory without -fearing it, but without repenting of having proclaimed what that -glory had that was baleful, without recognising the destroyer of -independences as the father of emancipations: Napoleon does not need -that one should ascribe merits to him; he was richly enough endowed at -his birth. - -Now, therefore, that, severed from his time, his history is ended and -his idyll commencing, let us go to see him die: let us leave Europe; -let us follow him beneath the sky of his apotheosis! The hissing of the -seas where his ships have struck sail will point out to us the spot of -his disappearance: - -"At the extremity of our hemisphere," says Tacitus, "is heard the sound -made by the dipping sun: _sonum insuper immergentis audiri._" - -* - -João de Nova[387], a Portuguese navigator, had lost his bearings in -the waters separating Africa and America. In 1502, on the 18th of -August, the feast of St. Helen[388], mother of the first Christian -Emperor[389], he came upon an island at the 16th degree of latitude -and 11th of longitude; he landed and gave it the name of the day upon -which it was discovered. - -After frequenting the island for some years, the Portuguese -relinquished it; the Dutch established themselves there, and -subsequently abandoned it for the Cape of Good Hope; the British East -Indian Company seized it; the Dutch retook it in 1672; the British -occupied it anew and settled there. - -[Sidenote: St. Helena.] - -When João de Nova landed at St. Helena, the interior of the uninhabited -country was mere forest land. Fernando Lopez, a Portuguese renegado, -transported to that oasis, stocked it with cows, goats, hens, -guinea-fowls and birds from the four corners of the earth. On to the -island were taken successively, as on to the deck of the Ark, animals -of the whole creation. - -Five hundred whites, fifteen hundred negroes, mingled with mulattoes, -Javanese and Chinese, compose the population of the island. Jamestown -is its town and its harbour. Before the English were masters of the -Cape of Good Hope, the Company's fleets, returning from India, put in -at Jamestown. The sailors spread their slop-goods at the foot of the -cabbage-trees: the mute and solitary forest changed once a year into a -noisy and populous market. - -The climate of the island is healthy but rainy: that dungeon of -Neptune, which is only seven or eight leagues in circumference, -attracts the ocean vapours. The equatorial sun drives away every -breathing thing at noon-day, forces the very gnats into silence and -rest, obliges men and beasts to hide themselves. The billows are -illumined at night by what is called "the phosphorescent light," a -light produced by myriads of insects whose loves, electrified by the -storms, kindle upon the surface of the deep the illuminations of an -universal wedding. The shadow of the island, dark and motionless, -reposes amid a moving plain of diamonds. The spectacle of the heavens -is similarly magnificent, according to my learned and famous friend, M. -de Humboldt[390]: - -"We feel," he says, "an indescribable sensation when, on approaching -the Equator, and particularly when passing from one hemisphere to -the other, we see these stars, which we have contemplated from our -infancy, progressively sink and finally disappear.... One feels that he -is not in Europe, when he sees the immense constellation of the Ship or -the phosphorescent Clouds of Magellan arise on the horizon.... - -"We saw distinctly," he continues, "for the first time the Southern -Cross only on the night of the 4th of July, in the sixteenth degree of -latitude.... - -"I recalled the sublime passage of Dante, which the most celebrated -commentators have applied to that constellation: - - "Io mi volsi a man destra, etc.[391]" - -"Among the Portuguese and Spaniards, a religious feeling attaches them -to a constellation whose form reminds them of that sign of the faith -planted by their ancestors in the deserts of the New World." - -* - -The poets of France and of Lusitania have placed elegiac scenes on the -shores of Melinda and the neighbouring isles. It is a far cry from -those fictitious sorrows to the real torments of Napoleon under the -stars foretold by the singer of Beatrice and in those seas of Eleonora -and Virginia. Did the great men of Rome, banished to the isles of -Greece, concern themselves with the charms of those shores and the -divinities of Crete and Naxos? That which enraptured Vasco de Gama and -Camoëns could not move Bonaparte: prone on the poop of the vessel, he -did not perceive that above his head glittered unknown constellations -whose rays met his eyes for the first time. What cared he for those -stars which he had never seen from his bivouacs, which had not shone -upon his empire? And yet no star was wanting to his destiny: one half -of the firmament lighted up his cradle; the other was reserved for the -pomp of his tomb. - -The sea which Napoleon was crossing was not the friendly sea which -carried him from the harbours of Corsica, from the sands of Abukir, -from the rocks of Elba, to the shores of Provence; it was that hostile -ocean which, after enclosing him in Germany, France, Portugal and -Spain, opened out before his course only to close up again behind him. -Probably, when he saw the waves urge on his ship, the trade-winds drive -it ever further with a constant blast, he did not make the reflections -upon his catastrophe with which it inspires me: each man feels his -life in his own manner; he who affords a great spectacle to the world -is less touched and less instructed than the spectator. Occupied with -the past as though it could be reborn, hoping still in his memories, -Bonaparte scarce perceived that he was crossing the line, nor asked -what hand traced the circles in which the globes are compelled to -imprison their eternal progress. - -On the 15th of August, the wandering colony kept St. Napoleon's -Day[392] on board the vessel which was taking Napoleon to his last -halting-place. On the 15th of October, the _Northumberland_ was abreast -of St. Helena. The passenger mounted on deck: he had a difficulty in -discovering an imperceptible black speck in the bluish immensity; -he took a spy-glass: he surveyed that particle of earth as he might -formerly have surveyed a fortress in the middle of a lake. He saw the -market-town of St. James enchased in scarped rocks; not a wrinkle in -that barren face but a gun hung from it: they seemed to wish to receive -the captive according to his genius. - -[Sidenote: Arrival at St. Helena.] - -On the 16th of October 1815, Bonaparte touched the rock, his mausoleum, -even as, on the 12th of October 1492, Christopher Columbus touched the -New World, his monument: - -"There," says Walter Scott, "at the entrance to the Indian Ocean, -Bonaparte was deprived of the means of making a second _avatar_ or -incarnation on earth." - -Before being moved to the residence of Longwood, Bonaparte occupied -a hut at Briars, near Balcomb's Cottage. On the 9th of December, -Longwood, hurriedly enlarged by the carpenters of the English fleet, -received its guest. The house, situated on a mountain upland, consisted -of a drawing-room, a dining-room, a library, a study and a bed-room. -It was not much: those who inhabited the tower of the Temple and the -donjon of Vincennes were still worse lodged; true, one paid them the -attention of shortening their stay. General Gourgaud, M. and Madame de -Montholon with their children, M. de Las Cases and his son camped out -provisionally in tents; M. and Madame Bertrand installed themselves at -Hut's Gate, a cottage placed on the boundary of the grounds of Longwood. - -Bonaparte had a stretch of sand, twelve miles long, as his -exercise-ground; sentries surrounded that space and look-out men were -posted on the highest peaks. The lion could extend his walks further, -but in that case he had to consent to allow himself to be watched by an -English _bestiarius._ Two camps defended the excommunicated enclosure: -at night, the circle of the sentries was drawn in round Longwood. At -nine o'clock, Napoleon, confined, could no longer go out; the patrols -went the round; horsemen on vedette, foot-soldiers placed here and -there kept watch in the creeks and in the ravines which ran down to the -sea. Two armed brigs cruised, one to leeward, the other to wind-ward -of the island. What precautions to guard one man in the midst of -the seas! After sunset, no boat could put to sea; the fishing-boats -were numbered, and at night they remained in harbour under the -responsibility of a lieutenant in the Navy. The Sovereign Generalissimo -who had summoned the world to his stirrup was called upon to appear -twice a day before a military collar. Bonaparte did not submit to that -call; when, by good luck, he was able to avoid the sight of the officer -on duty, that officer would not have dared to say where and how he had -seen him of whom it was more difficult to establish the absence than to -prove the presence to the universe. - -Sir George Cockburn[393], the author of those severe regulations, was -replaced by Sir Hudson Lowe. Then began the bickerings about which all -the Memoirs have told us. If one were to believe those Memoirs, the -new Governor must have been of the family of the enormous spiders of -St. Helena and the reptile of those woods in which snakes are unknown. -England was lacking in elevation, Napoleon in dignity. To put an end to -his requirements of etiquette, Bonaparte sometimes seemed determined -to conceal himself behind an assumed name, like a monarch travelling -in a foreign country; he had the touching idea of taking the name -of one of his aides-de-camp, killed at the Battle of Areola[394]. -France, Austria, Russia appointed commissaries to the residence of St. -Helena[395]: the captive was accustomed to receive the ambassadors -of the two latter Powers; the Legitimacy, which had not recognised -Napoleon as Emperor, would have acted more nobly by not recognising -Napoleon as a prisoner. - -[Sidenote: Life at Longwood.] - -A large wooden house, constructed in London, was sent to St Helena; but -Napoleon did not feel well enough to inhabit it. His life at Longwood -was regulated in this way: he rose at uncertain hours; M. Marchand, his -valet, read to him when he was in bed; after rising, in the morning, -he dictated to Generals Montholon and Gourgaud and to the son of M. de -Las Cases. He breakfasted at ten o'clock, rode on horseback or drove -until about three, returned indoors at six and went to bed at eleven. -He affected to dress as he is painted in his portrait by Isabey[396]: -in the morning, he wrapped himself in a caftan and wound a Madras -handkerchief round his head. - -St. Helena lies between the two Poles. The navigators who pass from one -spot to the other salute this first station where the land refreshes -eyes wearied with the spectacle of the Ocean and offers fruits and the -coolness of sweet water to mouths chafed with salt. The presence of -Bonaparte changed this isle of promise into a plague-stricken rock: -foreign ships no longer touched there; so soon as they were signalled -at twenty leagues' distance, a cruiser went to challenge them and -charged them to keep off: none were allowed into port, except in case -of stormy weather, but the ships of the British Navy alone. - -Some of the English travellers who had lately admired or who were on -their way to see the marvels of the Ganges visited another marvel on -their road: India, accustomed to conquerors, had one chained at her -gates. - -Napoleon allowed these visits with reluctance. He consented to receive -Lord Amherst[397] on the latter's return from his Chinese embassy. -Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm[398] he liked: - -"Does your Government mean," he asked him one day, "to detain me upon -this rock until my death's day?" - -The admiral replied that he feared so. - -"Then the term of my life will soon arrive." - -"I hope not, _monsieur_; I hope that you will survive to record your -great actions; they are so numerous that the task will ensure you a -term of long life." - -Napoleon did not take offense at this simple appellation of _monsieur_; -he revealed himself at that moment through his real greatness. -Fortunately for himself, he never wrote his life; he would have -lessened it: men of that nature must leave their Memoirs to be told by -the unknown voice which belongs to nobody and which issues from the -nations and the centuries. To us every-day people alone is it permitted -to talk of ourselves, because nobody would talk of us. - -Captain Basil Hall[399] called at Longwood; Bonaparte remembered having -seen the captain's father at Brienne: - -"Your father," he said, "was the first Englishman that I ever saw; and -I have recollected him all my life on that account." - -He talked with the captain about the recent discovery of the island of -Loo-Choo: - -"The inhabitants have no arms," said the captain. - -"No arms!" exclaimed Bonaparte. "That is to say no guns: they have -muskets?" - -"Not even muskets." - -"Well, then, spears, or at least, bows and arrows?" - -"Neither one nor other." - -"Nor daggers?" - -"No, none." - -"But, without arms, how can one fight?" - -Captain Hall illustrated their ignorance with respect to all the world, -by saying they knew nothing of France and England, and never had even -heard of His Majesty. - -Bonaparte smiled in a way which struck the captain: the more serious -the countenance, the more beautiful the smile. Those different -travellers remarked that not the least trace of colour appeared in -Bonaparte's cheeks: his head resembled a marble bust whose whiteness -had been slightly yellowed by time. Not the smallest trace of a wrinkle -was discernible on his brow, nor an approach to a furrow on any part of -his countenance; his mind seemed at ease. This apparent calm gave rise -to the belief that the flame of his genius had taken flight. His manner -of speaking was slow; his expression was benignant and almost kindly; -sometimes he would dart forth dazzling glances, but that state soon -passed: his eyes became veiled and sad. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon at St. Helena.] - -Ah, other travellers known to Napoleon had, in former days, appeared -upon those shores! - -After the explosion of the infernal machine[400], a senatus-consultus -of the 4th of January 1801 decreed, without trial, by a simple -police-order, the exile beyond-seas of one hundred and thirty -Republicans: put on board the frigate _Chiffonne_ and the corvette -_Flèche_, they were taken to the Seychelle Islands and dispersed -shortly afterwards in the archipelago of the Comores, between Africa -and Madagascar: they nearly all died there. Two of the men transported, -Lefranc and Saunois, having succeeded in escaping on board an American -ship, touched at St. Helena in 1803: there, twelve years later, -Providence was to imprison their great oppressor. - -The too-famous General Rossignol[401], their companion in misfortune, a -quarter of an hour before uttering his last breath, exclaimed: - -"I die harassed by the most horrible pains; but I should die content -if I could hear that the tyrant of my country was enduring the same -sufferings[402]!" - -Thus did freedom's imprecations await him who betrayed her, even in the -other hemisphere. - -Italy, roused from her long sleep by Napoleon, turned her eyes towards -the illustrious offspring who wished to restore her to her glory, and -with whom she had re-fallen beneath the yoke. The sons of the Muses, -the noblest and most grateful of men, when they are not the vilest and -most unthankful, looked on St. Helena. The last poet of the land of -Virgil sang the last warrior of the land of Cæsar: - - Tutto ei provò, la gloria - Maggior dopo il periglio, - La fuga e la vittoria, - La reggia e il triste esiglio: - Due volte nella polvere, - Due volte sull'altar. - - Ei si nomo: due secoli, - L'un contro l'altro armato, - Sommessi a lui si volsero, - Come aspettando il fato; - Ei fè silenzio, ed arbitro - S'assise in mezzo a lor. - -"He felt all," says Manzoni[403], "the greatest glory after peril, -flight and victory, royalty and sad banishment: twice in the dust, -twice on the altar. - -"He stated his name: two centuries, one against the other armed, turned -towards him, as though awaiting their fate; he was silent and seated -himself as arbiter between them." - -* - -Bonaparte was approaching his end; devoured by an internal wound -envenomed by sorrow, he had borne that wound in the thick of -prosperity: it was the only legacy which he had received from his -father; the rest came to him from God's munificence. - -Already he reckoned six years of exile; he had needed less time to -conquer Europe. He remained almost always indoors, and read Ossian in -Cesarotti's[404] Italian translation. Everything saddened him under a -sky beneath which life seemed shorter, the sun remaining three days -less in that hemisphere than in ours. When Bonaparte went out, he -passed along rugged paths lined with aloes and sweet-scented broom. -He walked among gum-trees with sparse flowers, which the generous -winds made lean to the same side, or hid himself in the thick mists -which rolled low. He was seen seated at the feet of Diana's Peak, -Flag Staff, or Leader Hill, gazing on the sea through the gaps in the -mountains. Before him, the Ocean unfolded itself, which on the one side -bathes the coasts of Africa, on the other the American shores, and -which goes, like a marginless stream, to lose itself in the southern -seas. No civilized land nearer than the Cape of Storms. Who shall tell -the thoughts of that Prometheus torn alive by death, when, his hand -pressed to his smarting breast, he turned his gaze over the billows! -Christ was led into a high mountain whence he saw the kingdoms of the -world; but for Christ it was written to the tempter of mankind: - - "Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God[405]." - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's sufferings.] - -Bonaparte, forgetting a thought of his which I have quoted ("not -having given myself life, I shall not rob myself of it"), spoke of -killing himself; he also did not remember his "order of the day" with -regard to the suicide of one of his soldiers. He believed sufficiently -in the attachment of his companions in captivity to hope that they -would consent to suffocate themselves with him in the smoke from a -brazier: the illusion was great. Such are the intoxications of a -long domination; but, in the case of Napoleon's impatiences, we must -consider only the degree of suffering to which he had attained. M. -de Las Cases, having written to Lucien on a piece of white silk, in -contravention of the regulations, received the order to leave St. -Helena[406]: his absence increased the void around the exile. - -On the 18th of March 1817, Lord Holland[407], in the House of Lords, -made a motion on the subject of the complaints forwarded to England by -General Montholon: - -"It will not be considered by posterity," he said, "whether Bonaparte -has been justly punished for his crimes, but whether Great Britain has -acted in that generous manner which becomes a great country." - -Lord Bathurst[408] opposed the motion. - -Cardinal Fesch sent two priests[409] from Italy to his nephew. The -Princess Borghese begged the favour of being allowed to join her -brother: - -"No," said Napoleon, "I would not have her witness the degrading state -to which I am reduced and the insults to which I am subjected." - -That beloved sister, _germana Jovis_, did not cross the seas: she died -in the regions where Napoleon had left his reputation. - -Schemes of abduction were formed: a Colonel Latapie, at the head of -a band of American adventurers, designed a descent on St. Helena. -Johnson[410], a resolute smuggler, meditated an attempt to carry off -Bonaparte by means of a submarine vessel. Young lords entered into -these plans; people plotted to break the chains of the oppressor: -they would have left the liberator of the human race to die in irons -without a thought Bonaparte hoped for his delivery from the political -movements of Europe. If he had lived till 1830, perhaps he would have -returned to us; but what would he have done among us? He would have -seemed infirm and out of date in the midst of the new ideas. Formerly -his tyranny appeared liberty to our slavery; now his greatness would -appear despotism to our littleness. At the present period, everything -is decrepit in a day; who lives too long dies alive. As we advance in -life, we leave three or four images of ourselves, different one from -the other: we see them next in the haze of the past, like portraits of -our different ages. - -Bonaparte, in his feebleness, no longer occupied himself except like a -child: he amused himself by digging a little basin in his garden; he -put a few fish into it: the mastick employed in cementing the basin -contained copperas, and the fish died. Bonaparte said: - -"Everything I love, everything that belongs to me is immediately -smitten." - -About the end of February 1821, Napoleon was obliged to take to his bed -and did not rise again. - -"How low am I fallen!" he murmured. "I stirred the world, and I cannot -raise my eyelid." - -He did not believe in medicine and objected to a consultation of -Antomarchi[411] with the Jamestown doctors. Nevertheless, he admitted -Dr. Arnott beside his death-bed. He dictated his will from the 13th -to the 27th of April; on the 28th, he ordered his heart to be sent to -Marie-Louise; he forbade any English surgeon to lay a hand upon him -after his decease. Persuaded that he was succumbing to the malady by -which his father had been attacked, he requested that the report of the -autopsy should be transmitted to the Duc de Reichstadt: the paternal -direction has become useless; Napoleon II. has joined Napoleon I. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's death-bed.] - -At this last hour, the religious sentiment with which Bonaparte was -always imbued awoke. Thibaudeau, in his _Mémoires sur le Consulat_, -tells us, with reference to the restoration of public worship, that the -First Consul said to him: - - "'On Sunday last, in the midst of the silence of nature, I - was walking in these gardens[412]; the sound of the bell of - Ruel suddenly came and struck my ear and renewed all the - impressions of my youth; I was moved, so powerful is the - force of early habit, and said to myself: - - "'If it is thus for me, what effect must similar memories not - produce on simple and credulous men? Let your philosophers - reply to that!'"... - - "And, raising his hands to the sky: - - "'Who is He that made all that?'" - - -In 1797, by his Proclamation of Macerata, Bonaparte authorized the -residence of the French refugee priests in the Papal States, forbade -them to be molested, ordered the convents to support them, and allotted -them a salary in money. - -His variations in Egypt, his rages against the Church, of which he was -the restorer, show that an instinct of spirituality predominated in the -very midst of his errors; for his lapses and his irritations are not of -a philosophical nature and bear the impress of the religious character. - -Bonaparte, when giving Vignale the details of the funeral lights by -which he wished his remains to be surrounded, thought he saw signs that -his instructions were displeasing to Antomarchi; he entered into an -explanation with the doctor and said to him: - -"You are above those weaknesses: but how can it be helped? I am neither -a philosopher nor a doctor; I believe in God; I am of my father's -religion. We cannot all be atheists.... Are you able not to believe -in God? For, after all, everything proclaims His existence, and the -greatest geniuses have believed it.... You are a doctor.... Those -people only tackle matter: they never believe anything." - -You strong minds of the day, give up your admiration for Napoleon; you -have nothing to do with that poor man: did he not imagine that a comet -had come to fetch him, as it had carried off Cæsar of old? Moreover, -he "believed in God;" he "was of his father's religion;" he was not a -"philosopher;" he was not an "atheist;" he had not, like you, given -battle to the Almighty, although he had defeated a good many kings; -he found that "everything proclaimed the existence" of the Supreme -Being; he declared that "the greatest geniuses had believed in that -existence," and he wished to believe as his fathers did. Lastly, O -monstrous thing, this foremost man of modern times, this man of all the -centuries, was a Christian in the nineteenth century! His will begins -with this clause: - - "I DIE IN THE APOSTOLIC AND ROMAN RELIGION, IN THE BOSOM OF - WHICH I WAS BORN MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS AGO." - -In the third paragraph of the will of Louis XVI., we read: - - "I DIE IN THE UNION OF OUR HOLY MOTHER THE CATHOLIC, - APOSTOLIC AND ROMAN CHURCH." - -The Revolution has given us many a lesson; but is there any one of -them to be compared with this? Napoleon and Louis XVI. making the -same profession of faith! Would you know the value of the Cross? Seek -through the whole world for what best suits virtue in misfortune or the -man of genius dying. - -[Sidenote: Death of Napoleon.] - -On the 3rd of May, Napoleon was administered the sacrament of Extreme -Unction and received the Blessed Viaticum. The silence of the -bed-chamber was interrupted only by the death-sob, mingled with the -regular sound of the pendulum of a clock: the shadow, before stopping -on the dial, did a few more rounds; the luminary that outlined it -had a difficulty in dying out. On the 4th, the tempest of Cromwell's -death-pangs arose: almost all the trees at Longwood were uprooted. At -last, on the 5th, at eleven minutes to six in the evening, amid the -wind, the rain and the crash of the waves, Bonaparte gave up to God -the mightiest breath of life that ever quickened human clay. The last -words caught upon the conqueror's lips were, "_Tête... armée_," or -"_Tête d'armée._" His thoughts were still wandering in the midst of -combats. When he closed his eyes for ever, his sword, dead with him, -was laid by his side, a crucifix rested on his breast: the symbol of -peace, applied to the heart of Napoleon, calmed the throbbing of that -heart even as a ray from Heaven makes the wave to fall. - -* - -Bonaparte first desired to be interred in the Cathedral of Ajaccio; -then, by a codicil dated 16 April 1821, he bequeathed his bones -to France: Heaven had served him better; his real mausoleum is -the rock on which he expired: turn back to my story of the death -of the Duc d'Enghien. Napoleon, foreseeing the opposition of the -British Government to his last wishes, eventually made choice of a -burying-place in St. Helena. - -In a narrow valley known as Slane's or Geranium Valley, now Tomb -Valley, rises a fountain; Napoleon's Chinese servants, faithful as -Camoëns' Javanese, used to fill their pitchers there: weeping willows -overhang the spring; green grass, studded with tchampas, grows all -around: - -"The tchampas, despite its brilliancy and its perfume, is not a flower -that one seeks after, because it flourishes on the tombs," say the -Sanskrit poems. - -In the declivities of the bare rocks, bitter lemon-trees thrive ill, -with cocoanut-trees, larches and cone-trees of which men collect the -gum which sticks to the beards of the goats. - -Napoleon, booted, spurred, dressed in the uniform of a colonel of the -Guard, decorated with the Legion of Honour, was laid in state on his -little iron bedstead; upon that visage which was never astonished the -soul, as it fled, had left a sublime stupor. The planishers and joiners -soldered and nailed Bonaparte into a four-fold coffin of mahogany, of -lead, of mahogany again, and of tin: they seemed to fear that he would -never be imprisoned enough. The cloak which the erstwhile victor had -worn at the vast funeral of Marengo served as a pall to the coffin. - -Napoleon delighted in the willows of the spring; he asked for peace of -the Slane Valley even as banished Dante asked for peace of the Convent -of Corvo. In gratitude for the transient repose which he tasted there -during the last days of his life, he appointed that valley as the -shelter of his eternal rest. Speaking of the source, he said: - -"If God were willing that I should recover, I would raise a monument in -the spot where it springs." - -That monument was his tomb. In Plutarch's time, in a place consecrated -to the nymphs on the banks of the Strymon, one still saw a stone bench -on which Alexander had sat - -The obsequies were held on the 28th of May. The weather was fine: four -horses, led by grooms on foot, drew the hearse; four-and-twenty English -grenadiers, carrying no arms, surrounded it; Napoleon's horse followed. -The garrison of the island lined the precipices of the road. Three -squadrons of dragoons went before the procession; the 20th Regiment of -Infantry, the marines, the St. Helena Volunteers, the Royal Artillery, -with fifteen pieces of cannon, brought up the rear. Bands of musicians, -stationed at distances on the rocks, exchanged mournful tunes. On -reaching a pass, the hearse stopped; the twenty-four unarmed grenadiers -lifted up the corpse and had the honour of carrying it on their -shoulders to the burying-place. Three volleys of artillery saluted the -remains of Napoleon at the moment when he sank into the earth: all -the noise which he had made on that earth did not penetrate six feet -beneath it. - -A stone which was to have been employed in the building of a new house -for the exile was lowered upon his coffin, as it were the trap-door of -his last cell. - -They recited the verses from Psalm 87: - - "I am poor, and in labours from my youth: and being exalted - have been humbled and troubled. - - "Thy wrath hath come upon me.... [413]" - -The flag-ship fired minute-guns. This warlike harmony, lost in the -immensity of the Ocean, made response to the _Requiescat in pace._ -The Emperor, buried by his victors of Waterloo, had heard the last -cannon-shot of that battle; he did not hear the last detonation -with which England disturbed and honoured his sleep at St. Helena. -All withdrew, holding in their hands a branch of willow, as though -returning from the Feast of Palms. - -Lord Byron thought that the dictator of kings had abdicated his renown -with his blade, that he was going to die forgotten. The poet ought to -have known that Napoleon's destiny was a muse, like all high destinies. -That muse was able to change an abortive issue into a catastrophe -which revived its hero. The solitude of Napoleon's exile and tomb has -spread over a brilliant memory a spell of a different kind. Alexander -did not die under the eyes of Greece; he disappeared in the proud -perspectives of Babylon. Bonaparte has not died under the eyes of -France; he has vanished in the gorgeous horizons of the torrid zone. -He sleeps like a hermit or like a pariah in a valley, at the end of a -deserted pathway. The magnitude of the silence which presses upon him -equals the vastness of the noise that once surrounded him. The nations -are absent, their crowd has withdrawn; the tropic bird "harnessed," -says Buffon, "to the chariot of the sun," precipitates itself from the -orb of light; where does it rest to-day? It rests upon ashes whose -weight tilted the globe. - - "They all put crowns upon themselves after his death ... and - evils were multiplied in the earth[414]." - -[Sidenote: Influence of Napoleon.] - -This summing up of the Machabees on Alexander seems made for Napoleon: -"They have put crowns _upon themselves_, and evils have been multiplied -in the earth." Scarce twenty years have passed since Bonaparte's death, -and already the French Monarchy and the Spanish Monarchy[415] are no -more. The map of the world has changed; we have had to learn a new -geography: parted from their lawful sovereigns, nations have been flung -to sovereigns taken at haphazard; famous actors have stepped down from -the stage to which nameless actors have climbed; the eagles have taken -flight from the crest of the tall pine, fallen into the sea, while -frail shell-fish have fastened on to the sides of the still protecting -trunk. - -As, in the final result, all runs to its end, "the terrible spirit of -novelty which was passing over the world," as the Emperor said, to -which he had opposed the cross-bar of his genius, resumes its course; -the conqueror's institutions decay; he will be the last of the great -individual existences; nothing henceforth will predominate in low and -levelled societies; the shade of Napoleon will tower alone at the -extremity of the destroyed old world, like the phantom of the deluge -at the edge of its abyss: a distant posterity will discern that shade -across the gulf into which unknown centuries will fall, until the -appointed day of the social re-birth. - -* - -Since it is my own life which I am writing while busying myself with -others, great and small, I am obliged to mix this life with men and -things, when it happens to be recalled. Did I, in one flight, without -ever stopping, pass through the memory of the transported one who, in -his ocean prison, awaited the execution of God's decree? No. - -The peace which Napoleon had not concluded with the kings his gaolers -he had made with me: I was a son of the sea like himself; my nativity -was one of the rock like his. I flatter myself to have known Napoleon -better than they who saw him oftener and approached him more closely. - -Napoleon at St. Helena, ceasing to have occasion to maintain his anger -with me, had abandoned his hostility; I, becoming more just in my turn, -wrote the following article in the _Conservateur_: - - "The nations have called Bonaparte a scourge; but the - scourges of God retain something of the eternity and grandeur - of the divine wrath whence they emanate: 'Ye dry bones ... - I will send spirit into you, and you shall live[416].' Born - in an island to go and die in an island, on the boundaries - of three continents; cast in the midst of the seas in which - Camoëns seemed to foretell him by placing there the genius of - the tempests, Bonaparte cannot stir on his rock but we are - apprized of it by a concussion; a step of the new Adamastor - at the other Pole makes itself felt at this. If Napoleon, - escaping from the hands of his gaolers, were to retire to the - United States, his looks fixed upon the Ocean would be enough - to disturb the nations of the Old World; his mere presence - on the American shore of the Atlantic would oblige Europe to - camp on the opposite shore[417]." - -This article reached Bonaparte at St. Helena; a hand which he thought -hostile poured the last balsam on his wounds; he said to M. de -Montholon: - -"If, in 1814 and 1815, the royal confidence had not been placed in -men whose souls were enervated by circumstances too strong for them, -or who, renegades to their country, saw safety and glory for their -master's throne only in the yoke of the Holy Alliance; if the Duc -de Richelieu, whose ambition it was to deliver his country from the -presence of the foreign bayonets, if Chateaubriand, who had just -rendered such eminent services at Ghent, had had the direction of -affairs, France would have issued powerful and dreaded from those two -great national crises. Chateaubriand has been gifted by nature with -the Promethean fire: his works witness it. His style is not that of -Racine, it is that of the prophet. If ever he arrives at the helm -of State, it is possible that Chateaubriand may go astray: so many -others have found their ruin there! But what is certain is that all -that is great and national must be fitting to his genius, and that -he would have indignantly rejected the ignominious acts of the then -administration[418]." - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's verdict on myself.] - -Such were my last relations with Bonaparte. Why should I not admit that -that opinion "tickles my heart's proud weakness"? Many little men to -whom I have rendered great services have not judged me so favourably as -the giant whose might I had dared to attack. - -* - -While the Napoleonic world was becoming obliterated, I inquired into -the places where Napoleon himself had passed from view. The tomb at -St. Helena has already worn out one of the willows his contemporaries: -the decrepit and fallen tree is daily mutilated by the pilgrims. The -sepulchre is surrounded by a cast-iron grating; three flag-stones are -laid cross-wise over the grave; a few irises grow at the head and feet; -the spring of the valley still flows in the spot where prodigious days -dried up. Travellers brought by the tempest think it the proper thing -to chronicle their obscurity on the brilliant sepulchre. An old woman -has established herself close by, and lives on the shadow of a memory; -a pensioner stands sentry in a sentry-box. - -The old Longwood, at two hundred steps from the new, is abandoned. -Across an enclosure filled with dung, one arrives at a stable; it used -to serve Bonaparte as a bed-room. A negro shows you a sort of passage -occupied by a hand-mill and says: - -"Here he died." - -The room in which Napoleon first saw the light was probably neither -larger nor more luxurious. - -At the new Longwood, Plantation House, inhabited by the Governor, one -sees the Duke of Wellington in portraiture and the pictures of his -battles. A glass-doored cupboard contains a piece of the tree near -which the English general stood at Waterloo; this relic is placed -between an olive-branch gathered in the Garden of Olives and some -ornaments worn by South-Sea savages: a curious association on the part -of the abusers of the waves. It is useless for the victor here to try -to substitute himself for the vanquished, under the protection of a -branch from the Holy Land and the memory of Cook; it is enough that, at -St. Helena, one finds solitude, the Ocean and Napoleon. - -If one were to search into the history of the transformation of the -shores made illustrious by tombs, cradles, palaces, what variety -of things and destinies would one not see, since such strange -metamorphoses are worked even in the obscure dwellings to which our -puny lives are attached! In what hut was Clovis born? In what chariot -did Attila see the light? What torrent covers Alaric's burying-place? -What jackal stands where stood Alexander's coffin of gold or crystal? -How many times have those ashes changed their place? And all those -mausoleums in Egypt and India: to whom do they belong? God alone knows -the cause of those changes linked with the mystery of the future: -for men there are truths hidden in the depths of time; they manifest -themselves only with the help of the ages, even as there are stars so -far removed from the earth that their light has not yet reached us. - -* - -But while I was writing this, time has progressed: it has produced an -event which would partake of greatness, if events did not nowadays -tumble into the mud. We have asked in London to have Bonaparte's -remains restored; the request has been entertained: what does England -care for old bones? She will make us as many presents of that sort as -we like. Napoleon's remains have come back to us at the moment of our -humiliation; they might have undergone the right of search; but the -foreigner showed himself compliant: he gave a pass to the ashes. - -The translation of Napoleon's relics is an offense against fame. No -burial in Paris will ever be as good as Slane Valley: who would wish -to see Pompey elsewhere than in the furrow of sand thrown up by a poor -freedman, assisted by an old legionary? What shall we do with those -magnificent relics in the midst of our miseries? Will the hardest -granite represent the perpetuity of Bonaparte's works? If even we -possessed a Michael Angelo to carve the funeral statue?--How would one -fashion the monument? To little men mausoleums, to great men a stone -and a name. If, at least, they had suspended the coffin on the coping -of the Arc de Triomphe, if the nations had seen their master from afar -borne on the shoulders of his victories? Was not Trajan's urn in Rome -set at the top of his column? Napoleon, among us, will be lost in the -mob of those tatterdemalions of dead who steal away in silence. God -grant that he may not be exposed to the vicissitudes of our political -changes, protected though he may be by Louis XIV., Vauban and Turenne! -Beware of those violations of tombs so common in our country! Let a -certain side of the Revolution triumph, and the conqueror's dust may go -to join the dusts which our passions have scattered: men will forget -the vanquisher of the nations to remember only the oppressor of their -liberties. The bones of Napoleon will not reproduce his genius: they -will teach his despotism to second-rate soldiers. - -[Sidenote: Napoleon's home-coming.] - -Be this as it may, a frigate was supplied to a son[419] of -Louis-Philippe: a name dear to our ancient naval victories protected -it on the waves. Sailing from Toulon, where Bonaparte had embarked in -his might for the conquest of Egypt, the new Argo came to St. Helena -to claim what no longer existed. The sepulchre, with its silence, -continued to rise motionless in Slane or Geranium Valley. Of the two -weeping willows, one had fallen; Lady Dallas, the wife of a governor -of the island, had planted, to replace the decayed tree, eighteen -young willows and four-and-thirty cypresses; the spring, still there, -flowed as when Napoleon drank its water. During a whole night, under -the direction of an English captain named Alexander, the men worked at -opening the monument. The four coffins fitted one within the other, the -mahogany coffin, the lead coffin, the second mahogany or West-Indian -wood coffin, and the tin coffin, were discovered intact. They proceeded -to the inspection of those mummified moulds in a tent, in the centre of -a circle of officers, some of whom had known Bonaparte. - -"When the last coffin was opened," says the Abbé Coquereau[420], -"our looks plunged in. They met a whitish mass which covered the -whole length of the body. Dr. Gaillard, touching it, distinguished a -white satin cushion which lined the inside of the upper plank of the -coffin: it had become unfastened and lay about the remains like a -winding-sheet.... - -"The whole body seemed as though covered with a light foam; one would -have said that we were looking at it through a transparent cloud. It -was certainly his head: a pillow raised it slightly; his wide forehead, -his eyes, the sockets of which were outlined beneath the eye-lids, -still fringed with a few lashes; his cheeks were swollen, his nose -alone had suffered, his mouth, half-open, displayed three teeth of -great whiteness; on his chin the mark of the beard was perfectly -clear; his two hands especially seemed to belong to some one who still -breathed, so quick were they in tone and colouring; one of them, the -left hand, was raised a little higher than the right; his nails had -grown after death: they were long and white; one of his boots had come -unsewn and let through four of his toes of a dull white." - -* - -What was it that struck the disinterrers? The inanity of earthly -things? Man's vanity? No, the beauty of the dead man; his nails only -had lengthened, to tear, I presume, what remained of liberty in the -world. His feet, restored to humility, no longer rested on crown -cushions; they lay bare in their dust. The son of Condé also was -dressed in the moat at Vincennes; yet Napoleon, so well preserved, had -been reduced to exactly those "three teeth" which the bullets had left -in the jaw of the Duc d'Enghien. - -The eclipsed star of St. Helena has reappeared to the great joy of -the peoples: the world has seen Napoleon again; Napoleon has not seen -the world again. The conqueror's vagrant ashes have been looked down -upon by the same stars that guided him to his exile: Bonaparte passed -through the tomb, as he passed through everything, without stopping. -Landed at the Havre, the corpse arrived at the Arc de Triomphe, a -canopy beneath which the sun shows its face on certain days of the -year. From that arch to the Invalides, one saw nothing but wooden -columns, plaster busts, a statue of the Great Condé (a hideous pulp -which ran), deal obelisks commemorative of the victor's indestructible -life. A sharp cold made the generals drop around the funeral car, as -in the retreat from Moscow. Nothing was beautiful, except the mourning -barge which had carried Napoleon in silence on the Seine, and a -crucifix. - -Robbed of his catafalque of rocks, Napoleon has come to be buried -in the dirt of Paris. Instead of ships which used to salute the new -Hercules, consumed upon Mount Œta, the washerwomen of Vaugirard will -roam around him with pensioners unknown to the Grande Armée. By way of -prelude to this feebleness, little men were able to imagine nothing -better than an open-air wax-work show. After a few days' rain, nothing -remained of these decorations but squalid odds and ends. Whatever we -may do, the real sepulchre of the triumpher will always be seen in the -midst of the seas: the body is with us, the life immortal at St. Helena. - -Napoleon has closed the era of the past: he made war too great for it -to return in a manner to interest mankind. He slammed the doors of the -Temple of Janus violently after him; and behind those doors he heaped -up piles of dead bodies, to prevent them from ever opening again. - -* - -[Sidenote: A visit to the Golfe Juan.] - -In Europe I have been to visit the parts where Bonaparte landed after -breaking his ban at Elba. I alighted at the inn at Cannes[421] at the -very moment when the guns were firing in commemoration of the 29th of -July[422]: one of the results of the Emperor's incursion, doubtless -unforeseen by him. Night had fallen when I arrived at the Golfe Juan; I -got down at a lonely house alongside the high-road. Jacquemin, potter -and inn-keeper, the owner of the house, led me to the sea. We went by -sunk roads between olive-trees under which Bonaparte had bivouacked: -Jacquemin himself had received him and guided me. To the left of the -cross-path stood a sort of covered shed: Napoleon, invading France -alone, had deposited the luggage with which he had landed in that shed. - -On reaching the beach, I saw a calm sea wrinkled by not the slightest -breath; the surge, thin as gauze, unrolled itself over the sand -noiselessly and foamlessly. An astonishing sky, all resplendent with -constellations, crowned my head. The crescent of the moon soon sank and -hid itself behind a mountain. In the gulf lay only one bark at anchor, -and two boats: to the left appeared the Antibes light-house, to the -right the Lérins Isles; before me, the main sea opened out to the South -in the direction of Rome, to which Bonaparte had first sent me. - -The Lérins Isles, now called the Sainte-Marguerite Isles, of old -received a few Christians fleeing before the Barbarians. St. -Honoratus[423], coming from Hungary, landed on one of those rocks: he -climbed a palm-tree, made the sign of the Cross, and all the serpents -died, that is to say, paganism disappeared and the new civilization was -born in the West. - -Fourteen hundred years later, Bonaparte came to end that civilization -in the parts in which the saint had commenced it. The last solitary -of those hermitages was the Man in the Iron Mask, if the Iron Mask is -a reality. From the silence of the Golfe Juan, from the peace of the -islands of the anchorites of old, issued the noise of Waterloo, which -crossed the Atlantic to die out at St Helena. - -[Sidenote: In praise of indifference.] - -One can imagine what I felt, between the memories of two societies, -between a world extinct and a world ready to become extinct, at night, -on that deserted sea-board. I left the beach in a sort of religious -consternation, leaving the billows to pass and pass again, without -obliterating them, over the traces of Napoleon's last step but one. - -At the end of each great epoch of time, one hears some voice, doleful -with regrets of the past, sound the curfew: thus moaned they who saw -vanish Charlemagne, St. Louis, Francis I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. -What could I not say, in my turn, eye-witness that I am of two or three -lapsed worlds? When one has met, as I have, Washington and Bonaparte, -what remains there to look at behind the plough of the American -Cincinnatus and the tomb at St Helena? Why have I survived the age -and the men to whom I belonged by the date of my birth? Why did I not -fall with my contemporaries, the last of an exhausted race? Why have I -remained alone to seek their bones in the dust and darkness of a full -catacomb? I am disheartened at lasting. Ah, if only I possessed the -indifference of one of those old long-shore Arabs whom I met in Africa! -Seated cross-legged on a little rope mat, their head wrapped in their -burnoose, they while away their last hours in following with their -eyes, in the azure of the sky, the beautiful flamingo flying along the -ruins of Carthage; lulled by the murmuring of the waves, they half -forget their existence and, in a low voice, sing a song of the sea: -they are going to die. - -[356] The Empress Joséphine died at the Malmaison on the 29th of May -1814.--B. - -[357] 29 June 1815.--B. - -[358] Nicolas Léonard Comte Beker (1770-1840), a general of division, -count of the Empire, and grand officer of the Legion of Honour. -He fell out of favour with Napoleon, and was sent in disgrace to -Belle-Isle-en-Mer, where he remained in command till 1814. He was a -member of the Chamber of Representatives during the Hundred Days. Louis -XVIII. raised him to the peerage in 1819.--B. - -[359] Louis XVI. purchased Rambouillet from the Penthièvre Family in -1778.--T. - -[360] 3 July 1815.--B. - -[361] Captain, later Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland -(1779-1839).--T. - -[362] Themistocles (_circa_ 535 B.C.--470 B.C.) took refuge, when -exiled from Athens, first with Admetes King of the Molossians, -and secondly with Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, who showed him a -magnificent hospitality, but wished to make him bear arms against -Greece. Themistocles took poison to avoid being forced to obey.--T. - -[363] General Sir Robert Thomas Wilson (1777-1849) accompanied the -Russian army in the campaign of 1812 and took a prominent part in the -fighting. He was appointed Governor of Gibraltar in 1842. Wilson was -one of the three Englishmen instrumental in the escape of the Comte de -Lavallette from Paris in 1816.--T. - -[364] Mikhail Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of Smolensk (1745-1813), -commanded the Russian forces at Borodino and Smolensk in 1812.--T. - -[365] Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount Keith (1746-1823), -Commander-in-Chief of the Channel Fleet, was at Plymouth when the -news reached him of Bonaparte's surrender, and was, throughout, the -intermediary between the Government and Napoleon relative to his being -sent to St. Helena.--T. - -[366] Tamerlane Khan of Tartary (1336-1405), the famous Oriental -warrior.--T. - -[367] Dominique Francois Toussaint-Louverture (1743-1803), a coloured -native of San Domingo, assisted the French to drive out the Spaniards -and English and to repress a rising of mulattoes, and was successively -appointed general of brigade, general of division, and finally -Commander-in-Chief of the armies of San Domingo. But, in 1800, he -proclaimed himself President for life. He refused to recognise General -Leclerc, sent out to restore French authority (1802), but found himself -obliged to capitulate, and was arrested as a conspirator, transported -to France, and imprisoned in the fort of Joux, where he died.--T. - -[368] Charles IV. King of Spain (1748-1819) was sent as a prisoner, by -Napoleon, to Compiègne and to Marseilles.--T. - -[369] Colonel Sir Hudson Lowe (1770-1844), Napoleon's keeper at St. -Helena. He was promoted on his return, in 1823, and richly rewarded -for his services, but lost the greater portion of his fortune in -speculation.--T. - -[370] Charles Tristan Comte de Montholon (1782-1853) remained with -Bonaparte until his death. He published his _Mémoires pour servir_ -in collaboration with General Gourgaud, and, in 1840, took part in -Louis-Napoleon's expedition to Boulogne, subsequently sharing his -imprisonment at Ham.--T. - -[371] Marie Joseph Emmanuel Auguste Dieudonné Comte de Las Cases -(1766-1842) was expelled by Lowe from St. Helena in 1816 and sent to -the Cape of Good Hope; later he was sent to Europe and detained as -a prisoner. He was permitted to return to France after the death of -Napoleon, and published his famous _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_ in -1822-23.--T. - -[372] Napoleon was not disarmed. According to M. Thiers, "as he was -crossing from the _Bellerophon_ to the _Northumberland_, Admiral Keith, -with visible pain and in the most respectful tone, addressed these -words to the Emperor: - -"'General, England commands me to ask for your sword.' - -"To these words Napoleon replied with a look which showed to what -extremities it would be necessary to stoop to disarm him. Lord Keith -did not insist, and Napoleon kept his glorious sword." - -This scene is pure fiction; it is even contradicted by the Comte de Las -Cases in his _Mémorial_, where he says: - -"I asked if it would be really possible that they should go so far as -to take the Emperor's sword from him. The admiral replied that they -would respect it, but that Napoleon would be the only one, and that all -the rest would be disarmed." - -Napoleon therefore kept his sword, and his companions recovered theirs -on their arrival at St. Helena.--B. - -[373] The combined Dutch and English fleets defeated the French fleet -off Cape la Hogue on the 29th of May 1692.--T. - -[374] The French gained a bloody victory over the Russians at Smolensk -in 1812.--T. - -[375] These references, occurring in Books II. and III., form part of -the portion excised from the Memoirs for separate publication.--T. - -[376] Caius Asinius Pollio (B.C. 77--A.D. 3): _cf._ the Letters to -Cicero.--T. - -[377] Louis XIV. King of France (1638-1715) was 68 years of age at the -date of the Battle of Ramillies.--T. - -[378] François de Neufville, Maréchal Duc de Villeroi (1643-1730), was -defeated at Ramillies by the Duke of Marlborough in 1706.--T. - -[379] As who, in these days, should say "Tommy."--T. - -[380] Elizabeth Patterson (1785-1879) married Jerome Bonaparte, at -Philadelphia, in 1803. He divorced her, in 1807, at Napoleon's bidding, -in order to marry the Princess Catherine of Wurtemberg.--T. - -[381] Dumouriez defeated the Austrians at Jemappes on the 6th of -October 1792.--T. - -[382] 27 Tune 1794.--T. - -[383] April to November 1794.--T. - -[384] February 1797.--T. - -[385] 25 and 26 September 1799.--T. - -[386] 3 December 1800.--T. - -[387] João de Nova (_fl._ 1500) was a Spanish navigator in Portuguese -service. He had discovered the island of Concepcion in the previous -year.--T. - -[388] St. Helen (_d._ 328), first wife of Constantius I. Chlorus and -mother of Constantine. Her husband repudiated her when he was created -Emperor, to marry the daughter of Maximian. When Constantine became -Emperor, he gave his mother the title of Empress, and she embraced -Christianity with her son. St. Helen visited Jerusalem in 325, built a -church on Mount Calvary, and discovered the remains of the True Cross -in 326.--T. - -[389] Constantine I. the Great (274-337) became Emperor in 306 and -embraced Christianity in 312.--T. - -[390] Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), the -Prussian explorer, author of several geographical works including the -_Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent_ (Paris, 1799 _et -seq._), from which the above extract is taken.--T. - -[391] - - Io mi volsi a man destra, e posi mente - All'astro polo, e vidi quattro stelle - Non viste mai fuor ch'alla prima gente. - (_Il Purgatorio_, I. 22-24).--B. - -[392] St Napoleon (_fl._ 13th century), of Rome, canonized by Pope -Pius VII. to be honoured on the 15th of August, the date of Napoleon -Bonaparte's birthday in 1769.--T. - -[393] Admiral Sir George Cockburn (1772-1853) conveyed Bonaparte to -St. Helena on board the _Northumberland_ and remained at St. Helena as -Governor from October 1815 to the summer of 1816.--T. - -[394] M. Muiron (_d._ 1796).--B. - -[395] The French commissary was the Marquis de Montchenu; the Austrian, -Baron von Stürmer; the Russian, the Comte de Balmaine.--B. - -[396] Jean Baptiste Isabey (1764-1855), a pupil of David, and a famous -miniature painter. He was successively appointed first painter to the -Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, Court Painter to the Emperor and, later, -to King Louis XVIII., Organizer of Court Festivities, and Assistant -Keeper of the Royal Museums (1827). Isabey painted the portraits in -miniature of all the principal persons in Europe, from Napoleon to -Alexander.--T. - -[397] William Pitt second Lord, later first Earl Amherst (1773-1857) -was sent, in 1816, as Ambassador to China, where he met with but small -success. Lord Amherst was appointed Governor-General of India in -1823.--T. - -[398] Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm (1768-1838), Commander-in-Chief of -the St. Helena Station in 1816 and 1817.--T. - -[399] Captain Basil Hall (1788-1844), author of a number of volumes -of Voyages, the best-known of which was published in 1815, after his -return from St. Helena, entitled, _An Account of a Voyage of Discovery -to the West Coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo Islands._--B. - -[400] The explosion, directed against Bonaparte while First Consul, -took place on the 24th of December 1800, in the Rue Saint-Nicaise in -Paris, a few moments after the Consul had passed by. Eight persons were -killed and twenty-eight grievously wounded.--T. - -[401] Jean Antoine Rossignol (1759-1802), a famous and shifty -demagogue, had been General Commanding-in-Chief in the Vendée of the -army known as that of the Côtes de La Rochelle. He displayed the -grossest incapacity and was guilty of the greatest atrocities. He had -been constantly imprisoned by various governments or parties, and, -after the explosion of the infernal machine, was transported to the -Island of Anjuan or Johanna, in the Comores, where he died on the 28th -of April 1802.--T. - -[402] _Cf._ VICTOR BARRUCAND, _La Vie véritable de Jean Rossignol_ -(Paris, 1896).--B. - -[403] Alessandro Conte Manzoni (1784-1873), the Italian poet, from -whose ode, _Il Cinque Maggio_, the above lines are taken.--T. - -[404] Melchiore Cesarotti (1730-1808), professor of Greek and Hebrew -at the University of Padua, had received many kindnesses at Napoleon's -hands. He published valuable translations in Italian of Ossian, -Demosthenes and Homer, in addition to several original works on -literature and philosophy.--T. - -[405] LU. IV, 5-12.--T. - -[406] 27 November 1816.--B. - -[407] Henry Richard Vassall Fox, third Lord Holland (1773-1840), nephew -and follower of Charles James Fox, and noted for his generous conduct -towards France.--T. - -[408] Henry third Earl Bathurst (1762-1834), Secretary for War and the -Colonies in Lord Liverpool's Ministry.--T. - -[409] The Abbé Buonavita and the Abbé Vignale. They arrived at St. -Helena on the 20th of September 1819.--B. - -[410] Thomas Johnson (1772-1839), alternately a smuggler and a pilot -to the Royal Navy, twice broke jail and ended as the recipient of a -pension of £100 a year.--T. - -[411] Francesco Antomarchi (1780-1830), a native of Corsica, was a -professor of anatomy at Florence, when Cardinal Fesch selected him to -go to St. Helena to attend Napoleon, from whose side Dr. O'Meara had -been removed. He arrived in the same ship as the Abbés Buonavita and -Vignale and remained with the Emperor till his death.--B. - -[412] At the Malmaison.--_Author's Note._ - -[413] _Ps._ LXXXVII. 16, 17.--T. - -[414] _Machab._ I. 10.--T. - -[415] On the death of Ferdinand VII., in 1833, the crown was usurped -on behalf of Isabella II., to the prejudice of Charles V., the _de -jure_ King, with the Dowager Queen Christina as Regent. The latter -was forced, in 1840, to abdicate the Regency in favour of General -Espartero, the revolutionary leader, who remained in power until -1843.--T. - -[416] EZE. 37, 4-5.--T. - -[417] _Conservateur_, 17 November 1818 (vol. I. p. 333).--B. - -[418] MONTHOLON: _Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France sous -Napoléon_, vol. IV. p. 243.--_Author's Note._ - -[419] François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie Prince de Joinville -(1818-1900), fourth son of Louis Philippe, commanded the frigate -_Belle-Poule_ sent to convey Napoleon's remains to France in 1840.--T. - -[420] The Abbé Félix Coquereau (1808-1866) was chaplain of the frigate -_Belle-Poule_, and author of _Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène_ from which -the above quotation is taken. In 1850, Louis Napoleon appointed him -Chaplain-in-Chief to the fleet.--B. - -[421] Chateaubriand visited Cannes and the Golfe Juan in the month of -July 1838.--B. - -[422] The 29th of July 1830 was the date of the abdication of Charles -X., the last reigning sovereign of the Elder Branch of the House of -Bourbon.--T. - -[423] St. Honoratus, Bishop of Arles (_d._ 429) founded the monastery -of Lerins, _circa_ 400. He is honoured on the 16th of January.--T. - - -END OF VOL. III. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--DE CHATEAUBRIAND, VOL 3 *** - -***** This file should be named 54807-0.txt or 54807-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/8/0/54807/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. volume 3 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe volume 3 - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - -Translator: Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: May 29, 2017 [EBook #54807] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--DE CHATEAUBRIAND, VOL 3 *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> -<h1>THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ</h1> - -<h1>VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND</h1> - -<h3>SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND</h3> - -<h4>BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS<br /> -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. III</h4> - -<h4> -"NOTRE SANG A TEINT<br /> -LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE" -</h4> - -<h5>LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE<br /> -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII</h5> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<h4>CONTENTS</h4> - - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">VOLUME III</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_V">BOOK V</a> <span class="linenum">3-41</span></p> - -<p>The years 1807, 1808, 1809 and 1810—Article in the Mercure of -July 1807—I purchase the Vallée-aux-Loups and retire to it—The -<i>Martyrs</i>—Armand de Chateaubriand—The years 1811, 1812, 1813, -1814—Publication of the <i>Itinéraire</i>—Letter from the Cardinal de -Bausset—Death of Chénier—I become a member of the Institute—The -affair of my speech—The decennial prizes—The <i>Essai sur les -Révolutions</i>—The <i>Natchez.</i></p> - - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">PART THE THIRD</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">1814-1830</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_I">BOOKS I AND II</a> <span class="linenum">45-58</span></p> - -<p>The last days of the Empire</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_III">BOOK III</a> <span class="linenum">59-105</span></p> - -<p>Entry of the Allies into Paris—Bonaparte at Fontainebleau—The -Regency at Blois—Publication of my pamphlet <i>De Bonaparte et des -Bourbons</i>—The Senate issues the decree of dethronement—The house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin—M. de Talleyrand—Addresses of the -Provisional Government—Constitution proposed by the Senate—Arrival of -the Comte d'Artois—Bonaparte abdicates at Fontainebleau—Napoleon's -itinerary to the island of Elba—Louis XVIII. at Compiègne—His entry -into Paris—The Old Guard—An irreparable mistake—The Declaration -of Saint-Ouen—Treaty of Paris—The Charter—Departure of the -Allies—First year of the Restoration—First ministry—I publish my -<i>Réflexions Politiques</i>—Madame la Duchesse de Duras—I am appointed -Ambassador to Sweden—Exhumation of the remains of Louis XVI.—The -first 21st of January at Saint-Denis</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a> <span class="linenum">106-148</span></p> - -<p>Napoleon at Elba—Commencement of the Hundred Days—The return from -Elba—Torpor of the Legitimacy—Article by Benjamin Constant—Order -of the day of Marshal Soult—A royal session—Petition of -the School of Law to the Chamber of Deputies—Plan for the -defense of Paris—Flight of the King—I leave with Madame de -Chateaubriand—Confusion on the road—The Duc d'Orléans and the Prince -de Condé—Tournai—Brussels—Memories—The Duc de Richelieu—The -King summons me to join him at Ghent—The Hundred Days at -Ghent—Continuation of the Hundred Days at Ghent—Affairs in Vienna</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_Vb">BOOK V</a> <span class="linenum">149-184</span></p> - -<p>The Hundred Days in Paris—Effect of the passage of the Legitimacy -in France—Bonaparte's astonishment—He is obliged to capitulate -to ideas which he thought smothered—His new system—Three -enormous gamblers remain—Illusions of the Liberals—Clubs -and Federates—Juggling away of the Republic: the Additional -Act—Convocation of the Chamber of Representatives—A useless -Champ de Mai—Cares and bitterness of Bonaparte—Resolution in -Vienna—Movement in Paris—What we were doing at Ghent—M. de -Blacas—The Battle of Waterloo—Confusion at Ghent—What the -Battle of Waterloo was—Return of the Emperor—Reappearance of La -Fayette—Renewed abdication of Bonaparte—Stormy scenes in the House -of Peers—Threatening portents for the Second Restoration—The -departure from Ghent—Arrival at Mons—I miss the first opportunity -of fortune in my political career—M. de Talleyrand at Mons—His -scene with the King—I stupidly interest myself on M. de Talleyrand's -behalf—Mons to Gonesse—With M. le Comte Beugnot I oppose Fouché's -nomination as minister: my reasons—The Duke of Wellington gains the -day—Arnouville—Saint-Denis—Last conversation with the King</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#BOOK_VI">BOOK VI</a> <span class="linenum">185-229</span></p> - -<p>Bonaparte at the Malmaison—General abandonment—Departure from the -Malmaison—Rambouillet—Rochefort—Bonaparte takes refuge on the -English fleet—He writes to the Prince Regent—Bonaparte on the -<i>Bellerophon</i>—Torbay—Act confining Bonaparte in St Helena—He -passes over to the Northumberland and sets sail—Judgment on -Bonaparte—Character of Bonaparte—Has Bonaparte left us in -renown what he has lost us in strength?—Futility of the truths -set forth above—The Island of St. Helena—Bonaparte crosses the -Atlantic—Napoleon lands at St. Helena—His establishment at -Longwood—Precautions—Life at Longwood—Visits—Manzoni—Illness of -Bonaparte—Ossian—Reveries of Napoleon in sight of the sea—Projects -of evasion—Last occupation of Bonaparte—He lies down to rise no -more—He dictates his will—Napoleon's religious sentiments—The -chaplain Vignale—Napoleon's speech to Antomarchi, his doctor—He -receives the last sacraments—He expires—His funeral—Destruction of -the Napoleonic world—My last relations with Bonaparte—St. Helena -after the death of Napoleon—Exhumation of Bonaparte—My visit to -Cannes</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h5>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;"> -<a href="#front">Louis XVIII</a><br /> -<a href="#chat03001">Charles X. (as Comte D'artois)</a><br /> -<a href="#chat03002">La Fayette</a><br /> -<a href="#chat03003">Talleyrand</a><br /> -<a href="#chat03004">Fouché, Duc d'Otrante</a><br /> -<a href="#chat03005">Pius VII</a><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="front"></a> -<img src="images/front.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Louis XVIII.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h3><a name="THE_MEMOIRS_OF_CHATEAUBRIAND" id="THE_MEMOIRS_OF_CHATEAUBRIAND">THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</a></h3> - -<hr /> -<h5>VOLUME III</h5> - - - -<hr /> -<h4><a name="BOOK_V" id="BOOK_V">BOOK V</a><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h4> - - -<p>The years 1807, 1808, 1809 and 1810—Article in the Mercure of -July 1807—I purchase the Vallée-aux-Loups and retire to it—The -<i>Martyrs</i>—Armand de Chateaubriand—The years 1811, 1812, 1813, -1814—Publication of the <i>Itinéraire</i>—Letter from the Cardinal de -Bausset—Death of Chénier—I become a member of the Institute—The -affair of my speech—The decennial prizes—The <i>Essai sur les -Révolutions</i>—The <i>Natchez.</i></p> - - -<p class="p2">Madame de Chateaubriand had been very ill during my travels; her -friends had often given her up for lost. In some notes which M. de -Clausel has written for his children, and which he has been good enough -to permit me to look through, I find this passage:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"M. de Chateaubriand left on his journey to Jerusalem in the -month of July 1806: during his absence I went every day to -Madame de Chateaubriand. Our traveller did me the kindness to -write me a letter of several pages from Constantinople, which -you will find in the drawer in our library at Coussergues. -During the winter of 1806 to 1807, we knew that M. de -Chateaubriand was at sea, on his way back to Europe; one day -I had gone for a walk in the garden of the Tuileries with M. -de Fontanes, in a terrible west wind; we had taken shelter on -the terrace by the water-side. M. de Fontanes said to me:</p> - -<p>"Perhaps, at this minute, a blast of this horrible storm will -wreck his ship.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> - -<p>"We learnt since that this presentiment was very nearly -realized. I make a note of this to express the lively -friendship; the interest in M. de Chateaubriand's literary -fame, which was to increase by this voyage; the noble, the -deep and rare sentiments which animated M. de Fontanes, an -excellent man whom I, too, have to thank for great services, -and whom I urge you to remember in your prayers to God."</p></blockquote> - -<p>If I were destined to live, and if I could cause to live in my works -all the persons who are dear to me, how gladly would I take with me all -my friends!</p> - -<p>Full of hope, I brought home my handful of gleanings my period of -repose did not last long.</p> - -<p>By a series of arrangements, I had become the sole proprietor of the -<i>Mercure.</i><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Towards the end of June 1807, M. Alexandre de Laborde -published his <i>Journey in Spain</i>; in July I wrote the article in the -<i>Mercure</i> from which I have quoted certain passages when speaking of -the death of the Duc d'Enghien: "When in the silence of abjection," -etc. Bonaparte's successes, far from subduing me, had revolted me; I -had gathered fresh energy in my opinions and in the storms. I did not -in vain carry a face bronzed by the sun, nor had I exposed myself to -the wrath of the heavens to tremble with darkened brow before a man's -anger. If Napoleon had done with the kings, he had not done with me. -My article, falling in the midst of his successes and of his wonders, -stirred France: copies in manuscript were distributed broadcast; -several subscribers to the <i>Mercure</i> cut out the article and had it -bound separately; it was read in the drawing-rooms and hawked about -from house to house. One must have lived at that time to form an idea -of the effect produced by a voice resounding alone amid the silence -of the world. The noble sentiments thrust down at the bottom of men's -hearts revived. Napoleon flew out: one is less irritated by reason of -the offense received than by reason of the idea one has formed of one's -self. What! To despise his very glory; to brave for a second time the -man at whose feet the universe lay prostrate!</p> - -<p>"Does Chateaubriand think that I am an idiot, that I don't understand -him! I will have him cut down on the Steps of the Tuileries!"</p> - -<p>He gave the order to suppress the <i>Mercure</i> and to arrest me. My -property perished; my person escaped by a miracle:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> Bonaparte had to -occupy himself with the world; he forgot me, but I remained under the -burden of the threat.</p> - -<p>My position was a deplorable one: when I felt bound to act according to -the inspiration of my sense of honour, I found myself burdened with my -personal responsibility and with the trouble which I caused my wife. -Her courage was great, but she suffered none the less for it, and -those storms successively called down upon my head disturbed her life. -She had suffered so much for me during the Revolution; it was natural -that she should long for a little rest. The more so in that Madame de -Chateaubriand admired Bonaparte unreservedly; she had no illusions as -to the Legitimacy: she never ceased predicting what would happen to me -on the return of the Bourbons.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Vallée-aux-Loups.</div> - -<p>The first book of these Memoirs is dated from the Vallée-aux-Loups, -on the 4th of October 1811: I there give a description of the little -retreat which I bought to hide me at that time<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. Leaving our -apartment at Madame de Coislin's, we went first to live in the Rue des -Saints-Perès, in the Hôtel de Lavalette, which took its name from the -master and mistress<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> of the hotel.</p> - -<p>M. de Lavalette was thick-set, wore a plum-coloured coat, and carried a -gold-headed cane: he became my man of business, if I have ever had any -business. He had been an officer of the buttery to the King, and what I -did not eat up<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> he drank.</p> - -<p>At the end of November, seeing that the repairs to my cottage were not -progressing, I determined to go and superintend them. We arrived at -the Vallée in the evening. We did not take the ordinary road, but went -in through the gate at the foot of the garden. The soil of the drives, -soaked through with rain, prevented the horses from going; the carriage -upset. A plaster bust of Homer, placed beside Madame de Chateaubriand, -dashed through the window and broke its neck: a bad omen for the -<i>Martyrs</i>, at which I was then working.</p> - -<p>The house, full of workmen laughing, singing, and hammering, was -warmed by blazing shavings and lighted by candle-ends; it looked like -a hermitage illuminated at night by pilgrims, in the woods. Delighted -to find two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> rooms made fairly comfortable, in one of which supper had -been laid, we sat down to table. The next morning, awakened by the -sound of the hammers and the songs of the husbandmen, I saw the sun -rise with less anxiety than the master of the Tuileries.</p> - -<p>I was in an endless enchantment; without being Madame de Sévigné, I -went, provided with a pair of wooden clogs, to plant my trees in the -mud, to pass up and down the same walks, to look again and again at -every smallest corner, to hide wherever there was a tuft of brushwood, -saying to myself that this would be my park in the future: for then -the future was not lacking. When striving, to-day, by force of memory -to re-open the closed horizon, I no longer find the same, but I meet -with others. I lose myself in my vanished thoughts; the illusions into -which I fall are perhaps as fair as their predecessors; only they are -no longer so young: what I used to see in the splendour of the south, -I now perceive by the light of the sunset. If, nevertheless, I could -cease to be harassed by dreams! Bayard, summoned to surrender a place, -replied:</p> - -<p>"Wait till I have made a bridge of dead bodies, to pass over with my -garrison."</p> - -<p>I fear that, to go out, I shall need to pass over the bodies of my -fancies.</p> - -<p>My trees, being as yet small, did not gather the sounds of the autumn -winds; but, in spring, the breezes which inhaled the breath of the -flowers of the neighbouring fields retained it and poured it over my -valley.</p> - -<p>I made some additions to my cottage; I improved the appearance of its -brick walls with a portico supported by two black marble columns and -two white marble caryatides: I remembered that I had been to Athens. -My plan was to add a tower to the end of my pavilion; meantime I made -counterfeit battlements on the wall separating me from the road: I thus -anticipated the mediæval mania which is stupefying us at present. The -Vallée-aux-Loups is the only thing that I regret of all that I have -lost; it is written that nothing shall remain to me. After the loss of -my Valley, I planted the Infirmerie de Marie-Thérèse<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>, which also I -have lately left. I defy fate now to fix me to the smallest morsel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> -of earth; henceforth I shall have for a garden only those avenues, -honoured with such fine names, around the Invalides, along which I -stroll with my one-armed or limping colleagues. Not far from those -walks, Madame de Beaumont's cypress lifts its head; in those deserted -spaces, the great and frivolous Duchesse de Châtillon once leant upon -my arm. Now I give my arm only to time: it is very heavy!</p> - -<p>I worked with delight at my Memoirs, and the <i>Martyrs</i> made progress; -I had already read some books to M. de Fontanes. I had settled down in -the midst of my memories as in a large library; I consulted this and -then that, and next closed the register with a sigh, for I perceived -that the light, in penetrating into it, destroyed its mystery. Light up -the days of life, and they will no longer be what they are.</p> - -<p>In the month of July, I fell ill and was obliged to return to Paris. -The doctors rendered the illness dangerous. In the time of Hippocrates, -there was a dearth of dead in the lower regions, says the epigram: -thanks to our modern Hippocrates, there is an abundance to-day.</p> - -<p>This was perhaps the only moment at which, when near death, I felt a -desire to live. When I felt myself lapsing into faintness, which often -happened, I used to say to Madame de Chateaubriand:</p> - -<p>"Do not be alarmed; I shall come to."</p> - -<p>I lost consciousness, but with great inward impatience, for I clung to -God knows what. I also passionately longed to complete what I believed -and still believe to be my most correct work. I was paying the price of -the fatigue which I had undergone during my journey to the Levant.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonaparte and my portrait.</div> - -<p>Girodet<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> had put the finishing touches to my portrait. He made -me dark, as I then was; but he put all his genius into the work. -M. Denon<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> received the master-piece for the Salon<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>; like a -noble-hearted courtier, he prudently put it out of sight. When -Bonaparte took his view of the gallery, after examining the pictures, -he asked:</p> - -<p>"Where is the portrait of Chateaubriand?"</p> - -<p>He knew that it must be there: they were obliged to bring the outlaw -from his hiding-place. Bonaparte, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> fit of generosity had -evaporated, said, on inspecting the portrait:</p> - -<p>"He looks like a conspirator coming down the chimney."</p> - -<p>One day, on returning alone to the Vallée, I was told by Benjamin, the -gardener, that a fat strange gentleman had come and asked for me; that, -finding me out, he had said he would wait for me; that he had had an -omelette made for him; and that, afterwards, he had flung himself on -my bed. I went upstairs, entered my room, and saw something enormous -asleep; shaking that mass, I cried:</p> - -<p>"Hi! Hi! Who are you?"</p> - -<p>The mass gave a start and sat up. Its head was covered with a woollen -cap; it wore a smock and trousers of spotted wool, all in one piece; -its face was smeared with snuff, and its tongue hung out. It was my -cousin Moreau! I had not seen him since the camp at Thionville. He was -back from Russia and wanted to enter the excise. My old <i>cicerone</i> -in Paris went to die at Nantes. Thus disappeared one of the early -characters of these Memoirs. I hope that, stretched on a couch of -daffodils, he still talks of my verses to Madame de Chastenay, if that -agreeable shade has descended to the Elysian Fields.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Martyrs.</i></div> - -<p>The <i>Martyrs</i> appeared in the spring of 1809. It was a conscientious -piece of work. I had consulted critics of taste and knowledge: -Messieurs de Fontanes, Bertin, Boissonade<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>, Malte-Brun<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>; and -I had accepted their judgment. Hundreds and hundreds of times I had -written, unwritten and rewritten the same page. Of all my writings, -this is the most noted for the correctness of the language.</p> - -<p>I had made no mistake in the scheme of the book: at present, when my -ideas have become general, no one denies that the struggles of two -religions, one ending, the other commencing, afford one of the richest, -most fruitful and most dramatic subjects for the Muses. I thought, -therefore, that I might venture to cherish some all too foolish hopes; -but I was forgetting the success of my first book: in this country -you must never reckon on two close successes; one destroys the other. -If you have some sort of talent for prose, beware of showing any -for poetry; if you are distinguished in literature, lay no claim to -politics: such is the French spirit and its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> poverty. The self-loves -alarmed, the jealousies surprised by an author's good fortune at the -outset combine and lie in wait for the poet's second publication, to -take a signal vengeance:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Tous, la main dans l'encre, jurent de se venger<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>I must pay for the silly admiration which I had obtained by trickery at -the time of the appearance of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>; I must be -made to restore what I had stolen! Alas, they need not have taken such -pains to rob me of that which I myself did not think that I deserved! -If I had delivered Christian Rome, I asked only for an obsidional -crown<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>, a plait of grass culled in the Eternal City.</p> - -<p>The executioner of the justice of the vanities was M. Hoffmann<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, -to whom may God grant peace! The <i>Journal des Débats</i> was no longer -free; its proprietors had no power in it, and the censors registered -my condemnation in its pages. M. Hoffmann, however, forgave the Battle -of the Franks and some other pieces in the work; but, if he thought -Cymodocée attractive, he was too excellent a Catholic not to grow -indignant at the profane conjunction of the truths of Christianity and -the fables of mythology. Velléda did not save me. It was imputed to me -as a crime that I had changed Tacitus' German druidess into a Gallic -woman, as though I had wanted to borrow anything beyond an harmonious -name! And behold, we see the Christians of France, to whom I had -rendered such great services by setting up their altars again, stupidly -taking it into their heads to be scandalized on the gospel word of M. -Hoffmann! The title of the <i>Martyrs</i> had misled them: they expected to -read a martyrology, and the tiger who tore only a daughter of Homer to -pieces seemed to them a sacrilege.</p> - -<p>The real martyrdom of Pope Pius VII., whom Bonaparte had brought as a -prisoner to Paris, did not scandalize them, but they were quite roused -by my un-Christian fictions, as they called them. And it was M. the -Bishop of Chartres<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> who undertook to punish the horrible impieties -of the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> Alas, he must realize -that to-day his zeal is wanted for very different contests!</p> - -<p>M. the Bishop of Chartres is the brother of my excellent friend M. -de Clausel, a very great Christian, who did not allow himself to be -carried away by so sublime a virtue as the critic, his brother.</p> - -<p>I thought it my duty to reply to my censors, as I had done in the -matter of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>. Montesquieu<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, with his -defense of the <i>Esprit des lois</i>, encouraged me. I was wrong. Authors -who are attacked might say the finest things in the world, and yet -excite merely the smiles of impartial minds and the ridicule of the -crowd. They place themselves on a bad ground: the defensive position -is antipathetic to the French character. When, in reply to objections, -I pointed out that, in stigmatizing this or that passage, they had -attacked some fine relic of antiquity, beaten on the facts, they -extricated themselves by next saying that the <i>Martyrs</i> was a mere -"patchwork." When I justified the simultaneous presence of the two -religions by the authority of the Fathers of the Church themselves, -the reply was that, at the period in which I placed the action of the -<i>Martyrs</i>, paganism no longer existed among great minds.</p> - -<p>I believed in good faith that the work had fallen flat; the violence of -the attack had shaken my conviction as an author. Some of my friends -consoled me; they maintained that the proscription was unjustified, -that sooner or later the public would pronounce another verdict: M. -de Fontanes especially was firm; I was no Racine, but he might be a -Boileau, and he never ceased saying to me:</p> - -<p>"They'll come back to it."</p> - -<p>His persuasion in this regard was so deep-rooted that it inspired him -with some charming stanzas:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Le Tasse, errant de ville en ville, etc.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>without fear of compromising his taste or the authority of his judgment.</p> - -<p>The <i>Martyrs</i> has, in fact, retrieved itself, has obtained the honour -of four consecutive editions, and has even enjoyed particular favour -with men of letters: appreciation has been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> shown me of a work which -bears evidence of serious study, of some pains towards style, of a -great reverence for language and taste.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Its reception.</div> - -<p>Criticism of the subject-matter was promptly abandoned. To say that I -had mixed profane with sacred things, because I had depicted two cults -which existed side by side and which had each its beliefs, its altars, -its priests, its ceremonies, was equivalent to saying that I ought to -have renounced history. For whom did the martyrs die? For Jesus Christ. -To whom were they immolated? To the gods of the Empire. Therefore there -were two religions.</p> - -<p>The philosophical question, namely, whether, under Diocletian<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, the -Greeks and Romans believed in the gods of Homer, and whether public -worship had undergone any changes, was a question that did not concern -me as a poet; as an <i>historian</i>, I might have had many things to say.</p> - -<p>All this no longer matters. The <i>Martyrs</i> has lived, contrary to my -first expectation, and I have had to occupy myself only with the care -of revising its text.</p> - -<p>The fault of the <i>Martyrs</i> has to do with the wonderful "directness" -which, owing to what remained of my classical prejudices, I had -unadvisedly employed. Startled at my own innovations, I thought it -impossible to dispense with a "Heaven" and a "Hell." Yet the good and -bad angels sufficed to carry on the action, without delivering it to -worn-out machinery. If the Battle of the Franks, Velléda, Jérôme, -Augustin, Eudore, Cymodocée; if all these, and the descriptions of -Naples and Greece, are unable to obtain pardon for the <i>Martyrs</i>, Hell -and Heaven will not save it.</p> - -<p>One of the passages which most pleased M. de Fontanes was the following:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Cymodocée sat down at the window of the prison and, resting -her head, adorned with the martyr's veil, on her hand, sighed -forth these harmonious words:</p> - -<p>"'Cleave the calm and dazzling sea, O swift vessels of -Ausonia; release the sail, O slaves of Neptune, to the -amorous breath of the winds, and bend over the agile oars. -Bring me back to the care of my husband and my father, on -the happy shores of the Pamisus! Fly, O birds of Lybia, -whose supple necks so gracefully bend, fly to the summit of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -Ithomus and say that the daughter of Homer shall see again -the laurels of Messenia! When shall I see once more my bed -of ivory, the light of day so dear to mortals, the meadows -studded with flowers which a clear water bathes, which -modesty adorns with her breath<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>!'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>The <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> will remain my great work, because it -produced, or decided, a revolution and commenced the new era of the -literary age. The case is different with the <i>Martyrs</i>: it came after -the revolution had been worked, and was only a superabundant proof of -my doctrines; my style was no longer a new thing, and, except in the -episode of Velléda and the picture of the manners of the Franks, my -poem even feels the influence of the places which it has frequented: in -it the classical dominates the romantic.</p> - -<p>Lastly, the circumstances no longer existed which contributed to the -success of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>; the Government, far from -being favourable to me, had become hostile. The <i>Martyrs</i> meant to me -a redoubling of persecution: the frequent allusions in the portrait -of Galerius<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and in the picture of the Court of Diocletian could -not fail to arouse the attention of the imperial police, the more so -inasmuch as the English translator, who had no reason to observe any -circumspection, and who cared not at all whether he compromised me or -not, had called attention to the allusions in his preface.</p> - -<p>The publication of the <i>Martyrs</i> was coincident with a fatal -occurrence. This did not disarm the aristarchs, thanks to the ardour -with which we are animated for the powers that be; they felt that a -literary criticism which tended to diminish the interest attached to my -name might be agreeable to Bonaparte. The latter, like the millionaire -bankers who give splendid banquets and charge their customers postage, -did not disdain small profits.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Armand de Chateaubriand, whom you have seen as the companion of my -childhood, who appeared before you again in the Princes' Army with the -deaf and dumb Libba, had remained in England. He married in Jersey<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>, -and was charged with the correspondence of the Princes. Setting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> sail -on the 25th of September 1808, he was landed, at eleven o'clock in the -same evening, on the coast of Brittany, near Saint-Cast. The boat's -crew consisted of eleven men; two only were Frenchmen: Roussel and -Quintal.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Armand de Chateaubriand.</div> - -<p>Armand proceeded to the house of M. Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas the Elder, -who lived in the village of Saint-Gast, where the English had once -been driven back to their ships: his host advised him to go back<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>; -but the boat had already taken its homeward course to Jersey. Armand, -having come to an arrangement with M. Boisé-Lucas' son, handed him the -despatches with which he had been entrusted by M. Henry-Larivière<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>, -the Princes' agent.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I went to the coast on the 29th of September," he says, in -answer to an interrogatory, "and waited there two nights, -without seeing my boat. As the moon was very bright, I -withdrew, and returned on the 14th or 15th of the month. I -remained till the 24th of the said month. I spent every night -in the rocks, but to no purpose; my boat did not come, and -by day I went to the Boisé-Lucas'. The same boat, with the -same crew, to which Roussel and Quintal belonged, was to -come to fetch me. With regard to the precautions taken with -Boisé-Lucas the Elder, there were none besides those which I -have already enumerated."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The dauntless Armand, landed at a few steps from his paternal fields, -as though on the inhospitable coast of Taurida, in vain turned his -eyes over the billows, by the light of the moon, in search of the bark -which could have saved him. In former days, after I had already left -Combourg, with the intention of going to India, I had cast my mournful -gaze over the same billows. From the rocks of Saint-Cast where Armand -lay, from the cape of the Varde where I had sat, a few leagues of the -sea, over which our eyes have wandered in opposite directions, have -witnessed the cares and divided the destinies of two men joined by ties -of name and blood. It was also in the midst of the same waves that -I met Gesril for the last time. Often, in my dreams,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> I see Gesril -and Armand washing the wound in their foreheads in the deep, while, -reddened to my very feet, stretches the sea with which we used to play -in our childhood<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>.</p> - -<p>Armand succeeded in embarking in a boat purchased at Saint-Malo, but, -driven back by the north-west wind, he was again obliged to put back. -At last, on the 6th of January, assisted by a sailor called Jean Brien, -he launched a little stranded boat, and got hold of another which was -afloat. He thus describes his voyage, which bears an affinity to my -star and my adventures, in his examination on the 18th of March:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"From nine o'clock in the evening, when we started, till two -o'clock in the morning, the weather favoured us. Judging then -that we were not far from the rocks called the 'Mainquiers,' -we lay-to on our anchor, intending to wait for daylight; -but, the wind having freshened, and fearing that it would -grow still stronger, we continued our course. A few minutes -later, the sea became very heavy and, our compass having been -broken by a wave, we remained uncertain as to the course we -were taking. The first land that came into sight on the 7th -(it might then be mid-day), was the coast of Normandy, which -obliged us to tack about, and we again returned and lay-to -near the rocks called 'Écreho,' situated between the coast -of Normandy and Jersey. Strong and contrary winds obliged -us to remain in that position the whole of the rest of that -day and of the next, the 8th. On the morning of the 9th, as -soon as it was light, I said to Despagne that it appeared to -me that the wind had decreased, seeing that our boat was not -working much, and to look which way the wind was blowing. He -told me that he no longer saw the rocks near which we had -dropped the anchor. I then decided that we were drifting, and -that we had lost our anchor. The violence of the storm left -us no alternative but to make for the coast. As we saw no -land, I did not know at what distance we were from it. It was -then that I flung my papers into the sea, having taken the -precaution to fasten a stone to them. We then scudded before -the wind and made the coast, at about nine o'clock in the -morning, at Bretteville-sur-Ay, in Normandy.</p> - -<p>"We were received on the coast by the customs officers, who -took me out of my boat almost dead; my feet and legs were -frozen. We were both lodged with the lieutenant of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -brigade of Bretteville. Two days later, Despagne was taken to -the prison at Coutances, and I have not seen him since that -day. A few days after, I myself was transferred to the gaol -at that town; the next day, I was taken by the quarter-master -to Saint-Lô, and remained for eight days with the said -quarter-master. I appeared once before M. the Prefect of -the department, and, on the 26th of January, I left with -the captain and quarter-master of the gendarmes to be taken -to Paris, where I arrived on the 28th. They took me to the -office of M. Desmarets at the ministry of the general police, -and from there to the prison of the Grande-Force."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Armand had the wind, the waves and the imperial police against him; -Bonaparte was in connivance with the storms. The gods made a very great -expenditure of wrath against a paltry existence.</p> - -<p>The packet flung into the sea was cast back by it on the beach of -Notre-Dame-d'Alloue, near Valognes. The papers contained in this packet -served as documents for the conviction: there were thirty-two of them. -Quintal, returning to the sands of Brittany with his boat to fetch -Armand, had also, through an obstinate fatality, been shipwrecked in -Norman waters a few days before my cousin. The crew of Quintal's boat -had spoken; the Prefect of Saint-Lô had learnt that M. de Chateaubriand -was the leader of the Princes' enterprises. When he heard that a cutter -manned with only two men had run ashore, he had no doubt that Armand -was one of the two shipwrecked men, for all the fishermen spoke of him -as the most fearless man at sea that had ever been known.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Arrest of Armand.</div> - -<p>On the 20th of January 1809, the Prefect of the Manche reported -Armand's arrest to the general police. His letter commences:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My conjectures have been completely verified: Chateaubriand -is arrested; it was he who landed on the coast at Bretteville -and who had taken the name of 'John Fall.'</p> - -<p>"Uneasy at finding that, in spite of the very precise orders -which I had given, John Fall did not arrive at Saint-Lô, -I instructed Quarter-master Mauduit of the gendarmes, a -trustworthy and extremely active man, to go to fetch this -John Fall, wherever he might be, and bring him before me, -in whatever condition he was. He found him at Coutances, at -the moment when they were arranging to transfer him to the -hospital, to treat him for his legs, which were frozen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Fall appeared before me to-day. I had had Lelièvre put in -a separate room, from which he could see John Fall arrive -without being observed. When Lelièvre saw him come up a -flight of steps placed near this apartment, he cried, -striking his hands together and changing colour:</p> - -<p>"'It's Chateaubriand! However did they catch him?'</p> - -<p>"Lelièvre was in no way forewarned. This exclamation was -drawn from him by surprise. He asked me afterwards not to say -that he had mentioned Chateaubriand's name, because he would -be lost.</p> - -<p>"I did not let John Fall see that I knew who he was."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Armand, carried to Paris and lodged at the Force, underwent a secret -interrogation at the military gaol of the Abbaye. General Hulin, who -was now Military Commander of Paris, appointed Bertrand, a captain in -the first demi-brigade of veterans, judge-advocate of the military -commission instructed, by a decree of the 25th of February, to inquire -into Armand's case.</p> - -<p>The persons implicated were M. de Goyon<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>, who had been sent by -Armand to Brest, and M. de Boisé-Lucas the Younger, charged to hand -letters from Henry-Larivière to Messieurs Laya<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> and Sicard<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> in -Paris.</p> - -<p>In a letter of the 13th of March, addressed to Fouché, Armand said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Let the Emperor deign to restore to liberty men now -languishing in prison for having shown me too much interest. -Whatever happens, let their liberty be restored to all -of them alike. I recommend my unfortunate family to the -Emperor's generosity."</p></blockquote> - -<p>These mistakes of a man with human bowels addressing himself to an -hyena are painful to see. Bonaparte, besides, was not the lion of -Florence: he did not give up the child on observing the tears of the -mother. I had written to ask Fouché for an audience; he granted me -one, and assured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> me, with all the self-possession of revolutionary -frivolity, "that he had seen Armand, that I could be easy: that Armand -had told him that he would die well, and that in fact he wore a very -resolute air." Had I proposed to Fouché that he should die, would he -have preserved that deliberate tone and that superb indifference with -regard to himself?</p> - -<p>I applied to Madame de Rémusat, begging her to remit to the Empress a -letter containing a request for justice, or for mercy, to the Emperor. -Madame la Duchesse de Saint-Leu<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> told me, at Arenberg, of the fate -of my letter: Joséphine gave it to the Emperor; he seemed to hesitate, -on reading it; and then, coming upon some words which offended him, he -impatiently flung it into the fire. I had forgotten that one should -show pride only on one's own behalf.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His execution.</div> - -<p>M. de Goyon, condemned with Armand, underwent his sentence. Yet Madame -la Baronne-Duchesse de Montmorency had been induced to interest herself -in his favour: she was the daughter of Madame de Matignon, with whom -the Goyons were allied. A Montmorency in service ought to have obtained -anything, if the prostitution of a name were enough to win over an old -monarchy to a new power. Madame de Goyon, though unable to save her -husband, saved young Boisé-Lucas. Everything combined towards this -misfortune, which struck only unknown persons; one would have thought -that the downfall of a world was in question: storms upon the waves, -ambushes on land, Bonaparte, the sea, the murderers of Louis XVI., and -perhaps some "passion," the mysterious soul of mundane catastrophes. -People have not even perceived all these things; it all struck me alone -and lived in my memory only. What mattered to Napoleon the insects -crushed by his hand upon his diadem?</p> - -<p>On the day of execution, I wished to accompany my comrade on his last -battle-field; I found no carriage, and hastened on foot to the Plaine -de Grenelle. I arrived, all perspiring, a second too late: Armand -had been shot against the surrounding wall of Paris. His skull was -fractured; a butcher's dog was licking up his blood and his brains. -I followed the cart which took the bodies of Armand and his two -companions, plebeian and noble, Quintal and Goyon, to the Vaugirard -Cemetery, where I had buried M. de La Harpe. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> saw my cousin for the -last time without being able to recognise him: the lead had disfigured -him, he had no face left; I could not remark the ravages of years -in it, nor even see death within its shapeless and bleeding orb; he -remained young in my memory as at the time of the Siege of Thionville. -He was shot on Good Friday: the crucifix appears to me at the extremity -of all my misfortunes. When I walk on the rampart of the Plaine de -Grenelle, I stop to look at the imprint of the firing, still marked -upon the wall. If Bonaparte's bullets had left no other traces, he -would no longer be spoken of.</p> - -<p>Strange concatenation of destinies! General Hulin, the Military -Commander of Paris, appointed the commission which ordered Armand's -brains to be blown out; he had, in former days, been appointed -president of the commission which shattered the head of the Duc -d'Enghien. Ought he not to have abstained, after his first misfortune, -from all connection with courts-martial? And I have spoken of the death -of the descendant of the Great Condé, without reminding General Hulin -of the part which he played in the execution of the humble soldier, my -kinsman. No doubt I, in my turn, had received from Heaven my commission -to judge the judges of the tribunal of Vincennes.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The year 1811 was one of the most remarkable in my literary career<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>. -I published the <i>Itinéraire de Paris à Jerusalem</i><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>, I accepted M. -de Chénier's place at the Institute, and I began to write the Memoirs -which I am now finishing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Itinéraire.</i></div> - -<p>The success of the <i>Itinéraire</i> was as complete as that of the -<i>Martyrs</i> had been disputed. There is no scribbler, however -inconsiderable, but receives letters of congratulation on the -appearance of his <i>farrago.</i> Among the new compliments which were -addressed to me, I do not feel at liberty to suppress the letter of -a man of virtue and merit who has produced two works of recognised -authority, leaving hardly anything to be said on Bossuet and Fénelon. -The Bishop of Alais, Cardinal de Bausset<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, is the biographer of -those two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> great prelates. He goes beyond all praise with reference -to me: that is the accepted usage in writing to an author, and does -not count; but the cardinal at least shows the general opinion of the -moment on the <i>Itinéraire</i>: he foresees, with respect to Carthage, the -objections of which my geographical feeling might be the object; in -any case, that feeling has prevailed, and I have set Dido's ports in -their places. My readers will be interested to recognise in this letter -the diction of a select society, a style rendered grave and sweet by -politeness, religion and manner: an excellence of tone from which we -are so far removed to-day.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">"Villemoisson, by Lonjumeau (Seine-et-Oise),</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"25 <i>March</i> 1811.</p> - -<p>"You should, Sir, have received, and you have received, the -just tribute of the public gratitude and satisfaction; but -I can assure you that not one of your readers has enjoyed -your interesting work with a truer sentiment than myself. You -are the first and only traveller who has had no need of the -aid of engraving and drawing to place before the eyes of his -readers the places and monuments which recall fine memories -and great images. Your soul has felt all, your imagination -depicted all, and the reader feels with your soul and sees -with your eyes.</p> - -<p>"I could convey to you but very feebly the impression which -I received from the very first pages, when skirting in your -company the coast of Corfu, and when witnessing the landing -of all those 'eternal' men whom opposite destinies have -successively driven thither. A few lines have sufficed you to -engrave the traces of their footsteps for all time; they will -always be found in your <i>Itinéraire</i>, which will preserve -them more faithfully than so many marbles which have been -incapable of keeping the great names confided to them.</p> - -<p>"I now know the monuments of Athens in the way in which one -likes to know them. I had already seen them in beautiful -engravings, I had admired them, but I had not felt them. -One too often forgets that, if architects need exact -descriptions, measurements and proportions, men need to -recognise the mind and the genius which have conceived the -idea of those great monuments.</p> - -<p>"You have restored to the Pyramids that noble and profound -intention which frivolous declaimers had not even perceived.</p> - -<p>"How thankful I am to you, Sir, for delivering to the just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -execration of all time that stupid and ferocious people -which, since twelve hundred years, has afflicted the fairest -countries of the earth! One smiles with you at the hope of -seeing it return to the desert whence it came.</p> - -<p>"You have inspired me with a passing feeling of indulgence -for the Arabs, for the sake of the fine comparison which you -have drawn between them and the savages of North America.</p> - -<p>"Providence seems to have led you to Jerusalem to assist at -the last representation of the first scene of Christianity. -If it be no longer granted to the eyes of men to behold that -Tomb, 'the only one which will have nothing to give up on -the Last Day,' Christians will always find it again in the -Gospels, and meditative and sensitive minds in the pictures -which you have drawn.</p> - -<p>"The critics will not fail to reproach you with the men and -incidents with which you have covered the ruins of Carthage -and which you could not have seen, since they no longer -exist. But I implore you, Sir, confine yourself to asking -them if they themselves would not have been very sorry not to -find them in those engaging pictures.</p> - -<p>"You have the right, Sir, to enjoy a form of glory which -belongs to you exclusively by a sort of creation; but there -is an enjoyment still more satisfying to a character like -yours, that is, to have endowed the creations of your genius -with the nobility of your soul and the elevation of your -sentiments. It is this which, at all times, will ensure to -your name and memory the esteem, the admiration and the -respect of all friends of religion, virtue and honour.</p> - -<p>"It is on this score that I beg you, Sir, to accept the -homage of all my sentiments.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">"L. F. de Bausset</span>, <i>ex-Bishop of Alais.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>M. de Chénier<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> died on the 10th of January 1811. My friends had the -fatal idea of pressing me to take his place in the Institute. They -urged that, exposed as I was to the hostilities of the head of the -Government, to the suspicions and annoyances of the police, it was -necessary that I should enter a body then powerful through its fame and -through the men composing it; that, sheltered behind that buckler, I -should be able to work in peace.</p> - -<p>I had an invincible repugnance to occupying a place, even outside the -Government; I had too clear a recollection of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> what the first had cost -me. Chénier's inheritance seemed fraught with peril; I should not be -able to say all, save by exposing myself; I did not wish to pass over -regicide in silence, although Cambacérès was the second person in the -State; I was determined to make my demands heard in favour of liberty -and to raise my voice against tyranny; I wanted to have my say on the -horrors of 1793, to express my regrets for the fallen family of our -kings, to bemoan the misfortunes of those who had remained faithful -to them. My friends replied that I was deceiving myself; that a few -praises of the head of the Government, obligatory in the academical -speech, praises of which, in one respect, I thought Bonaparte worthy, -would make him swallow all the truths I might wish to utter; and that -I should at the same time enjoy the honour of having maintained my -opinions and the happiness of putting an end to the terrors of Madame -de Chateaubriand. By dint of their besetting me, I yielded, weary of -resistance: but I assured them that they were mistaken; that Bonaparte -would not be taken in by common-places on his son, his wife and his -glory; that he would feel the lesson but the more keenly for them; -that he would recognise the man who resigned on the death of the Duc -d'Enghien and the writer of the article that caused the suppression of -the <i>Mercure</i>; that, lastly, instead of ensuring my repose, I should -revive the persecutions directed against me. They were soon obliged to -recognise the truth of my words: true it is that they had not foreseen -the audacity of my speech.</p> - -<p>I went to pay the customary visits to the members of the Academy<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>. -Madame de Vintimille took me to the Abbé Morellet. We found him -sitting in an arm-chair before his fire; he had fallen asleep, and the -<i>Itinéraire</i>, which he was reading, had dropped from his hands. Waking -with a start at the sound of my name announced by his man-servant, he -raised his head and exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"There are passages so long, so long!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<p>I told him, laughing, that I saw that, and that I would abridge the new -edition. He was a good-natured man and promised me his vote, in spite -of <i>Atala.</i> When, later, the <i>Monarchie selon la Charte</i> appeared, he -could not recover from his astonishment that such a political work -should have the singer of "the daughter of the Floridas" for its -author. Had Grotius<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> not written the tragedy of <i>Adam and Eve</i> and -Montesquieu the <i>Temple de Guide?</i> True, I was neither Grotius nor -Montesquieu.</p> - -<p>The election took place; I was elected by ballot with a fairly large -majority<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>. I at once set to work on my speech; I wrote and rewrote -it a score of times, never feeling satisfied with myself: at one time, -wishing to make it possible for me to read, I thought it too strong; -at another, my anger returning, I thought it too weak. I did not know -how to measure out the dose of academic praise. If, in spite of my -antipathy for Napoleon, I had tried to render the admiration which I -felt for the public portion of his life, I should have gone far beyond -the peroration. Milton, whom I quote at the commencement of the speech, -furnished me with a model; in his <i>Second defense of the People of -England</i>, he made a pompous eulogy of Cromwell:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Not only the actions of our kings," he says, "but the fabled -exploits of our heroes, are overcome by your achievements. -Reflect, then, frequently (how dear alike the trust, and the -parent from you have received it!) that to your hands your -country has commended and confided her freedom: that what she -lately expected from her choicest representatives she now -expects, now hopes, from you alone. O reverence this high -expectation, this hope of your country relying exclusively -upon yourself! Reverence the glances and the gashes of those -brave men who have so nobly struggled for liberty under your -auspices, as well as the shades of those who perished in -the conflict! Reverence, finally, yourself, and suffer not -that liberty, for the attainment of which you have endured -so many hardships and encountered so many perils, to sustain -any violation from your own hands, or any encroachment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> from -those of others. Without our freedom, in fact, you cannot -yourself be free: for it is justly ordained by nature that he -who invades the liberty of others shall in the very outset -lose his own, and be the first to feel the servitude which he -has induced<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Johnson quoted only the praises given to the Protector<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>, in order -to place the Republican in contradiction with himself; the fine -passage which I have just translated contains its own qualification of -those praises. Johnson's criticism is forgotten, Milton's defense has -remained: all that belongs to the strife of parties and the passions of -the moment dies like them and with them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I am elected.</div> - -<p>When my speech was ready, I was sent for to read it to the committee -appointed to hear it: it was rejected by the committee, with the -exception of two or three members<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>. It was a sight to see the -terror of the bold Republicans who listened to me and who were alarmed -by the independence of my opinions; they shuddered with indignation -and fright at the mere word of liberty. M. Daru<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> took the speech -to Saint-Cloud. Bonaparte declared that, if it had been delivered, -he would have closed the doors of the Institute and flung me into a -subterranean dungeon for the rest of my life.</p> - -<p>I received the following note from M. Daru:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Saint-Cloud</span>, 28 <i>April</i> 1811.</p> - -<p>"I have the honour to inform Monsieur de Chateaubriand that, -when he has the time or occasion to come to Saint-Cloud, I -shall be able to return to him the speech which he was good -enough to entrust to me. I take this opportunity to repeat to -him the assurance of the high consideration with which I have -the honour to salute him.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Daru</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<p>I went to Saint-Cloud. M. Daru returned me the manuscript, crossed -out in places, and scored <i>ab irato</i> with parentheses and pencil -marks by Bonaparte: the lion's claw had been dug in everywhere, and I -experienced a sort of pleasure of irritation in imagining that I felt -it in my side. M. Daru did not conceal Napoleon's anger from me; but he -told me, that, if I kept the peroration, with the exception of a few -words, and changed almost the whole of the rest, I should be received -with great applause. The speech had been copied out at the palace; some -passages had been suppressed and others interpolated. Not long after, -it appeared in the provinces printed in that fashion.</p> - -<p>This speech is one of the best proofs of the independence of my -opinions and the consistency of my principles. M. Suard, who was free -and firm, said that, if it had been read in the open Academy, it would -have brought down the rafters of the hall with applause. Can you, -indeed, imagine the warm praises of liberty uttered in the midst of the -servility of the Empire?</p> - -<p>I had kept the scored manuscript with religious care; ill-fortune -willed that, when I left the Infirmerie de Marie-Thérèse, it was burnt -with a heap of papers. Nevertheless the readers of these Memoirs shall -not be deprived of it: one of my colleagues had the generosity to take -a copy of it; here it is:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My inaugural speech.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"When Milton published <i>Paradise Lost</i>, not a voice was -raised in the three kingdoms of Great Britain to praise -a work which, in spite of its numerous defects, remains -nevertheless one of the noblest monuments of the human mind. -The English Homer died forgotten, and his contemporaries left -to futurity the task of immortalizing the singer of Eden. -Have we here one of the great instances of literary injustice -of which examples are presented by nearly every century? No, -gentlemen; the English, but recently escaped from the Civil -Wars, were unable to bring themselves to celebrate the memory -of a man who was remarked for the ardour of his opinions in a -time of calamity. What shall we reserve, they asked, for the -tomb of the citizen who devotes himself to the safety of his -country, if we lavish honours upon the ashes of him who, at -most, is entitled to claim our generous indulgence? Posterity -will do justice to Milton's memory, but we owe a lesson to -our sons: we must teach them, by our silence, that talents -are a baleful gift when allied with the passions, and that it -is better to condemn one's self to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> obscurity than to achieve -celebrity through one's country's misfortunes.</p> - -<p>"Shall I, gentlemen, imitate this memorable example, or shall -I speak to you of the person and works of M. Chénier? To -reconcile your usages and my opinions, I feel it my duty to -adopt a middle course between absolute silence and a thorough -consideration. But, whatever the words I may utter, no -rancour will poison this address. Should you find in me the -frankness of my fellow-countryman Duclos<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>, I hope also to -prove to you that I possess the same loyalty.</p> - -<p>"Doubtless it would have been curious to see what a man in -my position, holding my principles and my opinions, could -have to say of the man whose place I occupy to-day. It would -be interesting to examine the influence of revolutions upon -literature, to show how systems can mislead talent and -direct it into fallacious ways which seem to lead to fame -and only end in oblivion. If Milton, despite his political -aberrations, has left works which posterity admires, it is -because Milton, without repenting his errors, withdrew from; -a society which was withdrawing from him, to seek in religion -the assuagement of his ills and the source of his glory. -Deprived of the light of heaven, he created for himself a new -earth, a new sun, and quitted, so to speak, a world where he -had seen nought save misery and crime; he set in the bowers -of Eden that primitive innocence, that blessed felicity which -reigned beneath the tents of Jacob and Rachel; and he placed -in the lower regions the torments, passions and remorse of -the men whose furies he had shared.</p> - -<p>"Unfortunately, the works of M. Chénier, though they show -the germ of a remarkable talent, glow with neither that -antique simplicity nor that sublime majesty. The author was -distinguished for an eminently classical mind. None better -understood the principles of ancient and modern literature; -the stage, eloquence, history, criticism, satire: he -embraced all these; but his writings bear the impress of the -disastrous days that witnessed his birth. Too often dictated -by the spirit of party, they have been applauded by factions. -Shall I, in discussing my predecessor's works, separate what -has already passed away, like our discords, and what will -perhaps survive, like our glory? Here we find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> the interests -of society and the interests of literature confounded. I -cannot forget the first sufficiently to occupy myself solely -with the second; wherefore, gentlemen, I am obliged either to -keep silence or to raise political questions.</p> - -<p>"There are persons who would make of literature an abstract -thing and isolate it in the midst of human affairs. Such -persons will say to me, 'Why keep silence? Treat M. Chénier's -works only from the literary point of view.' That is to say, -gentlemen, that I must abuse your patience and my own by -repeating commonplaces which you can find anywhere and which -you know better than I. Manners change with the times: heirs -to a long series of peaceful years, our forerunners were able -to indulge in purely academic discussions which were even -less a proof of their talent than of their happiness. But we, -who remain the victims of a great shipwreck, no longer have -what is needed to relish so perfect a calm. Our ideas, our -minds have taken a different direction. The man has in us -taken the place of the academician: by divesting literature -of all its futility, we now behold it only in the light of -our mighty memories and of the experience of our adversity. -What! After a revolution which has caused us, in a few -years, to live through the events of many centuries, shall -the writer be forbidden all lofty considerations, shall he -be denied the right to examine the serious side of objects? -Shall he spend a trivial life occupied with grammatical -quibbles, rules of taste, petty literary judgments? Shall -he grow old, bound in the swaddling-clothes of his cradle? -Shall he not show, at the end of his days, a brow furrowed -by his long labours, by his grave reflections, and often by -those manly sufferings which add to the greatness of mankind? -What important cares, then, will have whitened his hair? The -miserable sorrows of self-love and the puerile sports of the -mind.</p> - -<p>"Surely, gentlemen, that would be treating ourselves with a -very strange contempt! Speaking for myself, I cannot thus -belittle myself, nor reduce myself to the condition of -childhood at the age of strength and reason. I cannot confine -myself within the narrow circle which they would trace around -the writer. For instance, gentlemen, if I wished to pass a -eulogy on the man of letters, on the man of the Court who -presides over this meeting<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>, do you believe that I would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -content myself with praising in him the light and ingenious -French wit which he received from his mother<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>, and of -which he displays to us the last model? No, assuredly: I -should wish to make glow once more in all its brilliancy -the noble name which he bears. I should mention the Duc de -Boufflers<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> who forced the Austrians to raise the blockade -of Genoa. I should speak of the marshal, his father<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>, -of the governor who held the ramparts of Lille against the -enemies of France, and who, by that memorable defense, -consoled a great king's unhappy old age. It was of that -companion of Turenne that Madame de Maintenon said:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"'In him the heart was the last to die.'</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My speech continued.</div> - -<p>"Lastly, I should go back to that Louis de Boufflers<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>, -called the Robust, who displayed in combat the vigour and -valour of Hercules. Thus, at the two extremities of this -family, I should find force and grace, the knight and the -troubadour. They say that the French are sons of Hector: I -would rather believe that they descend from Achilles, for -like that hero they wield both the lyre and the sword.</p> - -<p>"If I wished, gentlemen, to talk to you of the celebrated -poet<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> who sang the charms of nature in such brilliant -tones, do you think that I would confine myself to pointing -out to you the admirable flexibility of a talent which -succeeded in rendering with equal distinction the regular -beauties of Virgil and the less correct beauties of Milton? -No: I would also show you the poet refusing to part from -his unfortunate countrymen, accompanying them with his -lyre to foreign shores, singing their sorrows to console -them; an illustrious exile among that crowd of banished men -whose number I increased. It is true that his age and his -infirmities, his talents and his glory had not protected him -against persecution in his own country. Men tried to make him -purchase peace with verses unworthy of his muse, and his muse -could sing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> only the redoubtable immortality of crime and the -reassuring immortality of virtue:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -"Rassurez-vous, vous êtes immortels<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>"If, again, I wished to speak to you of a friend very dear -to my heart<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>, one of those friends who, according to -Cicero, render prosperity more brilliant and adversity less -irksome, I should extol the refinement and purity of his -taste, the exquisite elegance of his prose, the beauty, the -strength, the harmony of his verses, which, while formed -after the great models, are nevertheless distinguished by -their original character. I should extol that superior talent -which has never known the feelings of envy, that talent made -happy by every success other than its own, that talent which, -for ten years, has felt all that has happened to me of an -honourable nature with the deep and simple joy known only to -the most generous characters and the liveliest friendship. -But I should not omit my friend's political side. I should -depict him at the head of one of the principal bodies of the -State, delivering those speeches which are master-pieces of -propriety, moderation and exaltedness. I should represent him -sacrificing the gentle commerce of the Muses to occupations -which would no doubt be without charm, if one did not abandon -one's self to them in the hope of forming children capable of -one day following the example of their fathers and avoiding -their errors.</p> - -<p>"In speaking of the men of talent of whom this meeting -is composed, I could not therefore prevent myself from -considering them from the point of view of morality and -society. One is distinguished among you by a refined, -delicate and sagacious wit, by an urbanity nowadays so -rare, and by the most honourable constancy in his moderate -opinions<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>. Another, under the ice of age, found the -warmth of youth wherewith to plead the cause of the -unfortunate<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>. A third<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>, an elegant historian and -agreeable poet, becomes more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> venerable and more dear to us -by the memory of a father<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> and a son<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>, both mutilated -in the service of the country. Yet another, by restoring -their hearing to the deaf, their speech to the dumb, recalls -to us the miracles of the Gospels, to the cult of which he -has devoted himself<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>. Are there not, gentlemen, among -you some witnesses of your former triumphs who can tell the -worthy heir<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> of the Chancelier d'Aguesseau<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> how his -grandsire's name was once applauded in this assembly? I pass -to the favourite nurselings of the nine Sisters, and I see -the venerable author of Œdipe<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> retired in his solitude -and Sophocles forgetting at Colonos the glory that calls -him back to Athens. How greatly must we cherish the other -sons of Melpomene who have interested us in the misfortunes -of our fathers! Every French heart has throbbed anew at -the presentiment of the death of Henry IV<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a>. The tragic -muse has re-established the honour of those gallant knights -dastardly betrayed by history, and nobly revenged by one of -our modern Euripides<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My speech continued.</div> - -<p>"Coming to the successors of Anacreon, I would pause at the -amiable man<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> who, similar to the veteran of Teos<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>, -still re-tells, after fifteen lustra, those love-songs -which one begins to write at fifteen years. I would also, -gentlemen, go to seek your renown on the stormy seas which -were formerly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> guarded by the giant Adamastor<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, and which -became appeased by the charming names of Éléonore<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> and -Virginie<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>. <i>Tibi rident æquora.</i></p> - -<p>"Alas, too many of the talents in our midst have been -wandering and restless! Has poetry not sung in harmonious -verse of the art of Neptune<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>, that so fatal art which -transported it to distant shores? And has not French -eloquence, after defending the altar and the State, -withdrawn, as though into its source, to the land where St. -Ambrose<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> first saw the light<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>? Why can I not here place -all the members of this assembly in a picture the colours of -which have not been embellished by flattery! For, if it be -true that envy sometimes obscures the estimable qualities -of men of letters, it is still more true that this class of -men is distinguished by lofty sentiments, by disinterested -virtues, by the hatred of oppression, devotion to friendship, -and fidelity to misfortune. It is thus, gentlemen, that I -love to consider a subject from all its aspects, and that I -love especially to give a serious character to literature -by applying it to the most exalted subjects of morality, -philosophy and history. With this independence of mind, I -must needs abstain from touching upon works which it is -impossible to examine without irritating the passions. Were -I to speak of the tragedy of <i>Charles IX</i>, could I refrain -from avenging the memory of the Cardinal de Lorraine and -discussing the strange lesson there given to Kings? <i>Caius -Gracchus, Calas, Henri VIII, Fénelon</i><a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> would in many -respects present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> sent to me a distortion of history upon -which to rest the same doctrines. When I read the satires, -I there find immolated men occupying places in the first -ranks of this assembly; nevertheless, written as they are -in a pure, elegant and easy style, they agreeably recall -the school of Voltaire, and I should take the more pleasure -in praising them inasmuch as my own name has not escaped -the author's malice<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>. But let us leave on one side works -which would give rise only to painful recriminations: I will -not disturb the memory of a writer who was your colleague -and who still numbers friends and admirers among you; he -will owe to religion, which appeared to him so contemptible -in the writings of those who defend it, the peace which I -wish to his tomb. But even here, gentlemen, shall I not have -the misfortune to strike upon a rock? For, in offering to -M. Chénier this tribute of respect which is due to all the -dead, I fear to meet beneath my steps ashes very differently -illustrious. If ungenerous interpretations would impute this -involuntary emotion to me as a crime, I should take refuge at -the foot of those expiatory altars which a powerful monarch -erects to the manes of outraged dynasties. Ah, how much -happier would it have been for M. Chénier not to have taken -part in those public calamities which at last fell back upon -his head! He has known, like myself, what it means to lose -in the storms a fondly cherished brother<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>. What would our -unhappy brothers have said, had God summoned them on the -same day before His tribunal? If they had met at the hour of -death, before mingling their blood they would doubtless have -cried to us, 'Cease your intestine wars, return to thoughts -of love and peace; death strikes all parties alike, and your -cruel divisions cost us our youth and our life.' That would -have been their fraternal cry.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My speech continued.</div> - -<p>"If my predecessor could hear these words, which now -console only his shade, he would appreciate the tribute -which I am here paying to his brother, for he was by nature -generous: it was even this generosity of character which -drew him into new ideas, very seductive no doubt, since they -promised to restore to us the virtues of Fabricius<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>. But, -soon deceived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> in his hopes, he found his mood becoming -embittered, his talent changing its nature. Removed from the -poet's solitude into the midst of factions, how could he have -abandoned himself to those sentiments which make the charm of -life? Happy had he seen no sky save the sky of Greece under -which he was born<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, had he set eyes upon no ruins save -those of Sparta and Athens! I should perhaps have met him -in his mother's beautiful country, and we would have sworn -mutual friendship on the banks of the Permessus; or else, -since he was to return to his paternal fields, why did he -not follow me to the deserts upon which I was flung by our -tempests! The silence of the forests would have calmed that -troubled soul, and the huts of the savages would perhaps have -reconciled him to the palaces of kings. Vain wish! M. Chénier -remained upon the stage of our excitements and our sorrows. -Attacked while still in his youth by a mortal malady, you -have seen him, gentlemen, droop slowly towards the tomb and -leave for ever.... I have not been told of his last moments.</p> - -<p>"None of us, who have lived through the troubles and -excitements, shall escape the eyes of history. Who can -flatter himself that he shall be found stainless in a time -of frenzy when none has the entire use of his reason? Let -us then be full of indulgence for others; let us excuse -that of which we cannot approve. Such is human weakness, -that talent, genius, virtue itself are sometimes able to -overstep the limits of duty. M. Chénier worshipped liberty: -can we ascribe it to him as a crime? The knights themselves, -were they to issue from their tombs, would follow the light -of our century. We should see that illustrious alliance -formed between honour and liberty, as under the reign of -the Valois, upon our monuments. Gothic battlements crowned -with infinite grace the orders borrowed from the Greeks. -Is not liberty the greatest of benefits and the first of -man's needs? It kindles genius, it elevates the heart, it -is as necessary to the friend of the Muses as the air he -breathes. The arts are, to a certain point, able to live in -dependence, because they make use of a language apart, which -is not understood by the crowd; but letters, which speak an -universal language, pine and perish in irons. How shall one -compose pages worthy of the future, if one must forbid one's -self, in writing, every magnanimous sentiment, every great -and powerful thought? Liberty is so naturally the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> friend -of science and literature, that she takes refuge with them -when she is banished from the midst of the peoples; and it -is we, gentlemen, whom she charges to write her annals and -to revenge her on her enemies, to hand down her name and her -cult to posterity for all time. To prevent any mistake in -the interpretation of my thought, I declare that I am here -speaking only of the liberty which is born of order and gives -birth to laws, and not of that liberty which is the daughter -of license and the mother of slavery. The wrong of the author -of Charles IX did not, therefore, lie in offering his incense -to the former of these divinities, but in believing that the -rights which she gives us are incompatible with a monarchical -form of government. A Frenchman displays in his opinions that -independence which other nations show in their laws. Liberty -is for him a sentiment rather than a principle, and he is a -citizen by instinct and a subject by choice. If the writer -whose loss you are mourning had made this reflection, he -would not have embraced in one and the same love the liberty -that creates and the liberty that destroys.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My speech concluded.</div> - -<p>"Gentlemen, I have finished the task which the customs of -the Academy have laid upon me. On the point of ending this -speech, I am struck with an idea which saddens me: it is -not long since M. Chénier pronounced upon my writings some -findings which he was preparing to publish; and to-day it is -I who am judging my judge. I say, in all the sincerity of my -heart, that I would rather continue exposed to the satire of -an enemy, and live peacefully in solitude, than bring home -to you, by my presence in your midst, the rapid succession -of men upon earth, the sudden apparition of that death which -overthrows our projects and our hopes, which snatches us away -at a stroke, and which sometimes hands over our memory to -men entirely opposed to us in sentiment and principle. This -platform is a sort of battle-field in which talents come by -turns to shine and die. What diverse geniuses has it not seen -pass! Corneille, Racine, Boileau, La Bruyère<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>, Bossuet, -Fénelon, Voltaire, Buffon<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>, Montesquieu.... Who would not -be afraid, gentlemen, to think that he is about to form a -link in the chain of that illustrious lineage? Overcome by -the weight of those immortal names, and unable to make myself -recognised through my talents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> as the lawful heir, I will at -least try to prove my descent by my sentiments.</p> - -<p>"When my turn shall have come to yield my place to the orator -who is to speak on my tomb, he may treat my works severely, -but he will be obliged to say that I loved my mother-land -passionately, that I would have endured a thousand ills -rather than cost my country a single tear, that I would -without hesitation have made the sacrifice of my days to -those noble sentiments which alone give value to life and -dignity to death.</p> - -<p>"But what a moment have I chosen, gentlemen, to speak to you -of mourning and obsequies! Are we not surrounded by scenes -of festivity? A solitary traveller, I was meditating a few -days since on the ruin of the destroyed empires: and now I -see a new empire arise. Scarce have I quitted the graves in -which the buried nations sleep, and I perceive a cradle laden -with the destinies of the future. The acclamations of the -soldier resound on every hand. Cæsar mounts to the Capitol; -the nations tell of marvels, of monuments upraised, cities -beautified, the frontiers of the country bathed by those -distant seas which bore the ships of Scipio, and by those -remote waters which Germanicus did not see.</p> - -<p>"While the triumpher advances surrounded by his legions, what -shall the tranquil children of the Muses do? They will go -before the car to add the olive-branch of peace to the palms -of victory, to mingle with the warlike recitals the touching -images which caused Æmilius Paulus<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> to weep over the -misfortunes of Perseus<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>.</p> - -<p>"And you, daughter of the Cæsars<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>, come forth from your -palace with your young son<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> in your arms; come, to add -mercy to greatness; come, to soften victory and to temper -the glitter of arms by the gentle majesty of a queen and a -mother."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In the manuscript which was handed back to me, the commencement of -the speech, which relates to the opinions of Milton, was struck out -from one end to the other by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> Bonaparte's hand. A part of my protest -against the isolation from affairs of State, in which it was desired -to keep literature, was also stigmatized with the pencil. The eulogy -of the Abbé Delille, which recalled the Emigration and the fidelity of -the poet to the misfortunes of the Royal Family and to the sufferings -of his companions in exile, was placed between brackets; the eulogy of -M. de Fontanes had a cross set against it. Almost all that I said of -M. Chénier, of his brother, of my own, of the expiatory altars which -were being prepared at Saint-Denis was slashed with pencil marks. The -paragraph commencing with the words, "M. Chénier worshipped liberty," -etc., had a double longitudinal line drawn through it. Nevertheless, -the agents of the Empire, when publishing the speech, kept this -paragraph pretty correctly.</p> - -<p>All was not ended when they had handed me back my speech; they wanted -to force me to write a second. I declared that I stood by the first, -and that I would write no other. The committee then declared to me that -I should not be received into the Academy.</p> - -<p>Gracious, generous and courageous persons, unknown to myself, -interested themselves in me. Mrs. Lindsay, who at the time of my -return to France, in 1800, had brought me from Calais to Paris, talked -to Madame Gay<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>; the latter addressed herself to Madame Regnaud de -Saint-Jean-d'Angély, who asked the Duc de Rovigo to leave me alone. The -women of that time interposed their beauty between power and misfortune.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonaparte's comments.</div> - -<p>All this perturbation was prolonged, by the decennial prizes, until -the year 1812. Bonaparte, who was persecuting me, sent to the Academy -to ask, in the matter of those prizes, why they had not put the <i>Génie -du Christianisme</i> on their list. The Academy explained; several of my -colleagues wrote their unfavourable judgment of my work. I might have -said what a Greek poet said to a bird:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Daughter of Attica, nurtured on honey, thou who singest so -well, thou snatchest a grasshopper, a fine songstress like -thyself, and carriest her for food to thy young ones. Both of -you have wings, both inhabit these regions, both celebrate -the birth of spring: wilt thou not restore to her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> her -liberty? It is not just that a songstress should die by the -beak of one of her fellows<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This mixture of anger against and attraction for me displayed by -Bonaparte is constant and strange: but now he threatens, and suddenly -he asks the Institute why it has not mentioned me on the occasion of -the decennial prizes. He goes further, he declares to Fontanes that, -since the Institute does not think me worthy to compete for the prizes, -he will give me one, that he will appoint me superintendent-general of -all the libraries of France: a superintendence with the salary attached -to a first-class embassy. Bonaparte's original idea of employing me in -a diplomatic career did not leave him: he would not admit, for a reason -well known to himself, that I had ceased to form part of the Ministry -of External Relations. And yet, in spite of this proposed munificence, -his Prefect of Police invited me, some time later<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, to remove myself -from Paris, and I went to continue my Memoirs at Dieppe.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte stooped to play the part of a teasing school-boy; he -disinterred the <i>Essai sur les Révolutions</i> and delighted in the war -which he brought down upon me on this subject. A certain M. Damaze de -Raymond constituted himself my champion<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>: I went to thank him in -the Rue Vivienne. He had a death's-head on his mantel-piece among his -knick-knacks; some time later he was killed in a duel<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>, and his -charming features went to join the frightful face that seemed to call -to him. Everyone fought in those days: one of the police-spies charged -with the arrest of Georges received a bullet in the head from him.</p> - -<p>To cut short my powerful adversary's unfair attack, I applied to that -M. de Pommereul of whom I spoke to you at the time of my first arrival -in Paris: he had become director-general of the State printing works -and of the department of books. I asked him for leave to reprint the -<i>Essai</i> in its entirety. My correspondence and the result of that -correspondence can be seen in the preface to the 1826 edition of the -<i>Essai<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> sur les Révolutions</i>, vol. II. of the Complete Works. Moreover, -the Imperial Government was exceedingly right to refuse its assent to -the reprinting of the work in its entirety: the <i>Essai</i> was not, having -regard both to the liberties and to the Legitimate Monarchy, a book -which should be published while despotism and usurpation held sway. -The police gave itself airs of impartiality by allowing something to -be said in my favour, and it laughed while preventing me from doing -the only thing capable of defending me. On the return of Louis XVIII., -the <i>Essai</i> was exhumed anew: as, in the time of the Empire, they had -wished to make use of it against me in a political respect, so, in -the days of the Restoration, they tried to plead it against me in a -religious respect. I have made so complete an apology for my errors in -the notes to the new edition of the <i>Essai historique</i>, that there is -nothing left wherewith to reproach me. Posterity will come and will -pronounce on both book and commentary, if such old trash is still able -to interest it. I venture to hope that it will judge the <i>Essai</i> as my -grey head has judged it; for, as one advances in life, one assumes the -equity of the future towards which one approaches. The book and the -notes place me before the eyes of men such as I was at the commencement -of my career and such as I am at the close of that career.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Essai</i> reprinted.</div> - -<p>Moreover, this work which I have treated with pitiless rigour offers -the compendium of my existence as a poet, a moralist and a future -politician. The pith of the work is overflowing, the boldness of the -opinions urged as far as it will go. It must needs be admitted that, in -the various roads upon which I have embarked, I have never been guided -by prejudice, that I have never been blind in whatsoever cause, that no -interest has led me on, that the sides which I have taken have always -been those of my choice.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Essai</i>, my independence in matters of religion and politics is -complete; I examine everything: a <i>Republican</i>, I serve the Monarchy; -a <i>philosopher</i>, I honour religion. These are not contradictions: they -are forced consequences of the uncertainty of theory and the certainty -of practice among men. My mind, constructed to believe in nothing, -not even in myself, constructed to despise everything, splendours -and miseries, peoples and kings, has nevertheless been dominated by -an instinct of reason which commanded it to submit to all that is -recognised as fine: religion, justice,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> humanity, equality, liberty, -glory. That which people to-day dream concerning the future, that which -the present generation imagines itself to have discovered concerning a -society yet to be born, founded upon principles quite different from -those of the old society, is announced positively in the <i>Essai.</i> -I have anticipated by thirty years those who call themselves the -proclaimers of an unknown world. My acts have belonged to the ancient -city, my thoughts to the new; the former to my duty, the latter to my -nature.</p> - -<p>The <i>Essai</i> was not an impious book; it was a book of doubt and sorrow. -I have already said so<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>.</p> - -<p>For the rest, I have had to exaggerate my fault to myself, and to -redeem with ideas of order so many passionate ideas strewn over my -works. I fear lest, at the commencement of my career, I may have -done harm to youth; I owe it a reparation, and at least I owe it -other lessons. Let it learn that one can struggle successfully with a -troubled nature; I have seen moral beauty, the divine beauty, superior -to every earthly dream: it needs but a little courage to reach it and -keep to it.</p> - -<p>In order to finish what I have to say touching my literary career, -I must mention the work which commenced it, and which remained in -manuscript until the year in which I inserted it in my Complete Works.</p> - -<p>At the beginning of the <i>Natchez</i>, the preface described how the work -was recovered in England, thanks to the trouble and the obliging -research of Messieurs de Thuisy.</p> - -<p>A manuscript from which I have been able to extract <i>Atala, René</i>, and -several descriptions included in the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, is not -absolutely barren. This first manuscript was written in one piece, -without sections; all the subjects were confused in it: journeys, -natural history, the dramatic portion, etc.; but, besides this -manuscript, composed in one stroke, there existed another, divided into -books. In this second work, I had not only proceeded to the separation -of the matter, but I had also changed the character of the composition, -by altering it from the romantic to the idyllic.</p> - -<p>A young man who promiscuously heaps up his ideas, his inventions, his -studies, die results of his reading, is bound to produce chaos; but -also in this chaos there is a certain fecundity which belongs to the -potency of his age.</p> - -<p>To me happened that which has perhaps happened to no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> other author: I -read again, after a lapse of thirty years, a manuscript which I had -totally forgotten.</p> - -<p>I had one danger to fear. In repassing the brush over the picture, I -might wipe out the colours; a surer but less rapid hand ran the risk, -while obliterating some incorrect features, of causing the liveliest -touches of youth to disappear: it was necessary to preserve the -independence and, so to speak, the passion of the composition; the foam -must be left on the bit of the youthful courser. If in the <i>Natchez</i> -there are things which I would hazard only in trembling to-day, there -are also things which I would no longer write, especially René's letter -in the second volume. It is in my first manner, and reproduces all -René. I do not know that the Renés who followed in my steps can have -said anything more nearly approaching folly.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Natchez.</i></div> - -<p>The <i>Natchez</i> opens with an invocation to the desert and to the star of -the night, the supreme divinities of my youth:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"In the shade of the American forests I will sing airs of -solitude such as mortal ears have not yet heard; I will -relate your adversities, O Natchez, O nation of Louisiana, of -whom naught save the memories remain! Should the misfortunes -of an obscure dweller in the woods have less claim upon our -tears than those of other men? And are the mausoleums of the -kings in our temples more touching than the tomb of an Indian -under his native oak?</p> - -<p>"And thou, torch of meditation, star of the night, be for me -the star of Pindus! Go before my steps across the unknown -regions of the New World, to reveal to me by thy light the -enchanting secrets of those deserts!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>My two natures lie mingled in this singular work, particularly in the -primitive original. In it are found political incidents and romantic -intrigues; but, across the narrative, there is heard, throughout, a -voice that sings and that seems to come from an unknown region.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>From 1812 to 1814, but two years are wanting to end the Empire<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>, and -those two years, of which we have seen something by anticipation, were -employed by me in researches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> into French history, and in the writing -of some books of these Memoirs; but I did not print anything more. My -life of poetry and erudition was really closed by the publication of -my three great works, the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, the <i>Martyrs</i> and -the <i>Itinéraire.</i> My political writings began with the Restoration; -with those writings also began my active political existence. Here, -therefore, ends my literary career properly so-called; carried away by -the flood of years, I had omitted it; not until this year, 1839, have I -recalled the bygone times of 1800 to 1814.</p> - -<p>This literary career, as you have been free to convince yourselves, was -no less disturbed than my career as a traveller and a soldier; there -were also labours, encounters, and blood in the arena; all was not -Muses and Castalian spring. My political career was even stormier.</p> - -<p>Perhaps some remains may mark the spot where stood my gardens of -Academus. The <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> commences the religious -revolution against the philosophism of the eighteenth century. I was at -the same time preparing the revolution which threatens our language, -for there can be no renewal of ideas without an accompanying renewal of -style. Will there be other forms of art, at present unknown, when I am -gone? Will it be possible to start from our studies of to-day in order -to make progress, as we ourselves have taken a step forward by starting -from past studies? Are there limits which one could not overstep, -because one would then run against the nature of things? Do not those -limits lie in the division of the modern languages, in the decay of -those same languages, in human vanity such as modern society has made -it? Languages do not follow the movement of civilization until they -are on the point of attaining the period of their perfection; having -reached this zenith, they remain stationary for a moment, and then -descend, without being able to ascend again.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Youth and age.</div> - -<p>Now, the story which I am finishing joins the first books of my -political life, written previously at different dates. I feel a little -more courage on returning to the finished portions of my edifice. When -I resumed my work, I trembled lest the old son of Cœlus should see -the golden trowel of the builder of Troy turn into a trowel of lead. -And yet it seems to me that my memory, when bidden to pour me out my -recollections, has not failed me too greatly. Have you felt the ice -of winter to a great extent in my narrative? Do you find an enormous -difference between the extinct ashes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> which I have striven to revive -and the living persons whom I have shown you in telling you of my early -youth? My years are my secretaries: when one of them comes to die, he -passes the pen to his younger brother, and I continue to dictate. As -they are of one family, they write very nearly the same hand.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This book was written in Paris in 1839, and revised in -June 1847.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Chateaubriand bought it from M. de Fontanes for 20,000 -francs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Chateaubriand bought the Vallée-aux-Loups in August 1807, -for the sum of 30,000 francs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Madame de Lavalette was the widow of the Marquis de -Béville.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>Manger</i>, to eat; also, to run through, to squander.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The Infirmary, situated at No. 86, Rue d'Enfer (now 92, -Rue Denfert-Rochereau), was founded by M. and Madame de Chateaubriand -at a considerable cost. Madame de Chateaubriand was buried beneath the -altar of the chapel.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Anne Louis Girodet Trioson, originally Girodet de Roussy -(1767-1824), a pupil of David, and not only a fine painter, but also a -poet of some merit.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Dominique Vivant Baron Denon (1747-1825), Director-General -of Museums under the Empire.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Chateaubriand's portrait was exhibited in the Salon of -1808.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Jean François Boissonade (1774-1857), a member of -the Academy of Inscriptions, and a distinguished and indefatigable -Hellenist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Conrad Malte-Brun (1775-1826), the eminent Danish -geographer.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Each, his hand in <i>th' ink-pot</i>, swears to be -revenged."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The crown of grass granted to a general who raised the -siege of a beleaguered place.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> François Bénoît Hoffmann (1760-1828), author of several -comic operas, and a successful writer in the <i>Journal des Débats.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Claude Hippolyte Clausel de Montais (1769-1857) became -Bishop of Chartres in 1824. He was the first to engage, in March 1841, -in the struggle of the bishops in favour of liberty of instruction, -which led to the law of 25 March 1850. Thanks to his writings during -this contest, Monseigneur Clausel de Montais is one of the most -imposing figures in the nineteenth-century episcopate.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755). In -the <i>Esprit des lois</i> (1748) he treats religion respectfully, but the -book was condemned for its deistic tendency.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> "Tasso wandering from town to town," etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Caius Valerius Jovius Aurelius Diocletianus, Roman -Emperor (245-313), in 303 commenced a persecution of the Christians -which lasted for ten years, or eight years after his abdication in -305.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Martyrs</i>, XXIII.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (<i>d.</i> -311), adopted son and son-in-law of Diocletian, and associated with the -latter in his persecution of the Christians.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Armand de Chateaubriand married in Jersey, in 1795, -Jeanne Le Brun d'Anneville, who died in the island in 1857.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> The English attempted a descent on Saint-Cast in 1758 and -were defeated by the Duc d'Aiguillon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Pierre François Joachim Henry-Larivière (1761-1838) -worked ardently for the restoration of the Monarchy from the date of -his proscription by the Convention, of which he was a member, in 1797. -Louis XVIII. made him Advocate-General and a councillor of the Court of -Appeal. He refused to take the oath to Louis-Philippe on the latter's -usurpation in 1830.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> The original documents of Armand's trial have been sent -me by an unknown and generous hand.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> M. de Goyon-Vaurouault.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Jean Louis Laya (1761-1833), author of some poetical -plays and of the <i>Ami des lois</i>, a stirring protest against the murder -of Louis XVI. He was flung into prison, where he remained until the -9 Thermidor. Under the Empire, he became a professor at the Lycée -Napoléon and eventually obtained the chair of poetry at the Faculté des -Lettres.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron Sicard (1742-1822), -the great teacher and benefactor of the deaf and dumb, and a fervent -Royalist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Hortense Queen of Holland (1783-1837), daughter of -the Empress Joséphine by her first husband, Alexandre Vicomte de -Beauharnais, and wife of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. She retired -to Switzerland after the Restoration, with the title of Duchesse de -Saint-Leu.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Chateaubriand says nothing of the time which elapsed -between April 1809 and January 1811. These twenty months, in fact, -were marked by no political or literary event that in any way affected -him.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The <i>Itinéraire</i> appeared in the month of March 1811.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Louis François Cardinal Duc de Bausset, Bishop of -Alais (1748-1824), was appointed to the see of Alais in 1784. He was -dispossessed and imprisoned under the Terror. On the return of the -Bourbons, he was created a peer of France in 1815, a cardinal in 1817, -and a duke in the same year. He had published his successful <i>Histoire -de Fénelon</i> in 1808; his <i>Histoire de Bossuet</i>, which was less well -received, appeared in 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Marie Joseph de Chénier (1764-1811).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> A contemporary, M. Auguis, thus describes the cavalier -manner in which Chateaubriand paid his visits (he quotes from the -unpublished Diary of Ferdinand Denis, author of <i>Scènes de la nature -sous les tropiques</i> and of <i>André le voyageur</i>): -</p> -<p> -"When Chateaubriand went to pay his French-Academy visits, he called -upon his future colleagues on horseback. To the famous and powerful he -paid a complete visit; to the small fry he sent in his card, without -alighting from his mettlesome steed. When they came to discuss the -election, M. —— voted for the horse of his new colleague, saying -that, in all conscience, it was the former alone that had paid him a -visit."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), known as Hugo Grotius, the -celebrated Dutch jurist and writer on international law, author of <i>De -Jure belli et pacis</i> (1624), by which the system of international law -was created, etc., etc., and for some years Ambassador of Christina -Queen of Sweden to France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The election took place on Wednesday 20 February 1811, -forty days after Marie Joseph Chenier's death. Only twenty-five members -were present, and Chateaubriand was elected almost unanimously.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Milton</span>, <i>Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio secunda</i>: -Archdeacon Wrangham's translation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Cf. <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, <i>Lives of the English Poets: Milton</i>, in -which the poet is very roughly handled.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The committee consisted of Messieurs François de -Neufchâteau, Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély, Lacretelle the Elder, -Laujon and Legouvé.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Pierre Antoine Noël Brunot, Comte Daru (1760-1829), a -moderate revolutionary, had been imprisoned under the Terror. He was -sent to Berlin as Minister Plenipotentiary in 1806 and entered the -Institute in the same year. In 1811, he became Secretary of State, in -which capacity he opposed the Russian War. He was created a peer by the -Restoration. His works include a metrical translation of the Works of -Horace (1804), a History of the Republic of Venice (1819), a History of -Brittany (1826), etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Charles Pineau Duclos (1704-1772), author of the -<i>Considération des mœurs</i>, etc., was a native of Dinan, in Brittany, -and was noted for the independence of his opinions. Louis XV. -pronounced the <i>Considération</i> to be "the work of an honest man."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Stanislas Chevalier de Boufflers (1737-1815) became a -member of the Academy in 1788, on his return from the Governorship of -Senegal. He is best known for his light erotic verse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The Marquise de Boufflers, <i>née</i> de Beauvais-Craon, a -beautiful and witty woman who had done the honours of the Court of King -Stanislaus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Joseph Marie Duc de Boufflers (1706-1747) relieved Genoa, -besieged by the Imperial forces and by the King of Sardinia, in 1747, -and died there in the same year of the small-pox.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Louis François Maréchal Duc de Boufflers (1644-1711), a -pupil of Condé and the Turennes, became famous through his defense of -Lille in 1708, for which service he was created a duke and a peer. He -also conducted the retreat and saved the French Army after the defeat -of Malplaquet in 1709.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Louis de Boufflers (1534-1553), a guidon to the Duc -d'Enghien, and noted for his superhuman feats of strength and -agility. He was killed, at the age of nineteen, at the siege of -Pont-sur-Yonne.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The Abbé Delille.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> "Be reassured, immortality's yours:" a line from -Delille's <i>Dithyrambe sur l'immortalité de l'âme</i>, written during the -Terror.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> M. de Fontanes.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> M. Suard.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Abbé Morellet, who, in 1795, had published two -eloquent appeals in favour of the victims of the Revolution, the <i>Cri -des familles</i> and the <i>Cause des pères.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Lieutenant-General Louis Philippe Comte de Ségur -(1753-1830), a very intelligent writer. After going through the -American War with Lafayette, he was sent as Ambassador to Russia, while -still a very young man, returned to France on the outbreak of the -Revolution, lived on his pen and was admitted to the Academy. Napoleon -made him his Grand-Master of Ceremonies and a senator; under the -Restoration, he was created a peer of France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis de Ségur (1724-1801) was -badly wounded at the battle of Klosterkamp, in 1760.-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Philippe Paul Comte de Ségur, author of the <i>Campagne de -Russie</i>, was riddled with bullets at the Battle of Sommo-Sierra (1808), -and refused to cease fighting until he swooned in the arms of his -grenadiers.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The Abbé Sicard.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte d'Aguesseau -(1746-1826).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Henri François d'Aguesseau (1668-1751), thrice Chancellor -of France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jean Francois Ducis (1733-1816), the tragic poet, author -of <i>Œdipe chez Admète</i>, imitated from Sophocles and Euripides, and of -imitations of many of Shakespeare's tragedies. His only original play -was <i>Abufar, ou La Famille arabe</i>, which obtained a great success. He -received Voltaire's seat in the Academy in 1778. Ducis refused the many -advantages offered him by Bonaparte, preferring to live in poor and -honourable retirement.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste Legouvé (1764-1812), the -poet, author of the <i>Mort d'Abel</i>, the <i>Mort d'Henri IV</i> and other -tragedies, and of some didactic poetry which is better than the -plays.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> François Juste Marie Raynouard (1761-1836), author of the -tragedy of the <i>Templiers</i>, entered the Academy in 1807 and became its -perpetual secretary in 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Pierre Laujon (1727-1811), author of some comic operas -and of a collection of sportive verse entitled <i>À-propos de société</i> -(1771). He had been secretary to the Prince de Condé.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Anacreon was born at Teos.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Cf. <span class="smcap">Camoëns</span>, <i>Luciad</i>, where Adamastor is represented -as the giant spirit of storms, warning Vasco de Gama off the Cape of -Storms, now the Cape of Good Hope.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The Chevalier de Parny, author of <i>Éléonore</i>, was born in -the Île Bourbon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, author of <i>Paul et Virginie</i>, -lived three years in the Mauritius.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Joseph Alphonse Esménard (1770-1811) accompanied General -Leclerc to San Domingo, and on his return wrote his poem of the -<i>Navigation.</i> Napoleon made him Theatrical Censor. In 1810, he entered -the Institute. He was exiled, in 1811, for writing against the Emperor -Alexander, returned to France after three months, and was immediately -killed by a fall from his carriage.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> St. Ambrose (<i>circa</i> 340-397), one of the Fathers of -the Church, was Governor of Liguria when he was elected bishop by the -people, although himself but recently converted to Christianity and -as yet unbaptized. He was ordained priest and consecrated Bishop of -Milan within a few days (374). St. Ambrose is honoured on the 7th of -December.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Jean Siffrein Cardinal Maury (1746-1817) had been -appointed to the See of Montefiascone by Pope Pius VI. in 1794. In -1810, Napoleon had nominated him Archbishop of Paris, a fact which -Chateaubriand purposely disregards.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Chénier's tragedy of <i>Charles IX</i> was produced in 1789, -<i>Henri VIII</i> and the <i>Mort de Calas</i> in 1791, <i>Gracchus</i> in 1792, -<i>Fénelon</i> in 1793.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> A reference to an attack in Chénier's satire entitled the -<i>Nouveaux Saints</i>, which commences thus: -</p> -<p> -Ah! vous parlez du diable? il est bien poétique,<br /> -Dit le dévot Chactas, ce sauvage érotique.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> André de Chénier, guillotined in 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Caius Fabricius Luscinus (<i>fl.</i> 282 B.C.), the type of -the ancient Roman virtue.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Marie Joseph Chénier was born in Constantinople in -1764.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Jean de La Bruyère (1644-1696), author of the -<i>Caractères.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788), the -great naturalist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Lucius Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus (228-160 B.C.), elected -Consul in 182 and 168, defeated Perseus in 167 B.C., and subdued -Macedonia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Perseus, the last King of Macedon (<i>d.</i> 167 B.C.), -adorned his conqueror's triumph and allowed himself to die of -starvation in his prison in Rome.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Marie-Louise Empress of the French (1791-1847), daughter -of the Emperor Francis I., had been married to Napoleon on the 1st of -April 1810.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Francis Charles Joseph Napoleon Duc de Reichstadt -(1811-1832), created King of Rome on his birth (20 March).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Marie Françoise Sophie Gay (1776-1852), <i>née</i> Nichault -de Lavalette, author of <i>Léonie de Montbreuse, Anatolie</i>, the <i>Salons -célèbres</i> and other successful and distinguished works, and mother of -Madame Émile de Girardin.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> An epigram from the Anthology. The bird to which the -Greek poet addressed it is the nightingale, "too great a friend of the -author's," as M. de Marcellus very neatly observes, "for him to dare to -call it by its name when about to speak ill of it."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> 4 September 1812.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> In a pamphlet entitled, <i>Réponse aux attaques dirigées -contre M. de Chateaubriand.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Damaze de Raymond died on the 27th of February 1813, in a -duel resulting from a quarrel at the gaming-table.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II. p. 116.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Except in so far as concerns the incidents of his -literary life, Chateaubriand's Memoirs give us hardly any details on -the two years elapsing between 1812 and 1814. They were spent between -the Vallée-aux-Loups and an apartment in the Rue de Rivoli which M. and -Madame de Chateaubriand had hired from M. Alexandre de Laborde.—B.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h3><a name="PART_THE_THIRD" id="PART_THE_THIRD">PART THE THIRD</a></h3> - - -<h4>1814-1830</h4> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h4><a name="BOOKS_I" id="BOOK_I">BOOKS I AND II</a></h4> - - -<p class="center">The last days of the Empire</p> - - -<p class="p2">Youth is a charming thing: it sets out at life's commencement crowned -with flowers, as did the Athenian fleet going to conquer Sicily and the -delightful plains of Enna. The prayer is offered aloud by the priest -of Neptune, libations are made from goblets of gold, the crowd lining -the coast unites its invocations to those of the pilot, the pæan is -sung while the sail is unfurled to the rays and to the breath of dawn. -Alcibiades<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>, arrayed in purple and beautiful as Love, is noticeable -on the triremes, proud of the seven chariots which he has launched -on the Olympian race-course. But, scarce is the isle of Alcinous<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> -passed, when the illusion vanishes: Alcibiades, banished, goes to -grow old far away from his country and to die pierced with arrows -on Timandra's bosom. The companions of his early hopes, enslaved at -Syracuse, have nothing to alleviate the weight of their chains but a -few verses of Euripides.</p> - -<p>You have seen my youth quitting the shore: it had not the beauty of the -pupil of Pericles<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>, educated upon the knees of Aspasia<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> but it -had the same morning hours—and longings and dreams, God knows! I have -described those dreams to you: to-day, returning to land after many -an exile, I have nothing more to tell you but truths sad as my age. -If at times I still sound the chords of the lyre, these are the last -harmonies of the poet seeking to cure himself of the wounds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> caused by -the arrows of time, or to console himself for the slavery of years.</p> - -<p>You know how changeable was my life during my condition as a traveller -and a soldier; you know of my literary existence from 1800 to 1813, -the year in which you left me at the Vallée-aux-Loups, which still -belonged to me when my political career opened. We are about to enter -into that career: before penetrating into it, I must needs revert to -the general facts which I have overlooked while occupying myself solely -with my works and my personal adventures. Those facts are of Napoleon's -making. Let us therefore pass to him; let us speak of the huge edifice -which was being built outside my dreams. I now turn historian without -ceasing to be an autobiographer; a public interest is about to support -my private confidences; my own smaller recitals will group themselves -around my narrative.</p> - -<p>When the war of the Revolution broke out, the kings did not understand -it; they saw a revolt where they ought to have seen the changing of -the nations, the end and the commencement of a world: they flattered -themselves that for them there was a question only of enlarging their -States with a few provinces taken from France; they believed in -bygone military tactics, in bygone diplomatic treaties, in cabinet -negociations: and conscripts were about to set Frederic's grenadiers to -flight; monarchs were about to come to sue for peace in the ante-rooms -of a few obscure demagogues; and awful revolutionary opinion was about -to unravel the intrigues of old Europe upon the scaffolds. That old -Europe thought it was fighting only France; it did not perceive that a -new age was marching upon it.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, in the course of his ever-increasing successes, seemed -called upon to change the royal dynasties, to make his own the oldest -of them all. He had made Kings of the Electors of Bavaria, Wurtemberg -and Saxony; he had given the crown of Naples to Murat, that of Spain -to Joseph, that of Holland to Louis, that of Westphalia to Jerome; his -sister, Élisa Bacciochi, was Princess of Lucca; he, on his own account, -was Emperor of the French, King of Italy, in which kingdom were -included Venice, Tuscany, Parma and Piacenza; Piedmont was united to -France; he had consented to allow one of his captains, Bernadotte<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, -to reign in Sweden; by the Treaty of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> the Confederation of the Rhine -he exercised the rights of the House of Austria over Germany; he had -declared himself the mediator of the Helvetian Confederation; he had -laid Prussia low; without possessing a bark, he had declared the -British Isles in a state of blockade. England, in spite of her fleets, -was on the point of not having a port in Europe in which to discharge a -bale of merchandise or post a letter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's position in 1813.</div> - -<p>The Papal States formed part of the French Empire; the Tiber was -a French department. In the streets of Paris, one saw cardinals, -half-prisoners, who, putting their heads through the window of their -cab, asked:</p> - -<p>"Is this where the King of —— lives?"</p> - -<p>"No," replied the porter to whom the question was put, "it's higher up."</p> - -<p>Austria had redeemed herself only by handing over her daughter: the -"raider" of the South<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> demanded Honoria<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> from Valentinian<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, -with half of the provinces of the Empire.</p> - -<p>How had those miracles been worked? What qualities were possessed by -the man who gave birth to them? What qualities did he lack for their -achievement? I will trace the immense fortune of Bonaparte, who, -notwithstanding, passed so quickly that his days fill but a short -period of the time covered by these Memoirs. Fastidious productions of -genealogies, cold disquisitions upon facts, insipid verifications of -dates are the burdens and servitudes of the writer.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> - -<p>. . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>. . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>. . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>In the Second Book of these Memoirs you have read (I had then returned -from my first exile to Dieppe):</p> - -<p>"I have been permitted to return to my valley. The soil trembles -beneath the steps of the foreign soldier: I am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> writing, like the last -of the Romans, to the sound of the Barbarian invasion. By day I compose -pages as agitated as the events of the day; at night, while the rolling -of the distant cannon dies away in my solitary woods, I return to the -silence of the years that sleep in the grave and to the peace of my -youngest memories."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Those agitated pages which I composed by day were notes relating to -the events of the moment which, when collected, formed my pamphlet <i>De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons.</i> I had so high an opinion of the genius of -Napoleon and the gallantry of our soldiers that an invasion by the -foreigner which should be successful in its ultimate result could not -enter into my head; but I thought that this invasion, by making France -realize the danger to which Napoleon's ambition had brought her, would -lead to a movement from within and that the enfranchisement of the -French would be worked by their own hands. It was with this idea that -I was writing my notes, so that, if our political assemblies should -stay the march of the Allies and resolve to sever from a great man who -had become a scourge, they should know to whom to resort; the shelter -seemed to me to lie in the authority, modified in accordance with the -times, under which our ancestors had lived during eight centuries: -when, in a storm, one finds nothing within reach but an old edifice, -all in ruins though it be, one retires to it.</p> - -<p>In the winter of 1813 to 1814, I took an apartment in the Rue de -Rivoli, opposite the first gate of the garden of the Tuileries, before -which I had heard the death of the Duc d'Enghien cried. As yet there -was nothing to be seen in that street except the arcades built by the -Government and a few houses rising here and there with their lateral -denticulation of projecting stones.</p> - -<p>It needed nothing less than the spectacle of the calamities weighing -on France to maintain the aversion which Napoleon inspired and at the -same time to protect one's self against the admiration which he caused -to revive so soon as he acted: he was the proudest genius of action -that ever existed; his first campaign in Italy and his last campaign in -France (I am not speaking of Waterloo) are his two finest campaigns: he -was Condé in the first, Turenne in the second, a great warrior in the -former, a great man in the latter; but they differed in their results: -by the one he gained the Empire, by the other he lost it. His last -hours of power, all uprooted, all barefoot as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> they were, could not be -drawn from him, like a lion's tooth, save by the efforts of the arms of -Europe. The name of Napoleon was still so formidable that the hostile -armies crossed the Rhine in terror; they unceasingly looked behind -them, in order well to assure themselves that their retreat would be -possible; masters of Paris, they trembled yet. Alexander<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>, casting -his eyes towards Russia while entering France, congratulated the -persons who were able to go away, and wrote his anxieties and regrets -to his mother<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His campaign in France.</div> - -<p>Napoleon beat the Russians at Saint-Dizier<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>, the Prussians and -Russians at Brienne<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>, as though to do honour to the fields in which -he had been brought up. He routed the Army of Silesia at Montmirail<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> -and Champaubert<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> and a portion of the main army at Montereau<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>. -He made head everywhere; went and returned on his steps; repelled the -columns by which he was surrounded. The Allies proposed an armistice; -Bonaparte tore up the proffered preliminaries and exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"I am nearer to Vienna than the Emperor of Austria is to Paris!"</p> - -<p>Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, for their mutual consolation, -concluded a new treaty of alliance at Chaumont<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>; but in reality -they were alarmed at Bonaparte's resistance and were thinking of -retreat. At Lyons an army<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> was forming on the Austrian flank; -Marshal Soult was checking the English; the Congress of Châtillon<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>, -which was not dissolved until the 18th of March, was still negociating. -Bonaparte drove Blücher<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> from the heights of Craonne<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>. The main -allied army had triumphed on the 26th of February, at Bar-sur-Aube, -thanks only to superiority in numbers. Bonaparte,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> multiplying himself, -had recovered Troyes<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>, which the Allies reoccupied<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>. From -Craonne he had moved upon Rheims<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>.</p> - -<p>"To-night," he said, "I shall go to take my father-in-law at Troyes."</p> - -<p>On the 20th of March, an affair took place near Arcis-sur-Aube<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>. -Amid a rolling fire of artillery, a shell having fallen in front of a -square of the guards, the square appeared to make a slight movement: -Bonaparte dashed towards the projectile, the fuse of which was smoking, -and made his horse sniff at it; the shell burst, and the Emperor came -safe and sound from the midst of the shattered bolt.</p> - -<p>The battle was to recommence the following day, but Bonaparte, -yielding to the inspiration of genius, an inspiration which was -none the less fatal, retired in order to bear upon the rear of the -confederate troops, separate them from their stores, and swell his -own army with the garrisons of the frontier places. The foreigners -were preparing to fall back upon the Rhine, when Alexander, by one of -these Heaven-inspired impulses which change a whole world, took the -resolve to march upon Paris, the road to which was becoming free<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>. -Napoleon thought he would draw the mass of the enemy after him, and he -was followed, by only ten thousand men of the cavalry, whom he believed -to be the advance-guard of the main troops, whereas they masked the -real movement of the Prussians and Muscovites. He dispersed those ten -thousand horse at Saint-Dizier and Vitry, and then perceived that the -great allied army was not behind them: that army, which was flinging -itself upon the capital, had before it only Marshals Marmont<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> and -Mortier<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>, with about twelve thousand conscripts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">He retires to Fontainebleau.</div> - -<p>Napoleon hurriedly made for Fontainebleau<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>: there a sainted -victim<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>, retiring, had left the requiter and the avenger. Two -things in history always go side by side: let a man enter upon a path -of injustice, and he at the same time opens for himself a path of -perdition in which, at a given distance, the first road will converge -into the second.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Men's minds were greatly agitated: the hope of at all costs seeing -brought to a close a cruel war which, since twenty years, had been -weighing down upon France sated with misfortune and glory, this hope -carried the day, among the masses, over the feeling of nationality. -Each one thought of the part he would have to take in the approaching -catastrophe. Every evening my friends came to talk at Madame de -Chateaubriand's, to tell and comment upon the events of the day. -Messieurs de Fontanes, de Clausel, Joubert gathered with the crowd -of those transient friends whom events bring and events withdraw. -Madame la Duchesse de Lévis, beautiful, peaceable and devoted, whom -we shall meet again at Ghent, kept Madame de Chateaubriand faithful -company. Madame la Duchesse de Duras was also in Paris, and I often -went to see Madame la Marquise de Montcalm<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>, sister to the Duc de -Richelieu<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> - -<p>I continued to be persuaded, despite the near approach of the -battle-fields, that the Allies would not enter Paris and that a -national insurrection would put an end to our fears. The obsession -of this idea prevented me from feeling the presence of the foreign -armies as keenly as I might have done: but I could not keep myself from -reflecting upon the calamities to which we had subjected Europe, when I -saw Europe bring them back to us.</p> - -<p>I never ceased working at my pamphlet; I was preparing it as a remedy -when the moment of anarchy should come to burst forth. It is not thus -that we write nowadays, when we live at our ease, with only a war of -broadsheets to fear: at night, I turned the key in my lock; I placed -my papers under my pillow, with two loaded revolvers on my table: I -slept between these two muses. My text was in duplicate: I had written -it in the form of a pamphlet, which it retained, and in the shape of a -speech, differing in some respects from the pamphlet; I thought that, -when France rose, they might assemble at the Hôtel de Ville, and I had -prepared myself on two topics.</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand wrote a few notes at various periods of our -common life; among those notes I find the following paragraph:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"M. de Chateaubriand was writing his pamphlet <i>De Bonaparte -et des Bourbons.</i> If that pamphlet had been seized, the -result was not doubtful: the sentence was the scaffold. -Nevertheless the author displayed incredible negligence in -concealing it. Often he would go out and leave it on the -table; his prudence never went beyond placing it under his -pillow, which he used to do before his valet, a very honest -fellow, but liable to temptation. As for me, I was in a -mortal fright: and, so soon as M. de Chateaubriand had gone -out, I used to take the manuscript and place it about my -person. One day, while crossing the Tuileries, I noticed that -I no longer had it, and, being sure that I had felt it on -leaving the house, I had no doubt that I had lost it on the -way. Already I saw the fatal work in the hands of the police -and M. de Chateaubriand arrested: I fell unconscious in the -middle of the garden; some kind people assisted me, and -afterwards took me home, which was not far off. What torture -when, on climbing the stairs, I hovered between a fear which -was almost a certainty and a slight hope that I had forgotten -to take the pamphlet! As I approached my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> husband's bedroom, -I felt myself fainting once more; I went in at last; nothing -on the table; I went up to the bed; I first felt the pillow, -I perceived nothing; I lifted it up, and saw the roll of -papers! My heart beats whenever I think of it. I have never -experienced such a moment of joy in my life. Certainly, I can -truthfully say that it would not have been so great had I -seen myself released at the foot of the scaffold; for, after -all, it was some one dearer to me than myself whom I saw -released from it."</p></blockquote> - -<p>How unhappy should I be if I could have caused a moment of trouble to -Madame de Chateaubriand!</p> - -<p>I had nevertheless been obliged to entrust a printer<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> with my -secret: he had consented to risk the business; according to the news of -the hour, he used to return the half-composed proofs to me, or come to -fetch them back, as the sound of the cannon approached or drew farther -from Paris: I played pitch-and-toss with my life, in this way, for -nearly a fortnight.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">War at the gates of Paris.</div> - -<p>The circle was drawing closer around the capital: at every moment we -heard of some progress on the part of the enemy. Russian prisoners and -French wounded entered promiscuously through the barriers, drawn in -carts: some, half-dead, fell beneath the wheels, which they stained -with their blood. Conscripts called up from the interior crossed the -capital in a long file on their way to the armies. At night, one heard -trains of artillery pass along the outer boulevards, and one did not -know whether the distant detonations announced the decisive victory or -the final defeat.</p> - -<p>The war at last came and fixed itself outside the barriers of Paris. -From the top of the towers of Notre-Dame, one could see the head of -the Russian columns appear, like the first undulations of the tide of -the sea upon a beach. I felt what a Roman must have experienced when, -from the ridge of the Capitol, he beheld the soldiers of Alaric<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> -and the old city of the Latins at his feet, as I beheld the Russian -soldiers and, at my feet, the old city of the Gauls. Farewell, then, -paternal gods, hearths which preserved the traditions of the country, -roofs beneath which had breathed both Virginia<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> sacrificed by -her father to modesty and liberty, and Héloïse, consecrated by love to -letters and religion.</p> - -<p>Paris had not since centuries seen the smoke of an enemy's camp, and it -was Bonaparte who, from triumph to triumph, brought the Thebans within -sight of the women of Sparta. Paris was the bourn from which he had -started to conquer the earth: he returned to it leaving behind him the -huge conflagration of his useless conquests.</p> - -<p>The people rushed to the Jardin des Plantes, which, in olden times, -the fortified Abbey of St. Victor might have been able to protect: -the small world of swans and plantain-trees, to which our power had -promised an eternal peace, was perturbed. From the summit of the -labyrinth, looking over the great cedar, over the public granaries -which Bonaparte had not had time to complete, beyond the site of the -Bastille and the keep of Vincennes (spots which told the tale of our -successive history), the crowd watched the infantry-fire in the combat -of Belleville. Montmartre was carried: the cannon-balls fell as far as -the Boulevard du Temple. A few companies of the National Guard made a -sortie and lost three hundred men in the fields around the tomb of the -"martyrs." Never did military France, in the midst of her reverses, -shine with a brighter glory; the last heroes were the one hundred -and fifty lads of the Polytechnic School, transformed into gunners -in the redoubts on the Vincennes Road. Surrounded by the enemy, they -refused to surrender; they had to be tom from their pieces: the Russian -grenadier seized them, blackened with gun-powder and covered with -wounds; while they struggled in his arms, he lifted those young French -palm-branches in the air with cries of victory and admiration and -restored them all bleeding to their mothers.</p> - -<p>During that time Cambacérès was fleeing with Marie-Louise, the King of -Rome and the Regency. The following proclamation was read on the walls:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">King Joseph</span><a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, <span class="smcap">Lieutenant-General of the Emperor</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard</span>.</p> - -<p class="smcap">"Citizens of Paris,</p> - -<p>"The Council of Regency has provided for the safety of the -Empress and the King of Rome: I remain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> with you. Let us arm -ourselves to defend this town, its monuments, its riches, our -wives, our children, all that is dear to us. Let this vast -city become a camp for a short while, and let the enemy meet -with his disgrace under its walls, which he hopes to surmount -in triumph."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Rostopschin<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> did not pretend to defend Moscow; he burnt it down. -Joseph announced that he would never leave the Parisians, and privately -decamped, leaving his courage placarded at the street-corners.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">M. de Talleyrand.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand made one of the Regency appointed by Napoleon. Since -the day on which the Bishop of Autun, under the Empire, ceased to -be Minister of Foreign Affairs, he had dreamt of but one thing, the -disappearance of Bonaparte followed by the regency of Marie-Louise, a -regency of which he, the Prince de Bénévent, would have been the head. -Bonaparte, in appointing him a member of a provisional regency in -1814, seemed to have favoured his secret wishes. The Napoleonic death -had not occurred; there remained for M. de Talleyrand but to hobble -at the feet of the colossus whom he was unable to overthrow, and to -turn the moment to account on his own behalf: the genius of that man -of bargains and compromises lay in contriving. The position presented -difficulties: to remain in the capital was the obvious course; but, if -Bonaparte returned, the prince, separated from the fugitive Regency, -the prince, lagging behind, ran the risk of being shot: on the other -hand, how to abandon Paris at the moment when the Allies might be -entering it? Would it not be to forego the profits of success, to -betray that morrow of events for which M. de Talleyrand was made? So -far from leaning towards the Bourbons, he feared them by reason of his -various apostacies. However, since there was some sort of chance for -them, M. de Vitrolles<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>, with the assent of the married prelate, -had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> stealthily repaired to the Congress of Châtillon, as the unavowed -whisperer of the Legitimacy. Having taken this precaution, the prince, -in order to get clear of his difficulties in Paris, had recourse to one -of those tricks of which he was a past master.</p> - -<p>M. de Laborie, who, soon after, became confidential secretary to the -Provisional Government under M. Dupont de Nemours<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, went to M. de -Laborde, who was attached to the National Guard, and revealed the fact -of M. de Talleyrand's departure:</p> - -<p>"He is preparing," said he, "to follow the Regency; it will perhaps -appear necessary to you to arrest him, in order to be in a position to -negociate with the Allies if need be."</p> - -<p>The comedy was played to perfection. The prince's carriages were -ostentatiously got ready; he started at broad noon-day, on the 30th of -March: on reaching the Barrière d'Enfer, he was inexorably sent back -home, in spite of his protestations. In case of a miraculous return, -the proofs were there showing that the ex-minister had tried to join -Marie-Louise and that the armed force had prevented his passage.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Meantime, on the advent of the Allies, the Comte Alexandre de Laborde -and M. Tourton, superior officers of the National Guard, had been -sent to the Generalissimo, Prince von Schwarzenberg<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>, who had -been one of Bonaparte's generals during the Russian campaign. The -Generalissimo's proclamation was made known in Paris on the evening of -the 30th of March. It said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"For twenty years Europe has been inundated with blood -and tears: the attempts made to put an end to all these -sufferings have been useless, because the very principle -of the government by which you are oppressed contains an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> -insurmountable obstacle to peace. Parisians, you know the -situation in which your country is placed: the preservation -and the tranquillity of your city will be the object of the -cares of the Allies. It is with these sentiments that Europe, -in arms before your walls, addresses herself to you!"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>What a magnificent acknowledgment of France's greatness:</p> - -<p>"Europe, in arms before your walls, addresses herself to you!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Capitulation of Paris.</div> - -<p>We, who had respected nothing, were respected by those whose towns -we had ravaged and who, in their turn, had become the stronger. We -appeared as a sacred nation in their eyes; our lands were to them -as a field of Elis upon which, by order of the gods, no battalion -dared trample. If, notwithstanding, Paris had thought fit to offer a -resistance, very easily made, of four-and-twenty hours, the results -would have been changed; but nobody, except the soldiers intoxicated -with fire and glory, wanted any more of Bonaparte, and, dreading lest -they should keep him, the people hastened to open the gates.</p> - -<p>Paris capitulated on the 31st of March: the military capitulation is -signed, in the names of Marshals Mortier; and Marmont, by Colonels -Denys<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> and Fabvier<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>; the civil capitulation was made in the -names of the mayors of Paris. The Municipal and Departmental Council -sent a deputation to the Russian head-quarters to arrange the several -clauses: my companion in exile, Christian de Lamoignon, was one of the -delegates. Alexander said to them:</p> - -<p>"Your Emperor, who was my ally, came into the very heart of my States -to bring with him evils of which the traces will long remain: a just -defense has brought me here. I am far from wishing to return to France -the wrongs which she has done me. I am just, and I know that the -French:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> are not to blame. The French are my friends, and I wish to -prove to them that I have come to return good for evil. Napoleon is my -only enemy. I promise my special protection to the city of Paris; I -shall protect and preserve all public institutions; I shall let only -picked troops remain there; I shall preserve your National Guard, -which is composed of the pick of your citizens. It is for yourselves -to ensure your happiness in the future; you must give yourselves a -government which will procure your repose and that of Europe. It is for -you to express your wish: you will always find me ready to second your -efforts."</p> - -<p>These words were punctually fulfilled: the joy of victory surmounted -every other interest in the eyes of the Allies. What must have been -Alexander's feelings when he caught sight of the domes of the buildings -of that town where no foreigner had ever entered except to admire us, -to revel in the marvels of our civilization and our intelligence; -of that inviolable city, defended by its great men during twelve -Centuries; of that glorious capital which Louis XIV. seemed still to -protect with his shade and Bonaparte with his return!</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Alcibiades (450-404 B.C.) started on his ill-fated -expedition to Sicily in 416 B.C.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Alcinous King of the Phæacians, who welcomed Ulysses in -the island of Corcyra.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Pericles (<i>circa</i> 494-429 B.C.) was Alcibiades' uncle and -instructor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Aspasia had married Pericles after having been his -mistress.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Charles XIV. King of Sweden (1764-1844), as General -Bernadotte, was adopted by Charles XIII., abjured Catholicism, fought -against France in 1813, and succeeded in 1818.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Attila, King of the Huns (<i>d.</i> 453). He claimed half the -Western Empire as the betrothed husband of Honoria.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Justa Grata Honoria (<i>b. circa</i> 418), a Roman princess, -daughter of Constantius III., Emperor of the West. She was disgraced -and kept guarded because of her intrigue with Eugenius, and is said to -have sent to Attila to claim her as his bride.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Valentinian III. (419-455), Honoria's brother. The losses -of his reign included Africa (to the Vandals), Britain, and large parts -of Gaul and Spain.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Here I omit Chateaubriand's long history of the career -of Napoleon Bonaparte, extending over two books of these Memoirs. The -publishers propose to issue it as a supplementary volume when the -publication of the Memoirs proper has been completed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Alexander I. Paulowitch, Emperor of Russia -(1777-1825).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> The Dowager-Empress Maria Sophia Dorothea Augusta -(1759-1828), widow of Paul I., and daughter of Frederic Eugene Duke of -Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> 27 January 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> 29 January 1814. Napoleon had been educated at the -military school at Brienne.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> 10 February 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> 11 February.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> 18 February.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> 1 March 1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Under the command of Marshal Augereau, Duc de -Castiglione.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> The Congress of Châtillon, between the four allied -Powers and France, had opened on the 5th of February 1814. France -was represented by the Duc de Vicence; Austria by Count von Stadion; -Prussia by Baron von Humboldt; Russia by Count Razumowsky; England by -Sir Charles Stuart, with Lord Cathcart and the Earl of Aberdeen.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Field-Marshal Gebhart Lebrecht von Blücher, Prince of -Wahlstadt (1743-1819), who played a prominent part in command of the -Prussian forces in the Waterloo campaign.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> 7 March 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> 27 February.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 4 March.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Napoleon drove a Russian corps out of Rheims on the 13th -of March 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> The Battle of Arcis-Sur-Aube lasted two days (20 and -21 March). It was the last battle which Napoleon delivered in person -in this campaign. He had to abandon the field to the enemy; but the -two days were none the less most glorious for the French soldiers and -their leader. Napoleon's 20,000 men had resisted a mass which rose -successively from 40,000 to 90,000.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> I have heard General Pozzo tell that it was he who -persuaded the Emperor Alexander to march forward.—<i>Author's Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -The resolution to march on Paris was taken on the 24th of March, at -Sommepuis.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, Maréchal Duc -de Raguse (1774-1852), one of Napoleon's most distinguished commanders. -Under the Restoration, he became a peer of France and Major-General of -the Royal Guard, and he clung to the Elder Line after the usurpation -of the Duc d'Orléans. Marmont was elected an honorary member of the -Academy of Science in 1816.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de -Trévise (1768-1835), played a prominent part in the Republic and the -Empire. He was created a peer of France under the First Restoration, -but rallied to Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and was deprived of -his peerage in 1815, on refusing to try Marshal Ney. He sat in the -Chamber of Deputies from 1816 to 1819, when his peerage was restored to -him; accepted the office of Minister for War under the Usurpation; and -was killed, in July 1835, by Fieschi's infernal machine, while riding -by the side of Louis-Philippe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> He arrived at Fontainebleau in the night of the 30th -of March. The Capitulation of Paris was signed at two o'clock on the -morning of the 31st.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Pope Pius VII., who had been released from his captivity -at Fontainebleau early in the year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> The Marquise de Montcalm was the half-sister of the Duc -de Richelieu. Their father, the Duc de Fronsac, had married twice, -first, Mademoiselle d'Hautefort, by whom he had a son, the future -minister of the Restoration; secondly, Mademoiselle de Gallifet, by -whom he had two daughters, Armande and Simplicie, who became Marquise -de Montcalm and Marquise de Jumilhac respectively.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu -(1766-1822), emigrated in 1789 and served with distinction in the -Russian Army. He returned to France in 1814 and in the following year -was appointed President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. -He used his great influence with the Emperor of Russia in order to -reduce the period of the foreign occupation, at the end of which, in -1818, he retired from office, the Chambers voting him a reward of -50,000 francs a year, the whole of which he devoted to the endowment of -a hospital at Bordeaux. In 1820, he was again appointed Prime Minister, -after the assassination of the Duc de Berry, and set himself to repress -the spirit of independence and discontent which was being displayed. -His consequent loss of popularity caused him to resign in 1821, and he -died a few months later, in 1822, universally esteemed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> M. Mame, the founder of the great Tours -publishing-house.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Alaric I. King of the Visigoths (382-412) besieged Rome -three times in 409 and 410, and took the city by assault in the latter -year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Virginia was killed by her father, Virginius, in -449 B.C., to save her from the lust of Appius Claudius, one of the -Decemvirs of Rome. The people rose after this event, which led to the -abolition of the Decemvirate.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), Napoleon's elder brother, -was King of Naples from 1806 to 1808, and King of Spain from 1808 to -1813. After Waterloo, he took refuge in the United States, where he -lived for eleven years as Comte de Survilliers, returning to Europe in -1826, when he resided successively in England and Italy until his death -in 1844.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> General Feodor Count Rostopschin (1765-1826) was -Governor of Moscow in 1812 at the time of the French invasion, -when he set fire to the town in order to deprive the enemy of all -resources.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Eugène François Auguste d'Armand, Baron de Vitrolles -(1774-1854), had fought in the Army of Condé, but was created a -baron of the Empire in 1812. He took up the cause of the Bourbons in -1814, and was imprisoned by Bonaparte during the Hundred Days. Under -the Second Restoration, he became principal agent of the personal -policy of Monsieur (the Comte d'Artois). He was appointed Minister -Plenipotentiary to Florence in 1827 and created a peer in 1830. The -fall of the Elder Branch drove him back into private life.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours (1739-1817), author of a -number of works on economy, politics, physiology, natural history and -general physics, had remained loyal to Louis XVI. under the Revolution, -and fled to America during the Terror. He returned to France under -the Consulate. In 1814, he was appointed Secretary to the Provisional -Government; but, after the return of Napoleon, he went back to America, -where he died two years later. Dupont de Nemours was one of the -original members of the Institute.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Karl Philipp Field-Marshal Prince von Schwarzenberg -(1771-1819), the Austrian Commander-in-Chief, had distinguished himself -at Hohenlinden in 1800 and during the campaign of 1805. He negotiated -the marriage between Napoleon and Marie-Louise, and commanded the -Austrian auxiliaries in the French campaign against Russia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Charles Marie Denys, Comte de Damrémont (1783-1837). -He espoused the King's cause in 1814. In 1830, he was given a brigade -in the Algerian Expedition, was created a peer of France in 1830, -and Governor of the French North-African Possessions in 1837, but -was killed on the 13th of October of the same year at the taking of -Constantine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Charles Nicolas Baron Fabvier (1782-1855). General -Fabvier got himself into trouble in 1820, and was obliged to leave -France. In 1823 he offered his services to the Greeks in their War of -Independence, and defended the Acropolis of Athens in 1826. He returned -to France in 1830, on the outbreak of the Revolution. Louis-Philippe -made him a lieutenant-general and a peer (1845). In 1848 he was sent as -Ambassador of the Republic to Constantinople, and later to Denmark. He -retired into private life after the <i>coup d'État</i> of 1851.—T.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_III" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III</a></h4> - - -<p>Entry of the Allies into Paris—Bonaparte at Fontainebleau—The -Regency at Blois—Publication of my pamphlet <i>De Bonaparte et des -Bourbons</i>—The Senate issues the decree of dethronement—The house -in the Rue Saint-Florentin—M. de Talleyrand—Addresses of the -Provisional Government—Constitution proposed by the Senate—Arrival of -the Comte d'Artois—Bonaparte abdicates at Fontainebleau—Napoleon's -itinerary to the island of Elba—Louis XVIII. at Compiègne—His entry -into Paris—The Old Guard—An irreparable mistake—The Declaration -of Saint-Ouen—Treaty of Paris—The Charter—Departure of the -Allies—First year of the Restoration—First ministry—I publish my -<i>Réflexions Politiques</i>-Madame la Duchesse de Duras—I am appointed -Ambassador to Sweden—Exhumation of the remains of Louis XVI.—The -first 21st of January at Saint-Denis.</p> - - -<p class="p2">God had pronounced one of those words by which the silence of eternity -is at rare intervals interrupted. Then, in the midst of the present -generation, rose the hammer that struck the hour which Paris had only -once heard sound: on the 25th of December 496, Rheims announced the -baptism of Clovis, and the gates of Lutetia opened to the Franks; on -the 30th of March 1814, after the baptism of blood of Louis XVI., the -old hammer, which had so long remained motionless, rose once more in -the belfry of the ancient monarchy: a second stroke resounded, the -Tartars penetrated into Paris. In the interval of thirteen hundred and -eighteen years, the foreigner had insulted the walls of the capital of -our empire without ever being able to enter it, except when he glided -in, summoned by our own divisions. The Normans besieged the city of the -<i>Parisii</i>; the <i>Parisii</i> gave flight to the hawks which they carried -on their wrists; Odo<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>, child of Paris and future King, "<i>rex -futurus</i>," Abbon<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> says, drove back the pirates of the North: the -Parisians let fly their eagles in 1814; the Allies entered the Louvre.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had waged an unjust war against Alexander, his admirer, who -had begged on his knees for peace; Bonaparte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> had ordered the carnage -of the Moskowa; he had forced the Russians themselves to bum Moscow; -Bonaparte had plundered Berlin, humiliated its King, insulted its -Queen<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>: what reprisals were we, then, to expect? You shall see.</p> - -<p>I had wandered in the Floridas round unknown monuments, devastated of -old by conquerors of whom no trace remains, and I was saved for the -sight of the Caucasian hordes encamped in the court-yard of the Louvre. -In those events of history which, according to Montaigne, "are but -weake testimonies of our worth and capacity<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>," my tongue cleaves to -my palate: <i>adhæret lingua mea faucibus meis.</i><a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p> - -<p>The Allied Army entered Paris on the 31st of March 1814, at mid-day, -ten days only after the anniversary of the death of the Duc d'Enghien, -21 March 1804. Was it worth Bonaparte's while to commit an action of -such long remembrance for a reign which was to last so short a time? -The Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia rode at the head of their -troops. I saw them defile along the boulevards. Feeling stupefied and -dumfoundered within myself, as though my name as a Frenchman had been -tom from me to substitute for it the name by which I was thenceforth -to be known in the mines of Siberia, I felt, at the same time, my -exasperation increase against the man whose glory had reduced us to -that disgrace.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, this first invasion of the Allies has remained -unparalleled in the annals of the world: order, peace and moderation -reigned on every hand; the shops were re-opened; Russian guardsmen, six -feet tall, were piloted through the streets by little French rogues -who made fun of them, as of jumping-jacks and carnival maskers. The -conquered might be taken for the conquerors; the latter, trembling -at their successes, looked as though they were excusing themselves. -The National Guard alone garrisoned the interior of Paris, with the -exception of the houses in which the foreign Kings and Princes were -lodged<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>. On the 31st of March 1814, countless armies were occupying -France;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> a few months later all those troops passed back across our -frontiers, without firing a musket-shot, without shedding a drop of -blood after the return of the Bourbons. Old France found herself -enlarged on some of her frontiers; the ships and stores of Antwerp were -divided with her; three hundred thousand prisoners, scattered over -the countries where victory or defeat had left them, were restored to -her. After five and twenty years of fighting, the clash of arms ceased -from one end of Europe to the other. Alexander departed, leaving us -the master-pieces which we had conquered and the liberty lodged in the -Charter, a liberty which we owed as much to his enlightenment as to his -influence. The head of two supreme authorities, twice an autocrat by -the sword and by religion, he alone, of all the sovereigns of Europe, -had understood that, at the age of civilization which France had -attained, she could be governed only by virtue of a free constitution.</p> - -<p>In our very natural hostility to the foreigners, we have confused the -invasion of 1814 and that of 1815, which were in no sense alike.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Emperor Alexander.</div> - -<p>Alexander looked upon himself merely as an instrument of Providence, -and took no credit to himself. When Madame de Staël complimented him -upon the happiness which his subjects, lacking a constitution, enjoyed -of being governed by him, he made his well-known reply:</p> - -<p>"I am only a 'fortunate accident.'"</p> - -<p>A young man in the streets of Paris expressed to him his admiration at -the affability with which he received the least of the citizens; he -replied:</p> - -<p>"For what else are sovereigns made?"</p> - -<p>He refused to inhabit the Tuileries, remembering that Bonaparte had -taken his ease in the palaces of Vienna, Berlin and Moscow.</p> - -<p>Looking at the statue of Napoleon on the column in the Place Vendôme, -he said:</p> - -<p>"If I were so high up, I should be afraid of becoming giddy."</p> - -<p>As he was going over the Palace of the Tuileries, they showed him the -Salon de la Paix:</p> - -<p>"Of what use," he asked, laughing, "was this room to Bonaparte?"</p> - -<p>On the day of Louis XVIII.'s entry into Paris, Alexander hid himself -behind a window, wearing no mark of distinction, to watch the -procession as it passed.</p> - -<p>Alexander sometimes had elegantly affectionate manners.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> Visiting a -mad-house, he asked a woman if there were many women "mad through love":</p> - -<p>"Not at present," replied she; "but it is to be feared that the number -has increased since the moment of Your Majesty's entry into Paris."</p> - -<p>One of Napoleon's great dignitaries said to the Tsar:</p> - -<p>"Your arrival has long been expected and wished for, Sire."</p> - -<p>"I should have come sooner," he replied; "you must blame only French -valour for my delay."</p> - -<p>It is certain that, when crossing the Rhine, he had regretted that he -was not able to retire in peace to the midst of his family.</p> - -<p>At the Hôtel des Invalides, he found the maimed soldiers who had -defeated him at Austerlitz: they were silent and gloomy; one heard -nothing save the noise of their wooden legs in their deserted yard and -their denuded church. Alexander was touched by this noise of brave men: -he ordered that twelve Russian guns should be given back to them.</p> - -<p>A proposal was made to him to change the name of the Pont d'Austerlitz:</p> - -<p>"No," he said, "it is enough for me to have crossed the bridge with my -army."</p> - -<p>Alexander had something calm and sad about him. He went about Paris, -on horse-back or on foot, without a suite and without affectation. He -appeared astonished at his triumph; his almost melting gaze wandered -over a population whom he seemed to regard as superior to himself: one -would have said that he thought himself a Barbarian among us, even -as a Roman felt shame-faced in Athens. Perhaps, also, he reflected -that these same Frenchmen had appeared in his fired capital; that his -soldiers, in their turn, were masters of Paris, in which he might -have been able to find again some of those now extinguished torches -by which Moscow was freed and consumed. This destiny, these changing -fortunes, this common misery of peoples and of kings were bound to make -a profound impression upon a mind so religious as his.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>What was the victor of the Borodino doing? So soon as he had heard -of Alexander's resolution, he had sent orders to Major Maillard de -Lescourt of the Artillery to blow up the Grenelle powder-magazine: -Rostopschin had set fire to Moscow, but he had first sent away the -inhabitants. From Fontainebleau, to which he had returned, Napoleon -marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> to Villejuif; thence he threw a glance over Paris: foreign -soldiers were guarding its gates; the conqueror remembered the days in -which his grenadiers kept watch on the ramparts of Berlin, Moscow, and -Vienna.</p> - -<p>Events destroy other events; how poor a thing to-day appears to us the -grief of Henry IV. learning of the death of Gabrielle at Villejuif, and -returning to Fontainebleau! Bonaparte also returned to that solitude; -he was awaited there only by the memory of his august prisoner: the -captive of peace<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> had gone from the palace in order to leave it -free for the captive of war, so swiftly does "misfortune" fill up its -"places."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Flight of the Empire.</div> - -<p>The Regency had retired to Blois. Bonaparte had given orders for the -Empress and the King of Rome to leave Paris, saying that he would -rather see them at the bottom of the Seine than led back in triumph -to Vienna; but, at the same time, he had enjoined Joseph to remain in -the capital. His brother's retreat made him furious, and he accused -the ex-King of Spain of ruining all. The ministers, the members of the -Regency, Napoleon's brothers, his wife and his son arrived in disorder -at Blois, swept away in the downfall; military waggons, baggage-vans, -carriages, everything was there; the King's own coaches were there -and were dragged through the mud of the Beauce to Chambord, the only -morsel of France left to the heir of Louis XIV. Some of the ministers -did not stop here, but proceeded as far as Brittany to hide themselves, -while Cambacérès lolled in a sedan-chair in the steep streets of Blois. -Various rumours were current: there was talk of two camps and of a -general requisition. During several days, they were ignorant of what -was happening in Paris; the uncertainty did not cease until the arrival -of a waggoner whose pass was signed "Sacken<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>." Soon the Russian -General Schouvaloff<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> alighted at the Auberge de la Galère: he was -suddenly besieged by the grandees, and entreated to obtain a visa -for their stampede. However, before leaving Blois, all drew upon the -funds of the Regency for their travelling-expenses and their arrears -of salary; they held their passports in one hand and their money in -the other, taking care at the same time to send<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> in their adhesion to -the Provisional Government, for they did not lose their heads. Madame -Mère<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> and her brother, Cardinal Fesch<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, left for Rome. Prince -Esterhazy<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> came on behalf of Francis II. to fetch Marie-Louise -and her son. Joseph and Jerome<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> withdrew to Switzerland, after -vainly trying to compel the Empress to attach herself to their fate. -Marie-Louise hastened to join her father: indifferently attached to -Bonaparte, she found means to console herself and rejoiced at being -delivered from the double tyranny of a husband and a master. When, in -the following year, Bonaparte revisited that confusion of flight on the -Bourbons, the latter, but lately rescued from their long tribulations, -had not enjoyed fourteen years of unequalled prosperity in which to -accustom themselves to the comforts of the throne.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>However, Napoleon was not yet dethroned; more than forty thousand of -the best soldiers in the world were around him; he was able to retire -behind the Loire; the French armies which had arrived from Spain were -growling in the South; the military population might bubble over and -distribute its lava; even among the foreign leaders, there was still -a question of Napoleon or his son reigning over France: for two days, -Alexander hesitated. M. de Talleyrand, as I have said, secretly leant -towards the policy which tended to crown the King of Rome, for he -dreaded the Bourbons; if he did not then accept entirely the plan of -the Regency of Marie-Louise, it was because, since Napoleon had not -perished, he, the Prince de Bénévent, feared that he would not be able -to retain the mastery during a minority threatened by the existence -of a restless, erratic, enterprising man, still in the vigour of his -age<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><i>De Bonaparte et des Bourbons.</i></div> - -<p>It was in those critical days that I threw down my pamphlet <i>De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons</i><a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> to turn the scale: its result is well -known. I flung myself headlong into the fray to serve as a shield to -liberty reviving against tyranny still subsisting, with its strength -increased threefold by despair. I spoke in the name of the Legitimacy, -in order to add to my words the authority of positive affairs. I taught -France what the old Royal Family was; I told her how many members of -that Family existed, what their names were, and their character: it -was as though I had drawn up a fist of the children of the Emperor of -China, to so great an extent had the Republic and the Empire encroached -upon the present and relegated the Bourbons to the past. Louis XVIII. -declared, as I have already often mentioned, that my pamphlet was of -greater profit to him than an army of one hundred thousand men; he -might have added that it was a certificate of existence to him. I -assisted in giving him the crown a second time by the fortunate issue -of the Spanish War.</p> - -<p>From the commencement of my political career, I became popular with the -crowd; but, from that time also, I failed to make my way with powerful -men. All who had been slaves under Bonaparte abhorred me; on the other -side, I was an object of suspicion to all who wished to place France in -a state of vassalage. At the first moment, among the sovereigns, I had -none on my side except Bonaparte himself. He looked through my pamphlet -at Fontainebleau: the Duc de Bassano<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> had brought it to him; he -discussed it impartially, saying:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> - -<p>"This is true; that is not true. I have nothing to reproach -Chateaubriand with: he resisted me when I was in power; but those -scoundrels, so and so!" and he named them.</p> - -<p>My admiration for Bonaparte was always great and sincere, even at the -time when I was attacking Napoleon with the greatest eagerness.</p> - -<p>Posterity is not so fair in its judgments as has been held; there are -passions, infatuations, errors of distance even as there are passions -and errors of proximity. When posterity admires without reserve, it -is scandalized that the contemporaries of the man admired should not -have had the same idea of that man as itself. This can be explained, -however: the things which offended one in that person are past; -his infirmities have died with him; all that remains of him is his -imperishable life; but the evil which he caused is none the less real: -evil in itself and in its essence, and especially for those who endured -it.</p> - -<p>It is the style of the day to magnify Bonaparte's victories: the -sufferers have disappeared; we no longer hear the imprecations, the -cries of pain and distress of the victims; we no longer see France -exhausted, with only women to till her soil; we no longer see parents -arrested as a pledge for their sons, the inhabitants of the villages -made jointly and severally responsible for the penalties applicable -to a rebellious recruit; we no longer see those conscription placards -posted at the street-corners, the passers-by gathered before those -enormous lists of dead, seeking in consternation the names of their -children, their brothers, their friends, their neighbours. We forget -that the whole population bewailed the triumphs; we forget that the -slightest allusion against Bonaparte on the stage which had escaped -the censors was hailed with rapture; we forget that the people, the -Court, the generals, the ministers, Napoleon's relations were weary of -his oppressions and his conquests, weary of that game always being won -and always being played, of that existence brought into question each -morning anew, thanks to the impossibility of repose.</p> - -<p>The reality of our sufferings is demonstrated by the catastrophe -itself: if France had been infatuated with Bonaparte, would she twice -have abandoned him, abruptly, completely, without making one last -effort to keep him? If France owed all to Bonaparte: glory, liberty, -order, prosperity, industry, commerce, manufactures, monuments, -literature, fine arts; if, before his time, the nation had done nothing -itself;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> if the Republic, destitute of genius and courage, had neither -defended nor enlarged the territory: then France must have been very -ungrateful, very cowardly, to allow Napoleon to fall into the hands of -his enemies, or, at least, not to protest against the captivity of so -great a benefactor?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Feeling against Napoleon.</div> - -<p>This reproach, which might justly be made against us, is not made -against us, however: and why? Because it is evident that, at the moment -of his fall, France did not desire to defend Napoleon; in our bitter -mortification, we beheld in him only the author and the contemner of -our wretchedness. The Allies did not defeat us: we ourselves, choosing -between two scourges, renounced shedding our blood, which had ceased to -flow for our liberties.</p> - -<p>The Republic had been very cruel, doubtless, but every one hoped that -it would pass, that sooner or later we should recover our rights, while -retaining the preservatory conquests which it had given us on the Alps -and the Rhine. All the victories which it gained were won in our name; -with the Republic, there was no question save of France; it was always -France that had triumphed, that had conquered; it was our soldiers who -had done all and for whom triumphal or funeral feasts were organized; -the generals, and some were very great, obtained an honourable but -modest place in the public memory: such were Marceau<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>, Moreau, -Hoche<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>, Joubert<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>; the two last seemed destined to replace -Bonaparte,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> who, in the dawn of his glory, suddenly crossed the path of -General Hoche and, by his jealousy, rendered illustrious that warlike -pacificator who died unexpectedly after his triumphs of Altkirchen, -Neuwied and Kleinnister.</p> - -<p>Under the Empire, we disappeared; we were no longer mentioned, -everything belonged to Bonaparte: "<i>I</i> have ordered, <i>I</i> have -conquered, <i>I</i> have spoken; <i>my</i> eagles, <i>my</i> crown, <i>my</i> family, <i>my</i> -subjects."</p> - -<p>What happened, however, in those two positions, at the same time -similar and opposite? We did not abandon the Republic in its reverses; -it killed us, but it honoured us; we had not the disgrace of being -the property of a man; thanks to our efforts, it was never invaded; -the Russians, defeated beyond the mountains, met with their end at -Zurich<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>.</p> - -<p>As for Bonaparte, he, despite his enormous acquisitions, succumbed, not -because he was conquered, but because France would have no more of him. -How great a lesson! May it ever make us remember that there is cause of -death in all that offends the dignity of man.</p> - -<p>Independent minds of every shade and opinion were employing uniform -language at the time of the publication of my pamphlet. La Fayette, -Camille Jordan<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>, Ducis, Lemercier<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>, Lanjuinais<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>, Madame de -Staël, Chénier, Benjamin Constant, Le Brun<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> thought and wrote as I -did<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>.</p> - -<p>God, in His patient eternity, brings justice sooner or later: at -moments when Heaven seems to slumber, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> always a fine thing that -the disapproval of an honest man should keep watch and remain as a -curb upon the absolute power. France will not disown the noble souls -which protested against her servitude, when all lay prostrate, when -there were so many advantages in so lying, so many favours to receive -in return for flattery, so many persecutions to undergo in return -for sincerity. Honour then to the La Fayettes, the de Staëls, the -Benjamin Constants, the Camille Jordans, the Ducis, the Lemerciers, the -Lanjuinais, the Chéniers, who, standing erect amidst the grovelling -crowd of peoples and of kings, dared to despise victory and protest -against tyranny!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon deposed.</div> - -<p>On the 2nd of April, the Senators, to whom we owe one clause only of -the Charter of 1814, the contemptible clause preserving their pensions, -decreed the deposition of Bonaparte. If this decree, which emancipated -France but brought infamy upon those who issued it, offers an affront -to the human race, at the same time it teaches posterity the price of -grandeurs and fortune, when these have disdained to take their stand -upon bases of morality, justice and liberty.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Decree of the Conservative Senate.</span></p> - -<p>"The Conservative Senate, taking into consideration that in a -constitutional monarchy the monarch exists only by virtue of -the constitution or the social compact;</p> - -<p>"That Napoleon Bonaparte, for some time maintaining a firm -and prudent government, had given the nation cause to reckon, -in the future, upon acts of wisdom and justice; but that -subsequently he destroyed the compact which united him to the -French people, notably by levying imports and establishing -taxes, otherwise than by virtue of the law, against the -express tenor of the oath which he took on his accession to -the throne, in conformity with Clause 53 of the Constitutions -of the 28 Floréal Year XII.;</p> - -<p>"That he was guilty of this attempt upon the rights of -the people at the very time when he had without necessity -adjourned the Legislative Body, and caused a report made by -that body, whose title and whose relation to the national -representation he contested, to be suppressed as criminal;</p> - -<p>"That he undertook a series of wars in violation of Clause -50 of the Act settling the Constitution of the Year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> VIII., -which lays down that any declaration of war shall be -proposed, discussed, decreed and promulgated like the laws;</p> - -<p>"That he has unconstitutionally issued several decrees -bearing the penalty of death, namely, the two decrees of the -5th of March last, tending to cause a war to be considered as -national which was undertaken only in the interest of his own -unmeasured ambition;</p> - -<p>"That he has violated the laws of the Constitution by his -decrees concerning the State prisons;</p> - -<p>"That he has annihilated the responsibility of the ministers, -put down all the powers and destroyed the independence of the -courts of jurisdiction;</p> - -<p>"Taking into consideration that the liberty of the press, -established and perpetuated as one of the rights of the -nation, has been constantly subjected to the arbitrary -censorship of his police, and that, at the same time, he -has always made use of the press to fill France and Europe -with fabricated facts, with false maxims, with doctrines -favourable to despotism and with outrages against foreign -governments;</p> - -<p>"That acts and reports, passed by the Senate, have undergone -alterations when made public;</p> - -<p>"Taking into consideration that, instead of reigning with a -sole view to the interest, the happiness and the glory of the -French people, according to the terms of his oath, Napoleon -has completed the misfortunes of the country by his refusal -to treat on conditions which the national interest obliged -him to accept and which did not compromise the honour of -France; by his abuse of all the means entrusted to him in men -and money; by his abandonment of the wounded without aid, -medical requisites, or supplies; by various measures which -resulted in the ruin of the towns, the depopulation of the -rural districts, famine and infectious disease;</p> - -<p>"Taking into consideration that, owing to all these causes, -the Imperial Government established by the Senatus-Consultum -of the 28 Floréal Year XII., or 18 May 1804, has ceased to -exist, and that the manifest desires of all Frenchmen call -into being an order of things of which the first result would -be the restoration of general peace, and which would also -mark the epoch of a solemn reconciliation between all the -States of the great family of Europe, the Senate declares -and decrees as follows: Napoleon deposed from the throne; -hereditary right abolished in his family; the French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> people -and the army released from their oath of fidelity to him."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The Roman Senate was less harsh when it declared Nero a public enemy: -history is but a repetition of the same facts applied to varying men -and times.</p> - -<p>Can one picture to one's self the Emperor reading this official -document at Fontainebleau? What must he have thought of what he had -done, and of the men whom he had summoned to be his accomplices in -his oppression of our liberties? When I published my pamphlet <i>De -Bonaparte et des Bourbons</i>, could I have expected to see it amplified -and converted into a decree of deposition by the Senate? What prevented -those legislators, in the days of prosperity, from discovering the -evils of which they reproached Bonaparte with being the author, from -perceiving that the Constitution had been violated? What zeal suddenly -seized these mutes for "the liberty of the press"? How did they, who -had overwhelmed Napoleon with adulation upon his return from each of -his wars, now come to find that he had undertaken those wars "only in -the interest of his own unmeasured ambition"? How did they, who had -flung him so many conscripts to devour, suddenly melt at the thought -of the wounded soldiers "abandoned without aid, medical requisites, or -supplies"? There are times at which contempt should be but frugally -dispensed, because of the large number of those in need of it: I pity -them for this moment, because they will need it again during and after -the Hundred Days.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">By the Decree of the Senate.</div> - -<p>When I ask what Napoleon at Fontainebleau thought of the acts of the -Senate, his answer was made: an Order of the Day of 5 April 1814, not -published officially, but printed in different newspapers outside the -capital, thanked the army for its fidelity, adding:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Senate has allowed itself to dispose of the government -of France; it has forgotten that it owes to the Emperor the -power which it is now abusing; that it was he who saved one -part of its members from the storms of the Revolution, drew -the other from obscurity and protected it against the hatred -of the nation. The Senate relies upon the clauses of the -Constitution to overthrow it; it is not ashamed to utter -reproaches against the Emperor, without remarking that, in -its capacity as the first body of the State, it took part in -all the events. The Senate is not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> ashamed to speak of the -libels published against the foreign governments: it forgets -that these were drawn up in its midst. So long as fortune -remained faithful to their Sovereign, these men remained -faithful, and no complaint was heard of the abuses of power. -If the Emperor had despised men, as he has been reproached -with doing, then the world would recognise to-day that he has -had reasons which justified his contempt."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>This was a homage rendered by Bonaparte himself to the liberty of the -press: he must have believed that there was some good in it, since it -offered him a last shelter and a last aid.</p> - -<p>And I, who am struggling with time, I, who am striving to make it give -an account of what it has seen, I, who am writing this so long after -the events that are past, under the reign of Philip, the counterfeit -heir of so great an inheritance, what am I in the hands of that time, -that great devourer of the centuries which I thought fixed, of that -time which makes me whirl with itself through space?</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Alexander had taken up his residence at M. de Talleyrand's<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>. I was -not present at the cabals: you can read about them in the narratives -of the Abbé de Pradt<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> and of the various intriguers who handled -in their dirty and paltry paws the fate of one of the greatest men -in history and the destiny of the world. I counted for nothing in -politics, outside the masses; there was no plotting understrapper but -enjoyed far more right and favour in the ante-chambers than I: a coming -figure in the possible Restoration, I waited beneath the windows, in -the street.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> - -<p>Through the machinations of the house in the Rue Saint-Florentin, -the Conservative Senate appointed a Provisional Government composed -of General Beurnonville<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>, Senator Jaucourt<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, the Duc de -Dalberg<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, the Abbé de Montesquiou<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> and Dupont de Nemours<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>; -the Prince de Bénévent helped himself to the presidency.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The provisional government.</div> - -<p>On meeting this name for the first time, I ought to speak of the -personage who took a remarkable part in the affairs of that time; but I -reserve his portrait for the end of my Memoirs.</p> - -<p>The intrigue which kept M. de Talleyrand in Paris, at the time of the -entry of the Allies, was the cause of his successes at the commencement -of the Restoration. The Emperor of Russia knew him from having seen him -at Tilsit<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>. In the absence of the French authorities, Alexander -took up his quarters in the Hôtel de l'Infantado<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>, which the owner -hastened to offer him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> - -<p>From that time forth, M. de Talleyrand passed for the arbiter of the -world; his apartments became the centre of the negociations. Composing -the Provisional Government to his own liking, he there placed the -partners of his rubber: the Abbé de Montesquiou figured in it only as -an advertisement of the Legitimacy.</p> - -<p>To the Bishop of Autun's sterility were confided the first labours of -the Restoration: he infected that Restoration with barrenness, and -communicated to it a germ of blight and death.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The first acts of the Provisional Government, placed under the -dictatorship of its chairman, were proclamations addressed to the -soldiers and to the people:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Soldiers," they said to the former, "France has shattered -the yoke under which she and you had been groaning for so -many years. See all that you have suffered at the hands -of tyranny. Soldiers, the time has come to put an end to -the ills of the country. You are her noblest children; you -cannot belong to him who has ravaged her, who tried to make -your name hated by all the nations, who might perhaps have -compromised your glory, were it possible for a man <span class="smcap">who is not -even a Frenchman</span> ever to impair the honour of our arms and -the generosity of our soldiers<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>And so, in the eyes of his most servile slaves, he who had won so many -victories was no longer "even a Frenchman"! When, in the days of the -League, Du Bourg surrendered the Bastille to Henry IV., he refused -to doff the black scarf and to take the money which was offered him -for the surrender of the stronghold. Urged to recognise the King, he -replied that "he was no doubt a very good Prince, but that he had -pledged his faith to M. de Mayenne<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>; that, moreover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Brissac<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> -was a traitor, and that, to prove it to him, he would fight him between -four pikes, in the King's presence, and would eat the heart out of his -body."</p> - -<p>A difference of times and men!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Its first acts.</div> - -<p>On the 4th of April, appeared a new address of the Provisional -Government to the People of France; it said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"On emerging from your civil discords, you chose as your -leader a man who appeared upon the world's stage endowed with -the characteristics of greatness. On the ruins of anarchy he -founded only despotism; he ought at least out of gratitude to -have <i>become a Frenchman</i> like yourselves: he has never been -one. Without aim or object, he has never ceased to undertake -unjust wars, like an adventurer seeking fame. Perhaps he is -still dreaming of his gigantic designs, even while unequalled -reverses are inflicting such striking punishment upon the -pride and abuse of victory. He has not known how to reign -either in the national interest or even in the interest of -his own despotism. He has destroyed all that he wished to -create, and re-created all that he wished to destroy. He -believed in force alone; to-day force overwhelms him: a just -retribution for an insensate ambition."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Incontestable truths and well-earned curses; but who was it that -uttered those curses? What became of my poor little pamphlet, squeezed -in between those virulent addresses? Did it not disappear entirely? On -the same day, the 4th of April, the Provisional Government proscribed -the signs and emblems of the Imperial Government: if the Arc de -Triomphe had existed, it would have been pulled down. Mailhe<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>, who -was the first to vote for the death of Louis XVI., Cambacérès, who was -the first to greet Napoleon by the title of Emperor, eagerly recognised -the acts of the Provisional Government.</p> - -<p>On the 6th, the Senate drafted a constitution: it rested<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> nearly -on the bases of the future Charter; the Senate was preserved as an -Upper Chamber; the senatorial dignity was declared permanent and -hereditary; to the title to their property was attached the endowment -of the senatorships; the Constitution made those titles and properties -transmissible to the descendants of the holder: fortunately, those -ignoble hereditary rights bore the Fates within themselves, as the -ancients used to say.</p> - -<p>The sordid effrontery of those senators, who, in the midst of the -invasion of their country, did not for a moment lose sight of -themselves, strikes one even in the immensity of public events.</p> - -<p>Would it not have been more convenient for the Bourbons, on attaining -power, to adopt the established government, a dumb Legislative Body, a -secret and servile Senate, a fettered press? On reflexion, one finds -the thing to be impossible: the natural liberties, righting themselves -in the absence of the arm that bent them, would have resumed their -vertical line under the weakness of the compression. If the legitimate -Princes had disbanded Bonaparte's army, as they ought to have done -(this was Napoleon's opinion in the island of Elba), and if, at the -same time, they had retained the Imperial Government, to break the -instrument of glory in order to keep only the instrument of tyranny -would have been too much: the Charter was the ransom of Louis XVIII.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On the 12th of April, the Comte d'Artois arrived in the quality of -Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. Three or four hundred men went on -horseback to meet him: I was one of the band. He charmed one with his -kindly grace, different from the manners of the Empire. The French -recognised with pleasure in his person their old manners, their old -politeness and their old language; the crowd pressed round him, a -consoling apparition of the past, a twofold protection as he was -against the conquering foreigner and against the still threatening -Bonaparte. Alas, the Prince was setting his foot again on French soil -only to see his son assassinated there and to go back to die in the -land of exile whence he was returning: there are men round whose necks -life has been flung like a chain!</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat03001"></a> -<img src="images/chat03_001.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Charles X. (as Comte D'Artois.)</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>I had been presented to the King's brother; he had been given my -pamphlet to read, otherwise he would not have known my name: he -remembered to have seen me neither at the Court of Louis XVI. nor at -the Camp of Thionville, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> he had doubtless never heard speak of the -<i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> That was very simple. When one has suffered -much and long, he remembers only himself: personal misfortune is a -somewhat cold, yet exacting companion; it possesses you; it leaves no -room for any other feeling, never quits you, seizes hold of your knees -and your couch.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's abdication.</div> - -<p>The day before the entry of the Comte d'Artois, Napoleon, after some -useless negociations with Alexander through the intermediary of M. de -Caulaincourt, had published his act of abdication:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Allied Powers having proclaimed that the Emperor -Napoleon was the sole obstacle to the restoration of peace in -Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, true to his oath, declares that -he renounces for himself and his heirs the throne of France -and Italy, because there is no personal sacrifice, even that -of his life, which he is not ready to make to the interests -of the French."</p></blockquote> - -<p>To these sensational words the Emperor did not delay, by his return, to -give a no less sensational contradiction: he needed only the time to go -to Elba. He remained at Fontainebleau till the 20th of April.</p> - -<p>The 20th of April having arrived, Napoleon went down the double flight -of steps leading to the peristyle of the deserted palace of the -monarchy of the Capets. A few grenadiers, the remnants of the soldiers -who conquered Europe, drew up in line in the great court-yard, as -though on their last field of battle; they were surrounded by those old -trees, the mutilated companions of Francis I. and Henry IV. Bonaparte -addressed the last witnesses of his fights in these words:</p> - -<p>"Generals, officers, non-commissioned officers and men of my Old Guard, -I take my leave of you: for twenty years I have been satisfied with -you; I have always found you on the road of glory.</p> - -<p>"The Allied Powers have armed all Europe against me, a part of the army -has betrayed its duty, and France herself has desired other destinies.</p> - -<p>"With you and the brave men who have remained faithful to me, I could -have kept up civil war for three years; but France would have been -unhappy, which was contrary to the end which I proposed to myself.</p> - -<p>"Be faithful to the new King whom France has chosen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> do not abandon -our dear country, too long unhappy! Love her always, love her well, -that dear country!</p> - -<p>"Do not pity my lot; I shall always be happy when I know you to be so.</p> - -<p>"I could have died; nothing would have been easier to me; but I shall -never cease to follow the path of honour. I have yet to write what we -have done.</p> - -<p>"I cannot embrace you all; but I will embrace your general.... Come, -general!"</p> - -<p>He pressed General Petit<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> in his arms.</p> - -<p>"Bring me the eagle!"</p> - -<p>He kissed it.</p> - -<p>"Dear eagle! May these kisses resound in the heart of all brave men!... -Farewell, my lads!... My good wishes will always accompany you; keep me -in remembrance."</p> - -<p>These words spoken, Napoleon raised his tent, which covered the world.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had applied to the Allies for commissaries, so that he -might be protected by them on his journey to the island which the -sovereigns granted him as his absolute property and as an installment -on the future. Count Schouvaloff was appointed for Russia, General -Roller<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> for Austria, Colonel Campbell<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> for England, and Count -Waldburg-Truchsess<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> for Prussia: the latter wrote the <i>Itinerary -of Napoleon from Fontainebleau to Elba.</i> This pamphlet and the Abbé de -Pradt's on the Polish Embassy are the two reports by which Napoleon -was most pained. No doubt he then regretted the time of his liberal -censorship, when he had poor Palm<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>, the German bookseller, shot for -distributing, at Nuremberg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> Herr von Gentz's<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> work, <i>Deutschland -in seiner tiefsten Erniedrigung.</i> Nuremberg, at the time of the -publication of this work, was still a free city, and did not belong to -France: ought not Palm to have been able to foresee that conquest?</p> - -<p>Count Waldburg begins by relating several conversations that took place -at Fontainebleau previous to the departure. He states that Bonaparte -awarded the greatest praise to Lord Wellington<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> and inquired as to -his character and habits. He excused himself for not having made peace -at Prague, Dresden and Frankfort; he agreed that he had been wrong, but -that at that time he had had other views.</p> - -<p>"I was no usurper," he added, "because I accepted the crown only in -compliance with the unanimous wish of the whole nation, whereas Louis -XVIII. has usurped it, being called to the throne only by a vile -Senate, more than ten of whose members voted for the death of Louis -XVI."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">He leaves for Elba.</div> - -<p>Count Waldburg pursues his narrative as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Emperor started, with his four carriages, about twelve -o'clock on the 21st, not till after he had held a long -conversation with General Roller, which he commenced with -these words:</p> - -<p>"'Well, you heard my speech to the Old Guard yesterday; it -pleased you, and you have seen the effect it produced. That -is the way to speak and act with them, and if Louis XVIII. -does not follow this example, he will never make anything of -the French soldier.'...</p> - -<p>"From the spot where the French troops ceased, the cries of -'Long live the Emperor!' also had an end. Already in Moulins -we saw the white cockades, and the inhabitants saluted us with -'Long live the Allies!' In Lyons, which we passed through at -about eleven o'clock at night, a few people collected who -received the Emperor with 'Long live Napoleon!' As he had -expressed a wish to be escorted by an English frigate to the -island of Elba, Colonel Campbell left us at Lyons for the -purpose of procuring one either from Toulon or Marseilles.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<p>"About mid-day on the 24th, on this side Valence, Napoleon -met Marshal Augereau<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>. Both alighted from their -carriages. The Emperor saluted the marshal, embraced him, -and took off his hat to him. Augereau returned none of these -civilities. The Emperor, as he asked him, 'Where are you off -to? Are you going to the Court?' took the marshal by the arm -and led him forwards. Augereau replied, his present journey -extended only to Lyons. They walked together for a quarter -of a league on the road towards Valence, and, according to -authentic information, the Emperor reproached the marshal for -his proclamation. Among other things he observed:</p> - -<p>"'Your proclamation is very silly; why those insults against -myself? All you need have said was, "The Nation having -pronounced its wish in favour of a new sovereign, the duty of -the Army is to conform to it. God save the King! Long live -Louis XVIII.!'"</p> - -<p>"Augereau, who now likewise thou'd him, reproached him, on -the other hand, with his insatiate love of conquest, to which -he had sacrificed the happiness of France. At length, tired -of the discourse, the Emperor turned suddenly towards the -marshal, embraced him, again took off his hat to him, and got -into the carriage. Augereau, who stood with his hands behind -him, did not move his cap from his head, and as Napoleon -was already in the carriage, drew one hand forwards in -order to wave, with a mien bordering on contempt, a kind of -farewell....</p> - -<p>"On the 25th, as we arrived at Orange, we were received with -'Long live the King! Long live Louis XVIII.!'</p> - -<p>"On the same morning, close to Avignon, where the relays of -horses awaited us, the Emperor found a crowd assembled, whose -tumultuous cries saluted him with 'Long live the King! Long -live the Allies! Down with Nicolas! Down with the tyrant, the -scoundrel, the wretched beggar!' and still coarser abuse. In -compliance with our instructions, we did everything in our -power to lighten the evil, but could only partially effect -it.... The people ... likewise conceived that we should not -deny them the liberty of venting their indignation against -the man who had made them so unhappy, and even had the -intention of rendering them still more miserable.... In -Orgon, the next place where we changed horses, the conduct -of the populace was most outrageous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> Exactly on the spot -where the horses were taken out, a gallows was erected, on -which a figure in French uniform, sprinkled with blood, -was suspended. On its breast it bore a paper with this -inscription:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon insulted.</div> - -<p>"'Sooner or later this will be the Tyrant's fate.'</p> - -<p>"The rabble pressed around his carriage, and elevated -themselves on both sides in order to look and cast in their -abuse. The Emperor pressed into a corner behind General -Bertrand<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, and looked pale and disfigured; but at length, -through our assistance, he was happily brought off.</p> - -<p>"Count Schouwaloff harangued the people from the side of -Buonaparte's carriage.</p> - -<p>"'Are you not ashamed,' said he, 'to insult an unfortunate -who has not the means of defending himself? His situation -is sufficiently humiliating for one who, expecting to give -laws to the world, now finds himself at the mercy of your -generosity. Leave him to himself; behold him: you see -contempt is the only weapon you ought to employ against this -man, who is no longer dangerous. It would be unworthy of the -French nation to take any other vengeance.'</p> - -<p>"The crowd applauded this harangue, and Buonaparte, seeing -the effect it produced, made signs of approbation to Count -Schouwaloff, and afterwards thanked him for the service he -had rendered him.</p> - -<p>"When he had proceeded about a quarter of a league from Orgon -he changed his dress in his carriage, put on a plain blue -great-coat and a round hat with a white cockade, mounted a -post-horse, and rode on before as a courier. As it was some -time ere we overtook him, we were perfectly ignorant of his -being no longer in the carriage and in Saint Cannat, where -the horses were again changed. We still believed him to be -in the greatest danger, for the people attempted to break -open the doors, which, however, were fortunately locked. Had -they succeeded, they would certainly have destroyed General -Bertrand, who sat there alone.... Characteristic is the -prayer with which some of the women assailed me:</p> - -<p>"'For the love of God, deliver him up as a pillage to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> us! He -has so well deserved it, both from you and us, that nothing -can be more just than our request!'</p> - -<p>"Having overtaken the Emperor's carriage about half a league -on the other side of Orgon, it shortly afterwards entered -into a miserable public-house, lying on the roadside, -called the Calade. We followed it, and here first learnt -Buonaparte's disguise, who in this attire had arrived -here, accompanied by one courier only. His suite, from -the generals to the scullions, were decorated with white -cockades, which he appeared previously to have provided -himself with. His valet-de-chambre, who came to meet us, -begged we would conduct ourselves towards the Emperor as if -he were Colonel Campbell, for whom on his arrival he had -given himself out. We entered and found in a kind of chamber -this former ruler of the world buried in thought, sitting -with his head supported by his hand. I did not immediately -recognise him, and walked towards him. He started up as he -heard somebody approaching, and pointed to his countenance -bedewed with tears. He made a sign that I might not discover -him, requested me to sit down beside him, and as long as the -landlady was in the room, conversed on indifferent subjects. -As soon, however, as she was gone out he resumed his former -position. We left him alone; he sent, however, to request we -would pass backwards and forwards, to prevent any suspicion -of his being there. We informed him it was known Colonel -Campbell had passed through here the day before on his way -to Toulon; on which he determined upon assuming the name -of Lord Burghersh. Here we dined, but as the dinner had -not been prepared by his own cooks, he had not courage to -partake of it, for fear of being poisoned. He felt ashamed, -however, at seeing us all eat, both with good appetites and -good conscience, and therefore helped himself from every -dish, but without swallowing the least morsel. He spat -everything out upon his plate or behind his chair. A little -bread and a bottle of wine taken from his carriage, and which -he divided with us, constituted his whole repast. In other -respects he was conversible and extremely friendly towards -us. Whenever the landlady, who waited upon us at table, left -the room, and he perceived we were alone, he repeated to us -his apprehensions for his life, and assured us the French -Government had indisputably determined to destroy or arrest -him here. A thousand plans passed through his brain how he -might escape, and what arrangements ought to be made to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -deceive the people of Aix, whom he had learnt awaited him -by thousands at the post-house. The most eligible plan in -his estimation would be to go back again to Lyons, and from -thence strike into another road by way of Italy to the island -of Elba. This, however, we should on no account have allowed, -and we therefore endeavoured to persuade him to proceed -either directly to Toulon, or by way of Digne to Fréjus. We -assured him that, without our knowledge, it was impossible -the French Government would entertain such insidious -intentions against him, and although the people allowed -themselves the greatest improprieties, they would never -charge themselves with a crime of the nature he feared. In -order to inform us better, and to convince us the inhabitants -of that part of the country meditated his destruction, he -related to us what had happened to him as he arrived here -alone. The landlady, who did not recognise him, asked him:</p> - -<p>"'Well, have you met Buonaparte?'</p> - -<p>"He replied in the negative.</p> - -<p>"'I am curious,' she answered, 'to see how he will save -himself. I do believe the people will murder him: and it must -be confessed he has well deserved it, the scoundrel! Tell me, -are they going to put him on board ship for his island?'</p> - -<p>"'Yes, of course.'</p> - -<p>"'They will drown him, I hope?'</p> - -<p>"'Oh, no doubt,' returned the Emperor. 'And so you see,' he -added, turning towards us, 'the danger I am exposed to.'</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His fears and apprehensions.</div> - -<p>"And now again, with all his apprehensions and indecision, -he renewed his solicitations of counsel. He even begged us -to look around and see if we could not anywhere discover -a private door through which he might slip out, or if the -window, whose shutters upon entering he had half-closed at -the bottom, was too high for him to jump out in case of -need. On examination I found the window was provided with an -iron trellis-work on the outside, and threw him into evident -consternation as I communicated to him the discovery. At the -least noise he started up in terror, and changed colour. -After dinner we left him alone, and as we went in and out -found him frequently weeping....</p> - -<p>"As... General Schouwaloff's Adjutant had... announced -that the major part of the populace assembled on the road -were dispersed, the Emperor towards midnight determined -on proceeding. For greater precaution, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> another -disguise was assumed. General Schouwaloff's Adjutant was -obliged to put on the blue great-coat and round hat in which -the Emperor had reached the inn, that in case of necessity he -might be regarded, insulted, or even murdered for him.</p> - -<p>"Napoleon, who now pretended to be an Austrian colonel, -dressed himself in the uniform of General Roller, with -the Order of Theresa, wore my camp cap, and cast over his -shoulders General Schouwaloff's mantle. After the Allies -had thus equipped him, the carriages drove up, and we were -obliged to march them through the other rooms of the inn in -a certain order, which had been previously tried in our own -chamber. The procession was headed by General Drouot<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>; -then came, as Emperor, General Schouwaloff's Adjutant; upon -this General-Roller, the Emperor, General Schouwaloff, and -lastly, myself, to whom the honour of forming the rear-guard -was assigned. The remainder of the Imperial suite united -themselves with us as we passed by, and thus we walked -through the gaping multitude, who vainly endeavoured to -distinguish their Tyrant amongst us. Schouwaloff's Adjutant -(Major Olewieff) placed himself in Napoleon's carriage, and -the latter sat beside General Roller in his calash....</p> - -<p>"Still, however, the Emperor was constantly in alarm. He not -only remained in General Roller's calash, but even begged he -would allow the servant to smoke who sat before, and asked -the General himself if he could sing, in order that he might -dissipate, through such familiar conduct, any suspicion in -the places where we stopped, that the Emperor sat with him in -the carriage. As the General could not sing, Napoleon begged -him to whistle, and with this singular music we made our -entry into every place; whilst the Emperor, fumigated with -the incense of the tobacco-pipe, pressed himself into the -corner of the calash, and pretended to be fast asleep....</p> - -<p>"At Saint-Maximin he breakfasted with us, and having learnt -that the sub-prefect of Aix was there, he ordered him into -his presence, and received him with these words:</p> - -<p>"'You ought to blush to see me in an Austrian uniform,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> which -I have been obliged to assume to protect myself against -the insults of the Provençals. I came among you in full -confidence, whilst I might have brought with me six thousand -of my guard, and I find nothing but a band of maniacs who put -my life in danger. The Provençals are a disgraceful race; -they committed every kind of crime and enormity during the -Revolution, and are quite ready to begin over again: but when -it is a question of fighting bravely, then they are cowards. -Provence has never supplied me with a single regiment with -which I could be satisfied. But to-morrow they will be as -much against Louis XVIII. as to-day they appear to be against -me,' etc....</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His protests.</div> - -<p>"To us he again spoke of Louis XVIII., and said he would -never effect anything with the French nation if he treated -them with too much forbearance. He would, from necessity, -be obliged to lay large imposts upon them, and hence cause -himself to be immediately hated. He likewise told us that -'eighteen years before, he had marched through this place -with some thousand men to liberate two Royalists who were -to have been executed for wearing the white cockade. In -spite, however, of the fury of the populace with which he -had to contend, he fortunately saved them, and to-day, he -continued, would that man be murdered by this same populace, -who should refuse to wear a white cockade,—so contradictory -and vacillating are they in everything they do.'</p> - -<p>"Having learnt that two squadrons of Austrian hussars were -stationed at Luc, an order was sent at his request to the -commanders to await our arrival there, in order to escort the -Emperor to Fréjus<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Here ends Count Waldburg's narrative: those accounts are painful to -read. What! Were the commissaries unable to afford better protection -to him for whom they had the honour to be responsible? Who were they, -to affect these airs of superiority with such a man? Bonaparte truly -said that, if he had wished, he might have travelled accompanied by -a portion of his guard. It is evident that men were indifferent to -his fate; they enjoyed his degradation; they gladly acquiesced in the -marks of indignity which the victim demanded for his safety: it is so -sweet to hold beneath one's feet the destiny of him who walked over the -highest heads,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> to avenge pride with insult! Therefore the commissaries -do not expend a word, not even a word of philosophic sensibility, on -such a change of fortune, to remind man of his nothingness and of the -greatness of the judgments of God! In the ranks of the Allies, Napoleon -had had numerous adulators: he who has gone on his knees before brute -force is not entitled to triumph over misfortune. Prussia, I admit, had -need of an effort of virtue to forget what she had suffered, herself, -her King and her Queen; but that effort should have been made. Alas! -Bonaparte had taken pity on nothing; all hearts had cooled towards him. -The moment in which he showed himself most cruel was at Jaffa<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>; the -smallest, on the way to Elba: in the first case, military necessity -served as his excuse; in the second, the harshness of the foreign -commissaries changes the course of the reader's feelings and lessens -his own abasement.</p> - -<p>The Provisional Government of France does not itself seem to me -quite without reproach: I reject the calumnies of Maubreuil<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>; -nevertheless, amid the terror with which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> Napoleon still inspired his -former servants, a fortuitous catastrophe might have presented itself -in their eyes in the light only of a misfortune.</p> - -<p>One would gladly doubt the truth of the facts reported by Count -Waldburg-Truchsess, but General Koller, in a <i>Sequel to Waldburgs -Itinerary</i>, has confirmed a part of his colleague's narrative; -General Schouvaloff, on his part, has certified, in conversation with -myself, the exactness of the facts: his measured words said more than -Waldburg's expansive recital. Lastly, Fabry's<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> <i>Itinéraire</i> is -composed of authentic French documents furnished by eye-witnesses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His humiliation.</div> - -<p>Now that I have done justice on the commissaries and the Allies, is -it really the conqueror of the world whom one sees in Waldburg's -<i>Itinerary?</i> The hero reduced to disguises and tears, weeping under a -post-boy's jacket in the corner of a back-room at an inn! Was it thus -that Marius bore himself on the ruins of Carthage, that Hannibal died -in Bithynia, Cæsar in the Senate? How did Pompey disguise himself? By -covering his head with his toga! He who had donned the purple taking -shelter beneath the white cockade, uttering the cry of safety: "God -save the King!"—that King, one of whose heirs he had had shot! The -master of the nations encouraging the commissaries in the humiliations -which they heaped upon him in order the better to hide him, delighted -to have General Koller whistling before him and a coachman smoking in -his face, compelling General Schouwaloff's aide-de-camp to enact the -part of the Emperor, while he, Bonaparte, wore the dress of an Austrian -colonel and wrapped himself in the cloak of a Russian general. He must -have loved life cruelly: those immortals cannot consent to die.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> - -<p>Moreau said of Bonaparte:</p> - -<p>"His chief characteristics are falsehood and the love of life: let me -beat him, and I should see him at my feet begging me for mercy."</p> - -<p>Moreau thought thus, being unable to grasp Bonaparte's nature; he fell -into the same error as Lord Byron. At least, at St. Helena, Napoleon, -dignified by the Muses, although petty in his quarrels with the English -Governor, had to support only the weight of his own immensity. In -France, the evil which he had done appeared to him personified by the -widows and orphans, and constrained him to tremble before the hands of -a few women.</p> - -<p>This is too true; but Bonaparte should not be judged by the rules -applied to great geniuses, because he was lacking in magnanimity. There -are men who have the faculty of rising, and who have not the faculty -of descending. Napoleon possessed both faculties: like the rebellious -angel, he was able to contract his incommensurable stature, so as to -enclose it within a measured space; his ductility furnished him with -means of safety and regeneration: with him, all was not finished when -he seemed to have finished. Changing his manners and costume at will, -as perfect in comedy as in tragedy, this actor knew how to appear -natural in the slave's tunic as in the king's mantle, in the part of -Attalus or in the part of Cæsar. Another moment and you shall see, from -the depth of his degradation, the dwarf raising his Briarean head; -Asmodeus will come forth in a huge column of smoke from the flask into -which he had compressed himself. Napoleon valued life for what it -brought him; he had the instinct of that which yet remained to him to -paint; he did not wish his canvas to fail him before he had completed -his pictures.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Scott's <i>Life of Napoleon.</i></div> - -<p>Writing of Napoleon's fears, Sir Walter Scott<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a>, less unfair than -the commissaries, frankly remarks that the unkindness of the people -made much impression on Bonaparte, that he even shed tears, that -he showed more fear of assassination than seemed consistent with -his approved courage; "but," he adds, "it must be recollected that -the danger was of a new and particularly horrible description, and -calculated to appall many to whom the terrors of a field of battle were -familiar. The bravest soldier might shudder at a death like that of the -de Witts."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Napoleon was made to undergo this revolutionary anguish in -the same places where he commenced his career with the Terror.</p> - -<p>The Prussian General, once interrupting his recital, thought himself -obliged to reveal a disorder which the Emperor did not conceal: Count -Waldburg may have confused what he saw with the sufferings which M. de -Ségur<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> witnessed in the Russian campaign, when Bonaparte, compelled -to alight from his horse, leant his head against the guns. Among the -number of the infirmities of illustrious warriors, true history reckons -only the dagger which pierced the heart of Henry IV., or the ball which -killed Turenne.</p> - -<p>After describing Bonaparte's arrival at Fréjus, Sir Walter Scott, rid -of the great scenes, joyfully falls back upon his talent; he "goes -his way gossiping," as Madame de Sévigné says; he chats of Napoleon's -passage to Elba, of the seduction exercised by Napoleon over the -English sailors, excepting Hinton<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>, who could not hear the praises -given to the Emperor without muttering the word "humbug." When Napoleon -left the ship, Hinton wished "His Honour" good health and better luck -the next time. Napoleon typified all the littlenesses and all the -greatnesses of mankind.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While Bonaparte, known to the universe, was escaping amid curses from -France, Louis XVIII., everywhere forgotten, was leaving London under a -canopy of white banners and crowns. Napoleon, on landing in the island -of Elba, found back his strength there. Louis XVIII., on landing at -Calais<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>, might have seen Louvel<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>; he met General Maison<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> -commissioned, sixteen years after, to put Charles X. on board at -Cherbourg. Charles X., apparently to render him worthy of his future -mission, later gave M. Maison the baton of a marshal of France, even as -a knight, before fighting, conferred knighthood upon the man of lower -rank with whom he deigned to measure swords.</p> - -<p>I dreaded the effect of Louis XVIII.'s appearance. I hastened to go -ahead of him to the residence whence Joan of Arc<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> fell into the -hands of the English and where I was shown a volume struck by one of -the cannon-balls hurled against Bonaparte. What would people think at -the sight of the royal invalid replacing the horseman who might have -said with Attila:</p> - -<p>"The grass no longer grows wherever my horse has passed."</p> - -<p>With no mission or taste for it, I undertook (I was clearly under a -spell) a somewhat difficult task, that of describing the arrival at -Compiègne, of causing the son of St. Louis to be seen as I idealized -him by the aid of the Muses. I expressed myself thus:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The King's coach was preceded by the generals and the -marshals of France who had gone to meet his Majesty. There -were no more cries of 'God save the King!' but confused -clamours amid which one distinguished only accents of tender -emotion and joy. The King wore a blue coat, marked only by a -star and a pair of epaulettes; his legs were encased in wide -gaiters of red velvet, edged with a narrow gold braid. Seated -in his arm-chair, with his old-fashioned gaiters, holding -his cane between his knees, he suggests Louis XIV.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> at -fifty years of age.... Marshals Macdonald<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>, Ney<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>, -Moncey<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> Sérurier<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>, Brune<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>, the Prince de -Neuchâtel<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>, all the generals, all the persons present -alike received the most affectionate words from the King. So -great in France is the power of the legitimate Sovereign, the -magic attached to the name of the King. A man arrives alone -from exile, despoiled of everything, without a following, -guards, or riches; he has nothing to give, almost nothing to -promise. He alights from his carriage, leaning on the arm of -a young woman; he shows himself to captains who have never -seen him, to grenadiers who hardly know his name. Who is that -man? Tis the King! Every one falls at his feet<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>!"</p></blockquote> - - -<div class="sidenote">Return of Louis XVIII.</div> - -<p>What I said above of the warriors, with the object which I was -proposing to attain, was true as regards the leaders; but I lied with -respect to the soldiers. I have present in my memory, as though I saw -it still, the spectacle which I witnessed when Louis XVIII., entering -Paris on the 3rd of May, went to visit Notre-Dame: they had wished -to spare the King the sight of the foreign troops; a regiment of the -old foot-guards kept the line from the Pont-Neuf to Notre-Dame, along -the Quai des Orfèvres. I do not believe that human faces ever wore so -threatening and so terrible an expression. Those grenadiers, covered -with wounds, the conquerors of Europe, who had seen so many thousands -of cannon-balls pass over their heads, who smelt of fire and powder; -those same men, robbed of their captain, were forced to salute an old -king, disabled by time, not war, watched as they were by an army of -Russians, Austrians and Prussians, in Napoleon's invaded capital. Some, -moving the skin of their foreheads, brought down their great bear-skin -busbies over their eyes, as though to keep them from seeing; others -lowered the corners of their mouth in angry scorn; others again showed -their teeth through their mustachios, like tigers. When they presented -arms, it was with a furious movement, and the sound<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> of those arms made -one tremble. Never, we must admit, have men been put to so great a -test and suffered so dire a torment. If, at that moment, they had been -summoned to vengeance, it would have been necessary to exterminate them -to the last, or they would have swallowed the earth.</p> - -<p>At the end of the line was a young hussar, on horse-back; he held a -drawn sword, and made it leap and as it were dance with a convulsive -movement of anger. His face was pale; his eyes rolled in their sockets; -he opened and shut his mouth by turns, clashing his teeth together, -and stifling cries of which one heard only the first sound. He caught -sight of a Russian officer: the look which he darted at him cannot be -described. When the King's carriage passed before him, he made his -horse spring, and certainly he had the temptation to fling himself upon -the King.</p> - -<p>The Restoration committed an irreparable mistake at its outset: it -ought to have disbanded the army, while retaining the marshals, -generals, military governors and officers in their pensions, honours -and rank; the soldiers would afterwards have successively returned -into the reconstituted army, as they have since done into the Royal -Guard: the Legitimate Monarchy would not then have had against it, -from the first, those soldiers of the Empire, organized, divided into -brigades, denominated as they had been in the days of their victories, -unceasingly talking together of the time that was past, nourishing -regrets and feelings hostile to their new master.</p> - -<p>The miserable resurrection of the Maison Rouge<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>, that mixture -of soldiers of the old Monarchy and fighting men of the new Empire, -augmented the evil: to believe that veterans distinguished on a -thousand battle-fields would not be offended at seeing young men, very -brave no doubt, but for the most part new to the calling of arms, -wearing symbols of high military rank without having earned them, was -to betray a want of knowledge of human nature.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Declaration of Saint-Ouen.</div> - -<p>Alexander had been to visit Louis XVIII. during the stay which the -latter made at Compiègne. Louis XVIII. offended him by his haughtiness: -this interview led to the Declaration of Saint-Ouen of the 2nd of May. -The King said in this that he had resolved to give, as the basis of the -Constitution which he proposed to award to his people, the following -guarantees: representative government divided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> into two bodies, -taxes freely granted, public and individual liberty, liberty of the -press, liberty of public worship, sacred inviolability of property, -irrevocability of the sale of national goods, irremovable judges and -an independent judicial bench, every Frenchman admissible to every -employment, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>This declaration, although it was in keeping with Louis XVIII.'s -intelligence, nevertheless pertained neither to him nor to his -advisers; it was simply the time which was issuing from its rest: its -wings had been folded, its soaring suspended since 1792; it was now -resuming its flight, or its course. The excesses of the Terror, the -despotism of Bonaparte had caused ideas to turn back again; but, so -soon as the obstacles that had been opposed to them were destroyed, -they flowed into the bed which they were at the at same time to follow -and to dig. Matters were taken up at the point at which they had been -stopped; all that had passed was as though it had not happened: the -human race, thrust back to the commencement of the Revolution, had only -lost forty years<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> of its life; well, what is forty years in the -general life of society? That gap disappears when the cut fragments of -time have been joined together.</p> - -<p>The Treaty of Paris, between the Allies and France, was concluded -on the 30th of May 1814. It was agreed that, within two months, all -the Powers engaged on either side in the present war should send -plenipotentiaries to Vienna to settle the final arrangements in a -general congress.</p> - -<p>On the 4th of June, Louis XVIII. appeared in royal session in a -collective assembly of the Legislative Body and a fraction of the -Senate. He delivered a noble speech: old, by-gone, worn-out, these -wearisome details now serve only as an historic thread.</p> - -<p>To the greater part of the nation, the Charter possessed the drawback -of being "granted:" this most useless word stirred up the burning -question of royal or popular sovereignty. Louis XVIII. also dated -his boon from the nineteenth year of his reign, considering that of -Bonaparte as null and void, in the same way as Charles II<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>. had -taken a clean leap over Cromwell's head: it was a kind of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> insult to -the sovereigns, who had all recognised Napoleon and who were at that -very moment in Paris. That obsolete language and those pretensions of -the ancient monarchies added nothing to the lawfulness of the right -and were mere puerile anachronisms<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>. That apart, the Charter, -replacing despotism, bringing us legal liberty, was calculated to -satisfy conscientious men. Nevertheless, the Royalists, who gained -so many advantages by it, who, issuing from their village, or their -paltry fireside, or the obscure posts on which they had lived under -the Empire, were called to a lofty and public existence, received the -boon only in a grudging spirit; the Liberals, who had accommodated -themselves whole-heartedly to the tyranny of Bonaparte, thought the -Charter a regular slave-code. We have returned to the time of Babel, -but we no longer work at a common monument of confusion: each builds -his tower to his own height, according to his strength and stature. -For the rest, if the Charter appeared defective, it was because the -Revolution had not run its course; the principles of equality and -democracy lay at the bottom of men's minds and worked in a contrary -direction to the monarchical order.</p> - -<p>The Allied Princes lost no time in leaving Paris. Alexander, when -going away, had a religious sacrifice celebrated on the Place de la -Concorde<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>. An altar was erected where the scaffold of Louis XVI. -had stood. Seven Muscovite priests performed the service, and the -foreign troops defiled before the altar. The <i>Te Deum</i> was sung to one -of the beautiful airs of the old Greek music. The soldiers and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> -sovereigns bent their knee to the ground to receive the benediction. -The thoughts of the French were carried back to 1793 and 1794, when -the oxen refused to go over pavements which the smell of blood made -hateful to them. What hand had led to the expiatory festival those men -of all countries, those sons of the ancient barbarian invasions, those -Tartars, some of whom dwelt in sheep-skin tents beneath the Great Wall -of China? Those are spectacles which the feeble generations that will -follow my century shall no longer see.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The first Restoration.</div> - -<p>In the first year of the Restoration, I assisted at the third -transformation of society: I had seen the old Monarchy turn into -the Constitutional Monarchy, and the latter into the Republic; I -had seen the Republic change into military despotism; I had seen -military despotism turn back into a free Monarchy, the new ideas and -the new generations return to the old principles and the old men. The -marshals of the Empire become marshals of France; with the uniforms -of Napoleon's Guard were mingled the uniforms of the bodyguards and -the Maison Rouge, cut precisely after the old patterns; the old -Duc d'Havré<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a>, with his powdered wig and his black cane, ambled -along with shaking head, as Captain of the Body-guards, near Marshal -Victor<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>, limping in the Bonaparte style; the Duc de Mouchy<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>, -who had never seen a shot fired, went in to Mass near Marshal -Oudinot<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, riddled with wounds; the Palace of the Tuileries, so -proper and soldierly under Napoleon, became filled, instead of the -smell of powder, with the odours of the breakfasts which ascended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> -on every side: under messieurs the lords of the Bed-chamber, with -messieurs the officers of the Mouth and the Wardrobe, everything -resumed an air of domesticity. In the streets, one saw decrepit -Emigrants wearing the airs and clothes of former days, most respectable -men no doubt, but appearing as outlandish among the modern crowd -as did the Republican captains among the soldiers of Napoleon. The -ladies of the Imperial Court introduced the dowagers of the Faubourg -Saint-Germain and taught them "their way about" the palace. There -arrived deputations from Bordeaux, adorned with armlets; parish -captains from the Vendée, wearing La Rochejacquelein hats. These -different persons retained the expression of the feelings, thoughts, -habits, manners familiar to them. Liberty, which lay at the root -of that period, made things exist together which, at first sight, -appeared as though they ought not to exist; but one had difficulty in -recognising that liberty, because it wore the colours of the Ancient -Monarchy and of the Imperial Despotism. Everyone, too, was badly -acquainted with the language of the Constitution: the Royalists made -glaring errors when talking Charter; the Imperialists were still less -well-informed; the Conventionals, who had become, in turn, counts, -barons, senators of Napoleon and peers of Louis XVIII., lapsed at one -time into the Republican dialect which they had almost forgotten, at -another into the Absolutist idiom which they had learned thoroughly. -Lieutenant-generals had been promoted to game-keepers. Aides-de-camp of -the last military tyrant were heard to prate of the inviolable liberty -of the peoples, and regicides to sustain the sacred dogma of the -Legitimacy.</p> - -<p>These metamorphoses would be hateful, if they did not in part belong -to the flexibility of the French genius. The people of Athens governed -itself; orators appealed to its passions in the public places; the -sovereign crowd was composed of sculptors, painters, artizans, "who -are wont to be spectators of speeches and hearers of deeds<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>," as -Thucydides says. But when, good or bad, the decree had been delivered, -who issued to execute it from amid that incoherent and inexpert mass? -Socrates, Phocion, Pericles, Alcibiades.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Is it the Royalists who are "to blame for the Restoration," as is -urged to-day? Not in the least: it was as though one should say that -thirty millions of men had stood aghast, while a handful of Legitimists -accomplished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> a detested restoration, against the wish of all, by -waving a few handkerchiefs and putting a ribbon of their wives' in -their hats! The vast majority of Frenchmen was, it is true, full of -joy; but that majority was not a <i>Legitimist</i> one in the limited -sense of the word, applicable only to the rigid partisans of the old -Monarchy. The majority was a mass composed of every shade of opinion, -happy at being delivered, and violently incensed against the man whom -it accused of all its misfortunes: hence the success of my pamphlet. -How many avowed aristocrats were numbered among those who proclaimed -the King's name? Messieurs Mathieu and Adrien de Montmorency; the -Messieurs de Polignac, escaped from their jail; M. Alexis de Noailles; -M. Sosthène de La Rochefoucauld. Did those seven or eight men, whom the -people neither recognised nor followed, lay down the law to a whole -nation?</p> - -<p>Madame de Montcalm had sent me a bag containing twelve hundred francs -to distribute among the pure Legitimist race: I sent it back to her, -not having succeeded in placing a crown-piece. An ignominious cord -was fastened round the neck of the statue which surmounted the column -in the Place Vendôme; there were so few Royalists to raise a hubbub -around glory and to pull at the rope that the authorities themselves, -Bonapartists all, had to lower their master's image with the aid of -a scaffold; the colossus was forced to bow his head: he fell at the -feet of the sovereigns of Europe, who had so often lain prostrate -before him. It was the men of the Republic and of the Empire who -enthusiastically greeted the Restoration. The conduct and ingratitude -of the persons raised by the Revolution were abominable towards him -whom they affect to-day to regret and admire.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Its supporters.</div> - -<p>Imperialists and Liberals, it is you into whose hands the power fell, -you who knelt down before the sons of Henry IV. It was quite natural -that the Royalists should be happy to recover their Princes and to see -the end of the reign of him whom they regarded as an usurper; but you, -the creatures of that usurper, surpassed the feelings of the Royalists -in exaggeration. The ministers, the high dignitaries vied with each -other in taking the oath to the Legitimacy; all the civil and judicial -authorities crowded on each other's heels to swear hatred against the -proscribed new dynasty and love to the ancient race whom they had a -hundred and a hundred times condemned. Who drew up those proclamations, -those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> adulatory addresses, so insulting to Napoleon, with which France -was flooded? The Royalists? No: the ministers, the generals, the -authorities chosen and maintained in office by Bonaparte. Where was -the jobbing of the Restoration done? At the Royalists'? No: at M. de -Talleyrand's. With whom? With M. de Pradt, almoner to "the God Mars" -and mitred mountebank. Where and with whom did the Lieutenant-General -of the Kingdom dine on his arrival? At the Royalists' and with -Royalists? No: at the Bishop of Autun's, with M. de Caulaincourt. -Where were entertainments given to "the infamous foreign princes?" At -the country-houses of the Royalists? No: at Malmaison, at the Empress -Joséphine's. To whom did Napoleon's dearest friends, Berthier, for -instance, carry their ardent devotion? To the Legitimacy. Who spent -their existences with the Emperor Alexander, with that brutal Tartar? -The classes of the Institute, the scholars, the men of letters, the -philosophers, philanthropists, theophilanthropists and others; they -returned enchanted, laden with praises and snuff-boxes. As for us poor -devils of Legitimists, we were admitted nowhere; we went for nothing. -Sometimes we were told, in the streets, to go home to bed; sometimes -we were recommended not to shout "God Save the King!" too loud, -others having undertaken that responsibility. So far from compelling -anyone to be a Legitimist, those in power declared that nobody would -be obliged to change his conduct or his language, that the Bishop of -Autun would be no more compelled to say Mass under the Royalty than -he had been compelled to attend it under the Empire. I saw no lady of -the castle-keep, no Joan of Arc proclaim the rightful sovereign with -falcon on wrist or lance in hand; but Madame de Talleyrand<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>, whom -Bonaparte had fastened to her husband like a sign-board, drove through -the streets in a calash, singing hymns on the pious Family of the -Bourbons. A few sheets fluttering from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> the windows of the familiars -of the Imperial Court made the good Cossacks believe that there were -as many lilies in the hearts of the converted Bonapartists as white -rags at their casements. It is wonderful how far contagion will go -in France, and a man would cry, "Off with my head!" if he heard his -neighbour cry the same. The Imperialists went so far as to enter our -houses and make us Bourbonists put out, by way of spotless flags, such -white remnants as our presses contained. This happened at my house; but -Madame de Chateaubriand would have none of it, and valiantly defended -her muslins.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Restoration ministry.</div> - -<p>The Legislative Body, transformed into a Chamber of Deputies, and -the House of Peers, composed of 154 members, appointed for life, and -including over 60 senators, formed the two first Legislative Chambers. -M. de Talleyrand, installed at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, left -for the Congress of Vienna, the opening of which was fixed for the 3rd -of November, in execution of Clause 32 of the Treaty of the 30th of -May; M. de Jaucourt held the portfolio during an interim which lasted -until the Battle of Waterloo. The Abbé de Montesquiou became Minister -of the Interior, having M. Guizot<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> as his secretary-general; M. -Malouet<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> entered the Admiralty: he died, and was succeeded by M. -Beugnot<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>; General Dupont<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> obtained the War Office; he was -replaced by Marshal Soult<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>, who distinguished himself through the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -erection of the funeral monument at Quiberon; the Duc de Blacas<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> -was Minister of the Royal Household; M. Anglès<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, Prefect of Police; -Councillor Dambray<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, Minister of Justice; the Abbé Louis<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>, -Minister of Finance.</p> - -<p>On the 21st of October, the Abbé de Montesquiou introduced the first -law on the subject of the press; it submitted every writing of less -than twenty pages of print to the censorship: M. Guizot worked out this -first law of liberty.</p> - -<p>Carnot<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> addressed a letter to the King; he admitted that the -Bourbons "had been joyfully received;" but, taking no account of the -shortness of the time, nor of all that the Charter granted, he gave -haughty lessons together with risky advice: all this is worth nothing -when one has to accept the rank of minister and the title of count -of the Empire; it is not becoming to show one's self proud towards a -weak and liberal Prince when one has been submissive towards a violent -and despotic Prince, when, a worn-out machine of the Terror, one has -found one's self unequal to the calculation of the proportions of -Napoleonic warfare. I sent to the press, in reply, my <i>Réflexions -politiques</i><a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>; they contain the substance of the <i>Monarchie selon -la Charte.</i> M. Lainé<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, the President<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> of the Chamber of Deputies, -spoke of this work to the King with praise. The King always seemed -charmed with the services which I had the happiness to render him; -Heaven seemed to have thrown over my shoulders the mantle of herald of -the Legitimacy: but the greater the success of the work, the less did -its author please His Majesty. The <i>Réflexions politiques</i> divulged my -Constitutional doctrines: the Court received an impression from them -which my fidelity to the Bourbons has been unable to wipe out. Louis -XVIII. used to say to his intimates:</p> - -<p>"Beware of ever admitting a poet into your affairs: he will ruin all. -Those people are good for nothing."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duchesse de Duras.</div> - -<p>A powerful and lively friendship at that time filled my heart: the -Duchesse de Duras<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> had imaginative powers, and even some of the -facial expression of Madame de Staël: she has given a proof of her -talent as an author in <i>Ourika.</i> On her return from the Emigration, -she led a secluded life, for many years, in her Château d'Ussé, on the -banks of the Loire, and I first heard speak of her in the beautiful -gardens at Méréville, after having passed near her in London without -meeting her. She came to Paris for the education of her charming -daughters, Félicie<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> and Clara<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>. Relations of family, province, -literary and political opinion opened the door of her company to -me. Her warmth of soul, her nobility of character, her loftiness of -mind, her generosity of sentiment made her a superior woman. At the -commencement of the Restoration, she took me under her protection; for, -in spite of all that I had done for the Legitimate Monarchy and the -services which Louis XVIII. confessed that he had received from me, I -had been placed so far on one side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> that I was thinking of retiring to -Switzerland. Perhaps I should have done well: in those solitudes which -Napoleon had intended for me as his ambassador to the mountains, might -I not have been happier than in the Palace of the Tuileries? When I -entered those halls on the return of the Legitimacy, they made upon -me an impression almost as painful as on the day when I saw Bonaparte -there prepared to kill the Duc d'Enghien. Madame de Duras spoke of -me to M. de Blacas. He replied that I was quite free to go I where I -would. Madame de Duras was so tempestuous, so courageous on behalf of -her friends, that a vacant embassy was dug up, the Embassy to Sweden. -Louis XVIII., already wearied of my noise, was happy to make a present -of me to his good brother, King Bernadotte. Did the latter imagine that -I was being sent to Stockholm to dethrone him? By the Lord, ye princes -of the earth, I dethrone nobody; keep your crowns, if you can, and -above all do not give them to me, for I "will none of them."</p> - -<p>Madame de Duras, an excellent woman, who allowed me to call her my -sister, and whom I had the happiness of seeing in Paris during many -years, went to Nice to die<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>: one more wound re-opened. The Duchesse -de Duras saw much of Madame de Staël. I cannot conceive how I did -not come across Madame Récamier<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a>, who had returned from Italy to -France; I should have greeted the succour which came in aid of my -life. Already I no longer belonged to those mornings which console -themselves; I was on the verge of those evening hours which stand in -need of consolation.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On the 30th of December of the year 1814, the Legislative Chambers were -prorogued to the 1st of May 1815, as though they had been convoked for -the assembly of Bonaparte's <i>champ-de-mai.</i> On the 18th of January, the -remains were exhumed of Marie-Antoinette and Louis XVI. I was present -at this exhumation in the cemetery<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> in which Fontaine<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> and -Percier<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> have since, at the pious call of Madame la Dauphine, -and in imitation of a sepulchral church at Rimini, raised what is -perhaps the most remarkable monument in Paris. This cloister, formed -of a concatenation of tombs, strikes the imagination and fills it -with sadness. I have spoken, in Book IV. of these Memoirs, of the -exhumations of 1815<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>. In the midst of the bones, I recognised the -Queen's head by the smile which that head had given me at Versailles.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The 21st of January.</div> - -<p>On the 21st of January, was laid the first stone of the ground-work -of the statue which was to be erected on the Place Louis XV., and -which was never erected. I wrote the funeral splendour of the 21st of -January; I said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The monks who came with the Oriflamme<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> to meet the -shrine of St. Louis will not receive the descendant of the -Sainted King. In the subterraneous abodes where dwelt those -annihilated kings and princes, Louis XVI. will lie alone!... -How is it that so many dead have risen? Why is Saint-Denis -deserted? Let us rather ask why its roof has been restored, -why its altar is left standing. What hand has reconstructed -the vault of those caverns and prepared those empty tombs? -The hand of that same man who was seated on the throne of the -Bourbons<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>! O Providence, he thought that he was preparing -sepulchres for his race, and he was but building the tomb of -Louis XVI.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a>!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>I long wished that the image of Louis XVI. might be set up on the -spot where the martyr shed his blood: I should no longer be of that -opinion. The Bourbons must be praised for thinking of Louis XVI. at -the first moment of their return. They were bound to touch their -foreheads with his ashes, before placing his crown on their heads. -Now I think that they ought not to have gone further. It was not in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -Paris, as in London, a committee which tried the monarch: it was the -whole Convention; thence the annual reproach which a repeated funeral -ceremony seemed to make to the nation, apparently represented by -a complete assembly. Every people has fixed anniversaries for the -celebration of its triumphs, its disorders, or its misfortunes, for -all have, in an equal measure, desired to keep up the memory of one -and the other: we have had solemnities for the barricades, songs for -St. Bartholomew's Night, feasts for the death of Capet; but is it not -remarkable that the law is powerless to create days of remembrance, -whereas religion has made the obscurest saint live on from age to -age? If the fasts and prayers instituted for the sacrifice of Charles -I. still survive<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>, it is because, in England, the State unites -religious to political supremacy and because, by virtue of that -supremacy, the 30th of January 1649 has become a <i>feria.</i> In France -things go differently: Rome alone has the right to command in religion; -thenceforth, of what value is an order published by a prince, a decree -promulgated by a political assembly, if another prince, another -assembly have the right to expunge them? I therefore think to-day that -the symbol of a feast which may be abolished, or the evidence of a -tragic catastrophe not consecrated by religion, is not fitly placed on -the road of the crowd carelessly and heedlessly pursuing its pleasures. -At the time in which we live, it is to be feared lest a monument raised -with the object of impressing horror of popular excesses might prompt -the longing to imitate them: evil tempts more than good; when wishing -to perpetuate the sorrow, one often perpetuates only the example. The -centuries do not adopt the bequests of mourning: they have present -cause enough for weeping, without undertaking to shed hereditary tears -as well.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reflections at Saint-Denis.</div> - -<p>On beholding the catafalque leaving the Cemetière de Desclozeaux<a name="FNanchor_230b_230b" id="FNanchor_230b_230b"></a><a href="#Footnote_230b_230b" class="fnanchor">[230b]</a>, -laden with the remains of the Queen and King, I felt a strong emotion; -I followed it with my eyes with a fatal presentiment. At last Louis -XVI. resumed his couch at Saint-Denis; Louis XVIII., on his side, slept -at the Louvre. The two brothers were together commencing a new era of -legitimate kings and sceptres: vain restoration of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> throne and the -tomb, of which time has already swept away the dual dust.</p> - -<p>Since I have spoken of those funeral ceremonies, which were so often -repeated, I will tell you of the incubus with which I used to be -oppressed when, after the ceremony, I walked in the evening in the -half-undraped basilica: that I dreamt of the vanity of human greatness -among those devasted tombs follows as the vulgar moral issuing from -the spectacle itself; but the workings of my mind did not stop at -that: I penetrated into the very nature of man. Is all emptiness and -absence in the region of the sepulchres? Is there nothing in that -nothingness? Are there no existences of nihility, no thoughts of dust? -Have those bones no modes of life with which we are unacquainted? Who -knows of the passions, the pleasures, the embraces of those dead? Are -the things which they have dreamt, thought, expected like themselves -idealities, engulfed pell-mell with themselves? Dreams, futures, joys, -sorrows, liberties and slaveries, powers and weaknesses, crimes and -virtues, honours and infamies, riches and miseries, talents, geniuses, -intelligences, glories, illusions, loves: are you but perceptions of -a moment, perceptions that pass with the destruction of the skulls in -which they take birth, with the extinction of the bosom in which once -beat a heart? In your eternal silence, O tombs, if tombs you be, is -nought heard but a mocking and eternal laughter? Is that laughter the -God, the sole derisive reality, which will survive the imposture of -this universe? Let us close our eyes; let us fill up life's despairing -abyss with those great and mysterious words of the martyr:</p> - -<p>"I am a Christian!"</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Odo King of France (<i>d.</i> 898), the first king of the -Capet Dynasty.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Abbon (<i>d.</i> 923), nicknamed the Crooked, author of a -Latin poem on the siege of Paris by the Normans.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia Queen of Prussia -(1776-1810), the beautiful wife of Frederic William III., and daughter -of the Duke of Mecklemburg-Strelitz. Napoleon was said to be enamoured -of Louisa of Prussia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. VIII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Ps.</i> XXI. 16. In the Vulgate: <i>Et lingua mea adhasit -faucibus meis.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> The Emperor Alexander had expressed a wish to say, not -at the Tuileries, but at the Élysée; he remained there only a few -hours, and accepted the offer of the Prince of Talleyrand, who hastened -to place at his disposal his house in the Rue Saint-Florentin.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Pope Pius VII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Fabian Wilhelm Prince von der Osten-Sacken (1752-1837) -had fought in all the campaigns against Turkey, Poland and France, -and been taken prisoner by Masséna at Zurich. Alexander appointed him -Governor of Paris in 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Paul Count Schouvaloff (<i>circa</i> 1775-1823), a -distinguished Russian general, the same who later escorted Napoleon to -Fréjus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Madame Charles Bonaparte (1750-1836), <i>née</i> Ramolino, -Napoleon's mother. When Bonaparte assumed the title of Emperor, he -bestowed upon his mother that of Madame Mère and Imperial Highness.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Cardinal Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, was Madame Mère's -half-brother.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Nikolaus Field-Marshal Prince Esterhazy von Galantha -(1765-1833), the Hungarian magnate who, in 1797, had organized an army -in Hungary to repel the French invasion.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1784-1860), -Napoleon's youngest and most worthless brother, distinguished for -little save his personal courage. From Jerome the present Bonapartist -pretenders are descended. He had married a daughter of the King of -Wurtemberg, who, after Waterloo, gave him the title of Comte de -Montfort. He returned to France in 1848, and prepared the way for the -election to the Presidency of his nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, -afterwards Napoleon III. Jerome, who resumed his royal title under the -Second Empire, was successively appointed Governor of the Invalides -(1848), a marshal of France (1850), and President of the Senate -(1851).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> my description of the Hundred Days at Ghent, -<i>infra,</i> and the portrait of M. de Talleyrand given at the end of these -Memoirs.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1839).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> The full title of Chateaubriand's work was <i>De -Bonaparte, des Bourbons et de la nécessité de se rallier à nos princes -légitimes pour le bonheur de la France et celui de l'Europe.</i> Extracts -from the famous pamphlet were published in the <i>Journal des Débats</i> on -the 4th of April 1814, and the work itself was placed on sale the next -day, Wednesday the 5th of April.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Hugues Maret, Duc de Bassano (1763-1839), was the -editor of the bulletins of the National Assembly in 1789, and thus -laid the foundations of the <i>Moniteur universel.</i> In 1792, he was sent -as Ambassador to Naples, was captured by the Austrians on the road, -and was kept in confinement until 1795, when he was exchanged for the -daughter of Louis XVI. Bonaparte appointed Maret Secretary-General to -the Consuls and later, in 1804, made him Secretary of State. In this -capacity Maret accompanied Napoleon on all his campaigns, drawing up -most of the instructions and bulletins. He was in 1811 created Duc -de Bassano, and was appointed Foreign Minister and Minister of War -in 1813. He was exiled in 1815, not returning to France until 1820. -The Duc de Bassano was a minister of Louis-Philippe for the space of -one week only (10 to 18 November 1834). To Napoleon he had been an -invaluable and indefatigable servant.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> François Séverin Desgraviers-Marceau (1769-1796) -enlisted at the age of sixteen, became a captain in the Vendée in 1793 -and, in the same year, when only twenty-four years old, was, upon -Kléber's recommendation, appointed General-in-Chief of the Western -Army. On the 12th of December, he won the bloody battle of Mans over -the Vendeans. In 1794, he was employed as a general of division in the -Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, and contributed to the victory of Fleurus. In -1796, he protected the retreat of Jourdan's Army, and had several times -repelled the enemy when he fell mortally wounded near Altkirchen, at -the age of twenty-seven years. Marceau was noted for his humanity and -disinterestedness, as much as for his courage and strategic talent His -native city of Chartres erected a monument to him in 1850.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Lazare Hoche (1768-1797) received the command of -the Army of the Moselle at the age of twenty-five. In 1793-94, he -cleared the Austrians out of Alsace. He was thrown into prison for a -short time, at the instance of Pichegru, over whose head he had been -promoted, but recovered his liberty on the 9 Thermidor, and was placed -at the head of the Army of the Vendée. He defeated the Emigrants at -Quiberon and succeeded in pacifying the whole district. In 1796, he -commanded the army which was intended to effect a landing in Ireland, -but was driven back by storms. He was next, in February 1797, placed in -command of the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse, consisting of 80,000 men, and -defeated the Austrians in three engagements, but died, in September, of -a complaint of the bowels. Hoche has a statue at Versailles, where he -was born.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Barthélemy Cathérine Joubert (1769-1799) served with -great distinction in Italy, as second to Bonaparte, in 1795 and -1796; in 1798, he himself commanded the Army of Italy and at first -obtained great successes. On the 15th of August 1799, however, he was -unexpectedly attacked by the Russians at Novi, saw his army routed, and -was mortally wounded while attempting to effect a rally. The Directory -were considering whether they should place Joubert in the supreme -power, when his death occurred.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Masséna routed the Russians at Zurich on the 26th of -August 1799.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Camille Jordan (1771-1821), a moderate French citizen of -liberal opinions, and author of some wise and temperate works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Louis Jean Népomucène Lemercier (1771-1840), a notable -playwright and a member of the French Academy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Jean Denis Comte Lanjuinais (1753-1827), a moderate -member of the Convention, of which, after escaping from arrest, he was -made President in 1795. In 1800, he was made a senator, and, although -he voted against the life consulship, he was later created a count of -the Empire. In 1814, he voted for the deposition of Napoleon and was -made a peer by Louis XVIII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Charles François Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance (1739-1824), -the third of the three Consuls. Under the Empire, Bonaparte created him -Duc de Plaisance, High Treasurer, and Administrator-General of Holland. -He gave in his adhesion to the recall of the Bourbons in 1814, and was -created a peer under the Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Here I omit quotations from Marie Joseph de Chénier, -Madame de Staël, Benjamin Constant, Béranger, Courier, Victor Hugo, -Sheridan and Lord Byron.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> M. de Talleyrand occupied the house which forms the -corner of the Place de la Concorde and the Rue Saint-Florentin. After -the death of the Prince de Talleyrand, it was taken by the Princesse de -Lieven. It is now the property of M. Alphonse de Rothschild.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> The Abbé Dominique Dufour de Pradt (1759-1837), was -Grand Vicar at Rouen on the outbreak of the Revolution. He emigrated in -1791, returned in 1801, and became successively almoner to the Emperor, -a baron, Bishop of Poitiers and Archbishop of Mechlin. In 1812, he -was sent as Ambassador to Warsaw, but acquitted himself very badly in -this capacity, and was deprived of his almoner-ship and sent back to -his diocese. He thereupon became a violent enemy of Napoleon, and was -one of the first to declare against him when the Allies entered Paris. -Nevertheless, he was coldly received by the Bourbons and obliged to -resign his archbishopric, receiving a pension of 12,000 francs by way -of indemnity. He wrote a mass of occasional matter, including a History -of his Polish Embassy. The publication referred to above is his <i>Récit -historique sur la restauration de la royauté en France le 31 mars</i> -1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Pierre de Ruel, Maréchal Marquis de Beurnonville -(1752-1821), had served in the Republican armies, was made Minister -of War in 1792, but was captured by Dumouriez and delivered to the -Austrians: he was one of the French officers exchanged in 1795 for -Louis XVI.'s daughter, who became Duchesse d'Angoulême. Under the -Consulate and Empire, he was sent as Ambassador to Berlin and Madrid. -He became a senator in 1805, a count of the Empire in 1808. Louis -XVIII. created him a peer of France in 1814, a marshal of France in -1816, gave him his marquisate in 1817 and the Order of the Holy Ghost -in 1820.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Arnail François Marquis de Jaucourt (1757-1852) was -a colonel in the royal service at the age of twenty-five. Under the -Revolution, he pronounced for the Constitutional Monarchy and was -obliged to emigrate. Napoleon made him a senator in 1803, First -Chamberlain to King Joseph in 1804, a count in 1808; and Jaucourt -remained faithful until the flight of Joseph and Marie-Louise, when -he consented to join the Provisional Government. Louis XVIII. made -him a minister of State and a peer of France; but he held office -for only short periods, devoting himself mainly to the interests of -Protestantism, a form of worship to which he belonged.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang Heribert Duc de Dalberg -(1773-1833) left the service of the Grand-duke of Baden for that -of Napoleon and was naturalized a Frenchman. He was created a duke -of the Empire in 1810 and, for the rest, clung to the fortunes of -Talleyrand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> François Xavier Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de -Montesquiou-Fezensac (1757-1832) had followed the Comte de Provence -(Louis XVIII.) to England after the Revolution. He returned to France -after the 9 Thermidor to serve the interests of the Bourbons, but was -exiled by Bonaparte. Louis XVIII. made him his Minister of the Interior -(1814-1815), and he was for some time at the head of affairs. After the -Second Restoration, he was created a peer of France (1815), a count -(1817) and a duke (1821) but took no further part in politics. In 1816, -he was admitted to the French Academy, although he had no literary -qualifications. He died in retirement and poor.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Dupont de Nemours (<i>vide</i> note, <i>supra</i>, p. 56) was -Secretary to the Provisional Government, rather than a member of -it.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> The Treaty of Tilsit, between Russia and Prussia on the -one hand and France on the other, took place in 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> At the commencement of the reign of Louis XVI., the -house in the Rue Saint-Florentin belonged to the Duc de Fitz-James, -who sold it, in 1787, to the Duchesse de l'Infantado. Hence the name -of Hôtel de l'Infantado by which it was generally designated under the -Empire and in the early years of the Restoration.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Adresse du Gouvernement provisoire aux armées françaises -(2 April 1814).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Charles de Lorraine, Duc de Mayenne (1544-1611), brother -to the Duc de Guise and the Cardinal de Lorraine, on whose death he -proclaimed himself the Head of the League and Lieutenant-General of the -Kingdom, and made war upon Henry III. and the King of Navarre (Henry -IV.), but was defeated by the latter at Arques and Ivry. He kept up his -resistance after the death of Henry III., and proclaimed a phantom king -in the person of the Cardinal de Bourbon. On the death of that Prince, -in 1590, he convoked the States-General in the hope of securing his own -election, but failed, ended by submitting and, in 1596, made his peace -with Henry IV., who made him Governor of the Isle of France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Charles Comte, later Duc de Cossé-Brissac was appointed -Governor of Paris by the Duc de Mayenne in 1594. A few months later, he -surrendered the capital to Henry IV., who made him a marshal.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Mailhe (1754-1834), member of the -Convention for the Haute-Garonne. As the result of the drawing which -took place among the departments, he was the first called upon to vote -in the trial of the King. In 1814, he sent an address to the Senate to -congratulate it on pronouncing the deposition of Napoleon.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Baron Petit (1772-1856) had been Brigadier-General of -the Imperial Guard since the 23rd of June 1813. The day after the -leave-taking at Fontainebleau, he swore allegiance to Louis XVIII., -who made him a knight of St. Louis; but he fought at Cambronne's side -at Waterloo, and protected the flight of the Emperor. Louis-Philippe -created him a peer of France in 1837, and made him Commander of the -Invalides. Napoleon III. appointed him a Senator in 1852.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Franz Baron von Koller (1767-1826), Adjutant-General -to Prince von Schwarzenberg, and an Austrian general of the first -merit.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Colonel, later General Sir Neil Campbell (1776-1827). -Colonel Campbell stayed in Elba at Napoleon's request, and it was -during one of his absences in Italy that Napoleon escaped, Campbell's -supposed residence having put the English naval captains off their -guard.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Friedrich Ludwig Count Truchsess von Waldburg -(1776-1844), author of the <i>Reise von Fontainebleau nach Fréjus</i> -(1815), from which the following extracts are taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Johann Philipp Palm (1766-1806), the victim of this -judicial murder. A book was published at Nuremberg, in 1814, by the -unfortunate publisher's family, giving a full and touching account of -his trial and execution.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832), a noted German -publicist, author of the Prussian manifesto against France in 1806, the -Austrian manifestoes of 1809 and 1813, the protocols of the Conferences -of Vienna (1814) and Paris (1815), and of several remarkable political -works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), did -not receive his duchy until the 11th of May 1814. The earlier steps -are: Baron Douro and Viscount Wellington (4 September 1809), Earl of -Wellington (28 February 1812), and Marquess of Wellington (3 October -1812).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Paul François Charles Augereau, Maréchal Duc de -Castiglione (1757-1816), a brilliant, dashing and courageous soldier. -He was one of the first to recognise the Bourbons.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Henri Gratien Comte Bertrand (1773-1844), Napoleon's -intimate and confidant, accompanied him to Elba and St. Helena, and -never left his side until his death. He had been sentenced to death -by contumacy in 1816. On his return from St. Helena, in 1821, Louis -XVIII. remitted his penalty and restored him to his rank. In 1840, -he accompanied the Prince de Joinville to St. Helena and, with him, -brought back the remains of Napoleon to France. He is buried at the -Invalides by the Emperor's side.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Comte Drouot (1774-1847), the great artillery general. -Napoleon made him Governor of Elba. He returned to France with the -Emperor at Waterloo, and fought with extraordinary gallantry. He was -proscribed by Louis XVIII. and tried by court-martial, but acquitted. -He ended his days in retirement, and lost his sight some years before -his death. Napoleon left him 100,000 francs in his will.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Truchsess-Waldburg</span>, <i>A Narrative of Napoleon -Buonaparte's Journey from Fontainebleau to Fréjus in April 1814</i> -(London: John Murray, 1816).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> In 1799, after the capture of Jaffa, Bonaparte had the -garrison murdered in cold blood, as well as some thousands of prisoners -of whom he had a difficulty in disposing.—T</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> According to several historians, the Marquis de -Maubreuil was a needy adventurer, as destitute of scruples as of -money, who is supposed to have been charged by Talleyrand, in April -1814, to assassinate Napoleon. Dupont, the Minister for War, Anglès, -the Minister for Police, and Bourrienne, the Postmaster-General, the -commanders of the Russian and Austrian troops, the Emperor of Russia, -the Emperor of Austria himself are said to have approved of the mission -entrusted to Maubreuil. All this is an abominable calumny. -</p> -<p> -The royalist zeal of which Maubreuil had given signs, after the entry -of the Allies into Paris, had earned for him the good graces of M. -Laborie, the assistant-secretary to the Provisional Government; but his -protector, failing to procure him a post, he invented a stroke of the -boldest character. -</p> -<p> -Under the pretext that he was going in search of a portion of the Crown -diamonds, which had been removed from Paris and were not to be found, -on the 21st of April, at the village of Fossard, near Montereau, he -waylaid the Queen of Westphalia, who was returning to Germany, and -seized eleven cases containing the Queen's jewelry and diamonds and -80,000 francs in gold. When the news of this great stroke reached -Paris, the Sovereigns, and the Emperor Alexander in particular, -displayed the liveliest annoyance and demanded the punishment of the -culprits. Maubreuil, meantime, had returned to Paris, on the night -of the 23rd of April; he carried to the Tuileries the cases which he -had taken, one of them, according to him, having been broken and its -contents scattered on the road. At the same time, he handed over four -sacks, containing gold, he said. The next day, when the cases were -opened by the locksmith who had made the keys, they were found to be -almost empty; the sacks contained silver pieces of twenty sous, instead -of gold pieces of twenty francs. The police, before long, had proofs -that the broken case, which was just that which had contained the -most precious objects, had been opened at Versailles, in a room at an -inn, by Maubreuil and his accomplice, a certain Dasies. Moreover, in -one of the apartments occupied by Maubreuil in Paris—he had three or -four—they found on the bed a magnificent diamond which had belonged to -the Queen of Westphalia. The evidences of the theft were incontestable. -Maubreuil put a bold face upon it. He declared that he had left Paris -with the mission to assassinate the Emperor; that this mission had -been given him by M. de Talleyrand; that, in spite of the horror with -which it inspired him, he had accepted it for fear lest it should be -given to another. "He had," he continued, "arranged everything to -deceive the criminal intentions of those who had employed him, and he -had sought, by bringing them a treasure and contenting their greed, to -appease their dissatisfaction." This could not stand proof; but, in the -then circumstances, those lies might have produced the most deplorable -and baleful effects among the public, particularly the soldiers. The -Government thought it the wisest course to hurry nothing, to keep the -accused in prison, and to await aid and counsel from time and the -progress of events. <i>Cf.</i> the <i>Souvenirs du comte de Semallé</i> and Vol. -II. of the <i>Mémoires du chancelier Pasquier.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Germain Fabry (1780-1821), author of the -<i>Itinéraire de Buonaparte de Doulevent à Fréjus</i> (1821) and of numerous -publications, written with talent and animated with a profoundly -religious and royalist spirit.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Sir Walter Scott, Bart (1771-1832). The above extract is -taken from his <i>Life of Napoleon Buonaparte</i> (1827), chap, lxxxi.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Philippe Paul Comte de Ségur (1786-1873), author of the -<i>Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée en 1812</i> (1824), from which -the above incident is quoted.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Hinton was boatswain on board the <i>Undaunted</i>, which -conveyed Napoleon to Elba.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Louis XVIII. landed at Calais on the 24th of April 1814. -He had left France on the 22nd of June 1791.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Louis Pierre Louvel (1753-1820), the assassin of the Duc -de Berry (13 February 1820). He declared in one of his interrogatories -that, on the first day of the Restoration, he had sworn to exterminate -all the Bourbons and that, in April 1814, he had gone on foot from Metz -to Calais with the object of stabbing Louis XVIII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Nicolas Joseph Maréchal Comte Maison (1771-1840) -rallied to the new Government and was made Governor of Paris and a -peer of France (1814). He refused to accept any post from Napoleon -on the return of the latter from Elba, and in 1817 was created a -marquis. He commanded the Morean Expedition in 1828, and was made -a marshal of France in the following year. Maison was one of the -commissaries appointed to accompany Charles X. to Cherbourg in 1830. -Under Louis-Philippe he was Ambassador to Vienna (1831-1833), to St. -Petersburg (1833-1835), and Minister of War (1835-1836).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Joan of Arc (1410-1430) was captured by the English on -the 24th of May 1430, on attempting a sortie from Compiègne, besieged -by the English and Burgundians. Louis XVIII. arrived at Compiègne on -the 29th of April 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Louis XIV. (1638-1715) was the direct ancestor of Louis -XVIII. in the fifth generation (great-great-great-grandfather).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Étienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc -de Tarente (1765-1840), a fine soldier, of Irish descent. He was made -a peer of France, after Napoleon's abdication, and Grand Chancellor of -the Legion of Honour, a dignity which he retained until 1831.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la -Moskowa (1769-1815), was, at the end of the next year, sentenced to be -shot for his treachery to the King, the sentence being executed on the -7th of December 1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Bon Adrien Jeannot Moncey, Maréchal Duc de Conégliano -(1754-1842), was imprisoned for three months in 1815 at Ham for -refusing to try Marshal Ney, and excluded from the House of Peers, -to which he was not readmitted until 1819. In 1823 he was given a -command in Spain in the war of French intervention. He ended his -life as Governor of the Invalides, where he received the remains of -Napoleon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal Comte Sérurier (1742-1819) -was Governor of the Invalides, in 1814, and burnt the flags captured -from the enemy in the court-yard to save them from being restored to -the Allies. Louis made him a peer of France and Grand Cross of St. -Louis, but he resigned all his functions in December 1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune (1763-1815) rejoined -Napoleon on his return from Elba, and was killed by the Royalist mob at -Avignon shortly after the Battle of Waterloo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal Prince de Wagram, Prince -de Neuchâtel (1753-1815), committed suicide on the return of Napoleon, -from the balcony of his mother-in-law, the Duke of Birkenfeld's palace -at Bamberg, during a fit of fever (1 June 1815).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Cf. Compiègne, avril</i> 1814 (Paris: Le Normant, -1814).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> The musketeers of the King's Military Household, so -called because of their red uniform.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> The manuscript of the Memoirs says forty years. Is this -simply a <i>lapsus calami</i>, or did Chateaubriand, who, it is true, was -an indifferent calculator, really reckon forty years between 1792 and -1814?—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Charles II. King of England (1630-1685) dated his reign -from 1649, the year of the execution of Charles I., and not from 1660, -the year of his restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> In spite of what Chateaubriand says, it is only just to -recognise that Louis XVIII. had given proof of a truly royal dignity in -not consenting to accept the crown at the hands of the senators, and in -proclaiming that he held it in his own right. The Comte de Lille, the -exile of Hartwell, had, in fact, no other title to occupy the throne -than as the descendant of Louis XIV., the brother of Louis XVI., and -the successor of Louis XVII.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Chateaubriand here commits a slight error of date. -The Emperor Alexander left Paris on the 2nd of June 1814. It was not -then, nor on the eve of his departure, that he had a religious service -celebrated on the Place Louis XV. This ceremony had taken place almost -immediately after the entry of the Allies, before either the Comte -d'Artois or Louis XVIII. had arrived in Paris, on Sunday the 10th of -April. On that day, the Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia and -Prince von Schwarzenberg, representing the Emperor of Austria, reviewed -their respective troops, drawn up in line, to the number of 80,000 men, -from the Boulevard de l'Arsenal to the Boulevard de la Madeleine. At -one o'clock, a mass was said on the Place Louis XV. by a bishop and six -priests of the Greek rite. A <i>Te Deum</i> was sung to thank God for giving -peace to France and the world. The Allied troops defiled before the -altar, which was surrounded by the National Guard of Paris, under the -orders of its commandant, General Dessolle.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Joseph Anne Auguste Maximilien de Croy, Duc d'Havré -(1744-1839). He was a brigadier-general, in 1789, when elected a deputy -to the States-General by the nobles of the bailiwick of Amiens and Ham. -In 1814, Louis XVIII. made him a peer of France, a lieutenant-general -and a captain of the Body-guards. He was then seventy years of age.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc de Bellune (1766-1841), -known as Marshal Victor, had been seriously wounded in the campaign of -1814. He remained faithful to Louis XVIII. during the Hundred Days, and -was created a peer of France in 1815. He was Minister for War for a few -days under the Bourbons.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Philippe Louis Marie Antoine de Noailles, Prince de -Poix, Duc de Mouchy (1752-1819). His career resembled that of the Duc -d'Havré in every particular. He was sent to the States-General in 1789 -by the nobles of the bailiwick of Amiens and Ham, and was created -a peer, a lieutenant-general and a captain of the Body-guards in -1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Nicolas Charles Oudinot, Maréchal Duc de Reggio -(1767-1847), one of the bravest of Napoleon's generals, was wounded -no less than thirty-two times. Under the Restoration, to which he -continued faithful in 1815, he became a peer of France, Major-General -of the Royal Guard and Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard of -Paris. Louis-Philippe appointed Oudinot Grand Chancellor of the Legion -of Honour (1839) and Governor of the Invalides (1842).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Thuc</span>. iii. 38.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Madame de Talleyrand-Périgord, <i>née</i> Worley, was born at -Pondichéry, where her father was harbour-master. At sixteen years of -age, she married a Swiss, Mr. Grant, who lived with her successively at -Chandernagor and Calcutta; she allowed herself to be eloped with and -carried to Europe. After numerous adventures, she became Talleyrand's -mistress under the Directory and lived with him publicly. The First -Consul ordered his minister to marry her, which was done, after -Talleyrand had received a brief from the Court of Rome releasing him -from his vows, and after Mr. Grant, then in Paris, had agreed to a -divorce, in consideration of a large sum of money and a good place... -at the Cape of Good Hope. The marriage of the ex-Bishop of Autun was, -for that matter, a purely civil one. When the Restoration came, he -settled a pension of 60,000 francs on his wife, on condition that she -went to live in England.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (1787-1874) became -Minister of the Interior in 1830, under Louis-Philippe, was French -Ambassador to England for a few months in 1840, and Prime Minister from -1840 to 1848.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Pierre Victor Baron Malouet (1740-1814) served in -the Admiralty all his life: under Louis XVI.; as Commissary-general -of Marine under Bonaparte; and as Minister of Marine under the -Restoration.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Jacques Claude Comte Beugnot (1761-1835) had, under -the Empire, been Prefect of Rouen, a councillor of State, Minister of -Finance to King Jerome, and Prefect of Lille. Louis XVIII. made him -Minister of Marine in December 1814. He accompanied the King to Ghent -and, on the return, became Postmaster-general. He was made a peer of -France in 1730.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Pierre Antoine Comte Dupont de L'Étang (1765-1840), -had been one of the most brilliant generals of the Empire, but was -cashiered for his capitulation at Baylen (1808), and kept in prison -until 1814. He remained only a few months at the War Office. In 1836, -Dupont published a translation in verse of the Odes of Horace and, in -1839, the <i>Art de la guerre</i>, a poem in ten cantos.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Maréchal Duc de Dalmatie -(1769-1852), Napoleon's greatest tactician. He became Major-general -of Napoleon's army during the Hundred Days, and was exiled by the -Bourbons at the Second Restoration; returned to France in 1819, and was -raised to the peerage, in 1827, by Charles X. But, in 1830, he devoted -himself to Louis-Philippe; became Minister of War and President of the -Council; reorganized the French Army in 1832; represented France at -the coronation of Victoria in 1838, and received a veritable ovation -in England. In 1839 and again in 1840, Soult resumed the office of -Minister of War, together with the Presidency of the Council; but was -obliged by the state of his health to resign, in 1847, and received the -quite exceptional title of Marshal-General, which only Turenne, Villars -and Saxe had borne before him.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Pierre Louis Casimir Duc de Blacas d'Aulps (1770-1839) -accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent, was created a peer under the Second -Restoration, and Ambassador to Naples and later to Rome. In 1823, -he was reappointed to Naples, where he remained till 1830, when he -followed the Bourbons into exile, dying at Prague in 1839.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Jules Jean Baptiste Comte Anglès (1778-1828). He -again became Prefect of Police in 1818, and retained that post until -1821.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Charles Dambray (1760-1829) was made Chancellor, -Minister of Justice and President of the Chamber in 1814. He took -refuge in England during the Hundred Days, and resumed the presidency -of the Chamber on his return.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Joseph Dominique Baron Louis (1755-1837) had taken -orders and assisted as deacon to the Bishop of Autun at the Feast of -the Federation in 1790. He emigrated, nevertheless, and employed his -exile in studying the financial system of England. He was several times -Minister of Finance: in 1814, 1816, 1818 and 1831.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1753-1823), the famous -"Organizer of Victory." He became Minister of the Interior during the -Hundred Days, and was exiled during the Second Restoration, retiring -first to Warsaw and next to Magdeburg, where he died. He was the author -of several works, including the <i>Mémoire adressé au roi en juillet -1814</i>, the letter in question.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>Réflexions politiques sur quelques écrits du jour et -sur les intérêts de tous les Français</i> (December 1814). This is one of -Chateaubriand's finest writings.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Jean Henri Joachim Hostein, Vicomte Lainé (1767-1835), -became Minister of the Interior in 1816, a member of the French Academy -in the same year, and a viscount and peer of France in 1823.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Claire Duchesse de Duras (1777-1829), <i>née</i> de -Coëtnempren de Kersaint, married in 1797, in England, Amédée Bretagne -Malo de Durfort, who, three years later, on the death of his father, -became Duc de Duras. On the return of the Bourbons, the Duc de Duras -was made a peer of France and First Lord of the Bed-chamber. The -duchess at that time had one of the most popular salons in Paris. She -wrote several little novels: <i>Édouard, Ourika, Frère Ange, Olivier</i>, -and the <i>Mémoires de Sophie</i>, of which the two first were published in -1820 and 1824 respectively; the other three are still in manuscript. -Towards the end of her life, the Duchesse de Duras wrote some eminently -Christian pages, which were published, ten years after her death, in -1839, under the title of <i>Réflexions et prières inédites.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Claire Louise Augustine Félicité Magloire de Durfort -(<i>b.</i> 1798), known as Félicie, married, first (1813), Charles -Léopold Henri de La Trémoille, Prince de Talmont (<i>d.</i> 1815), and, -secondly (1819), Brigadier-general Auguste du Vergier, Comte de La -Rochejacquelein.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Claire Henriette Philippine Benjamine de Durfort -(1799-1863), known as Clara, married (1819) Henri Louis Comte de -Chastellux, created Duc de Rauzan on the occasion of his marriage.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> In January 1829.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Madame Julie Récamier (1777-1849), <i>née</i> Bernard, of -whom much will be read in the sequel, was very intimate with Madame de -Staël, and had been banished from Paris by Napoleon for the frequency -of her visits to Madame de Staël at Coppet.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> The old Cemetière de la Madeleine, at No. 48, Rue -d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Pierre François Fontaine (1762-1865), an eminent modern -French architect and member of the Academy of Arts, who, together with -Percier, <i>quem vide infra</i>, constructed the Expiatory Chapel at the -corner of the Rue d'Anjou and the Boulevard Haussmann, mentioned below, -and a number of other public works, including the great staircase at -the Louvre, the restorations at Versailles, etc.—T</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Charles Percier (1764-1840), member of the Institute, -and Fontaine's friend and collaborator.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> Vol. I. p. 157.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> The Oriflamme, which, under the Capets, became the -standard of France, was originally the private banner of the Abbey of -Saint-Denis.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> The tombs of the Kings at Saint-Denis were opened in -1793, by order of the Convention (6 August), and restored, together -with the church, by Napoleon, in 1806.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Chateaubriand: <i>Le Vingt-et-un janvier</i> (Paris: Le -Normant, 1815).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> The service in memory of the martyrdom of King Charles -I. was struck out of the Prayer-book in the year 1859.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230b_230b" id="Footnote_230b_230b"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230b_230b"><span class="label">[230b]</span></a> M. Descloseaux (not Ducluzeau, as the previous editions -of the Memoirs have it) was a faithful Royalist, who had become the -proprietor of the old Cemetière de la Madeleine to save the remains of -the King and Queen from profanation.—B.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_IV" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK IV</a></h4> - - -<p>Napoleon at Elba—Commencement of the Hundred Days—The return from -Elba—Torpor of the Legitimacy—Article by Benjamin Constant—Order -of the day of Marshal Soult—A royal session—Petition of -the School of Law to the Chamber of Deputies—Plan for the -defense of Paris—Flight of the King—I leave with Madame de -Chateaubriand—Confusion on the road—The Duc d'Orléans and the Prince -de Condé—Tournai—Brussels—Memories—The Duc de Richelieu—The -King summons me to join him at Ghent—The Hundred Days at -Ghent—Continuation of the Hundred Days at Ghent—Affairs in Vienna.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Bonaparte had refused to embark in a French ship, setting value at -that time only on the English Navy, because it was victorious; he had -forgotten his hatred, the calumnies, the outrages with which he had -overwhelmed perfidious Albion; he saw none now worthy of his admiration -save the triumphant party, and it was the <i>Undaunted</i> that conveyed -him to the harbour of his first exile. He was not without anxiety as -to the manner in which he would be received. Would the French garrison -hand over to him the territory which it was guarding? Of the Italian -islanders, some wished to call in the English, others to remain free of -all masters; the Tricolour and the White Flag waved on near headlands. -All was arranged nevertheless. When it became known that Bonaparte was -bringing millions with him, opinions generously decided to receive -"the august victim." The civil and religious authorities were brought -round to the same conviction. Joseph Philip Arrighi, the Vicar-General, -issued a charge:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Divine Providence," said the pious injunction, "has decreed -that in future we shall be the subjects of Napoleon the -Great. The island of Elba, raised to so sublime an honour, -receives the Lord's Anointed in its bosom. We order that a -solemn <i>Te Deum</i> be sung by way of thanksgiving," etc.</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon in Elba.</div> - -<p>The Emperor had written to General Dalesme<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>, commanding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> the -French garrison, that he must make known to the people of Elba that -"he had selected" their island for his residence in consideration of -the gentleness of their manners and of their climate. He set foot -on land at Porto-Ferrajo<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>, amid the dual salute of the English -frigate which had brought him and the batteries on shore. Thence he -was taken under the parish canopy to the church, where the <i>Te Deum</i> -was sung. The beadle, the master of ceremonies, was a short, fat man, -who was unable to join his hands across his person. Napoleon was next -conducted to the mayor's, where his lodging was prepared. They unfurled -the new Imperial Standard, a white ground intersected by a red stripe -strewn with three gold bees. Three violins and two basses followed him -with scrapings of delight The throne, hastily erected in the public -ball-room, was decorated with gilt paper and pieces of scarlet cloth. -The actor's side of the prisoner's nature accommodated itself to these -displays: Napoleon made a serious business of trifles, even as he -used to amuse his Court with little old-time games inside his palace -at the Tuileries, going out afterwards to kill men by way of pastime. -He formed his Household: it consisted of four chamberlains, three -orderly-officers, and two harbingers of the palace. He stated that he -would receive the ladies twice a-week, at eight o'clock in the evening. -He gave a ball. He took possession, for his own residence, of the -pavilion intended for the engineers. Bonaparte was constantly meeting -in his life the two sources from which it had issued: democracy and the -royal power; his strength was derived from the citizen masses, his rank -from his genius; and therefore you see him pass without effort from -the market-square to the throne, from the kings and queens who crowded -round him at Erfurt<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> to the bakers and oilmen who danced in his -barn at Porto-Ferrajo. He had something of the people among princes, -and of the prince among the people. At five o'clock in the morning, in -silk stockings and buckled shoes, he presided over his masons in the -island of Elba.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> - -<p>Established in his Empire, inexhaustible in iron since the days of -Virgil,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had not forgotten the outrages to which he had lately -been subjected; he had not renounced his intention of tearing off -his winding-sheet; but it suited him to seem buried, only to make -some appearance of a phantom around his monument. That is why he -was eager, as though thinking of nothing else, to go down into his -quarries of specular iron and adamant; one would have taken him for -the ex-inspector of Mines of his former States. He repented of having -once appropriated the revenue of the forges of "Ilva" to the Legion of -Honour: 500,000 francs now seemed to him worth more than a blood-bathed -cross on the breast of his grenadiers.</p> - -<p>"What was I thinking of?" he said. "But I have issued many stupid -decrees of that nature."</p> - -<p>He made a commercial treaty with Leghorn and proposed to make another -with Genoa. At all hazards, he began to make five or six furlongs of -high-road and designed the sites of four large towns, just as Dido laid -out the boundaries of Carthage. A philosopher who had seen too much of -human greatness, he declared that he intended thenceforth to live like -a justice of the peace in an English county: and notwithstanding, on -climbing a height which overlooks Porto-Ferrajo, these words escaped -him at the sight of the sea which flowed up on every side at the foot -of the cliffs:</p> - -<p>"The devil! It must be owned that my island is very small!"</p> - -<p>He had visited his domain within a few hours; he wished to join to it a -rock called Pianosa.</p> - -<p>"Europe will accuse me," he said, laughing, "of already having made a -conquest."</p> - -<p>The Allied Powers made merry over the fact that they had in derision -left him four hundred soldiers: he needed no more to bring them all -back to the flag.</p> - -<p>Napoleon's presence on the coast of Italy, which had witnessed the -commencement of his glory and which retains his memory, agitated -everybody. Murat was his neighbour; his friends, strangers secretly or -publicly landed at his retreat; his mother and his sister, the Princess -Pauline, visited him; they expected soon to see Marie-Louise and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> her -son arriving. A woman<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> did in fact appear, with a child<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>; she -was received with great mystery, and went to live in a secluded villa -in the most remote corner of the island: on the shores of Ogygia, -Calypso spoke of her love to Ulysses, who, instead of listening to her, -thought of how to defend himself against the suitors. After a two days' -repose, the Swan of the North put out to sea again, to land among the -myrtles of Baja, carrying away her little one in her white yawl.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Madame Walewska.</div> - -<p>If we had been less trustful, it would have been easy for us to -perceive an approaching catastrophe. Bonaparte was too near his cradle -and his conquests: his funeral island should have been more distant -and surrounded by more waves. It is inexplicable how the Allies had -come to think of banishing Napoleon to the rocks where he was to serve -his apprenticeship in exile: was it possible to believe that at the -sight of the Apennines, that when smelling the powder of the fields -of Montenotte, Areola and Marengo, that on discovering Venice, Rome -and Naples, his three fair slaves, his heart would not be seized with -irresistible temptations? Had they forgotten that he had stirred up -the earth and that he had admirers and debtors everywhere, all of whom -were his accomplices? His ambition was deceived, not extinguished; -misfortune and revenge rekindled its flames: when the Prince of -Darkness from the verge of the created universe looked upon man and the -world, he resolved to destroy them.</p> - -<p>Before bursting forth, the terrible captive restrained himself for -some weeks. In the huge public bank at faro which he was holding, his -genius negociated a fortune or a kingdom. The Fouchés, the Guzmans -d'Alfarache swarmed. The great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> actor had long made his police the home -of melodrama and had reserved the upper stage for himself; he amused -himself with the vulgar victims who disappeared through the trap-doors -of his theatre.</p> - -<p>Bonapartism, in the first year of the Restoration, passed on from -simple desire to action in the measure as its hopes increased and as -it became better acquainted with the weak character of the Bourbons. -When the intrigue had been hatched without, it was hatched within, and -the conspiracy became flagrant. Under the able administration of M. -Ferrand<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, M. de Lavallette<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> undertook the correspondence: the -mails of the Monarchy carried the despatches of the Empire. Concealment -was abandoned; the caricatures foretold a desired return: one saw -eagles entering by the windows of the Palace of the Tuileries, through -the doors of which issued a flock of turkeys; the <i>Nain jaune</i><a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> -or <i>vert</i> spoke of "<i>plumes de cane.</i>" Warnings came from every side, -and were disbelieved. The Swiss Government had gone out of its way -to no purpose to inform His Majesty's Government of the intrigues -of Joseph Bonaparte, who had retreated to the Pays de Vaud. A woman -arriving from Elba gave the most circumstantial details of what was -happening at Porto-Ferrajo, and the police sent her to prison. People -held for certain that Napoleon would not venture any attempt before -the dissolution of the Congress and that, in any case, his views would -turn upon Italy. Others, still better advised, prayed that the "Little -Corporal," the "Ogre," the "Prisoner," might land on the French coast; -that would be too great a stroke of luck; they would settle him at one -blow! M. Pozzo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> di Borgo<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> declared at Vienna that the delinquent -would be strung up to the nearest tree. Were it possible to have -certain papers, one would there find the proof that, as early as 1814, -a military conspiracy was contrived and went side by side with the -political conspiracy which the Prince de Talleyrand was conducting at -Vienna, at Fouché's instigation. Napoleon's friends wrote to him that, -if he did not hasten his return, he would find his place taken at the -Tuileries by the Duc d'Orléans<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>: they imagine that this revelation -served to hurry the Emperor's return. I am convinced of the existence -of these plottings, but I also believe that the determinative cause -which decided Bonaparte was simply the nature of his genius.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bonapartist intrigues.</div> - -<p>The conspiracy of Drouet d'Erlon<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> and Lefebvre-Desnoëttes had -broken out. A few days before those generals rose in arms, I was dining -with M. le Maréchal Soult, who had been appointed Minister of War on -the 3rd of December 1814: a simpleton was describing Louis XVIII.'s -time of exile at Hartwell; the marshal listened; to each detail he -answered with the words:</p> - -<p>"That's historical."</p> - -<p>They used to bring His Majesty's slippers:</p> - -<p>"That's historical!"</p> - -<p>On days of abstinence the King used to take three new-laid eggs before -commencing his dinner:</p> - -<p>"That's historical!"</p> - -<p>This reply struck me. When a government is not solidly established, -every man whose conscience goes for nothing becomes, according to the -greater or lesser amount of energy in his character, a quarter, or a -half, or three-quarters of a conspirator; he awaits the decision of -fortune: more traitors are made by events than by opinions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - -<p>Suddenly the telegraph announced to Napoleon's braves and to the -doubters that the man had landed<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>: Monsieur<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> hurried to Lyons, -with the Duc d'Orléans and Marshal Macdonald, and returned forthwith. -Marshal Soult, denounced in the Chamber of Deputies, gave up his office -on the 11th of March to the Duc de Feltre<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>. Bonaparte found facing -him, as Minister of War of Louis XVIII. in 1815, the general who had -been his last Minister of War in 1814.</p> - -<p>The boldness of the enterprise was unprecedented. From the political -point of view, this enterprise might be regarded as the irremissible -crime and capital fault of Napoleon. He knew that the Princes still -assembled at the Congress, that Europe still under arms would not -suffer him to be reinstated; his judgment must have warned him that a -success, if he obtained one, would be only for a day: he was offering -up to his passion for reappearing on the scene the repose of a people -which had lavished its blood and its treasures upon him; he was laying -open to dismemberment the country from which he derived all that he -had been in the past and all that he will be in the future. In this -fantastic conception lay a ferocious egoism and a terrible absence of -gratitude and generosity towards France.</p> - -<p>All this is true according to practical reason, for a man with a heart -rather than brains; but, for beings of Napoleon's nature, there exists -a reason of another sort; those creatures of lofty renown have ways -of their own: comets describe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> curves which evade calculation; they -belong to nothing, they seem good for nothing; if a globe finds itself -on their passage, they shatter it and return into the abysses of the -sky; their laws are known to God alone. Extraordinary individuals are -monuments of human intelligence; they are not its rule.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, therefore, was persuaded to his enterprise less by the -false reports of his friends than by the needs of his genius: he -took up the cross by virtue of the faith that was in him. To a great -man, to be born is not everything: he must die. Was Elba an end for -Napoleon? Could he accept the sovereignty of a vegetable-patch, like -Diocletian<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> at Salona? If he had waited till later, would he have -had more chances of success, at a time when his memory would have -aroused less emotion, when his old soldiers would have left the army, -when new social positions would have been adopted?</p> - -<p>Well, then, he committed a fool-hardy act against the world: at the -commencement he must have believed that he had not deceived himself as -to the spell of his power.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The return from Elba.</div> - -<p>One night, that of the 25th of February, at the end of a ball of which -the Princess Borghese was doing the honours, he made his escape with -victory, long his comrade and accomplice; he crossed a sea covered with -our fleets, met two frigates, a ship of 74 guns and the man-of-war -brig <i>Zéphyr</i>, which spoke and questioned him; he himself replied to -the captain's questions; the sea and the waves saluted him, and he -pursued his course. The deck of the <i>Inconstant</i>, his little ship, -served him as a room for exercise and as a writing-closet; he dictated -amid the winds and had copies made, on that shifting table, of three -proclamations to the army and to France; some feluccas, carrying his -companions in adventure, flew the white flag strewn with stars around -his admiral bark. On the 1st of March, at three o'clock in the morning, -he struck the coast of France between Cannes and Antibes, in the Golfe -Jouan; he landed, strolled along the <i>riviera</i>, gathered violets, and -bivouacked in a plantation of olive-trees. The dumfoundered population -retired. He avoided Antibes and threw himself into the mountains of -Grasse, passing through Sernon, Barrème, Digne and Gap. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> Sisteron, -twenty men could have stopped him, and he found nobody. He went on, -meeting no obstacle among those inhabitants who, a few months earlier, -had wished to cut his throat. Whenever a few soldiers entered the void -which formed around his gigantic shadow, they were invincibly drawn on -by the attraction of his eagles. His fascinated enemies sought him and -did not see him; he hid himself in his glory, as the lion of the Sahara -hides himself in the rays of the sun to avoid the sight of the dazzled -hunters. Enveloped in a fiery cyclone, the bloody phantoms of Areola, -Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Friedland, Eylau, the Moskowa, Lützen, -Bautzen formed his retinue with a million of dead. From the midst of -this column of fire and smoke, there issued, at the entrance to the -towns, a few trumpet-blasts mingled with the signals of the tricoloured -<i>labarum</i>: and the gates of the town fell. When Napoleon crossed -the Niemen, at the head of four-hundred thousand foot and a hundred -thousand horse, to blow up the palace of the Tsars in Moscow, he was -less astonished than when, breaking his ban and flinging his irons in -the faces of the kings, he came alone, from Cannes to Paris, to sleep -peacefully at the Tuileries.</p> - -<p>Beside the prodigy of the invasion of one man must be placed another -which was the consequence of the first: the Legitimacy was seized with -a fainting-fit; the failure of the heart of the State attacked the -members and rendered France motionless. For twenty days, Bonaparte -marched on by stages; his eagles flew from steeple to steeple and, -along a road of two hundred leagues the Government, masters of -everything, disposing of money and men, found neither the time nor the -means to cut a bridge, to throw down a tree, so as to delay, at least -by an hour, the progress of a man to whom the populations offered no -opposition, but whom also they did not follow.</p> - -<p>This torpor on the part of the Government seemed the more deplorable -inasmuch as public opinion in Paris was greatly excited; it would have -countenanced anything, despite the defection of Marshal Ney. Benjamin -Constant wrote in the newspapers:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"After visiting our country with every plague, he left the -soil of France. Who would not have thought that he was -leaving it for ever? Suddenly he appears, and again promises -Frenchmen liberty, victory and peace. The author of the most -tyrannical Constitution that ever ruled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> France, he speaks -to-day of liberty! But it was he who, during fourteen years, -undermined and destroyed liberty. He had not the excuse of -memory, the habit of power; he was not born in the purple. It -was his fellow-citizens whom he enslaved, his equals whom he -loaded with chains. He had not inherited power; he desired -and meditated tyranny: what liberty is he able to promise? -Are we not a thousand times more free than under his empire? -He promises victory, and three times he forsook his troops, -in Egypt, in Spain and in Russia, abandoning his companions -in arms to the triple agony of cold, destitution and despair. -He brought upon France the humiliation of invasion; he lost -the conquests which we had made before him. He promises -peace, and his name alone is a signal for war. The nation -unhappy enough to serve him would again become the object -of European hatred; his triumph would be the commencement -of a combat to the death against the civilized world.... He -has therefore nothing to claim, nor to offer. Whom could he -convince, or whom seduce? War at home, war abroad: those are -the gifts which he brings us."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Soult's order of the day.</div> - -<p>Marshal Soult's Order of the Day, dated 8 March 1815, repeats very -nearly the ideas of Benjamin Constant, with an effusion of loyalty:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Soldiers</span>,</p> - -<p>"The man who lately, before the eyes of Europe, abdicated the power -which he had usurped, and which he had so fatally abused, has landed on -French soil, which he was never to see again.</p> - -<p>"What does he want? Civil war. What does he seek? Traitors. Where will -he find them? Shall it be among those soldiers whom he has so often -deceived and sacrificed by misleading their valour? Shall it be in the -heart of those families which the mere sound of his name still fills -with terror?</p> - -<p>"Bonaparte despises us enough to believe us capable of abandoning a -lawful and dearly-beloved Sovereign to share the fate of a man who is -no longer more than an adventurer. He believes this, the madman, and -his last act of insanity reveals him to us as he is!</p> - -<p>"Soldiers, the French Army is the bravest army in Europe; it will also -be the most faithful.</p> - -<p>"Let us rally round the banner of the lilies, at the voice of the -father of the people, the worthy heir of the virtues of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> Henry the -Great. He himself has traced for you the duties which you have to -fulfil. He places at your head that Prince, the model of French -knighthood, who, by his happy return to our country, has already once -driven out the usurper, and who to-day, by his presence among us, will -destroy his sole and last hope."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Louis XVIII. appeared on the 16th of March in the Chamber of Deputies; -the destinies of France and of the world were at stake. When His -Majesty entered, the deputies and the strangers in the galleries -uncovered and rose; cheers shook the walls of the house. Louis XVIII. -slowly mounted the steps of his throne; the Princes, the marshals and -the captains of the guards ranged themselves on either side of the -King. The cheers ceased; none spoke: in that interval of silence, one -seemed to hear the distant footsteps of Napoleon. His Majesty, seated, -cast his eyes over the assembly, and in a firm voice delivered this -speech:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The King's speech.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p>"At this critical moment, when the public enemy has -penetrated into a part of my kingdom and threatens the -liberty of all the remainder, I come into your midst to knit -yet more closely the ties which, uniting you to myself, -constitute the strength of the State; I come, by addressing -you, to make manifest my feelings and my wishes to the whole -of France.</p> - -<p>"I have seen my country again; I have reconciled it with -foreign Powers, who will, you may be sure, be faithful to the -treaties which have restored peace to us; I have laboured -for the good of my people; I have received, I continue daily -to receive the most touching marks of its love; could I, at -sixty years of age, better end my career than by dying in its -defense?</p> - -<p>"I fear nothing, therefore, for myself; but I fear for -France: he who comes to kindle among us the torches of civil -war brings with him also the scourge of foreign war; he -comes to put back our country under his iron yoke; he comes, -lastly, to destroy the Constitutional Charter which I have -given you, that Charter which will be my proudest title in -the eyes of posterity, that Charter which all Frenchmen -cherish and which I here swear to maintain: let us then rally -round it."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The King was still speaking, when a fog spread darkness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> through the -house; eyes were turned towards the ceiling to ascertain the cause of -that sudden gloom. When the King-Lawgiver ceased to speak, the cries of -"Long live the King!" were renewed, amid tears.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The assembly," the <i>Moniteur</i> truly says, "electrified by -the King's sublime words, stood up, its hands stretched -towards the throne. One heard only the words: 'Long live the -King! We will die for the King! The King in life and death!' -repeated with an enthusiasm which will be shared by every -French heart"</p></blockquote> - - -<p>It was, in fact, a pathetic sight: an old, infirm King who, in reward -for the murder of his family and twenty-three years of exile, had -brought France peace, liberty, forgiveness of all outrages and all -misfortunes; this patriarch of sovereigns coming to declare to the -deputies of the nation that, at his age, after seeing his country -again, he could not better end his career than by dying in defense of -his people! The Princes swore fidelity to the Charter; those tardy -oaths were closed with that of the Prince de Condé and with the -adhesion of the father of the Duc d'Enghien. This heroic race on the -verge of extinction, this race of the patrician sword seeking behind -liberty a shield against a younger, longer and more cruel plebeian -sword offered, by reason of a multitude of memories, a spectacle that -was extremely sad.</p> - -<p>When Louis XVIII.'s speech became known outside, it aroused unspeakable -enthusiasm. Paris was wholly Royalist, and remained so during the -Hundred Days. The women in particular were Bourbonists.</p> - -<p>The youth of to-day worships the memory of Bonaparte, because it is -humiliated by the part which the present Government makes France play -in Europe; the youth of 1814 hailed the Restoration, because the latter -had thrown down despotism and set up liberty. In the ranks of the -Royal Volunteers were included M. Odilon Barrot<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>, a large number -of pupils of the School of Medicine and the whole of the School of -Law<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>; the last, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> 13th of March, addressed this petition to -the Chamber of Deputies:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p>"We offer our services to our King and country; the whole -School of Law asks to go to the front. We will abandon -neither our King nor our Constitution. Faithful to French -honour, we ask you for arms. The feeling of love which we -bear to Louis XVIII. is answerable to you for the constancy -of our devotion. We want no more irons, we want liberty. -We have it, and they come to snatch it from us. We will -defend it to the death. Long live the King! Long live the -Constitution!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>In this energetic, natural and sincere language, one feels the -generosity of youth and the love of liberty. They who come to tell us -to-day that the Restoration was received by France with dislike and -sorrow are ambitious men who are playing a game, or new-comers who have -never known Bonaparte's oppression, or old imperialized revolutionary -liars who, after applauding the return of the Bourbons with the rest, -now, according to their habit, insult the fallen and return to their -instincts of murder, police and servitude.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The King's Speech had filled me with hope. Conferences were held at -the house of the President of the Chamber of Deputies, M. Lainé. I -there met M. de La Fayette: I had never seen him except at a distance, -at another period, under the Constituent Assembly. The proposals were -various and for the most part weak, as happens in peril: some wished -the King to leave Paris and fall back upon the Havre; others spoke -of moving him to the Vendée; one stammered out unfinished sentences; -another said that we must wait and see what was coming: what was coming -was very visible, for all that. I expressed a very different opinion: -oddly enough, M. de La Fayette supported it, and warmly<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>. M. Lainé -and Marshal Marmont were also of my opinion. I said:</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat03002"></a> -<img src="images/chat03_002.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">La Fayette.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> - - -<div class="sidenote">My advice to the government.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Let the King keep his word; let him stay in his capital. -The National Guard is on our side. Let us make sure of -Vincennes. We have the arms and the money; with the money -we shall overcome weakness and cupidity. If the King leaves -Paris, Paris will admit Bonaparte; Bonaparte master of -Paris is master of France. The army has not gone over to -the enemy as a whole; several regiments, many generals and -officers have not yet betrayed their oaths: if we hold -firm, they will remain faithful. Let us disperse the Royal -Family, let us keep only the King. Let Monsieur go to the -Havre, the Duc de Berry<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> to Lille, the Duc de Bourbon to -the Vendée, the Duc d'Orléans to Metz; Madame la Duchesse -and M. le Duc d'Angoulême<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> are already in the South. -Our different points of resistance will prevent Bonaparte -from concentrating his forces. Let us barricade ourselves -in Paris. Already the national guards of the neighbouring -departments are coming to our aid. Amid this movement, our -old Monarch, protected by the will of Louis XVI., will remain -peacefully seated on his throne at the Tuileries, with the -Charter in his hand; the diplomatic body will range itself -round him; the two Chambers will meet in the two wings of the -Palace; the King's Household will encamp in the Carrousel -and in the Tuileries Gardens. We shall line the quays and -the water-terrace with guns: let Bonaparte attack us in this -position; let him carry our barricades one by one; let him -bombard Paris, if he please and if he have mortars; let him -make himself odious to the whole population, and we shall see -the result of his enterprise! Let us resist for but three -days, and victory is ours. The King, defending himself in -his palace, will arouse universal enthusiasm. Lastly, if he -must die, let him die worthy of his rank; let Napoleon's -last exploit be to cut an old man's throat. Louis XVIII., in -sacrificing his life, will win the only battle he will have -fought; he will win it for the benefit of the freedom of the -human race."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thus I spoke: one is never entitled to say that all is lost so long as -one has attempted nothing. What could have been finer than an old son -of St. Louis overthrowing, with Frenchmen, in a few moments, a man whom -all the confederate kings of Europe had taken so many years to lay low?</p> - -<p>This resolution, desperate in appearance, was very reasonable at bottom -and offered not the smallest danger. I shall always remain convinced -that, had Bonaparte found Paris hostile and the King present, he -would not have tried to force them. Without artillery, provisions, -or money, he had with him only troops collected at random, still -wavering, astonished at their sudden change of cockade, at their oaths -taken headlong on the roads: they would promptly have become divided. -A few hours' delay and Napoleon was lost; it but needed a little -heart. Already, even, we could rely on a portion of the army; the two -Swiss regiments were keeping their faith: did not Marshal Gouvion -Saint-Cyr make the Orleans garrison resume the white cockade two days -after Bonaparte's entry into Paris? From Marseilles to Bordeaux, all -recognised the King's authority during the whole month of March: at -Bordeaux, the troops were hesitating; they would have remained with -Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême, if the news had come that the King was -at the Tuileries and that Paris was being defended. The provincial -towns would have imitated Paris. The loth Regiment of the line fought -very well under the Duc d'Angoulême; Masséna was proving himself crafty -and uncertain; at Lille, the garrison responded to Marshal Mortier's -stirring proclamation. If all those proofs of a possible fidelity took -place in spite of a flight, what would they not have been in the case -of a resistance?</p> - -<p>Had my plan been adopted, the foreigners would not have ravaged France -afresh; our Princes would not have returned with the hostile armies; -the Legitimacy would have been saved through itself. One thing alone -would have to be feared after success: the too great confidence of the -Royalty in its strength, and, consequently, attempts upon the rights of -the nation.</p> - -<p>Why did I arrive at a period in which I was so ill-placed? Why have I -been a Royalist against my instinct, at a time when a miserable race -of courtiers was unable either to hear or to understand me? Why was I -flung into that troop of mediocrities, who took me for a raver when I -spoke of courage, for a revolutionary when I spoke of liberty?</p> - -<p>A fine question of defense, indeed! The King had no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> fear, and my plan -rather pleased him through a certain "Louis-Quatorzian" grandeur; -but other faces had lengthened. They packed up the Crown diamonds -(formerly purchased out of the privy-purse of the Sovereigns), leaving -thirty-three million crowns in the treasury and forty-two millions in -securities. Those sixty-five millions were the produce of taxation: why -was it not returned to the people, rather than left to tyranny!</p> - -<p>A dual procession passed up and down the stair-cases of the Pavillon -de Flore; people were asking what they were to do: no answer. They -applied to the captain of the guards; they questioned the chaplains, -the precentors, the almoners: nothing. Vain talk, vain retailing of -news. I saw young men weep with rage when uselessly asking for orders -and arms; I saw women faint with anger and contempt. Access to the King -was impossible; etiquette closed the door.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A Royal order: "Hunt him down."</div> - -<p>The great measure decreed against Bonaparte was an order to "hunt him -down<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>:" Louis XVIII., with no legs, "hunting down" the conqueror -who bestrode the earth! This form of the ancient laws, renewed for -the occasion, is enough to show the compass of mind of the statesmen -of that period. "To hunt down" in 1815! "Hunt down!" And "hunt" whom? -"Hunt" a wolf? "Hunt" a brigand chieftain? "Hunt" a felon lord? No: -"hunt" Napoleon, who had "hunted down" kings, who had seized and -branded them for all time on the shoulder with his indelible "N"!</p> - -<p>From this order, when considered more closely, sprang a political truth -which no one saw: the Legitimate House, estranged from the nation for -three-and-twenty years, had remained at the day and place at which the -Revolution had caught it, whereas the nation had progressed in point of -time and space. Hence the impossibility of understanding and meeting -one another; religion, ideas, interests, language, earth and heaven, -all were different for the people and for the King, because they were -separated by a quarter of a century equivalent to centuries.</p> - -<p>But if the order "to hunt down" appears strange, owing to the -preservation of the old idiom of the law, had Bonaparte originally -the intention of acting better, although employing a newer language? -Papers of M. d'Hauterive<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> catalogued by M. Artaud<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a>, prove -that it cost great difficulty to prevent Napoleon from having the Duc -d'Angoulême shot, in spite of the official document in the <i>Moniteur</i>, -a show document which remains to us: he thought it wrong of the Prince -to have defended himself. And yet the fugitive from Elba, when leaving -Fontainebleau, had recommended the soldiers to be "faithful to the -monarch" whom France had chosen. Bonaparte's family had been respected; -Queen Hortense had accepted from Louis XVIII. the title of Duchesse de -Saint-Leu; Murat, who still reigned in Naples, saw his kingdom sold by -M. de Talleyrand only during the Congress of Vienna.</p> - -<p>This period, in which all are lacking in frankness, oppresses the -heart: every one threw out a profession of faith as it were a -foot-bridge to cross the difficulty of the day, free to change his -direction, the difficulty once passed; youth alone was sincere, because -it was near its cradle. Bonaparte solemnly declared that he renounced -the crown; he departed, and returned after nine months. Benjamin -Constant printed his vehement protest against the tyrant, and he -changed in twenty-four hours. It will be seen later, in another book -of these Memoirs, who inspired him with the noble impulse to which the -fickleness of his nature did not permit him to remain faithful. Marshal -Soult excited the troops against their old leader; a few days later he -was roaring with laughter at his own proclamation in Napoleon's closet -at the Tuileries, and became Major-general of the army at Waterloo; -Marshal Ney kissed the King's hands, swore to bring him Bonaparte -locked up in an iron cage, and handed over to the latter all the corps -under his command. And the King of France, alas? He declared that, at -the age of sixty years, he could not better end his career than by -dying in defense of his people ... and fled to Ghent! At sight of this -incapacity for truth in men's feelings, at the want of harmony between -their words and their deeds, one feels seized with disgust for the -human kind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>Louis XVIII., on the 16th of March, was declaring his intention of -dying in the midst of France; had he kept his word, the Legitimacy -might have lasted another century; nature herself seemed to have taken -from the old King the power of retreating by chaining him about with -wholesome infirmities; but the future destinies of the human race would -have been trammelled by the accomplishment of the resolution of the -author of the Charter. Bonaparte hastened to the assistance of the -future; that Christ of the power for evil took the new man sick of the -palsy by the hand, and said to him:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"Arise, take up thy bed, and walk<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a>."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>It was evident that a scamper was being contemplated: for fear of being -detained, they did not even warn those who, like myself, would have -been shot within an hour after Napoleon's entry into Paris. I met the -Duc de Richelieu in the Champs-Élysées:</p> - -<p>"They are deceiving us," he said; "I am keeping watch here, for I do -not propose to await the Emperor at the Tuileries all by myself."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Flight of Louis XVIII.</div> - -<p>On the evening of the 19th, Madame de Chateaubriand had sent a servant -to the Carrousel, with instructions not to return until he had the -certainty of the flight of the King. At midnight, as the man had not -come in, I went to my room. I had just gone to bed, when M. Clausel de -Coussergues entered. He told us that His Majesty had left and had gone -in the direction of Lille. He brought me this news on the part of the -Chancellor, who, knowing me to be in danger, was violating secrecy on -my behalf and sent me twelve thousand francs recoverable on my salary -as Minister to Sweden. I was obstinately bent on remaining, not wishing -to leave Paris until I should be physically certain of the royal -removal. The servant who had been sent to reconnoitre returned: he had -seen the Court carriages go by. Madame de Chateaubriand pushed me into -her carriage, at four o'clock in the morning on the 20th of March. I -was in such a fit of fury that I knew neither where I was going nor -what I was doing.</p> - -<p>We passed out through the Barrière Saint-Martin. At dawn, I saw crows -coming down peacefully from the elms on the high-road where they had -spent the night, to take their first meal in the fields, without -troubling their heads about Louis XVIII. and Napoleon: they were not -obliged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> to leave their country and, thanks to their wings, they were -able to laugh at the bad road along which I was being jolted. Old -friends of Combourg, we were more alike in the old days when, at break -of day, we used to breakfast on mulberries from the brambles in the -thickets of Brittany!</p> - -<p>The roadway was broken up, the weather rainy, Madame de Chateaubriand -poorly: she looked every moment through the little window at the -back of the carnage to see if we were not being pursued. We slept at -Amiens, where Du Cange<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> was born; next at Arras, the birth-place of -Robespierre<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>: there I was recognised. When we sent for horses, on -the morning of the 22nd, the postmaster said that they had been engaged -for a general who was taking to Lille the news of "the triumphal entry -of the Emperor-King into Paris;" Madame de Chateaubriand was dying -of fright, not for herself, but for me. I ran to the post-office and -removed the difficulty with money.</p> - -<p>On arriving under the ramparts of Lille, at two in the morning of the -23rd, we found the gates closed; the orders were not to open them to -any one whomsoever. They could not, or would not, tell us if the King -had entered the town. I induced the postillion for a few louis to make -for the other side of the place, outside the glacis, and to drive us -to Tournay; in 1792, I had covered the same road on foot, during the -night, with my brother. On arriving at Tournay, I learnt that Louis -XVIII. had certainly entered Lille with Marshal Mortier, and that -he meant to defend himself there. I despatched a courier to M. de -Blacas, asking him to send me a permit to be received into the place. -My courier returned with a permit from the commandant, but not a word -from M. de Blacas. Leaving Madame de Chateaubriand at Tournay, I was -getting into the carriage again to go to Lille, when the Prince de -Condé arrived. We learnt through him that the King had gone and that -Marshal Mortier had had him accompanied to the frontier. From these -explanations it became clear that Louis XVIII. was no longer at Lille -when my letter arrived there.</p> - -<p>The Duc d'Orléans followed close after the Prince de Condé. Under an -apparent dissatisfaction, he was glad, at bottom, to find himself out -of the hurly-burly; the ambiguousness of his declaration and of his -behaviour bore the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> stamp of his character. As to the old Prince de -Condé, the Emigration was his household god. He had no fear of Monsieur -de Bonaparte, not he; he fought if they liked or went away if they -liked: things were a little muddled in his brain; he was none too clear -as to whether he should stop at Rocroi to give battle there or go to -dine at the White Hart. He struck his tents a few hours before us, -telling me to recommend the coffee at the inn to the members of his -Household whom he had left behind him. He did not know that I had sent -in my resignation on the death of his grandson; he was not very sure -that he had had a grandson; he only felt a certain increase of glory in -his name, which might come from some Condé whom he had forgotten.</p> - -<p>Do you remember my first passing through Tournay with my brother, at -the time of my first emigration? Do you remember, in that connection, -the man transformed into a donkey, the girl from whose ears grew -corn-spikes, the rain of ravens that set everything on fire<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>? In -1815, indeed, we ourselves were a rain of ravens; but we set nothing on -fire. Alas, I was no longer with my unfortunate brother! Between 1792 -and 1815, the Republic and the Empire had passed: what revolutions had -also been accomplished in my life! Time had ravaged me like the rest. -And you, the young generations of the moment, let twenty-three years -come, and then tell me in my tomb what has become of your loves and -your illusions of to-day.</p> - -<p>The two brothers Bertin had arrived at Tournay: M. Bertin de Vaux<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> -returned from there to Paris; the other Bertin, Bertin the Elder, was -my friend. You know through these Memoirs what it was that attached me -to him.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I follow the King to Ghent.</div> - -<p>From Tournay we went to Brussels: there I found no Baron de Breteuil, -nor Rivarol, nor all those young aides-de-camp who had become dead or -old, which is the same thing. No news of the barber who had given me -shelter. I did not take up the musket, but the pen; from a soldier -I had become a paper-stainer. I was looking for Louis XVIII.; he -was at Ghent, where he had been taken by Messieurs de Blacas and -de Duras<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a>: their first intention had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> been to ship the King to -England. If the King had consented to this plan, he would never have -reascended the throne.</p> - -<p>Having gone into a lodging-house to look at an apartment, I perceived -the Duc de Richelieu smoking, half-outstretched on a sofa, at the -back of a dark room. He spoke to me of the Princes in the most brutal -manner, declaring that he was going to Russia and that he would not -hear another word about those people. Madame la Duchesse de Duras, on -arriving in Brussels, had the sorrow to lose her niece there.</p> - -<p>I loathe the Brabant capital; it has never served me except as a -passage to my exiles; it has always brought sorrow upon myself or my -friends.</p> - -<p>An order of the King summoned me to Ghent. The Royal Volunteers and -the Duc de Berry's little army had been disbanded at Béthune, in the -middle of the mud and of the accidents of a military breaking-up: -touching farewells had been exchanged. Two hundred men of the King's -Household remained and were quartered at Alost; my two nephews, Louis -and Christian de Chateaubriand, formed part of that corps.</p> - -<p>I had been given a billet of which I did not avail myself; a baroness -whose name I have forgotten came to see Madame de Chateaubriand at the -inn and offered us an apartment in her house: she implored us with so -good a grace!</p> - -<p>"You must pay no attention," she said, "to anything my husband says: -his head is a little... you understand? My daughter also is a trifle -eccentric; she has terrible moments, poor child! But the rest of the -time she is as gentle as a lamb. Alas, it is not she who causes me -the greatest trouble, but my son Louis, the youngest of my children: -without God's help, he will be worse than his father!"</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand politely refused to go and live with such -rational people.</p> - -<p>The King, well-lodged, having his service and his guards, formed his -council. The empire of that great monarch consisted of a house in the -Kingdom of the Netherlands, which house was situated in a town which, -although the birthplace of Charles V.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>, had been the chief town -of a prefecture of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> Bonaparte's: those names comprise between them a -goodly number of centuries and events.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And join his Ministry.</div> - -<p>The Abbé de Montesquiou being in London, Louis XVIII. appointed -me Minister of the Interior <i>ad interim.</i><a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> My correspondence -with the "departments" did not give me much to do; I easily kept -up my correspondence with the prefects, sub-prefects, mayors and -deputy-mayors of our good towns, on the inner side of our frontiers; -I did not repair the roads much, and I let the steeples tumble down; -my budget hardly enriched me; I had no secret funds; only, by a -crying abuse, I was a "pluralist:" I was still His Majesty's Minister -Plenipotentiary to the King of Sweden, who, like his fellow-townsman -Henry IV.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, reigned by right of conquest, if not by right of birth. -We discoursed round a table covered with a green cloth in the King's -closet. M. de Lally-Tolendal, who was, I think, Minister of Public -Instruction, delivered speeches even more voluminous and more inflated -than his cheeks: he quoted his illustrious ancestors the Kings of -Ireland and muddled up his father's<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> trial with those of Charles I. -and Louis XVI. He refreshed himself in the evening, after the tears, -the sweat and the words which he had shed at the council, with a lady -who had come all the way from Paris out of enthusiasm for his genius; -he virtuously strove to cure her, but his eloquence betrayed his virtue -and drove the dart more deeply.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<p>Madame la Duchesse de Duras had come to join M. le Duc de Duras among -the exiles. I will speak no more ill of misfortune, because I have -spent three months with that admirable woman, talking of all that -upright minds and hearts can find in a conformity of tastes, ideas, -principles and feelings. Madame de Duras was ambitious for me: she -alone saw at once what I might be worth in political life; she always -deplored the envy and short-sightedness which kept me removed from the -King's counsels; but she even much more deplored the obstacles which my -character placed in the way of my fortune: she scolded me, she wanted -to correct me of my indifference, my candour, my ingenuousness, and to -make me adopt habits of courtierism which she herself could not endure. -Nothing, perhaps, leads to greater attachment and gratitude than to -feel one's self under the patronage of a superior friendship which, -by virtue of its ascendancy over society, passes off your defects as -good qualities, your imperfections as an attraction. A man protects you -through his worth, a woman through your worth: that is why, of those -two empires, one is so hateful, the other so sweet.</p> - -<p>Since I have lost that great-hearted person, gifted with a soul so -noble, with an intelligence which combined something of the strength -of the thought of Madame de Staël with the grace of the talent of -Madame de La Fayette<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>, I have never ceased, while mourning her, -to reproach myself with any unevenness of temper with which I may -sometimes have wounded hearts that were devoted to me. Let us keep a -close watch upon our character! Let us remember that, with a profound -attachment, we can nevertheless poison days which we would buy back -again at the price of all our blood. When our friends have sunk into -the grave, what means have we to repair our trespasses? Our useless -regrets, our vain repentings, are those a remedy for the pain that we -have given them? They would have preferred one smile from us during -their life than all our tears after their death.</p> - -<p>The charming Clara<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> was at Ghent with her mother. We two made up -bad couplets to the air of the <i>Tyrolienne.</i> I have held many pretty -little girls on my knees who are young grandmothers to-day. When you -have left a woman, married<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> in your presence at sixteen years of age, -if you return sixteen years later, you find her of the same age still:</p> - -<p>"Ah, madame, you have not put on a day!"</p> - -<p>No doubt: but it is the daughter to whom you are saying so, the -daughter whom you will also lead up to the altar. But you, a sad -witness to both hymens, you treasure up the sixteen years which you -received at each union: a wedding-present which will hasten your own -marriage with a white-haired lady, rather thin.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Marshal Victor.</div> - -<p>Marshal Victor had come to join us, at Ghent, with an admirable -simplicity: he asked for nothing, never teased the King with his -assiduity; one scarcely saw him; I do not know whether he ever had -the honour and the favour of being invited on a single occasion to -His Majesty's dinner-party. I have met Marshal Victor since; I have -been his colleague in office, and I have always perceived the same -excellent nature. In Paris, in 1823, M. le Dauphin was very harsh to -that honest soldier: it was very good of this Duc de Bellune to repay -such easy ingratitude with such modest devotion<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>! Candour carries -me away and touches me, even when, on certain occasions, it attains the -final expression of its ingenuousness. For instance, the marshal told -me of his wife's<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> death in the language of a soldier, and he made -me weep: he pronounced coarse words so quickly, and changed them so -chastely, that one might even have written them.</p> - -<p>M. de Vaublanc<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> and M. Capelle<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> joined us. The former used to -say that he had some of everything in his portfolio. Do you want some -Montesquieu? Here you are. Some Bossuet? Here it is! In proportion -as the game seemed about to take a different turn, more travellers -arrived. The Abbé Louis and M. le Comte Beugnot alighted at the inn -where I was lodging. Madame de Chateaubriand was suffering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> from -terrible fits of choking, and I was sitting up with her. The two -new-comers installed themselves in a room separated from my wife's only -by a thin partition; it was impossible not to hear, unless by stopping -one's ears: between eleven and twelve at night the new arrivals raised -their voices. The Abbé Louis, who spoke like a wolf and in jerks, was -saying to M. Beugnot:</p> - -<p>"You, a minister? You'll never be one again! You have committed one -stupidity after the other!"</p> - -<p>I could not clearly hear M. le Comte Beugnot's answer, but he spoke -of thirty-three millions left behind in the Royal Treasury. The abbé, -apparently in anger, pushed a chair, which fell down. Through the -uproar I caught these words:</p> - -<p>"The Duc d'Angoulême? He'll have to buy his national property at the -gates of Paris. I shall sell what remains of the State forests. I shall -cut down everything. The elms on the highroads, the Bois de Boulogne, -the Champs-Élysées: what's the use of all that, eh?"</p> - -<p>Brutality formed M. Louis' principal merit; his talent lay in a stupid -love of material interests. If the Minister of Finance drew the forests -after him, he had doubtless a different secret from that of Orpheus, -who "made the woods go after him with his fail; fiddling." In the slang -of the time, M. Louis was known as a "special" man; his speciality of -finance had led him to accumulate the tax-payers' money in the Treasury -in order to let it be taken by Bonaparte. Napoleon had had no use for -this special man, who was in no sense an unique man, and who was at the -most good enough for the Directory.</p> - -<p>The Abbé Louis had gone to Ghent to claim his office; he was in very -good favour with M. de Talleyrand, with whom he had solemnly officiated -at the first federation in the Champ de Mars: the bishop was the -celebrant, the Abbé Louis the deacon, and the Abbé Desrenaudes<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> the -sub-deacon. M. de Talleyrand, recollecting this admirable profanation, -used to say to the Baron Louis:</p> - -<p>"Abbé, you were very fine as the deacon in the Champ de Mars!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> - -<p>We endured this shame under the great tyranny of Bonaparte: ought we to -have endured it later?</p> - -<p>The "Most Christian" King had screened himself from any reproach of -bigotry: he owned in his Council a married bishop, M. de Talleyrand; a -priest living in concubinage, M. Louis; a non-practising abbé, M. de -Montesquiou.</p> - -<p>The last-named, a man as feverish as a consumptive, gifted with a -certain glibness of speech, had a narrow and disparaging mind, a -malignant heart, a sour character. One day, when I had made a speech at -the Luxembourg on behalf of the liberty of the press, the descendant -of Clovis, passing in front of me, who went back only to the Breton -Mormoran, caught me a great blow with his knee in my thigh, which was -not in good taste; I gave him one back, which was not polite: we played -at the Duc de La Rochefoucauld and the Coadjutor<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>. The Abbé de -Montesquiou humorously called M. de Lally-Tolendal "an English beast."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The fish dinners at Ghent.</div> - -<p>In the rivers at Ghent they catch a very dainty white fish: we used, -<i>tutti quanti</i>, to go to eat this good fish in a suburban road-side -inn, while waiting for the battles and the end of empires. M. Laborie -never failed us at our meetings: I had first met him at Savigny when, -fleeing from Bonaparte, he came in at Madame de Beaumont's by one -window and made his way out by another. Indefatigable at work, renewing -his errands as often as his bills, as fond of doing services as others -are of receiving them, he has been calumniated: calumny is not the -impeachment of the calumniated, but the excuse of the calumniator. I -have seen men grow tired of the promises in which M. Laborie was so -rich; but why? Illusions are like torture: they always help to pass an -hour or two<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a>. I have often led by the head, with a golden bridle, -old hacks of memory unable to stand on their legs, which I took for -young and frisky hopes.</p> - -<p>I also met M. Mounier<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> at the white-fish dinners, a sensible and -upright man. M. Guizot deigned to honour us with his presence<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> - -<p>A <i>Moniteur</i><a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> had been started at Ghent: my report to the King of -the 12th of May<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>, inserted in that journal, proves that my feelings -on the liberty of the press and on foreign domination have at all times -been the same. I can quote the following passages to-day; they in no -way belie my life:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><span class="smcap">"Sire</span>,</p> - -<p>"You were preparing to crown the institutions of which you -had laid the foundation-stone.... You had fixed a period for -the commencement of the hereditary peerage; the ministry -would have gained greater unity; the ministers I would have -become members of the two Chambers, according to the true -spirit of the Charter; a law would have been brought in to -allow the election of a member of the Chamber of Deputies -before the age of forty, so that citizens might have had a -real political career. It was proposed to discuss a penal -code for press offenses, after the adoption of which law the -press would have been entirely free, for that freedom is -inseparable from all representative government....</p> - -<p>"Sire, and this is the occasion solemnly to protest it: -all your ministers, all the members of your Council, are -inviolably attached to the principles of a wise liberty; they -derive from you that love of laws, of order and of justice -without which there can be no happiness for a people. Sire, -let us be permitted to say that we are ready to shed the -last drop of our blood for you, to follow you to the ends -of the earth, to share with you the tribulations which it -will please the Almighty to send you, because we believe -before God that you will maintain the Constitution which you -have given to your people, and that the sincerest wish of -your royal heart is the liberty of Frenchmen. Had it been -otherwise, Sire, we would all have died at your feet in -defense of your sacred person; but we would have been only -your soldiers, we would have ceased to be your councillors -and your ministers....</p> - -<p>"Sire, at this moment we share your royal sadness; there is -not one of your councillors and ministers who would not give -up his life to prevent the invasion of France. You, Sire, -are a Frenchman, we are Frenchmen! Alive to the honour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> of -our country, proud of the glory of our arms, admirers of the -courage of our soldiers, we would be willing, in the midst of -your battalions, to shed the last drop of our blood to bring -them back to their duty or to share lawful triumphs with -them. We can only look with the deepest sorrow upon the ills -that are ready to break over our country."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Thus, at Ghent, did I propose to add to the Charter that which it -still lacked, while displaying my sorrow at the new invasion which was -threatening France: nevertheless, I was only an exile whose wishes were -in contradiction with the facts which could again open the gates of my -country to me. Those pages were written in the States of the allied -sovereigns, among kings and Emigrants who detested the liberty of the -press, in the midst of armies marching to conquest of whom we were, so -to speak, the prisoners: these circumstances perhaps add some strength -to the feelings which I venture to express.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The <i>Rapport au Roi.</i></div> - -<p>My report on reaching Paris made a great noise; it was reprinted by -M. Le Normant the Younger, who risked his life upon this occasion, -and for whom I had all the difficulty in the world to obtain a barren -warrant of printer to the King. Bonaparte acted, or allowed others to -act, in a manner unworthy of him: on the occasion of my report, they -did what the Directory had done on the appearance of Cléry's Memoirs; -they falsified fragments of it: I was made to propose to Louis XVIII. -stupid ideas for the revival of feudal rights, for the tithes of the -clergy, for the recovery of the national property, as though the -printing of the original piece in the <i>Moniteur de Gand</i> at a fixed and -known date, did not confound the imposture. The pseudonymous writer -entrusted with the production of an insincere pamphlet was a soldier -fairly high up in rank: he was dismissed after the Hundred Days; his -dismissal was ascribed to his conduct towards me; he sent his friends -to me; they begged me to intervene, lest a man of merit should lose his -sole means of existence: I wrote to the Minister of War and obtained -a retiring-pension for this officer<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>. He is dead: his wife has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> -remained attached to Madame de Chateaubriand by a feeling of gratitude -to which I was far from having any claim. Certain proceedings are -too highly prized; the most ordinary persons are susceptible to such -feelings of generosity. A name for virtue is cheaply acquired: the -superior mind is not that which pardons, but that which has no need of -pardon.</p> - -<p>I do not know where Bonaparte, at St. Helena, discovered that I had -"rendered essential services at Ghent:" if he judged the part I played -too favourably, at least there lay behind his opinion an appreciation -of my political value.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>I avoided at Ghent, as far as I could, intrigues, which were opposed to -my character and contemptible in my eyes; for, at bottom, I perceived -in our paltry catastrophe the catastrophe of society. My refuge against -the idlers and rogues was the Enclos du Béguinage. I used to walk round -that little world of veiled or tuckered women, consecrated to different -Christian works: a calm region, placed like the African quicksands -on the edge of the tempests. There no incongruity shocked my ideas, -for the sentiment of religion is so lofty that it is never irrelevant -to the gravest revolutions: the solitaries of the Thebaid and the -Barbarians, destroyers of the Roman world, are in no way discordant -facts or mutually exclusive existences.</p> - -<p>I was graciously received in the close as the author of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>: wherever I go, among Christians, the curates flock -round me; next come the mothers bringing me their children: the latter -recite to me my chapter on the First Communion. Then appear unhappy -persons who tell me of the good I have had the happiness to do them. My -passage through a Catholic town is announced like that of a missionary -or a physician. I am touched by this dual reputation: it is the only -agreeable memory of myself that I retain; I dislike myself in all the -rest of my personality and my reputation.</p> - -<p>I was pretty often invited to festive dinners in the family of M. and -Madame d'Ops, a venerable father and mother surrounded by some thirty -children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. At M. Coppens', a -banquet which I was obliged to accept was prolonged from one in the -afternoon to eight in the evening. I counted nine courses: they began -with the preserves and finished with the cutlets. The French alone know -how to dine methodically, just as they alone know how to compose a -book.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Diversions at Ghent.</div> - -<p>My "ministry" kept me at Ghent; Madame de Chateaubriand, less busy, -went to see Ostend, where I had embarked for Jersey in 1792. I had -travelled, a dying exile, down the same canals along whose banks I now -walked, still an exile, but in perfect health: there has always been -something fabulous in my career! The miseries and joys of my first -emigration revived in my thoughts; I saw England again, my companions -in misfortune, and Charlotte, whom I was to meet once more. There is -no one like myself to create a real society by calling up shadows; it -goes so far that the life of my memories absorbs the feeling of my -real life. Even persons with whom I have never occupied myself, if -they come to die, invade my memory: one would say that none can become -my companion if he has not passed through the tomb, which leads me to -think that I am a dead man. Where others find an eternal separation, I -find an eternal union; when one of my friends departs this earth, it -is as though he had come to make my home his own; he never leaves me -again. According as the present world retires, the past world returns -to me. If the actual generations scorn the generations that have grown -old, they waste their disdain where I am concerned: I am not even aware -of their existence.</p> - -<p>My Golden Fleece had not yet reached Bruges<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>, Madame de -Chateaubriand did not bring it to me. At Bruges, in 1426, "there was -a man whose name was John<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>," who invented or perfected the art -of painting in oils: let us be grateful to John of Bruges<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a>; but -for the propagation of his method, Raphael's master-pieces would be -obliterated to-day. Where did the Flemish painters steal the light with -which they illumined their pictures? What ray from Greece strayed to -Batavia's shore?</p> - -<p>After her journey to Ostend, Madame de Chateaubriand took a trip to -Antwerp. There she saw, in a cemetery, plaster souls in purgatory, -smeared all over with fire and black. At Louvain, she recruited a -stammerer, a learned professor, who came expressly to Ghent to gaze -upon a man so out of the ordinary as my wife's husband. He said to me, -"Illus... ttt... rr...;" his speech fell short of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> admiration, and -I asked him to dinner. When the hellenist had drunk some curaçao, his -tongue became loosened. We got upon the merits of Thucydides, whom the -wine made us find clear as water. By dint of keeping up with my guest, -I ended, I believe, by talking Dutch; at least, I no longer understood -what I was saying.</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand spent a bad night at the inn at Antwerp: a -young Englishwoman, recently confined, lay dying; during two hours she -made her groans heard; then her voice weakened, and her last moan, -which the stranger's ear could scarcely catch, was lost in an eternal -silence. The cries of this traveller, solitary and forsaken, might be -taken as a prelude to the thousand voices of death about to rise at -Waterloo.</p> - -<p>The customary solitude of Ghent was rendered more striking by the -foreign crowd which was then enlivening it and which was soon to -disperse. Belgian and English recruits were learning their drill -on the squares and under the trees of the public walks; gunners, -contractors, dragoons were landing trains of artillery, herds of oxen, -horses which struggled in the air while they were being let down in -straps; canteen-women came on shore carrying the sacks, the children, -the muskets of their husbands: all these were going, without knowing -why and without having the smallest interest in it, to the great -<i>rendez-vous</i> of destruction which Bonaparte had given them. One saw -politicians gesticulating along a canal, near a motionless angler, -Emigrants trotting from the King's to "Monsieur's," from "Monsieur's" -to the King's. The Chancellor of France, M. Dambray, in a green coat -and a round hat, with an old novel under his arm, walked to the Council -to amend the Charter; the Duc de Lévis<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> went to pay his court in a -pair of old loose shoes, which dropped from his feet, because, brave -man and new Achilles that he was, he had been wounded in the heel. He -was very witty, as can be judged by the selection from his Reflexions.</p> - -<p>The Duke of Wellington used to come occasionally to hold a review. -Louis XVIII. went out every afternoon in a coach and six, with his -First Lord of the Bed-chamber and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> his guards, to drive round Ghent, -just as though he had been in Paris. If he met the Duke of Wellington -on his road, he would give him a little patronizing nod in passing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The dignity of Louis XVIII.</div> - -<p>Louis XVIII. never lost sight of the pre-eminence of his cradle; he -was a king everywhere, as God is God everywhere, in a manger or in a -temple, on an altar of gold or of clay. Never did his misfortune wring -the smallest concession from him; his loftiness increased in the ratio -of his depression; his diadem was his name; he seemed to say, "Kill -me, you will not kill the centuries inscribed upon my brow." If they -had scraped his arms off the Louvre, it signified little to him: were -they not engraved on the globe? Had commissioners been sent to scratch -them off in every corner of the universe? Had they been erased in -India, at Pondichéry; in America, at Lima and Mexico; in the East, at -Antioch, Jerusalem, Acre, Cairo, Constantinople, Rhodes, in the Morea; -in the West, on the walls of Rome, on the ceilings of Caserta and the -Escurial, on the arches of the halls of Ratisbon and Westminster, in -the escutcheon of all the kings? Had they been torn from the needle of -the compass, where they seemed to proclaim the reign of the lilies to -the several regions of the earth?</p> - -<p>The fixed idea of the grandeur, the antiquity, the dignity, the -majesty of his House gave Louis XVIII. a real empire. One felt its -dominion: even Bonaparte's generals confessed it; they stood more -intimidated before that impotent old man than before the terrible -master who had commanded them in a hundred battles. In Paris, when -Louis XVIII. accorded to the triumphing monarchs the honour of dining -at his table, he passed without ceremony before those princes whose -soldiers were camping in the court-yard of the Louvre; he treated them -like vassals who had only done their duty in bringing men-at-arms to -their liege-lord. In Europe there is but one monarchy, that of France; -the destiny of the other monarchies is bound up in the fate of that -one. All the Royal Houses are of yesterday beside the House of Hugh -Capet<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>, and almost all are its daughters. Our old royal power was -the old royalty of the world: from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> the banishment of the Capets will -date the era of the expulsion of the kings.</p> - -<p>The more impolitic that haughtiness on the part of the descendant of -St. Louis (it became fatal to his heirs), the more pleasing was it to -the national pride: the French rejoiced at seeing sovereigns who, when -conquered, had borne the chains of a man, bear, as conquerors, the yoke -of a dynasty.</p> - -<p>The unshaken faith of Louis XVIII. in his blood is the real might that -restored his sceptre; it was that faith which twice let fall upon -his head a crown for which Europe certainly did not believe, did not -pretend that she was exhausting her populations and her treasures. The -soldier-less exile was to be found at the issue of all the battles -which he had not delivered. Louis XVIII. was the Legitimacy incarnate; -it ceased to be visible when he disappeared.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At Ghent, I took walks by myself, as I do wherever I go. The barges -gliding along narrow canals, obliged to cross ten or twelve leagues of -pasture-land to reach the sea, appeared to be sailing over the grass; -they reminded me of the canoes of the savages in the wild-oat marshes -of Missouri. Standing at the edge of the water, while they were dipping -lengths of brown holland, I let my eyes wander over the steeples of -the town; its history appeared to me on the clouds in the sky: the -citizens of Ghent revolting against Henri de Châtillon, the French -governor; the wife<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> of Edward III.<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> bringing forth John of -Gaunt<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a>, the stock of the House of Lancaster; the popular reign of -van Artevelde<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Good people, who moves you? Why are you so incensed against me? In -what can I have angered you?"</p> - -<p>"You must die!" cried the people: it is what Time cries to all of -us. Later, I saw the Dukes of Burgundy; the Spaniards came. Then the -pacification, the sieges and the captures of Ghent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> - -<p>When I had done musing among the centuries, the sound of a little bugle -or a Scotch bagpipe would rouse me. I saw living soldiers hastening -to join the buried battalions of Batavia: ever destructions, powers -overthrown; and, at last, a few faded shadows and some names that had -passed.</p> - -<p>Sea-board Flanders was one of the first cantonments of the companions -of Clodion<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> and Clovis. Ghent, Bruges and the surrounding country -furnished nearly a tenth of the grenadiers of the Old Guard: that -terrible army was in part drawn from the cradle of our fathers, and -came in its turn to be exterminated beside that cradle. Did the -Lys<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> give its flower to the arms of our Kings?</p> - -<p>Spanish manners leave the impress of their character: the buildings -of Ghent retraced for me those of Granada, less the sky of the Vega. -A large town almost bereft of inhabitants, deserted streets, canals -as deserted as the streets.... twenty-six islands formed by those -canals, which were not the canals of Venice, a huge piece of ordnance -of the middle ages: that is what replaced at Ghent the city of the -Zegris<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a>, the Duero and the Xenil<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> the Generalife and the -Alhambra; old dreams of mine, shall I ever see you more?</p> - - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Duchesse de Lévis.</div> - -<p>Madame la Duchesse d'Angoulême, who had taken ship on the Gironde, came -to us by way of England with General Donnadieu<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> and M. Desèze<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a>, -of whom the latter had crossed the ocean wearing his blue ribbon -across his waistcoat. The Duc and Duchesse de Lévis<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> followed in -the Princess' suite:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> they had flung themselves into the diligence and -escaped from Paris by the Bordeaux road. Their fellow-travellers talked -politics:</p> - -<p>"That scoundrel of a Chateaubriand," said one of them, "is no such -fool! He had his carriage waiting packed in his court-yard for three -days: the bird has flown. They would have made short work of him, if -Napoleon had caught him!"</p> - -<p>Madame la Duchesse de Lévis was a very handsome, very kind woman, and -as calm as Madame la Duchesse de Duras was restless. She never left -Madame de Chateaubriand's side; she was our assiduous companion at -Ghent. No one has diffused more quietude in my life, a thing of which -I have great need. The least troubled moments of my existence are -those which I spent at Noisiel, in the house of that woman whose words -and sentiments entered into your soul only to restore its serenity. I -recall with regret those moments passed under the great chestnut-trees -of Noisiel! With a soothed spirit, a convalescent heart, I used to look -upon the ruins of Chelles Abbey and the little lights of the boats -loitering among the willows on the Marne.</p> - -<p>The remembrance of Madame de Lévis is for me that of a silent autumn -evening. She passed away in a few hours; she mingled with death as with -the source of all rest I saw her sink noiselessly into her grave in -the Cemetery of Père-Lachaise; she is laid above M. de Fontanes, and -the latter sleeps beside his son Saint-Marcellin, killed in a duel. -Thus, bowing before the monument of Madame de Lévis, have I come into -contact with two other sepulchres: man cannot awaken one sorrow without -reawakening another; during the night, the different flowers which open -only in the shade expand.</p> - -<p>To Madame de Lévis' affectionate kindness for me was added the -friendship of M. le Duc de Lévis, the father: I may now reckon only by -generations. M. de Lévis wrote well; he had a versatile and fertile -imagination which betrayed his noble race, as it had already displayed -itself in his blood shed on the beach at Quiberon.</p> - -<p>Nor was that to be the end of all: it was the impulse of a friendship -which passed on to the second generation. M. le Duc de Lévis, the -son<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a>, attached at present to M. le Comte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> de Chambord, has drawn -near to me; my hereditary affection will fail him no more than will -my fidelity to his august master. The new and charming Duchesse de -Lévis<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a>, his wife, joins to the great name of d'Aubusson the -brightest qualities of heart and mind: life is worth something, when -the graces borrow unwearied wings from history!</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The Pavillon Marsan<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> existed at Ghent as in Paris. Every day -brought Monsieur news from France which was the offspring of -self-interest or imagination.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fouché, Duc D'Otrante.</div> - -<p>M. Gaillard<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a>, an ex-Oratorian, a counsel in the royal courts, an -intimate friend of Fouché's, alighted in our midst; he made himself -known, and was brought into touch with M. Capelle.</p> - -<p>When I waited upon Monsieur, which was rarely, those around him used to -talk to me in covert words, and with many sighs, of "a man who (it must -be admitted) was behaving admirably: he was impeding all the Emperor's -operations; he was defending the Faubourg Saint-Germain, etc., -etc." The faithful Marshal Soult was also the object of Monsieur's -predilection and, after Fouché, the most loyal man in France.</p> - -<p>One day a carriage stopped at the door of my inn, and I saw Madame la -Baronne de Vitrolles step out of it: she had arrived bearing powers -from the Duc d'Otrante. She took away with her a note, written in -Monsieur's hand, in which the Prince declared that he would retain -an eternal gratitude to him who saved M. de Vitrolles. Fouché wanted -no more; armed with this note, he was sure of his future in case of -a restoration. Thenceforward, there was no question at Ghent save of -the immense obligations due to the excellent M. Fouché de Nantes<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a>, -save of the impossibility of returning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> to France otherwise than by -that just man's good pleasure: the difficulty was how to make the King -relish this new redeemer of the Monarchy.</p> - -<p>After the Hundred Days, Madame de Custine compelled me to meet Fouché -at dinner at her house. I had seen him once, five years before, -in connection with the condemnation of my poor Cousin Armand. The -ex-minister knew that I had opposed his nomination at Roye, at Gonesse, -at Arnouville; and, as he suspected me of being powerful, he wished -to make his peace with me. The death of Louis XVI. was the best -thing about him: regicide was his innocence. A prater, like all the -revolutionaries, beating the air with empty phrases, he retailed a -heap of commonplaces stuffed with "destiny," with "necessity," with -"the right of things," mingling with this philosophic nonsense further -nonsense on the march and progress of society, and shameless maxims in -favour of the strong as against the weak; and he was free in his use of -impudent avowals on the justice of success, the little worth of a head -which falls, the equity of that which prospers, the iniquity of that -which suffers, affecting to speak of the most horrid disasters with -airy indifference, as though he were a genius above all such fooleries. -Not a choice idea escaped him, not a remarkable thought, on any subject -whatsoever. I went away shrugging my shoulders at crime.</p> - -<p>M. Fouché never forgave me my dryness and the small effect he produced -on me. He had thought he would fascinate me by causing the blade of the -fatal instrument to rise and fall before my eyes, like a glory of Mount -Sinai; he had imagined that I would look up, as to a colossus, to the -ranter who, speaking of the soil of Lyons, had said:</p> - -<p>"That soil shall be overturned; on the ruins of that proud and -rebellious city shall rise scattered cottages which the friends of -liberty will hasten to come and inhabit.... We shall have the energetic -courage to walk through the vast tombs of the conspirators.... Their -blood-stained corpses, hurled into the Rhône, give on both banks and at -its mouth the impression of terror and the image of the omnipotence of -the people. . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>"We shall celebrate the victory of Toulon; we shall this evening send -two hundred and fifty rebels under the lead of the thunder."</p> - -<p>Those horrible trimmings did not impose upon me: because M. "de -Nantes" had diluted republican crimes with imperial mire; because the -<i>sans-culotte</i>, transformed into a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> duke, had wrapped the cord of the -lantern in the ribbon of the Legion of Honour, he appeared neither the -abler nor the greater for it in my eyes. The Jacobins detest men who -make no account of their atrocities and who despise their murders; -their pride is provoked, like that of authors whose talent one disputes.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His underhand negotiations.</div> - -<p>At the same time that Fouché was sending M. Gaillard to Ghent to -negociate with the brother of Louis XVI., his agents at Bâle were -parleying with those of Prince Metternich<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> on the subject of -Napoleon II., and M. de Saint-Léon, dispatched by this same Fouché, -was arriving in Vienna to treat of the crown as a "possibility" for -M. le Duc d'Orléans. The friends of the Duc d'Otrante could rely upon -him no more than his enemies: on the return of the legitimate Princes, -he maintained his old colleague, M. Thibaudeau<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>, on the list of -exiles, while M. de Talleyrand struck this or that outlaw off the list, -or added that other to the catalogue, according to his whim. Had not -the Faubourg Saint-Germain reason indeed to believe in M. Fouché?</p> - -<p>M. de Saint-Léon carried three notes to Vienna, of which one was -addressed to M. de Talleyrand: the Duc d'Otrante proposed that the -ambassador of Louis XVIII. should push the son of Égalité on to the -throne, if he saw his way! What probity in those negociations! How -fortunate they were to have to do with such honest persons! Yet we have -admired, censed, blessed those highway robbers; we have paid court to -them; we have called them <i>monseigneur!</i> That explains the world as it -stands. M. de Montrond came in addition, after M. de Saint-Léon.</p> - -<p>M. le Duc d'Orléans did not conspire in fact but by consent; he let -the revolutionary affinities intrigue: a sweet society! In this dark -lane, the plenipotentiary of the King of France lent an ear to Fouché's -overtures.</p> - -<p>Speaking of M. de Talleyrand's detention at the Barrière d'Enfer, I -said what had, till then, been M. de Talleyrand's fixed idea as to the -regency of Marie-Louise: he was obliged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> by the emergency to embrace -the eventuality of the Bourbons; but he was always ill at ease: it -seemed to him that, under the heirs of St. Louis, a married bishop -would never be sure of his place. The idea of substituting the Younger -Branch for the Elder Branch pleased him, therefore, so much so the more -in that he had had former relations with the Palais Royal.</p> - -<p>Taking that side, without however exposing himself entirely, he -hazarded a few words of Fouché's project to Alexander. The Tsar had -ceased to interest himself in Louis XVIII.: the latter had hurt him, -in Paris, by his affectation of superiority of race; he had hurt him -again by refusing to consent to the marriage of the Duc de Berry with -a sister of the Emperor; the Princess was rejected for three reasons: -she was a schismatic; she was not of an old enough stock; she came of -a family of madmen: these reasons were not put forward upright but -aslant, and, when seen through, gave Alexander treble offense. As a -last subject of complaint against the old sovereign of exile, the -Tsar brought up the projected alliance between England, France and -Austria. For the rest, it seemed as though the succession were open; -all the world claimed to succeed to the estate of the sons of Louis -XIV.: Benjamin Constantin the name of Madame Murat<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a>, was pleading -the rights which Napoleon's sister believed herself to possess over -the Kingdom of Naples; Bernadotte was casting a distant glance upon -Versailles, apparently because the King of Sweden came from Pau.</p> - -<p>La Besnardière<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a>, head of a department at the Foreign Office, -went over to M. de Caulaincourt; he drew up a hurried report on "the -complaints and rejoinders of France" to the Legitimacy. After this -kick had been let fly, M. de Talleyrand found means of communicating -the report to Alexander: discontented and fickle, the Autocrat was -struck with La Besnardière's pamphlet. Suddenly, in the middle of the -Congress, the Tsar asked, to the general stupefaction, if it would not -be a matter for deliberation to examine in how far M. le Duc d'Orléans -might suit France and Europe as King. This is perhaps one of the most -surprising things in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> those extraordinary times, and perhaps it is -still more extraordinary that it has been so little discussed<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>. -Lord Clancarty<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> made the Russian proposal fall through; His -Lordship declared that he had no powers to treat so grave a question:</p> - -<p>"As for myself," he said, "giving my opinion as a private individual, I -think that to put M. le Duc d'Orléans on the throne of France would be -to replace a military usurpation by a family usurpation, which is more -dangerous to the sovereigns than any other usurpation."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">At the Congress of Vienna.</div> - -<p>The members of the Congress went to dinner, using the sceptre of St. -Louis as a rush with which to mark the folio at which they had left off -in their protocols.</p> - -<p>Upon the obstacles encountered by the Tsar, M. de Talleyrand faced -about: foreseeing that the stroke would resound, he sent a report to -Louis XVIII. (in a despatch which I have seen and which was numbered 25 -or 27) of this strange session of the Congress<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>; he thought himself -obliged to inform His Majesty of so exorbitant a proceeding, because -this news, said he, would not long delay in reaching the King's ears: a -singular ingenuousness for M. le Prince de Talleyrand.</p> - -<p>There had been a question of a declaration on the part of the Alliance, -in order to make it quite clear to the world that there was no quarrel -except with Napoleon, that there was no pretension to impose upon -France either an obligatory form of government or a sovereign who -should not be of her own choice. This latter part of the declaration -was suppressed, but it was positively announced in the official journal -of Frankfort. England, in her negociations with the Cabinets, always -employs that Liberal language, which is only a precaution against the -parliamentary tribune.</p> - -<p>We see that the Allies were troubling themselves no more about the -re-establishment of the Legitimacy at the Second than at the First -Restoration: the event alone did all. What<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> mattered it to such -short-sighted sovereigns whether the mother of European monarchies had -her throat cut? Would that prevent them from giving entertainments and -keeping guards? The monarchs are so solidly seated to-day, the globe in -one hand, the sword in the other!</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand, whose interests were at that time in Vienna, feared -lest the English, whose opinion was no longer so favourable to him, -should begin the military game before all the armies were drawn up -in line, and lest the Cabinet of St. James should thus acquire the -predominance: that is why he wished to induce the King to re-enter -by the south-eastern provinces, in order that he might find himself -under the protection of the Austrian Empire and Cabinet. The Duke of -Wellington had given a precise order not to commence hostilities; it -was Napoleon who wanted the Battle of Waterloo: the destinies of such a -nature are not to be arrested.</p> - -<p>Those historic facts, the most curious in the world, have remained -generally unknown; in the same way, also, a confused opinion has been -formed of the Treaties of Vienna relating to France: they have been -thought the iniquitous work of a troop of victorious sovereigns, -implacably bent upon our ruin; unfortunately, if they are harsh, they -have been envenomed by a French hand: when M. de Talleyrand is not -conspiring, he is trafficking.</p> - -<p>Prussia desired to have Saxony, which will sooner or later be her prey; -France ought to have countenanced this wish, for, Saxony obtaining -an indemnification within the sphere of the Rhine, Landau would have -remained to us with our surrounding territories; Coblentz and other -fortresses would have passed to a small friendly State, which, placed -between ourselves and Prussia, prevented any point of contact; the keys -of France would not have been handed over to the shade of Frederic. -For three millions which Saxony paid him, M. de Talleyrand opposed the -combinations of the Cabinet of Berlin; but, in order to obtain the -assent of Alexander to the existence of Old Saxony, our Ambassador was -obliged to abandon Poland to the Tsar, notwithstanding that the other -Powers desired that a Poland of some kind should restrict the freedom -of the Muscovite's movements in the North. The Bourbons of Naples -redeemed themselves, like the sovereign of Dresden, with money<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a>. -M. de Talleyrand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> claimed that he was entitled to a subvention, in -exchange for his Duchy of Benevento: he was selling his livery on -leaving his master. When France was losing so much, could not M. de. -Talleyrand also have lost something? Benevento, moreover, did not -belong to the High Chamberlain: by virtue of the revival of the ancient -treaties, that principality was a dependency of the States of the -Church.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat03003"></a> -<img src="images/chat03_003.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Talleyrand.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<div class="sidenote">A letter from Talleyrand.</div> - -<p>Such were the diplomatic transactions which were being completed in -Vienna while we were stopping at Ghent. In this latter residence, I -received the following letter from M. de Talleyrand:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Vienna</span>, 4 <i>April.</i></p> - -<p>"I learnt, monsieur, with much pleasure that you were at -Ghent, for circumstances require that the King should be -surrounded with strong and independent men.</p> - -<p>"You will certainly have thought that it was useful to -refute, by means of strenuously-reasoned publications, the -whole of the new doctrine which they are trying to establish -in the official documents now appearing in France.</p> - -<p>"It would be useful if something could appear of which the -object would be to establish that the Declaration of the -31st of March, made in Paris by the Allies, that the Act of -Deposition, that the Act of Abdication, that the Treaty of -the 11th of April, which resulted from them, are so many -preliminary, indispensable and absolute conditions of the -Treaty of the 30th of May; that is to say that, without those -previous conditions, the treaty would not have been made. -This admitted, the man who violates the said conditions or -seconds their violation breaks the peace which that treaty -established. It is, therefore, he and his accomplices who are -declaring war against Europe.</p> - -<p>"An argument taken in this sense would do good abroad as -well as at home; only it must be well done, so make it your -business.</p> - -<p>"Accept, monsieur, the homage of my sincere attachment and of -my high regard.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Talleyrand</span>.</p> - -<p>"I hope to have the honour of seeing you at the end of the -month."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Our Minister in Vienna was faithful to his hatred of the great chimera -escaped from the shades: he dreaded a blow from its wing. This letter -shows, for the rest, all that M. de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Talleyrand was capable of doing -when he wrote alone: he had the kindness to teach me the "movement," -leaving the "graces" to me. It was a question indeed of a few -diplomatic phrases on the deposition, on the abdication, on the Treaty -of the 11th of April and of the 30th of May, to stop Napoleon! I was -very grateful for the instructions given me by virtue of my patent as -"a strong man," but I did not follow them: an ambassador <i>in petto</i> I -was not at that moment meddling with foreign affairs; I busied myself -only with my Ministry of the Interior <i>ad interim.</i></p> - -<p>But what was taking place in Paris?</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Baron Dalesme (1763-1832) was a -brigadier-general under Napoleon, sat in the Legislative Body as Deputy -for the Haute-Vienne from 1802 to 1809, and was created a baron of -the Empire in 1810. He rallied to the Restoration, which made him a -lieutenant-general in October 1814. He was Governor of Elba during the -Hundred Days, and left the service on the Second Restoration. He was -reinstated in 1830, and died Governor of the Invalides.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> 4 May 1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> At the celebrated Congress of Erfurt, held in 1808, -were present the Emperors Alexander and Napoleon and almost all the -sovereigns of Germany. The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria -were the only crowned heads not invited to it.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Æneid, X. 174.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Marie Countess Walewice-Walewska (circa 1787-1817), -<i>née</i> Laczinska, married, first (<i>circa</i> 1804), to Anastasius Colonna, -Count Walewice-Walewski, who died in 1814, at the age of eighty-four; -secondly, to General Philippe Antoine Comte d'Omano. She visited -Napoleon at Elba on the 1st of September 1814, accompanied by a child -of four or five years of age. She stayed about fifty hours; during this -time the Emperor received no one, not even Madame Mère, who was then -in Elba, at Marciana. But, after those fifty hours, Madame Walewska -went to Longone to embark for the Continent in a gale so severe that -the very sailors feared for her safety. She refused to listen to all -representations. The Emperor sent an officer to delay her departure; -but she was already out at sea, and Napoleon knew no peace of mind -until he had received from the Countess Walewska herself news of her -safe arrival. (<i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Pons de L'Hérault</span>, <i>Souvenirs et anecdotes de -l'île d'Elbe</i>).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Alexandre Florian Joseph de Colonna, Comte, later Duc -de Walewski (1810-1868), the reputed illegitimate son of Napoleon I., -Minister of Foreign Affairs and, later, President of the Legislative -Body under Napoleon III.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Antoine Francois Claude Comte Ferrand (1758-1825) was -Postmaster-general. In 1816, he was created a peer of France and became -a member of the French Academy. His best-known literary work is the -Esprit de l'histoire in four volumes (1802), which has been many times -reprinted.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Antoine Marie Chamans, Comte de Lavallette (1769-1830), -was married to a Mademoiselle de Beauharnais, a niece of the Empress -Joséphine. He had been Postmaster-general in 1814; lost that office -on the return of the Bourbons, and resumed it, in 1816, on the flight -of the Princes. He was tried for seconding the return of Bonaparte -and sentenced to death, but made his escape from prison by the aid -of his wife. Three English officers, Messrs. Hutchinson, Wilson and -Bruce, assisted him across the frontier, and he took refuge in Bavaria. -Lavallette was permitted to return to France in 1820, when he retired -into private life.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> The <i>Nain jaune</i> was a satirical Bonapartist journal, -inspired by the circle of the ex-Queen Hortense, which adopted a guise -of extreme Royalism. The number for the 28th of February 1815 contains -a letter from a correspondent who says: -</p> -<p> -"I have worn out ten goose-quills in writing to you, without receiving -a reply; perhaps I shall be luckier if I try a duck-quill" (<i>plume de -cane</i>). -</p> -<p> -On the next day, the 1st of March, Napoleon landed at Cannes on his -return from Elba.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Carlo Andrea Count Pozzo di Borgo (1764-1842), a native -of Corsica, entered the Russian diplomatic service and took part in all -the congresses of the Holy Alliance. Pozzo acted as Russian Ambassador -to France from 1814 to 1835, and to England from 1835 to 1839. He spent -his last years in Paris.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans (1773-1850), afterwards -"King of the French," and son (some say a changeling) of Louis Philippe -Joseph Duc d'Orléans (Philippe Égalité).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> General Drouet d'Erlon (1765-1844) was placed in command -of the 1st Army Corps during the Hundred Days. He was condemned to -death by contumacy in 1816, fled to Prussia, and returned to France -in 1825, but did not resume service till 1830. In 1834, he was -appointed Governor-General of Algeria, but was recalled in 1835 for -not displaying sufficient vigour against Abd-el-Kader; nevertheless -Drouet was made a marshal in 1843. The military conspiracy in which -he engaged with General Lefebvre-Desnoëttes and Lallemand was of a -semi-Imperialist, semi-Revolutionary character, and broke out on the -9th of March 1815, but was immediately suppressed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Marshal Masséna, on the evening of the 3rd of March, -sent to the Minister of War, from Marseilles, the dispatch announcing -Bonaparte's landing at the Golfe Jouan. In 1815, the aerial telegraph -stopped at Lyons. The message was therefore carried by a courier as far -as Lyons, and did not reach Paris until mid-day on the 5th of March. -Impressed by the gravity of the news, M. Chappe, the Director-General -of Telegraphs (brother of the inventor), took upon himself to take -the message to M. de Vitrolles, in the King's closet, instead of -transmitting it to Marshal Soult. Vitrolles handed the despatch, sealed -as it was, to Louis XVIII., who read it several times over and threw it -on the table, saying with the greatest calm: -</p> -<p> -"It is to say that Bonaparte has landed on the coast of Provence. This -letter must be taken to the Minister of War. He will see what is to be -done." -</p> -<p> -The Government kept the news secret for two days, and it was -only on the 7th of March that it was officially announced in the -<i>Moniteur.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> The Comte d'Artois, the King's brother, became -"Monsieur" on the latter's accession.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Maréchal Comte -d'Hunebourg, Duc de Feltre (1765-1818), descended from an Irish family, -had been one of Napoleon's generals, and Minister of War from 1807. -After rallying to the Bourbons, he managed the War Office at a time of -the greatest difficulty, and was created a marshal of France after the -Second Restoration, in 1816. The Duc de Feltre retired in 1817, a year -before his death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Caius Valerius Jovius Aulerius Diocletianus (245-313), -Roman Emperor, was born at Dioclea, near Salona. Diocletian's mind -became weakened in 304, and in 305 he abdicated and retired to Salona, -where he cultivated his garden with his own hands.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (1791-1873) became a -prominent leader of the Opposition under Louis-Philippe, and was Prime -Minister and Minister of Justice in 1848 to 1849.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> The battalion of the pupils of the School of Law was -formed on the 14th of March 1815; its effective force amounted to 1200 -men. After being drilled at Vincennes, the Volunteers, to the number -of about 700, joined the Body-guards at Beauvais on Easter Sunday, -the 26th of March; they crossed the frontier and were cantoned at -Ypres. On the 30th of July, the battalion returned to Paris, amid the -cheers of an immense multitude which had come out to greet it. The -professors of the school, prevented by their age from leaving France, -at least refused to wait upon Napoleon, and it was only at the express -invitation of the Minister of the Interior that they went so far as to -send an address in which they expressed their gratitude at seeing the -Emperor renounce all spirit of conquest.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> M. de La Fayette, in some Memoirs published since his -death and valuable for their facts, confirms the singular conjunction -of his opinion and mine on the occasion of Bonaparte's return. M. de -La Fayette was a sincere lover of honour and liberty.—<i>Author's Note</i> -(Paris, 1840).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Charles Ferdinand Duc de Berry (1778-1820), second son -of the Comte d'Artois, assassinated by the fanatic Louvel on leaving -the Opera, 13 February 1820.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Louis Antoine Duc d'Angoulême (1775-1844), eldest son -of the Comte d'Artois, was Dauphin of France during the reign of the -latter as Charles X. He abdicated his right to the throne immediately -after his father, and was thus for only a few minutes King of France, -with the title of Louis XIX. He was succeeded by his nephew, the Duc -de Bordeaux (the Comte de Chambord), as Henry V. The Duc d'Angoulême -died at Goritz, where he lived under the style of Comte de Marnes. He -possessed many solid qualities and conciliatory intentions, without -being gifted with any hyper-eminent faculties.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> A Royal order of the 6th of March, declaring Bonaparte -a traitor and rebel, and enjoining all soldiers, national guards, or -private citizens "to hunt him down" (<i>de lui courir sus</i>), appears in -the <i>Moniteur</i> of the 7th of March.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Alexandre Maurice Blanc de La Nautte, Comte d'Hauterive -(1754-1830), commenced life as a professor in the Oratorian College at -Tours (1779), accompanied the Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier on his embassy -to Constantinople (1784), became French <i>Chargé d'affaires</i> in Moldavia -(1785), and Consul in New York (1792). In America he grew intimate with -Talleyrand, who made him head of a department at the Foreign Office so -soon as he obtained his ministry, and later had him appointed Keeper of -the Archives (1807).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Alfred Frédéric Chevalier Artaud de Montor (1772-1849), -after a long diplomatic career, wrote or edited a large number of -historical works, including the <i>Vie et travaux du comte d'Hauterive</i>, -published at a later date than that at which Chateaubriand wrote the -above lines.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Mark</span> ii. II.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Charles Du Fresne, Seigneur Du Cange (1610-1688), the -noted historian and philologist, born at Amiens, 18 December 1610.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Robespierre was born at Arras on the 6th of May -1758.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II. p. 30.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Pierre Louis Bertin de Vaux (1771-1842), younger brother -of Louis François Bertin, known as Bertin the Elder, assisted him in -founding the <i>Journal des Débats</i> (1799), and in editing that paper, -while directing a banking-house which he had established in 1801. -Bertin de Vaux was sent as Ambassador to the Netherlands in 1830 and -raised to the peerage in 1832.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Amédée Bretagne Malo de Durfort, Duc de Duras -(1771-1838), First Lord of the Bed-chamber to the King. He accompanied -Louis XVIII. to Ghent and returned with him. He had been created a -Peer of France in 1814. After the Revolution of 1830, he retired into -private life.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Charles V. Emperor of Germany, King of Spain and of the -Two Sicilies (1500-1558), born at Ghent, son of the Archduke Philip -of Austria and of Joan, heiress of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and -Isabella. He was proclaimed King of Spain in 1516, during his mother's -life-time, and elected to the Empire three years later. Charles V. -abdicated in 1556, two years before his death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> The other ministers were: M. Louis, Finance; the Duc de -Feltre, War; M. Beugnot, Navy; M. Dambray, Chancellor of France; M. de -Jaucourt, Foreign Affairs <i>ad interim</i>, the Prince de Talleyrand being -in Vienna. M. de Blacas was Minister of the King's Household. M. de -Lally-Tolendal was <i>ad interim</i> Minister of Public Instruction.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> Bernadotte and Henry IV. were both born at Pau.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> Thomas Arthur Comte de Lally, Baron Tolendal in Ireland -(1702-1766), after contributing to the victory of Fontenoy (1745), -was in 1756 appointed Governor of the French possessions in India and -drove the English from the Coromandel Coast. He failed, however, before -Madras, was himself besieged in Pondichéry, and obliged to surrender -with a garrison of 700 men: he had resisted for several months against -an army of 22,000 men and a fleet of 14 ships (1761). Nevertheless, he -was accused of betraying the King's interests, sent to the Bastille -and, after eighteen months' imprisonment and an informal trial, -sentenced to death. He was executed on the 9th of May 1766. Voltaire -published an eloquent <i>factum</i> in the condemned man's favour and, -in 1778, Louis XVI., at the instance of Lally's son, the Marquis de -Lally-Tolendal mentioned above, had the iniquitous verdict revised. The -sentence was unanimously quashed by a new set of judges, and Lally's -memory entirely rehabilitated.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Marie Madeleine Comtesse de La Fayette (1634-1693), -<i>née</i> Pioche de La Vergne, daughter of the Governor of the Havre, and -the intimate friend of La Rochefoucauld. She made a name in letters by -her novels, <i>Zaïde</i> the <i>Princesse de Clèves</i>, etc., and also wrote an -<i>Histoire et Henriette d'Angleterre.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Madame La Duchesse de Rauzan.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> The Duc de Bellune remained absolutely faithful to the -Elder Branch after the usurpation of 1830.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Julie Maréchale Duchesse de Bellune, <i>née</i> Vosch van -Avesaat, married to the Maréchal Duc de Bellune in 1801. He had -previously divorced his first wife, <i>née</i> Muguet, to whom he had been -married in 1791.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Vincent Marie Viennot, Comte de Vaublanc (1756-1845), -an eager supporter of the Royalist cause and Minister of the Interior -from September 1815 to May 1816. He published some political works, a -few indifferent tragedies and an epic poem, the <i>Dernier des Césars</i> -(1836).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Guillaume Antoine Bénoît Baron Capelle (1775-1843) held -various prefectures under Napoleon and Louis XVIII., and was created -a baron of the Empire by the former. In May 1830, he became Minister -of Public Works in M. de Polignac's Cabinet and, as a signatory of -the Ordinances of July, was condemned by contumacy to perpetual -imprisonment. He returned to France in 1836, after the amnesty.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> The Abbé Martial Borye Desrenaudes (1755-1825), not -d'Ernaud as the preceding editions of the Memoirs have it, was -grand-vicar to the Bishop of Autun at the time of the Revolution. He -had a remarkable talent as a writer, and was of the greatest use to -Talleyrand as a literary assistant. After the 18 Brumaire, Desrenaudes -became a member of the Tribunate, and later a councillor of the -University and Imperial Censor. He retained his censorship under the -Restoration.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz -(1614-1679), was in 1643 appointed Coadjutor to his uncle, Henri -de Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, before himself succeeding to the -archbishopric.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Racine</span>, <i>Les Plaideurs</i>, Act III. sc. IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Claude Philibert Édouard Baron Mounier (1784-1843), son -of Joseph Mounier, the celebrated Constituent. Under the Empire, he had -been Superintendent of the Crown Lands, in which post he was confirmed -by Louis XVIII., and he continued to hold various political and -administrative offices. He was created a peer of France in 1819.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Louis XVIII. himself was a great epicure of this fish, -and sometimes allowed himself to be taken to this inn, which was called -the Halter. (Cf. ROMBERG, <i>Louis XVIII. à Gand.</i>)—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Early in April, under the management of the two -Bertins. Upon the objection of the Netherlands Government, which saw -difficulties in the way of the co-existence of two <i>Moniteurs</i> in the -kingdom, the original title was changed to the <i>Journal universel</i>, -which continued to be the official organ of Louis XVIII.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> <i>Rapport sur l'état de la France, fait au roi dans son -conseil</i>, May 1815.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> A certain M. Bail, an inspector of reviews. -Chateaubriand's letter to the Duc de Feltre is dated "Paris, 22 August -1826," and runs: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"A Monsieur Bail, inspector of reviews, wrote a pamphlet -against me. He says that he has lost his place for this act. -May I venture, monsieur le duc, to hope from your indulgence -that you will be so good as to restore him to your kindness? -The King's person was respected in the pamphlet. Pray forget, -monsieur le maréchal, all that concerns only myself.—B."</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> The Order of the Golden Fleece was instituted at Bruges, -in 1429, by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John</span> i. 6.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Jan van Eyck (<i>circa</i> 1380-1450) was born at Maaseyk -near Maastricht, but settled at Bruges, with his brother Hubert, at an -early age. He is usually known as Jean de Bruges in France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Gaston Pierre Marc Duc de Levis (1764-1830) had been -wounded at Quiberon in 1795. Between 1808 and 1814 he published his -<i>Maximes et réflexions sur différents sujets</i>, the <i>Suite des quatre -Facardins</i>, imitated from Hamilton's Tales, <i>Voyage de Khani, ou -Nouvelles lettres chinoises, Souvenirs et Portraits</i>, and L'<i>Angleterre -au commencement du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle.</i> He became a peer of France -in 1814, a privy councillor in 1815 and a member of the French Academy -in 1816.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris (<i>d.</i> -996), was proclaimed King of France in 987 on the death of Louis V., -the last of the Second or Carlovingian Dynasty, thus founding the Third -or Capetian Dynasty of Kings of France. The House of Capet proper -reigned from 987 to 1328; its two branches, the Houses of Valois and -Bourbon from 1328 to 1589 and 1589 to 1830 respectively. The usurpation -of Louis-Philippe gives a reign of 18 years (1830 to 1848) to the House -of Orleans, or Younger Branch of Bourbon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England (<i>circa</i> -1314-1369).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Edward III. King of England (1212-1377).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (1349-1399), fourth -son of Edward III. and father of Henry IV., who founded the House of -Lancaster after procuring the murder of Richard II., by usurping the -throne to the prejudice of the descendants of Lionel Duke of Clarence, -second son of Edward III.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Jacob van Artevelde (<i>d.</i> 1345) headed a revolt of his -fellow-citizens against the Count of Flanders (1336) and became for -some time absolute master of Flanders. Finding himself, however, on the -point of being reduced, he proposed to offer the sovereignty to Edward -the Black Prince, but failed in his project, and was murdered by the -populace of Ghent in 1345.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Clodion (<i>d. circa</i> 448) is accepted as the second King -of France (Merovingian Dynasty).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> The Lys, or Lily, rises a little below Béthune and flows -into the Scheldt at Ghent.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> A Moorish tribe which had a violent quarrel with the -Abencerrages.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Granada stands near the junction of the Rivers Duero and -Xenil.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Gabriel Vicomte Donnadieu (1777-1849), an inveterate -enemy of Napoleon and later of Louis-Philippe, and a fervent, although -somewhat discredited Royalist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> Raymond Comte Desèze (1748-1828), the famous advocate. -He distinguished himself early in his career by his defense of the -daughters of Helvétius. In 1789 he obtained the acquittal of the Baron -de Bésenval, accused of high treason; and he assisted Malesherbes and -Tronchet in their defense of King Louis XVI. before the Convention. -Desèze had been made a knight of the Holy Ghost by Louis XVI., which -explains the allusion to the blue ribbon. Louis XVIII. made him -President of the Court of Appeal and a peer of France in 1815, and a -count in 1817. Desèze was, in 1816, elected a member of the French -Academy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Pauline Louise Françoise de Paule Duchesse de Lévis -(<i>d.</i> 1819), <i>née</i> Charpentier d'Ennery, married to the Duc de Lévis in -1785.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Gaston François Christophe Victor Duc de Ventadour and -de Lévis (1794-1863), became aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Angoulême in -1814, and took part in the Spanish War of 1823 and the expedition to -Morocco in 1828. He succeeded his father in the peerage in 1830, but -refused to sit after the Revolution of July and followed the Royal -Family into exile. He was for many years one of the Comte de Chambord's -chief councillors, and died at Venice in 1863.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> Marie Cathérine Amanda Duchesse de Lévis (1798-1854), -daughter of Pierre Raymond Hector d'Aubusson, Comte de La Feuillade, -and married to the Duc de Lévis in 1821.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The Pavillon Marsan formed the corner of the Tuileries -bounded by the garden and the Rue de Rivoli, and was occupied under -Louis XVIII. by the Comte d'Artois.—T. -</p> -<p> -At Ghent, the Comte d'Artois had his Pavillon Marsan in the Hôtel des -Pays Bas, where he was lodged with his suite and his carriages and paid -1000 francs a day. Louis XVIII. lived in the house which the Comte -d'Hane de Steenhuyse had placed at his disposal.-B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Gaillard had been Fouché's secretary.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> The Duc d'Otrante was born at the Martinière, near -Nantes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von -Metternich-Winneburg (1773-1859), the great Austrian statesman, was at -this time presiding over the Congress of Vienna.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> Auguste Clair Thibaudeau (1765-1854) had voted for the -death of the King in the Convention, and became one of the most ardent -servants of Napoleon, who made him a councillor of State, a prefect, -and a count of the Empire (31 December 1809). He was exiled in 1815 and -did not return to France until after the Revolution of July. Napoleon -III. made him a senator and a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. -Thibaudeau left a large number of historical works.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples (1782-1839), <i>née</i> -Bonaparte, married to Murat in 1800.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Jean Baptiste de Gouy, Comte de La Besnardière (<i>d.</i> -1843), had been employed at the Foreign Office since 1795, where he had -become the intimate fellow-worker of Talleyrand, who liked both him -and his work. He accompanied the prince to the Congress of Vienna; on -his return, the King made him a count and director of Public Works. He -retired into private life in 1819.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> A recently-published pamphlet entitled <i>Lettres -de l'Étranger</i>, written apparently by an able and well-informed -diplomatist, points to this strange Russian negociation in -Vienna.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1840).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> Richard Le Poer Trench, second Earl of Clancarty, -later Marquis of Heusden in the Netherlands (1767-1837), British -Plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna, and later Ambassador to the -Netherlands (1816-1822).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> It is stated that, in 1830, M. de Talleyrand had his -private correspondence with Louis XVIII. removed from the Archives of -the Crown, even as he had had removed from the Archives of the Empire -all that he, M. de Talleyrand, had written respecting the death of the -Duc d'Enghien and the affairs of Spain.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1840).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Talleyrand was paid six million francs by the Neapolitan -Bourbons for favouring their restoration. (<i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Sainte-Beuve</span>, -<i>Nouveaux Lundis</i>, vol. XII.).—B.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_Vb" id="BOOK_Vb">BOOK V</a></h4> - - -<p>The Hundred Days in Paris—Effect of the passage of the Legitimacy -in France—Bonaparte's astonishment—He is obliged to capitulate -to ideas which he thought smothered—His new system—Three -enormous gamblers remain—Illusions of the Liberals—Clubs -and Federates—Juggling away of the Republic: the Additional -Act—Convocation of the Chamber of Representatives—A useless -Champ de Mai—Cares and bitterness of Bonaparte—Resolution in -Vienna—Movement in Paris—What we were doing at Ghent—M. de -Blacas—The Battle of Waterloo—Confusion at Ghent—What the -Battle of Waterloo was—Return of the Emperor—Reappearance of La -Fayette—Renewed abdication of Bonaparte—Stormy scenes in the House -of Peers—Threatening portents for the Second Restoration—The -departure from Ghent—Arrival at Mons—I miss the first opportunity -of fortune in my political career—M. de Talleyrand at Mons—His -scene with the King—I stupidly interest myself on M. de Talleyrand's -behalf—Mons to Gonesse—With M. le Comte Beugnot I oppose Fouché's -nomination as minister: my reasons—The Duke of Wellington gains the -day—Arnouville—Saint-Denis—Last conversation with the King.</p> - - -<p class="p2">I show you the wrong side of events which history does not display: -history exhibits only the right side. Memoirs have the advantage of -presenting both surfaces of the texture: in this respect they depict -the whole complexion of humanity better, by exposing, as in the -tragedies of Shakespeare, low and exalted scenes. There is everywhere -a cottage beside a palace, a man who weeps beside a man who laughs, a -ragman carrying his basket beside a king losing his throne: what was -the fall of Darius<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> to the slave present at the Battle of Arbela?</p> - -<p>Ghent, then, was only a tiring-room behind the slips of the spectacle -opened in Paris. Some famous personages still remained in Europe. I -had, in 1800, commenced my career with Alexander and Napoleon; why had -I not followed those leading actors, my contemporaries, on the great -stage? Why only at Ghent? Because Heaven casts you where it wills. From -the "little Hundred Days" at Ghent let us pass to the "great Hundred -Days" in Paris.</p> - -<p>I have told you the reasons which ought to have stopped Bonaparte in -Elba and the urgent reasons, or rather the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> necessity drawn from his -nature, which compelled him to issue from exile. But the march from -Cannes to Paris exhausted all that remained of the old man. In Paris, -the talisman was shattered.</p> - -<p>The few moments for which the reign of lawfulness had reappeared had -sufficed to render impossible the re-establishment of arbitrariness. -Despotism muzzles the masses and enfranchises individuals, within a -certain limit; anarchy lets loose the masses and enslaves individual -independence. Hence, despotism resembles liberty, when it follows -after anarchy; it remains what it really is when it replaces liberty: -Bonaparte, a liberator after the Constitution of the Directory, was -an oppressor after the Charter. He felt this so well that he thought -himself obliged to go further than Louis XVIII. and to return to the -sources of national sovereignty. He, who had trodden the people under -foot as its master, was reduced to create himself anew a tribune of the -people, to court the favour of the suburbs, to parody the revolutionary -infancy, to lisp an old language of liberty which forced his lips into -a grimace, while each syllable angered his sword.</p> - -<p>His destiny as a power was, in fact, so well accomplished that the -genius of Napoleon was no longer recognised during the Hundred Days. -That genius was the genius of success and order, not that of defeat -and liberty: now he could do nothing through victory, which had -betrayed him, nothing for order, since it existed without him. In his -astonishment he said:</p> - -<p>"To what a condition have the Bourbons reduced France for me, in a few -months! It will take me years to restore her."</p> - -<p>It was not the work of the Legitimacy which the conqueror saw, but the -work of the Charter; he had left France dumb and prostrate, he found -her erect and speaking: in the ingenuousness of his absolute mind, he -took liberty for disorder.</p> - -<p>And yet Bonaparte was obliged to capitulate with the ideas which he -was unable to conquer at first sight. In the absence of any real -popularity, workmen hired at forty sous a head came, at the end of -their day's work, to howl, "Long live the Emperor!" in the Carrousel. -That was called "going to the crying." Proclamations at first announced -marvels of forgetting and forgiving; individuals were declared -free, the nation free, the press free; nothing was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> wanted but the -peace, independence and happiness of the people; the whole imperial -system was changed; the golden age was about to return. In order to -conform practice with theory, France was divided into seven great -police sections; the seven lieutenants were invested with the same -powers which were enjoyed under the Consulate and the Empire by the -directors-general: it is well-known what those protectors of individual -liberty were at Lyons, Bordeaux, Milan, Florence, Lisbon, Hamburg, -Amsterdam. Over these lieutenants, in a hierarchy "more and more -favourable to liberty," Bonaparte placed commissaries-extraordinary, -after the fashion of the representatives of the people under the -Convention.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The hundred days.</div> - -<p>The police, directed by Fouché, informed the world, by means of -solemn proclamations, that it would thenceforward serve only to -spread philosophy, that it would act only in accordance with virtuous -principles.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte re-established, by decree, the National Guard of the Kingdom, -the mere name of which used formerly to make his head swim. He found -himself compelled to annul the divorce pronounced under the Empire -between despotism and demagogy and to favour their renewed alliance: -from this hymen was to spring, on the Champ de Mai, a liberty wearing -the red cap and the turban on its head, the mameluke's sabre in its -belt and the revolutionary axe in its hand, a liberty surrounded by -the shades of those thousands of victims sacrificed on the scaffolds -or in the burning campaigns of Spain and the icy deserts of Russia. -Before success, the mamelukes were Jacobins; after success, the -Jacobins were to become mamelukes: Sparta was for the moment of danger, -Constantinople for that of triumph.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte would, indeed, have liked to recover possession for himself -alone, but that was impossible for him; he found men prepared to -dispute it with him: first, the earnest Republicans, delivered from -the chains of despotism and the laws of the Monarchy, desired to -retain an independence which is, perhaps, but a noble error; next, the -madmen of the old faction of the Mountain: these latter, humiliated at -having been nothing more under the Empire than the police-spies of a -despot, seemed resolved to resume on their own account that liberty of -doing everything of which, during fifteen years, they had yielded the -privilege to a master.</p> - -<p>But not the Republicans, nor the Revolutionaries, nor the satellites -of Bonaparte were strong enough to establish their separate power, -or mutually to subjugate each other.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Threatened from without by an -invasion, pursued from within by public opinion, they understood that, -if they became divided, they were lost: in order to escape the danger, -they adjourned their quarrel; some brought their systems and illusions -to the common defense, others their terror and perversity. None was in -earnest in this compact; each, once the crisis passed, resolved to turn -it to his profit; all sought beforehand to make sure of the results of -victory. In that awful <i>trente-et-un</i> three enormous gamblers kept the -bank by turns: liberty, anarchy and despotism, all three cheating and -striving to win a game which was lost for all.</p> - -<p>Full of that thought, they did not proceed rigorously against a -forlorn hope which was urging on revolutionary measures: federates -had been formed in the <i>faubourgs</i> and federations were being -organized under stem oaths in Brittany, Anjou, Lyonnais and Burgundy; -the <i>Marseillaise</i> and the <i>Carmagnole</i> were heard sung; a club, -established in Paris, corresponded with other clubs in the provinces; -the resurrection of the <i>Journal des Patriotes</i> was announced. But -on that side what confidence were the resuscitated of 1793 able to -inspire? Was it not known how they explained liberty, equality, -the rights of man? Were they more moral, more wise, more sincere, -after their enormities than before? Was it because they had tainted -themselves with all the vices that they had become capable of all the -virtues? One cannot abdicate crime as easily as a crown: the brow once -girt with the hideous circlet retains ineffaceable marks from its -contact.</p> - -<p>The idea of reducing an ambitious man of genius from the rank of -Emperor to that of Generalissimo or President of the Republic was a -chimera: the red cap which they had fixed on the head of his busts -during the Hundred Days would only have foreboded to Bonaparte the -resumption of the diadem, were it given to the athletes who race -through the world to run the same course twice.</p> - -<p>Still, some Liberals of the better sort promised themselves the -victory: mistaken men, like Benjamin Constant, dolts, like M. -Simonde-Sismondi<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a>, spoke of placing the Prince of Canino<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> at -the Ministry of the Interior, Lieutenant-general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Comte Carnot at -the War Office, the Comte Merlin<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> at the Ministry of Justice. In -appearance despondent, Bonaparte made no opposition to democratic -movements which, in the last result, supplied his army with conscripts. -He allowed himself to be attacked in pamphlets; caricatures repeated -"Elba" to him as parrots cried "Péronne" to Louis XI<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>. They -preached liberty and equality to the man escaped from prison, -addressing him in the second person singular; he listened to these -remonstrances with an air of compunction. Suddenly, bursting the -shackles in which they had pretended to bind him, he proclaimed, by -his own authority, not a plebeian Constitution, but an aristocratic -Constitution, an "Additional Act" to the Constitutions of the -Empire<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The "Additional Act."</div> - -<p>The contemplated Republic was changed by this adroit piece of juggling -into the old Imperial Government, rejuvenated with feudality. The -"Additional Act" lost Bonaparte the Republican Party and made -malcontents in almost all the other parties. License reigned in -Paris, anarchy in the provinces; the civil and military authorities -contended with each other; here men threatened to burn the manors and -murder the priests; there they hoisted the White Flag and shouted, -"Long live the King!" Finding himself attacked, Bonaparte retreated; -he withdrew the nomination of the mayors of communes from his -commissaries-extraordinary and restored that nomination to the people. -Alarmed at the multiplicity of negative votes against the "Additional -Act," he abandoned his <i>de facto</i> dictatorship and convened the Chamber -of Representatives by virtue of that Act which was not yet accepted. -Blundering from rock to rock, he was scarcely delivered from one danger -before stumbling against another: the sovereign of a day, how was he to -establish an hereditary peerage which the spirit of equality repelled? -How to govern the two Chambers? Would they yield a passive obedience? -What would be the relations of the Chambers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> with the proposed assembly -of the Champ de Mai, which had no real object, since the "Additional -Act" was brought into operation before the suffrages had been counted? -Would that assembly, consisting of thirty thousand electors, not -believe itself to be the representatives of the nation?</p> - -<p>This Champ de Mai, so pompously announced and celebrated on the 1st -of June, resolved itself into a simple march-past of troops and a -distribution of colours before a despised altar. Napoleon, surrounded -by his brothers, the State dignitaries, the marshals, the civil and -judicial bodies, proclaimed the sovereignty of the people in which he -did not believe. The citizens had imagined that they themselves would -frame a Constitution on that solemn day, the peaceful middle class -expected that then would be declared Napoleon's abdication in favour -of his son, an abdication concocted at Bâle between the agents of -Fouché and of Prince Metternich: and there was nothing but a ridiculous -political trap! The "Additional Act," for the rest, stood forth as -an act of homage to the Legitimacy; save for a few differences, and, -in particular, excluding "the abolition of confiscation," it was the -Charter.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Those sudden changes, that confounding of all things, announced the -last struggles of despotism. Nevertheless, the Emperor could not -receive the death-stroke from within, for the power which was combating -him was as debilitated as himself; the revolutionary Titan, whom -Napoleon had floored of old, had not recovered his native energy; the -two giants were now aiming useless blows at one another; it was nothing -more than the contest of two shadows.</p> - -<p>To these general impossibilities were added, for Bonaparte, domestic -tribulations and palace cares; he announced to France the return of the -Empress and the King of Rome, and neither one nor the other came back. -Speaking of the Queen of Holland, who, thanks to Louis XVIII., had -become Duchesse de Saint-Leu, he said:</p> - -<p>"When one has accepted the prosperity of a family, one must embrace its -adversity."</p> - -<p>Joseph, who had hastened from Switzerland, only asked him for money; -Lucien alarmed him through his Liberal connections; Murat, after first -conspiring against his brother-in-law, had been in too great a hurry, -on returning to him, to attack the Austrians: stripped of the Kingdom -of Naples, a runaway of ill-omen, he was awaiting, under arrest, near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> -Marseilles, the catastrophe which I will describe to you later<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Twofold traitors.</div> - -<p>And then, was the Emperor able to trust his former partisans and his -self-styled friends? Had they not infamously abandoned him at the -moment of his fall? That Senate which formerly crawled at his feet, -now ensconced in the peerage, had it not decreed its benefactor's -deposition? Could he believe those men, when they came and said to him:</p> - -<p>"The interests of France are inseparable from your own. If fortune -betrays your efforts, reverses, Sire, would not impair our perseverance -and would redouble our attachment to your person."</p> - -<p>Your perseverance! Your attachment redoubled by misfortune! You said -this on the 11th of June 1815: what had you said on the 2nd of April -1814? What will you say a few weeks later, on the 19th of July 1815?</p> - -<p>The Ministry of the Imperial Police was in correspondence, as you have -seen, with Ghent, Vienna and Bâle; the marshals to whom Bonaparte was -compelled to give the command of his soldiers had but now taken the -oath to Louis XVIII.; they had issued the most violent proclamations -against him, Bonaparte<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a>: since that time, it is true, they had -re-espoused their sultan; but, if he had been arrested at Grenoble, -what would they have done with him? Is it enough to break an oath to -restore its whole strength to another violated oath? Are two perjuries -equivalent to one fidelity?</p> - -<p>A few days more, and those swearers of the Champ de Mai will carry -back their devotion to Louis XVIII. in the halls of the Tuileries; -they will approach the sacred table of the God of Peace, in order -to have themselves appointed ministers at the banquets of war<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a>; -heralds-at-arms and brandishers of the royal insignia at the coronation -of Bonaparte, they will fulfil the same functions at the coronation of -Charles X.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a>; then, as the commissaries of another power<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a>, they -will lead that King a prisoner to Cherbourg, scarce finding a little -corner free in their consciences to hang up in it the badge of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> their -new oath. It is hard to be born in times of improbity, in those days -when two men talking together study how to keep back words from their -tongue, for fear of offending each other and of mutually making one -another blush.</p> - -<p>Those who had not been able to tie themselves to Napoleon by his glory, -who had not been able to adhere from gratitude to the benefactor from -whom they had received their riches, their honours and their very -names, were they likely to sacrifice themselves now to his needy hopes? -Would they link themselves to a precarious and reincipient fortune, the -ingrates whom a fortune consolidated by unexampled successes and by a -possession of sixteen years of victories had failed to fix? So many -chrysalides who, between two spring-times, had put off and put on, shed -and resumed the skin of the Legitimist and the Revolutionary, of the -Napoleonist and the Bourbonist; so many words given and broken; so many -crosses moved from the knight's breast to the horse's tail and from the -horse's tail to the knight's breast; so many doughty warriors changing -their banners and strewing the lists with their pledges of perjured -faith; so many noble dames, the attendants by turns of Marie-Louise -and Marie-Caroline<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a>, were calculated to leave in the depths of -Napoleon's heart naught but distrust, horror and contempt; that great -man grown old stood alone among all those traitors, men and fortune, on -a tottering earth, under a hostile sky, in front of his accomplished -destiny and the judgment of God.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Napoleon had found no faithful friends, but the phantoms of his past -glory; these escorted him, as I have told you, from the spot at which -he landed to the capital of France. But the eagles which had "flown -from steeple to steeple" from Cannes to Paris alighted wearily upon the -chimneys of the Tuileries, able to go no further.</p> - -<p>Napoleon did not hurl himself at the head of the roused populace -upon Belgium, before an Anglo-Prussian army had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> assembled there: he -stopped; he tried to negociate with Europe and humbly to maintain the -treaties of the Legitimacy. The Congress of Vienna urged against M. -le Duc de Vicence the abdication of the 11th of April 1814: by that -abdication, Bonaparte "recognised that he was the sole obstacle to -the restoration of peace in Europe" and consequently "renounced, for -himself and his heirs, the thrones of France and Italy." Now, since he -had come to restore his power, he was manifestly violating the Treaty -of Paris and placing himself again in the political situation anterior -to the 31st of March 1814: therefore it was he, Bonaparte, who was -declaring war against Europe, and not Europe against Bonaparte. These -logical quibbles of diplomatic attorneys, as I remarked in connection -with M. de Talleyrand's letter, were worth what they might be before -the battle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's last campaign.</div> - -<p>The news of Bonaparte's landing at Cannes had reached Vienna on the 6th -of March, in the middle of an entertainment at which was represented -the assembly of the divinities of Olympus and Parnassus. Alexander had -just received the proposal for an alliance between France, Austria and -England; he hesitated a moment between the two pieces of intelligence, -and then said:</p> - -<p>"The question is not of myself, but of the safety of the world."</p> - -<p>And an estafette carried orders to St. Petersburg to dispatch the -Guards. The withdrawing armies stopped short; their long line faced -about, and eight hundred thousand enemies turned their eyes towards -France. Bonaparte prepared for war; he was expected in new Catalaunian -Fields<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a>: God had summoned him to the battle which was to put an end -to the reign of battles.</p> - -<p>The heat of the wings of the renown of Marengo and Austerlitz had -sufficed to hatch armies in that France which is one great nest of -soldiers. Bonaparte had restored to his legions their epithets of -"invincible," "terrible" and "incomparable;" seven armies resumed -the titles of Armies of the Pyrenees, of the Alps, of the Jura, the -Moselle, the Rhine: great memories which served as a frame for supposed -troops, for expected triumphs. A real army was mustered in Paris -and at Laon: one hundred and fifty mounted batteries, ten thousand -picked soldiers entered into the guards; eighteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> thousand sailors -distinguished at Lützen and Bautzen; thirty thousand veterans, officers -and non-commissioned officers, in garrison in the fortified towns; -seven departments in the North and East ready to rise in a body; one -hundred and eighty thousand men of the National Guard mobilized; -volunteer corps in Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comté; federates -offering their pikes and their strength; Paris turning out three -thousand muskets a day: those were the Emperor's resources. Perhaps -he might yet once more have overturned the world, had he been able to -resolve, while liberating the country, to summon the foreign nations -to independence. The moment was propitious: the kings, after promising -their subjects constitutional government, had shamefully gone from -their word. But liberty was distasteful to Napoleon, since he had drunk -of the cup of power; he preferred to be vanquished with soldiers rather -than to vanquish with peoples. The army corps which he successively -sent towards the Netherlands amounted to seventy thousand men.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>We Emigrants, in the city of Charles V., were like the women of that -city: seated behind their windows, they watch the soldiers, in a little -slanting mirror, passing down the street. Louis XVIII. was there in -a corner, completely forgotten: scarcely did he from time to time -receive a note from the Prince de Talleyrand returning from Vienna, -a few lines from the members of the diplomatic body resident about -the Duke of Wellington as commissaries, Messieurs Pozzo di Borgo, de -Vincent<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>, etc., etc. They had plenty to do besides thinking of -us! A man unacquainted with politics would never have believed that -an impotent hidden on the banks of the Lys would be flung back upon -the throne by the collision of thousands of soldiers ready to cut each -other's throats: soldiers of whom he was neither the King nor the -general, who were not thinking of him, who knew of neither his name nor -his existence. Of two such close spots as Ghent and Waterloo, never did -one appear so dim, the other so dazzling: the Legitimacy lay in the -store-house, like an old broken waggon.</p> - -<p>We knew that Bonaparte's troops were approaching; to cover us we had -only two little companies under the orders of the Duc de Berry, a -Prince whose blood could not avail us, for it was already demanded -elsewhere. One thousand horse, detached from the French army, would -have carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> us off in a few hours. The fortifications of Ghent were -demolished; the enceinte which remained would have been the more easily -carried in that the Belgian population was not in our favour. The scene -which I had witnessed at the Tuileries was repeated: His Majesty's -carriages were secretly got ready; the horses were ordered. We faithful -ministers would have splashed after by God's grace. Monsieur left for -Brussels, charged to watch the movements from near at hand.</p> - -<p>M. de Blacas had become anxious and melancholy; I, poor man, consoled -him. People in Vienna were not favourably disposed to him; M. de -Talleyrand laughed at him; the Royalists accused him of being the cause -of Napoleon's return. Thus, whatever happened, no further honoured -exile for him in England, no further possibility of first places in -France: I was his only support. I used to meet him pretty often in the -Horse-market, where he trotted about alone; harnessing myself to his -side, I fell in with "his sad thought." This man whom I have defended -at Ghent and in England, whom I defended in France after the Hundred -Days and even in the preface to the <i>Monarchie selon la Charte</i>, has -always been adverse to me: that would be nothing, if he had not been -an evil for the Monarchy. I do not repent my past simplicity; but I -am bound, in these Memoirs, to rectify the surprises sprung upon my -judgment and my good heart.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Excitement at Ghent.</div> - -<p>On the 18th of June 1815, I left Ghent at noon by the Brussels gate; -I was going to finish my walk alone on the high-road. I had taken -Cæsar's <i>Commentaries</i> with me, and I strolled slowly along, immersed -in my reading. I was more than a league from the town, when I thought -I heard a dull rumbling: I stopped, looked up at the sky, which was -fairly laden with clouds, taking counsel with myself whether I should -continue to walk on, or go back towards Ghent for fear of a storm. -I listened; I heard nothing more save the cry of a moor-hen in the -rushes and the sound of a village-clock. I pursued my way: I had not -taken thirty steps before the rumbling began again, now short, now -long and at irregular intervals; sometimes it was perceptible only -through a trembling of the air, which communicated itself to the ground -over those immense plains, so distant was it. Those detonations, less -extensive, less undulating, less connected than those of thunder, -gave rise in my mind to the idea of a battle. I found myself in front -of a poplar planted at the corner of a hop-field. I crossed the road -and leant erect against the trunk of the tree, my face<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> turned in the -direction of Brussels. A southerly wind springing up carried to me more -distinctly the sound of artillery. That great battle, nameless as yet, -of which I listened to the echoes at the foot of a poplar, and of which -a village clock had just rung out the unknown funerals, was the Battle -of Waterloo!</p> - -<p>A silent and solitary hearer of the formidable judgment of the -destinies, I should have been less moved if I had found myself in -the fray: the peril, the fire, the press of Death would have left me -no time for meditation; but, alone under a tree, in the fields of -Ghent, like the shepherd of the flocks which passed around me, I was -overwhelmed by the weight of my reflexions: what was that battle? -Was it decisive? Was Napoleon there in person? Were lots being cast -upon the world, as upon Christ's vesture? In the event of success or -reverse for one side or the other, what would be the consequence for -the nations: liberty or slavery? But what blood was flowing! Was not -each sound that reached my ear the last sigh of a Frenchman? Was it -a new Crécy, a new Poitiers, a new Agincourt, in which France's most -implacable enemies were about to revel? If they triumphed, was not -our glory lost? If Napoleon won the day, what became of our liberty? -Although a success on Napoleon's side opened up to me an eternal exile, -the mother-land at that moment gained the mastery in my heart; my -prayers were for the oppressor of France, if, while saving our honour, -he was to snatch us from foreign domination.</p> - -<p>Was Wellington triumphing? Then the Legitimacy would re-enter Paris -behind those red uniforms which had just renewed their die in the -blood of the French! Then the royalty would have as state-carriages -at its coronation the ambulance-waggons filled with our maimed -grenadiers! What manner of restoration would it be, accomplished under -such auspices?... That is but a very small portion of the ideas that -tormented me. Each gun-shot gave me a shock and doubled the beating -of my heart. At a few leagues from an immense catastrophe, I did not -see it, I could not touch the huge funeral monument growing minute by -minute at Waterloo, even as from the shore of Bulak, on the bank of the -Nile, I had vainly stretched out my hands towards the Pyramids.</p> - -<p>No traveller appeared; a few women in the fields, peacefully weeding -rows of vegetables, did not seem to hear the noise to which I was -listening. But see, a courier came riding up: I left the foot of my -tree and placed myself in the middle of the road; I stopped the courier -and questioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> him. He belonged to the Duc de Berry and came from -Alost:</p> - -<p>"Bonaparte entered Brussels yesterday (17 June), after a sanguinary -combat. The battle was to have recommenced to-day (18 June). They think -the Allies have suffered a decisive defeat, and the order is given to -retreat."</p> - -<p>The courier continued his road.</p> - -<p>I followed him, hastening my steps: I was passed by the carriage of -a merchant who was fleeing post with his family; he confirmed the -courier's story.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Confusion at Ghent.</div> - -<p>All was in confusion when I returned to Ghent: they were closing the -gates of the city; only the wickets remained half-open; ill-armed -civilians and a few soldiers in depot were keeping sentry. I went to -the King's.</p> - -<p>Monsieur had just arrived by a circuitous route: he had left Brussels -upon the false news that Bonaparte was about to enter it and that a -first lost battle left no hope of winning a second. They were saying -that, as the Prussians had not formed their lines, the English had been -crushed.</p> - -<p>At these bulletins, the stampede became general: the possessors of some -resources left; I, who am accustomed never to have anything, was always -ready and prepared. I wanted to let Madame de Chateaubriand move out -before me; she was a great Bonapartist, but did not like cannon-shots: -she refused to leave me.</p> - -<p>In the evening, council at His Majesty's: we heard Monsieur's reports -over again, as well as the <i>on dits</i> picked up at the military -commandant's or at the Baron d'Eckstein's<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a>. The waggon to contain -the Crown diamonds was put to: I had no need of a waggon to remove my -treasure. I put the black-silk handkerchief in which I wrap my head at -night into my flaccid minister-of-the-interior's portfolio, and placed -myself at the Sovereign's disposal, with that important document of the -affairs of the Legitimacy. I was richer in my first emigration, when -my knapsack did duty as my pillow and served as a swaddling-band for -<i>Atala</i>: but, in 1815, <i>Atala</i> was a big gawky little girl of thirteen -or fourteen, who was going<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> about alone in the world and who, to her -father's honour, had got herself too much talked about.</p> - -<p>On the 19th of June, at one o'clock in the morning, a letter from M. -Pozzo, brought to the King by express, reestablished the truth of the -facts. Bonaparte had never entered Brussels; he had decidedly lost -the Battle of Waterloo. Leaving Paris on the 12th of June, he joined -his army on the 14th. On the 15th, he forced the enemy's lines on -the Sambre. On the 16th, he beat the Prussians in those plains of -Fleurus<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> where victory seems to be always faithful to the French. -The villages of Ligny and Saint-Amand were carried. At Quatre-Bras, a -further success: the Duke of Brunswick<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> remained among the dead. -Blücher<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a>, in full retreat, fell back upon a reserve of thirty -thousand men under the orders of General Bülow<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>; the Duke of -Wellington, with the English and Dutch, set his back against Brussels.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 18th, before the first gun had been fired, the -Duke of Wellington declared that he would be able to hold out until -three o'clock; but that, at that time, if the Prussians did not come -into sight, he would necessarily be destroyed: driven back upon -Planchenois and Brussels, he was shut out from all retreat. He had been -surprised by Napoleon, his strategic position was detestable; he had -accepted it and had not chosen it.</p> - -<p>The French, at first, on the left wing of the enemy, took the -heights commanding the Château d'Hougoumont as far as the farms of -the Haye-Sainte and Papelotte; on the right wing, they attacked the -village of Mont Saint-Jean; the farm of the Haye-Sainte was carried -in the centre by Prince Jerome. But the Prussian reserves appeared in -the direction of Saint-Lambert at six o'clock in the evening: a new -and furious attack was delivered upon the village of the Haye-Sainte; -Blücher arrived with fresh troops and cut off the squares of the -Imperial Guard from the rest of our forces. Around this immortal -phalanx, the torrent of fugitives carried all with it among waves -of dust, fiery smoke and grape-shot, in darkness ploughed with -congreve-rockets, amid the roar of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> three hundred pieces of artillery -and the headlong gallop of five-and-twenty thousand horses: it was -as it were the summary of all the battles of the Empire. Twice the -French shouted, "Victory!" and twice their shouts were stifled under -the pressure of the enemy's columns. The fire from our lines died out; -the cartridges were exhausted; some wounded grenadiers, amid thirty -thousand slain and a hundred thousand blood-stained cannon-balls, -cooled and conglomerated at their feet, remained erect, leaning on -their muskets, with broken bayonets and empty barrels. Not far from -them, the man of battles listened, with a fixed stare, to the last -cannon-shot he was to hear in his life. In that field of carnage, -his brother Jerome was still fighting with his expiring battalions -overwhelmed by numbers; but his courage was unable to retrieve the -victory.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The battle of Waterloo.</div> - -<p>The number of killed on the side of the Allies was estimated at -eighteen thousand men, on the side of the French at twenty-five -thousand; twelve hundred British officers had perished; almost all -the Duke of Wellington's aides-de-camp were killed or wounded; there -was not a family in England but went into mourning. The Prince of -Orange<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> was hit by a bullet in the shoulder; the Baron de Vincent, -the Austrian Ambassador, was shot through the hand. The English were -beholden for the success to the Irish and to the Highland Brigade, whom -our cavalry charges were unable to break. General Grouchy's<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> corps, -not having advanced, was not present in the action. The two armies -crossed steel and fire with a valour and desperation inspired by a -national enmity of ten centuries. Lord Castlereagh, giving an account -of the battle in the House of Lords<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a>, said:</p> - -<p>"The British and French soldiers, after the action, washed their -blood-stained hands in the same stream, and from opposite banks -congratulated each other on their courage."</p> - -<p>Wellington had always been baleful to Bonaparte, or rather the rival -genius to France, the English genius, barred the road to victory. -To-day, the Prussians lay claim to the honour of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> decisive battle, -as against the English; but in war it is not the action accomplished -but the name that makes the triumpher: it was not Bonaparte who won the -real Battle of Jena<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a>.</p> - -<p>The blunders of the French were important: they made mistakes as to -friendly or hostile bodies; they occupied the position of Quatre-Bras -too late; Marshal Grouchy, whose instructions were to hold the -Prussians in check with his thirty-six thousand men, allowed them to -pass without seeing them: hence the reproaches which our generals cast -at one another. Bonaparte attacked in front, according to his custom, -instead of turning the English, and, with a master's presumption, -occupied himself in cutting off the retreat of an enemy who was not -beaten.</p> - -<p>Many falsehoods and some rather curious truths have been retailed -concerning this catastrophe. The phrase, "The Guard dies but does -not surrender," is an invention which no one dares now to defend. It -appears to be certain that, at the commencement of the action, Soult -made some strategic observations to the Emperor, and that Napoleon -replied, drily:</p> - -<p>"Because Wellington defeated you, you persist in thinking him a great -general."</p> - -<p>At the end of the fighting, M. de Turenne<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> urged Bonaparte to -retire, to avoid falling into the hands of the enemy: Bonaparte, -emerging from his thoughts as from a dream, at first flew into a -passion; then, suddenly, in the midst of his rage, he flung himself -upon his horse and fled.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On the 19th of June, a salute of a hundred guns at the Invalides -announced the successes of Ligny, Charleroi and Quatre-Bras; they -were celebrating victories that had died the day before at Waterloo. -The first messenger to bring to Paris the news of this defeat, one -of the greatest in history<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> in its results, was Napoleon himself. He -re-entered the barriers on the night of the 21st: as who should say -returning from his shades to inform his friends that he was no more. He -stayed at the Élysée-Bourbon; when he arrived from Elba, he had stayed -at the Tuileries: those refuges, instinctively chosen, revealed the -change in his destiny.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Flight of Napoleon.</div> - -<p>Fallen in a noble fight abroad, Napoleon had, in Paris, to endure the -assaults of the advocates who wished to exploit his misfortunes: he -regretted that he had not dissolved the Chamber before his departure -for the army; he often also repented that he had not had Fouché and -Talleyrand shot. But it is certain that Bonaparte, after Waterloo, -forbade himself any kind of violence, whether because he obeyed the -natural calm of his temperament, or because he was daunted by fate; he -no longer said, as before his first abdication:</p> - -<p>"They shall see what the death of a great man is."</p> - -<p>The time for that spirited language was past. Opposed as he was to -liberty, he thought of breaking up the Chamber of Representatives, -presided over by Lanjuinais, who from a citizen became a senator, from -a senator a peer, who since became a citizen again, and who from a -citizen was about again to become a peer. General La Fayette, deputy, -read from the tribune a motion declaring "the Chamber in permanent -session, any attempt to dissolve it a crime of high treason, whosoever -should be guilty of it a traitor to the country and to be tried as -such" (21 June 1815).</p> - -<p>The general's speech began with these words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Gentlemen, now when, for the first time since many years, -I raise a voice which the old friends of liberty will still -recognise, I feel called upon to speak to you of the danger -of the country. . . . . .</p> - -<p>. . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> - -<p>. . . . This is the time to rally round the Tricolour Flag, -the flag of '89, the flag of liberty, equality and public -order."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The anachronism of this speech caused a momentary illusion; people -thought they saw the Revolution, personified by La Fayette, rise from -the tomb and stand pale and wrinkled in the tribune. But those motions -of order, revived after Mirabeau, were now no more than worn-out -weapons taken from an old arsenal. If La Fayette nobly united the end -and the commencement of his life, it was not in his power to weld -together the two ends of the broken chain of time. Benjamin Constant -waited on the Emperor at the Élysée-Bourbon; he found him in his -garden. The crowd was filling the Avenue de Marigny and shouting, "Long -live the Emperor!" a touching cry coming from the popular heart: it was -addressed to the vanquished! Bonaparte said to Benjamin Constant:</p> - -<p>"What duty do these owe me? I found them and left them poor."</p> - -<p>This is perhaps the only speech that came from his heart, if, -nevertheless, the deputy's emotion did not deceive his hearing. -Bonaparte, foreseeing the event, anticipated the summons they were -preparing to serve on him. He abdicated so as not to be compelled to -abdicate.</p> - -<p>"My political life is ended," he said; "I declare my son Emperor of the -French, under the name of Napoleon II."</p> - -<p>A useless disposition, like that of Charles X. in favour of Henry V.: -one gives crowns only when one possesses them, and men upset the will -of adversity. Moreover, the Emperor was no more sincere on descending -the throne a second time than he had been in his first retirement; when -the French commissaries went to inform the Duke of Wellington that -Napoleon had abdicated, he replied:</p> - -<p>"I knew that a year ago."</p> - -<p>The Chamber of Representatives, after some debates in which Manuel<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> -addressed the House, accepted its Sovereign's new abdication, but -vaguely and without appointing a Regency.</p> - -<p>An Executive Commission was created<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>: the Duc d'Otrante<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> presided -over it; three ministers, a councillor of State and a general of the -Emperor's composed it, and stripped their master once more: these were -Fouché, Caulaincourt, Carnot, Quinette<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> and Grenier<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a>.</p> - -<p>During these transactions, Bonaparte was turning over his ideas in his -head:</p> - -<p>"I have no army left," he said; "I have nothing but fugitives. The -majority of the Chamber of Deputies are good; I have only La Fayette, -Lanjuinais and a few others against me. If the nation rises, the enemy -will be crushed; if, instead of rising, they quarrel, all will be lost. -The nation has not sent deputies to overthrow me, but to support me. -I am not afraid of them, whatever they may do; I shall always be the -idol of the people and the army: if I were to say a word, they would be -beaten to death. But if we quarrel, instead of acting in concert, we -shall meet with the fate of the Lower Empire."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">His second abdication.</div> - -<p>A deputation from the Chamber of Representatives having come to -congratulate him on his new abdication, he replied:</p> - -<p>"I thank you: I wish that my abdication may bring happiness to France; -but I am not hopeful."</p> - -<p>He repented soon after, when he heard that the Chamber of -Representatives had appointed a Commission of Government composed of -five members. He said to the ministers:</p> - -<p>"I have not abdicated in favour of a new Directory; I have abdicated -in favour of my son: if they do not proclaim him, my abdication is -null and void. It is not by appearing before the Allies with hang-dog -looks and bent knee that the Chambers will force them to recognise the -national independence."</p> - -<p>He complained that La Fayette, Sébastian<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>, Pontécoulant<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> -Benjamin Constant had conspired against him, that, besides, the -Chambers had not enough energy. He said that he alone could repair all, -but that the leaders would never consent, that they would rather be -swallowed up in the abyss than unite with him, Napoleon, to close it.</p> - -<p>On the 27th of June, at the Malmaison, he wrote this sublime letter:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"In abdicating the power, I did not renounce the citizen's -noblest right, the right of defending my country. In these -grave circumstances, I offer my services as a general, -regarding myself still as the first soldier of the -mother-land."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Duc de Bassano having represented to him that the Chambers would -not be for him:</p> - -<p>"Then I see," he said, "one must always give in. That infamous Fouché -is deceiving you: only Caulaincourt and Carnot are worth anything; but -what can they do, with a traitor, Fouché, and two simpletons, Quinette -and Grenier, and two Chambers which do not know what they want? You -all believe, like fools, in the fine promises of the foreigners; you -believe they will set the pot boiling, and that they will give you a -prince of their making, do you not? You are wrong<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>."</p> - -<p>Plenipotentiaries were sent to the Allies. On the 29th of June, -Napoleon demanded two frigates, stationed at Rochefort, to take him out -of France. Meanwhile he had retired to the Malmaison.</p> - -<p>The debates in the House of Peers were lively. Long an enemy of -Bonaparte, Carnot, who signed the order for the massacres of Avignon -without having time to read it, had found time during the Hundred -Days to immolate his republicanism to the title of count. On the 22nd -of June, he had read, in the Luxembourg, a letter from the Minister -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> War containing an exaggerated report on the military resources -of France. Ney, newly arrived, was unable to hear this report -unangered. Napoleon, in his bulletins, had spoken of the marshal with -ill-disguised dissatisfaction, and Gourgaud accused Ney of being the -chief cause of the loss of the Battle of Waterloo. Ney rose and said:</p> - -<p>"The report is untrue, untrue in every respect: Grouchy can have only -twenty to twenty-five thousand men under his orders, at the most. There -is not a single soldier of the Guard left to be rallied: I commanded -it; I saw it slaughtered bodily before leaving the battle-field. The -enemy is at Nivelle with eighty thousand men; he can be in Paris in -six days: you have no other means of saving the country than to open -negociations."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Debates in the peers.</div> - -<p>The Aide-de-camp Flahaut<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> endeavoured to support the report of the -Minister of War. Ney replied, with fresh vehemence:</p> - -<p>"I repeat, you have no other way of safety except negociation. You -must recall the Bourbons. As for myself, I shall retire to the United -States."</p> - -<p>At these words, Lavallette and Carnot overwhelmed the marshal with -reproaches; Ney replied, with disdain:</p> - -<p>"I am not one of those men to whom their own interest is everything. -What have I to gain by the return of Louis XVIII.? To be shot for the -crime of desertion. But I owe the truth to my country."</p> - -<p>In the sitting of the Peers of the 23rd, General Drouot, recalling this -scene, said:</p> - -<p>"I heard with regret what was said yesterday to disparage the glory -of our arms, to exaggerate our disasters and disparage our resources. -My astonishment was so much the greater because those speeches were -delivered by a distinguished general who, through his great valour and -his military attainments, has so often deserved the gratitude of the -nation."</p> - -<p>In the sitting of the 22nd, a second storm had burst out at the heel -of the first: the question was Bonaparte's abdication;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> Lucien was -insisting that his nephew should be recognized as Emperor. M. de -Pontécoulant interrupted the speaker, and asked by what right Lucien, a -foreigner and a Roman prince, permitted himself to give a sovereign to -France:</p> - -<p>"How," he added, "can we recognise a child living in a foreign country?"</p> - -<p>At this question, La Bédoyère<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>, speaking excitedly from his seat:</p> - -<p>"I have heard voices around the throne of the fortunate sovereign; they -withdraw from it to-day when he is unfortunate. There are people who -do not want to recognise Napoleon II., because they want to receive -the law from the foreigner, to whom they give the name of Allies.... -Napoleon's abdication is indivisible. If you refuse to recognise his -son, he must remain sword in hand, surrounded by Frenchmen who have -shed their blood for him and who are still all covered with wounds.... -He will be abandoned by base generals who have already betrayed him.... -But if you declare that every Frenchman who deserts his flag shall -be covered with infamy, his house razed to the ground, his family -outlawed, then there will be no more traitors, no more intrigues such -as have occasioned the late catastrophes, some of whose authors are -perhaps sitting among us."</p> - -<p>The House rose in an uproar:</p> - -<p>"Order! Order! Order!" they bellowed, feeling the thrust.</p> - -<p>"Young man, you forget yourself!" cried Masséna<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>.</p> - -<p>"Do you think you are still in the guard-room?" asked Lameth.</p> - -<p>All the portents of the Second Restoration were threatening: Bonaparte -had returned at the head of four hundred Frenchmen, Louis XVIII. was -returning behind four hundred thousand foreigners; he passed near the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> -bloody pool of Waterloo to go to Saint-Denis as though to his funeral.</p> - -<p>It was while the Legitimacy was thus advancing that the interpellations -of the House of Peers resounded; they contained something, I know not -what, of those terrible revolutionary scenes of the great days of our -troubles, when the dagger was passed round on the bench from hand to -hand among the victims. A few soldiers whose baleful fascination had -brought about the ruin of France, by producing the second foreign -invasion, struggled on the threshold of the palace; their prophetic -despair, their gestures, their words from the tomb, seemed to announce -a treble death: death to themselves, death to the man whom they had -blessed, death to the man whom they had proscribed.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While Bonaparte was retiring to the Malmaison with the finished Empire, -we were leaving Ghent with the recommencing Monarchy. Pozzo, who -knew how little question of the Legitimacy there was in high places, -hastened to write to Louis XVIII. to set out and arrive in good time, -if he wished to reign before the place was taken: it was to that note -that Louis XVIII. owed his crown in 1815.</p> - -<p>At Mons, I missed the first occasion of fortune in my political career; -I was my own obstacle, and I found myself incessantly in my way. This -time my "good qualities" played me the ill turn which my faults might -have done me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand again.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand, in all the pride of a negociation which had enriched -him, claimed that he had rendered the greatest services to the -Legitimacy, and was returning as the master. Astonished that they -had not already followed, for the return to Paris, the road which he -had traced out, he was much more dissatisfied to find M. de Blacas -still with the King. He looked upon M. de Blacas as the scourge of -the Monarchy; but this was not the real motive of his aversion: he -beheld in M. de Blacas the favourite, and consequently the rival; he -also feared Monsieur, and had flown into a passion when, a fortnight -earlier, Monsieur had made him an offer of his hotel on the Lys. To -ask for M. de Blacas' removal was most natural; to demand it was too -reminiscent of Bonaparte.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand drove into Mons at six o'clock in the evening, -accompanied by the Abbé Louis: M. de Ricé, M. de Jaucourt and a few -other boon companions flew to him. Full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> of an ill-humour such as he -had never yet displayed, the ill-humour of a king who believes his -authority to have been slighted, he refused at first to go to Louis -XVIII., replying to those who urged him to do so with his ostentatious -phrase:</p> - -<p>"I am never in a hurry; it will be time enough tomorrow."</p> - -<p>I went to see him; he tried upon me all those wheedling tricks -with which he used to seduce small ambitious men and important -nincompoops. He took me by the arm, leant upon me while he spoke to -me: familiarities denoting high favour and calculated to turn my head, -although with me they were quite lost; I did not even understand. I -invited him to come to the King's, where I was going.</p> - -<p>Louis XVIII. was in one of his great sorrows: it was a question of -parting with M. de Blacas; the latter could not return to France; -opinion had risen against him. Although I had had reason to complain -of the favourite in Paris, I had displayed no resentment towards him -at Ghent. The King had been pleased with my conduct; in his emotion he -treated me marvellously well. M. de Talleyrand's remarks had already -been repeated to him:</p> - -<p>"He boasts," he said to me, "of having a second time put back the crown -on my head, and he threatens to go back again to Germany: what do you -think of that, Monsieur de Chateaubriand?"</p> - -<p>I replied:</p> - -<p>"Your Majesty must have been misinformed; M. de Talleyrand is only -tired. If the King consents, I will return to see the minister."</p> - -<p>The King appeared gratified; what he liked least was worries; he longed -for his repose, even at the expense of his affections.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand, in the midst of his flatterers, was more arrogant -than ever. I represented to him that, at so critical a moment, he could -not dream of going away. Pozzo preached at him in the same sense: -although he had not the slightest inclination for him, he liked, at -that moment, to see him at the head of affairs, as an old acquaintance; -besides, he believed him to be in favour with the Tsar. I made no -headway on M. de Talleyrand's mind, the prince's familiars fought -against me; even M. Mounier thought that M. de Talleyrand ought to -retire. The Abbé Louis, who snapped at everybody, said to me, shaking -his jaw three times:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> "If I were the prince, I should not remain a -quarter of an hour at Mons."</p> - -<p>I answered:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur l'abbé, you and I can go where we please, no one will notice -us; it is different with M. de Talleyrand."</p> - -<p>I insisted again and said to the prince:</p> - -<p>"Do you know that the King is continuing his journey?"</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand appeared surprised, and then said to me, loftily, as -did the Balafré to those who wished to put him on his guard against the -designs of Henry III.:</p> - -<p>"He will not dare!"</p> - -<p>I returned to the King's, where I found M. de Blacas. I told His -Majesty, to excuse his minister, that he was ill, but that he would -most certainly have the honour of paying his court to the King the next -day.</p> - -<p>"As he pleases," replied Louis XVIII.: "I leave at three o'clock;" and -then he added these words, in an affectionate tone: "I am going to part -with M. de Blacas; the place will be vacant, Monsieur de Chateaubriand."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The great man snubbed.</div> - -<p>It was the Royal Household laid at my feet A wary politician would -have ceased to trouble his head about M. de Talleyrand and would have -had the horses put to his carriage to follow or precede the King: I -remained stupidly at my inn.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand, unable to persuade himself that the King would go, -had gone to bed: at three o'clock they woke him to tell him that the -King was starting; he could not believe his ears:</p> - -<p>"Tricked! Betrayed!" he cried.</p> - -<p>They got him out of bed, and there he was, for the first time in his -life, in the street at three o'clock in the morning, leaning on M. de -Ricé's arm. He reached the King's house; the two leaders of the team -had already half their bodies through the gate-way. The people motioned -to the postillion to pull up; the King asked what was the matter; they -cried:</p> - -<p>"Sire, it is M. de Talleyrand."</p> - -<p>"He's asleep," said Louis XVIII.</p> - -<p>"He is here, Sire."</p> - -<p>"Come on!" replied the King.</p> - -<p>The horses moved backward with the carriage; the door was opened, the -King got down and dragged himself back to his apartment, followed -by the limping minister. There M. de Talleyrand began an angry -explanation. His Majesty listened to him, and answered:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Prince de Bénévent, so you're leaving us? The waters will do you good: -you must send us your news."</p> - -<p>The King left the prince open-mouthed, had himself taken back to his -berlin, and drove away.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand was foaming with rage; Louis XVIII.'s composure had -staggered him: he, M. de Talleyrand, who prided himself so greatly on -his composure, to be beaten on his own ground, given the slip, on a -square at Mons, like the most insignificant of men: he could not get -over it! He remained dumb, watched the coach moving off, and then, -seizing the Duc de Lévis by a button of his spencer:</p> - -<p>"Go, monsieur le duc, go and say how I am treated! I have put back -the crown on the King's head"—he was always harking back to that -crown—"and I am going back to Germany to begin the new Emigration."</p> - -<p>M. de Lévis, listening absent-mindedly, lifting himself on his toes, -said:</p> - -<p>"Prince, I am going; the King must have at least one great lord with -him."</p> - -<p>M. de Lévis flung himself into a hired cariole which was conveying the -Chancellor of France: the two grandees of the Capetian Monarchy were -going, side by side, to catch it up, sharing expenses, in a Merovingian -<i>benna.</i></p> - -<p>I had asked M. de Duras to endeavour to effect a reconciliation, and to -send me the first news of it:</p> - -<p>"What!" said M. de Duras. "You are remaining behind, after what the -King said to you?"</p> - -<p>M. de Blacas, when leaving Mons in his turn, thanked me for the -interest I had shown him.</p> - -<p>I went back and found M. de Talleyrand embarrassed; he was now -regretting that he had not followed my advice and that, like a -wrong-headed subaltern, he had refused to go to the King in the -evening; he feared that arrangements would be made without him, that he -would not be able to participate in the political power and to profit -by the financial jobbing which was preparing. I told him that, although -I differed from his opinion, I remained none the less attached to him, -as an ambassador to his minister; that, besides, I had friends with the -King, and that I hoped soon to hear something good. M. de Talleyrand -was all tenderness; he leant upon my shoulder: certainly, at that -moment, he thought me a very great man.</p> - -<p>It was not long before I received a note from M. de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Duras; he wrote to -me from Cambrai that the affair was arranged and that M. de Talleyrand -would receive orders to start: this time the prince did not fail to -obey.</p> - -<p>What devil was prompting me? I had not followed the King, who had, so -to speak, offered or rather given me the ministry of his Household and -who was offended at my obstinacy in remaining at Mons: I was breaking -my neck on behalf of M. de Talleyrand whom I hardly knew, whom I did -not esteem, whom I did not admire; for M. de Talleyrand who was about -to enter into combinations quite different from mine, who lived in an -atmosphere of corruption in which I could not breathe!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I neglect fortune.</div> - -<p>It was from Mons itself, amid all his worries, that the Prince de -Bénévent sent M. de Perray to Naples to receive the millions of one of -his Viennese bargains. M. de Blacas was at the same time travelling -with the Naples Embassy in his pocket, and some other millions which -the generous exile of Ghent had given him at Mons. I had kept on good -terms with M. de Blacas, precisely because everybody detested him; I -had incurred M. de Talleyrand's friendship for my fidelity to a whim of -his mood; Louis XVIII. had positively called me about his person, and I -preferred the baseness of a faithless man to the King's favour: it was -only too just that I should receive the reward of my stupidity, that I -should be abandoned by all for having tried to serve all. I returned -to France without the wherewithal to pay my journey, while treasures -poured down upon those in disgrace: I deserved that correction. It is -very well to fence one's way as a poor knight when the whole world is -cased in gold; but still one must not make enormous mistakes: had I -remained with the King, the combination of the Talleyrand and Fouché -Ministry would have become almost impossible; had the Restoration -commenced with a moral and honourable ministry, all the combinations of -the future might have been different. My carelessness of my own person -deceived me as to the importance of facts: the majority of men have -the fault of reckoning themselves too high; I have the fault of not -reckoning myself high enough: I wrapped myself in my habitual disdain -of my fortune; I ought to have seen that the fortune of France was at -that moment linked with that of my small destinies: such entanglements -are very common in history.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Leaving Mons at last, I arrived at Cateau-Cambrésis; M. de Talleyrand -joined me there: we seemed as though we had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> come to remake the treaty -of peace of 1559 between Henry II. of France<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> and Philip II. of -Spain<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a>.</p> - -<p>At Cambrai it appeared that the Marquis de La Suze, a quarter-master of -the time of Fénelon, had disposed of the billets of Madame de Lévis, -Madame de Chateaubriand and myself. We remained in the street, in the -midst of the bon-fires, of the crowd circulating around us, and of the -inhabitants crying, "Long live the King!" A student, hearing that I was -there, took us to his mother's house.</p> - -<p>The friends of the different monarchies of France were beginning to -make their appearance; they were not coming to Cambrai for the league -against Venice<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>, but to combine against the new Constitutions; they -were hastening to lay at the King's feet their successive loyalties and -their hatred of the Charter: a passport which they considered necessary -with Monsieur; I and two or three reasonable Gileses already smelt of -Jacobinism.</p> - -<p>On the 28th of June, appeared the Declaration of Cambrai. In it the -King said:</p> - -<p>"I wish to remove from my person only those men whose reputation is a -subject of grief to France and of dismay to Europe."</p> - -<p>Now behold, the name of Fouché was pronounced with gratitude by the -Pavillon Marsan! The King laughed at his brother's new passion, and -said:</p> - -<p>"He has not received it by divine inspiration."</p> - -<p>I have already told you that, when passing through Cambrai after the -Hundred Days, I vainly sought my lodging of the time of the Navarre -Regiment and the coffee-house which I frequented with La Martinière: -all had vanished with my youth.</p> - -<p>From Cambrai, we went to sleep at Roye: the mistress of the inn took -Madame de Chateaubriand for Madame la Dauphine; she was carried in -triumph to a large room in which stood a table laid for thirty persons: -the room, lighted by wax-candles, tallow-candles and a great fire, was -stifling. The hostess did not wish to receive payment, and said:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I look askance at myself for not having got myself guillotined for our -kings."</p> - -<p>Last spark of a fire which had animated the French for so many -centuries.</p> - -<p>General Lamothe, brother-in-law to M. Laborie, came, despatched by the -authorities of the capital, to tell us that it would be impossible -for us to appear in Paris without the tricolour cockade. M. de La -Fayette and other commissaries, very ill received, for the rest, by the -Allies, went fawning from one staff-office to the other, begging from -the foreigners for a master of some sort for France: any king, at the -Cossack's own option, would do excellently, provided that he did not -descend from St. Louis and Louis XIV.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The journey to Paris.</div> - -<p>At Roye we held a council: M. de Talleyrand had a pair of hacks put to -his carriage and went to the King's. His equipage took up the width -of the square, from the minister's inn to the Kings door. He stepped -out of his car with a memorandum, which he read to us: he considered -the course we should have to follow on our arrival; he ventured a few -words on the necessity of admitting all, without distinction, to the -distribution of places; he hinted that we might extend our generosity -as far as the judges of Louis XVI. His Majesty coloured and, striking -the two arms of his chair, with both hands, cried:</p> - -<p>"Never!"</p> - -<p>A "never" of twenty-four hours!</p> - -<p>At Senlis we called at a canon's: his servant-maid received us like -dogs; as to the canon, who was not St. Regulus<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>, the patron saint -of the town, he would not so much as look at us. His maid had orders -to show us no other service than to buy us something to eat, for our -own money: the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> availed me nothing. Yet Senlis -ought to have been of good omen to us, since it was in that town that -Henry IV. escaped from the hands of his gaolers in 1576:</p> - -<p>"I have no regret," exclaimed the King who was Montaigne's -fellow-countryman, as he made his escape, "save for two things which I -have left in Paris: the Mass and my wife."</p> - -<p>From Senlis we went to the birth-place of Philip Augustus, otherwise -Gonesse. On approaching the village we saw two persons coming -towards us: it was Marshal Macdonald and my faithful friend Hyde de -Neuville<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>. They stopped our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> carriage and asked us where M. de -Talleyrand was; they made no difficulties about telling me that they -were looking for him in order to inform the King that His Majesty -must not think of passing the gates before he had taken Fouché as his -minister. Anxiety came over me, for, in spite of the manner in which -Louis XVIII. had pronounced himself at Roye, I did not feel greatly -reassured. I questioned the marshal:</p> - -<p>"What, monsieur le maréchal!" I asked. "Is it certain that we cannot -return except on such harsh conditions?"</p> - -<p>"Faith, monsieur le vicomte," replied the marshal, "I am not quite -convinced of it."</p> - -<p>The King stopped two hours at Gonesse. I left Madame de Chateaubriand -in her carriage in the middle of the highroad, and went to the council -at the mayor's offices. There a measure was brought under deliberation -upon which depended the future fate of the monarchy. The discussion -began: I, alone with M. Beugnot, maintained that in no case ought Louis -XVIII. to admit M. Fouché to his counsels. The King listened: I saw -that he would have liked to keep his word given at Roye; but he was -absorbed by Monsieur and driven by the Duke of Wellington.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Fouché.</div> - -<p>In a chapter of the <i>Monarchie selon la Charte</i>, I have recapitulated -the reasons upon which I laid stress at Gonesse. I was excited; the -spoken word has a strength which becomes weaker in the written word:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Wherever an open tribune exists," I said, in this chapter, -"no one liable to be exposed to reproaches of a certain -kind can be placed at the head of the government There are -certain speeches, certain phrases, which would oblige such a -minister to resign on leaving the Chamber. This impossibility -resulting from the free principle of representative -government was not felt at a time when all illusions united -to place a famous man in office, notwithstanding the too -well-founded repugnance of the Crown. The rise of that man -was bound to produce one of these two things: either the -abolition of the Charter or the fall of the ministry at the -opening of the session. Can one picture the minister to -whom I refer listening in the Chamber of Deputies to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> -discussion concerning the 21st of January, liable every -moment to be apostrophized by some deputy from Lyons, and -always threatened with the terrible <i>Tu es ille vir!</i> Men -of that kind cannot be employed ostensibly, except with -the mutes of the seraglio of Bajazet or the mutes of the -Legislative Body of Bonaparte. What will become of the -minister if a deputy, ascending the tribune with a <i>Moniteur</i> -in his hand, reads the report of the Convention of the 9th -of August 1795; if he demands the expulsion of Fouché, -as unworthy by virtue of that report which 'ejected him, -Fouché'—I am quoting literally—'as a thief and a terrorist, -whose atrocious and criminal conduct conferred dishonour and -opprobrium upon any assembly whatever of which he became a -member<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>?'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Those are the things which have been forgotten!</p> - -<p>After all, supposing they had had the misfortune to think that a man -of that kind could ever be useful: they ought to have kept him behind -the scenes, consulted his deplorable experience; but to do violence to -the Crown and to public opinion, in a barefaced manner to summon such a -minister as that to affairs, a man whom Bonaparte, at that very moment, -treated as infamous: was that not to declare that they disclaimed -liberty and virtue? Is a crown worth so great a sacrifice? It left them -powerless to remove anybody: whom could they exclude, after accepting -Fouché?</p> - -<p>Parties acted without thinking of the form of government which they had -adopted; every one spoke of the Constitution, of liberty, of equality, -of the right of peoples, and no one wanted them; fashionable verbiage: -one asked, without thinking, for news of the Charter, hoping all the -time that it would soon die the death. Liberals and Royalists leant -towards absolute government, modified by our habits: such is the temper -and trend of France. Material interests prevailed: they did not want, -they said, to disown what had been done during the Revolution; each was -burdened with his own life and claimed the right to load his neighbour -with it: evil, they asserted, had become an element in public life -which must thenceforth combine with the governments and enter as a -vital principle into society.</p> - -<p>My crotchet, relative to a Charter set in motion by religious and -moral action, was the cause of the ill-will which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> certain parties -have borne me: for the Royalists, I was too much attached to liberty; -for the Revolutionaries, I had too great a scorn for crimes. Had I not -been there, to my great detriment, to make myself the school-master of -constitutionalism, the Ultras and the Jacobins would from the earliest -days have put the Charter into the pocket of their fleury dress-coats -or their carmagnoles <i>à la Cassius.</i></p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand had no liking for M. Fouché; M. Fouché detested and, -strangest of all, despised M. de Talleyrand: it was difficult to -achieve that success. M. de Talleyrand, who at first would have been -pleased not to be coupled to M. Fouché, feeling that the latter was -inevitable, consented to the proposal; he did not perceive that, with -the Charter (especially when he was united with the man of the Lyons -grape-shot), he was hardly more possible than Fouché.</p> - -<p>Promptly what I had declared was verified: they obtained no profit -from the admission of the Duc d'Otrante, they obtained nothing but -opprobrium; the approaching shadow of the Chambers was enough to cause -the disappearance of ministers too much exposed to the plain-speaking -of the tribune.</p> - -<p>My opposition was of no avail: according to the custom of weak -characters, the King closed the sitting without deciding anything; the -Order in Council was to be settled at the Château d'Arnouville.</p> - -<p>No council, strictly speaking, was held at this last residence: only -the intimates and those associated with the secret were assembled. M. -de Talleyrand, having distanced us, entered into intelligence with his -friends. The Duke of Wellington arrived: I saw him drive past in a -calash; the plumes of his hat waved in the air; he had come to confer -with M. Fouché and M. de Talleyrand upon France, as a twofold present -which the Battle of Waterloo was making to our country. When it was -represented to him that the regicide of M. le Duc d'Otrante was perhaps -a drawback, he replied:</p> - -<p>"That's a trifle!"</p> - -<p>An Irish Protestant, an English general unacquainted with our manners -and our history, a mind seeing in the French year 1793 only the -English precedent of the year 1649 was charged to shape our destinies! -Bonaparte's ambition had reduced us to this state of wretchedness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> - -<p>I rambled by myself in the gardens which the Comptroller-general -Machault<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> left, at the age of ninety-three years, to go and die -at the Madelonnettes; for Death, in his great review, passed none -over then. I was no longer sent for; the familiarities of a common -misfortune had ceased between the Sovereign and the subject: the King -was getting ready to return to his palace, I to my retreat. The vacuum -forms anew round monarchs so soon as they recover their power. I have -rarely passed, without making serious reflexions, through the silent -and uninhabited rooms of the Tuileries which led me to the King's -closet: for me, deserts of another kind, infinite solitudes in which -the very worlds vanished before God, the only real Being.</p> - -<p>Bread was scarce at Arnouville; but for an officer named Dubourg<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a>, -who was hurrying away from Ghent like ourselves, we should have fasted. -M. Dubourg went marauding; he brought us back half a sheep to the house -of the mayor, who had run away. If the servant of the mayor, a Heroine -of Beauvais left alone, had had any arms, she would have received us -like Jeanne Hachette<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Saint-Denis.</div> - -<p>We proceeded to Saint-Denis: along both sides of the road-way stretched -the bivouacs of the Prussians and English; in the distance, the eye -met the spires of the abbey:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> into its foundations Dagobert<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> threw -his jewels, in its vaults the successive dynasties buried their kings -and their great men; four months since, we had laid the bones of Louis -XVI. there to replace the other dust. When I returned from my first -exile in 1800, I had crossed this same plain of Saint-Denis: then only -Napoleon's soldiers were encamped there; Frenchmen still took the place -of the old bands of the Constable de Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>.</p> - -<p>A baker harboured us. In the evening, at nine o'clock, I went to pay -my court to the King. His Majesty was lodged in the abbey buildings: -they had all the difficulty in the world to prevent the little girls of -the Legion of Honour<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> from crying, "Long live Napoleon!" I first -entered the church: a piece of wall adjoining the cloister had fallen; -the old abbey church was lit only by a lamp. I said my prayer at the -entrance to the vault where I had seen Louis XVI. lowered: full of -dread as to the future, I do not know that I ever felt my heart drowned -in a more profound and more religious melancholy. Next I went to His -Majesty's: shown into one of the rooms which preceded the King's, I -found no one there; I sat down in a corner and waited. Suddenly, a -door opened: silently vice entered leaning on the arm of crime, M. de -Talleyrand walking supported by M. Fouché; the infernal vision passed -slowly before me, penetrated into the King's closet, and vanished. -Fouché was coming to swear fealty and homage to his lord; the trusty -regicide on his knees laid the hands which caused the head to fall of -Louis XVI. between the hands of the brother of the Royal Martyr; the -apostate bishop was surety for the oath.</p> - -<p>On the next day, the Faubourg Saint-Germain arrived; everything -concerned itself with the nomination, already obtained, of Fouché: -religion as well as impiety, virtue as well as vice, the Royalist as -well as the Revolutionary, the foreigner as well as the Frenchman; on -every hand the cry was heard:</p> - -<p>"No safety for the King without Fouché; no salvation for France without -Fouché: he alone has saved the country, he alone can complete his -work."</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat03004"></a> -<img src="images/chat03_004.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fouché, Duc D'Otrante.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> - -<p>The old Duchesse de Duras was one of the noble dames who joined most -eagerly in the pæan; the Bailli de Crussol<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a>, a survivor of Malta, -chimed in: he declared that, if his head was still on his shoulders, -it was because M. Fouché had permitted it. The timorous ones had stood -in such terror of Bonaparte that they had taken the butcher of Lyons -for a Titus<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a>. During more than three months, the drawing-rooms of -the Faubourg Saint-Germain looked upon me as a miscreant, because I -disapproved of the nomination of their ministers. Poor people, they -had prostrated themselves at the feet of the "upstarts;" they none -the less made a great noise about their nobility, their hatred of the -Revolutionaries, their unshaken fidelity, the inflexibility of their -principles: and they adored Fouché.</p> - -<p>Fouché had seen the incompatibility of his ministerial existence with -the game of the Representative Monarchy: as he could not amalgamate -with the elements of a legal government, he endeavoured to make the -political elements homogeneous to his own nature. He had created a -factitious terror: inventing imaginary dangers, he made pretensions to -oblige the Crown to recognise Bonaparte's two Chambers and to receive -the Declaration of Rights which had been hurriedly completed; a few -words even were murmured as to the necessity of exiling Monsieur and -his sons: to isolate the King would have been the masterpiece.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">State of Paris.</div> - -<p>People continued to be gulled: in vain the National Guard climbed over -the walls of Paris and came to protest its devotion; it was asserted -that this guard was ill-disposed. The faction had had the gates closed -in order to prevent the population, which had remained Royalist -during the Hundred Days, from hurrying up, and it was said that this -population was threatening to butcher Louis XVIII. on his way. The -blindness was marvellous, for the French Army was falling back upon -the Loire, one hundred and fifty thousand allies occupied the outposts -of the capital, and they continued to pretend that the King was not -strong enough to penetrate into a city where not a soldier remained, -where none was left but civilians, quite capable of restraining a -handful of federates, if these had taken it into their heads to stir. -Unfortunately, the King, through a series of fatal coincidences,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> -seemed to be the leader of the English and Prussians; he thought -himself surrounded with liberators, and he was accompanied by enemies; -he appeared environed by an escort of honour, and this escort was in -reality only the gendarmes taking him out of his kingdom: he was merely -crossing Paris in the company of the foreigners whose memory would one -day serve as a pretext for the banishment of his House.</p> - -<p>The Provisional Government formed after the abdication of Bonaparte -was dissolved by means of a kind of indictment of the Crown: a -stepping-stone upon which it was hoped one day to build a new -revolution.</p> - -<p>At the First Restoration, I was of opinion that the tricolour cockade -should be kept: it was resplendent in all its glory; the white cockade -was forgotten; by retaining colours warranted by so many triumphs, men -were not preparing a rallying-token for a coming revolution. Not to -adopt the white cockade would have been wise; to abandon it after it -had been worn by Bonaparte's own Grenadiers was an act of cowardice: -one cannot pass with impunity under the Caudine Forks; that which -dishonours is fatal: a slap in the face does you no harm physically, -and yet it kills you.</p> - -<p>Before leaving Saint-Denis, I was received by the King and had the -following conversation with him:</p> - -<p>"Well?" said Louis XVIII., opening the dialogue with this exclamation.</p> - -<p>"Well, Sire, you are taking the Duc d'Otrante?"</p> - -<p>"I needs had to: from my brother down to the Bailli de Crussol (and the -latter is not suspect), every one said that we could not do otherwise. -What do you think?"</p> - -<p>"Sire, the thing is done: I beg your Majesty's permission to say -nothing."</p> - -<p>"No, no, speak: you know how I resisted since Ghent."</p> - -<p>"Sire, I only obey your orders; pardon my loyalty: I think the Monarchy -is finished."</p> - -<p>The King kept silence; I was beginning to tremble at my boldness, when -His Majesty resumed:</p> - -<p>"Well, Monsieur de Chateaubriand, I am of your opinion."</p> - -<p>This conversation concludes my story of the Hundred Days.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> Darius III., the last King of Persia (<i>d.</i> 331 B.C.), -defeated by Alexander at Arbela and assassinated by Bessus Satrap of -Bactriana in his flight.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842), -the Swiss Calvinist historian and economist, author of, among many -other voluminous works, the <i>Histoire des Français</i>, in 29 volumes, an -erudite but prejudiced compilation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Lucien Bonaparte.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Philippe Antoine Comte Merlin (1754-1838), known as -Merlin de Douay, to distinguish him from Merlin de Thionville, a -jurisconsult of the highest eminence and the lowest principles. He -had sat in the Constituent Assembly and the Convention, held office -under the Directory and the Empire, gave in his adhesion to the First -Restoration, accepted office again from Napoleon in 1814, and was -exiled in 1815 as a regicide who had held functions during the Hundred -Days. He retired to Brussels, returning to France after the Usurpation -of 1830.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Louis XI. King of France (1423-1479) was held as a -prisoner at Péronne by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in 1468, and -compelled to sign the treaty known by the name of that town.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> The "Additional Act" was published in the <i>Moniteur</i> of -23 April 1815.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> Murat had placed himself at the Emperor's disposal on -landing at Cannes. Napoleon, dreading the contagion of ill-fortune, did -not reply to the dethroned King, and had him forbidden the access to -Paris by Fouché.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> the proclamation by Marshal Soult, -<i>supra.—Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> An allusion to Marshal Soult.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> Marshal Moncey carried the constable's sword at the -coronation of Charles X.; Marshals Soult, Mortier and Jourdan the -sceptre, the hand of justice and the crown respectively.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Louis-Philippe.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise Duchesse de Berry -(1798-1870), daughter of Ferdinand I. King of Naples, and married to -the Duc de Berry in 1816. She followed Charles X. into exile after the -Revolution of 1830, and in 1832 made a descent, first upon Marseilles -and secondly upon the Vendée, where she tried in vain to effect a -general rising. She sought refuge at Nantes, where she lay hidden -for five months, until sold to the police of M. Thiers by a Jewish -convert called Deutz, and imprisoned at Blaze. Here, in 1833, she gave -birth to a child, the offspring of her secret marriage with the Comte -Lucchesi-Palli. She was shortly afterwards released, and spent the -remainder of her days in retirement.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> The term applied to the vast plain near -Châlons-sur-Marne where Attila's immense army was destroyed, in 451, by -the combined forces of the Franks, Burgundians and Goths.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> The Baron de Vincent, Austrian Ambassador to the Court -of France.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Ferdinand Baron d'Eckstein (1790-1861) was a native of -Denmark, of Jewish parentage. He became a Catholic in 1806, fought as -a volunteer in the French ranks in 1813, and on the fall of the Empire -entered the Dutch service and was appointed Governor of Ghent, where he -gained the favour of Louis XVIII. He followed the King to France, and -was made a baron and given various offices in succession. He spent the -last thirty years of his life writing in favour of religion in his own -paper, the <i>Catholique</i>, and others.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> On the 1st of July 1690, the Duc de Luxembourg defeated -the Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus; on the 26th of June 1794, General -Jourdan defeated the Imperials under Coburg; and, on the 16th of June -1815, Napoleon routed Blücher. This last battle is more generally known -as that of Ligny.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1771-1815), -son of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg mortally wounded at Auerstädt in -1806.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Field-Marshal Gebhardt Leberecht von Blücher, Count and -Prince Blücher von Wahlstadt (1742-1819).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Friedrich Wilhelm von Billow, Count von Dennewitz -(1765-1816).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> William I. King of the Netherlands (1772-1843), then -Prince of Orange and Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, commanding an -army-corps at Waterloo. His son, William Prince of Orange (1792-1848), -later King William II. of the Netherlands, was also present at the -battle and also wounded.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis de Grouchy (1766-1847) -received his marshal's baton during the Hundred Days. The Restoration -refused to recognise the general's new dignity, which was not -confirmed to him until 1831. The Marquis de Grouchy was made a peer by -Louis-Philippe in 1832.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Lord Castlereagh was leader of the House of Commons. He -moved the vote of thanks to the Duke of Wellington, giving an account -of the Battle of Waterloo, on the 23rd of June 1815.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Of the two battles that took place on the 14th of -October 1806, the more important was that of Auerstädt, where Marshal -Davout had on his hands the greater part of the Prussian Army, -commanded by the King of Prussia in person and the Duke of Brunswick; -at Jena, Napoleon, with superior forces, had to do with the weaker -portion of the enemy's army. Davout had 60,000 men in front of him and -Napoleon only 40,000. The Emperor, in his 5th Bulletin, completely -inverted the state of things. While reducing the numbers of the army -which Davout had to fight against from sixty to forty thousand, he -raised those to which he himself was opposed from forty to eighty -thousand, making of the Battle of Auerstädt only a very secondary -episode in the Battle of Jena, whereas it was really a capital and -decisive event. It was thus that the admirable victory of Auerstädt -came to be effaced and eclipsed by that of Jena.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Henri Amédée Mercure Comte de Turenne (1776-1852) was -an officer in the King's Regiment, when the Revolution broke out. He -refused to emigrate and wished to continue his military service, but -was imprisoned as a suspect under the Terror and not released until the -9 Thermidor, when he served in the Army of the Western Pyrenees. The -decree of 1794 against the nobles obliged him to leave the army; he -remained in private life until the proclamation of the Empire, when he -was one of the first to rally to the new power. He held various offices -in Napoleon's Civil and Military Households, and was created a count of -the Empire in 1813. Turenne was present at Napoleon's leave-taking at -Fontainebleau, but failed to obtain leave to accompany the Emperor to -Elba. Louis XVIII. made him a knight of St. Louis and a sub-lieutenant -in the Grey Musketeers. Under the Hundred Days, he resumed his service -with Napoleon, who made him a peer, and fought at Ligny and Waterloo, -where he made desperate efforts against the English Guards. The Second -Restoration deprived him of his titles and functions, but received -him into favour in 1829. Turenne, however, sided with the Monarchy of -July, and was again created a peer of France by Louis-Philippe. He -was smitten with blindness a few years later, and ended his days in -retirement—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Jacques Antoine Manuel (1775-1827), a noted orator and -advocate. He opposed the monarchy throughout the Restoration, and in -1823 was expelled by force from the Chamber of Deputies. Manuel was not -re-elected. He remained a popular hero, and his body was followed to -the grave by over 100,000 persons.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> 22 June 1815.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Nicolas Marie Baron Quinette (1762-1821) had been a -member of the Convention voting for the death of the King, and Minister -of the Interior to Napoleon (1799), who made him a baron of the Empire. -In 1814, he adhered to the Restoration, and was created a peer of -France, but returned to the Emperor during the Hundred Days, and at the -Second Restoration was banished as a relapsed regicide.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> General Paul Comte Grenier (1768-1827) served with -distinction in the wars of the Revolution and the Empire. He -was vice-president of the Chamber in 1815 and, under the Second -Restoration, sat as a deputy from 1813 to 1822.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> General Horace François Bastien Comte Sébastiani de La -Porta (1775-1851), one of Napoleon's most intrepid cavalry generals. -He accepted the Restoration in 1814, but returned to Napoleon during -the Hundred Days, and was left without employment under the Second -Restoration. He sat as a Corsican deputy from 1816 to 1824 and 1826 to -1830, sitting in the Extreme Left and maintaining an active opposition -to the Government Under Louis-Philippe, he was Minister of Foreign -Affairs from 1830 to 1833, and subsequently Ambassador to Naples -(1834) and London (1835-1840). On his return from the latter embassy -he was created a marshal. His last years were clouded over by the -assassination of his daughter, the Duchesse de Praslin, by her husband -(17 August 1847).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Louis Gustave Le Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant -(1764-1853), had, as a member of the Convention, resisted the excesses -of 1793 and was outlawed and fled to Zurich. He returned after the -Terror and filled various military and diplomatic offices under -Napoleon, who created him a count (1808). Louis XVIII. made him a peer -of France, and for over thirty years he took a prominent part in the -work of the House of Peers.—T.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> the Works of Napoleon, vol. I., the last -pages.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Auguste Charles Joseph Comte de Flahaut de La -Billarderie (1785-1870), a peer of the Hundred Days, a peer of France -from 1831 to 1848, a senator of the Second Empire, Ambassador to London -from 1860 to 1862, Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour from 1861 -to 1870. Flahaut was a general of division in 1813, at the age of -twenty-eight. He died on the 1st of September 1870, on the day of the -disaster of Sedan, and did not behold the fall of the dynasty to which -he was attached by intimate and secret affections. The Duc de Moray, -natural brother to Napoleon III., was his son.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de La Bédoyère -(1786-1815), served with distinction under Napoleon and became a -colonel at the age of 26. After the first abdication, his family -obtained for him the Cross of St. Louis and the command of the 7th -Regiment of the Line. Nevertheless he was the first colonel to join -Napoleon with his regiment after the return from Elba. The Emperor made -him a general and raised him to the peerage (2 June 1815). After the -second abdication, La Bédoyère was arrested, tried by court-martial -for treason, and shot (19 August 1815) in the twenty-ninth year of his -age.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> André Masséna, Maréchal Prince d'Essling, Duc de Rivoli -(1758-1817), one of Napoleon's earlier and greatest generals, of -Italian Jewish origin. Louis XVIII. created him a peer of France in -December 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Henry II. King of France (1518-1559) signed the famous -"Unhappy Peace" of Cateau-Cambrésis after the Battle of Saint-Quentin, -a peace by which France lost a large portion of her conquests.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Philip II. King of Spain, England, Naples and Sicily -(1527-1598).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> The League of Cambrai was formed in 1508 by the Emperor -Maximilian I., King Louis XII. of France, King Ferdinand the Catholic -of Spain and Pope Julius II. against the Republic of Venice.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> St Regulus, first Bishop of Senlis (<i>fl.</i> 1300), -honoured on the 30th of March.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Jean Guillaume Baron Hyde de Neuville (1776-1857) was -an agent of the Emigrant Princes before he was seventeen years of -age, and served their cause throughout. He was French Minister to the -United States (1816), later to Portugal, later Minister of Marine -(1828). In 1830, Hyde de Neuville refused to accept the Government of -Louis-Philippe and defended the cause of the Duc de Bordeaux in the -Lower Chamber, almost unaided.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Sitting of the Convention on the 22 Thermidor Year III. -(9 August 1795) <i>Moniteur</i>, (14 August 1795).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Machault d'Arnouville (1701-1794) -was appointed Comptroller-general of Finance under Louis XV. in -1745. In 1750, he became Keeper of the Seals, while retaining his -Comptroller-generalship; but he was disgraced in 1754, owing to the -efforts of the clergy, whose privileges he had attacked, and the -intrigues of Madame de Pompadour. Machault retired to his property at -Arnouville, where he lived for forty years, until, in 1794, he was -flung into the Madelonnettes prison, as a suspect, where he died.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> We shall meet with my friend General Dubourg again in -the Days of July.—<i>Author's Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -Frédéric Dubourg-Butler (1778-1850) fought in the Royalist Army in the -Vendée, in the Republican Army under Bernadotte, in the Russian Army -in 1812. He returned to France after the fell of the Empire. In 1815, -as an officer on the staff of the Duc de Feltre, Minister of War, he -followed the King to Ghent, and received the command of the Artois -Regiment, but almost immediately fell into disgrace. He disappeared for -fifteen years, and sprang up, on the 29th of July 1830, at the Hôtel de -Ville, improvised himself into a general, and for a moment played the -part of head of the "military section of the Provisional Government," -whereupon he disappeared afresh. We do not find him again until the -24th of February 1848, when the new Provisional Government awarded him -the retiring pension of a brigadier-general. This pension was no doubt -very irregularly paid, for in 1850 the poor devil put an end to the -romance of his life by swallowing an over-dose of opium.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> Jeanne Hachette (<i>b. circa</i> 1454) of Beauvais defended -that place in 1472, at the head of a regiment of women, against the -Burgundians under Charles the Bold. Her real name is uncertain: -historians vary between Fouquet, Fourquet and Lainé; she was called -Hachette after the axe which she bore during the siege.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Dagobert I. King of France (602-638) founded the Abbey -of Saint-Denis in 632.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Anne Maréchal Connétable de Montmorency (1493-1567) -was slain at the Battle of Saint-Denis, in which he defeated the -Protestants.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> An imperial educational establishment for the daughters -of members of the Legion of Honour had been founded in the buildings of -the old abbey in 1809.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Alexandre Charles Emmanuel Bailli de Crussol -(1743-1815). Louis XVIII. had created him a peer of France in 1814.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Titus Flavius Savinus Vespasianus, Roman Emperor -(40-81), "the delight of the human race."—T.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VI" id="BOOK_VI">BOOK VI</a></h4> - - -<p>Bonaparte at the Malmaison—General abandonment—Departure from the -Malmaison—Rambouillet—Rochefort—Bonaparte takes refuge on the -English fleet—He writes to the Prince Regent—Bonaparte on the -<i>Bellerophon</i>—Torbay—Act confining Bonaparte in St Helena—He -passes over to the Northumberland and sets sail—Judgment on -Bonaparte—Character of Bonaparte—Has Bonaparte left us in -renown what he has lost us in strength?—Futility of the truths -set forth above—The Island of St. Helena—Bonaparte crosses the -Atlantic—Napoleon lands at St. Helena—His establishment at -Longwood—Precautions—Life at Longwood—Visits—Manzoni—Illness of -Bonaparte—Ossian—Reveries of Napoleon in sight of the sea—Projects -of evasion—Last occupation of Bonaparte—He lies down to rise no -more—He dictates his will—Napoleon's religious sentiments—The -chaplain Vignale—Napoleon's speech to Antomarchi, his doctor—He -receives the last sacraments—He expires—His funeral—Destruction of -the Napoleonic world—My last relations with Bonaparte—St. Helena -after the death of Napoleon—Exhumation of Bonaparte—My visit to -Cannes.</p> - - -<p class="p2">If a man were unexpectedly transported from life's most clamorous -scenes to the silent shores of the Arctic Ocean, he would feel what -I feel beside the tomb of Napoleon, for we find ourselves suddenly -standing by the edge of that tomb.</p> - -<p>Leaving Paris on the 25th of June, Napoleon awaited at the Malmaison -the moment of his departure from France. I return to him: coming back -to past days, anticipating future times, I shall not leave him again -until after his death.</p> - -<p>The Malmaison, where the Emperor rested, was empty. Joséphine was -dead<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>; Bonaparte found himself alone in that retreat. There he had -commenced his fortune; there he had been happy; there he had become -intoxicated with the incense of the world; there, from the heart of -his tomb, issued orders that shook the world. In those gardens where -formerly the feet of the crowd raked up the sanded walks, the grass -and brambles grew green; I had ascertained this when walking there. -Already, for want of tending, the exotic trees were pining away; on the -canals the black Australian swans no longer floated; the cage no longer -held the tropical birds prisoners: they had flown away to await their -host in their own country.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> - -<p>Bonaparte might, however, have found a subject of consolation by -turning his eyes upon his early days: fallen kings are afflicted above -all because, looking upwards from their fall, they see only a splendid -inheritance and the pomps of their cradle: but what did Napoleon -discern prior to his prosperity? The manger of his birth in a Corsican -village. Higher-minded, when flinging off the purple mantle, he would -have proudly resumed the goat-herd's sayon; but men do not place -themselves back at their origin when it was humble; it seems that an -unjust Heaven deprives them of their patrimony when, in fate's lottery, -they do naught but lose what they have won; and nevertheless Napoleon's -greatness arises from the fact that he had started from himself: none -of his blood had gone before him and prepared his power.</p> - -<p>At the sight of those abandoned gardens, of those untenanted -apartments, of those galleries faded by the routs, of those rooms -in which song and music had ceased, Napoleon was able to go over -his career: he was able to ask himself whether, with a little more -moderation, he might not have preserved his delights. Foreigners, -enemies, were not banishing him now; he was not departing as a <i>quasi</i> -victor, leaving the nations in admiration of his passage, after the -prodigious campaign of 1814: he was retiring beaten. Frenchmen, -friends, were demanding his immediate abdication, urging his departure, -refusing even to have him as a general, sending him messenger after -messenger, to oblige him to quit the soil over which he had shed as -much glory as scourges.</p> - -<p>Added to this harsh lesson, came other warnings: the Prussians were -prowling around the neighbourhood of the Malmaison; Blücher, full of -wine, staggering, ordered them to seize, to "hang" the conqueror who -had "put his foot on the neck of Kings." The rapidity of the fortunes, -the vulgarity of the manners, the promptness of the elevation and -degradation of the personages of to-day will, I fear, take away a part -of the nobility of history: Rome and Greece did not speak of "hanging" -Alexander and Cæsar.</p> - -<p>The scenes which had taken place in 1814 were renewed in 1815, but -with something more offensive, because the ingrates were stimulated -by fear; it was necessary to get rid of Napoleon quickly: the Allies -were arriving; Alexander was not there, at first, to temper the triumph -and curb the insolence of fortune; Paris was no more adorned with its -lustral inviolability; a first invasion had profaned the sanctuary; it -was no longer God's anger that fell upon us, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> was the contempt of -Heaven: the human thunder-bolt was spent.</p> - -<p>All the cowardly characters had acquired a new degree of malignity -through the Hundred Days; affecting to raise themselves, through love -of the country, above personal attachments, they exclaimed that it was -really too criminal of Bonaparte to have violated the treaties of 1814. -But were not the true culprits those who had countenanced his designs? -Suppose that, in 1815, instead of getting new armies for him, after -forsaking him once only to forsake him again, they had said to him, -when he came to sleep at the Tuileries:</p> - -<p>"You have been deceived by your genius, opinion is no longer with you; -take pity on France. Retire after this last visit to the country; go -and live in the land of Washington. Who knows that the Bourbons will -not make mistakes? Who knows that, one day, France will not turn her -eyes towards you, when, in the school of liberty, you shall have learnt -to respect the laws? You will then return, not as a ravisher swooping -on his prey, but as a great citizen, the pacificator of his country!"</p> - -<p>They did not hold that language to them: they humoured the passions of -their returned leader; they contributed to blinding him, sure as they -were of benefiting by either his victory or his defeat. The soldier -alone died for Napoleon, with admirable sincerity; the rest was but a -grazing herd, growing fat to right and left. If, at least, the viziers -of the despoiled caliph had been satisfied to turn their backs on him! -But no: they reaped profit from his last moments; they overwhelmed him -with their sordid demands; all wanted to make money out of his poverty.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Abandonment of Napoleon.</div> - -<p>Never was a more complete abandonment; Bonaparte had given cause for -it: he was insensible to the troubles of others; the world paid him -with indifference for indifference. Like most despots, he was on good -terms with his domestics; at bottom he cared for nobody: a solitary -man, he sufficed unto himself; misfortune did nothing except to restore -him to the desert which was his life.</p> - -<p>When I gather up my memories, when I recollect having seen Washington -in his little house at Philadelphia and Bonaparte in his palaces, it -seems to me that Washington, retiring to his field in Virginia, cannot -have experienced the searchings of conscience of Bonaparte awaiting -exile in his gardens at the Malmaison. Nothing was altered in the life -of the first; he relapsed into his modest habits; he had not raised -himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> above the happiness of the husbandman whom he had freed: all -was subverted in the life of the second.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Napoleon left the Malmaison<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> accompanied by Generals Bertrand, -Rovigo and Beker<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>, the latter in the quality of inspector -or commissary. On the way, he was seized with a wish to stop at -Rambouillet. He left it to take ship at Rochefort, as did Charles X. -to take ship at Cherbourg; Rambouillet, the inglorious retreat where -all that was greatest in men or dynasties was eclipsed: the fatal spot -where Francis I. died; where Henry III., escaping from the barricades, -slept booted and spurred in passing; where Louis XVI. left his -shadow<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>! How happy would Louis, Napoleon and Charles have been, had -they been only the humble keepers of the herds of Rambouillet!</p> - -<p>On arriving at Rochefort<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a>, Napoleon hesitated: the Executive -Commission were sending imperative orders:</p> - -<p>"The garrisons of Rochefort and the Rochelle," said the dispatches, -"must use main force to make Napoleon take ship.... Employ force... -make him go... his services cannot be accepted."</p> - -<p>Napoleon's services could not be accepted! And had you not accepted his -bounties and his chains? Napoleon did not go away; he was driven out: -and by whom?</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had believed only in fortune; he banned misfortune <i>ab -igne et aquâ</i>; he had acquitted the ungrateful in advance: a just -retaliation made him appear before his own system. When success, -ceasing to animate his person, became incarnate in another individual, -the disciples abandoned the master for the school. I, who believe in -the legitimacy of benefits and the sovereignty of misfortune, had -I served Bonaparte, I would not have left him; I would have proved -to him, by my fidelity, the falseness of his political principles; -sharing his disgrace, I would have remained by his side as a living -contradiction of his barren doctrines and of the worthlessness of the -right of prosperity.</p> - -<p>Frigates had been waiting for him in the Rochefort road-stead<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> stead -since the first of July: hopes which never die, memories inseparable -from a last farewell kept him back. How he must have regretted the -days of his childhood, when his clear eyes had not yet known the first -rain-drops! He left time for the English fleet to approach. He was -still able to embark on two luggers which were to join a Danish ship at -sea (this was the course which his brother Joseph took); but decision -failed him when he looked at the coast of France. He felt an aversion -for a republic; the liberty and equality of the United States were -repugnant to him. He inclined towards asking shelter of the English:</p> - -<p>"What disadvantage do you see in that course?" he asked of those whom -he consulted.</p> - -<p>"The disadvantage of dishonouring yourself," answered a naval officer; -"you must not fall, even dead, into the hands of the English. They will -have you stuffed and show you at a shilling a head."</p> - - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The letter to the Regent.</div> - -<p>Notwithstanding these observations, the Emperor resolved to give -himself up to his conquerors. On the 13th of July, when Louis XVIII. -had already been five days in Paris, Napoleon sent the captain<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> -of the English ship <i>Bellerophon</i> the following letter for the Prince -Regent:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Royal Highness</span>,</p> - -<p>"A victim to the factions which distract my country -and to the enmity of the greatest powers in Europe, I -have terminated my political career, and I come, like -Themistocles<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a>, to throw myself upon the hospitality of -the British people. I put myself under the protection of -their laws; which I claim from Your Royal Highness as the -most powerful, the most constant and the most generous of my -enemies.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Rochefort</span>, 13 <i>July</i> 1815."</p></blockquote> - -<p>If Bonaparte had not, during twenty years, overwhelmed with outrages -the British people, its government, its King, and the heir of that -King, one might find a certain propriety of tone in this letter; but -how had this "Royal Highness," so long despised, so long insulted by -Napoleon, suddenly become "the most powerful, the most constant and the -most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> generous" of enemies by the mere fact that he was victorious? -Napoleon could not be persuaded of what he was saying; and that which -is not true is not eloquent. The phrase setting forth the fact of a -fallen greatness addressing itself to an enemy is fine; the well-worn -instance of Themistocles is superfluous.</p> - -<p>The step taken by Napoleon shows something worse than a lack of -sincerity; it shows neglect of France: the Emperor busied himself only -with his individual catastrophe; when the fall came, we no longer -counted for anything in his eyes. Without reflecting that, by giving -the preference to England over America, his choice became an outrage -to the mourning of the country, he begged a shelter of the government -which, for twenty years, had kept Europe in its pay against ourselves, -of the government whose commissary with the Russian Army, General -Wilson<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>, urged Kutuzoff<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a>, in the retreat from Moscow, to -exterminate us completely: the English, successful in the final battle, -were encamped in the Bois de Boulogne. Go then, O Themistocles, to -seat yourself quietly by the British hearth, while the soil has not -yet finished drinking in the French blood shed for you at Waterloo! -What part would the fugitive, feasted may-be, have played on the banks -of the Thames, in the face of France invaded, of Wellington become -dictator at the Louvre? Napoleon's high fortunes served him better: -the English, allowing themselves to be carried towards a narrow and -spiteful policy, missed their final triumph; instead of undoing their -supplicant by admitting him to their fortresses or their banquets, they -rendered more brilliant for posterity the crown which they believed -they had snatched from him. He grew greater in his captivity through -the enormous affright of the Powers; the Ocean enchained him in vain: -Europe in arms camped on the shore, her eyes fixed upon the sea.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>On the 15th of July, the <i>Épervier</i> conveyed Bonaparte to the -<i>Bellerophon.</i> The French craft was so small that, from the deck of the -English ship, they did not see the giant on the waves. The Emperor, -accosting Captain Maitland, said to him:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I come to place myself under the protection of the laws of England"</p> - -<p>Once at least the contemner of the laws confessed their authority.</p> - -<p>The fleet set sail for Torbay: a multitude of shipping cruised around -the <i>Bellerophon</i>; the same eagerness was shown at Plymouth. On the -30th of July, Lord Keith<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> handed the applicant the Act confining -him at St. Helena.</p> - -<p>"It is worse than Tamerlane's<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> cage," said Napoleon.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ordered to St. Helena.</div> - -<p>This violation of the Law of Nations and of the respect due to -hospitality was revolting. If you see the light on board of any ship, -provided it be <i>under sail</i>, you are <i>English born</i>; by virtue of the -old London customs, the <i>waves</i> are considered <i>soil of Albion.</i> And an -English ship was not an inviolable altar for a supplicant, it did not -place the great man who embraced the poop of the <i>Bellerophon</i> under -the protection of the British trident! Bonaparte protested; he argued -about laws, talked of treachery and perfidy, appealed to the future: -did that become him? Had he not laughed at justice? Had he not, in his -might, trampled under foot the sacred things whose guarantee he now -invoked? Had he not carried off Toussaint-Louverture<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> and the King -of Spain<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>? Had he not had English travellers arrested who happened -to be in France at the time of the rupture of the Peace of Amiens, -and kept them prisoners for years? Allowable therefore to mercantile -England to imitate what he had done himself, and to use ignoble -reprisals; but they might have acted differently.</p> - -<p>With Napoleon, the size of the heart did not correspond with the width -of the head: his quarrels with the English are deplorable; they revolt -Lord Byron. How could he condescend to honour his gaolers with a word? -One suffers at seeing him stoop to wordy conflicts with Lord Keith at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> -Torbay, with Sir Hudson Lowe<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> at St. Helena, publish statements -because they break faith with him, cavil about a title, about a little -more, or a little less, gold or honours. Bonaparte, reduced to himself, -was reduced to his glory, and that ought to suffice him: he had nothing -to ask of men; he did not treat adversity despotically enough; one -would have pardoned him for making of misfortune his last slave. I find -nothing remarkable in his protest against the violation of hospitality, -save the date and signature of that protest:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"On board the <i>Bellerophon</i>, at sea.</p> - -<p class="smcap" style="margin-left: 15%;">"Napoleon."</p></blockquote> - -<p>There are harmonies of immensity.</p> - -<p>From the <i>Bellerophon</i> Bonaparte crossed on to the Northumberland. Two -frigates laden with the future garrison of St. Helena escorted him. -Some of the officers of that garrison had fought at Waterloo. They -permitted that explorer of the globe to keep with him M. and Madame -Bertrand, Messieurs de Montholon<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a>, Gourgaud and de Las Cases<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a>, -voluntary and generous passengers on the submerged plank. By one -clause in the captain's instructions, "Bonaparte must be disarmed:" -Napoleon alone, a prisoner on board ship, in the midst of the Ocean, -"disarmed<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a>!" What a magnificent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> terror of his power! But what a -lesson from Heaven to men who abuse the sword! The stupid Admiralty -treated the great convict of the human race as a Botany-Bay felon: did -the Black Prince "disarm" King John?</p> - -<p>The squadron weighed anchor. Since the bark which carried Cæsar, no -ship had been laden with so great a destiny. Bonaparte was approaching -that sea of miracles upon which the Arab of Mount Sinai had seen -him pass. The last French land that Napoleon discerned was Cape la -Hogue<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a>: another trophy of the English.</p> - -<p>The Emperor had been mistaken in the interest of his memory, when he -wished to remain in Europe; he would soon have been only a vulgar or -faded prisoner: his old rôle was ended. But, beyond that rôle, a new -position revivified him with a new renown. No man of universal fame has -had an end similar to Napoleon's. He was not, as after his first fall, -proclaimed autocrat of a few quarries of iron and marble, the first to -furnish him with a sword, the second with a statue; an eagle, he was -given a rock on the point of which he remained in the sun-light till -his death, in full view of the whole world.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>At the moment when Bonaparte is quitting Europe, in which he is giving -up his life to go in search of the destinies of his death, it is well -to examine this man of two existences, to depict the false and the true -Napoleon: they blend and form a whole from the mixture of their reality -and their falsehood.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon as statesman.</div> - -<p>From the conjunction of these remarks it results that Bonaparte was -a poet in action, an immense genius in war, an indefatigable, able -and intelligent spirit in administration, a laborious and rational -legislator. That is why he has so great a hold on the imagination of -peoples and so much authority over the judgment of practical men. -But, as a politician, he will always appear deficient in the eyes of -statesmen. This observation, which has escaped the majority of his -panegyrists, will, I am convinced, become the definite opinion that -will survive concerning him; it will explain the contrast between his -prodigious actions and their pitiful results. At St. Helena, he himself -severely condemned his political conduct on two points: the Spanish War -and the Russian War; he might have extended his confession to other -delinquencies. His enthusiasts will perhaps not maintain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> that, when -blaming himself, he was mistaken in himself.</p> - -<p>Let us recapitulate:</p> - -<p>Bonaparte acted contrary to all prudence, not to speak again of the -hatefulness of the action, in killing the Duc d'Enghien: he attached -a weight to his life. Notwithstanding the puerile apologists, this -death, as we have seen, was the secret leaven of the discords that -subsequently burst out between Alexander and Napoleon, as also between -Prussia and France.</p> - -<p>The attempt upon Spain was completely improper: the Peninsula was the -Emperor's; he could turn it to the most advantageous account: instead -of that, he turned it into a school for the English soldiers and into -the cause of his own destruction through the rising of a people.</p> - -<p>The detention of the Pope and the annexation of the States of the -Church to France were but the caprice of tyranny through which he lost -the advantage of passing for the restorer of religion.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte did not stop, as he should have done, when he had married the -daughter of the Cæsars: Russia and England were crying mercy to him.</p> - -<p>He did not revive Poland, when the safety of Europe depended on the -restoration of that kingdom.</p> - -<p>Madness having once set in, he went on from Smolensk<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>; everything -told him that he must not go further at his first step, that his first -Northern Campaign was finished, and that the second, as he himself -felt, would make him master of the Empire of the Tsars.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat03005"></a> -<img src="images/chat03_005.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Pope Pius VII.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p>He was able neither to compute the days nor to foresee the effect -of the climatic changes, which every one at Moscow computed and -foresaw. See above what I have said of the Continental Blockade and -the Confederation of the Rhine<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>: the first, a gigantic conception, -but a questionable act; the second, an important work, but spoilt in -the execution by the camp instinct and the fiscal spirit Napoleon -inherited the old French monarchy as the centuries and an uninterrupted -succession of great men had made it, as the majesty of Louis XIV. and -the alliances of Louis XV. had left it, as the Republic had enlarged -it. He seated himself on that magnificent pedestal, stretched out -his arms, laid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> hold of the peoples, and gathered them around him; -but he lost Europe with as much suddenness as he had taken it; he -twice brought the Allies to Paris, notwithstanding the marvels of his -military intelligence. He had the world under his feet, and all he got -from it was a prison for himself, exile for his family, the loss of all -his conquests and of a portion of the old French soil.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Where Napoleon failed.</div> - -<p>Here is history proved by facts and deniable by none. Whence arose -the faults which I have just pointed out, followed by so quick and so -fatal a catastrophe? They arose from Bonaparte's imperfectness as a -politician.</p> - -<p>In his alliances, he enchained the governments only with concessions -of territory, of which he soon altered the boundaries, constantly -displaying the reservation to take back what he had given, ever making -the oppressor felt; in his invasions, he reorganized nothing, Italy -excepted. Instead of stopping at every step to raise up again, under -another shape, what he had overthrown, he did not discontinue his -movement of progression among ruins: he went so fast that he scarce had -the time to breathe where he passed through. If, by a sort of Treaty -of Westphalia, he had settled and assured the existence of the States -in Germany, in Prussia, in Poland, at his first retrograde march he -would have leant his back against contented populations and have found -shelters. But his poetic edifice of victories, lacking a base and -suspended in mid-air only by his genius, fell when his genius came to -retire. The Macedonian founded empires in his course: Bonaparte, in his -course, knew only how to destroy them; his sole aim was to be, in his -own person, the master of the globe, without troubling his head about -the means of preserving it.</p> - -<p>Men have tried to make of Bonaparte a perfect being, a type of -sentiment, of delicacy, of morality and of justice, a writer like -Cæsar and Thucydides, an orator and an historian like Demosthenes -and Tacitus. Napoleon's public speeches, his phrases in the tent or -the council-chamber are so much the less inspired with the breath of -prophecy in that what they foretell by way of catastrophes has not been -accomplished, while the Isaias of the sword has himself disappeared: -writings on the wall which pursue States, without catching and -destroying them, remain puerile, instead of being sublime. Bonaparte -was truly Destiny during sixteen years: Destiny is mute, and Bonaparte -ought to have been so. Bonaparte was not Cæsar; his education was -neither learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> nor select; half a foreigner, he was ignorant of the -first words of our language: what mattered, after all, that his speech -was faulty? He gave the pass-word to the universe. His bulletins have -the eloquence of victory. Sometimes, in the intoxication of success, -they made a show of drafting them on a drum-head; from amid the most -mournful accents arose fatal bursts of laughter. I have read with -attention all that Bonaparte has written: the early manuscripts of his -childhood, his novels; next, his letters to Buttafuoco, the <i>Souper -de Beaucaire</i>, his private letters to Joséphine; the five volumes -of his speeches, his orders and his bulletins, his dispatches left -unpublished and spoilt by the editing in M. de Talleyrand's offices. -I know something of these matters; I have found scarcely any thoughts -resembling the great islander's nature, except in a scrap of autograph -left behind at Elba:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My heart denies itself to common joys as to ordinary pain."</p> - -<p>"Not having given myself life, I shall not rob myself of it, -so long as it will have me."</p> - -<p>"My evil genius appeared to me and foretold my end, which I -found at Leipzig."</p> - -<p>"I have laid the terrible spirit of innovation which was -overrunning the world."</p></blockquote> - -<p>That most certainly is genuine Bonaparte.</p> - -<p>If the bulletins, the dispatches, the allocutions, the proclamations -of Bonaparte are distinguished for energy, this energy did not -belong to him in his own right: it was of his time, it came from the -revolutionary inspiration which grew weaker in Bonaparte, because he -marched counter to that inspiration. Danton said:</p> - -<p>"The metal is boiling over; if you do not watch the furnace, you will -all be scalded."</p> - -<p>Saint-Just said:</p> - -<p>"Dare!"</p> - -<p>That word contains the whole policy of our Revolution; they who make -revolutions by halves only dig a grave.</p> - -<p>Do Bonaparte's bulletins rise above that pride of speech?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon as writer.</div> - -<p>As for the numerous volumes published under the title of <i>Mémoires de -Sainte-Hélène, Napoléon dans l'exil.</i>, etc., those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> documents, gathered -from Bonaparte's mouth or dictated by him to different persons, contain -a few fine passages on actions of war, a few remarkable appreciations -of certain men; but, in the upshot, Napoleon is occupied only in making -his apology, in justifying his past, in basing on commonplace ideas -accomplished events and things of which he had never dreamt during -the course of those events. In this compilation, in which <i>pros</i> and -<i>cons</i> succeed one another, in which every opinion finds a favourable -authority and a peremptory refutation, it is difficult to separate that -which belongs to Napoleon from that which belongs to his secretaries. -It is probable that he had a different version for each of them, in -order that readers might choose according to their taste and, in the -future, create for themselves Napoleons to their liking. He dictated -his history as he wished to leave it; he was an author writing articles -on his own work. Nothing therefore could be more absurd than to go -into ecstasies over chronicles by different hands which are not, like -Cæsar's <i>Commentaries</i>, a short work, springing from a great head, -written by a superior writer; and yet those brief commentaries, Asinius -Pollio<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> thought, were neither faithful nor exact. The <i>Mémorial -de Sainte-Hélène</i> is good, allowing liberally for the candour and -simplicity of the admiration.</p> - -<p>One of the things that contributed most to render Napoleon hateful -during his life was his inclination for debasing everything: in a fired -city, he would couple decrees on the re-establishing of a few comedians -with fiats which suppressed monarchs; a parody of the omnipotence of -God, who rules the lot of the world and of an ant. With the fall of -empires he mingled insults to women; he delighted in the humiliation -of what he had overthrown; he calumniated and wounded particularly all -that had dared to resist him. His arrogance was equal to his luck; -the more he lowered others the greater he believed himself to appear. -Jealous of his generals, he accused them of his own mistakes, for, as -for himself, he was infallible. Despising all merits, he reproached -them harshly with their errors. He would never have said, after the -disaster of Ramillies, as Louis XIV.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> said to the Maréchal de -Villeroi<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a>:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Monsieur le maréchal, at our age one is not lucky."</p> - -<p>A touching magnanimity of which Napoleon knew nothing. The century of -Louis XIV. was made by Louis the Great: Bonaparte made his century.</p> - -<p>The history of the Empire, changed by false traditions, will be yet -further falsified by the state of society during the imperial Epoch. -Any revolution written in the presence of the liberty of the press -can allow the eye to probe to the bottom of facts, because each one -reports them as he has seen them: the reign of Cromwell is known, -because it was customary to say to the Protector what one thought of -his acts and his person. In France, even under the Revolution, despite -the inexorable censorship of the executioner, the truth came out; the -triumphing faction was not always the same; it soon succumbed, and the -faction which succeeded it taught you what its predecessor had hidden -from you: there was liberty from one scaffold to the other, between the -cutting off of two heads. But when Bonaparte seized upon the power, -when thought was gagged, when one heard nothing but the voice of a -despotism which spoke only to praise itself and allowed only itself to -be spoken of, truth disappeared.</p> - -<p>The would-be authentic documents of that time are tainted; nothing -was published, books or newspapers, save by the master's order: -Bonaparte saw to the articles in the <i>Moniteur</i>; his prefects sent back -from the various departments the recitals, the congratulations, the -felicitations, in the form in which the Paris authorities had dictated -and forwarded them, in which form they expressed a conventional public -opinion, quite different from the real opinion. Write history from -such documents as those! In proof of your impartial studies, quote the -authentic sources to which you have gone: you will only be quoting a -lie in support of a lie.</p> - -<p>If it were possible to call this universal imposture into question, -if men who have not seen the days of the Empire were to insist upon -regarding as sincere all that they come upon in printed documents, or -even all that they might dig up in certain boxes at the public offices, -it would be enough to appeal to an unexceptionable witness, to the -"Conservative" Senate; there, in the decree which I have quoted above, -you have seen its own words:</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"Taking into consideration that the liberty of the press has been -constantly submitted to the arbitrary censorship of his police, and -that, at the same time, he has always made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> use of the press to fill -France and Europe with fabricated facts and false maxims; that acts and -reports, passed by the Senate, have undergone alterations when made -public, etc."</p> - - -<p>Is there any reply possible to this declaration?</p> - -<p>The life of Bonaparte was an incontestable truth, which imposture had -taken upon itself to write.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Pride and affectation.</div> - -<p>A monstrous pride and an incessant affectation spoil Napoleon's -character. At the time of his dominion, what need had he to exaggerate -his stature, when the God of Armies had furnished him with the war -chariot "whose wheels are living"?</p> - -<p>He took after the Italian blood; his nature was complex: great men, -a very small family upon earth, unhappily find only themselves to -imitate them. At once a model and a copy, a real personage and an -actor representing that personage, Napoleon was his own mime; he would -not have believed himself a hero, if he had not dressed himself up -in a hero's costume. This curious weakness gives something false and -equivocal to his astonishing realities: one is afraid of taking the -king of kings for Roscius, or Roscius for the king of kings.</p> - -<p>Napoleon's qualities are so much adulterated in the gazettes, the -pamphlets, the poems and even in the songs overrun with imperialism, -that those qualities are completely unrecognisable. All the touching -things ascribed to Bonaparte in the <i>ana</i> about the "prisoners," the -"dead," the "soldiers," are idle trash to which the actions of his life -give the lie.</p> - -<p>The <i>Grand-mère</i> of my illustrious friend Béranger is only an admirable -ballad: Bonaparte had nothing of the good fellow about him. Dominion -personified, he was hard; that coldness formed the antidote to his -fiery imagination; he found in himself no word, he found only a deed, -and a deed ready to chafe at the smallest independence: a gnat that -flew without his orders was a rebellious insect in his eyes.</p> - -<p>It was not enough to lie to the ears, it was necessary to lie to the -eyes: here, in an engraving, we see Bonaparte taking off his hat to -the Austrian wounded; there, we have a little <i>tourlourou</i><a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> who -prevents the Emperor from passing; further on, Napoleon touches the -plague-stricken of Jaffa, and he never touched them; he crosses Mount -St. Bernard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> on a spirited horse amid a whirl of snow-flakes, and it -was the finest weather in the world.</p> - -<p>Are they not now trying to transform the Emperor into a Roman of -the early days of the Aventine, into a missionary of liberty, into -a citizen who instituted slavery only for love of the opposite -virtue? Draw your conclusions from two features of the great founder -of equality: he ordered his brother Jerome's marriage with Miss -Patterson<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> to be annulled, because the brother of Napoleon could -ally himself only with the blood of Princes; later, after returning -from the isle of Elba, he invested the new "democratic" constitution -with a peerage and crowned it with the "Additional Act."</p> - -<p>That Bonaparte, following up the successes of the Revolution, -everywhere disseminated principles of independence; that his victories -helped to relax the bonds between the peoples and the kings, and -snatched those peoples from the power of the old customs and the -ancient ideas; that, in this sense, he contributed to the social -enfranchisement: these are facts which I do not pretend to contest; but -that, of his own will, he laboured scientifically for the political and -civil deliverance of the nations; that he established the narrowest -despotism with the idea of giving to Europe and to France in particular -the widest Constitution; that he was only a tribune disguised as a -tyrant: all this is a supposition which I cannot possibly adopt.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, like the race of princes, desired nothing and sought nothing -save power, attaining it, however, through liberty, because he made -his first appearance on the world's stage in 1793. The Revolution, -which was Napoleon's wet-nurse, did not long delay in appearing to -him as an enemy; he never ceased beating her. The Emperor, for the -rest, knew evil very well, when the evil did not come directly from -the Emperor; for he was not destitute of moral sense. The sophism -put forward concerning Bonaparte's love for liberty proves only one -thing, the abuse which can be made of reason; nowadays it lends -itself to everything. Is it not established that the Terror was a -time of humanity? In fact, were they not demanding the abolition of -the death-penalty while they were killing everybody? Have not great -civilizers, as they are "called," always immolated men, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> is it -not therefore, as far as has been "proved," that Robespierre was the -continuer of Jesus Christ?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's popularity.</div> - -<p>The Emperor meddled with everything; his intelligence never rested; he -had a sort of perpetual agitation of ideas. In the impetuousness of his -nature, instead of a free and continuous train, he advanced by leaps -and bounds, he flung himself upon the universe and shook it; he would -have none of it, of that universe, if he was obliged to wait for it: -an incomprehensible being, who found the secret of debasing his most -towering actions by despising them, and who raised his least elevated -actions to his own level. Impatient of will, patient of character, -incomplete and as though unfinished, Napoleon had gaps in his genius: -his understanding resembled the sky of that other hemisphere under -which he was to go to die, the sky whose stars are separated by empty -spaces.</p> - -<p>One asks one's self by what spell Bonaparte, so aristocratic, so -hostile to the people, came to achieve the popularity which he enjoyed: -for that forger of yokes has most certainly remained popular with -a nation whose pretension was to raise altars to independence and -equality; here is the solution of the enigma:</p> - -<p>Daily experience makes us recognise that the French are instinctively -drawn towards power; they do not love liberty; equality alone is their -idol. Now equality and despotism have secret connections. In those -two respects, Napoleon had his fount in the hearts of the French, -militarily inclined towards dominion, democratically enamoured of -the level. Once on the throne, he made the people sit down beside -him: a proletarian king, he humbled the kings and nobles in his -ante-chambers; he levelled the ranks, not by lowering but by raising -them: the descending level would have charmed the plebeian envy more, -the ascending level was more flattering to its pride. French vanity -was puffed up also by the superiority which Bonaparte gave us over the -rest of Europe; another cause of Napoleon's popularity has to do with -the affliction of his last days. After his death, as men became better -acquainted with what he had suffered at St. Helena, they began to be -moved; they forgot his tyranny to remember that, after conquering our -enemies, after subsequently drawing them into France, he had defended -us against them; we imagine that he might save us to-day from the -disgrace into which we have sunk: his fame was recalled to us by his -misfortune; his glory profited by his adversity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> - -<p>Lastly, the marvels of his arms have bewitched the young, while -teaching us to worship brute force. His unexampled fortune has left to -the overweening conceit of every ambition the hope of arriving at the -point which he attained.</p> - -<p>And yet this man, so popular through the roller which he had passed -over France, was the mortal enemy of equality and the greatest -organizer of aristocracy within democracy.</p> - -<p>I cannot acquiesce in the false praises with which men have insulted -Bonaparte, while trying to justify everything in his conduct; I cannot -surrender my reason nor go into ecstasies before that which arouses my -horror or my pity.</p> - -<p>If I have succeeded in conveying what I have felt, there will remain -of my portrait one of the leading figures in history; but I have -adopted no part of the fantastic creature composed of lies: lies which -I saw born, lies which, taken at first for what they were, passed in -time to the state of truth through the infatuation and the imbecile -credulity of mankind. I refuse to be a gull and to fall into a fit with -admiration. I strive to paint persons conscientiously, without taking -from them what they have, without giving them what they have not. If -success were esteemed as innocence; if, debauching even posterity, it -loaded it with its chains; if, a future slave, begotten by a slavish -past, that suborned posterity became the accomplice of whosoever should -have triumphed: where would be the right, where would be the reward -of sacrifices? Good and evil becoming only relative qualities, all -morality would be blotted out from human actions.</p> - -<p>That is the difficulty which is caused to the impartial writer by a -brilliant renown; he keeps it on one side as much as he can, in order -to lay bare the truth; but the glory returns like a golden haze and -instantly covers the picture.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>In order not to admit the diminution of territory and power which we -owe to Bonaparte, the present generation consoles itself by imagining -that he has given back to us in illustriousness what he has taken from -us in strength:</p> - -<p>"Are we not from this time forward," it asks, "famed in the four -quarters of the earth? Is not a Frenchman feared, remarked, sought out, -known on every shore?"</p> - -<p>But were we placed between those two conditions: either immortality -without power, or power without immortality? Alexander made the Greek -name known to the universe; none the less he left them four empires -in Asia; the language and civilization of the Hellenes extended from -the Nile to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> Babylon and from Babylon to the Indus. At his death, -his ancestral Kingdom of Macedon, far from being diminished, had -increased a hundred-fold in force. Bonaparte made us known on every -shore; commanded by him, the French threw Europe so low at their -feet that France still prevails by her name, and that the Arc de -l'Étoile can rise up without appearing a puerile trophy; but, before -our reverses, that monument would have stood as a witness, instead of -being only a record. And yet, had not Dumouriez, with raw recruits, -given the foreigner his first lessons<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a>, Jourdan won the Battle -of Fleurus<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a>, Pichegru conquered Belgium and Holland<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a>, Hoche -crossed the Rhine<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a>, Masséna triumphed at Zurich<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a>, Moreau at -Hohenlinden<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a>: all exploits most difficult to obtain and preliminary -to others? Bonaparte made a corporate whole of these scattered -successes; he continued them, he caused those victories to shine forth: -but without those first wonders, would he have obtained the last? He -was raised above all things only when reason with him was executing the -inspirations of the poet.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A true appreciation.</div> - -<p>Our sovereign's illustriousness cost us merely two or three hundred -thousand men a year; we paid for it with merely three millions of our -soldiers; our fellow-citizens bought it merely at the cost of their -sufferings and their liberties during fifteen years: can such trifles -count? Are the generations that have come after us not resplendent? So -much the worse for those who have disappeared! The calamities under the -Republic served for the safety of all; our misfortunes under the Empire -did much more: they deified Bonaparte! That is enough for us.</p> - -<p>That is not enough for me: I will not stoop so low as to hide my nation -behind Bonaparte; he did not make France: France made him. No talent, -no superiority will ever bring me to consent to the power which can, -with one word, deprive me of my independence, my home, my friends: if -I do not say of my fortune and my honour, it is because one's fortune -does not appear to me to be worth the trouble of defending it; as -for honour, it escapes tyranny: it is the soul of the martyrs; bonds -encompass and do not enchain it; it pierces the vault of prisons and -carries the whole man away with it.</p> - -<p>The wrong which true philosophy will never forgive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> Bonaparte is that -he accustomed society to passive obedience, thrust back humanity -towards the times of moral degradation, and perhaps corrupted -characters in such a way that it would be impossible to say when men's -hearts will begin to throb with generous sentiments. The weakness in -which we are plunged as regards Europe, our actual abasement are the -result of the Napoleonic slavery: all that remains to us is the faculty -to bear the yoke. Bonaparte unsettled even the future: 'twould not -surprise me if, in the discomfort of our impotence, we were seen to -grow smaller, to barricade ourselves against Europe instead of going to -seek it out, to give up our freedom within to deliver ourselves from an -illusory terror without, to lose ourselves in ignoble provident cares, -contrary to our genius and to the fourteen centuries which compose our -national manners. The despotism which Bonaparte left in the air will -descend upon us in the shape of fortresses.</p> - -<p>The fashion nowadays is to greet liberty with a sardonic smile, to look -upon it as a piece of old lumber, fallen into disuse with honour. I am -not in the fashion: I think that there is nothing in the world without -liberty; it gives a price to life; were I to remain the last to defend -it, I would never cease to proclaim its rights. To attack Napoleon in -the name of things that are past, to assail him with ideas that are -dead is to prepare fresh triumphs for him. He is to be fought only with -something greater than himself, liberty: he was guilty towards it and -consequently towards the human race.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Vain words! Better than any do I feel their uselessness. Henceforth any -observation, however moderate it may be, is reputed profane: it needs -courage to dare brave the cries of the vulgar, not to be afraid of -being treated as a narrow intelligence, incapable of understanding and -feeling the genius of Napoleon, for the sole reason that, in the midst -of the lively and real admiration which one professes for him, one -is nevertheless not able to worship all his imperfections. The world -belongs to Bonaparte: that of which the ravisher was unable to complete -the conquest, his fame usurps; living he missed the world, dead he -possesses it. It is vain for you to protest: the generations pass by -without listening to you. Antiquity makes the son of Priam say to the -shade:</p> - -<p>"Judge not Hector from his little tomb; the <i>Iliad</i>, Homer, the Greeks -in flight, see there my sepulchre: I am buried under all those great -deeds."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Napoleonic legend.</div> - -<p>Bonaparte is no longer the real Bonaparte, but a legendary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> figure put -together from the vagaries of the poet, the talk of the soldier and the -tales of the people; it is the Charlemagne and the Alexander of the -idylls of the middle ages that we behold to-day. That fantastic hero -will remain the real personage; the other portraits will disappear. -Bonaparte is so strongly connected with absolute dominion that, -after undergoing the despotism of his person, we have to undergo the -despotism of his memory. This latter despotism is more overbearing than -the former; for, though men fought against Napoleon when he was on the -throne, there is an universal agreement to accept the irons which he -flings to us now that he is dead. He is an obstacle to future events: -how could a power issuing from the camps establish itself after him? -Has he not killed all military glory by surpassing it? How could a free -government come into being, when he has corrupted the principles of all -liberty in men's hearts? No legitimate power is now able to drive the -usurping spectre from the mind of man: the soldier and the citizen, -the Republican and the Monarchist, the rich and the poor alike place -busts and portraits of Napoleon in their homes, in their palaces or in -their cottages; the former conquered are in agreement with the former -conquerors; one cannot take a step in Italy without coming across him; -one cannot enter Germany without meeting him, for in that country the -young generation which rejected him is past. Generally, the centuries -sit down before the portrait of a great man, they finish it by means of -a long and successive work. This time, the human race has declined to -wait: perhaps it was in too great a hurry to stump a crayon drawing. It -is time to place the completed side of the idol in juxtaposition with -the defective side.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte is not great through his words, his speeches, his writings, -through the love of liberty which he never possessed and which he never -pretended to establish; he is great in that he created a regular and -powerful government, a code of laws adopted in different countries, -courts of law, schools, a strong, active, intelligent administration, -which still lasts us; he is great in that he revived, enlightened and -governed Italy superlatively well; he is great in that, in France, -he restored order from the midst of chaos, in that he built up the -altars, in that he reduced furious demagogues, vainglorious scholars, -anarchical men of letters, Voltairean atheists, open-air orators, -cut-throats of the prisons and streets, starvelings of the tribune, -the clubs and the scaffolds, in that he reduced them to serve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> under -him; he is great in that he curbed an anarchical mob; he is great in -that he put an end to the familiarities of a common fortune, in that he -forced soldiers, his equals, and captains, his chiefs or his rivals, -to bend before his will; he is great above all in that he was born of -himself alone, in that he was able, with no other authority than that -of his genius, able, he, to make himself obeyed by thirty-six million -subjects, at a time when no illusion surrounds the thrones; he is great -in that he overthrew all the kings his opponents, in that he defeated -all the armies, whatever the difference in their discipline and valour, -in that he taught his name to savage as well as to civilized peoples, -in that he surpassed all the conquerors who preceded him, in that he -filled ten years with prodigies so great that we have difficulty to-day -in understanding them.</p> - -<p>The famous offender in triumphal matter is no more; the few men who -still understand noble sentiments can do justice to glory without -fearing it, but without repenting of having proclaimed what that -glory had that was baleful, without recognising the destroyer of -independences as the father of emancipations: Napoleon does not need -that one should ascribe merits to him; he was richly enough endowed at -his birth.</p> - -<p>Now, therefore, that, severed from his time, his history is ended and -his idyll commencing, let us go to see him die: let us leave Europe; -let us follow him beneath the sky of his apotheosis! The hissing of the -seas where his ships have struck sail will point out to us the spot of -his disappearance:</p> - -<p>"At the extremity of our hemisphere," says Tacitus, "is heard the sound -made by the dipping sun: <i>sonum insuper immergentis audiri.</i>"</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>João de Nova<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a>, a Portuguese navigator, had lost his bearings in -the waters separating Africa and America. In 1502, on the 18th of -August, the feast of St. Helen<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a>, mother of the first Christian -Emperor<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a>, he came upon an island at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> the 16th degree of latitude -and 11th of longitude; he landed and gave it the name of the day upon -which it was discovered.</p> - -<p>After frequenting the island for some years, the Portuguese -relinquished it; the Dutch established themselves there, and -subsequently abandoned it for the Cape of Good Hope; the British East -Indian Company seized it; the Dutch retook it in 1672; the British -occupied it anew and settled there.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">St. Helena.</div> - -<p>When João de Nova landed at St. Helena, the interior of the uninhabited -country was mere forest land. Fernando Lopez, a Portuguese renegado, -transported to that oasis, stocked it with cows, goats, hens, -guinea-fowls and birds from the four corners of the earth. On to the -island were taken successively, as on to the deck of the Ark, animals -of the whole creation.</p> - -<p>Five hundred whites, fifteen hundred negroes, mingled with mulattoes, -Javanese and Chinese, compose the population of the island. Jamestown -is its town and its harbour. Before the English were masters of the -Cape of Good Hope, the Company's fleets, returning from India, put in -at Jamestown. The sailors spread their slop-goods at the foot of the -cabbage-trees: the mute and solitary forest changed once a year into a -noisy and populous market.</p> - -<p>The climate of the island is healthy but rainy: that dungeon of -Neptune, which is only seven or eight leagues in circumference, -attracts the ocean vapours. The equatorial sun drives away every -breathing thing at noon-day, forces the very gnats into silence and -rest, obliges men and beasts to hide themselves. The billows are -illumined at night by what is called "the phosphorescent light," a -light produced by myriads of insects whose loves, electrified by the -storms, kindle upon the surface of the deep the illuminations of an -universal wedding. The shadow of the island, dark and motionless, -reposes amid a moving plain of diamonds. The spectacle of the heavens -is similarly magnificent, according to my learned and famous friend, M. -de Humboldt<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a>:</p> - -<p>"We feel," he says, "an indescribable sensation when, on approaching -the Equator, and particularly when passing from one hemisphere to -the other, we see these stars, which we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> have contemplated from our -infancy, progressively sink and finally disappear.... One feels that he -is not in Europe, when he sees the immense constellation of the Ship or -the phosphorescent Clouds of Magellan arise on the horizon....</p> - -<p>"We saw distinctly," he continues, "for the first time the Southern -Cross only on the night of the 4th of July, in the sixteenth degree of -latitude....</p> - -<p>"I recalled the sublime passage of Dante, which the most celebrated -commentators have applied to that constellation:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 10%;">"Io mi volsi a man destra, etc.<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>"Among the Portuguese and Spaniards, a religious feeling attaches them -to a constellation whose form reminds them of that sign of the faith -planted by their ancestors in the deserts of the New World."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>The poets of France and of Lusitania have placed elegiac scenes on the -shores of Melinda and the neighbouring isles. It is a far cry from -those fictitious sorrows to the real torments of Napoleon under the -stars foretold by the singer of Beatrice and in those seas of Eleonora -and Virginia. Did the great men of Rome, banished to the isles of -Greece, concern themselves with the charms of those shores and the -divinities of Crete and Naxos? That which enraptured Vasco de Gama and -Camoëns could not move Bonaparte: prone on the poop of the vessel, he -did not perceive that above his head glittered unknown constellations -whose rays met his eyes for the first time. What cared he for those -stars which he had never seen from his bivouacs, which had not shone -upon his empire? And yet no star was wanting to his destiny: one half -of the firmament lighted up his cradle; the other was reserved for the -pomp of his tomb.</p> - -<p>The sea which Napoleon was crossing was not the friendly sea which -carried him from the harbours of Corsica, from the sands of Abukir, -from the rocks of Elba, to the shores of Provence; it was that hostile -ocean which, after enclosing him in Germany, France, Portugal and -Spain, opened out before his course only to close up again behind him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> -Probably, when he saw the waves urge on his ship, the trade-winds drive -it ever further with a constant blast, he did not make the reflections -upon his catastrophe with which it inspires me: each man feels his -life in his own manner; he who affords a great spectacle to the world -is less touched and less instructed than the spectator. Occupied with -the past as though it could be reborn, hoping still in his memories, -Bonaparte scarce perceived that he was crossing the line, nor asked -what hand traced the circles in which the globes are compelled to -imprison their eternal progress.</p> - -<p>On the 15th of August, the wandering colony kept St. Napoleon's -Day<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> on board the vessel which was taking Napoleon to his last -halting-place. On the 15th of October, the <i>Northumberland</i> was abreast -of St. Helena. The passenger mounted on deck: he had a difficulty in -discovering an imperceptible black speck in the bluish immensity; -he took a spy-glass: he surveyed that particle of earth as he might -formerly have surveyed a fortress in the middle of a lake. He saw the -market-town of St. James enchased in scarped rocks; not a wrinkle in -that barren face but a gun hung from it: they seemed to wish to receive -the captive according to his genius.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Arrival at St. Helena.</div> - -<p>On the 16th of October 1815, Bonaparte touched the rock, his mausoleum, -even as, on the 12th of October 1492, Christopher Columbus touched the -New World, his monument:</p> - -<p>"There," says Walter Scott, "at the entrance to the Indian Ocean, -Bonaparte was deprived of the means of making a second <i>avatar</i> or -incarnation on earth."</p> - -<p>Before being moved to the residence of Longwood, Bonaparte occupied -a hut at Briars, near Balcomb's Cottage. On the 9th of December, -Longwood, hurriedly enlarged by the carpenters of the English fleet, -received its guest. The house, situated on a mountain upland, consisted -of a drawing-room, a dining-room, a library, a study and a bed-room. -It was not much: those who inhabited the tower of the Temple and the -donjon of Vincennes were still worse lodged; true, one paid them the -attention of shortening their stay. General Gourgaud, M. and Madame de -Montholon with their children, M. de Las Cases and his son camped out -provisionally in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> tents; M. and Madame Bertrand installed themselves at -Hut's Gate, a cottage placed on the boundary of the grounds of Longwood.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte had a stretch of sand, twelve miles long, as his -exercise-ground; sentries surrounded that space and look-out men were -posted on the highest peaks. The lion could extend his walks further, -but in that case he had to consent to allow himself to be watched by an -English <i>bestiarius.</i> Two camps defended the excommunicated enclosure: -at night, the circle of the sentries was drawn in round Longwood. At -nine o'clock, Napoleon, confined, could no longer go out; the patrols -went the round; horsemen on vedette, foot-soldiers placed here and -there kept watch in the creeks and in the ravines which ran down to the -sea. Two armed brigs cruised, one to leeward, the other to wind-ward -of the island. What precautions to guard one man in the midst of -the seas! After sunset, no boat could put to sea; the fishing-boats -were numbered, and at night they remained in harbour under the -responsibility of a lieutenant in the Navy. The Sovereign Generalissimo -who had summoned the world to his stirrup was called upon to appear -twice a day before a military collar. Bonaparte did not submit to that -call; when, by good luck, he was able to avoid the sight of the officer -on duty, that officer would not have dared to say where and how he had -seen him of whom it was more difficult to establish the absence than to -prove the presence to the universe.</p> - -<p>Sir George Cockburn<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>, the author of those severe regulations, was -replaced by Sir Hudson Lowe. Then began the bickerings about which all -the Memoirs have told us. If one were to believe those Memoirs, the -new Governor must have been of the family of the enormous spiders of -St. Helena and the reptile of those woods in which snakes are unknown. -England was lacking in elevation, Napoleon in dignity. To put an end to -his requirements of etiquette, Bonaparte sometimes seemed determined -to conceal himself behind an assumed name, like a monarch travelling -in a foreign country; he had the touching idea of taking the name -of one of his aides-de-camp, killed at the Battle of Areola<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a>. -France, Austria, Russia appointed commissaries to the residence of St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> -Helena<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a>: the captive was accustomed to receive the ambassadors -of the two latter Powers; the Legitimacy, which had not recognised -Napoleon as Emperor, would have acted more nobly by not recognising -Napoleon as a prisoner.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Life at Longwood.</div> - -<p>A large wooden house, constructed in London, was sent to St Helena; but -Napoleon did not feel well enough to inhabit it. His life at Longwood -was regulated in this way: he rose at uncertain hours; M. Marchand, his -valet, read to him when he was in bed; after rising, in the morning, -he dictated to Generals Montholon and Gourgaud and to the son of M. de -Las Cases. He breakfasted at ten o'clock, rode on horseback or drove -until about three, returned indoors at six and went to bed at eleven. -He affected to dress as he is painted in his portrait by Isabey<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a>: -in the morning, he wrapped himself in a caftan and wound a Madras -handkerchief round his head.</p> - -<p>St. Helena lies between the two Poles. The navigators who pass from one -spot to the other salute this first station where the land refreshes -eyes wearied with the spectacle of the Ocean and offers fruits and the -coolness of sweet water to mouths chafed with salt. The presence of -Bonaparte changed this isle of promise into a plague-stricken rock: -foreign ships no longer touched there; so soon as they were signalled -at twenty leagues' distance, a cruiser went to challenge them and -charged them to keep off: none were allowed into port, except in case -of stormy weather, but the ships of the British Navy alone.</p> - -<p>Some of the English travellers who had lately admired or who were on -their way to see the marvels of the Ganges visited another marvel on -their road: India, accustomed to conquerors, had one chained at her -gates.</p> - -<p>Napoleon allowed these visits with reluctance. He consented to receive -Lord Amherst<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> on the latter's return from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> his Chinese embassy. -Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> he liked:</p> - -<p>"Does your Government mean," he asked him one day, "to detain me upon -this rock until my death's day?"</p> - -<p>The admiral replied that he feared so.</p> - -<p>"Then the term of my life will soon arrive."</p> - -<p>"I hope not, <i>monsieur</i>; I hope that you will survive to record your -great actions; they are so numerous that the task will ensure you a -term of long life."</p> - -<p>Napoleon did not take offense at this simple appellation of <i>monsieur</i>; -he revealed himself at that moment through his real greatness. -Fortunately for himself, he never wrote his life; he would have -lessened it: men of that nature must leave their Memoirs to be told by -the unknown voice which belongs to nobody and which issues from the -nations and the centuries. To us every-day people alone is it permitted -to talk of ourselves, because nobody would talk of us.</p> - -<p>Captain Basil Hall<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> called at Longwood; Bonaparte remembered having -seen the captain's father at Brienne:</p> - -<p>"Your father," he said, "was the first Englishman that I ever saw; and -I have recollected him all my life on that account."</p> - -<p>He talked with the captain about the recent discovery of the island of -Loo-Choo:</p> - -<p>"The inhabitants have no arms," said the captain.</p> - -<p>"No arms!" exclaimed Bonaparte. "That is to say no guns: they have -muskets?"</p> - -<p>"Not even muskets."</p> - -<p>"Well, then, spears, or at least, bows and arrows?"</p> - -<p>"Neither one nor other."</p> - -<p>"Nor daggers?"</p> - -<p>"No, none."</p> - -<p>"But, without arms, how can one fight?"</p> - -<p>Captain Hall illustrated their ignorance with respect to all the world, -by saying they knew nothing of France and England, and never had even -heard of His Majesty.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte smiled in a way which struck the captain: the more serious -the countenance, the more beautiful the smile. Those different -travellers remarked that not the least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> trace of colour appeared in -Bonaparte's cheeks: his head resembled a marble bust whose whiteness -had been slightly yellowed by time. Not the smallest trace of a wrinkle -was discernible on his brow, nor an approach to a furrow on any part of -his countenance; his mind seemed at ease. This apparent calm gave rise -to the belief that the flame of his genius had taken flight. His manner -of speaking was slow; his expression was benignant and almost kindly; -sometimes he would dart forth dazzling glances, but that state soon -passed: his eyes became veiled and sad.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon at St. Helena.</div> - -<p>Ah, other travellers known to Napoleon had, in former days, appeared -upon those shores!</p> - -<p>After the explosion of the infernal machine<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a>, a senatus-consultus -of the 4th of January 1801 decreed, without trial, by a simple -police-order, the exile beyond-seas of one hundred and thirty -Republicans: put on board the frigate <i>Chiffonne</i> and the corvette -<i>Flèche</i>, they were taken to the Seychelle Islands and dispersed -shortly afterwards in the archipelago of the Comores, between Africa -and Madagascar: they nearly all died there. Two of the men transported, -Lefranc and Saunois, having succeeded in escaping on board an American -ship, touched at St. Helena in 1803: there, twelve years later, -Providence was to imprison their great oppressor.</p> - -<p>The too-famous General Rossignol<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a>, their companion in misfortune, a -quarter of an hour before uttering his last breath, exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"I die harassed by the most horrible pains; but I should die content -if I could hear that the tyrant of my country was enduring the same -sufferings<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a>!"</p> - -<p>Thus did freedom's imprecations await him who betrayed her, even in the -other hemisphere.</p> - -<p>Italy, roused from her long sleep by Napoleon, turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> her eyes towards -the illustrious offspring who wished to restore her to her glory, and -with whom she had re-fallen beneath the yoke. The sons of the Muses, -the noblest and most grateful of men, when they are not the vilest and -most unthankful, looked on St. Helena. The last poet of the land of -Virgil sang the last warrior of the land of Cæsar:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Tutto ei provò, la gloria<br /> -Maggior dopo il periglio,<br /> -La fuga e la vittoria,<br /> -La reggia e il triste esiglio:<br /> -Due volte nella polvere,<br /> -Due volte sull'altar.<br /> -<br /> -Ei si nomo: due secoli,<br /> -L'un contro l'altro armato,<br /> -Sommessi a lui si volsero,<br /> -Come aspettando il fato;<br /> -Ei fè silenzio, ed arbitro<br /> -S'assise in mezzo a lor.<br /> -</p> - -<p>"He felt all," says Manzoni<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a>, "the greatest glory after peril, -flight and victory, royalty and sad banishment: twice in the dust, -twice on the altar.</p> - -<p>"He stated his name: two centuries, one against the other armed, turned -towards him, as though awaiting their fate; he was silent and seated -himself as arbiter between them."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Bonaparte was approaching his end; devoured by an internal wound -envenomed by sorrow, he had borne that wound in the thick of -prosperity: it was the only legacy which he had received from his -father; the rest came to him from God's munificence.</p> - -<p>Already he reckoned six years of exile; he had needed less time to -conquer Europe. He remained almost always indoors, and read Ossian in -Cesarotti's<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> Italian translation. Everything saddened him under a -sky beneath which life seemed shorter, the sun remaining three days -less in that hemisphere than in ours. When Bonaparte went out, he -passed along rugged paths lined with aloes and sweet-scented broom. -He walked among gum-trees with sparse flowers, which the generous -winds made lean to the same side, or hid himself in the thick mists -which rolled low. He was seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> seated at the feet of Diana's Peak, -Flag Staff, or Leader Hill, gazing on the sea through the gaps in the -mountains. Before him, the Ocean unfolded itself, which on the one side -bathes the coasts of Africa, on the other the American shores, and -which goes, like a marginless stream, to lose itself in the southern -seas. No civilized land nearer than the Cape of Storms. Who shall tell -the thoughts of that Prometheus torn alive by death, when, his hand -pressed to his smarting breast, he turned his gaze over the billows! -Christ was led into a high mountain whence he saw the kingdoms of the -world; but for Christ it was written to the tempter of mankind:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -"Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>."<br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's sufferings.</div> - -<p>Bonaparte, forgetting a thought of his which I have quoted ("not -having given myself life, I shall not rob myself of it"), spoke of -killing himself; he also did not remember his "order of the day" with -regard to the suicide of one of his soldiers. He believed sufficiently -in the attachment of his companions in captivity to hope that they -would consent to suffocate themselves with him in the smoke from a -brazier: the illusion was great. Such are the intoxications of a -long domination; but, in the case of Napoleon's impatiences, we must -consider only the degree of suffering to which he had attained. M. -de Las Cases, having written to Lucien on a piece of white silk, in -contravention of the regulations, received the order to leave St. -Helena<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a>: his absence increased the void around the exile.</p> - -<p>On the 18th of March 1817, Lord Holland<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>, in the House of Lords, -made a motion on the subject of the complaints forwarded to England by -General Montholon:</p> - -<p>"It will not be considered by posterity," he said, "whether Bonaparte -has been justly punished for his crimes, but whether Great Britain has -acted in that generous manner which becomes a great country."</p> - -<p>Lord Bathurst<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> opposed the motion.</p> - -<p>Cardinal Fesch sent two priests<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> from Italy to his nephew. The -Princess Borghese begged the favour of being allowed to join her -brother:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> - -<p>"No," said Napoleon, "I would not have her witness the degrading state -to which I am reduced and the insults to which I am subjected."</p> - -<p>That beloved sister, <i>germana Jovis</i>, did not cross the seas: she died -in the regions where Napoleon had left his reputation.</p> - -<p>Schemes of abduction were formed: a Colonel Latapie, at the head of -a band of American adventurers, designed a descent on St. Helena. -Johnson<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a>, a resolute smuggler, meditated an attempt to carry off -Bonaparte by means of a submarine vessel. Young lords entered into -these plans; people plotted to break the chains of the oppressor: -they would have left the liberator of the human race to die in irons -without a thought Bonaparte hoped for his delivery from the political -movements of Europe. If he had lived till 1830, perhaps he would have -returned to us; but what would he have done among us? He would have -seemed infirm and out of date in the midst of the new ideas. Formerly -his tyranny appeared liberty to our slavery; now his greatness would -appear despotism to our littleness. At the present period, everything -is decrepit in a day; who lives too long dies alive. As we advance in -life, we leave three or four images of ourselves, different one from -the other: we see them next in the haze of the past, like portraits of -our different ages.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, in his feebleness, no longer occupied himself except like a -child: he amused himself by digging a little basin in his garden; he -put a few fish into it: the mastick employed in cementing the basin -contained copperas, and the fish died. Bonaparte said:</p> - -<p>"Everything I love, everything that belongs to me is immediately -smitten."</p> - -<p>About the end of February 1821, Napoleon was obliged to take to his bed -and did not rise again.</p> - -<p>"How low am I fallen!" he murmured. "I stirred the world, and I cannot -raise my eyelid."</p> - -<p>He did not believe in medicine and objected to a consultation of -Antomarchi<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> with the Jamestown doctors.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> Nevertheless, he admitted -Dr. Arnott beside his death-bed. He dictated his will from the 13th -to the 27th of April; on the 28th, he ordered his heart to be sent to -Marie-Louise; he forbade any English surgeon to lay a hand upon him -after his decease. Persuaded that he was succumbing to the malady by -which his father had been attacked, he requested that the report of the -autopsy should be transmitted to the Duc de Reichstadt: the paternal -direction has become useless; Napoleon II. has joined Napoleon I.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's death-bed.</div> - -<p>At this last hour, the religious sentiment with which Bonaparte was -always imbued awoke. Thibaudeau, in his <i>Mémoires sur le Consulat</i>, -tells us, with reference to the restoration of public worship, that the -First Consul said to him:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"'On Sunday last, in the midst of the silence of nature, I -was walking in these gardens<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a>; the sound of the bell of -Ruel suddenly came and struck my ear and renewed all the -impressions of my youth; I was moved, so powerful is the -force of early habit, and said to myself:</p> - -<p>"'If it is thus for me, what effect must similar memories not -produce on simple and credulous men? Let your philosophers -reply to that!'"...</p> - -<p>"And, raising his hands to the sky:</p> - -<p>"'Who is He that made all that?'" -</p></blockquote> - -<p>In 1797, by his Proclamation of Macerata, Bonaparte authorized the -residence of the French refugee priests in the Papal States, forbade -them to be molested, ordered the convents to support them, and allotted -them a salary in money.</p> - -<p>His variations in Egypt, his rages against the Church, of which he was -the restorer, show that an instinct of spirituality predominated in the -very midst of his errors; for his lapses and his irritations are not of -a philosophical nature and bear the impress of the religious character.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte, when giving Vignale the details of the funeral lights by -which he wished his remains to be surrounded, thought he saw signs that -his instructions were displeasing to Antomarchi; he entered into an -explanation with the doctor and said to him:</p> - -<p>"You are above those weaknesses: but how can it be helped? I am neither -a philosopher nor a doctor; I believe in God; I am of my father's -religion. We cannot all be atheists.... Are you able not to believe -in God? For,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> after all, everything proclaims His existence, and the -greatest geniuses have believed it.... You are a doctor.... Those -people only tackle matter: they never believe anything."</p> - -<p>You strong minds of the day, give up your admiration for Napoleon; you -have nothing to do with that poor man: did he not imagine that a comet -had come to fetch him, as it had carried off Cæsar of old? Moreover, -he "believed in God;" he "was of his father's religion;" he was not a -"philosopher;" he was not an "atheist;" he had not, like you, given -battle to the Almighty, although he had defeated a good many kings; -he found that "everything proclaimed the existence" of the Supreme -Being; he declared that "the greatest geniuses had believed in that -existence," and he wished to believe as his fathers did. Lastly, O -monstrous thing, this foremost man of modern times, this man of all the -centuries, was a Christian in the nineteenth century! His will begins -with this clause:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">I die in the Apostolic and Roman Religion, in the bosom of -which I was born more than fifty years ago</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In the third paragraph of the will of Louis XVI., we read:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">I die in the union of our Holy Mother the Catholic, -Apostolic and Roman Church</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Revolution has given us many a lesson; but is there any one of -them to be compared with this? Napoleon and Louis XVI. making the -same profession of faith! Would you know the value of the Cross? Seek -through the whole world for what best suits virtue in misfortune or the -man of genius dying.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Napoleon.</div> - -<p>On the 3rd of May, Napoleon was administered the sacrament of Extreme -Unction and received the Blessed Viaticum. The silence of the -bed-chamber was interrupted only by the death-sob, mingled with the -regular sound of the pendulum of a clock: the shadow, before stopping -on the dial, did a few more rounds; the luminary that outlined it -had a difficulty in dying out. On the 4th, the tempest of Cromwell's -death-pangs arose: almost all the trees at Longwood were uprooted. At -last, on the 5th, at eleven minutes to six in the evening, amid the -wind, the rain and the crash of the waves, Bonaparte gave up to God -the mightiest breath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> of life that ever quickened human clay. The last -words caught upon the conqueror's lips were, "<i>Tête... armée</i>," or -"<i>Tête d'armée.</i>" His thoughts were still wandering in the midst of -combats. When he closed his eyes for ever, his sword, dead with him, -was laid by his side, a crucifix rested on his breast: the symbol of -peace, applied to the heart of Napoleon, calmed the throbbing of that -heart even as a ray from Heaven makes the wave to fall.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Bonaparte first desired to be interred in the Cathedral of Ajaccio; -then, by a codicil dated 16 April 1821, he bequeathed his bones -to France: Heaven had served him better; his real mausoleum is -the rock on which he expired: turn back to my story of the death -of the Duc d'Enghien. Napoleon, foreseeing the opposition of the -British Government to his last wishes, eventually made choice of a -burying-place in St. Helena.</p> - -<p>In a narrow valley known as Slane's or Geranium Valley, now Tomb -Valley, rises a fountain; Napoleon's Chinese servants, faithful as -Camoëns' Javanese, used to fill their pitchers there: weeping willows -overhang the spring; green grass, studded with tchampas, grows all -around:</p> - -<p>"The tchampas, despite its brilliancy and its perfume, is not a flower -that one seeks after, because it flourishes on the tombs," say the -Sanskrit poems.</p> - -<p>In the declivities of the bare rocks, bitter lemon-trees thrive ill, -with cocoanut-trees, larches and cone-trees of which men collect the -gum which sticks to the beards of the goats.</p> - -<p>Napoleon, booted, spurred, dressed in the uniform of a colonel of the -Guard, decorated with the Legion of Honour, was laid in state on his -little iron bedstead; upon that visage which was never astonished the -soul, as it fled, had left a sublime stupor. The planishers and joiners -soldered and nailed Bonaparte into a four-fold coffin of mahogany, of -lead, of mahogany again, and of tin: they seemed to fear that he would -never be imprisoned enough. The cloak which the erstwhile victor had -worn at the vast funeral of Marengo served as a pall to the coffin.</p> - -<p>Napoleon delighted in the willows of the spring; he asked for peace of -the Slane Valley even as banished Dante asked for peace of the Convent -of Corvo. In gratitude for the transient repose which he tasted there -during the last days of his life, he appointed that valley as the -shelter of his eternal rest. Speaking of the source, he said:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> - -<p>"If God were willing that I should recover, I would raise a monument in -the spot where it springs."</p> - -<p>That monument was his tomb. In Plutarch's time, in a place consecrated -to the nymphs on the banks of the Strymon, one still saw a stone bench -on which Alexander had sat</p> - -<p>The obsequies were held on the 28th of May. The weather was fine: four -horses, led by grooms on foot, drew the hearse; four-and-twenty English -grenadiers, carrying no arms, surrounded it; Napoleon's horse followed. -The garrison of the island lined the precipices of the road. Three -squadrons of dragoons went before the procession; the 20th Regiment of -Infantry, the marines, the St. Helena Volunteers, the Royal Artillery, -with fifteen pieces of cannon, brought up the rear. Bands of musicians, -stationed at distances on the rocks, exchanged mournful tunes. On -reaching a pass, the hearse stopped; the twenty-four unarmed grenadiers -lifted up the corpse and had the honour of carrying it on their -shoulders to the burying-place. Three volleys of artillery saluted the -remains of Napoleon at the moment when he sank into the earth: all -the noise which he had made on that earth did not penetrate six feet -beneath it.</p> - -<p>A stone which was to have been employed in the building of a new house -for the exile was lowered upon his coffin, as it were the trap-door of -his last cell.</p> - -<p>They recited the verses from Psalm 87:</p> - -<p>"I am poor, and in labours from my youth: and being exalted -have been humbled and troubled.</p> - -<p>"Thy wrath hath come upon me.... <a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a>"</p> - -<p>The flag-ship fired minute-guns. This warlike harmony, lost in the -immensity of the Ocean, made response to the <i>Requiescat in pace.</i> -The Emperor, buried by his victors of Waterloo, had heard the last -cannon-shot of that battle; he did not hear the last detonation -with which England disturbed and honoured his sleep at St. Helena. -All withdrew, holding in their hands a branch of willow, as though -returning from the Feast of Palms.</p> - -<p>Lord Byron thought that the dictator of kings had abdicated his renown -with his blade, that he was going to die forgotten. The poet ought to -have known that Napoleon's destiny was a muse, like all high destinies. -That muse was able to change an abortive issue into a catastrophe -which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> revived its hero. The solitude of Napoleon's exile and tomb has -spread over a brilliant memory a spell of a different kind. Alexander -did not die under the eyes of Greece; he disappeared in the proud -perspectives of Babylon. Bonaparte has not died under the eyes of -France; he has vanished in the gorgeous horizons of the torrid zone. -He sleeps like a hermit or like a pariah in a valley, at the end of a -deserted pathway. The magnitude of the silence which presses upon him -equals the vastness of the noise that once surrounded him. The nations -are absent, their crowd has withdrawn; the tropic bird "harnessed," -says Buffon, "to the chariot of the sun," precipitates itself from the -orb of light; where does it rest to-day? It rests upon ashes whose -weight tilted the globe.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>"They all put crowns upon themselves after his death ... and -evils were multiplied in the earth<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a>."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Influence of Napoleon.</div> - -<p>This summing up of the Machabees on Alexander seems made for Napoleon: -"They have put crowns <i>upon themselves</i>, and evils have been multiplied -in the earth." Scarce twenty years have passed since Bonaparte's death, -and already the French Monarchy and the Spanish Monarchy<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> are no -more. The map of the world has changed; we have had to learn a new -geography: parted from their lawful sovereigns, nations have been flung -to sovereigns taken at haphazard; famous actors have stepped down from -the stage to which nameless actors have climbed; the eagles have taken -flight from the crest of the tall pine, fallen into the sea, while -frail shell-fish have fastened on to the sides of the still protecting -trunk.</p> - -<p>As, in the final result, all runs to its end, "the terrible spirit of -novelty which was passing over the world," as the Emperor said, to -which he had opposed the cross-bar of his genius, resumes its course; -the conqueror's institutions decay; he will be the last of the great -individual existences; nothing henceforth will predominate in low and -levelled societies; the shade of Napoleon will tower alone at the -extremity of the destroyed old world, like the phantom of the deluge -at the edge of its abyss: a distant posterity will discern that shade -across the gulf into which unknown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> centuries will fall, until the -appointed day of the social re-birth.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>Since it is my own life which I am writing while busying myself with -others, great and small, I am obliged to mix this life with men and -things, when it happens to be recalled. Did I, in one flight, without -ever stopping, pass through the memory of the transported one who, in -his ocean prison, awaited the execution of God's decree? No.</p> - -<p>The peace which Napoleon had not concluded with the kings his gaolers -he had made with me: I was a son of the sea like himself; my nativity -was one of the rock like his. I flatter myself to have known Napoleon -better than they who saw him oftener and approached him more closely.</p> - -<p>Napoleon at St. Helena, ceasing to have occasion to maintain his anger -with me, had abandoned his hostility; I, becoming more just in my turn, -wrote the following article in the <i>Conservateur</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The nations have called Bonaparte a scourge; but the -scourges of God retain something of the eternity and grandeur -of the divine wrath whence they emanate: 'Ye dry bones ... -I will send spirit into you, and you shall live<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a>.' Born -in an island to go and die in an island, on the boundaries -of three continents; cast in the midst of the seas in which -Camoëns seemed to foretell him by placing there the genius of -the tempests, Bonaparte cannot stir on his rock but we are -apprized of it by a concussion; a step of the new Adamastor -at the other Pole makes itself felt at this. If Napoleon, -escaping from the hands of his gaolers, were to retire to the -United States, his looks fixed upon the Ocean would be enough -to disturb the nations of the Old World; his mere presence -on the American shore of the Atlantic would oblige Europe to -camp on the opposite shore<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This article reached Bonaparte at St. Helena; a hand which he thought -hostile poured the last balsam on his wounds; he said to M. de -Montholon:</p> - -<p>"If, in 1814 and 1815, the royal confidence had not been placed in -men whose souls were enervated by circumstances too strong for them, -or who, renegades to their country, saw safety and glory for their -master's throne only in the yoke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> the Holy Alliance; if the Duc -de Richelieu, whose ambition it was to deliver his country from the -presence of the foreign bayonets, if Chateaubriand, who had just -rendered such eminent services at Ghent, had had the direction of -affairs, France would have issued powerful and dreaded from those two -great national crises. Chateaubriand has been gifted by nature with -the Promethean fire: his works witness it. His style is not that of -Racine, it is that of the prophet. If ever he arrives at the helm -of State, it is possible that Chateaubriand may go astray: so many -others have found their ruin there! But what is certain is that all -that is great and national must be fitting to his genius, and that -he would have indignantly rejected the ignominious acts of the then -administration<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a>."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's verdict on myself.</div> - -<p>Such were my last relations with Bonaparte. Why should I not admit that -that opinion "tickles my heart's proud weakness"? Many little men to -whom I have rendered great services have not judged me so favourably as -the giant whose might I had dared to attack.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>While the Napoleonic world was becoming obliterated, I inquired into -the places where Napoleon himself had passed from view. The tomb at -St. Helena has already worn out one of the willows his contemporaries: -the decrepit and fallen tree is daily mutilated by the pilgrims. The -sepulchre is surrounded by a cast-iron grating; three flag-stones are -laid cross-wise over the grave; a few irises grow at the head and feet; -the spring of the valley still flows in the spot where prodigious days -dried up. Travellers brought by the tempest think it the proper thing -to chronicle their obscurity on the brilliant sepulchre. An old woman -has established herself close by, and lives on the shadow of a memory; -a pensioner stands sentry in a sentry-box.</p> - -<p>The old Longwood, at two hundred steps from the new, is abandoned. -Across an enclosure filled with dung, one arrives at a stable; it used -to serve Bonaparte as a bed-room. A negro shows you a sort of passage -occupied by a hand-mill and says:</p> - -<p>"Here he died."</p> - -<p>The room in which Napoleon first saw the light was probably neither -larger nor more luxurious.</p> - -<p>At the new Longwood, Plantation House, inhabited by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> the Governor, one -sees the Duke of Wellington in portraiture and the pictures of his -battles. A glass-doored cupboard contains a piece of the tree near -which the English general stood at Waterloo; this relic is placed -between an olive-branch gathered in the Garden of Olives and some -ornaments worn by South-Sea savages: a curious association on the part -of the abusers of the waves. It is useless for the victor here to try -to substitute himself for the vanquished, under the protection of a -branch from the Holy Land and the memory of Cook; it is enough that, at -St. Helena, one finds solitude, the Ocean and Napoleon.</p> - -<p>If one were to search into the history of the transformation of the -shores made illustrious by tombs, cradles, palaces, what variety -of things and destinies would one not see, since such strange -metamorphoses are worked even in the obscure dwellings to which our -puny lives are attached! In what hut was Clovis born? In what chariot -did Attila see the light? What torrent covers Alaric's burying-place? -What jackal stands where stood Alexander's coffin of gold or crystal? -How many times have those ashes changed their place? And all those -mausoleums in Egypt and India: to whom do they belong? God alone knows -the cause of those changes linked with the mystery of the future: -for men there are truths hidden in the depths of time; they manifest -themselves only with the help of the ages, even as there are stars so -far removed from the earth that their light has not yet reached us.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>But while I was writing this, time has progressed: it has produced an -event which would partake of greatness, if events did not nowadays -tumble into the mud. We have asked in London to have Bonaparte's -remains restored; the request has been entertained: what does England -care for old bones? She will make us as many presents of that sort as -we like. Napoleon's remains have come back to us at the moment of our -humiliation; they might have undergone the right of search; but the -foreigner showed himself compliant: he gave a pass to the ashes.</p> - -<p>The translation of Napoleon's relics is an offense against fame. No -burial in Paris will ever be as good as Slane Valley: who would wish -to see Pompey elsewhere than in the furrow of sand thrown up by a poor -freedman, assisted by an old legionary? What shall we do with those -magnificent relics in the midst of our miseries? Will the hardest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> -granite represent the perpetuity of Bonaparte's works? If even we -possessed a Michael Angelo to carve the funeral statue?—How would one -fashion the monument? To little men mausoleums, to great men a stone -and a name. If, at least, they had suspended the coffin on the coping -of the Arc de Triomphe, if the nations had seen their master from afar -borne on the shoulders of his victories? Was not Trajan's urn in Rome -set at the top of his column? Napoleon, among us, will be lost in the -mob of those tatterdemalions of dead who steal away in silence. God -grant that he may not be exposed to the vicissitudes of our political -changes, protected though he may be by Louis XIV., Vauban and Turenne! -Beware of those violations of tombs so common in our country! Let a -certain side of the Revolution triumph, and the conqueror's dust may go -to join the dusts which our passions have scattered: men will forget -the vanquisher of the nations to remember only the oppressor of their -liberties. The bones of Napoleon will not reproduce his genius: they -will teach his despotism to second-rate soldiers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Napoleon's home-coming.</div> - -<p>Be this as it may, a frigate was supplied to a son<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a> of -Louis-Philippe: a name dear to our ancient naval victories protected -it on the waves. Sailing from Toulon, where Bonaparte had embarked in -his might for the conquest of Egypt, the new Argo came to St. Helena -to claim what no longer existed. The sepulchre, with its silence, -continued to rise motionless in Slane or Geranium Valley. Of the two -weeping willows, one had fallen; Lady Dallas, the wife of a governor -of the island, had planted, to replace the decayed tree, eighteen -young willows and four-and-thirty cypresses; the spring, still there, -flowed as when Napoleon drank its water. During a whole night, under -the direction of an English captain named Alexander, the men worked at -opening the monument. The four coffins fitted one within the other, the -mahogany coffin, the lead coffin, the second mahogany or West-Indian -wood coffin, and the tin coffin, were discovered intact. They proceeded -to the inspection of those mummified moulds in a tent, in the centre of -a circle of officers, some of whom had known Bonaparte.</p> - -<p>"When the last coffin was opened," says the Abbé<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> Coquereau<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a>, -"our looks plunged in. They met a whitish mass which covered the -whole length of the body. Dr. Gaillard, touching it, distinguished a -white satin cushion which lined the inside of the upper plank of the -coffin: it had become unfastened and lay about the remains like a -winding-sheet....</p> - -<p>"The whole body seemed as though covered with a light foam; one would -have said that we were looking at it through a transparent cloud. It -was certainly his head: a pillow raised it slightly; his wide forehead, -his eyes, the sockets of which were outlined beneath the eye-lids, -still fringed with a few lashes; his cheeks were swollen, his nose -alone had suffered, his mouth, half-open, displayed three teeth of -great whiteness; on his chin the mark of the beard was perfectly -clear; his two hands especially seemed to belong to some one who still -breathed, so quick were they in tone and colouring; one of them, the -left hand, was raised a little higher than the right; his nails had -grown after death: they were long and white; one of his boots had come -unsewn and let through four of his toes of a dull white."</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<p>What was it that struck the disinterrers? The inanity of earthly -things? Man's vanity? No, the beauty of the dead man; his nails only -had lengthened, to tear, I presume, what remained of liberty in the -world. His feet, restored to humility, no longer rested on crown -cushions; they lay bare in their dust. The son of Condé also was -dressed in the moat at Vincennes; yet Napoleon, so well preserved, had -been reduced to exactly those "three teeth" which the bullets had left -in the jaw of the Duc d'Enghien.</p> - -<p>The eclipsed star of St. Helena has reappeared to the great joy of -the peoples: the world has seen Napoleon again; Napoleon has not seen -the world again. The conqueror's vagrant ashes have been looked down -upon by the same stars that guided him to his exile: Bonaparte passed -through the tomb, as he passed through everything, without stopping. -Landed at the Havre, the corpse arrived at the Arc de Triomphe, a -canopy beneath which the sun shows its face on certain days of the -year. From that arch to the Invalides, one saw nothing but wooden -columns, plaster busts, a statue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> of the Great Condé (a hideous pulp -which ran), deal obelisks commemorative of the victor's indestructible -life. A sharp cold made the generals drop around the funeral car, as -in the retreat from Moscow. Nothing was beautiful, except the mourning -barge which had carried Napoleon in silence on the Seine, and a -crucifix.</p> - -<p>Robbed of his catafalque of rocks, Napoleon has come to be buried -in the dirt of Paris. Instead of ships which used to salute the new -Hercules, consumed upon Mount Œta, the washerwomen of Vaugirard will -roam around him with pensioners unknown to the Grande Armée. By way of -prelude to this feebleness, little men were able to imagine nothing -better than an open-air wax-work show. After a few days' rain, nothing -remained of these decorations but squalid odds and ends. Whatever we -may do, the real sepulchre of the triumpher will always be seen in the -midst of the seas: the body is with us, the life immortal at St. Helena.</p> - -<p>Napoleon has closed the era of the past: he made war too great for it -to return in a manner to interest mankind. He slammed the doors of the -Temple of Janus violently after him; and behind those doors he heaped -up piles of dead bodies, to prevent them from ever opening again.</p> - -<p class="center">*</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A visit to the Golfe Juan.</div> - -<p>In Europe I have been to visit the parts where Bonaparte landed after -breaking his ban at Elba. I alighted at the inn at Cannes<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> at the -very moment when the guns were firing in commemoration of the 29th of -July<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a>: one of the results of the Emperor's incursion, doubtless -unforeseen by him. Night had fallen when I arrived at the Golfe Juan; I -got down at a lonely house alongside the high-road. Jacquemin, potter -and inn-keeper, the owner of the house, led me to the sea. We went by -sunk roads between olive-trees under which Bonaparte had bivouacked: -Jacquemin himself had received him and guided me. To the left of the -cross-path stood a sort of covered shed: Napoleon, invading France -alone, had deposited the luggage with which he had landed in that shed.</p> - -<p>On reaching the beach, I saw a calm sea wrinkled by not the slightest -breath; the surge, thin as gauze, unrolled itself over the sand -noiselessly and foamlessly. An astonishing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> sky, all resplendent with -constellations, crowned my head. The crescent of the moon soon sank and -hid itself behind a mountain. In the gulf lay only one bark at anchor, -and two boats: to the left appeared the Antibes light-house, to the -right the Lérins Isles; before me, the main sea opened out to the South -in the direction of Rome, to which Bonaparte had first sent me.</p> - -<p>The Lérins Isles, now called the Sainte-Marguerite Isles, of old -received a few Christians fleeing before the Barbarians. St. -Honoratus<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a>, coming from Hungary, landed on one of those rocks: he -climbed a palm-tree, made the sign of the Cross, and all the serpents -died, that is to say, paganism disappeared and the new civilization was -born in the West.</p> - -<p>Fourteen hundred years later, Bonaparte came to end that civilization -in the parts in which the saint had commenced it. The last solitary -of those hermitages was the Man in the Iron Mask, if the Iron Mask is -a reality. From the silence of the Golfe Juan, from the peace of the -islands of the anchorites of old, issued the noise of Waterloo, which -crossed the Atlantic to die out at St Helena.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">In praise of indifference.</div> - -<p>One can imagine what I felt, between the memories of two societies, -between a world extinct and a world ready to become extinct, at night, -on that deserted sea-board. I left the beach in a sort of religious -consternation, leaving the billows to pass and pass again, without -obliterating them, over the traces of Napoleon's last step but one.</p> - -<p>At the end of each great epoch of time, one hears some voice, doleful -with regrets of the past, sound the curfew: thus moaned they who saw -vanish Charlemagne, St. Louis, Francis I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. -What could I not say, in my turn, eye-witness that I am of two or three -lapsed worlds? When one has met, as I have, Washington and Bonaparte, -what remains there to look at behind the plough of the American -Cincinnatus and the tomb at St Helena? Why have I survived the age -and the men to whom I belonged by the date of my birth? Why did I not -fall with my contemporaries, the last of an exhausted race? Why have I -remained alone to seek their bones in the dust and darkness of a full -catacomb? I am disheartened at lasting. Ah, if only I possessed the -indifference of one of those old long-shore Arabs whom I met in Africa! -Seated cross-legged on a little rope mat, their head wrapped in their -burnoose, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> while away their last hours in following with their -eyes, in the azure of the sky, the beautiful flamingo flying along the -ruins of Carthage; lulled by the murmuring of the waves, they half -forget their existence and, in a low voice, sing a song of the sea: -they are going to die.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> The Empress Joséphine died at the Malmaison on the 29th -of May 1814.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> 29 June 1815.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Nicolas Léonard Comte Beker (1770-1840), a general of -division, count of the Empire, and grand officer of the Legion of -Honour. He fell out of favour with Napoleon, and was sent in disgrace -to Belle-Isle-en-Mer, where he remained in command till 1814. He was a -member of the Chamber of Representatives during the Hundred Days. Louis -XVIII. raised him to the peerage in 1819.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Louis XVI. purchased Rambouillet from the Penthièvre -Family in 1778.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> 3 July 1815.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> Captain, later Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland -(1779-1839).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Themistocles (<i>circa</i> 535 B.C.—470 B.C.) took refuge, -when exiled from Athens, first with Admetes King of the Molossians, -and secondly with Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, who showed him a -magnificent hospitality, but wished to make him bear arms against -Greece. Themistocles took poison to avoid being forced to obey.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> General Sir Robert Thomas Wilson (1777-1849) accompanied -the Russian army in the campaign of 1812 and took a prominent part in -the fighting. He was appointed Governor of Gibraltar in 1842. Wilson -was one of the three Englishmen instrumental in the escape of the Comte -de Lavallette from Paris in 1816.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Mikhail Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of Smolensk -(1745-1813), commanded the Russian forces at Borodino and Smolensk in -1812.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount Keith -(1746-1823), Commander-in-Chief of the Channel Fleet, was at Plymouth -when the news reached him of Bonaparte's surrender, and was, -throughout, the intermediary between the Government and Napoleon -relative to his being sent to St. Helena.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Tamerlane Khan of Tartary (1336-1405), the famous -Oriental warrior.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> Dominique Francois Toussaint-Louverture (1743-1803), a -coloured native of San Domingo, assisted the French to drive out the -Spaniards and English and to repress a rising of mulattoes, and was -successively appointed general of brigade, general of division, and -finally Commander-in-Chief of the armies of San Domingo. But, in 1800, -he proclaimed himself President for life. He refused to recognise -General Leclerc, sent out to restore French authority (1802), but found -himself obliged to capitulate, and was arrested as a conspirator, -transported to France, and imprisoned in the fort of Joux, where he -died.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> Charles IV. King of Spain (1748-1819) was sent as a -prisoner, by Napoleon, to Compiègne and to Marseilles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Colonel Sir Hudson Lowe (1770-1844), Napoleon's keeper -at St. Helena. He was promoted on his return, in 1823, and richly -rewarded for his services, but lost the greater portion of his fortune -in speculation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Charles Tristan Comte de Montholon (1782-1853) remained -with Bonaparte until his death. He published his <i>Mémoires pour servir</i> -in collaboration with General Gourgaud, and, in 1840, took part in -Louis-Napoleon's expedition to Boulogne, subsequently sharing his -imprisonment at Ham.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Marie Joseph Emmanuel Auguste Dieudonné Comte de Las -Cases (1766-1842) was expelled by Lowe from St. Helena in 1816 and sent -to the Cape of Good Hope; later he was sent to Europe and detained -as a prisoner. He was permitted to return to France after the death -of Napoleon, and published his famous <i>Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène</i> in -1822-23.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Napoleon was not disarmed. According to M. Thiers, "as -he was crossing from the <i>Bellerophon</i> to the <i>Northumberland</i>, Admiral -Keith, with visible pain and in the most respectful tone, addressed -these words to the Emperor: -</p> -<p> -"'General, England commands me to ask for your sword.' -</p> -<p> -"To these words Napoleon replied with a look which showed to what -extremities it would be necessary to stoop to disarm him. Lord Keith -did not insist, and Napoleon kept his glorious sword." -</p> -<p> -This scene is pure fiction; it is even contradicted by the Comte de Las -Cases in his <i>Mémorial</i>, where he says: -</p> -<p> -"I asked if it would be really possible that they should go so far as -to take the Emperor's sword from him. The admiral replied that they -would respect it, but that Napoleon would be the only one, and that all -the rest would be disarmed." -</p> -<p> -Napoleon therefore kept his sword, and his companions recovered theirs -on their arrival at St. Helena.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> The combined Dutch and English fleets defeated the -French fleet off Cape la Hogue on the 29th of May 1692.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> The French gained a bloody victory over the Russians at -Smolensk in 1812.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> These references, occurring in Books II. and III., -form part of the portion excised from the Memoirs for separate -publication.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Caius Asinius Pollio (B.C. 77—A.D. 3): <i>cf.</i> the -Letters to Cicero.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Louis XIV. King of France (1638-1715) was 68 years of -age at the date of the Battle of Ramillies.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> François de Neufville, Maréchal Duc de Villeroi -(1643-1730), was defeated at Ramillies by the Duke of Marlborough in -1706.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> As who, in these days, should say "Tommy."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> Elizabeth Patterson (1785-1879) married Jerome -Bonaparte, at Philadelphia, in 1803. He divorced her, in 1807, at -Napoleon's bidding, in order to marry the Princess Catherine of -Wurtemberg.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Dumouriez defeated the Austrians at Jemappes on the 6th -of October 1792.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> 27 Tune 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> April to November 1794.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> February 1797.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> 25 and 26 September 1799.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> 3 December 1800.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> João de Nova (<i>fl.</i> 1500) was a Spanish navigator in -Portuguese service. He had discovered the island of Concepcion in the -previous year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> St. Helen (<i>d.</i> 328), first wife of Constantius I. -Chlorus and mother of Constantine. Her husband repudiated her when -he was created Emperor, to marry the daughter of Maximian. When -Constantine became Emperor, he gave his mother the title of Empress, -and she embraced Christianity with her son. St. Helen visited Jerusalem -in 325, built a church on Mount Calvary, and discovered the remains of -the True Cross in 326.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> Constantine I. the Great (274-337) became Emperor in 306 -and embraced Christianity in 312.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt -(1769-1859), the Prussian explorer, author of several geographical -works including the <i>Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau -continent</i> (Paris, 1799 <i>et seq.</i>), from which the above extract is -taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> -Io mi volsi a man destra, e posi mente<br /> -All'astro polo, e vidi quattro stelle<br /> -Non viste mai fuor ch'alla prima gente.<br /> -(<i>Il Purgatorio</i>, I. 22-24).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> St Napoleon (<i>fl.</i> 13th century), of Rome, canonized -by Pope Pius VII. to be honoured on the 15th of August, the date of -Napoleon Bonaparte's birthday in 1769.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Admiral Sir George Cockburn (1772-1853) conveyed -Bonaparte to St. Helena on board the <i>Northumberland</i> and remained at -St. Helena as Governor from October 1815 to the summer of 1816.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> M. Muiron (<i>d.</i> 1796).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> The French commissary was the Marquis de Montchenu; the -Austrian, Baron von Stürmer; the Russian, the Comte de Balmaine.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Jean Baptiste Isabey (1764-1855), a pupil of David, and -a famous miniature painter. He was successively appointed first painter -to the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, Court Painter to the Emperor -and, later, to King Louis XVIII., Organizer of Court Festivities, -and Assistant Keeper of the Royal Museums (1827). Isabey painted the -portraits in miniature of all the principal persons in Europe, from -Napoleon to Alexander.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> William Pitt second Lord, later first Earl Amherst -(1773-1857) was sent, in 1816, as Ambassador to China, where he met -with but small success. Lord Amherst was appointed Governor-General of -India in 1823.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm (1768-1838), -Commander-in-Chief of the St. Helena Station in 1816 and 1817.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Captain Basil Hall (1788-1844), author of a number -of volumes of Voyages, the best-known of which was published in -1815, after his return from St. Helena, entitled, <i>An Account of a -Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo -Islands.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> The explosion, directed against Bonaparte while -First Consul, took place on the 24th of December 1800, in the Rue -Saint-Nicaise in Paris, a few moments after the Consul had passed by. -Eight persons were killed and twenty-eight grievously wounded.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Jean Antoine Rossignol (1759-1802), a famous and shifty -demagogue, had been General Commanding-in-Chief in the Vendée of the -army known as that of the Côtes de La Rochelle. He displayed the -grossest incapacity and was guilty of the greatest atrocities. He had -been constantly imprisoned by various governments or parties, and, -after the explosion of the infernal machine, was transported to the -Island of Anjuan or Johanna, in the Comores, where he died on the 28th -of April 1802.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Victor Barrucand</span>, <i>La Vie véritable de Jean -Rossignol</i> (Paris, 1896).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> Alessandro Conte Manzoni (1784-1873), the Italian poet, -from whose ode, <i>Il Cinque Maggio</i>, the above lines are taken.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Melchiore Cesarotti (1730-1808), professor of Greek -and Hebrew at the University of Padua, had received many kindnesses -at Napoleon's hands. He published valuable translations in Italian of -Ossian, Demosthenes and Homer, in addition to several original works on -literature and philosophy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> LU. IV, 5-12.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> 27 November 1816.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Henry Richard Vassall Fox, third Lord Holland -(1773-1840), nephew and follower of Charles James Fox, and noted for -his generous conduct towards France.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Henry third Earl Bathurst (1762-1834), Secretary for War -and the Colonies in Lord Liverpool's Ministry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> The Abbé Buonavita and the Abbé Vignale. They arrived at -St. Helena on the 20th of September 1819.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Thomas Johnson (1772-1839), alternately a smuggler and a -pilot to the Royal Navy, twice broke jail and ended as the recipient of -a pension of £100 a year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Francesco Antomarchi (1780-1830), a native of Corsica, -was a professor of anatomy at Florence, when Cardinal Fesch selected -him to go to St. Helena to attend Napoleon, from whose side Dr. O'Meara -had been removed. He arrived in the same ship as the Abbés Buonavita -and Vignale and remained with the Emperor till his death.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> At the Malmaison.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> <i>Ps.</i> lxxxvii. 16, 17.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> <i>Machab.</i> I. 10.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> On the death of Ferdinand VII., in 1833, the crown was -usurped on behalf of Isabella II., to the prejudice of Charles V., the -<i>de jure</i> King, with the Dowager Queen Christina as Regent. The latter -was forced, in 1840, to abdicate the Regency in favour of General -Espartero, the revolutionary leader, who remained in power until -1843.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Eze</span>. 37, 4-5.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> <i>Conservateur</i>, 17 November 1818 (vol. I. p. 333).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Montholon</span>: <i>Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France -sous Napoléon</i>, vol. IV. p. 243.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie Prince de -Joinville (1818-1900), fourth son of Louis Philippe, commanded the -frigate <i>Belle-Poule</i> sent to convey Napoleon's remains to France in -1840.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> The Abbé Félix Coquereau (1808-1866) was chaplain of the -frigate <i>Belle-Poule</i>, and author of <i>Souvenirs de Sainte-Hélène</i> from -which the above quotation is taken. In 1850, Louis Napoleon appointed -him Chaplain-in-Chief to the fleet.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Chateaubriand visited Cannes and the Golfe Juan in the -month of July 1838.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> The 29th of July 1830 was the date of the abdication -of Charles X., the last reigning sovereign of the Elder Branch of the -House of Bourbon.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> St. Honoratus, Bishop of Arles (<i>d.</i> 429) founded -the monastery of Lerins, <i>circa</i> 400. He is honoured on the 16th of -January.—T.</p></div> - - -<h4>END OF VOL. III.</h4> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<h5>INDEX OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE SIX VOLUMES</h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 15%;"> -A<br /> -<br /> -Aaron, vi. 135<br /> -Aaron the Hermit, Saint, i. 24, 30; ii. 46<br /> -Abailard (<i>See</i> Abélard)<br /> -d'Abbéville, Comtesse, i. 29<br /> -Abbon the Crooked, iii. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Abd-el-Kader, iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; vi. 99<br /> -Abdul-Medjid Sultan of Turkey, v. 51<br /> -Abel, iii. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; vi. 25<br /> -Abélard, Peter, i. 94; ii. 184, 310-311<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Ralph, i. 224<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Robert, i. 224<br /> -Aberdeen, George Gordon, fourth Earl of, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Abigail, vi. 237<br /> -Abou Gosch, vi. 105<br /> -d'Abrantès, Andoche Junot, Duc, iv. 164<br /> -d'Abrantès, Laure Permon-Comnène,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iv. 149, 207-214</span><br /> -Acerbi, Virginia, vi. 65<br /> -Achard, Comte, i. 106; ii. 24<br /> -Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey<br /> -A'Court (see Heytesbury)<br /> -Adalbéron Archbishop of Rheims, iv. 112<br /> -Adalgarius (see Oger)<br /> -Adam, ii. 245; v. 9; vi. 89, 111, 206<br /> -Adams, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, John, i. 252</span><br /> -Adelaide of Savoy, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Dame de Montmorency, iv. 209</span><br /> -Adélaïde Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Adélaïde, known as Mademoiselle d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, v. 128, 156-157, 161</span><br /> -Addison, Joseph, ii. 86, 121; iv. 246-247; v. 57<br /> -Ader, Jean Joseph, v. 96<br /> -Admetes King of the Molossians, iii. <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> -Adrian I., Pope, i. 74<br /> -Adrian (see also Hadrian)<br /> -Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; iv. 259; vi. 50</span><br /> -Æschylus, i. 82; ii. 124<br /> -Affre, Archbishop of Paris, Denis Auguste, vi. 263<br /> -Agier, M., i. 97<br /> -d'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georges Seroux, ii. 230-231</span><br /> -Agnes of Savoy, Dame de Bourbon, iv. 209<br /> -d'Agoult, Vicomtesse, v. 363, 408-409<br /> -Agricola, the Emperor, ii. 201<br /> -Agrippina, the Empress, i. 234; ii. 33, 258<br /> -Agrippina Julia, the Empress, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marquis, ii. 146<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marie Cathérine de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon, Marquise, ii. 146-147, 155</span><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri François Chancelier, i. 135; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -Ahasuerus (see Assuerus)<br /> -Ahenobarbus, Domitianus, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163; iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Duchesse, i. 174<br /> -Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Alan III. Count of Brittany, i. 6<br /> -Alan IV. Duke of Brittany, ii. 137<br /> -Alaric I. King of the Visigoths, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; iv. 180, 226; v. 334; vi. 50, 247</span><br /> -Alaric II. King of the Visigoths, i. 24<br /> -Albani, Giuseppe Cardinal, v. 5-6, 18,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 35, 39, 46-49, 52</span><br /> -Albani, Francesco, vi. 110<br /> -Albany, Countess of (see Louisa of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stolberg, Queen of England)</span><br /> -Albéric, ii. 30<br /> -Alberoni, Giulio Cardinal, v. 15-16; vi. 200<br /> -Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Consort of Great Britain and Ireland, iv. 47; vi. 207</span><br /> -Albert Duke of Prussia, iv. 37<br /> -Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Albert Duke of Saxe-Teschen, v. 127; vi. 58<br /> -d'Albert, Julie, i. 65<br /> -Albertus Magnus, i. 27<br /> -Alcibiades, iii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; iv. 72, 123-124; v. 229<br /> -Aldus Manutius (see Manutius)<br /> -d'Alembert, Jean Baptiste Le Rond, ii. 172, 180, 187<br /> -Alexander III., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Alexander VI., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Alexander VII., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Alexander VIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Alexander III. King of Macedon, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">196,229; ii. 159; iii. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>-<a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; iv. 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 192, 255, 264; v. 14, 298, 403; vi. 236</span><br /> -Alexander IV. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Alexander I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi, 65, 99; ii. 232, 289; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; iv. 33, 36, 67, 104, 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 146, 166, 203-204, 236, 277,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281; v. 272, 387, 398; vi. 45</span><br /> -Alexander II. Tsar of All the Russias, iv. 74, 271<br /> -Alexander, Captain, iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> -Alexandra Feodorowna of Russia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte of Prussia, Empress, i. 99; iv. 33, 35-36, 271</span><br /> -Alfieri, Vittorio Conte, i. xxiii; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203; iv. 249-251 : v. 55</span><br /> -Alfred King of England, ii. 140<br /> -Allart de Merftens, Hortense Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Almazan (see Saint-Priest)<br /> -d'Alopeus, David Count, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus, Countess, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus (see also La Ferronnays)<br /> -Alphonsus King of Aragon, i. 9<br /> -Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, ii. 256<br /> -Alphonsus I. Duke of Ferrara, iv. 42; v. 13; vi. 92<br /> -Alphonsus II. Duke of Ferrara, v. 330; vi. 82, 84-87, 92, 100<br /> -Alphonsus V. King of Leon and Asturias, v. 377<br /> -Alphonsus II. King of Naples, v. 13<br /> -Alphonsus IV. King of Portugal, vi. 24<br /> -Alphonsus of Bisceglie, v. 13<br /> -Altieri, Victoria Boncompagni-Ludovisi<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">degli Principi di Piombino, Principessa, iv. 256</span><br /> -Amador Bishop of Auxerre, ii. 43<br /> -Amalasontha Queen of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -d'Amboise (see Choiseul et d'Amboise)<br /> -Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Saint, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -d'Ambrugeac, Louis Alexandre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valon de Boucheron, Comte, v. 106</span><br /> -Amherst, William Pitt first Earl, iii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Ampère, André Marie, v. 261, 389<br /> -Ampère, Jean Jacques, ii. 217; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 254; v. 261, 389; vi. 223</span><br /> -Anacreon, i. 131; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; v. 257; vi. 13<br /> -Ancillon, Jean Pierre Fréderic, iv. 34,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-61, 102; v. 91</span><br /> -Ancillon, Madame, iv. 34<br /> -d'Ancre, Baron de Lussigny, Concino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Concini, Marquis, vi. 28</span><br /> -d'Andilly, Robert Arnauld, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnauld, v. 54</span><br /> -d'Andrezel, Christophe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thérèse Picon, Comte, i. 106-107, 111</span><br /> -Angelo (see Malipieri)<br /> -d'Angély (see Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély)<br /> -d'Angennes, née Cottereau, Dame, vi. 238<br /> -Angles, Jules Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; iv. 7<br /> -d'Angoulême, Duc (see Louis XIX.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Duchesse (see Marie-Thérèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Comtesse, i. 120<br /> -Aniche, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Anna Maria of Orleans, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia, iv. 251</span><br /> -"Anna-Marie," pseud. (see d'Hautefeuille, Comtesse)<br /> -Anne of Prussia, Electress of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Anne Queen of England, v. 333<br /> -Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, ii. 138<br /> -Anne Duchess of Brittany, Empress,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France, i. 27, 141</span><br /> -Anne of Austria, Queen of France, i. 126;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 151, 172; iv. 245; v. 101</span><br /> -Anne of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; vi. 185</span><br /> -Anne Empress of Russia, i. 13; vi. 101<br /> -Année, Antoine, v. 96<br /> -Annibal (see Hannibal)<br /> -Anselme, Pierre de Gibours, known as Père, i. 5<br /> -Anson, George first Lord, i. 126<br /> -Anspach, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craven, later Margravine of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Antar, i. 122<br /> -Anthony, Saint, ii. 43; iv. 230<br /> -Anthony of Padua, Saint, vi. 104<br /> -Anthony King of Navarre, ii. 279<br /> -Anthony Duke of Parma, v. 15<br /> -Anthony King of Saxony, iv. 231<br /> -Antigonus King of Asia, iv. 75<br /> -Antiochus King of Syria, iv. 75; vi. 247<br /> -Antipater Viceroy of Macedon, iv. 75<br /> -Antomarchi, Dr. Francesco, iii. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> -d'Antonelle, Pierre Antoine Marquis, iv. 18<br /> -Antoninus, the Emperor, ii. 62<br /> -Antonio, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venetian guide, vi. 53, 63-65, 104</span><br /> -Antony, Marcus Antonius, known as Mark, ii. 122<br /> -d'Antremont (see Bourdic)<br /> -Antrodocco (see Frimont)<br /> -Apelles, vi. 57, 180<br /> -Appius Claudius (see Claudius Crassus)<br /> -Apollodorus, iv. 256<br /> -Apponyi, Anton Rodolf Count, v. 17, 146<br /> -Aquaviva of Aragon, Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Arago, Dominique François Jean, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 115, 156, 206; vi. 169</span><br /> -d'Arblay, Fanny Burney, Dame, ii. 126<br /> -Arc (see Joan of Arc)<br /> -Archilochus, v. 56<br /> -Archimedes, vi. 122<br /> -Arezzo, Tommaso Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -d'Argentre, Bertrand, i. 5<br /> -d'Argout, Apollinaire Antoine Maurice<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 111, 113-114, 116; vi. 99-100</span><br /> -Ariosto, Ludovico, ii. 220; iv. 42-43,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">228; vi. 78-79, 82, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Ariosto the Younger, vi. 82<br /> -Aristogiton, vi. 180<br /> -Aristophanes, ii. 124; vi. 9<br /> -Aristotle, v. 70<br /> -Armani, Signor, vi. 51<br /> -Armani, Signorina, vi. 51<br /> -d'Armano (see Corday)<br /> -Arnaud (see Gibert-Amaud)<br /> -Arnauld, Abbé Antoine, iv. 245<br /> -Arnauld, Antoine, v. 54<br /> -Arnauld (see also d'Andilly and Pomponne)<br /> -Arnott, Dr., iii. <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -d'Arnouville (see Machault d'Arnouville)<br /> -Arouet (see Voltaire)<br /> -Arrhidæus King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Arrighi, Giuseppe Filippo, iii. <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> -d'Arsoli, Camillo Massimiliano Massimo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principe, iv. 238</span><br /> -Artaud de Montor, Alfred Frédéric<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier, ii. 219; iii. <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, iii. <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> -Artevelde, Jacob van, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Arthur II. Duke of Brittany, i. 9<br /> -Artois, Robert Count of, ii. 73<br /> -d'Artois, Comte (see Charles X. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Asdrubal (see Hasdrubal)<br /> -Asgill, Sir Charles, i. 216-217<br /> -"Ashwood, Sir," v. 16<br /> -Aspasia, i. 244; iii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; iv. 117; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25; vi. 172</span><br /> -d'Aspremont, Comte, vi. 46<br /> -Assuerus King of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Astley, Philip, vi. 68<br /> -Astolf King of the Lombards, iv. 228<br /> -Atawulf King of the Visigoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athalric King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athenæus, i. 259; vi. 180, 247<br /> -Attalus, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> -Atticus Herodes, Tiberias Claudius vi. 154-155<br /> -Attila King of the Huns, i. 212; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; iii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; v. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">334; vi. 50</span><br /> -d'Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Marquis, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -Aubiac, ii. 172<br /> -d'Aubigné, Charles, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Geneviève Piètre, Dame, vi. 240<br /> -d'Aubigné, Constant, vi. 241<br /> -d'Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa, vi. 241<br /> -Audry de Puyravault (see Puyravault)<br /> -d'Auerstädt, Prince d'Eckmühl, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas Davout, Maréchal Duc, iii. <a href="#Page_164">164</a></span><br /> -Augereau (see Castiglione)<br /> -Auguis, Pierre René, iii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> -Augustine, Saint, i. 31; ii. 154; vi. 6<br /> -Augustulus, the Emperor, vi. 195<br /> -Augustus, the Emperor, i. 68; v. 8<br /> -Augustus II. King of Poland, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Augustus of Prussia, Prince, iv. 34, 172-173<br /> -d'Aulnay, Comte Lepelletier, i. 135<br /> -d'Aulnay, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lepelletier, i. 135</span><br /> -Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -d'Aulps (see Blacas d'Aulps)<br /> -Aulus Gellius (see Gellius)<br /> -d'Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis d'Orléans, Duc, ii. 110, 293</span><br /> -d'Auvergne, Charles, ii. 65<br /> -d'Auvergne, Philippe (see Bouillon)<br /> -d'Avaray, Antoine Louis Frédéric de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bésiade, Comte, later Duc, ii. 301; iv. 8-9</span><br /> -d'Avaray, Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc, ii. 301<br /> -d'Avaray, née de Mailly, Duchesse, ii. 301<br /> -Avenel, Denis Louis Martial, v. 95<br /> -Azara, José Nicola de, ii. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -B<br /> -<br /> -Bacciochi, later Prince of Lucca and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piombino, Félix Pascal Prince, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bacciochi, Élisa Bonaparte, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de, ii. 207<br /> -Bacon, Sir Francis (see St. Albans)<br /> -Baedeker, Karl, vi. 266<br /> -Bagration, Princess, vi. 120<br /> -Bail, M., iii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Bail, Dame, iii. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Bailly, Jean Sylvain, i. 160-161, 165<br /> -Bajazet II. Sultan of Turkey, iii. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Balagni, Madame de, v. 401<br /> -Balbi, Anne Jacoby Caumont La Force,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Baldwin I. Emperor of the East and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. Count of Flanders, vi. 69</span><br /> -Ballanche, Pierre Simon, ii. 198, 214,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 303, 310, 319; iv. 149, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 180, 213; v. 89, 199; vi. 258-260, 262</span><br /> -Balmaine, Alexander Count de, iii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Balsamo (see Cagliostro)<br /> -Balue (see La Balue)<br /> -Balzac, Honoré de, i. 111; v. 202; vi. 156<br /> -Balzac d'Entragues (see d'Entragues)<br /> -Baptiste, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">valet, v. 250, 256, 325-326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 349-350, 352; vi. 8, 24, 129</span><br /> -Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brugière, Baron de, iv. 28, 285</span><br /> -Barante, Césarine de Houdetot, Baronne de, iv. 285<br /> -Barante, Claude Ignace Brugière de, ii. 303<br /> -Barba, Victor, v. 121<br /> -Barbara of Austria, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 82, 84<br /> -Barbarelli (see Giorgione)<br /> -Barbarini, Signora, iv. 37<br /> -Barbauld, Anna Letitia Aiken, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Barberini, Cardinal, iv. 245<br /> -Barberini-Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Barbet, Auguste, vi. 216<br /> -Barbieri (see Guercino)<br /> -Barboux, M., v. 96<br /> -Barcarola, Nina, iv. 245<br /> -Barchou de Penhoen (see Penhoen)<br /> -Bardi, Beatrice Portinari, Signora de', iv. 225-227<br /> -Bareau de Girac, Bishop of Rennes, François, i. 152<br /> -Barentin, Charles Louis François de, ii. 177, iv. 43<br /> -Barentin, Abbess of the Annunciation, Dame de, iv. 43<br /> -Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, i. 143; ii. 26-27, 85<br /> -Bargemont (see Villeneuve-Bargemont)<br /> -Barillon, Nicolas, v. 50<br /> -Barnage, Maître, iv. 110<br /> -Baro, Balthazar, ii. 303<br /> -Baroni, Leonora (see Castellani)<br /> -Baronnais (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Barrande, M., v. 361, 363, 365, 367;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 37, 136-137</span><br /> -Barozzi (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrocchio (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrois, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Barron, F.S.A., Mr. Oswald, vi. 266<br /> -Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>; v. 95, 113, 128, 152-153</span><br /> -Barrucand, M. Victor, iii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -Barry (see Du Barry)<br /> -Bart, Jean, iv. 34-35<br /> -Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Barthe, Félix, v. 95, 265-266, 302<br /> -Barthélemy, Abbé Jean Jacques, ii. 9<br /> -Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille, v. 214-216<br /> -Bartoli, Daniello, vi. 79<br /> -Bartolozzi, Francesco, iv. 162<br /> -Bartram, William, i. 238<br /> -Basel the Hermit, Saint, i. 43<br /> -Basil, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Basil II. Emperor of the East, v. 376<br /> -Baslé, Jean, i. 108<br /> -Bassano, Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 26; iii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Bassompierre, François Maréchal Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 114-117; v. 383, 402</span><br /> -Bastide, Jules, v. 109, 137, 140-141<br /> -Basville, Chrétien François de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100</span><br /> -Bathsheba (see Bethsabee)<br /> -Bathurst, Allen Erst Earl, iv. 80-81<br /> -Bathurst, Henry third Earl, iii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 80-81, 89, 287</span><br /> -Bathurst, Lady Louisa Georgiana, iv. 81<br /> -Bathurst, Lady Emily Charlotte (see Ponsonby)<br /> -Bathurst, Miss, iv. 81, 287-288<br /> -Baude, Jean Jacques Baron, iv. 7; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 112, 115-116, 144, 210</span><br /> -Baudry, Vicomte de, vi. 253<br /> -Baudry, Baron de, vi. 253-254<br /> -Baudry, Anne Louise de Chateaubriand,<br /> -Baronne de, vi. 253<br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Théodore<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Démetrius Prince de, vi. 38, 128, 138</span><br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Anne Laurence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency, Princesse de, vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38, 77, 128, 138</span><br /> -Baulny (see Baudry)<br /> -Bausset, Bishop of Alais, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> -Baville (see Lamoignon de Baville)<br /> -Bavoux, Jacques François Nicolas, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96, 115</span><br /> -Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 107, 215; iii. 6; iv. 228; v. 151-152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26</span><br /> -Bayard, Dame de, v. 151-152<br /> -Bayganuet, Sire de, ii. 205<br /> -Bayle, Pierre, ii. 183-184<br /> -Baylis, the printer, ii. 71-72, 76-77, 80, 97<br /> -Bazancourt, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Beatrice (see Bardi)<br /> -Beattie, James, ii. 129<br /> -Beattie the Younger, ii. 129<br /> -Beaufort, née de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, ii. 333</span><br /> -Beaufort, Renée Dame of, i. 6<br /> -Beaufort (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Estrées)</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261; iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; iv. 165; vi. 161</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Eugène de (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -Beaujolais, Louis d'Orléans, Comte de, iv. 161<br /> -Beaulieu, Geoffroy de, vi. 139<br /> -Beaumanoir, John Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 128, 132, 173</span><br /> -Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Beaumont, Christophe François Comte de, i. 174<br /> -Beaumont, Pauline Marie Michelle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frédérique Ulrique de Montmorin-</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, i. 174;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 167-168, 172-177, 213, 223-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 248, 295, 302, 306, 311, 316-318;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; iv. 165, 183, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 238; v. 48, 319; vi. 6</span><br /> -Beaumont de La Bonnière, Gustave<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire (see Saint-Aulaire)<br /> -Beaurepaire (see d'Hautefeuille)<br /> -Beauvau, Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de, i. 119<br /> -Beauvilliers, Paul Due de, vi. 246<br /> -Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -Becdelièvre-Penhouët, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -Becquet, Étienne, v. 96<br /> -Bedée, Alexis Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Bedée, Seigneur de La Boüétardais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ange Annibal Comte de, i. 14</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Antoine Bénigne de<br /> -Bedée de La Boüétardais, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 17, 22-23, 74, 152; ii. 4-5, 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 62, 64-65, 69, 77, 82, 118-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Angélique Fortunée<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cécile Ginguené, Comtesse de, i. 23;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ii. 5, 9, 62, 64</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Anne de Ravenel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisteilleul, Dame de i. 14, 17, 21-22</span><br /> -Bedée, Charlotte Suzanne Marie, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Caroline de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Flore de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée (see also La Boüétardais)<br /> -Bedford, John Russell, sixth Duke of, iv. 79<br /> -Bédoyère (see La Bédoyère)<br /> -Beethoven, Ludwig van, ii. 332<br /> -Beker, Nicolas Léonard Comte, iii. 188<br /> -Belgiojoso, Cristina Trivulzio, Principessa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 202, 286</span><br /> -Belinaye (see La Belinaye)<br /> -Bellarmine, Archbishop of Capua,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roberto Cardinal Bellarmino, known</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Cardinal, vi. 259</span><br /> -Bellart, Nicolas François, iv. 7<br /> -Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, later Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Paris, Jean Cardinal du,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 243; v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 201</span><br /> -Bellini, Giovanni, vi. 48-49<br /> -Bellocq, M., v. 28, 31, 48-49<br /> -Belloy, Madame du, ii. 100<br /> -Bellune, Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; iv. 62</span><br /> -Bellune, Julie Vosch van Avesaat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchale Duchesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -Bellune, née Muguet, Maréchale Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -Belsunce, Comte de, i. 13<br /> -Belsunce de Castel Moron, Bishop of<br /> -Marseilles, Henri François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 202; v. 231</span><br /> -Bembo, Pietro Cardinal, vi. 79, 103<br /> -Bénard (see Fleury)<br /> -Benedict XIV., Pope, iv. 234; v. 15<br /> -Benedict XIII., Anti-pope (see Luna, Pedro de)<br /> -Bénévent (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Benjamin, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gardener, iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> -Benoît, Frédéric, v. 254<br /> -Benoît the Elder, v. 254<br /> -Benoît, Dame, v. 254<br /> -Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelio Cardinal, vi. 79</span><br /> -Bentivoglio, Guido Cardinal, vi. 79<br /> -Bentivoglio, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Benvenuti, Giacomo Antonio Cardinal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 235; v. 6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Béranger, Pierre Jean de, ii. 132-133,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-153; iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; iv. 140; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206-209, 260, 270, 291; vi. 10, 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 262</span><br /> -Bérard, Auguste Simon Louis, v. 96, 116-117<br /> -Bérard, Pierre Clement, v. 267<br /> -Berengarius I. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Berengarius II. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Bérenger (see Chatillon)<br /> -Berenice Queen of Chalcis, later Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cilicia, vi. 247</span><br /> -Bergasse, Nicolas, i. 175<br /> -Berger, Mayor of the 2nd Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 236</span><br /> -Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, v. 70<br /> -Bériot, Charles Auguste de, vi. 175<br /> -Bériot (see also Malibran)<br /> -Bermond, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bernadotte (see Charles XIV. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweden and Norway and Désirée</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Sweden)</span><br /> -Bernard, Saint, ii. 184, 310<br /> -Bernard, Jean, iv. 149<br /> -Bernard, Madame, iv. 149, 173<br /> -Bernard, Louis Rose Désiré, v. 96<br /> -Bernard, Master, v. 351; vi. 266<br /> -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques<br /> -Henri, ii. 9-10, 63, 133; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>; vi. 176<br /> -Bernetti, Tommaso Cardinal, iv. 234-235,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">290, 293, 300-301; v. 4, 8, 45-46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52; vi. 95</span><br /> -Bernis, François Joachim Cardinal de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierres de, ii. 166, 230, 238; iv. 38</span><br /> -Bernstorff, Christian Gunther Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 34, 60, 102; vi. 45</span><br /> -Berry, Charles Duc de, vi. 246<br /> -Berry, Charles Ferdinand Duc de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 160; ii. 54, 63-64, 152-153, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">278; iii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_161">161</a>; iv. 8, 11, 17, 21-23, 25; v. 161,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 190, 215, 226, 236, 303-304,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">394, 410; vi. 28, 38, 123, 185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 255</span><br /> -Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Duchesse de, ii. 152-154, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208; iii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; iv. 16, 24, 135, 196;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 101, 144, 147, 151, 157-158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 209, 215, 221-229, 235-239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242, 244-246, 265-266, 269,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">302-311, 320-325, 327, 340, 359,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">362, 365-366, 369, 375, 384, 391,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">405-408, 414-415; vi. 9, 22, 25-27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">36-39, 47, 61, 77-78, 80, 94-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 128-130, 132, 135-136, 139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156, 163, 192-193, 229-235, 243</span><br /> -Berryer the Elder, Pierre Nicolas<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246<br /> -Berryer the Younger, Pierre Antoine<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246-248, 259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-266, 269, 302, 309-310; vi. 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256</span><br /> -Bertrin, Abbé Georges, vi. 256<br /> -Berstoecher, M., ii. 193; iv. 121<br /> -Bert, M., v. 96<br /> -Bertalozzi, Francesco Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Berthe de Rohan, Queen of Spain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, H.M., ii. 279</span><br /> -Berthelin, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Berthier (see Wagram)<br /> -Berthois, Auguste Marie Baron, v. 135<br /> -Berthollet, Claude Louis Comte, ii. 188<br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Lieutenant Albert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Jules, v. 108</span><br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 161; v. 108</span><br /> -Bertin the Elder, Louis François Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 175, 223, 229; iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; iv. 100-101; v. 29, 260, 368</span><br /> -Bertin the Younger, Pierre Louis Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Bertin de Vaux or, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175, 223; iii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; iv. 100-101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260; v. 368</span><br /> -Bertrand, Henri Gratien Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br /> -Bertrand, née Dillon, Comtesse, iii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> -Bertrand, Captain, iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> -Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of, iv. 67<br /> -Besenval, Pierre Victor Baron de, i. 177; iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Besnardière (see La Besnardière)<br /> -Bessarion, Archbishop of Nicosa, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Siponto, Patriarch of Constantinople,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johannes Cardinal, vi. 49</span><br /> -Bessus Satrap of Bactriana, iii. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -Bethsabee, vi. 237<br /> -Bettio, Abbate Pietro, vi. 53, 55-57<br /> -Beugnot, Jacques Claude Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -Beurnonville, Pierre Ruel, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -Bevilacqua, Cardinal, vi. 91<br /> -Béville, Marquis de, iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Béville (see also Lavalette)<br /> -Beyle (see Stendhal)<br /> -Bezout, Étienne, i. 44<br /> -Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuscany, vi. 238</span><br /> -Billard, A., v. 96<br /> -Billarderie (see Flahaut de La Billarderie)<br /> -Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, ii. 18<br /> -Billecocq, Adolphe, iv. 102<br /> -Billing, Baron, i. 185<br /> -Billot, M., v. 97<br /> -Biré, M. Edmond, i. xvi-xvii, 5, 33;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 92, 215-219, 284; v. 360; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 180, 229-235, 248-265</span><br /> -Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, Duc de, i. 51, 176<br /> -Biron (see also Lauzun)<br /> -Bisceglie (see Alphonsus of Bisceglie)<br /> -Bissy, Claude VIII. de Thiard, Comte de, v. 162<br /> -Bissy (see also Thiard-Bissy and Thiard de Bissy)<br /> -Bivar (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Bjorn the Scandinavian, ii. 217<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, Pierre Louis Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a>; iv. 8-9, 59, 132-133; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29, 34, 45, 52, 341-343, 352,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-359, 363, 365-366, 368-369,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378, 383-385, 408, 415; vi. 26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 120, 129, 135, 138-139, 193</span><br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the Great Warrior, v. 385<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the troubadour, v. 385<br /> -Blair, Rev. Hugh, ii. 121<br /> -Blaize, Ange, vi. 216<br /> -Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119-120, 140</span><br /> -Blanche of Castile, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 256; v. 225, 377</span><br /> -Blessington, Charles John Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Earl of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Blessington, Marguerite Power,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Bletterie (see La Bletterie)<br /> -Blin, Joseph Marie Jacques, i. 153<br /> -Blitersdorff, Quarter-master, ii. 260<br /> -Blondel, the troubadour, v. 377<br /> -Blossac, M. de, ii. 314<br /> -Blossac, Madame de, ii. 314<br /> -Blücher (see Wahlstadt)<br /> -Boccaccio, Giovanni, iv. 185; v. 229-230<br /> -Bodsey, the publisher, ii. 97<br /> -Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, iv. 227<br /> -Boigne, Benoît Comte de, ii. 103<br /> -Boigne, née d'Osmond, Comtesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103; v. 106</span><br /> -Bohain, Victor, v. 96<br /> -Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, i. 133; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 179, 187, 293; iii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 53; vi. 240</span><br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Elder, M. Delaunay, iii. 13<br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Younger, M. iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Boisgarein, François Nicolas Magon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 51</span><br /> -Boisgarein, Élisabeth Anne Dame de, i. 51<br /> -Boisgelin, Louis Brune Comte de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin, née de Boufflers, Comtesse de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin de Cicé, Archbishop of Aix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Tours, Jean-de-Dieu Raymond</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, ii. 103</span><br /> -Bois de La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Ferronnière)</span><br /> -Boishamon, M. du, i. 23<br /> -Boishue, Jean Baptiste René de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guehenneuc, Comte de, i. 154; ii. 38</span><br /> -Boishue (see also Guehenneuc de Boishue)<br /> -Boisrobert, Abbé Francis Le Metel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sieur de, v. 55</span><br /> -Boissonade, Jean François, iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Boissy, Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 136; iv. 227; v. 89</span><br /> -Boissy (see also Guiccioli)<br /> -Boistelleul, Jean Baptiste Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugène de Ravenel, Comte du, i. 67, 69</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Captain Hyacinthe Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre de Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Pauline Zoé Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farcy de Montavallon, Dame de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Mademoiselle de, i. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-23; ii. 120; vi. 127, 173</span><br /> -Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano, Matteo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, vi. 78-79</span><br /> -Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, v. 57</span><br /> -Bolivar, President of Columbia, Simon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi; iv. 291-292</span><br /> -Bolton, William Orde-Powlett, second Lord, ii. 68<br /> -Bolzona, Count, v. 404<br /> -Bon, Dame, ii. 277<br /> -Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 97; ii. 167, 168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 187, 198; iv. 16</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Charles Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iv. 241; v. 58, 297</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Charlotte Bonaparte, Princesse, iv. 241<br /> -Bonaparte, known as Madame Mère,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Letizia Ramolino, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">166, 213; iii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>; iv. 10</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Christine Éléonore Boyer,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Elizabeth Patterson, Dame, iii. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Bonaparte, Jerome (see Jerome King of Westphalia)<br /> -Bonaparte, Joseph (see Joseph King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, later of Spain)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Louis (see Louis King of Holland)<br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Louis Napoléon (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Lucien (see Canino)<br /> -Bonaparte, Napoleon (see Napoleon I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Bonaparte Caroline (see Caroline Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Naples)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Élisa (see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)<br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame (see Canino)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Josèphe Rose<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tascher de La Pagerie, Vicomtesse de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauharnais, later Dame (see Joséphine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Pauline (see Borghese)<br /> -Bonaparte (see also Buonaparte)<br /> -Bonaventure, Saint, i. xxx<br /> -Bonchamp, General Artus de, ii. 53, 107; v. 245<br /> -Bonchamp, Dame de, ii. 53<br /> -Bondy, Pierre Marie Comte de Taillepied<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 229, 235-238</span><br /> -Bondy, Comtesse de Taillepied de, v. 134<br /> -Boniface VIII., Pope, v. 48<br /> -Boniface IX., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Bonnay, François Marquis de, i. 175,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176; ii. 247; iv. 32-33, 43-44</span><br /> -Bonnet, M., iv. 67<br /> -Bonnet de Malherbe, Dr., vi. 154<br /> -Bonnevie, Abbé Pierre Étienne de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 221, 235, 307</span><br /> -Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Bonrecueil, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bonstetten, Charles Victor de, iv. 250, 258<br /> -Boquet, Pierre Jean, ii. 231; iv. 238<br /> -Borde (see La Borde)<br /> -Bordeaux, Duc de (see Henry V. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Bordesoulle, Étienne Tardif de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pommeroux, Comte de, v. 148</span><br /> -Bordier, M., i. 178<br /> -Bordone, Paride or Paris, vi. 49<br /> -Borel (see Fauche-Borel)<br /> -Borghese, Camillo Principe, ii. 223-224<br /> -Borghese, Duchess of Guastalla,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pauline Bonaparte, Principessa, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224, 237; iii. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>; iv. 184, 248-249</span><br /> -Borghese, Principessa, iv. 248<br /> -Borgia, Duc de Valentinois, Cesare, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229; v. 13</span><br /> -Borgne (see Le Borgne)<br /> -Borromeo (see Charles Cardinal Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, Saint)</span><br /> -Bossinot de Vauvert (see Vauvert)<br /> -Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bénigne, i. 102, 151, 234; ii. 151,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">201, 292, 336; iii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 292; v. 84-86, 177, 388, 403;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 25</span><br /> -Boucher, Abbé, v. 140<br /> -Boüétardais (see Bedée and La Boüétardais)<br /> -Boüétiez, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Boufflers, Louis François Maréchal de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, Joseph Marie Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Boufflers, née de Beauvais-Craon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a></span><br /> -Boufflers, Stanislas Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; iii. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>; iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Comtesse de Sabran, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Louis de, iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, i. xxi.<br /> -Bougon, Dr., vi. 193<br /> -Bouillé, Marquise de, v. 363; vi. 136<br /> -Bouillerie (see La Bouillerie)<br /> -Bouillet, Marie Nicolas, vi. 88, 266<br /> -Bouillon, Godefroy Duc de, ii. 65; iv. 138<br /> -Bouillon, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a></span><br /> -Bouillon, Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 65</span><br /> -Bouillon (see also Godfrey of Bouillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Jerusalem)</span><br /> -Boulin, Joseph, i. 108<br /> -Boulogne, Bishop of Troyes, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Vienne, Étienne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Bounelet, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Cardinal de, iii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Bourbon, Charles Connétable Duc de, v. 16, 58<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Duc de, vi. 200<br /> -Bourbon, Archambaud VII. Sire de, iv. 209<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Condé, Louis VI. Prince de)</span><br /> -Bourbon, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Condé)</span><br /> -Bourdaloue, Louis, ii. 100<br /> -Bourdasse, Jacques, i. 108<br /> -Bourdic, later Dame Viot, Marie Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henriette Payan de L'Étang,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise d'Antremont, later, vi. 174</span><br /> -Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Bourdonnaye (see La Bourdonnaye)<br /> -Bourdonnaye-Montluc (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourdonnaye-Montluc)</span><br /> -Bourg (see Du Bourg)<br /> -Bourges, Clémence de, vi. 173<br /> -Bourgoing, Chevalier de, iv. 102<br /> -Bourgogne, Louis Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghaisne, Comte Maréchal de, v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 95, 244-245, 323</span><br /> -Bourmont, Adolphe de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourmont, Charles de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourgueney, François Adolphe Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 251, 270; iii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -Boutet (see Mars and Monvel)<br /> -Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Boutin, M., ii. 27<br /> -Brabant (see Geneviève of Brabant)<br /> -Bracciano, Giovanni Torlonia, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duca di, iv. 262; v. 19</span><br /> -Bracciano-Orsini (see Orsini)<br /> -Brackenridge, Henry M., i. 252<br /> -Bragadino, Marco Antonio, vi. 59<br /> -Brahe, Tycho, v. 387<br /> -Bramante, Donato d'Agnolo, iv. 230<br /> -Brancas, née de Colbert-Montboissier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, v. 291</span><br /> -Brandon (see Hamilton)<br /> -Braunfels (see Solm-Braunfels)<br /> -Breil de Pontbriand, Vicomtesse de, i. 150<br /> -Brémond, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Brennus, v. 305<br /> -Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier,<br /> -Baron de, i. 132, 156; ii. 31; iii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> -Breton (see Le Breton)<br /> -Breuning, Fräulein Eleonora, ii. 332<br /> -Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Brien, Jean, iii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> -Brienne, Archbishop of Sens, Étienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles de Loménie, Comte de, i. 141</span><br /> -Brienne, Henri Auguste Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loménie de, ii. 152</span><br /> -Brienne, Comtesse de Loménie de, ii. 152<br /> -Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, Nicolas Jean, i. 13<br /> -Brignon, Marie Anne Le Tendu, Dame, i. 13<br /> -Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, iv. 167-168<br /> -Brinvilliers, Marie Marguerite Dreux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Avray, Marquise de, ii. 163</span><br /> -Briot, Pierre Joseph, ii. 223<br /> -Briqueville, Armand François Bon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude Comte de, v. 209-210, 213</span><br /> -Briqueville the Elder, Comte de, v. 209<br /> -Briqueville, Comtesse de, v. 209<br /> -Brissac (see Cossé-Brissac)<br /> -Brisson, Barnabé Président, ii. 21<br /> -Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, ii. 14<br /> -Britannicus, Claudius Tiberius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanicus, known as, ii. 258</span><br /> -Britard (see Brizard)<br /> -Brittany, Giles of (see Chateaubriand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Chantocé)</span><br /> -Brizard, Jean Baptiste Britard, known as, i. 128<br /> -Brocard, Pere Ignace, vi. 43<br /> -Broglie, Victor François Maréchal Duc de, i. 156<br /> -Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 81, 105, 122-123, 127</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 95, 113</span><br /> -Broglie, Albertine de Staël-Holstein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, v. 81</span><br /> -Brollo, the gaoler, vi. 105-112<br /> -Brollo, Signora, vi. 105-110<br /> -Brollo, Angelica (see "Zanze")<br /> -Brosses, René Comte de, iv. 300; v. 30<br /> -Brosses (see also De Brosses)<br /> -Brougham and Vaux, Henry Brougham,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, i. 188</span><br /> -Broussais, François Joseph Victor, i. 27, 74<br /> -Brown, Charles Brockden, i. 253-254<br /> -Bruce, Lieutenant Michael, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> -Brugière de Barante (see Barante)<br /> -Brummell, George Bryan, iv. 69<br /> -Brun (see Le Brun and Malte-Brun)<br /> -Brune, Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne, iii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> -Bruno, Saint, ii. 33, 309-310<br /> -Brutus, Lucius Junius, v. 132, 312<br /> -Brutus, Marcus Junius, v. 57, 132, 394<br /> -Brutus, Tiberius Junius, v. 312<br /> -Brutus, Titus Junius, v. 312<br /> -Bruyère (see La Bruyère)<br /> -Buckingham and Chandos, Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Greville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 140; iv. 79</span><br /> -Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 65</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 127, 174; iii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; iv. 122</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Marie Leclerc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 173</span><br /> -Buffon, later Dame de Bussières,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marguérite Françoise de Bouvier de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cepoy, Comtesse de, i. 173</span><br /> -Bugeaud de La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Buisson de La Vigne (see La Vigne)<br /> -Bullion, Claude de, i. 150<br /> -Bülow (see Dennewitz)<br /> -Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 236</span><br /> -Buonaparte, Carlo, vi. 184<br /> -Buonaparte, Giacomo, v. 58<br /> -Buonaparte (see also Bonaparte)<br /> -Buonarotti (see Michael Angelo)<br /> -Buonavita, Abbé, iii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -Burghersh, Lord, pseud (see Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Burke, Edmund, i. xxi; ii. 121,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144-145; iv. 93; v. 57</span><br /> -Burney (see d'Arblay)<br /> -Burns, Robert, ii. 127, 129<br /> -Busoni, Philippe, v. 96<br /> -Bussi, Giovanni Battista Cardinal, v. 18<br /> -Bussières (see Buffon and Renouard de Bussières)<br /> -Bute, John Stuart, first Earl of, iv. 81<br /> -Buti, Lucrezia, iv. 232<br /> -Butler (see Dubourg-Butler)<br /> -Buttafuoco, Matteo, iii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Byron, William fourth Lord, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, George Gordon sixth Lord, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">xxiii; ii. 8, 91, 123-124, 127, 129-136,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 232, 254; v. 59, 89, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">209, 300, 389; vi. 50, 66, 71-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 85</span><br /> -Byron, Anne Isabella Milbanke, Lady, ii. 136<br /> -Byron, Commodore Hon. John, vi. 72<br /> -Byron, Hon. Augusta Ada (see Leigh)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -C<br /> -<br /> -Cacault, François, ii. 219<br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Elder, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Félix, v. 237</span><br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Younger, Félix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98-99, 190-191, 237-239</span><br /> -Cadoudal, Georges, i. 65; ii. 249, 252,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259; iii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iv. 167-168</span><br /> -Cæsar, Caius Julius, i. 17; ii. 121, 201,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331, 337; iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; iv. 14, 176, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; v. 40, 56, 131-132, 155, 333,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 68, 180, 196, 243</span><br /> -Cagliari (see Veronese)<br /> -Cagliostro, Giuseppe Balsamo, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Alessandro Conte di, i. 145</span><br /> -Cahen, Louis, i. xvii; vi. 265-266<br /> -Caillet, Guillaume, ii. 108<br /> -Cajetan, Saint, ii. 159<br /> -Calas, Jean, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Caligula, the Emperor, ii. 33; vi. 209<br /> -Calixtus II., Pope, iv. 304<br /> -Calixtus III., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Callot, Jacques, ii. 95<br /> -Calonne, Abbé de, ii. 72<br /> -Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, i. 140-141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162; ii. 4; vi. 203</span><br /> -Calvin, John, v. 199, 273, 388; vi. 96<br /> -Camargo, Marie Anne Cuppi, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as the, ii. 119</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Second Consul, later Duke<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Parma, Jean Jacques Régis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 259, 282; iii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 409</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Marie Jean Pierre Hubert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 259</span><br /> -Camden, William, ii. 80<br /> -Camerarius, Joachim Liebhard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, vi. 142</span><br /> -Camoens, Luiz de, i. xxiv, 196, 242-243;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 123; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 86-87, 104, 222</span><br /> -Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genest, Dame, v. 296</span><br /> -Campbell, Sir Neil, iii. 78-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, 81<br /> -Campbell, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Campbell, Mr. William Bernard, vi. 266<br /> -Campo-Franco, Lucchesi-Palli, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, v. 322-323</span><br /> -Camuccini, Vicenzo, iv. 241<br /> -Canaris, Constantine, iv. 119<br /> -Canaris the Younger, iv. 118-119<br /> -Candoles, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Canecaude, M. de, i. 164<br /> -Cange (see Du Cange)<br /> -Canino, Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 179, 210; iii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>; iv. 155-158, 196, 220</span><br /> -Canino, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess of, ii. 166</span><br /> -Canning, George, i. xxii-xxiii, 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 68-69, 79, 92-93, 128; iv. 70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 89, 92, 96, 128, 217-218,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266; v. 57, 145, 180-181; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -Canning, Joan Scott, Mrs., ii. 79<br /> -Canova, Antonio, i. xxiii, 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224, 248; iv. 75, 162, 180-182, 220,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238; vi. 57-58, 60</span><br /> -Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honors<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raymond, iv. 131</span><br /> -Capelan, Abbé, ii. 117<br /> -Capellari (sec Gregory XVI., Pope)<br /> -Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benoît<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; v. 88,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378-379, 422</span><br /> -Capello, General Vittorio, vi. 48<br /> -Capet, Hugh (see Hugh Capet, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Capodistrias, Giovanni Anton Count, i. xxi<br /> -Capponi, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspardo Marchese, v. 25</span><br /> -Capua, Charles Ferdinand Prince of, v. 323<br /> -Caractacus King of Britain, ii. 129<br /> -Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti, Giovanni<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pietro, ii. 159</span><br /> -Caraman, Victor Louis Charles de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquet de Caraman, Marquis, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 185; iv. 91, 102; v. 123</span><br /> -Caraman, Georges Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Carracci, Agostino, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Annibale, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Lodovico, iv. 225<br /> -Carbon, Flins des Oliviers (see Flins<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Oliviers)</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Emanuel Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Maria Cristina Albertina<br /> -Carlotta of Saxe-Courlande, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Louis Victor Prince of Savoy,<br /> -Carignan, Count of Villafranca, Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, i. 51</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Albert Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy (see Charles Albert, King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia)</span><br /> -Carignan, Élisabeth Anne Princesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie (see Boisgarein)</span><br /> -Carignan (see also Eugène)<br /> -Carline, Marie Gabrielle Malagrida,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Nivelon, known as, i. 173</span><br /> -Carlskron (see Dumont)<br /> -Carlyle, Thomas, v. 381<br /> -Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_149">169</a></span><br /> -Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Augustenburg, Queen of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i, 188; ii. 142-143</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Land-gravine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hesse-Homburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 41</span><br /> -Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25; iii. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189-196, 198, 201, 203</span><br /> -Carolsfeld, (see Schnorr von Carolsfeld)<br /> -Caron, Colonel Augustin Joseph, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211; vi. 159</span><br /> -Caron de Beaumarchais (see Beaumarchais)<br /> -Carrel, Nicolas Armand, v. 82-83, 96,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 206-208, 291; vi. 25, 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162-171, 215</span><br /> -Carrel the Elder, M., vi. 168-169<br /> -Carrel, Dame, vi. 168<br /> -Carrel the Younger, M., vi. 168<br /> -Carrel, Nathalie, vi. 168, 170<br /> -Carrio, Señor, vi. 72<br /> -Cartier, Jacques, i. 26, 30, 204, 232<br /> -Cary, Henry Francis, iv. 226; v. 66; vi. 61<br /> -Casimir-Périer (see Périer)<br /> -Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, iv. 227; vi. 157<br /> -Castelbajac, Marie Barthélemy Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 97; iv. 16</span><br /> -Castellani, Giulio Cesare, iv. 245<br /> -Castellani, Leonora Baroni, Signora, iv. 245<br /> -Castelnau, Seigneur de La Mauvissière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel de, i. 212</span><br /> -Castiglione, Pierre François Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augereau, Maréchal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>; v. 227; vi. 139</span><br /> -Castiglioni (see Pius VIII., Pope)<br /> -Castlereagh (see Londonderry)<br /> -Castries, Madame de, iv. 285<br /> -Castro, Inez de, vi. 24-25<br /> -Castro, João de, v. 380<br /> -Cathcart, William Schaw first Earl, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Cathcart, Charles ninth Lord, i. 188<br /> -Cathelineau, General Jacques, ii. 107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; v. 245</span><br /> -Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France, v. 84<br /> -Catherine I. Empress of All the Russias, vi. 101<br /> -Catherine II. Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132; ii. 197, 289; vi. 101</span><br /> -Catherine of Wurtemberg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westphalia, iii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 215, 221</span><br /> -Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius, ii. 79,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331; iv. 246; v. 336, 394</span><br /> -Catullus, Caius Valerius, i. 162; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; vi. 79</span><br /> -Cauchie, Dame, i. 126<br /> -Cauchie, Anne, i. 126<br /> -Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste, v. 95, 126</span><br /> -Caud, Jacques Louis René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, i. 83; ii. 176</span><br /> -Caud, Lucile Angélique de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. xvi, 6, 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 29, 31, 40, 65, 70, 76-79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 91, 94-96, 102-103, 107, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. 4, 6, 7, 9, 27, 82, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">146, 175-177, 226-229, 231-232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 302, 311-319; v. 258; vi. 128-129</span><br /> -Caulaincourt (see Vicence)<br /> -Caumont de La Force (see La Force)<br /> -Caux, Roger Comte de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Caux, Louis Victor Vicomte de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138; v. 120</span><br /> -Cavaignac, General Eugène Louis, v. 141<br /> -Cavaignac, Éléonore Louis Godefroy, v. 140-141<br /> -Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, v. 140-141<br /> -Cayet, Pierre Victoire Palma, v. 140<br /> -Cayla, Zoé Victoire Talon du Boullay<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thierry, Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, iv. 6<br /> -Cazes (see Decazes)<br /> -Cazotte, Jean, i. 179; ii. 56<br /> -Ceccaldi (see Colonna-Ceccaldi)<br /> -Celestine V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -"Célestine," vi. 171<br /> -Cellamare, Antonio Giudicce, Duca di<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Giovenazza, Principe di, vi. 200</span><br /> -Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visscher, Comte de, iv. 237; v. 37</span><br /> -Celles, née de Valence, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Celles, Demoiselles de, iv. 237<br /> -Cellini, Benvenuto, iv. 181, 239<br /> -Cels, the nursery-gardener, v. 318<br /> -Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, i. xxiv,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iv. 232; v. 263, 351; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cesarotti, Melchiore, iii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; vi. 79<br /> -Cessac, Jean Girard Lacuee, Comte de, vi. 184<br /> -Chabot, François, iv. 4<br /> -Chabot (see also Rohan-Chabot)<br /> -Chabrol-Croussol, André Jean Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 134-135, 138-139; v. 72, 81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 94</span><br /> -Chabrol-Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 94, 100, 112</span><br /> -Chafner, Major, i. 66, 181<br /> -Chalais (see Talleyrand-Chalais)<br /> -Chalais-Périgord, née de Beauvilliers<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aignan, Princesse de, vi. 243-246</span><br /> -Chalas, Prosper, v. 96<br /> -Chalmel, Abbé Jean François, i. 48<br /> -Chalotais (see La Chalotais)<br /> -Chambolle, François Adolphe, v. 95<br /> -Chambord, Comte de, pseud. (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Chambord, Comtesse de, pseud, (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France)</span><br /> -Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 83, 129-130, 132, 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. 27, 102</span><br /> -Chamisso, Charles de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Hippolyte de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Louis Charles Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chamisso de Boncourt, known as</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adelbert von, iv. 39-40</span><br /> -Champagny, Vicomte de, v. 94<br /> -Champcenetz, Louis Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. 80; v. 267</span><br /> -Champion de Cicé, Vicomte de, i. 146<br /> -Champlain, Samuel, i. 232<br /> -Champlatreux (see Molé de Champlatreux)<br /> -Champmeslé, Marie Desmare, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Mademoiselle, ii. 179</span><br /> -Champollion, Jean François, vi. 223<br /> -Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques, v. 86<br /> -Chantelauze, Jean Claude Balthazar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de, v. 88, 90, 189, 422</span><br /> -Chanteloup, Jean Antoine Chaptal,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 188, 309<br /> -Chapelier (see Le Chapelier)<br /> -Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, ii. 207<br /> -Chappe, Claude, iii. <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> -Chappe, Ignace Urbain, iii. <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> -Chaptal (see Chanteloup)<br /> -Chardel, Casimir Marie Marcellin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Célestin, v. 96, 115</span><br /> -Charette de La Contrie, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athanase, i. 154; ii. 109; v. 245</span><br /> -Charlemagne (see Charles I. King of France)<br /> -Charles Cardinal Count Borromeo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Milan, Saint, iv. 223;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 230; vi. 193</span><br /> -Charles the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 338; iv. 109, 263</span><br /> -Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany, i.<br /> -Charles Duke of Burgundy, ii. 32; iii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a><br /> -Charles IV. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388, 410-411</span><br /> -Charles V., the Emperor, i. 25; ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; iv. 239; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 84, 400</span><br /> -Charles VI., the Emperor, ii. 78; iv. 246<br /> -Charles I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 187; ii. 18, 39, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124; iii. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; iv. 82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 251-252; v. 115, 137, 178, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295</span><br /> -Charles II. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 189; ii. 137, 140;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>; v. 50</span><br /> -Charles III. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 202; iv. 249-252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 372-373: vi. 101, 201</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Charles Emanuel</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV. King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Charles I. King of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlemagne, the Emperor, i. 235;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 32-33, 63; iii. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; iv. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 264; v. 11, 65, 196, 337,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 195-196</span><br /> -Charles II. King of France and III.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the Romans, v. 297</span><br /> -Charles V. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VI. King of France, ii. 201;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 378; vi. 10, 140, 196</span><br /> -Charles VII. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 108; v. 378; vi. 133, 196</span><br /> -Charles VIII. King of France, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 227; vi. 196</span><br /> -Charles IX. King of France, i. 35, 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 212; ii. 18; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; v. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 137; vi. 82</span><br /> -Charles X. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 35, 135, 156, 160, 163; ii. 4-5, 16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 34, 40, 54, 63, 79, 101, 103, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 259; iii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>; iv. 8, 14, 16, 21, 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61-62, 96-97, 103, 106-112, 117, 120,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 130-141, 161, 252, 280, 290-291,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">293, 296, 302, 304; v. 6, 8, 17-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20-21, 23, 30-32, 34-36, 40, 47-48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-69, 74-78, 84, 86-97, 99-100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103-104, 106-108, 110-111, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 121-123, 127-128, 130-131,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">133, 135, 138, 143-157, 160, 164-165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168-170, 173-177, 180, 188, 191-192,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 209-211, 220, 222, 226-228, 235,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238-239, 260, 268, 271, 307, 321-322,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 339-340, 342-343, 349,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-362, 364-375, 378 379, 383-387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">390-391, 393-396, 398-399, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408, 415, 421-426; vi. 23,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 34-35, 45, 62, 99, 101, 115-118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 128-141, 149, 151, 165, 191, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 229-234, 238, 242-246</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre (see Charles VII. King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain)</span><br /> -Charles II. Grand-Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 33</span><br /> -Charles II. Duke of Parma, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Lucca,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, iv. 224</span><br /> -Charles III. Duke of Parma, iv. 224;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Spain (see Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Charles III. King of Spain and IV. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Two Sicilies, iv. 58; v. 51; vi. 202</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of Spain, i. 49; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-258; iii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; iv. 236; v. 74</span><br /> -Charles V. King of Spain, iii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; v. 75<br /> -Charles VII. King of Spain and XI.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre, ii. 279</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Charles III. King of Spain)</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of Sweden, v. 51<br /> -Charles XIII. King of Sweden, ii. 257; iii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Charles XIV. John King of Sweden<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Norway, ii. 257; iii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_220">220</a>; v. 144</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 322<br /> -Charles of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Charles Albert King of Sardinia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54; v. 38, 322</span><br /> -Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles III. King of England, Scotland</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland)</span><br /> -Charles Emanuel I. King of Sardinia, iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> -Charles Emanuel II. King of Sardinia, i. 130<br /> -Charles Emanuel III. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Charles Emanuel IV. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Charles IV. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 242, 251</span><br /> -Charles Felix King of Sardinia, iv. 54,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 38; vi. 45</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Elector, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Baden, ii. 280; iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince, iv. 164</span><br /> -Charles Frederic William, Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 33-34; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; v. 127</span><br /> -Charles Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 258; iii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> -Charlevoix, Père Pierre François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 232-233</span><br /> -Charlotte Princess Royal of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 142; vi. 118</span><br /> -Charlotte of Prussia, Princess (see Alexandra<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feodorowna Empress of Russia)</span><br /> -Charlotte Mademoiselle de Valois,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena, v. 230</span><br /> -Charrière, Isabelle Agnes van Tujil,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de Sainte-Hyacinthe de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 121-122</span><br /> -Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, v. 107<br /> -Chartier, Alain, ii. 201<br /> -Chartier, Jean, vi. 133<br /> -Chassé, David Hendrik Baron, v. 94<br /> -Chastenay, Dame de, i. 101, 104-105,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">112; ii. 44; iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> -Chastenay-Lanty, Louise Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victorine Comtesse de, ii. 169</span><br /> -Chateau-d'Assie, Michel Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locquet, Comte de, i. 108</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Comte de, i. 150<br /> -Chateaubourg, Paul François de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celle, Vicomte, later Comte de, i. 104-105</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomtesse, later Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 15, 40, 53, 66, 106, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150; ii. 319</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey I. Baron of, i. 6, 24<br /> -Chateaubriand, Sybil Baroness of, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey IV. Baron of, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey V. Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, ninth Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, François Comte de, i. 11-12<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 8, 82-83; ii. 295-296, 319,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; iii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; v. 64-65, 154, 269;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 253, 261-263</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Henriette Félicité Zélie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orglandes, Comtesse de, i. 8; ii. 296</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jean Baptiste Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 6-7, 12, 15-16, 18, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 83, 94-96, 101, 104-105, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 119, 122, 135-137, 167, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. 3, 22-23, 27-32, 60, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 81-84, 146, 294-295; iii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 64, 304, 309; vi. 24</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Aline Thérèse Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 15, 95, 111, 135; ii. 23, 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">83-84: v. 64</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Louis Comte de, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, René Comte de, i. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 12-14, 17-19, 29, 35, 38, 42-43.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-47, 49, 57-58, 63, 70, 72-80, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-96, 107-111, 125; ii. 131, 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 65, 377; vi. 200</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Apolline Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suzanne de Bedée, Comtesse de, i. 14-15</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18-20, 28, 30, 35-36, 38, 40, 53,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-62, 70, 73-74, 76-81, 91-96, 101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 107-109, 111, 125, 146-148,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182; ii. 4, 60, 65, 82, 84-85, 114-116,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 146, 176, 318; v. 65, 152; vi. 66</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Pétronille Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamour de Lanjégu, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 11-13</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomte de, passim</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Céleste Buisson de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vigne, Vicomtesse de, i. xxiii, 130;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 5-9, 24, 27, 82, 85, 146, 171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 213, 236, 248-249, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299-300, 302, 310, 317, 319; iii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; iv. 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 106-107, 120, 221, 223-224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 233, 285, 287, 296; v. 69-70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 93, 201, 205, 209, 234, 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251-253, 256, 258, 264, 267, 270, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-299, 313, 316-317, 359, 570; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97-98, 130, 137, 145, 258, 260, 262</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Amaury de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Armand Louis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 32; ii. 34, 40, 50, 64; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; iv. 176</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Brien de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Christian de, i. 8; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23, 295, 319; iii. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; v. 63-65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326; vi. 253</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François Henri de, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Frédéric de, i. 109; ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy de, i. 15<br /> -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume de, i. 43</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Guy of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, Michel de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Pierre de, i. 32<br /> -Chateaubriand, Thiern de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Chateaubourg)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Charlotte of (see Croï)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Claude Dame de, vi. 173<br /> -Chateaubriand, Julie Marie Agathe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Farcy)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Lucile de (see Caud)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Margaret of (see Rohan)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Anne Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Marigny)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Jeanne Therèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brignon de Laher, Dame de, i. 13,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15-16</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne de, ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne Le Brun, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 64; iii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Joan of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Abbé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Hilaire de, i. 59</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Alexis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe II. de, i. 6-7, 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Parc, Joseph, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis, Pierre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, i. 11-13, 32</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis-Bertrand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brien de, i. 9</span><br /> -Chateaubriand and Chantocé, Giles of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittany, Lord of, i. 25</span><br /> -Chateaugiron, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Châteauroux, Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de La Tournelle,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, ii. 297-298; vi. 201</span><br /> -Châtel, Jean, v. 401<br /> -Châtelain, René Theophile, v. 95<br /> -Châtelet (see Du Châtelet)<br /> -Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 73, 146</span><br /> -Châtillon, Henri de, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Châtillon (see also Godet de Châtillon)<br /> -Chaulieu, Guillaume Anfrie, Abbé de, vi. 211<br /> -Chaulnes, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, ii. 16<br /> -Chauvin, Pierre, iv. 297<br /> -Chauvin, Demoiselle, iv. 297<br /> -Cheftel, Dr, i. 92<br /> -Cheftel the Younger, M., i. 92<br /> -Chênedollé, Charles Lioult de, ii. 167,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-173, 176, 227, 239, 312, 318</span><br /> -Chénier, André Marie de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 234; iii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; iv. 152; vi. 161</span><br /> -Chénier, Marie Joseph de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 17, 105; iii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_26">26</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; vi. 187</span><br /> -Cheops, or Khufu, King of Egypt, v. 244<br /> -Chérin, Bernard, i. 6<br /> -Chevalier, Michel, v. 126, 137<br /> -Chevalier (see also Poncelet)<br /> -Chéverus, Bishop of Boston, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of Montauban, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Bordeaux, Jean Louis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Madeleine Lefébure, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Claude de Lorraine, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de Luynes, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Chevreuse, née Norbonne-Pelet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 178-179</span><br /> -Chevet, the restaurateur, v. 311<br /> -Chiabrera, Gabriello, vi. 48<br /> -Child, Robert, i. 188<br /> -Chilperic I. King of the Franks, i. 120, 223<br /> -Choderlos de Laclos (see Laclos)<br /> -Choiseul et d'Amboise, Étienne François<br /> -Comte de Stainville, later Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50-51; vi. 28, 202</span><br /> -Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie Gabriel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florent Auguste Comte de, iii. 123</span><br /> -Choiseul-Praslin (see Praslin)<br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Claude Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, Duc de, i. 176; ii. 9; v. 94, 112</span><br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Duchesse de, ii. 9<br /> -Chopin, J., v. 263<br /> -Choulot, Paul Comte de, v. 322<br /> -Christian VIII. King of Denmark and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Christian IX. King of Denmark, iv. 118<br /> -Christina Queen of Sweden, i. 75; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. 22; v. 14, 51</span><br /> -Christophe, King of Hayti, Henri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 71; v. 205, 412</span><br /> -Christopher, Saint, vi. 64<br /> -Chotek, Karl Count von, v. 340-343,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">352-353, 365, 381-382, 391; vi. 36, 139</span><br /> -Chotek, Countess von, v. 381; vi. 139<br /> -Chotkowa and Wognin, Johann Rudolf<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, v. 382</span><br /> -Cicé (see Boisgelin de Cicé and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champion de Cicé)</span><br /> -Cicéri, Pierre Luc Charles, vi. 48<br /> -Cicero, Marcus Tullius, ii. 81, 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132, 201; iii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; v. 56, 161, 341;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 47, 237</span><br /> -Cicognara, Leopolde Conte, vi. 52, 58<br /> -Cid Campeador, the (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Cimarosa, Domenico, i. 225; iv. 185<br /> -Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, i. 210;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_228">228</a></span><br /> -Cintio, Cardinal, vi. 90-91<br /> -Cisher, iv. 170<br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Meade, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meade, third Earl of, iv. 72-73, 89</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Caroline Thun, Countess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clancarty, Marquis of Heusden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Le Poer Trench, second</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iii. <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> -Clarence, Lionel Duke of, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 57</span><br /> -Clarke, Captain Edward, ii. 319-320<br /> -Clarke, Mary Anne Thompson, Mrs, ii. 68<br /> -Clary; Colonel, iv. 199<br /> -Claude Duchess of Brittany, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 141</span><br /> -Claudius, the Emperor, ii. 258<br /> -Claudius Crassus, Appius, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Clausel de Cousserques, Jean Claude,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 252, 319; iii. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; v. 70</span><br /> -Clausel de Montals, Bishop of Chartres,<br /> -Claude Hippolyte, iii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> -Clavel (sec Saint-Huberti)<br /> -Clavius, Christopher, vi. 142<br /> -Clémence de Bourges (see Bourges)<br /> -Clement, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Clement of Alexandria, Saint, i. 231<br /> -Clement IV. Pope, v. 12<br /> -Clement V., Pope, i. 9<br /> -Clement VIII., Pope. vi. 88-90<br /> -Clement XII., Pope, v, 14-15<br /> -Clement XIII., Pope, ii. 180<br /> -Clement XIV., Pope, v. 373<br /> -Clement VII., Anti-pope (see Robert of Geneva)<br /> -Clément, Jacques, ii. 18<br /> -Clementina of Austria, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">two Sicilies, v. 74; vi. 114</span><br /> -Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, ii. 122; iv. 247<br /> -Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles<br /> -Joseph de Croix, Comte de, ii. 147<br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of Châlons,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Toulouse, Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Jules Cardinal Duc de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 222, 247; iv. 304; v. 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32-33, 41</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnere, Aimé Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspard Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Comte de, ii. 194</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre (see also Talaru)<br /> -Clery, Jean Baptiste Cant Havet, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106-107</span><br /> -Clinchamp de Malfilatre (see Malfilatre)<br /> -Clisson, Olivier de, i. 9, 12<br /> -Clive of Plassey, Robert first Lord, vi. 202<br /> -Clodion King of the Franks, i. 120;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iv. 109</span><br /> -Clodoald, Saint, v. 404<br /> -Clodomir King of Orleans, v. 404<br /> -Clorivière (see Limoëlan de Clorivière)<br /> -Clotaire I. King of the Franks, i. 223<br /> -Clotilda Queen of the Franks, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 303</span><br /> -Cloud (see Clodoald)<br /> -Clovis I. King of the Franks, i. 24;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 29, 303; iii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 112; v. 142, 196, 279, 404;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 172, 195-196</span><br /> -Cobbett, William, v. 399<br /> -Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, iii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> -Coëtlogon, M. de. i. 143<br /> -Cogni, the baker, vi. 71<br /> -Cogni, surnamed the Fornarina,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margherita, vi. 71-74, 76</span><br /> -Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Coigny, Marie Henri François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquetot, Duc de, i. 119, 121</span><br /> -Coislin, Charles Georges René de<br /> -Cambout, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Coislin, later Duchesse de Mailly,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mailly, Marquise de, ii. 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-302; iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Cokayne, Clarenceux King-of-Arms,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. George Edward, iv. 251</span><br /> -Colbert, Jean Baptiste, i. 72, 236; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205; iv. 89, 127</span><br /> -Colbert de Maulevrier, Édouard Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victornien Comte de, i. 72</span><br /> -Colbert-Montboissier, Comtesse de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72; v. 290-291</span><br /> -Colburn, Henry, i. xv<br /> -Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ii. 128<br /> -Colet, Louise Revoil, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Coligny, Gaspard de Châtillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiral Sire de, i. 168</span><br /> -Collard (see Royer-Collard)<br /> -Collinet, the band-master, ii. 143; iv. 71<br /> -Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, ii. 18<br /> -Colonna, Sciarra, v. 48<br /> -Colonna-Ceccaldi, Mayor of Vescovato, iv. 196<br /> -Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Columbus, Christopher, i. 26, 195-196;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 217; iii. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; v. 335; vi. 44, 119</span><br /> -Combourg, Comte de (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René Comte de)</span><br /> -Combourg, Rivallon, Lord of, i. 43<br /> -Comines, Philippe de, vi. 47, 49<br /> -Compignano, Countess of (see Élisa<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Concini (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Condé, Henri II. Prince de, ii. 152<br /> -Condé, Charlotte Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency, Princesse de, ii. 152; vi. 77</span><br /> -Condé, Louis II. Prince de, i. 77; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 51, 151, 271, 273, 278-279, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292; iii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>; iv. 198; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 19, 77, 167</span><br /> -Condé, Louis V. Prince de, i. 59, 83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; ii. 4, 54, 110, 171, 255, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">263, 275, 292-293; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>; v. 162, 297</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Princesse de, i. 59<br /> -Condé, Louis VI. Duc de Bourbon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Prince de, i. 59, 160; ii. 48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 255, 259, 263, 279, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>; iv. 8</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, later Princesse de, ii. 279</span><br /> -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caritat, Marquis de, i. 136; ii. 180</span><br /> -Conégliano, Bon Adrien Jeannot<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moncey, Maréchal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 109</span><br /> -Congreve,William, iv. 80<br /> -Connell, Mr. Conal Holmes O'Connell<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Riordan, known as F. Norreys,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 266</span><br /> -Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal, ii. 220,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230; vi. 47</span><br /> -Constant, M. de, v. 200, 202<br /> -Constant, Madame de, v. 200<br /> -Constant, Mademoiselle de, v. 202<br /> -Constant de Rebecque, Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, ii. 187, 275; iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; iv. 129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 149-153, 165-166, 201-204, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211-213, 218, 220, 264; v. 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138-139, 200, 202; vi. 5</span><br /> -Constantine I., the Emperor, ii. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 206; iv. 235; v. 196</span><br /> -Constantine of Russia, Grand-duke, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99; iv. 281</span><br /> -Constantius I., the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Constantius III., the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Contades, Louis Georges Erasme Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 16</span><br /> -Contat, Dame de Parny, Mademoiselle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Contencin, A. de, ii. 83<br /> -Conyngham, Henry first Marquess, i. 236<br /> -Conyngham, Elizabeth Dennison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness, i. 236; ii. 298; iv. 73, 79, 85</span><br /> -Conyngham, Hon. Francis Nathaniel<br /> -Conyngham, later second Marquess,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 236</span><br /> -Cook, Captain James, i. 69; ii. 319-320;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 40; vi. 222</span><br /> -Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 254<br /> -Copernicus, v. 327<br /> -Coppens, M., iii. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Coppinger, M., iv. 67<br /> -Coquereau, Abbé Félix, iii. <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> -Corbière, Jacques Joseph Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Pierre Comte de, iv. 14-16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26-30, 51, 59, 61-62, 99-101, 132,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138; v. 87</span><br /> -Corbigny, M., vi. 176<br /> -Corday, Marie Anne Charlotte Corday<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armans, known as Charlotte, ii. 225</span><br /> -Corinna, vi. 172<br /> -Cordonnier (see Saint-Hyacinthe)<br /> -Corentin, Bishop of Quimper, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Corinna, iv. 34<br /> -Coriolanus, Cnæus Marcius, ii. 122<br /> -Corné, Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Corneille, Pierre, i. 156, 212; ii. 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205, 261; iii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a></span><br /> -Cornelius, Peter von, iv. 240<br /> -Cornwallis, Charles first Marquess, i. 216, 218<br /> -Coronini, Count, v. 358<br /> -Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop of Saint-Malo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Besançon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte, i. 146, 148</span><br /> -Cortois de Quincey, Abbé, v. 15<br /> -Corvaisier, Julien, i. 48<br /> -Cosmo I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, iv. 239<br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Charles Maréchal Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Emmanuel de, v. 244<br /> -Cossé, Comte de, v. 360, 365, 374-375, 404<br /> -Cossé, Comtesse de, v. 374-375, 404-405<br /> -Coste, Jacques, v. 96-97<br /> -Cottens, Madame de, iv. 120<br /> -Cottereau, Jean, vi. 238<br /> -Cottreau, Felix, v. 298<br /> -Coucy, Robert de, ii. 177<br /> -Coudert, Quarter-master Charles, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 211</span><br /> -Coudert, Eugène, iv. 208<br /> -Coudrin, Abbé Pierre Marie Joseph, v. 23-24<br /> -Couëdic, Captain, i. 69; ii. 300<br /> -Couhaillon (see Saint-Germain)<br /> -Coulanges, Philippe Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Couppart, Demoiselles, i. 19, 31<br /> -Courcelles, Chevalier de, i. 5<br /> -Courchamp, née Becquet, Madame de, v. 96<br /> -Courier de Méré. Paul Louis, iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Courmenin (see Deshayes)<br /> -Courtenay (see Bauffremont-Courtenay)<br /> -Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, iv. 4<br /> -Courtois (see also Cortois de Quincey)<br /> -Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 81, 88</span><br /> -Cousans de Mauléon, Jacques Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 49, 51</span><br /> -Coussergues (see Clausel de Coussergues)<br /> -Cowper, William, ii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> -Crabbe, George, ii. 128<br /> -Créqui (see Lesdiguières)<br /> -Cresap, Captain Michael, i. 253<br /> -Crétineau-Joly, Jacques Augustin Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 43</span><br /> -Cristaldi, Belisario Cardinal, v. 23<br /> -Croï, Charlotte de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 9</span><br /> -Croker, John Wilson, ii. 128; iv. 82;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 252</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commonwealth, Oliver, i. 169; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; iii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; iv. 42, 93,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 115, 177; vi. 123</span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -Commonwealth, Richard, v. 115<br /> -Cronier, Mayor of the 9th Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 237</span><br /> -Croussol or Crouzol (see Chabrol-Croussol)<br /> -Crouzas, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Crowe, Eyre Evans, iv. 3; v. 97<br /> -Croy, Bishop of Strasburg, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Rouen, Gustave Maximilien</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juste Cardinal Prince de, v. 22-23</span><br /> -Crussol, Alexandre Charles Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, iii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_185">184</a></span><br /> -Cucurron Sicard (see Sicard)<br /> -Cujas, Jacques de, ii. 206<br /> -Cujas, Suzanne de, ii. 206<br /> -Cumberland, Duke of (see Ernest I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Hanover)</span><br /> -Cumberland, Duchess of (see Frederica<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover)</span><br /> -Curchod (see Necker)<br /> -Curtius, the showman, ii. 163<br /> -Cussy, Chevalier de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Custine, Amand Louis Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Marquis de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Custine, Louise Éléonore Mélanie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sabran, Marquise de, ii. 192-193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; iii. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; iv. 121, 223; v. 347;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42</span><br /> -Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 193; iv. 78, 121</span><br /> -Custine, née de Saint-Simon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courtomer, Marquise de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Custine, Louis Philippe Enguerrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint, ii. 309<br /> -Cyrano de Bergerac (see Bergerac)<br /> -Czartoriska, Princess, i. 176<br /> -Czelakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav, v. 389<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -D<br /> -<br /> -Dagobert I. King of the Franks, i. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120; ii. 32; iii. <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; iv. 35</span><br /> -Dalayrac, Nicolas, v. 198; vi. 162<br /> -Dalberg, Archbishop-Elector of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayence, Prince Primate, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Frankfort, Karl Theodor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anton Maria Prince von, v. 337</span><br /> -Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heribert Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; iv. 16</span><br /> -Dalesme, Jean Baptiste Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> -Dallas, Governor of St Helena, iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> -Dallas, Lady, iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> -Dalmatie, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; iv. 75; v. 303</span><br /> -Damas, Alfred Charles François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte de, v. 374-375</span><br /> -Damas, Anne Hyacinthe Maxence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 99, 135, 139; v. 80,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">342-343, 361-365, 367, 371-372, 374-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">377, 379-380, 382, 415; vi. 29, 138</span><br /> -Damasus I., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Damaze de Raymond, M., iii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> -Dambray, Charles Henry Chancelier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; iv. 7; v. 28;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 136</span><br /> -Damian, Herr, vi. 142<br /> -Damiens, Robert François, vi. 202<br /> -Dampierre, Marquis de, v. 245<br /> -Damrémont, Charles Marie Denys,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 57</span><br /> -Dandini, Ercole Cardinal, v. 24<br /> -Dandolo, Doge of Venice, Enrico, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">400; vi. 69</span><br /> -Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 44</span><br /> -Dante Alighieri, i. xxiii-xxiv, 24, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; ii. 122, 124, 141, 186, 212; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; iv. 1, 42-43, 140, 225-228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 66, 78, 85; vi. 50, 54, 60-61,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 89, 222</span><br /> -Danton, Georges Jacques, ii. 4, 12, 18-21,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 109, 159, 259; iii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; v. 215, 310; vi. 47</span><br /> -Darius III. King of Persia, iii. <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> -Daru, Pierre Antoine Noel Brunot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -Darwin, Charles, ii. 129<br /> -Darwin, Erasmus, ii. 129<br /> -Dasies, Sieur, iii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> -Dasté, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Dautancourt, Major, ii. 262-264, 267<br /> -Daunou, Pierre Claude François, v. 96<br /> -David King of Israel, vi. 36, 207, 237<br /> -David II. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -David, Jacques Louis, i. 189; ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; iv. 162; v. 290</span><br /> -Davout (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -Dazincourt, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Deane, Silas, ii. 23<br /> -Deboffe, J., ii. 70, 76, 81, 94, 97<br /> -Debrett, John, ii. 97<br /> -De Brosses, Charles Président, iv. 242,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">248-249, 257; v. 14-17, 30</span><br /> -Decazes, Élie, later Duc, i. 186; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7, 9-11, 13, 23, 25-26, 63, 68; v. 98,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Decazes, née Muraire, Madame, iv. 10<br /> -Decazes, née de Saint-Aulaire, Duchesse, iv., 10<br /> -Decazes, Élie Baron, i. 185<br /> -Decazes the Elder, M., iv. 10-11<br /> -Decius, the Emperor, ii. 309; vi. 64<br /> -Deffant, Marie de Vichy-Chamroud,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise du, ii. 172</span><br /> -Degousée, Marie Anne Joseph, v. 141<br /> -Deguerry, Abbé Gaspard, vi. 262-263<br /> -Dejean, Napoléon Aimé Comte, v. 95<br /> -Delacroix, Charles, vi. 187<br /> -Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène, vi. 187<br /> -Delarue, M., v. 131<br /> -Delattre, Doctor, ii. 62<br /> -Delaunay, Matthieu, v. 140<br /> -Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Del Drago, Teresia Massimo, Principessa, iv. 256<br /> -Delessert, Jules Paul Benjamin Baron, v. 116, 123<br /> -Delessert, Dame, v. 249<br /> -Delga, M., ii. 276<br /> -Deliège, M., iv. 67<br /> -Delille, Abbé Jacques, i. 132; ii. 102-103,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118; iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></span><br /> -Delille, Dame, ii. 102<br /> -Delisle de Sales, Jean Baptiste Isoard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 126-127; ii. 157</span><br /> -Della Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Della Marmora, Teresio Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrero, v. 21</span><br /> -Della Somaglia, Bishop of Frascati,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Ostia and Velletri, Giulio</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Cardinal, v. 5-6, 17</span><br /> -Della Villa, Giovanni Battista Manso,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchese, vi. 91</span><br /> -Delloye, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D., vi. 97-98<br /> -Delphin-Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Demangeat, M., v. 266<br /> -Demosthenes, i. 252; ii. 129; iii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>; v. 56; vi. 180</span><br /> -Denain, Dame, ii. 294<br /> -Denis, Jean Ferdinand, iii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> -Denis, the notary, iv. 12<br /> -Denis, Dame, i. 167<br /> -Dennewitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Denon, Dominique Vivant Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -Denys (see Damrémont)<br /> -Deplace, Père Étienne, v. 363<br /> -Desaix de Veygoux, General Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Antoine, ii. 261</span><br /> -Desbrosses, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hall-porter, v. 250</span><br /> -Desclozeaux, M., iii. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Des Escotais, Louis Joseph, i. 7<br /> -Desèze, Raymond Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Desgarcins, Mademoiselle, i. 128; ii. 104<br /> -Desgraviers-Marceau (see Marceau)<br /> -Desgranges, M., v. 48<br /> -Deshayes, Baron de Courmenin, Louis, iv. 245<br /> -Deshoulières, Guillaume de Lafon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisguérin, Seigneur, vi. 174</span><br /> -Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Garde, Dame, vi. 174</span><br /> -Desilles, André, i. 92, 181<br /> -Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden, iv. 208-210<br /> -Des Mahir, M., i. 106<br /> -Desmarais, Cyprien, v. 240<br /> -Desmarais (see also Régnier-Desmarais)<br /> -Desmare (see Champmeslé)<br /> -Desmarets, Charles, iii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> -Desmarets, Jean, i. 64<br /> -Desmortiers, Louis Henri, v. 258-260<br /> -Desmoulins, Benoit Camille, i. 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; ii. 17-18, 20-21, 158; v. 215</span><br /> -Desmoulins, Dame, ii. 20<br /> -Desmousseaux de Givré (see Givré)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)</span><br /> -des Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -Despagne, the boatman, iii. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-<a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> -Desport, Messieurs, ii. 242<br /> -Despréaux (see Boileau-Despréaux)<br /> -Desprès, M., i. 20<br /> -Desprez, Louis, iv. 285-286<br /> -des Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Desrenaudes, Abbé Martial Borye, iii. <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> -Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, iii. <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> -De Stendhal (see Stendhal)<br /> -Determes, P. G. Jules, vi. 142<br /> -Deuteric, ii. 52<br /> -Deutz, Simon, iii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; v. 307; vi. 156<br /> -Devienne, Jeanne Françoise Thévenin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sophie, ii. 308</span><br /> -Devoise, M., ii. 330<br /> -Devoise, Dame, ii. 330<br /> -Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, iv. 160</span><br /> -Devonshire, Georgiana Spencer, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 160-162</span><br /> -De Witt, Cornelis, iii. <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> -De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan, iii. <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -Diaz de Bivar, the Cid Campeador,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruy, i. 244; v. 239; vi. 91</span><br /> -Dickens, Charles, vi. 54<br /> -Diderot, Denis, i. 52, 126; ii. 85, 180, 197<br /> -Dido Queen of Tyre, ii. 331; iii. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>; iv. 284; vi. 81, 127, 178, 236</span><br /> -Die, Béatrix Comtesse de, vi. 172<br /> -Diesbach, M. de, vi. 245<br /> -Dighton, John, ii. 75<br /> -Di Gregorio, Emmanuele Cardinal, v. 4-5, 8, 23<br /> -Dillon, Arthur Comte de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Théobald de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Captain, i. 69<br /> -"Dinarzade," ii. 46-47<br /> -Dinelli, Captain, ii. 328<br /> -Dino (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Diocletian, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>; v. 58; vi. 189</span><br /> -Diogenes, vi. 180<br /> -Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 26; vi. 17, 89</span><br /> -Dominic Loricatus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Domitian, the Emperor, ii. 108; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299; vi. 104</span><br /> -Donarin (see Le Donarin)<br /> -Donnadieu, Gabriel Vicomte, iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Donoughmore, John Hely-Hutchinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Earl of, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> -Dorat, Claude Joseph, ii. 106<br /> -Doria, Lamba, ii. 66<br /> -Doria, Principessa, iv. 235<br /> -Dorica, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Dorléans, Louis, i. 130<br /> -Douay (see Merlin de Douay)<br /> -Doudeauville (see La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville)<br /> -Douglas, Marquess of (sec Hamilton)<br /> -Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Dowson, Ernest Christopher, vi. 266<br /> -Drago (see Del Drago)<br /> -Drake, Francis, ii. 259<br /> -Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> -Drouot, Antoine Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> -Drovetti, M., ii. 327-328<br /> -Druilhet, Père Julien, v. 363<br /> -Dryden, John, ii. 121<br /> -Du Barry, Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; v. 51, 215; vi. 202</span><br /> -Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste, vi. 88<br /> -du Bellay (see Bellay)<br /> -Dubochet, M., v. 95<br /> -Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal, vi. 200</span><br /> -Dubois, Paul François, v. 260-261<br /> -Du Bois de La Ferronnière, Marquis, i. 146<br /> -du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Du Bourg, iii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Dubourg-Butler, "General" Frédéric,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; v. 112-113, 118-120, 139</span><br /> -Du Cange, Charles Du Fresne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur, i. 146; iii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> -Duchatelet, Dame, ii. 84<br /> -Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Émilie Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise, vi. 9</span><br /> -Duchesnois, Catherine Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rafin, known as Mademoiselle, ii. 177</span><br /> -Ducis, Jean François, iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; iv. 212<br /> -Duclos, Charles Pineau, i. 74; ii. 180;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; iv. 252-253</span><br /> -du Deffant (see Deffant)<br /> -Dudevant, Dame (see Sand, George)<br /> -Dudley, Lord Guildford, ii. 74<br /> -Dufay, Major, v. 110-111<br /> -Dufey, Pierre Joseph Spiridion, v. 55<br /> -Dufougerais, Alfred Xavier Baron, vi. 133<br /> -Du Fourni, Honoré Caille, i. 5<br /> -Dufour de Pradt (see Pradt)<br /> -Dufresne (see Duris-Dufresne)<br /> -Dugazon, Henri Gourgaud, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Dugazon, Louise Rosalie Lefèvre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 173</span><br /> -Dugied, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Duguay-Trouin, René, i. 26, 30<br /> -Du Guesclin, Connétable Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longueville, Bertrand, i. 6, 9, 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39, 200; v. 319</span><br /> -Du Guesclin, Tiphaine, i. 9<br /> -Duhamel, Abbé, i. 73<br /> -Duhamel de Monceau, Henri Louis, i. 180<br /> -Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin, Captain, i. 181, 209<br /> -Dulau, A., ii. 97, 116, 147<br /> -Dulong, François Charles, vi. 99, 158<br /> -Dumas the Elder, Alexandre Davy de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas, known as, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; v. 290</span><br /> -Dumont, Baron von Carlskron, Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sébastien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, vi. 222</span><br /> -Dumorey, M., iv. 287<br /> -Dumoulin, Évariste, v. 95, 120<br /> -Dumouriez, General Charles François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 25, 259, 263, 300; iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>; v. 127</span><br /> -Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang, v. 412<br /> -Duncombe, John, vi. 18<br /> -Dunmore, John Murray, fourth Earl of, i. 253<br /> -Dupan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, Félix<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Philibert, vi. 190</span><br /> -Dupaty, Charles, iv. 253<br /> -Dupaty, Charles Marguerite Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptiste Mercier, iv. 253</span><br /> -Du Paz, Père, i. 5<br /> -Dupeloux, Sub-prefect of Aix, iii. 84<br /> -Duperron, Bishop of Évreux, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Jacques Davy</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Dupin the Elder, André Marie Jean<br /> -Jacques Dupin, known as, ii. 264-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">274, 277; v. 95; vi. 161</span><br /> -Dupleix, Joseph François Marquis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 201-202</span><br /> -Dupont, Jacques François, v. 95<br /> -Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> -Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 173</span><br /> -Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Louis François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Dame, ii. 25<br /> -Dupuis, Charles François, ii. 180<br /> -Duquesne, Abraham Marquis, i. 38; ii. 35<br /> -Durand de Mareuil, M., iv. 211<br /> -Durante, Francesco, iv. 185<br /> -Duranton, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Duras, Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, i. 17, 111, 118</span><br /> -Duras, Louise Françoise Macloven<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Céleste de Coëtlequen, Maréchale</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 17</span><br /> -Duras, Amedée Bretagne Malo de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-<a href="#Page_126">126</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_174">175</a>; v. 107, 114</span><br /> -Duras, Claire Lechat de Coetnempren<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Kersaint, Duchesse de, ii. 104;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 121, 205-206, 222</span><br /> -Duras, Duchesse Douairière de, iii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> -Dureau de La Malle, Adolphe Jules<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César Auguste, ii. 335</span><br /> -Dureau de la Malle, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René, ii. 335</span><br /> -Duris-Dufresne, François, v. 162<br /> -Durrieu, Xavier, v. 96<br /> -Dussard, Hippolyte, v. 96<br /> -du Thiel (see Thiel)<br /> -Du Tillet, Bishop of Meaux, Jean, iv. 112<br /> -Duval, Alexandre, v. 199<br /> -Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 114, 217</span><br /> -Du Viviers, M., iv. 296; v. 28<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -E<br /> -<br /> -d'Eckmühl (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -d'Eckstein, Ferdinand Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> -Edgeworth, Maria, ii. 126<br /> -Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbé, vi. 196</span><br /> -Edith the Swan-necked, i. 104<br /> -Edmund II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Edward I. King of England, i. 9<br /> -Edward III. King of England, ii. 73-74<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 137-138; iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; iv. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175; v. 411</span><br /> -Edward IV. King of England, ii. 75; v. 351<br /> -Edward V. King of England, ii. 75<br /> -Edward VII. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and of the British Dominions</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Seas, Emperor of India,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.M., v. 372</span><br /> -Edward VII. (see also Charles III. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -Égault, Abbé, i. 44-45, 53, 55-56, 63<br /> -Eggers, Karl, iv. 240<br /> -Eginhard, iv. 50<br /> -d'Églantine (see Fabre d'Églantine)<br /> -d'Egmont, Comtesse, i. 132; ii. 10<br /> -d'Eichstadt (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -d'Elbée, General Gigot, ii. 187; v. 245<br /> -Elbeuf (see Lambesc)<br /> -d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc, iii. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; iv. 7, 10; v. 246</span><br /> -Eldon, John Scott, first Earl of, iv. 70<br /> -Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of England, iv. 17</span><br /> -Elfrida Queen of England, ii. 129<br /> -Elgin and eleventh of Kincardine,<br /> -Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, vi. 59<br /> -Élisa Bonaparte, Princess Bacciochi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Princess of Lucca and Piombino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Grand-duchess of Tuscany,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 212, 219, 246, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">294; iii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br /> -Élisabeth, Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 83, 160; ii. 37, 295</span><br /> -Elizabeth Queen of England, v. 351<br /> -Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 121, 138; iv. 72, 93; vi. 173</span><br /> -Elizabeth of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prussia, iv. 38</span><br /> -Elizabeth Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 13; vi. 101</span><br /> -Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, v. 15<br /> -Elleviou, Jean, v. 199<br /> -Elleviou the Elder, M., v. 199<br /> -Elzear of Sabran, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Emanuel I. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -Emanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy, ii. 206<br /> -d'Embly, Thomas Artus, Sire, iv. 73<br /> -Emery, Abbé Jacques André, ii. 212-213<br /> -Emma Princess of France, iv. 50<br /> -Emo, Admiral Angelo, vi. 60<br /> -d'Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de<br /> -Bourbon-Condé, Duc, i. 59, 160;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 110, 164, 188, 252, 255, 257-293,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; iv. 143, 145, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">198; v. 293; vi. 167, 183-185, 221</span><br /> -d'Enghien, Charlotte Louise Dorothée<br /> -de Rohan-Rochefort, Duchesse, ii. 279<br /> -d'Enghien, François de Bourbon-Vendôme,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 279</span><br /> -Enke, the musician, iv. 38<br /> -d'Entragues, Comte, i. 113<br /> -d'Entragues, François de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues, Marie Touchet, Dame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balzac, i. 117</span><br /> -d'Entragues, Demoiselle de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues (see also Saint-Huberti and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verneuil)</span><br /> -Epaphroditus, vi. 104<br /> -d'Épernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Valette, Duc, ii. 202; v. 385</span><br /> -Epictetus, vi. 104<br /> -Epicurus, v. 129<br /> -Epimenides, iv. 94<br /> -d'Épinay, Denis Joseph de La Live, ii. 26<br /> -d'Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tardieu d'Esclavelles, Dame de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Live, ii. 26, 197</span><br /> -Erasmus, Desiderius, v. 272<br /> -Érard, Sébastien, iv. 42<br /> -d'Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso, i. xxiv, 212; vi. 222<br /> -Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -d'Erlon (see Drouet d'Erlon)<br /> -d'Ermenonville, Dominique de Vic,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, v. 402</span><br /> -Ernest I. King of Hanover, iv. 33, 46<br /> -Ernest II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha, ii. 197<br /> -Erskine, Thomas first Lord, ii. 143<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)</span><br /> -Escotais (see Des Escotais)<br /> -Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, iii. 30<br /> -Espaing, Messire, v. 70<br /> -Espartero (see Vittoria)<br /> -d'Esprémenil, M., ii. 84<br /> -d'Essling (see Rivoli)<br /> -d'Estaing, Charles Hector Comte, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 164, 193</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Nikolaus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Field-Marshal Prince von, iii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Paul Anton<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iv. 69, 79; v. 146</span><br /> -Esterhazy, Countess von, v. 408<br /> -Esterhazy, Demoiselle, v. 408-409<br /> -Esther Queen of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Esther, Anna, v. 383<br /> -Éstoile (see L'Éstoile)<br /> -d'Estrées, Duchesse de Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabrielle, i. 72, 117, 120; ii. 193; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>; iv. 79; vi. 242</span><br /> -d'Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly,<br /> -Duchesse, i. 120; vi. 238<br /> -Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Ethelred II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Étienne, Charles Guillaume, iv. 15, 129; v. 87<br /> -Eudes, Jean, i. 55<br /> -Eudes (see also Odo)<br /> -Eudes de Mézeray (see Mézeray)<br /> -Eugène, Francis Eugène Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy-Carignan, known as Prince, v. 333</span><br /> -Eugenius, iii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> -Eupert, ii. 218<br /> -Eure (see Dupont de l'Eure)<br /> -Euripides, ii. 124, 178; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -Eve, vi. 88, 110-111, 237<br /> -Everett, Edward, vi. 159-160<br /> -Exelmans, Isidore Maréchal Comte, v. 108<br /> -Exmouth, Edward Pellew, first Viscount, v. 86<br /> -Eyck, Hubert van, iii. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Eyck, Jan van, iii. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -F<br /> -<br /> -Fabert, Abraham Maréchal, vi. 24<br /> -Fabert, Abraham, vi. 24<br /> -Fabre, François Xavier Pascal, iv. 249-250<br /> -Fabre, Jean Raymond Auguste, v. 88, 96<br /> -Fabre, Marie Joseph Victorin, v. 89<br /> -Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nazaire, ii. 18, 20, 21</span><br /> -Fabricius Luscinus, Caius, iii. <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> -Fabry, Jean Baptiste Germain, iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> -Fabvier, Charles Nicolas Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 117-118</span><br /> -Fagel, Robert Baron, iv. 211<br /> -Fairfax, Edward, i. 203<br /> -Falconieri, Signora, iv. 256<br /> -Falkland, Lucius Carey, second Viscount,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39; v. 57, 295</span><br /> -Fall, pseud., John (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armand Louis de)</span><br /> -Fallon, P. J., vi. 134<br /> -Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 310-311</span><br /> -Faneau de Lahorie (see Lahorie)<br /> -Farcy, Jean George, v. 109<br /> -Farcy, Annibal Pierre François de Farcy<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montavallon, Comte de, i. 66</span><br /> -Farcy, Julie Marie Agathe de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 12, 15, 40,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66-67, 83, 96, 101-104, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180; ii. 6, 9, 27, 65, 114-115, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 208, 312-313, 319; v. 65, 258;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 246, 265</span><br /> -Farcy, Demoiselle de, ii. 319<br /> -Fare (see La Fare)<br /> -Faria, Abbé Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Fariau (see Saint-Ange)<br /> -Fauche, J. F., ii. 97<br /> -Fauche-Borel, Louis, iv. 107<br /> -Faure, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Fauriel, Claude, ii. 205<br /> -Fauvelet de Bourrienne (see Bourrienne)<br /> -Faverolles (see Salvage de Faverolles)<br /> -Favorinus, vi. 172<br /> -Favras, Thomas Mahi, Marquis de, i. 165, 173<br /> -Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Fayolle, M. de, i. 63-64<br /> -Fazy, Jean Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Feltre, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte d'Hunebourg, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François de Salignac de La Mothe, i. 14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. 105, 313-314, 336; iii. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-<a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 176; vi. 200, 246</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. the Emperor, vi. 84<br /> -Ferdinand II. the Emperor, v. 355<br /> -Ferdinand V. King of Spain, iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Ferdinand VII. King of Spain, i. 49;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257; iii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; iv. 53, 83-84, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236, 272; v. 5, 8, 74-75, 84; vi. 97,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 207</span><br /> -Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">also of Würzburg, vi. 12, 45, 235</span><br /> -Ferdinand I. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and IV. of Naples, ii. 25, 139, 153;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; iv. 52, 193, 196-197;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51, 74, 134; vi. 45</span><br /> -Ferdinand II. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 322-323</span><br /> -Ferdinand IV. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 34</span><br /> -Ferdinand Victor of Modena, Archduke, iv. 251<br /> -Ferrand, Antoine François Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> -Ferrari, the supercargo, v. 244<br /> -Ferrero Della Marmora (see Delia Marmora)<br /> -Ferron de La Sigonnière, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prudent Malo, ii. 48, 54-55</span><br /> -Ferronnays (see La Ferronnays)<br /> -Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La Ferronnière)<br /> -Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar, i. 259<br /> -Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Comte, ii. 213-214, 219,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221-222, 230, 237, 246-248; iii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_215">215</a>-<a href="#Page_216">216</a>; iv. 238; v. 6, 30, 44-45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 293</span><br /> -Feuchères, Madame de, i. 59<br /> -Feuillade (see La Feuillade)<br /> -Feuquières, Manassés de Pas, Marquis, de, ii. 40<br /> -Feutrier, Bishop of Beauvais, François<br /> -Jean Hyacinthe Comte, iv. 139, 304<br /> -Fézensac (see Montesquiou-Fézensac)<br /> -Fielding, Henry, ii. 125<br /> -Fiévée, Joseph, i. 97<br /> -Fieschi, Joseph Marie, v. 101<br /> -Figeac (see Champollion Figeac)<br /> -Filippo de' Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Firmont (see Edgeworth de Firmont)<br /> -Fitz-James, Édouard Duc de, i. 97; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>; iv. 67, 242, 250, 256, 258-260</span><br /> -Fitz-James, Jacques Duc de, vi. 249<br /> -Flahaut de La Billarderie, Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Joseph Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -Flamarens, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Flavigny, Maurice Adolphe Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 33</span><br /> -Flesselles, Jacques de, i. 158<br /> -Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, André Hercule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, i. 13; vi. 200</span><br /> -Fleury, Joseph Abraham Bénard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 128-129, 173</span><br /> -Flins des Oliviers, Claude Marie Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Carbon, i. 127-128; ii. 10, 208</span><br /> -Flora, the courtezan, v. 204<br /> -Florio, John, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. 22,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 127, 206; iii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; iv. 243-244; v. 333</span><br /> -Flotte, Étienne Gaston Baron de, ii. 257<br /> -Foissac-Latour, Vicomte de, v. 151<br /> -Foix (see Lautrec, Narbonne and Nemours)<br /> -Folks, Mr., v. 98-99<br /> -Fonchais (see La Fonchais)<br /> -Fontaine, Pierre François, iii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Fontaine (see also La Fontaine)<br /> -Fontanes, the Elder, Marquis de, ii. 104<br /> -Fontanes, Jean Pierre Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 82, 127, 133-134, 175, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27, 104-107, 109-114, 146, 156-167,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161-162, 166, 168, 170-171, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 210, 212, 239-240, 243, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 319; iii. 3-<a href="#Page_146">4</a>, 7-<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, 10-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28, 35-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, 51, 140; iv. 39, 71, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 213, 250-251, 258-159; v. 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 93</span><br /> -Fontanes, Marquise de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes, Christine Dame de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes-Saint-Marcellin (see Saint-Marcellin)<br /> -Fontanges, Marie Angélique de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 215</span><br /> -Fontenay, Chevalier de, iv. 106<br /> -Fontenille, Philippe de Laroche, Baron de, ii. 205<br /> -Fontenille, known as Fair Paule, Paule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vignier, Dame de Bayganuet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, ii. 205</span><br /> -Fontevrault, née de Kochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Abbesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 304-305</span><br /> -Forbin-Janson, Palamède de, v. 116<br /> -Force (see La Force)<br /> -Foresta, Marie Joseph Marquis de, vi. 136<br /> -Formage, Alexandre, v. 254<br /> -Forrest, Miles, ii. 75<br /> -Foscari, Doge of Venice, Francesco, vi. 50<br /> -Fossombroni, Vittorio, vi. 235<br /> -Fotrad, ii. 218<br /> -Fouchard de Grandmenil (see Grand-ménil)<br /> -Fouché (see d'Otrante)<br /> -Foullon, Joseph François, i. 156, 161<br /> -Fouquet (see Belle-Isle and Hachette)<br /> -Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 20, 83-84; v. 310</span><br /> -Fourier, Charles, ii. 184<br /> -Fourni (see Du Fourni)<br /> -Fourquet (see Hachette)<br /> -Fox, Charles James, i. xxi; ii. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143-145; iii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; iv. 70; v. 50</span><br /> -Foy, General Maximilien Sébastien,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 128, 218-219</span><br /> -Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -France (see La France and Marie de France)<br /> -Francesca da Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Franceschetti, General Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, iv. 196</span><br /> -Franceschini, the sculptor, vi. 46<br /> -Francis of Assisi, Giovanni Francesco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bernardone, known as Saint, ii. 219;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 230; v. 65-66; vi. 143-145</span><br /> -Francis of Paula, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Francis I. Emperor of Austria (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis II., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Francis II. Duke of Brittany, i. 25, 141<br /> -Francis I., the Emperor, i. 156<br /> -Francis II., later Francis I. Emperor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Austria, King of Hungary and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Emperor, ii. 9, 14, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; iii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 191, 193; v. 272, 339, 341,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">358, 364, 369; vi. 12, 45, 106, 108,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 230-231</span><br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Francis V. Duke of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena)</span><br /> -Francis I. King of France, i. xxiv, 77,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">85-109, 120, 141, 172; ii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206, 219; iii. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 180, 239; v. 110, 227, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395; vi. 27, 173, 196, 238</span><br /> -Francis II. King of France, i. 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 49; vi. 173</span><br /> -Francis III. Duke of Modena, v. 230<br /> -Francis IV. Duke of Modena, iv. 251;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 38, 40, 146; vi. 78, 102</span><br /> -Francis V. Duke of Modena, de jure<br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, iv. 251</span><br /> -Francis I. Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, vi. 118<br /> -Francis I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, vi. 238<br /> -Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 157, 238, 322-323</span><br /> -Franco (see Campo-Franco)<br /> -François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Françoise d'Aubigné, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Maintenon)</span><br /> -Franconi, Antonio, vi. 68<br /> -Franklin, Sir John, i. 136; vi. 222<br /> -Franklin, Benjamin, i. 251; ii. 23<br /> -Franqueville, M., v. 48<br /> -Fraser, J., v. 249<br /> -Frayssinous, Bishop of Hermopolis,<br /> -Denis Comte de, iv. 135, 138-139;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 88, 363; vi. 193</span><br /> -Frederic Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, iv. 38<br /> -Frederic II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 36-37<br /> -Frederic VI. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic VII. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic I. King of Prussia, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">III. Elector of Brandenburg, later,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 37, 58, 107</span><br /> -Frederic II. King of Prussia, i. 97-99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. 33, 46, 258, 289; iii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 32, 34, 37-38, 40, 47, 55, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 57, 381; vi. 6-7</span><br /> -Frederic I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 41<br /> -Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony<br /> -(see Augustus II. King of Poland)<br /> -Frederic Augustus III. King of Saxony, iii. <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> -Frederic Christian Duke of Schleswig-Holstein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Eugene Duke of Wurtemburg-Mumpelgard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> -Frederic Josiah of Coburg, Prince, iii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Frederic William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 34, 162<br /> -Frederic William I. King of Prussia, v. 37<br /> -Frederic William II. King of Prussia, i. 98, 107;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33-34, 52-53, 258; iv. 38, 55</span><br /> -Frederic William III. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99, 107; ii. 258, 290; iii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>; iv. 30, 33, 35, 41-42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 49, 60, 102, 271, 279; v. 272</span><br /> -Frederic William IV. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 33-34, 271</span><br /> -Frederic William Charles of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, iv. 33</span><br /> -Frederica of Baden, Queen of Bavaria, v. 345<br /> -Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover, iv. 33, 35, 40-41,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-50, 58, 62</span><br /> -Freemantle, Messrs., i. xv<br /> -Freslon, Bailli de, i. 8<br /> -Friedland (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Frimont, Prince of Antrodocco, Johann<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Field-marshal Baron, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iv. 193</span><br /> -Frisell, John Fraser, v. 249<br /> -Frisell, Eliza, v. 249, 255-256<br /> -Froissart, Jean, i. xxiv; v. 70<br /> -Fronsac, Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Fronsac, née de Gallifet, Duchesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Fronsac, née d'Hautefort, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; iv. 77</span><br /> -Fruglaye (see La Fruglaye)<br /> -Fuguera, Basco, v. 227<br /> -Führich, Joseph, iv. 240<br /> -Fulton, Robert, i. 251<br /> -Funchal, Conde de, iv. 237; v. 18, 52<br /> -Fürst, Walther, v. 27, 277<br /> -Fuscaldo, Conte, iv. 236<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -G<br /> -<br /> -Gabriella of Savoy, Queen of Spain, iv. 80<br /> -Gagarin, Prince, iv. 236<br /> -Gaillard, Dr., iii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Gaillard, M., iii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Galaizière (see La Galaizière)<br /> -Galantha (see Esterhazy von Galantha)<br /> -Galerius, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> -Gall, Franz Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Galleffi, Pietro Francesco Cardinal, v. 6, 23<br /> -Gallienus, the Emperor, ii. 184<br /> -Gallon II. King of Brittany, i. 144<br /> -Gama, Viceroy of India, Vasco da,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 196; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; vi. 86</span><br /> -Gamaches, Léonore de Montaigne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 231</span><br /> -Gamba, Bartolommeo, vi. 53, 55<br /> -Gamberini, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Garambouville (set Turreau de Garambouville)<br /> -Garat, Dominique Joseph, ii. 105-106; vi. 202<br /> -Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente, vi. 175<br /> -Gamier, Jean Jacques, i. 222<br /> -Gasc (see Kop)<br /> -Gassicourt (see Cadet-Gassicourt)<br /> -Gauja, M., v. 95<br /> -Gay, Marie Françoise Sophie Nichault<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Lavalette, Dame, iii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; v. 200</span><br /> -Gay (see also Girardin)<br /> -Gelée (see Lorraine)<br /> -Gellius, Aulus, vi. 247<br /> -Gemistus Pletho (see Pletho)<br /> -Geneviève, Saint, v. 232<br /> -Geneviève of Brabant, Saint, vi. 17<br /> -Genlis, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aubin, Comtesse de, iv. 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 149, 172-173, 200-201, 220, 237</span><br /> -Genoude, Eugène, i. 97<br /> -Genseric King of the Vandals, ii. 45<br /> -Gensonne, Armand, ii. 14<br /> -Gentz, Friedrich von, iii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; v. 342; vi. 46<br /> -Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, i. 8<br /> -Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 51, 172</span><br /> -Geoffroy, Julien Louis, i. 63<br /> -George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, v. 355<br /> -George II. King of Great Britain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, Elector of Hanover,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 120; vi. 239</span><br /> -George III. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, ii. 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 142, 145-146; iv. 77, 250-251</span><br /> -George IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, i. 184, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236; ii. 79, 91, 139, 142-143, 298;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a>; iv. 33, 49, 63, 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73-74, 76-80, 85, 87-88, 91, 161-162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 281; v. 19, 325; vi. 45, 252</span><br /> -George V. King of Hanover, Prince<br /> -George of Cumberland, later, iv. 47, 49-50<br /> -George I. King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -George William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Gérard, Étienne Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 94, 105, 112, 117, 139</span><br /> -Gérard, François Pascal Simon Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 189; iv. 34, 162, 172; v. 317</span><br /> -Gerbe, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Germanicus, the Emperor, ii. 33, 258,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291; iii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br /> -Germanus of Auxerre, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Gervase of Tilbury, ii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Gesbert de La Noé-Sécho, Jean Baptiste, i. 48<br /> -Gesril, M. de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril, Demoiselles de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril du Papeu, Joseph François Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 32-36, 43, 64, 66, 69-70; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>; iii. 13-<a href="#Page_14">14</a></span><br /> -Gessler, Hermann, v. 277, 279<br /> -Gessner, Salomon, v. 291<br /> -Gevres, Duchesse de, v. 319<br /> -Giannuzzi (see Romano)<br /> -Gibbon, Edward, ii. 120; iv. 120<br /> -Gibert-Arnaud, the "knight of July,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 240-241</span><br /> -Gibours (see Anselme)<br /> -Gigot d'Elbée (see d'Elbée)<br /> -Ginguené, François Écuyer, i. 23<br /> -Ginguené, Thérèse Françoise Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 23</span><br /> -Ginguené, Pierre Louis, i. 63, 129-131,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. 27, 99, 157-158, 181</span><br /> -Ginguené, Dame, i. 130, 179<br /> -Giorgini, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courier, iv. 232</span><br /> -Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli, known as, vi. 48-49<br /> -Giovanni, Fra (see John, Friar)<br /> -Giovinezza (see Cellamare)<br /> -Girac (see Bareau de Girac)<br /> -Girardin, Alexandre Comte de, iv. 21<br /> -Girardin, Émile de, iv. 21; v. 200;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 133, 167</span><br /> -Girardin, Delphine Gay, Dame de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_35">35</a>; v. 200</span><br /> -Girod de l'Ain, Amédée Baron, v. 115<br /> -Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis Girodet<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Roussy, later, iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> -Gisors, Fouquet, Comte de, vi. 201<br /> -Gisquet, Henri Joseph, iv. 115, 250,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256-257, 261-264, 370</span><br /> -Gisquet, Dame, v. 256-257, 261<br /> -Gisquet, Demoiselle, v. 256-257, 261-262<br /> -Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Imola, Giaccomo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbis, Agostino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pantaleone, i. 196</span><br /> -Givré, M. Desmousseaux de, v. 28, 31-32, 114-115<br /> -Gluck, Christopher Willibald, i. 179; iv. 41<br /> -Gnathæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Gobbien (see Le Gobbien)<br /> -Godard, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Godet de Châtillon, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, v. 110<br /> -Godwin, William, i. 254; ii. 126<br /> -Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 127, 133; iv. 32, 181, 253 254;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 412; vi. 75, 83-84</span><br /> -Goldsmith, Oliver, ii. 125<br /> -Gomer, i. 143<br /> -Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, Henri de, iii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -Gondi (see also Retz)<br /> -Goodwyn, Dr. Edmund, ii. 70<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, Vicomte de, ii. 104<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, née de Montault-Navailles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse, later Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103-104; v. 361-362, 364-365,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">375, 376, 378, 391; vi. 130-131, 134</span><br /> -Gordon, Captain, i. 227<br /> -Gordon, John, i. 227<br /> -Gosch (see Abou Gosch)<br /> -Gottorp, pseud., Count of Holstein (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Gouffier (see Choiseul-Gouffier)<br /> -Goujon, Jean, iv. 238<br /> -Gourgaud, Gaspard Baron, ii. 280; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; v. 98</span><br /> -Gourgaud (see also Dugazon)<br /> -Gourlet de Lamothe (see Lamothe)<br /> -Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, i. 172; iii. <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -Gouyon-Beaufort, Luc Jean Comte de, i. 75<br /> -Gouyon de Miniac, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre de, ii. 35, 54</span><br /> -Goyon, Citizeness, i. 108-109<br /> -Goyon, M. de, v. 103<br /> -Goyon-Miniac (sec Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, M. de, iii. 16-<a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, Dame de, iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>; v. 10<br /> -Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, v. 10<br /> -Grammaticus (see Saxo Grammaticus)<br /> -Gramont, Duc de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont, Duchesse de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont (see also Guiche)<br /> -Grandmaison, Geoffroy de, v. 259<br /> -Grandmenil, Jean Baptiste Fouchard de, i. 128<br /> -Grant, Mr., iii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> -Grant (see also Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Gray, Thomas, ii. 99, 140-141; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233; vi. 123</span><br /> -Gregorio (see Di Gregorio)<br /> -Gregory Bishop of Tours, Saint, ii. 52<br /> -Gregory I., Pope Saint, v. 4, 11<br /> -Gregory V., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Gregory VII., Pope Saint, iv. 260; v. 47<br /> -Gregory IX., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Gregory X., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Gregory XIII., Pope, ii. 18; vi. 142<br /> -Gregory XVI., Pope, i. xxi, 65; v. 4,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8, 23, 295, 384; vi. 95, 216, 234-235</span><br /> -Grenier, Paul Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Grenville, William Wyndham, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, ii. 143</span><br /> -Grétry, André Ernest Modeste, i. 164, 173<br /> -Grétry, Demoiselles, i. 173<br /> -Greville, Hon. Charles, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Greville, Hon. Fulke, i. 188<br /> -Grew, Nehemiah, i. 180<br /> -Grey, Lady Jane, ii. 74<br /> -Grey, Charles second Earl, iv. 73, 92; vi. 134<br /> -Grey de Wilton, Arthur Grey, fourteenth Lord, v. 57<br /> -Griffi, Count, vi. 47, 66<br /> -Grignan, Françoise Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné, Comtesse de, i. 143, 228</span><br /> -Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron, ii. 26, 197<br /> -Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynierc, Gaspard, ii. 27<br /> -Grimod (see also Malesherbes)<br /> -Grotius, Hugo de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugo, iii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; iv. 280; v. 51, 57</span><br /> -Grotius, Pieter de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, v. 51</span><br /> -Grouchy, Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -Grünstein, the Duc d'Enghien's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, ii. 260</span><br /> -Guadagni, Bishop of Arezzo, Bernardo<br /> -Gaetano Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Guarini, Giovanni Battista, vi. 79<br /> -Guastalla (see Borghese)<br /> -Guehenneuc de Boishue, Louis Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 154</span><br /> -Guénan, Chevalier de, i. 106<br /> -Gueneau de Musey, M., ii. 171<br /> -Guer, Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier de, i. 104, 146, 152</span><br /> -Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 80</span><br /> -Guérin, Pierre Narcisse Baron, iv. 234,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241, 285; v. 317</span><br /> -Guernon-Ranville, Martial Côme Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perpétue Magloire Comte de, v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 88, 131, 189, 422</span><br /> -Guerrande (see La Guerrande)<br /> -Guerri de Maubreuil (see Maubreuil)<br /> -Guesclin (see Du Guesclin)<br /> -Guiccioli, later Marquise de Boissy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teresa Gamba, Contessa, ii. 136;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 227; v. 59, 89</span><br /> -Guichardière (see La Guichardière)<br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Geneviève Héraclius Agenor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Gramont, Duc de, iv. 78; v. 130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">360, 363, 365</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duchesse de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Quintina Albertina Ida de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud d'Orsay, Duchesse de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 78; v. 363-365, 381, 409</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie de Gramont, Duc de, ii. 142;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 78; v. 130, 360</span><br /> -Guiche (see also La Guiche)<br /> -Guidal, General Maximilien Joseph, ii. 269<br /> -Guignes, Duc de, iv. 160<br /> -Guilford, Frederick Lord North, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Guillaume Le Breton (set Le Breton)<br /> -Guillaumy, the Saint-Pierre fisherman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 202-203</span><br /> -Guilleminot, Armand Charles Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 299; v. 19</span><br /> -Guillemot, Commandant, v. 246<br /> -Guillon, Bishop of Morocco, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silvestre, ii. 222-223, 247</span><br /> -Guinard, Joseph Augustin, v. 109-110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">126, 137, 141</span><br /> -Guiscard (see Robert Guiscard)<br /> -Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. de Lorraine, Cardinal de, ii. 21</span><br /> -Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de, v. 402<br /> -Guise, François de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21, 45; iii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; v. 131; vi. 23</span><br /> -Guise, Henri I. de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 21; iii. <a href="#Page_173">173</a>; iv. 245; v. 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 257-258; vi. 143, 162</span><br /> -Guise, Henri II. de Lorraine, Duc de, iv. 245<br /> -Guizard, Sylvain, v. 95<br /> -Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>; iv. 73-74, 219, 289; v. 80-81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 105, 116, 123, 135, 258</span><br /> -Gundling, Johann Paul, iv. 37<br /> -Gurowsky, the poet, v. 412<br /> -Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257-258; iv. 32, 37, 212</span><br /> -Gustawson, pseud. Colonel (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Guy of Penthièvre (see Penthièvre)<br /> -Guyet, Isidore, v. 95<br /> -Guyomarais (see La Guyomarais)<br /> -Gwydyr, Peter Burrell, first Lord, i. 188<br /> -Gwydyr, Baroness Willoughby de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eresby, Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bertie, Lady, i. 188; iv. 73</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -H<br /> -<br /> -Hachette, Jeanne Fouquet, Fourquet or<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lainé, known as Jeanne, iii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -Hadrian, the Emperor, i. 249; vi. 104, 172<br /> -Hall, Captain Basil, iii. <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Comte de, i. 18<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Jean Georges Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Marquis de, i. 17</span><br /> -Halleck, Fitz-Greene, i. 254<br /> -Ham, ii. 125<br /> -Ham (see also Jacqueminot)<br /> -Hamilton and seventh of Brandon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Douglas-Hamilton,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of Douglas, later tenth Duke</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Hamilton, Anthony Count, iii. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Hamilton, Sir William, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Hamilton, Emma Lyon or Hart, Lady,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 139-140; iv. 185</span><br /> -Hamilton, Horatia, ii. 139<br /> -Hampden, John, vi. 123<br /> -Handel, George Frederick, ii. 146<br /> -d'Hane de Steenhuyse, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Hanka, Vaclav, v. 389<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannibal, ii. 330-331; iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 123-124, 232; v. 336; vi. 178</span><br /> -d'Harcourt, Duc, ii. 107<br /> -Hardenberg, Karl August Prince von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 44, 51</span><br /> -d'Hardivilliers, M., vi. 134<br /> -Harel, F. A., v. 290<br /> -Harel, Jacques, ii. 270<br /> -Harlay, Achille de, ii. 21; v. 257-258<br /> -Harlotta of Falaise, ii. 62<br /> -Harmodius, vi. 180<br /> -Harold II. King of England, i. 104<br /> -Harpe (see La Harpe)<br /> -Harrowby, Dudley Rider, first Earl of, iv. 80<br /> -Hasdrubal, the third, ii. 331<br /> -Hasdrubal, the fourth, ii. 331<br /> -Hassenstein, Boguslav Lobkowitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von, v. 389, 410</span><br /> -Hastings, Warren, ii. 143<br /> -Hatte-Longuerue, Madame de, ii. 210<br /> -Hauranne (see Duvergier de Hauranne)<br /> -d'Haussez, Charles Le Mercher de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longpré, Baron, v. 72, 379, 422</span><br /> -Haussmann, Nicolas Valentin, v. 96<br /> -d'Haussonville, M., v. 28<br /> -d'Hautefeuille, Charles Louis Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texier, Comte, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hautefeuille, née de Beaurepaire,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Nautte, Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-<a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -Hauteville, Tancred de, iv. 185-186<br /> -Hay des Nétumières, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Haymès, M., v. 135<br /> -Hazlitt, William Carew, iv. 243-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257; vi. 122</span><br /> -Hearne, Samuel, i. 136, 214<br /> -Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald, ii. 335<br /> -d'Hector, Charles Jean Comte, i. 67, 69<br /> -Heiden, Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustaaf Count van, iv. 270</span><br /> -Helen, the Empress, Saint, iii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Helen Pavlowna of Russia, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederica Charlotte Mary of Wurtemburg,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess, iv. 36; v. 35, 41-42, 330</span><br /> -Helerius, Saint, ii. 62<br /> -Helgine, ii. 218<br /> -Hélier (see Helerius)<br /> -Heliodorus Bishop of Tricca, vi. 110<br /> -Heliogabalus, the Emperor, vi. 213<br /> -"Hell," M., ii. 84<br /> -Hello, Charles Guillaume, v. 258-259<br /> -Hello, Ernest, v. 258<br /> -Héloïse, i. 94, 114, 137; 310-311; iii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Helvétius, Claude Adrien, ii. 180; iii. 139<br /> -Hely-Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -d'Hénin, Madame, i. 174<br /> -Hennequin, Antoine Louis Marie, vi. 229<br /> -Hennin, Pierre Michel, ii. 300<br /> -Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iv. 251</span><br /> -Henry IV. the Emperor, v. 47<br /> -Henry VI. the Emperor, v. 377<br /> -Henry Emperor of the East, vi. 69<br /> -Henry I. King of England, i. 8, 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 62; iv. 209</span><br /> -Henry II. King of England, i. 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 17</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Henry V. King of England, ii. 121; vi. 10<br /> -Henry VI. King of England, ii. 121, 200<br /> -Henry VII. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 74-75; v. 351</span><br /> -Henry VIII. King of England, ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 124, 138; iii. 30; iv. 93; v. 14</span><br /> -Henry IX. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 249, 251-252</span><br /> -Henry II. King of France, i. 109; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 206, 294; iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; iv. 58; v. 49</span><br /> -Henry III. King of France and I. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poland, i. 109, 175, 212; ii. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 202, 206; iii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72-73, 124, 280; v. 16, 84, 137, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 83, 173, 196</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of France and III. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 72, 85, 114, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 126, 130, 175; ii. 37, 56, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121, 152-153, 172, 206; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 79, 124, 275, 280; v. 14, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74, 118, 137, 142, 147, 155, 162, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187-188, 196, 215, 223, 227, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 266, 303, 324-325, 333, 346-347,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">366, 377, 395-396, 401-402;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 27-28, 33, 61-62, 77, 105, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151-152, 173, 196, 241-242</span><br /> -Henry V. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 124; ii. 54, 104, 216, 246; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; iv. 12, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47-49, 58-59, 122, 138-139, 252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 111, 146-147, 149-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 157-159, 168-169, 171, 174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">179, 191-192, 211-212, 215, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 222-223, 226, 235, 246, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266, 269, 302-303, 307-312, 321-325</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 342, 359-368, 371-372,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-385, 390-391, 396-397, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">406-408, 415-417; vi. 16-17, 24, 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 47, 61, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77-78, 94-100, 102, 113-118, 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128-141, 148, 151, 163, 165, 192-194,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 201, 231-232, 243-246, 248-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 263</span><br /> -Henry I. King of Hayti (see Christophe)<br /> -Henry II. King of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Henry Prince of Nassau-Saarbrück, iv. 10<br /> -Henry of Prussia, Prince, iv. 38<br /> -Henry Albert of Prussia, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry)</span><br /> -Henry-Larivière, Pierre François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joachim, iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> -Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -d'Herbey (see Saint-Aubin)<br /> -d'Herbois (see Collot d'Herbois)<br /> -d'Herbouville, Marquis, i. 97<br /> -Hercules I. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 92<br /> -Hercules II. Duke of Ferrara, vi. 96<br /> -Hercules III. Duke of Modena, vi. 78<br /> -Herder, Johann Gottfried von, v. 412<br /> -Hermer, M., i. 108<br /> -Herod King of Judæa, vi. 220<br /> -Herodias, v. 173<br /> -Herodotus, i. 216, 258; v. 401; vi. 220<br /> -Herrara, Juan de, iv. 58<br /> -Herschel, Sir William, ii. 140<br /> -Herschel, Caroline, ii. 140<br /> -Heytesbury, Sir William A'Court, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iv. 83</span><br /> -Hilary Bishop of Poitiers, Saint, v. 161<br /> -Hildebert Archbishop of Tours, ii. 30<br /> -Hill, George, i. 254<br /> -Hingant, Jean, i. 25<br /> -Hingant de La Tiemblais, François<br /> -Marie Anne Joseph, ii. 66, 72, 76-78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80, 85, 90; iv. 71, 213</span><br /> -Hingray, Charles, v. 126, 137<br /> -Hinton, the boatswain, iii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> -Hipparchus, vi. 180<br /> -Hippocrates, iii. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; v. 229-230<br /> -Hlodwigh (see Clovis)<br /> -Hoche, General Lazare, ii. 109; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Hocquart, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Hoffman, François Benoît, iii. 9<br /> -Hohenhausen, Élise Philippine Amalie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von Ochs, Baroness von, iv. 35-36</span><br /> -Holbein the Younger, Hans, v. 272-273<br /> -Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Lord, ii. 128; iii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; iv. 70</span><br /> -Holstein (see Staël-Holstein)<br /> -Holstein-Gottorp, pseud. Count of (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Homer, i. 51, 200, 213, 232; ii. 48,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 124; iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; iv. 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 160, 258, 284; v. 347, 351; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 91, 194</span><br /> -Honoria, Tusta Grata, iii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> -Honorius III., Pope, vi. 143<br /> -Honorius, the Emperor, i. 74; iv. 227<br /> -Hontan (see La Hontan)<br /> -Honoratus, Bishop of Aries, Saint, iii. <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> -Hôpital (see L'Hôpital)<br /> -Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 53, 229; ii. 124, 204;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; iv. 185; v. 25, 55, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285, 314; vi. 4, 47, 237</span><br /> -Horatius Cocles, i. 35<br /> -Horrion, Father, vi. 142<br /> -Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of<br /> -Holland, iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 287; v. 44, 291-298</span><br /> -Houdet, Comte de, ii. 196<br /> -Houdetot, Élisabeth Françoise Sophie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Bellegarde, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 301; iv. 285</span><br /> -Houdetot, General César Ange de, iv. 285<br /> -Hovius, Mayor of Saint-Malo, i. xxxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 264</span><br /> -Hubert, Jean, i. 63<br /> -Hubert, M., v. 137<br /> -Hugh Capet, King of France, iii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 7, 112; v. 196, 376; vi. 135, 196</span><br /> -Hugo, Victor Marie Vicomte, iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Hulin, Pierre Auguste Comte, ii. 262,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-265, 267, 269-275, 283; iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -Hulot, Madame, iv. 167<br /> -Humbert I. King of Italy, i. 51<br /> -Humbert I. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humbert II. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_208">208</a>; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Karl Ferdinand Baron von, ii. 242; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Fräulein von, iv. 39<br /> -Hume, David, ii. 120; iv. 250<br /> -Humphrey Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -Hunt, James Henry Leigh, ii. 128<br /> -Huss, John, v. 296, 388<br /> -Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -Hyacinthe (see Pilorge)<br /> -Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; iv. 91, 102-103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139-140, 142; v. 68, 117, 123, 250,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 258-259, 304; vi. 256</span><br /> -Hyperides, vi. 179<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -I<br /> -<br /> -Ibrahim Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, ii. 338; iv. 263<br /> -Ignatius Loyola, Saint, v. 367<br /> -Inez de Castro (see Castro)<br /> -Infantado, Duquesa de, iii. 74<br /> -Innocent VIII., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Innocent X., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Innocent XIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Ippolito of Este, Cardinal Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Milan, Lyons and Narbonne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, vi. 82</span><br /> -Ireneus Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Irving, Washington, i. 254<br /> -Isabel of Bavaria, Queen of France, vi. 10<br /> -Isabella of Angoulême, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Isabella I. Queen of Spain, iii. 127<br /> -Isabella II. Queen of Spain, H.M.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; v. 75; vi. 207</span><br /> -Isabey, Jean Baptiste, iii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Isaias, iii. <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> -Isaure, Clémence, ii. 207; v. 72<br /> -Iscariot, Judas, v. 307; vi. 26, 156<br /> -d'Isly, Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc, vi. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 158</span><br /> -Isnard, Maximin, ii. 14<br /> -Isoard (see also Delisle de Sales)<br /> -d'Isoard, Archbishop of Auch, Joachim<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Xavier Cardinal Duc, v. 22</span><br /> -Isotta (see Nogarola)<br /> -Ivan VI. Tsar of All the Russias<br /> -Ives, Rev. John Clement, ii. 80,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-88, 92-93</span><br /> -Ives, Mrs., ii. 86-88, 92-93, 96<br /> -Ives, Charlotte (see Sutton)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -J<br /> -<br /> -Jacob, iii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Jacob, J. J., i. 253<br /> -Jacquemin, potter and inn-keeper, iii. <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> -Jacqueminot, Vicomte de Ham, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, v. 153-154</span><br /> -Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph Baron von, i. 180<br /> -Jacquin, Major, ii. 262-263<br /> -James Intercisus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -James I. and VI. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 122</span><br /> -James II. and VII. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, i. 187; iv. 67,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 50, 115, 163, 178, 372;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 134</span><br /> -James III. and VIII. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, Scotland and Ireland, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242, 249, 373</span><br /> -James I. King of Scots, ii. 201<br /> -Janson, Madame de, ii. 200<br /> -Janson (see also Forbin-Janson)<br /> -Japhet, i. 142<br /> -Jaucourt, Arnail François Marquis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> -Jauge, M., v. 369; vi. 39<br /> -Jay (see Le Jay)<br /> -Jean de Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -Jeannin, Pierre Président, v. 50<br /> -Jebb, M.P., Sir Richard Claverhouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56, 335</span><br /> -Jefferson, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, Thomas, i. 252-253</span><br /> -Jenny, the Marquise de Custine's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maid, ii. 193</span><br /> -Jepson, Mr. Edgar Alfred, vi. 266<br /> -Jeremias, v. 37<br /> -Jerome, Saint, iv. 232, 244<br /> -Jerome, King of Westphalia, iii. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; iv. 57, 242; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 46</span><br /> -Jerome of Brescia, vi. 102<br /> -Jerome of Prague, v. 296<br /> -Jersey, George Child Villiers, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, i. 188</span><br /> -Jersey, Sarah Fane, Countess of, i. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 79; iv. 73</span><br /> -Joan of Arc, Venerable, ii. 109, 128;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; iv. 41, 108, 112; vi. 78</span><br /> -Joan of Penthièvre, Duchess of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -Joan Queen of Castile, iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> -Joachim II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Joachim King of Naples, ii. 25, 219,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223, 250, 262, 273, 275, 278, 283;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a>; iv. 10,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184-185, 189-198, 220</span><br /> -Job, i. xxi, 82-83, ii. 201, 211, 212, 339<br /> -John the Baptist, Saint, v. 173<br /> -John the Evangelist, Saint, ii. 243; vi. 217<br /> -John the Silent, Bishop of Colonus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -John of the Gridiron, Blessed, i. 25<br /> -John I. King of Bohemia, v. 355, 410-411<br /> -John III. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John IV. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John V. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John King of England, i. 9; ii. 22, 121<br /> -John II. King of France, ii. 46, 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; vi. 196</span><br /> -John III. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -John VI. King of Portugal and Brazil, iv. 53<br /> -John, Friar, vi. 46<br /> -John, the Marquess of Londonderry's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">groom, iv. 87</span><br /> -John of Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -John of Gaunt (see Lancaster)<br /> -John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Johnson, Samuel, ii. 121; iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>; v. 413<br /> -Johnson, Thomas, iii. <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie d'Orléans, Prince de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280; iii. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> -Joinville, Jean Sire de, i. xxiv; ii. 132,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202, 278</span><br /> -Joly (see Crétineau-Joly)<br /> -Joques, Père Isaac, i. 229<br /> -Jordan, Camille, iii. 68-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>; iv. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 213</span><br /> -Joseph King of Naples, later of Spain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128; ii. 223, 257, 280; iii. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 195, 210, 241; v. 44; vi. 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184</span><br /> -Joseph, the Milanese tinman, ii. 321-322; v. 326<br /> -Josephine of Sardinia, Queen of France, iv. 9<br /> -Josephine of Saxony, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 298</span><br /> -Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Bonaparte, later Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, ii. 261-262, 282; iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; iv. 42, 165-166,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; vi. 12</span><br /> -Joubert, General Barthélemy Cathérine, iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Joubert, Joseph, ii. 104, 157, 167-177,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 226-227, 230, 236, 239, 244,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 310, 317-319; iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; iv. 213,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221; vi. 6</span><br /> -Joubert, Dame, ii. 171, 174<br /> -Joubert the Younger, ii. 174<br /> -Joubert, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Jouberthon, Jean François Hippolyte, ii. 166<br /> -Jouffroy, Théodore Simon, vi. 256-257<br /> -Jourdain, M., i. 178<br /> -Jourdan, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Jowett, Benjamin, vi. 105<br /> -Judas Iscariot (see Iscariot)<br /> -Julia, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Julian, the Emperor, i. 97; v. 196,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378; vi. 18</span><br /> -Julie Clary, Queen of Naples, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 210-211; v. 44; vi. 184</span><br /> -Julien, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, i. xvi; ii. 319-333, 338</span><br /> -Julius II., Pope, iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; iv. 42, 228<br /> -Julius III., Pope, iv. 241<br /> -Jullien, M., ii. 177<br /> -Jumilhac, Simplicis du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -Junken, Bishop of Dol, i. 17<br /> -Junot (see d'Abrantès)<br /> -Jussac, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Jussieu, Alexis de, v. 95<br /> -Jussieu, Bernard de, i. 180<br /> -Justinian, the Emperor, iv. 227; v. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -K<br /> -<br /> -Kaumann, Captain, v. 101<br /> -Keith, tenth Earl Marischal, George, iv. 106<br /> -Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iii. 191-<a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Keller, Xavier, v. 289<br /> -Kellermann (see Valmy)<br /> -Kepler, Johann, v. 337<br /> -Kéralieu (see Kersalaün)<br /> -Keranevant, Abbé de, iv. 168<br /> -Kératry, Auguste Hilarion Comte de, v. 27<br /> -Kératry, Jean François de, i. 144<br /> -Kergariou, Comte de, i. 149<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Florian Paul Comte de, v. 244<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Gabriel César Vicomte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, v. 244</span><br /> -Kergu (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Kersalaün, Marquis de, i. 153<br /> -Kersalaün, Jean Joseph Comte de, i. 153<br /> -Kerviler, M. René, vi. 265<br /> -Khlodwig (see Clovis)<br /> -Khufu (sec Cheops)<br /> -Kincardine (see Elgin)<br /> -Kléber, General Jean Baptiste, iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> -Knowles, James Sheridan, ii. 128<br /> -Koller, Franz Baron von, iii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> -Komierowski, Colonel, v. 107<br /> -Kop, Ol de, ii. 207<br /> -Kop, Honorine Gasc, Fru de, ii. 207<br /> -Koreff, Dr. David Friedrich, iv. 44-45<br /> -Kotzebue, Captain Otto von, iv. 40, 46<br /> -Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 40, 46</span><br /> -Krüdener, Baron von, ii. 232<br /> -Krüdener, Barbara Juliana von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vietinghoff-Scheel, Baroness</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, ii. 232-233, 299; iv. 203-204</span><br /> -Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smolensk, Mikhail, iii. 190</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -L<br /> -<br /> -La Balue, Jean Cardinal, ii. 53<br /> -La Baronnais, Chevalier de, ii. 41<br /> -La Baronnais, François Pierre Collas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -La Baronnais, Renée de Kergu, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 41</span><br /> -Labat, Père Jean Baptiste, iv. 247-248<br /> -Labé, Dame Perrin, Loyse, ii. 308;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 173</span><br /> -La Bédoyère, Charles Angélique François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huchet, Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> -La Belinaye, Armand Magdelon Comte de, i. 126<br /> -La Belinaye, Renée Élisabeth de, i. 126<br /> -La Besnardière, Jean Baptiste de Gouy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> -La Billarderie (see Flahault de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Billarderie)</span><br /> -La Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -La Bletterie, Abbé Jean Philippe René<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 18</span><br /> -La Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Laborde, Captain, iv. 168<br /> -Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 291; iii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; v. 96, 115</span><br /> -La Borde, Jean Joseph de, ii. 296<br /> -Laborie, Antoine Athanase Roux de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175; iii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> -Laborie the Younger, Roux, vi. 163<br /> -Labouchere, M. P., Mr. Henry Du Pré, ii. 121<br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Joseph Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Bedée, Comte de, i. 22-23; ii. 4</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">9, 62, 64-65, 69, 78, 80-81; iv. 71;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 205; vi. 252</span><br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Vincente de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francheville, Dame de Trélan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 69</span><br /> -La Boüétardais (see also Bedée)<br /> -La Bouillerie, François Marie Pierre<br /> -Roullet, Baron de, iv. 288<br /> -La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahé de, i. 26; vi. 201</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye, François Régis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 136; v. 72, 81-82</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 146</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -Labrador, Pedro Gomez Kavalo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marques de, iv. 236; v. 8</span><br /> -Labre, Blessed Benedict Joseph, ii. 9<br /> -La Briche, Alexis Janvier de La Live<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Briche, Adélaïde Edmée Prévost,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de La Live de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Bruyère, Jean de, iii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> -La Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeuc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 18, 26</span><br /> -Lachambre, M., i. 149<br /> -Lachaud, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Laclos, Pierre Ambroise François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choderlos de, i. 135, 176</span><br /> -Lacombe, Charles de, vi. 256<br /> -Lacretelle the Elder, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Lacretelle the Younger, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iv. 128;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 80</span><br /> -Lacroix, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Ladvocat, the publisher, iv. 120, 136<br /> -Lælius Sapiens, Caius, v. 56<br /> -Laensberg, Mathew, vi. 7<br /> -La Fare, Bishop of Nancy, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Anne Louis Henri</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, v. 22</span><br /> -Lafaye, Pierre Benjamin, vi. 256-257<br /> -La Fayette, Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motier, Marquis de, i. 160, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">181; ii. 14, 23, 102; iii. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; iv. 127; v. 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105-107, 112-113, 126, 128, 135-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">141, 159, 163, 217; vi. 158, 162, 191</span><br /> -La Fayette, née de Noailles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Georges Washington Motier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 161</span><br /> -La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Vergne, Comtesse de, ii. 152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; vi. 240</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Pierre Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferron, Comte de, i. 27; iv. 36, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104-106, 138, 215-216, 261-263,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">265-284, 290-296; v. 22, 28, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77; vi. 100, 120, 229-335, 264</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Albert de, iv. 36<br /> -La Ferronnays, Alexandrine d'Alopeus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 36</span><br /> -La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferronnière)</span><br /> -La Feuillade, Pierre Raymond Hector<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Aubusson, Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Laffitte, Jacques, iv. 137; v. 105-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 116-117, 127-128, 133,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-139, 141, 159, 265, 267, 370</span><br /> -Lafitau, Père Joseph François, i. 232<br /> -La Fonchais, Angélique Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 92, 181</span><br /> -Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, v. 344<br /> -La Fontaine, Jean de, ii. 56, 124, 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152, 169; v. 314, 334; vi. 25, 201, 246</span><br /> -La Force, Armand Maréchal de, vi. 20<br /> -La Force, François Philibert Bertrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nompar de Caumont, Marquis de, ii. 103</span><br /> -La Force, Marie Constance de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de Caumont de, ii. 103-104</span><br /> -Laforest, Antoine René Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathurin Comte de, ii. 279-280, 289</span><br /> -La France, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 29, 35</span><br /> -La Fruglaye, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -La Galaizière, M., i. 156<br /> -Lagarde, M., vi. 51<br /> -Lagrange, Bishop of Chartres, François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190</span><br /> -Lagrange, Joseph Louis Comte, ii. 187<br /> -La Guerrande (see Chateaubriand de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerrande)</span><br /> -La Guichardière, Thibault de, vi. 255<br /> -La Guiche, Philibert de, i. 25<br /> -La Guyomarais, Dame de La Motte de, i. 92<br /> -La Harpe, Jean François de, i. 127-128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 133, 175, 178; ii. 27, 99, 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 172, 194, 208-210; iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; v. 335</span><br /> -La Harpe, née de Hatte Longuerue,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 210</span><br /> -Laher (see Brignon)<br /> -Lahire, Étienne de Vignoles, known as, v. 378<br /> -La Hontan, Armand Louis de Delondarce,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, i. 232</span><br /> -Lahorie, General Victor Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alphonse Faneau de, ii. 269</span><br /> -l'Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Lainé, Jean Henri Joachim Hostein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, ii. 247; iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 27, 118, 202; v. 303-304, 416</span><br /> -Lainé (see also Hachette)<br /> -Lais, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 252-253, 257</span><br /> -La Laurencie, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -La Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -La Live de La Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Lallemand, Charles François Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> -Lallemand, Henri Dominique Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> -Lallemant, Père Jérôme, i. 229<br /> -Lally, Thomas Arthur Baron Tolendal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -Lally-Tolendal, Trophine Gérard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 161; ii. 294; iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>; iv. 5-6, 128</span><br /> -Lalor, Alice, i. 65<br /> -La Luzerne, Bishop of Langres, César<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal de, i. 97, 156;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Comte de, i. 73; ii. 234<br /> -La Luzerne, Guillaume Comte de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 234, 239</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Victoire de Montmorin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167, 234</span><br /> -La Luzerne, César Henri de, ii. 234<br /> -La Maisonfort, Antoine François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 223</span><br /> -La Maisonfort, Dame de, vi. 241<br /> -La Malle (see Dureau de La Malle)<br /> -Lamarque, Maximilien Comte, v. 243, 290<br /> -Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57, 79-80</span><br /> -Lamartinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 125</span><br /> -La Martinière, M. de, i. 106-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125-126; ii. 35; iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; v. 317</span><br /> -La Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Lamballe, Marie Therèse Louise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de, i. 51;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 222</span><br /> -Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de, i. 157</span><br /> -Lambruschini, Archbishop of Genoa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luigi Cardinal, iv. 300; v. 23, 29, 35</span><br /> -Lamennais, Abbé Hugues Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert de, i. 27, 97; iv. 16; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 214-216</span><br /> -Lameth, Alexandre Théodore Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> -Lameth, Charles de, iv. 43<br /> -La Mettrie, Offroy de, i. 26<br /> -Lamoignon, René Chrétien Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100, 146, 156</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Anne Pierre Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, ii. 100, 137, 146, 167</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Guillaume Président de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 50, 134; ii. 100</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Chrétien François de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Christian de, i. 134; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_57">57</a>; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon (see also Basville and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malesherbes)</span><br /> -Lamoignon de Baville, Nicolas, i. 134<br /> -La Morandais, François Placide Maillard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 50, 52</span><br /> -Lamothe, Étienne Auguste Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gourlet de, iii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> -La Mothe-Fénelon (see Fénelon)<br /> -Lamotte, Demoiselle, ii. 232<br /> -La Motte de La Guyomarais (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guyomarais)</span><br /> -Lamotte-Piquet, Comte de, i. 69<br /> -Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Lancelotti, Ottavio Principe, iv. 238<br /> -Lancelotti, Giuseppina Massimo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Arsoli, Principessa, ii. 221; iv. 238</span><br /> -Lanchantin (see Valmore)<br /> -Lander, Richard Lemon, vi. 121<br /> -Langhorne, John, ii. 337; vi. 243<br /> -Langhorne, William, ii. 337; vi. 243<br /> -Langres, Pierre de, i. 36<br /> -Lanjamet, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Lanjuinais, Jean Denis Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> -La Noue, François de, ii. 56<br /> -La Noue, M. de, v. 80<br /> -Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Marquess of, iv. 78</span><br /> -Lansfeld, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, known as Lola Montes, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess von, v. 25</span><br /> -Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere, Maria<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonna, Duchessa di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Lanty (see Chastenay-Lanty<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas (see Dumas)</span><br /> -Lapanouze, Alexandre César Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 201-202</span><br /> -Lapelouse, V. de, v. 95<br /> -La Pérouse, Jean François Galaup,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 69, 193; ii. 36</span><br /> -La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de, ii. 187<br /> -La Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -La Porte, Arnaud de, i. 156<br /> -Laprade, Pierre Marin Victor Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 257-260</span><br /> -Laqueville, Jean Claude Marin Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 4</span><br /> -La Revellière-Lepeaux, Louis Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 119</span><br /> -La Reynière (see Grimod)<br /> -Larive, Jean Mauduit de, i. 128<br /> -Larivière (see Henry-Larivière)<br /> -Larnage, Dame de, vi. 71<br /> -Laroche (see Lenoir-Laroche)<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Prince de Marcillac,<br /> -François Duc de, ii. 152; iii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Louis Alexandre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 174</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Sosthène de, iii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; v. 97<br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polycarpe Duc de, iv. 134-135, 177; vi. 184</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Gabriel Sosthène Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 177</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Élisabeth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency-Laval, Duchesse de, iv. 12</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Frédéric Duc de, i. 171; iv. 132</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Auguste du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vergier, Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Claire Louise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustine Félicité Magloire de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Princesse de Talmont,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comtesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 181; ii. 107; v. 245</span><br /> -La Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -La Rouerie, Armand Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66, 92, 146, 180-181</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Anne Joseph Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuffin de, i. 126</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Therèse de La Belinaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 126</span><br /> -Larousse, Pierre Athanase, vi. 266<br /> -Larreguy, F., v. 96<br /> -Larrey, Félix Hyppolite Baron, v. 103<br /> -Larrey, Jean Dominique Baron, v. 103<br /> -La Sablière, Antoine Rambouillet de, vi. 25<br /> -La Sablière, Dame de, vi. 25<br /> -La Salle, Antoine de, v. 371<br /> -La Saudre, François Guillaume de, i. 149<br /> -La Saudre, Pierre de, i. 149<br /> -Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 281, 285-288;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> -Las Cases the Younger, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -La Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -La Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Lassalle, Sieur, ii. 156<br /> -Lassalle, pseud. (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François René Vicomte de, passim)</span><br /> -La Suze, Marquis de, iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Latapie, Colonel, iii. <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -La Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Latil, Bishop of Amycla, later Bishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chartres, later Archbishop of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rheims, Jean Baptiste Marie Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Cardinal Duc de, v. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20, 22-23, 35, 52, 343, 363, 373-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378, 415; vi. 136, 193</span><br /> -La Tour, pseud., Abbé de (see Charrière, Madame de)<br /> -Latour (see also Foissac-Latour)<br /> -Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Fay, Marquis de, v. 321, 323; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 136</span><br /> -La Tournelle, Marquis de, ii. 298<br /> -La Tournelle (see also Châteauroux)<br /> -La Trémoille, Vicomte de Thouars,<br /> -Prince de Talmont, Louis II. Sire de, i. 150<br /> -Lauderdale, James Maitland, eighth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Laughton, M.A., Professor John Knox, vi. 155-156<br /> -Laujon, Pierre, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -L'Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, David, i. 47<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, Gilles Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 47, 108</span><br /> -Launey, Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de, i. 158<br /> -Lauraguais, Diane Adélaïde de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 297</span><br /> -Laurence, Saint, v. 307<br /> -Laurencie (see La Laurencie)<br /> -Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Law, Maréchal Marquis de, iv. 62</span><br /> -Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 120; ii. 219; iv. 228</span><br /> -Lautrec de Saint-Simon, M., i. 171<br /> -Lauzun, later Duc de Biron, Armand<br /> -Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 51, 176, 181; ii. 142; v. 318</span><br /> -Laval, Agnes of, i. 8<br /> -Laval (see also Montmorency-Laval)<br /> -Laval-Montmorency, Anne Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adrien Prince de Montmorency,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, ii. 179; iii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 158-160, 164-166, 213, 302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3, 7-8, 17, 27, 49, 52, 68, 78</span><br /> -Lavalette, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> -Lavalette, Marquise de Béville, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Lavallette, Antoine Marie Chamans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Lavallette, Émilie Louise de Beauharnais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> -La Vallière, Françoise Louise de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 120; ii. 172; v. 215; vi. 201, 242</span><br /> -Lavandier, M., i. 58<br /> -Lavater, Johann Caspar, v. 291<br /> -La Vauguyon, M., i. 156<br /> -Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de, ii. 207<br /> -La Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -La Vigne, Alexis Jacques Buisson de, ii. 5<br /> -La Vigne, Céleste Rapion de La Placelière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Dame Buisson de, ii. 5</span><br /> -La Vigne the Elder, M. Buisson de, ii. 5-6<br /> -La Vigne (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessix de Parscau)</span><br /> -La Villate, M. de, v. 361-362, 380; vi. 136<br /> -La Villate the Elder, M. de, v. 362<br /> -La Villedeneu (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, vi. 161<br /> -Law, John, vi. 200, 239<br /> -Laya, Jean Louis, iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> -Leæna, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lebeschu, Mathilde, v. 244; vi. 98, 100<br /> -Lebon, Joseph, iv. 4<br /> -Le Borgne, Sieur, i. 5<br /> -Le Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Le Breton, Guillaume, i. 199; ii. 30<br /> -Lebrun, Third Consul, later Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piacenza, Charles François, ii. 259;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> -Le Brun, Ponce Denis Escouchard, i. 131<br /> -Lebrun, Élisabeth Vigée, Dame, i. 131; ii. 168<br /> -Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy, i. 167; ii. 84<br /> -Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel, ii. 223;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -Le Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Le Corvaisier (see Corvaisier)<br /> -Lecoulteux, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Led'huy, Édouard, v. 244<br /> -Le Donarin, M., i. 108<br /> -Ledru, Charles, v. 261, 309-310<br /> -Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, v. 261<br /> -Lefebvre, Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Lefebvre-Desnoettes, Charles Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> -Lefebvre de Vatimesnil (see Vatimesnil)<br /> -Lefranc, Jean Baptiste Antoine, iii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -Le Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -Le Gobbin, i. 55<br /> -Legouvé, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 292</span><br /> -Leiberich (see Mack von Leiberich)<br /> -Leigh, Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, Mrs., ii. 136<br /> -Le Jay, the bookseller, i. 176<br /> -Le Jay, Dame, i. 176<br /> -Lelièvre, the boatman, iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> -Lemaire (see Cauchois-Lemaire)<br /> -Le Maître, M., ii. 191<br /> -Lemercier, Louis Jean Népomucène, ii. 187;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -Le Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Lemierre, Antoine Marie, ii. 99<br /> -Lemierre, Auguste Jacques, ii. 99, 157<br /> -Lemoine, M., v. 319<br /> -Lemontey, Pierre Édouard, iv. 44; v. 230<br /> -Le Motha, Captain, v. 129<br /> -Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, Paul Lemoyne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 285</span><br /> -Lenclos, Anne, known as Ninon de, ii. 100<br /> -Lenglet-Dufresney, Abbé Nicolas, vi. 78<br /> -Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques Comte, ii. 195<br /> -Lenormant, Charles, iv. 180, 299;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 85, 200, 261</span><br /> -Lenormant, Amélie Cyvoct, Dame, i. 5;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 180, 188, 234, 299; v. 85,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 261; vi. 237, 258-261</span><br /> -Le Normant, the publisher, ii. 181;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; iv. 7, 15-16;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 122</span><br /> -Le Nôtre, André, vi. 241-242<br /> -Leo I., Pope Saint, ii. 185<br /> -Leo III., Pope, ii. 32<br /> -Leo IV., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Leo X., Pope, iv. 226, 228; v. 14, 58, 273<br /> -Leo XII., Pope, ii. 238, 247; iv. 232,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">234-235, 238, 287, 290-290, 299-303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 1-5, 7-8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 31, 36-37,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">53, 316, 373, 384</span><br /> -Leo XIII., Pope, v. 57<br /> -Léon, Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean François de La Marche, Comte de, ii. 103</span><br /> -Leonardo da Vinci (see Vinci)<br /> -Leonidas I. King of Sparta, i. 216; iv. 298<br /> -Leonora of Este, Princess, v. 330; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82-84, 87, 92, 100</span><br /> -Leonora (see also Castellani)<br /> -Leopold I. Duke of Austria, v. 377<br /> -Leopold I. King of the Belgians, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">323, 381; vi. 118</span><br /> -Leopold I. the Emperor, iv. 37<br /> -Leopold II. the Emperor, ii. 9; vi. 114<br /> -Léotaud, the gaoler, v. 252-253<br /> -Léotaud, Dame, v. 252<br /> -Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Lepelletier, the committee-man, v. 126<br /> -Lepelletier d'Aulnay (see d'Aulnay)<br /> -Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (see Saint-Fargeau)<br /> -Le Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Leprince, Abbé, i. 44, 57, 63<br /> -Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugène, vi. 10<br /> -Leroux, Pierre, v. 95, 260<br /> -Lerva, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Le Sage, Alain René, ii. 81, 332<br /> -Lescarbot, Marc, i. 232<br /> -Lescourt (see Maillard de Lescourt)<br /> -Lescure, Louis Marie Marquis de, ii. 107<br /> -Lesdiguières, François de Bonne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Créqui, Maréchal Duc de, vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Lesseps, Ferdinand Vicomte de, vi. 223<br /> -L'Estoile, Pierre de, i. 175; ii. 15; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 187-188, 239</span><br /> -Le Sueur, Eustache, ii. 309<br /> -Le Sueur, Dame, ii. 309<br /> -L'Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Leuchtenberg, Prince d'Eichstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viceroy of Italy, Eugène Vicomte de</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Duc de, ii. 261; iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">165-166, 191; v. 103</span><br /> -l'Eure (see Dupont de L'Eure)<br /> -Levasseur, M., v. 96<br /> -Lévis, Gaston François Christophe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Duc de Ventadour and de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>; v. 268</span><br /> -Lévis, Marie Cathérine Amande<br /> -d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -Lévis, Gaston Marc Pierre Duc de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Lévis, Pauline Louise Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charpentier d'Ennery, Duchesse de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; iv. 14-15</span><br /> -Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ii. 126<br /> -Lewis, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -L'Herault (see Rio)<br /> -L'Hôpital, Michel Chancelier de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102; v. 49-50, 55</span><br /> -Liancourt (see La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt)<br /> -Libba, or Libbe, Armand de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistress, ii. 50</span><br /> -Liberi, Pietro, vi. 103<br /> -Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke, Frau<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rietz, later Countess von, iv. 38</span><br /> -Licino, Monsignor, vi. 85<br /> -Lieven, Khristopher Andreievitch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, later Prince de, iv. 74</span><br /> -Lieven, Doroteya Khristoforovna von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benkendorf, Countess, later Princess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; iv. 73-74</span><br /> -Ligne, Charles Joseph Field-marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, ii. 58-59</span><br /> -Lille, pseud., Comte de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XVIII. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Limoëlan de Clorivière, Joseph Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picot, i. 65</span><br /> -Lindsay, Mrs., ii. 100, 147, 155, 156,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193; iii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a></span><br /> -Linnæus, Carolus, i. 180<br /> -Lioult de Chênedollé (see Chênedollé)<br /> -Lippi, Fra Filippo, iv. 232<br /> -Lippold, the poisoner, iv. 37<br /> -Lipsius, Joest Lips, known as Justus, v. 62<br /> -Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Live de La Bride (see La Bride)<br /> -Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawkesbury, first Earl of, iv. 81</span><br /> -Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, i. 187; ii. 145-146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; iv. 81-82, 89, 92, 217; vi. 252</span><br /> -Livorel, Robert Lambert, i. 150<br /> -Livy, Titus Livius, known as, i. 33; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iv. 185, 225; v. 155; vi. 79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 142, 157</span><br /> -Lobau, Georges Mouton, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 113</span><br /> -Lobineau, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Lobkowitz (see Hassenstein)<br /> -Lodi, Vice-president of the Cisalpine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Francesco di Mela, Duca</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, ii. 219</span><br /> -Lodin, Mayor of Combourg, i. 108<br /> -Lœwenhielm, Gustav Karl Frederik<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, v. 144, 146</span><br /> -Logan, James, i. 253<br /> -Logan, Tah-Gah-Jute, known as John, i. 253<br /> -Lointier, the tavern-keeper, v. 137<br /> -Loisel de La Villedeneu, Demoiselles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 22; ii. 310</span><br /> -Lomaria, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Lombard, Charles, i. 227<br /> -Loménie-Brienne (see Brienne)<br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of, i. 188</span><br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Viscount<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castlereagh, later second Marquess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. xxxi, 188; ii. 79, 93; iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>; iv. 65-67, 71, 73, 76, 80-83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-90, 92, 190</span><br /> -Londonderry, Amelia Anne Hobart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 65, 87</span><br /> -Longuerue (see Hatte-Longuerue)<br /> -Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 151-154, 172; vi. 77</span><br /> -Longueville (see also Du Guesclin)<br /> -Longueville-Nemours, Marie Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 106-107</span><br /> -Lopez, Fernando, iii. <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Lorgeril, Comte de, v. 87<br /> -Lorges, Comte, later Duc de, v. 245<br /> -Lorrain, Claude Gelée, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude, iv. 242, 258-259; v. 288</span><br /> -Lorraine, Charles de Guise, Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -Lothair King of France, iv. 112<br /> -Lothon, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Loudoun, John Campbell, fourth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 224</span><br /> -Louis I. King of Bavaria, iv. 118, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25, 41</span><br /> -Louis I. Count of Flanders, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Louis I. King of France, the Emperor,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11; vi. 195</span><br /> -Louis V. King of France, iii. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; iv. 112<br /> -Louis VI. King of France, i. 9; iv. 209<br /> -Louis VII. King of France, iv. 17; vi. 196<br /> -Louis VIII. King of France, ii. 256;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 225; vi. 196</span><br /> -Louis IX. King of France, Saint, i. 6,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 144, 164; ii. 15, 38, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204, 256, 278, 297, 331; iii. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; iv. 5,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 22-23, 143, 291; v. 12, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">142, 155, 175, 188, 212, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 239, 268, 273, 296, 302, 336,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">356, 372, 379, 396; vi. 27, 36, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 139-140, 194, 196, 251</span><br /> -Louis XI. King of France, ii. 32, 53,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 201; iii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>; v. 355; vi. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147, 196</span><br /> -Louis XII. King of France, i. 141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 172; ii. 17; iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; iv. 229;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 395; vi. 27, 96; vi. 196, 238</span><br /> -Louis XIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 114; ii. 151, 205;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245; vi. 28-29, 33, 196</span><br /> -Louis XIV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 7, 26, 38, 77, 85, 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103, 117, 120, 126, 232, 236; ii. 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 151, 159, 172, 188, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205, 207, 309; iii. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 22, 34-35, 38, 44, 58-59, 79, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 137, 217, 274; v. 50, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101, 137, 143, 215, 230, 272, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 403; vi. 19-20, 27, 32, 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151, 174, 185, 196, 199, 222, 238-242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247, 250</span><br /> -Louis XV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 26, 138, 163, 176-177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; ii. 102, 188, 230, 298-299, 301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; iv. 8, 38, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 252; v. 51, 137, 215, 333; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 78, 80, 151, 174, 199-200, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242</span><br /> -Louis XVI. King of France and<br /> -Navarre, i. xxi, 6, 18, 51, 111-112,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118-123, 134, 138, 140, 143-144, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156-157, 159-165, 168-169, 176, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 216, 247, 261; ii. 4, 5, 12-14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 22, 25, 34, 43, 48, 52, 54, 61-62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 106-107, 119, 142, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 171, 234, 257, 259, 296, 300-301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-<a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; iv. 4, 22, 25, 38, 40, 55,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">84, 91, 96, 109-111, 124, 189, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">252; v. 162, 175, 177-178, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189, 275, 303, 321, 332, 356, 387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">393, 402, 407-409; vi. 30, 32-33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 146, 150, 153, 159, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 181, 194-196, 198, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242</span><br /> -Louis XVII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 156-157, 160, 163; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">216; iii. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; iv. 109</span><br /> -Louis XVIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. xxi, 32, 37, 59, 71, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 176, 178, 184-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190; ii. 4, 17, 22, 34, 40, 64, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 100-101, 104, 107, 137, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 195, 251, 257-259, 279-280,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>-133, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-139, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-147, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_158">158</a>-<a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; iv. 1, 3, 7-12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 21, 27, 29-30, 43-44, 59, 61-63</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65-66, 68-69, 79, 85-86, 90-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 101, 106-107, 109, 111, 138-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169-170, 187, 199, 212, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230, 302; v. 18, 44, 78, 81, 97, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 119, 146-148, 160, 172, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 267, 339, 342, 348, 360, 393,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395, 398-399, 401; vi. 45, 97, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 183, 185, 187, 194-195</span><br /> -Louis XIX. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, Louis Antoine Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Angoulême, later, i. 156, 160; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 259; iii. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>; iv. 8, 96, 116, 169, 219, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280, 299; v. 69, 84, 88, 96, 104, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 129-132, 143, 147-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 168-169, 191-192, 220, 307,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 342, 360-361, 372, 374-375, 378-379,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">385-386, 394, 402, 406, 417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 35, 62, 97, 128, 131-132, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-138, 140, 193, 197, 243, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253-254</span><br /> -Louis King of Holland, iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241; v. 44, 292</span><br /> -Louis II. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 202</span><br /> -Louis of Bavaria, H.R.H. Prince, iv. 251<br /> -Louis of Bavaria, <i>de jure</i> Mary IV.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of England, Scotland and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Maria Theresa Henrietta</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothea of Modena, H.R.H. Princess, iv. 251</span><br /> -Louis Dauphin of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Great Dauphin, vi. 241</span><br /> -Louis Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France, vi. 241, 246</span><br /> -Louis of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33<br /> -Louis, Joseph Dominique Abbé Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; iii. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 115, 172-173</span><br /> -Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290; iv. 34</span><br /> -Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of the French, i. 37, 134, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; ii. 26, 100, 163, 168, 222-223,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 280, 293; iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; iv. 15, 21, 58, 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 111, 114, 135, 138, 145, 161;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 27, 86-87, 94, 101, 103, 105-106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 114, 118, 123, 126-128, 132-143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-152, 156-163, 168, 171-174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178, 193, 211, 218-220, 222, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238, 253, 258, 260-261, 264, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307-308, 325, 327, 366, 368, 396,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">398; vi. 26, 33-34, 37, 78, 95, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117-118, 130-131, 146-152, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 162, 164-166, 170-171, 242,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">244, 249, 261</span><br /> -Louisa of Mecklemburg-Strelitz, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, ii. 258; iii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 49, 58, 164</span><br /> -Louise of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians, vi. 118<br /> -Louise of Stolberg-Godern, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, known as Countess of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany, ii. 202; iv. 249-250</span><br /> -Louise of France, Duchess of Parma,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 174, 321, 324-325, 359, 361-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-378, 383, 388, 390-391, 406-408,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415; vi. 24, 129, 132, 134, 136, 193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231-232, 243-245, 254-255</span><br /> -Louvel, Louis Pierre, ii. 54; iii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>; iv. 11, 21-23, 59; v. 303</span><br /> -Louverture (see Toussaint-Louverture)<br /> -Louvois, François Michel Letellier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, vi. 19</span><br /> -Louÿs, M. Pierre, i. xiii.<br /> -Lovelace, Richard, v, 255<br /> -Lowe, Sir Hudson, ii. 286; iii. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></span><br /> -Lowes, Mrs., ii. 97<br /> -Loyola (see Ignatius Loyola)<br /> -Luc (see Vintimille du Luc)<br /> -Lucan, Marcus Annæus Lucanus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 29</span><br /> -Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli di Campo Franco e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pignatelli, Duca Della Gracia, Ettore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conte di, iii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; v. 321-323, 366;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 94, 96, 98, 231-232, 234-235</span><br /> -Lucchesi-Palli Demoiselle de, iii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Lucchesi-Palli (see also Campo-Franco)<br /> -Lucian, v. 379; vi. 179<br /> -Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, 53, 83; v. 229</span><br /> -Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, v. 13<br /> -Lucrezia de'Medici, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. 84<br /> -Lucrezia of Este, Princess, vi. 82<br /> -Luke, Saint, v. 300, 307; iv. 240; vi. 90, 220<br /> -Luna, Pedro de, v. 13<br /> -Lusignan, Hugh of, i. 9<br /> -Lussigny (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Luther, Martin, iv. 32; v. 16, 273, 332, 388<br /> -Lützow, Count von, iv. 236; v. 7, 32, 38<br /> -Lützow, Countess von, iv. 236<br /> -Luxembourg, François Henri de<br /> -Montmorency-Bouteville, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; vi. 19</span><br /> -Luynes, Charles d'Albert Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 172; vi. 28-29</span><br /> -Luynes, née de Montmorency-Laval,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Luynes, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Luynes, Duchesse de (see also Chevreuse)<br /> -Luzerne (see La Luzerne)<br /> -Lycurgus, iv. 31<br /> -Lydia, the courtezan, v. 285<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -M<br /> -<br /> -Macbeth King of Scotland, ii. 122<br /> -Mac Carthy, Abbé Nicolas de, v. 367<br /> -Mac Carthy, Mr., v. 367<br /> -Macchi, Archbishop of Nisibis, Vincento<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 18, 38-39</span><br /> -Macdonald (see Tarente)<br /> -Maceroni, Colonel Francis, iv. 197<br /> -Machault d'Arnouville, Jean Baptiste,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; vi. 202</span><br /> -Machiavelli, Niccolo, vi. 78<br /> -M'Intyre (see Simms and M'Intyre)<br /> -Macirone (see Maceroni)<br /> -Mack von Leiberich, Karl Baron, ii. 40<br /> -Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, i. 136, 215<br /> -Mackintosh, Sir James, ii. 139<br /> -Macpherson, James, ii. 133<br /> -Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, vi. 247<br /> -Madrid, Duque de (see Charles VII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and XI. King of Spain, France and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre)</span><br /> -Madrid, Duquesa de (see Bertha Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and France)</span><br /> -Magnay, Christopher, iv. 71<br /> -Magon, Hervine, i. 34<br /> -Mahaffy, Dr. John Pentland, v. 56, 229<br /> -Mahé de La Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Mahis (see Des Mahis)<br /> -Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272, 277-279, 283-284, 297, 303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25-26, 51, 389</span><br /> -Mahomet, iv. 277<br /> -Mailhe, Jean Baptiste, iii. <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Maillard de Lescourt, Major, iii, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Mailleville, M., v. 55<br /> -Mailly, Louis Marie Duc de, ii. 297<br /> -Mailly, Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-299</span><br /> -Mailly (see also Coislin and Nesle)<br /> -Maintenon, later Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise d'Aubigné, Dame Scarron,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, i. 14; ii. 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; iv. 79; vi. 238,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">240-243, 246-247</span><br /> -Maison, Nicolas Joseph Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Marquis, iii. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">267; v. 152-153; vi. 244</span><br /> -Maison-Blanche, Sieur, iv. 245-246<br /> -Maisonfort (see La Maisonfort)<br /> -Maitland, Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Majorian, the Emperor, ii. 45<br /> -Malatesta, Francesca da Rimini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Signora, iv. 229; vi. 57</span><br /> -Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney, iii. <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> -Malescot, i. 7<br /> -Malesherbes, Guillaume de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 134</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon de, i. xxi, 8, 50, 72, 83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-137, 161, 167, 180, 215-216, 227;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 22-23, 27, 32, 49, 60, 81-82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; iv, 4; v. 64-65, 304;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Françoise Thérèse Grimod,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 27</span><br /> -Malet, General Claude François de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">262, 269</span><br /> -Malfilatre, Alexandre Henri de, i. 83<br /> -Malfilatre, Jacques Charles Louis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinchamp de, i. 83; ii. 176</span><br /> -Malherbe (see Bonnet de Malherbe)<br /> -Malibran, Mr., vi. 175<br /> -Malibran, later Dame de Bériot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207; vi. 175</span><br /> -Malipieri, Podesta of Padua, Angelo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 104</span><br /> -Malle (see Bureau de La Malic)<br /> -Mallet-Dupan, Jacques, i. 175<br /> -Malo Bishop of Aleth, Saint, i. 25<br /> -Malouet, Pierre Victor Baron, ii. 100;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> -Malte-Brun, Conrad, iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> -Mame, Auguste, iii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Mandaroux-Vertamy, M., v. 304<br /> -Mandelot, François de, ii. 308<br /> -Mandini, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Mandini, Signora, i. 173<br /> -Mandricardo, Silvio Pellico's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messenger, vi. 107, 109, 111</span><br /> -Mangin, Jean Henri Claude, v. 94, 96<br /> -Mansfield, David Murray, second Earl of, i. 188<br /> -Mansfield, Louisa Cathcart, Countess of, i. 188<br /> -Manso (see Della Villa)<br /> -Manuel I. Emperor of the East, v. 400<br /> -Manuel, Jacques Antoine, iii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; iv. 128<br /> -Manutius, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius the Younger, Aldus, vi. 67<br /> -Manutius, Paulus, vi. 67<br /> -Manzoni, Alessandro Conte, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; v. 229-230; vi. 15, 65, 79</span><br /> -Marat, Jean Paul, i. 132, 161, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 16-19, 21, 159; iv. 189</span><br /> -Marbod (see Maroboduus)<br /> -Marceau, General François Séverin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Desgraviers, iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -Marcellus, Marie Louis Jean André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Demartin du Tyrac, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 5, 185; iv. 139, 215-219; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 40-41, 153; vi. 14, 260</span><br /> -Marchais, André Louis Augustin, v. 105<br /> -Marchal, Pierre François, v. 96, 115<br /> -Marchand, Abbé, i. 63<br /> -Marchand, Napoleon's valet, iii. <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Marck, Alexander Count von der, iv. 38<br /> -Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the<br /> -Emperor, v. 57-58; vi. 104<br /> -Maret (see Bassano)<br /> -Mareuil (see Durand de Mareuil)<br /> -Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, ii. 200<br /> -Margaret of Lusignan, Queen (?) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Margaret of Provence, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 192</span><br /> -Margaret of Scotland, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 200</span><br /> -Margaret of Valois, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre, ii. 172-173, 206; vi. 173</span><br /> -Margaret of France, Queen of Navarre, vi. 173<br /> -Margaret of Valois, mother of Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Blois, i. 141</span><br /> -Margherita di Gonzaga, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 84</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saxe-Teschen, vi. 58</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>; v. 74, 207</span><br /> -Maria Feodorowna (Maria Sophia) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Russia, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; iv. 281</span><br /> -Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Sicilies, v. 74-75</span><br /> -Maria Louisa of Spain, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etruria, iv. 224</span><br /> -Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungry and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Empress, v. 410; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 202</span><br /> -Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Bavaria, v. 345</span><br /> -Marie Leczinska, Queen of France, ii. 299<br /> -Marie de Medici, Queen of France, i. 117;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 28</span><br /> -Marie de France, vi. 172<br /> -Marie, Sister, iv. 207<br /> -Marie-Amélie of Naples, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orléans, later Queen of the French,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 134, 156-161; vi. 37</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 32, 100-101, 118-119, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 175, 187, 216-217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 12; iii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>; iv. 4; v. 144,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 309, 356, 407-408; vi. 7, 78,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202</span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 178</span><br /> -Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, later Duchess of Parma,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse Duchesse d'Angoulême,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Queen of France, i. 102, 156-157</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; iii. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; iv. 91, 96-97, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; v. 111, 144, 147, 275, 297,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 325, 359, 361, 363, 365-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">372, 374, 391, 405-410, 412-417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 7, 29-36, 102, 129, 133-134, 140,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193, 243, 245, 253-254</span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, v. 146; vi. 78</span><br /> -Marigny, Jean Joseph Geffelot, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 53</span><br /> -Marigny, Marie Anne Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de, i. 15,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 53, 66, 111-112, 150; ii. 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">319; vi. 255-256</span><br /> -Marin, Chevalier, iv. 162<br /> -Marischal (see Keith)<br /> -Marius, Caius, iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; iv. 14; v. 40<br /> -Mark, Saint, iii. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; v. 374; vi. 58<br /> -Marlborough, John Churchill, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. 139; iii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; v. 333;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 20</span><br /> -Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 333</span><br /> -Marmont (see Raguse)<br /> -Marmontel, Jean François, i. 133<br /> -Marmora (see Della Marmora)<br /> -Marnes, pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Louis XIX. King of France</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre and Marie-Thérèse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -Maroboduus King of the Marcomanni, vi. 127<br /> -Marolles, Abbé Michel de, i. 75<br /> -Maroncelli, Signor, vi. 56<br /> -Marot, Clement, vi. 75, 96, 238<br /> -Mars, Marguerite Salvetat, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, i. 128</span><br /> -Mars, Anne Françoise Hippolyte<br /> -Boutet, known as Mademoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Martignac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Gaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 13, 138, 221, 261;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 67-69, 120</span><br /> -Martin Bishop of Tours, Saint, vi. 26<br /> -Martin, K.C.B., Sir Theodore, iv. 225<br /> -Martinez de La Rosa, Francisco, i. xxii<br /> -Martinière (see La Martinière)<br /> -Mary II. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary I. Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scots)</span><br /> -Mary III. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary Beatrice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena)</span><br /> -Mary IV. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, H.M. (see Louis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, H. R. H. Princess)</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Scots, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, de jure Mary II. Queen of</span><br /> -England and Ireland, i. 245; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; vi. 173</span><br /> -Mary of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanover, iv. 47</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Portugal, iv. 53<br /> -Mary II. Queen of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Mary, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Mary Beatrice of Sardinia, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena, <i>de jure</i> Mary III. Queen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 251; vi. 78</span><br /> -Masinissa King of Massylia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Numidia, ii. 331</span><br /> -Mason, William, ii. 129<br /> -Massa, Claude Ambroise Regnier, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 273</span><br /> -Masséna (see Rivoli)<br /> -Massias, Nicolas Baron, ii. 280<br /> -Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, Jean<br /> -Baptiste, i. 54, 84<br /> -Massimo (see d'Arsoli)<br /> -Masson, M. Frédéric, iv. 189<br /> -Matignan, Madame de, iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Matthew, Saint, iv. 291; v. 374<br /> -Mattos (see Teixeira de Mattos)<br /> -Maubourg (see Latour-Maubourg)<br /> -Maubreuil, Marie Armand, Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerri de Maubreuil, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orvault, known as Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>; vi. 181</span><br /> -Maud <i>de jure</i> Queen of England, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress, i. 8</span><br /> -Mauduit, Quarter-master, iii. <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> -Mauduit de Larive (see Larive)<br /> -Mauguin, François, v. 96, 113, 116<br /> -Mauléon (see Causans de Mauléon)<br /> -Maulevrier, Comte de, i. 72<br /> -Maulevrier, Louis de Brézé, Comte de, ii. 294<br /> -Maulevrier (see also Colbert de Maulevrier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Valentinois)</span><br /> -Maunoir, Père, i. 30<br /> -Mauny (see Noury de Mauny)<br /> -Maupcou, René Nicolas, i. 138; vi. 202<br /> -Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, i. 18-26<br /> -Maurel, the game-keeper, v. 244<br /> -Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phelippeaux,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 202</span><br /> -Maurice, Saint, vi. 190<br /> -Mauro, Fra, vi. 54<br /> -Maury, Bishop of Montefiascone, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Paris, Jean Siffrein</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a></span><br /> -Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Maximian, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Maximilian I. Elector of Bavaria, ii. 51<br /> -Maximilian I. King of Bavaria, iv. 57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164; v. 25, 345</span><br /> -Maximilian II. King of Bavaria, v. 25<br /> -Maximilian I., the Emperor, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> -Maximus, v. 60<br /> -Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21; iii. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -Mazarin, Jules Cardinal, ii. 151, 153;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 9, 245; v. 50; vi. 125</span><br /> -Méchin, Alexandre Edme Baron, v. 138-139<br /> -Mecklenburg (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Medici (see Sforza)<br /> -Megret de Sérilly (see Sérilly)<br /> -Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 264, 278</span><br /> -Melanchthon, Philipp, vi. 142<br /> -Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melbourne, Elizabeth Milbanke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscountess, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melchthal, Arnold von, v. 274, 277<br /> -Melmoth the Younger, William, v. 60<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melzi (see Lodi)</span><br /> -Mennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Méot, the tavern-keeper, ii. 17<br /> -Mercier Dupaty (see Dupaty)<br /> -Mercœur, Élisa, vi. 175<br /> -Mercy, Franz Field-Marshal Baron von, ii. 510<br /> -Méré (see Courier de Méré and Poltrot de Méré)<br /> -Merfeld, General, v. 103<br /> -Méricourt (see Théroigne de Mencourt)<br /> -Mérilhou, Joseph, v. 95, 115, 265<br /> -Méritens (see Allart de Méritens)<br /> -Merlin, the auctioneer, iv. 11<br /> -Merlin de Douay, Philippe Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 108; iii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> -Merlin de Thionville, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christophe, ii. 108; iii. <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> -Mérona, M. de, iv. 103<br /> -Merovius (see Merowig)<br /> -Merowig King of the Franks, ii. 29<br /> -Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, i. 145<br /> -Mesnard, Paul, iv. 128<br /> -Mesnard, Louis Charles Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Comte de, v. 244; vi. 38</span><br /> -Mesnard, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Mesnier, Louis Marthe, iv. 7<br /> -Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trapassi, known as, ii. 78</span><br /> -Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Métel, Hugues, ii. 44<br /> -Metella, Cæcilia, ii. 244; iv. 236; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 61; vi. 2</span><br /> -Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134, 143; iii. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; iv. 73-74, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 128, 266; v. 38, 91, 123, 181,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">339, 341-342, 352-353, 369, 384,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">408; vi. 16, 46, 114, 118, 187, 232</span><br /> -Mettrie (see La Mettrie)<br /> -Meunier, Captain, v. 110<br /> -Mézeray, François Eudes de, i. 55<br /> -Mézy, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Micara, Luigi Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Michael I. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237; v. 81</span><br /> -Michael II. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Michael Pavlowitch of Russia, Grand-duke, iv. 36<br /> -Michael Angelo, Michelagnolo Buonarotti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 166; ii. 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; iv. 181, 226, 236, 239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-243, 256, 286; v. 2, 29, 36, 59,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61, 316; vi. 17, 59, 103</span><br /> -Michaud, Joseph, ii. 233; iv. 131-132, 204<br /> -Migneret, the publisher, ii. 157, 181, 198, 209<br /> -Mignet, François Auguste Marie, v. 82-83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95-96, 105, 127, 206; vi. 189-190</span><br /> -Mila, the Indian girl, i. 231, 236; vi. 66<br /> -Milbanke-Noel, Sir Ralph, ii. 136<br /> -Milton, John, i. 95, 166; ii. 17, 74, 94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110, 121-122, 220, 292; iii. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; iv. 42-43, 93-94, 245, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 133; vi. 47, 91, 123, 179</span><br /> -Miniac (see Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Mionnet, Theodore, v. 53-54<br /> -Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167; vi. 42</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riquetti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 83, 155, 166-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-177, 179, 182; ii. 4, 12, 71, 77,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; iii. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; iv. 6, 39, 47, 55-56;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 42, 155</span><br /> -Mirabeau, André Boniface Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquetti, Vicomte de, i. 170-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. 4, 80</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Jean Antoine Joseph Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elzéar de Riquetti, known as the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, i. 167</span><br /> -Misson, François Maximilien, iv. 246<br /> -Mithridales VI. Eupator King of Pontus, v. 335<br /> -Mnata, v. 386<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Giovanni, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Luigi, vi. 59<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Tommaso, vi. 59<br /> -Moëlien de Trojolif, Thérèse Josèphe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 66, 92, 126</span><br /> -Mohl, Julius von, vi. 258<br /> -Mohl, Madame, vi. 258<br /> -Molé, Matthieu Louis Comte, i. 134;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 168, 192, 319; iv. 26, 118-119</span><br /> -Molé, Édouard, i. 134<br /> -Molé, Matthieu, i. 134; ii. 192<br /> -Molé, François René Molet, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Molé de Champlatreux, Édouard François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthieu Président, i. 134; ii. 192</span><br /> -Molet (see Molé)<br /> -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 122, 124, 128, 170; iv. 2; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 70, 345, 353; vi. 74</span><br /> -Moligny, Abbé de, v. 363, 372<br /> -Molin, Captain, ii. 262, 267<br /> -Monceau (see Duhamel de Monceau)<br /> -Moncey (see Conegliano)<br /> -Monet, M., i. 179<br /> -Monet, Demoiselle, i. 179<br /> -Monfeltrio delle Rovere (see Lante<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monfeltrio delle Rovere)</span><br /> -Monge (see Péluse)<br /> -Monica, Saint, i. 31<br /> -Monmerqué, Louis Jacques Nicolas, iv. 44<br /> -Monnier, Marquis de, i. 168<br /> -Monnier, Sophie Ruffei, Marquise de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167-168</span><br /> -Monroe, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, James, iv. 66, 127</span><br /> -Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. 22, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 126-127, 206, 220; iii. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 149, 231, 243-244, 257; v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; vi. 47, 122</span><br /> -Montaigne (see also Gamaches)<br /> -Montaigu, M. de, vi. 70<br /> -Montalivet, Marthe Camille Bachasson,<br /> -Comte de, iv. 114-115, 247-248, 259, 266<br /> -Montauban, Arthur de, i. 25<br /> -Montbel, Guillaume Isidore Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 72, 81-82, 379, 422;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 100, 116-118, 229-230, 234-235</span><br /> -Montboissier, Baron de, ii. 32, 49, 60<br /> -Montboissier, née de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, ii. 49</span><br /> -Montboissier (see also Colbert de Montboissier)<br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Simon Marquis de, i. 72, 135</span><br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise Pauline de Malesherbes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 135</span><br /> -Montbourcher, René François Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 153</span><br /> -Montcalm, Armande du Plessis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vignerot, Marquise de, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 26-27; v. 398</span><br /> -Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 224; vi. 202</span><br /> -Montchenu, Marquis de, iii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Montebello, Jean Lannes, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 300; v. 28</span><br /> -Montebello, Napoléon Auguste Lannes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Duc de, iv. 300-302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 28-29</span><br /> -Montenoy (see Palissot de Montenoy)<br /> -Montenuovo, Wilhelm Albert Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 187, 224; v. 322</span><br /> -Montes, Lola (see Lansfeld)<br /> -Montespan, Françoise Athénais de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochechouart de Mortemart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 103, 120; v. 215; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246-247</span><br /> -Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de La Brède and de, ii. 220; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; iv. 122, 127, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 127, 131; iv. 59</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Ambroise Anatole<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustin Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 134, 156-157</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Élisabeth Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. 183-184</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Louise Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Briche, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Montesson (see d'Orléans)<br /> -Montfort, Simon Comte de, ii. 206<br /> -Montfort, pseud., Comte de (see Jerome<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Westphalia)</span><br /> -Montgascon, M. de, v. 131<br /> -Montgelas, Max Jose Garnerin, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 57</span><br /> -Montgomery, Comte de, ii. 192<br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Tristan Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 280; iii. <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>-<a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Albinie Hélène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vassal, Comtesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> -Monti, Vincenzo, i. xxiii; vi. 79<br /> -Montléart, Prince de, v. 322<br /> -Montlosier, François Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynaud Comte de, i. 175; ii. 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100-102; iv. 123-125</span><br /> -Montlouët, François Jean Raphaël de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunes, Comte, later Marquis de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 108-109</span><br /> -Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Seigneur de, i. 109; v. 380</span><br /> -Montluc (see also La Bourdonnaye-Montluc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Bourdonnaye de Montluc)</span><br /> -Montmirel, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cook, iv. 98; v. 326; vi. 14</span><br /> -Montmorency, Anne Maréchal Connétable de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -Montmorency, Mathieu I. Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, iv. 209</span><br /> -Montmorency, Aline Dame de, iv. 209<br /> -Montmorency, Henry II. Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 105</span><br /> -Montmorency, François Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Montmorency, née de Matignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne-Duchesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> -Montmorency, Baronne de, ii. 31<br /> -Montmorency, Demoiselle de, i. 117<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency (see also Adelaide,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laval-Montmorency and Luxembourg)</span><br /> -Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; ii. 192; iv. 12, 29-30, 62, 65-69</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76-77, 83-91, 95, 122, 133, 160,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164-166, 169, 171, 176-177, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207-209, 213, 216-217, 286; vi. 45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Montmorin the Elder, Comte de, ii. 35<br /> -Montmorin, Antoine Hugues Calixte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Montmorin, Auguste de, ii. 237<br /> -Montmorin, Louis Victor Hippolyte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luce de, ii. 167</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 140, 145, 156; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 213, 230, 237, 241, 251; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183; v. 319</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167<br /> -Montolieu, Baron de, iv. 120<br /> -Montolieu, Jeanne Isabelle Pauline<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polier de Bottens, Dame de Crouzas,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, iv. 120</span><br /> -Montor (see Arnaud de Montor)<br /> -Montpensier, Antoine Philippe d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 161</span><br /> -Montrond, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Monvel, Jacques Marie Boutet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">as, i. 128; vi. 162</span><br /> -Moore, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Morandais (see La Morandais)<br /> -More, Blessed Sir Thomas, v. 57<br /> -Moreau, Marshal Jean Victor, i. xxi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 153; ii. 249, 252; iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_203">203</a>; iv. 164-170, 220, 299; v. 246,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 332, 387</span><br /> -Moreau, née Hulot, Maréchale, ii. 64;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 166-167, 169</span><br /> -Moreau, Demoiselle, iv. 169<br /> -Moreau, Annibal, i. 101, 104-105, 112;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 44; iii. <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> -Moreau, Julie Angélique Hyacinthe de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedée, Dame, i. 101</span><br /> -Moreau de Saint-Méry, Méderic Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Élie, i. 161</span><br /> -Morellet, Abbé André, ii. 51, 163; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; iv. 6</span><br /> -Moréti, Louis, i. 5<br /> -Morey, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Morice, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Mornay, Demoiselle de, v. 115<br /> -Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -Morosini, Doge of Venice, Michele, vi. 59<br /> -Mortemart, Casimir Louis Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rochechouart, Prince de Tonnay-Charente,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 111, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 122-123, 128</span><br /> -Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 103, 178<br /> -Mortemart, Victurnien Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 106; ii. 35; vi. 246</span><br /> -Mortemart (see also Fontevrault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montespan and Thianges)</span><br /> -Mosbourg, Jean Michel Laurent Agar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 190</span><br /> -Mosbourg, née Marat, Comtesse de, iv. 190<br /> -Moses, ii. 218; iv. 226, 285; v. 392<br /> -Moskowa (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Mosselmann, M., iv. 170<br /> -Motha (see Le Motha)<br /> -Motier de La Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Motteux, Peter Anthony, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Motteville, Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245</span><br /> -Motteville, Françoise Bertaud, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 245; v. 71</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 163</span><br /> -Mouchy, Antoine Juste Léon Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 239</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe Louis Marie Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></span><br /> -Mouchy, Arthur Jean Tristan Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Languedoc Comte de Noailles, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mouchy, Nathalie Luce Léontine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joséphine de La Borde de Méréville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Noailles, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mounier, Claude Philibert Édouard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> -Mounier, Jean Joseph, iii. <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> -Mousette, M., v. 95<br /> -"Mousset," M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Muiron, Colonel, iii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> -Müller, Johann von, v. 274<br /> -Munich, Christoph Burchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal Count von, i. 13</span><br /> -Muraire, Honoré Comte, iv. 10<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Achille Prince, iv. 198<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 219; iv. 198</span><br /> -Murat, the inn-keeper, ii. 25; iv. 184<br /> -Murat (see also Caroline Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, Joachim King of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepoli and Rasponi)</span><br /> -Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, iv. 239;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 381</span><br /> -Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, v. 203<br /> -Mussy (see Gueneau de Mussy)<br /> -Mustapha II. Sultan of Turkey, vi. 101<br /> -Mustapha IV. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-268<br /> -Muther, Dr. Richard, iv. 240<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -N<br /> -<br /> -Nacquart, Colonel de, v. 245<br /> -Nagault (see Nagot)<br /> -Nagot, Abbé François Charles, i. 181, 195, 200<br /> -Nangis, Guillaume de, ii. 30<br /> -Napoleon, Saint, iii. <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> -Napoleon I. Emperor of the French, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 21-22, 13, 16, 71, 99, 102, 104,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 132, 134, 170, 176, 179, 211-214,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">217, 235; ii. 17, 25-26, 40, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 100, 108, 110, 118, 139, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 159, 161, 175, 180-181, 187-188</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190, 195, 200, 210-214, 219-220</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">222-224, 232, 246-247, 249-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-265, 269-275, 278, 280-292, 294,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301, 303, 309; iii. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_129">129</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-<a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>; iv. 1-3, 6-7, 10, 19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 32, 40, 49, 53, 56, 58, 75-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 109-111, 143, 145, 158, 163-169,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174-180, 183-184, 187-203, 205, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 223-224, 231, 237-238, 242, 254-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264, 274, 295; v. 4-5, 40, 43-44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46, 48, 58-59, 68, 80-82, 90, 92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 103, 108, 113, 116, 121, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 160, 162, 164, 166, 174, 176,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 202, 211, 227, 232, 235, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 263, 272, 280, 291-296, 330-331,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 337, 379, 390, 393-394,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">397-401, 403; vi. 7, 10-12, 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25, 30, 33, 42-43, 46, 51, 61, 79, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95, 97, 120, 148, 151, 155, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182-185, 195, 197, 200, 203-204, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253</span><br /> -Napoleon II. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. 34, 54, 64, 109, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 166-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>, 170, 217; iv. 59, 224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44; v. 92, 280; vi. 117</span><br /> -Napoleon III. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of the French Republic,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, i. 185; ii. 219, 280, 295; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 109, 143, 169, 192, 227; iv. 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; v. 58, 83, 94, 103, 108, 292-298,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301-302: vi. 99</span><br /> -Narbonne, Duc de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Duchesse de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Jean de Foix, Vicomte de, i. 120<br /> -Narischkine, Alexander, iv. 236<br /> -Narischkine, Maria Antonovna, iv. 236<br /> -Navarre, Dame de, ii. 311, 316<br /> -Nay, M., v. 256, 263<br /> -Neale, Mary, ii. 99<br /> -Necker, Jacques, i. 130, 141, 155-157,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-163, 165, 177; ii. 240-241;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 120, 158-160, 170, 183; v. 300;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 203</span><br /> -Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Dame, iv. 120, 300<br /> -Necker de Saussure, Albertine Adrienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Saussure, Dame, v. 200</span><br /> -Nefftzer, A., v. 96<br /> -Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Count von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iv. 187, 224; v. 322; vi. 46</span><br /> -Nelson, Duke of Bronte, Horatio first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, i. 21; ii. 139-140; iv.</span><br /> -Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Nemours (see also Dupont de Nemours<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Longueville-Nemours)</span><br /> -Nero, the Emperor, ii. 258, 291; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 299; v. 196, 215</span><br /> -Nerva, the Emperor, iv. 229<br /> -Nesle, Regent of France, Jean II. de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Nesle, Raoul Connétable de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle, Louis de Mailly, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle the Younger, Marquis de, ii. 299<br /> -Nesle, Drogon de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesselrode, Karl Robert Count, v. 384<br /> -Nettement, Alfred François, v. 99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101; vi. 131, 193</span><br /> -Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)<br /> -Neuchâtel (see Wagram)<br /> -Neufchâteau (see François de Neufchâteau)<br /> -Neuhof (see Theodore King of Corsica)<br /> -Neuville (see Hyde de Neuville)<br /> -Neveu, the painter, ii. 194, 196<br /> -Neville, Archbishop of York, George, v. 336<br /> -Newton, Sir Isaac, i. 151; ii. 74, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187; v. 387</span><br /> -Ney (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Nicholas Bishop of Myra, Saint, i. 174;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 289</span><br /> -Nicholas II., Pope, v. 11<br /> -Nicholas III. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99; iv. 33, 36, 118, 266-270, 274-279,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281-283; v. 322</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duke (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duchess (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandra Feodorowna Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russia)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Pisa (see Pisano)<br /> -Nicolaï, Monsignore Nicola Maria, iv. 259<br /> -Nicolas (see Chamfort)<br /> -Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, iv. 236<br /> -Nivelon, M., i. 173<br /> -Nivelon (see also Carline)<br /> -Nivernais, Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 156</span><br /> -Noah (see Noe)<br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Noailles, vi. 238-240</span><br /> -Noailles, nie d'Aubigné, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 238, 240</span><br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathieu Duc de, ii. 191; vi. 239</span><br /> -Noailles, Clotilde de la Ferté-Méung-Molé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Champlatreux, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douairière de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Noailles, Paul Duc de, vi. 236, 242-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 249, 259</span><br /> -Noailles, Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, vi. 243-244, 246</span><br /> -Noailles, Alexis Louis Joseph Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 97; iv. 199</span><br /> -Noailles, Louis Marie Vicomte de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163, 176</span><br /> -Noailles, Alfred Louis Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent de Paule Vicomte de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles, Charlotte Marie Antoinette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léontine de Noailles-Mouchy,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Noe, v. 182<br /> -Noel (see Milbanke-Noel)<br /> -Nogart, Guillaume de, v. 48<br /> -Nogarola, Isotta, vi. 110-111<br /> -Noirot, Lieutenant, ii. 262-263; v. 103<br /> -Normandie, Duc de (see Louis XVII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Normant (see Le Normant)<br /> -North (see Guilford)<br /> -Norvins, Jacques Marquet de Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 180, 182</span><br /> -Nôtre (see Le Nôtre)<br /> -Nouail, Pierre Henri, i. 15-16<br /> -Noue (see La Noue)<br /> -Noury de Mauny, i. 108<br /> -Nova, João de, iii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> -Nugent, Charles Vicomte de, vi. 133<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -O<br /> -<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este, vi. 92<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este and Lord of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 92</span><br /> -O'Connell, Daniel, iv. 92, 293<br /> -Odescalchi, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 5, 8</span><br /> -Odo King of France, iii. 58<br /> -Odo of Orleans, ii. 30<br /> -Odoacer King of the Heruli, iv. 227;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 195</span><br /> -Oger or Ogier, v. 378<br /> -O'Heguerty the Elder, Comte, v. 371,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378; vi. 138</span><br /> -O'Heguerty the Younger, M., v. 408, 410<br /> -O'Larry, Mrs., ii. 99<br /> -O'Larry, Miss. ii. 99<br /> -Olewieff, Major, iii. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Olga Nicolaiëvna of Russia, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, v. 322</span><br /> -Olimpia (see Pamfili)<br /> -Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, Conde<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 51</span><br /> -Olive, Demoiselle, iv. 148<br /> -Olivet, Captain, vi. 70<br /> -d'Olivet, Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 41</span><br /> -Olivier, François Chancelier, v. 49-50<br /> -Olivier, Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine, i. 128, 173<br /> -Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edward, iii. <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -Oppian, ii. 27, 306-307<br /> -Oppizzoni, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 21, 23</span><br /> -d'Ops, M., iii. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -d'Ops, Dame, iii. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -d'Orbesan, Sieur, vi. 103<br /> -Orford, Horace Walpole, third Earl of, ii. 172<br /> -d'Orglandes (see Chateaubriand)<br /> -O'Riordan (see Connell)<br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe I. first Duc, iv. 251; v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Henrietta Anna of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; iv. 251; v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Charlotte Elizabeth of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe II. second Duc, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 230; vi. 199-200</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Françoise Mademoiselle de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blois, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis third Duc, v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Augusta of Baden, Duchesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe fourth Duc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise de Bourbon-Conti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Jeanne Béraud de La Haye<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Riou, Marquise de Montesson,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 51, 145, 157, 174, 176; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">71, 294; iii. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>; iv. 12; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 141, 151</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe sixth Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Louis-Philippe King of the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French)</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Henri seventh Duc, vi. 150</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penthièvre, Duchesse, iv. 12</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, vi. 150</span><br /> -Orléans (see Dorléans and Odo of Orléans)<br /> -d'Ornano, Philippe Antoine Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> -d'Ornano (see also Walewska)<br /> -d'Orsay, Gillion Gaspard Alfred de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud, Comte, iv. 73</span><br /> -d'Orsay, Lady Harriet Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, iv. 73</span><br /> -Orsini, Duca di Bracciano, iv. 80<br /> -Osman Seid, ii. 333<br /> -d'Osmond, René Eustache Marquis, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103; iv. 74</span><br /> -d'Osmond, Éléonore Dillon, Marquise, iv. 74<br /> -d'Ossat, Bishop of Rennes, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bayeux, Arnaud Cardinal, iv. 280;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50, 55, 70</span><br /> -Ossian, ii. 133; iii. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; vi. 79<br /> -Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von der, iii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br /> -Otho, the Emperor, i. 158<br /> -d'Otrante, Joseph Fouché Duc, ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 259, 261; iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-<a href="#Page_144">144</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>, 178-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, 182-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 180, 194, 196</span><br /> -Otto III., the Emperor, v. 376<br /> -Otto IV., the Emperor, ii. 43<br /> -Otto King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -Ottoboni, Pietro Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Otway, Thomas, vi. 74-75<br /> -Oudart, M., v. 135<br /> -Oudinot (see Reggio)<br /> -Outcaire (see Oger)<br /> -Ouvrard, the printer, v. 132<br /> -Ouvrier, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, iv. 240<br /> -Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 9, 186; v. 63, 69, 229</span><br /> -Oxenstiern, Axel Count, v. 51<br /> -Oxenstiern, Benedikt, v. 51<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -P<br /> -<br /> -Pacca, Bishop of Velletri, Bartolommeo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-5, 23</span><br /> -Paganini, Nicola, iv. 237<br /> -Paisiello, Giovanni, i. 225<br /> -Pajol, Pierre Claude Comte, v. 108,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 152-153</span><br /> -Pajol, Élise Oudinot de Reggio,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, v. 108</span><br /> -Palestrina, Principessa Barberini-Colonna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, i. 132<br /> -Palladio, Andrea, vi. 17, 46<br /> -Palli (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Pallucci, Field-Marshal, vi. 62<br /> -Palm, Johann Philipp, iii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Palma the Elder, Jacopo, vi. 49<br /> -Palma the Younger, Jacopo, vi. 49, 103<br /> -Palma-Cayet (see Cayet)<br /> -Pamfili, Olimpia Maldachini, Donna, v. 14<br /> -Pan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Panat, Chevalier de, ii. 100, 117-118<br /> -Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, ii. 300<br /> -Pange, François de, i. 174<br /> -Pange (see also Silléry)<br /> -Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli, vi. 105<br /> -Paolo, Pietro Paolo Sarpi, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fra, vi. 65</span><br /> -Paolo, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian servant, vi. 47</span><br /> -Parc (see Chateaubriand du Parc)<br /> -Pardessus, Jean Marie, v. 304<br /> -Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 22</span><br /> -Paris (see also Robert Count of Paris)<br /> -Pâris, Body-guard, ii. 296; vi. 162<br /> -Parma (see Cambacérès)<br /> -Parmentier, M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Parny, Évariste Désiré Desforges,<br /> -Chevalier de, i. 64, 129, 178; iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> -Parny, M. de, i. 128<br /> -Parny, Dame de (see Contat)<br /> -Parquin, Charles, v. 296<br /> -Parquin, née Cochelet, Dame, v. 296<br /> -Parry, Sir William Edward, i. 136;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 62, 122, 222</span><br /> -Pascal, Blaise, ii. 152, 216; v. 406<br /> -Paskevitch (see Warsaw)<br /> -Pasquier, Étienne Denis Baron, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancelier Duc, i. 37; ii. 168, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; iv. 26, 30, 45, 51-55, 59;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 89, 172-173, 256</span><br /> -Pasquin, the lampooner, v. 273<br /> -Pasta, Giuditta Negri, Dame, ii. 86;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">v. 67; vi. 175</span><br /> -Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph<br /> -Pierre Chancelier Marquis de, v. 303-304;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 26, 136, 138</span><br /> -Patin, Charles Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patin, Gui, vi. 103-104<br /> -Patrick Bishop of Armagh, Saint, vi. 172<br /> -Paul the Apostle, Saint, v. 241<br /> -Paul the Hermit or the Simple, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 43; v. 54</span><br /> -Paul IV., Pope, ii. 45<br /> -Paul V., Pope, vi. 65<br /> -Paul I. Tsar of all the Russias, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -Paul (see also Vincent of Paul)<br /> -Paul Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, Prince, iv. 36; v. 41</span><br /> -Paule, Fair (see Fontenille)<br /> -Paulin, the bookseller, v. 127<br /> -Paulus (see Æmilius Paulus)<br /> -Paz (see Du Paz)<br /> -Pecquet, Jean, i. 125<br /> -Pedicini, Carlo Maria Cardinal, v. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 23</span><br /> -Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 80, 219<br /> -Peggy, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Pellico, Silvio, i. xxiii; v. 348; vi. 55-57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 79, 105-112</span><br /> -Pellisson, Paul, iv. 292<br /> -Peltier, Jean Gabriel, i. 175; ii. 71-72,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76, 80-81, 99-100, 139-141; v. 205, 333</span><br /> -Péluse, Gaspard Monge, Comte de, ii. 187-188<br /> -Penhoën, Auguste Théodore Hilaire<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron Barchon de, v. 86</span><br /> -Penhouet (see Becdelièvre-Penhouët)<br /> -Penn, William, i. 207<br /> -Penthièvre, Louis Joseph Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, Duc de, iv. 12</span><br /> -Penthièvre, Eudon Count of, i. 9<br /> -Penthièvre, Guy of, i. 141<br /> -Pepe, General Florestano, iv. 52<br /> -Pepin King of the Franks, iv. 109-110, 228<br /> -Pepin, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Pepoli, Contessa di Castiglione, Letizia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josefina Murat, Marchesa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Peretti, Signorina, v. 13<br /> -Pericles, i. 252; iii. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; v. 56, 272<br /> -Périer, Augustin Charles, v. 116, 123<br /> -Périer, Casimir, iv. 115, 137, 142; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 95-96, 98, 106-107, 113, 116-117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 154, 229</span><br /> -Périer, ex-President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 137</span><br /> -Périgord (see Chalais-Périgord and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talleyrand-Périgord)</span><br /> -Pérouse (see La Pérouse)<br /> -Perray, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Perrin, Ennemond, ii. 308<br /> -Perrin (see also Bellune and Labé)<br /> -Perlet, Adrien, v. 120<br /> -Perrers, Alice, ii. 138<br /> -Perron (see Duperron)<br /> -Perseus King of Macedon, iii. <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> -Persil, Jean Charles, v. 96, 310<br /> -Perugino, Pietro Vannucci, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 240</span><br /> -Pesaro (see Sforza)<br /> -Peter, Pope Saint, ii. 219; v. 9-10, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">316; vi. 216, 221</span><br /> -Peter I. Tsar of All the Russias, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">271; vi. 101, 203</span><br /> -Peter III. Tsar of All the Russias, i. 13;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 289</span><br /> -Peter I. King of Portugal, vi. 24-25<br /> -Peter IV. King of Portugal and I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of Brazil, iv. 53</span><br /> -Peter, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Petermann, Lieutenant, ii. 261<br /> -Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, ii. 13-14, 27<br /> -Petit, Jean Martin Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> -Petit, Louis Sébastien Olympe, ii. 193<br /> -Petit, René, i. 48, 108<br /> -Petit-Bois, Roger Vicomte du, i. 48<br /> -Petit-Bois (see also Pinot du Petit-Bois)<br /> -Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33, 124, 200-201, 220; iv. 181;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 49-50, 78</span><br /> -Peyra, Adolphe, vi. 170<br /> -Peyronnet, Charles Ignace Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 62, 117, 135-136; v. 87-88, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">422; vi. 229</span><br /> -Peysse, M., v. 95<br /> -Pezay, Alexandre Frédéric Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masson, Marquis de, i. 162</span><br /> -Pharamond King of the Franks, iv. 109<br /> -Phidias, v. 26; vi. 59<br /> -Phila, the courtezan, vi. 179<br /> -Philip III. Duke of Burgundy, iii. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Philip II. Augustus King of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 199; ii. 43, 173; iii. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; vi. 27,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">196</span><br /> -Philip III. King of France, i. 9; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 196</span><br /> -Philip IV. King of France, v. 48<br /> -Philip VI. King of France, i. 141; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; v. 355, 411</span><br /> -Philip II. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Philip Duke of Parma, vi. 202<br /> -Philip II. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, i. 212; ii. 50; iii. <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 239; v. 13</span><br /> -Philip III. King of Spain, ii. 151<br /> -Philip V. King of Spain, iv. 80; v. 15;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 200, 238, 246</span><br /> -Philip of Austria, Archduke, iii. <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> -Philip, Pompey's freedman, ii. 337<br /> -Philipon, Charles, v. 261-263<br /> -Philipon, Emma, v. 261-263<br /> -Philippa of Hainault, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Phocion, i. 223; iii. <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> -Phryne, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Piacenza (see Lebrun)<br /> -Piat, Demoiselles, ii. 310<br /> -Pibrac, Gui du Faur, Seigneur de, ii. 206<br /> -Picard, Louis Benoit, ii. 170<br /> -Piccini, Nicola, i. 179<br /> -Piccolomini, Octavio Trince, vi. 4<br /> -Piccolomini, Max, vi. 4<br /> -Pichegni, General Charles, i. 65; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 252, 263; iii. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 167-168, 299</span><br /> -Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Piégard Sainte-Croix (see Sainte-Croix)<br /> -Pierre, Madame de Bedée's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 22</span><br /> -Pierres de Bernis (see Bernis)<br /> -Piet-Tardiveau, Jean Pierre, iv. 14<br /> -Pietro di Filippo de' Giunazzi (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Romano)</span><br /> -Piffre, M., iv. 67<br /> -Pilate, Pontius Pilatus, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pontius, vi. 220</span><br /> -Pillet, Léon, v. 96<br /> -Pilorge, Hyacinthe, iv. 45, 90, 97, 298;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 28, 89, 121, 197-198, 218, 236,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">325, 330-331, 338, 340-341, 348,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">351; vi. 102, 105, 121, 129, 139, 168</span><br /> -Pindar, i. 131; ii. 254; vi. 172<br /> -Pindemonte, Giovanni, vi. 79<br /> -Pindemonte, Ippolyto, i. xxiii; vi. 79<br /> -Pinelli, Bartolomeo, iv. 241<br /> -Pinot du Petit-Bois, Jean Anne Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 48, 108</span><br /> -Pinsonnière, the Polytechnic scholar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 107</span><br /> -Pinte-de-Vin (see Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin)<br /> -Pioche de La Vergne, Aymar, iii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> -Piron, Alexis, v. 55<br /> -Pisan, Thomas de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisan, Christine de, vi. 140<br /> -Pisano, Nicholas of Pisa, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niccola, vi. 46, 59</span><br /> -Pitt, William, i. xxi, 186; ii. 69, 142-143,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145-146; iv. 82, 93, 120</span><br /> -Pitton de Tournefort (see Tournefort)<br /> -Pius II., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Pius VI., Pope, iii. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>; v. 373<br /> -Pius VII., Pope, i. xxi, 181; ii. 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 219-220, 230, 238, 248; iii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; v. 29, 110, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182, 198-199, 220, 225, 229, 231,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 262, 297, 302; v. 1-2, 4-6,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23-24, 48, 59; vi. 45</span><br /> -Pius VIII., Pope, v. 4-5, 23, 27, 29-31,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35-40, 46, 49, 53, 61, 78, 384</span><br /> -Pius IX., Pope, iv. 33<br /> -Placence (see Lebrun)<br /> -Placidia Queen of the Visigoths, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Empress Galla, iv. 227</span><br /> -Plagnol, M., v. 96<br /> -Planta, Joseph, iv. 65<br /> -Plato, ii. 169; iv. 93; v. 53; vi. 194<br /> -Plautus, Titus Maccius, ii. 204<br /> -Pleineselve, Colonel de, v. 103<br /> -Plélo, Louis Robert Hippolyte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bréhan, Comte de, i. 13</span><br /> -Plessix, M. du, v. 85<br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Hervé Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Comte du, ii. 5; v. 85</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Anne Buisson de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vigne, Comtesse du, ii. 5, 24</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau née de Kermalun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse du, ii. 5</span><br /> -Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, vi. 49<br /> -Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 39; iv. 140; v. 60, 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 237</span><br /> -Pliny the Younger, Caius Plinius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæcilius Secundus, known as, v. 60</span><br /> -Ploërmel, Bemborough, Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Plotinus, ii. 184<br /> -Plouer, Françoise Gertrude de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contades, Comtesse de, i. 15-16, 18</span><br /> -Plutarch, i. 23; ii. 337; iii. <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 236</span><br /> -Podenas, née de Nadaillac, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 94, 98, 100</span><br /> -Podiebrad (see George Podiebrad, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Bohemia)</span><br /> -Poe, Edgar Allen, i. 254<br /> -Poitiers (see Saint-Vallier and Valentinois)<br /> -Poix, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Poix (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Polastron, Vicomte de, v. 373<br /> -Polastron, Marie Louise Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lussan d'Esparbès, Vicomtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 373-374</span><br /> -Polignac, Jules François Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, later Duc de, i. 160</span><br /> -Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Polastron, Vicomtesse, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 160; v. 373</span><br /> -Polignac, Armand Prince de, iii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> -Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, i. 160; iii. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">29, 33, 136, 138, 167; v. 69, 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-78, 81-82, 84, 87, 92-93, 95-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 106, 108, 144, 189, 320, 375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">380, 422; vi. 117</span><br /> -Pollio, Caius Asinius, iii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> -Polo, Maffeo, vi. 77<br /> -Polo, Marco, vi. 77-78<br /> -Polo, Nicolo, vi. 77<br /> -Poltrot de Méré, Sieur, ii. 45<br /> -Pombal, Sebastiio Jose de Carvalho e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mello, Marques de, v. 51</span><br /> -Pommereul, François René Jean Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 104-105; iii. <a href="#Page_36">36</a></span><br /> -Pommereul, Messieurs de, i. 111, 125<br /> -Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Normant d'Étioles, Marquise de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 298: iii. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; iv. 38, 79;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51; vi. 242</span><br /> -Pompey, Sextus Pompeius Magnus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sextus, i. 68; ii. 331, 337;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 14, 180; v. 85, 204</span><br /> -Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 54</span><br /> -Poncelet, alias Chevalier, Louis, v. 220<br /> -Pons de L'Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -Pons de Verdun, Philippe Laurent, ii. 52<br /> -Ponsonby, Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish, iv. 81<br /> -Ponsonby, née Bathurst, Lady Emily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte, iv. 81</span><br /> -Pontbriand (see Breil de Pontbriand)<br /> -Pontcarré, Vicomte de, iv. 106<br /> -Pontecoulant, Louis Gustave Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doulcet, Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> -Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Ferrand, Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Pope, Alexander, ii. 121; iv. 80<br /> -Poppœa Sabina, the Empress, v. 215<br /> -Poquelin (see Molière)<br /> -Porcher, Abbé, i. 43, 45, 56-57, 63<br /> -Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -Portal, M., i. 108<br /> -Portalis, Joseph Marie Comte, iv. 138,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296, 299-303; v. 2-8, 17-18, 20-24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 30-34, 37-42, 46-49, 52, 68, 77</span><br /> -Porte (see La Porte)<br /> -Portland, Henrietta Scott, Duchess of, ii. 79<br /> -Portsmouth, Duchesse d'Aubigny,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Renée de Kerouaille, Duchess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Potelet, Seigneur de Saint-Mahé and de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Durantais, François Jean Baptiste,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 47</span><br /> -Pothin Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Potier, Charles, v. 21<br /> -Potocki, Jan Count, iv. 232<br /> -Poubelle, M., v. 137<br /> -Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27-29</span><br /> -Poultier, M., v. 258<br /> -Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurent, v. 206, 234</span><br /> -Pourrat, ii. 172<br /> -Pourtales, Louis Comte de, iv. 107<br /> -Poussin, Nicolas, iv. 232, 242, 258-259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285-286, 298, 304</span><br /> -Poussin, Anne Marie Dughet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 242</span><br /> -Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea Count,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76; v. 145-147</span><br /> -Pradon, Nicolas, vi. 240<br /> -Pradt, Bishop of Poitiers, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Mechlin, Dominique Baron</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dufour de, iii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> -Prague (see Jerome of Prague)<br /> -Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Théobald<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Choiseul, iii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Sébastiani,<br /> -Duchesse de Choiseul, iii. <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Praxiteles, vi. 54, 180<br /> -Pressigny (see Cortois de Pressigny)<br /> -Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Princeteau, Marie Decazes, Dame, iv. 10<br /> -Prior, Matthew, iv. 80<br /> -Probus, the Emperor, ii. 105<br /> -Procopius, iv. 227<br /> -Propertius, Sextus, i. 162; iv. 248<br /> -Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, v. 219<br /> -Proudhon, née Sainte-Croix, Madame, v. 219<br /> -Provence, Comte de (see Louis XVIII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Provence, Comtesse de (see Josephine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Sardinia, Queen of France)</span><br /> -Prudhomme, Louis Marie, vi. 154<br /> -Prunelle, Dr. Clement François Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, iv. 120</span><br /> -Ptolemy I. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy II. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemæus, known as, v. 335<br /> -Pufendorf, Samuel Baron von, iv. 280<br /> -Puyravault, Pierre François Audrey de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98, 105-106, 113</span><br /> -Pythagoras, i. 196; iv. 206; v. 68; vi. 4<br /> -Pytheas, ii. 202<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Q<br /> -<br /> -Quatt, Herr, iv. 37<br /> -Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Xavier Comte de, i. 53, 106</span><br /> -Québriac, Comtesse de (see Chateaubourg)<br /> -Quecq, Jacques Édouard, iv. 241<br /> -Queensberry, William Douglas, fourth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. 138</span><br /> -Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 111-112; v. 190, 241-242;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 190, 263</span><br /> -Quincy (see Cortois de Quincy)<br /> -Quinette, Nicolas Marie Baron, iii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Quintal, the boatman, iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -R<br /> -<br /> -Rabbe, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Rabbe, Alphonse, v. 97<br /> -Rabelais, François, i. 133; ii. 98, 124,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; 243</span><br /> -Rachel, iii. 25<br /> -Racine, Jean Baptiste, i. 14, 62, 178;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 102, 106, 128, 178, 183, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; iv. 23; v. 57,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; vi. 36, 202, 240</span><br /> -Racine the Younger, M., vi. 202<br /> -Radcliffe, Ann Wood, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Radziwill, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Radziwill the Younger, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Rafin (see Duchesnois)<br /> -Raguse, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; iv. 202; v. 94-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 100-101, 106-110, 130-131</span><br /> -Raineral (see Ruvigny and Raineval)<br /> -Rainneville, Alphonse Valentin Vaysse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 97</span><br /> -Ranville (see Guernon-Ranville)<br /> -Rambouillet de La Sablière (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sablière)</span><br /> -Rameses II. King of Egypt (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sesostris)</span><br /> -Rancé, Abbot of the Trappe, Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Le Bouthillier de, vi. 251, 253</span><br /> -Raphael Sanzio, i. 31; ii. 140, 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">306, 309; iii. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; iv. 181, 225, 232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239-240, 242-243, 248-249; v. 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 58, 61, 89, 273, 286, 353; vi. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 59, 84, 141</span><br /> -Rasponi, Luisa Giulia Carolina Murat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contessa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Raulx, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">game-keeper, i. 49</span><br /> -Rauzan, Henri Louis Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestellux, later Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Rauzan, Claire Henriette Philippine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamine de Durfort, Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br /> -Ravenel du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Ravier, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bordeaux, Marquis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 207, 292</span><br /> -Raymond (see also Damaze de Raymond)<br /> -Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 192</span><br /> -Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 110</span><br /> -Rayneval, François Joseph Maximilien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gérard Comte de, iv. 102</span><br /> -Raynouard, François Juste Marie, iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> -Razumowsky, Cyrille Field-Marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> -Réal, Pierre François Comte, ii. 259, 283<br /> -Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Rebecque (see Constant de Rebecque)<br /> -Reboul, Jean, ii. 203<br /> -Récamier, Jacques Rose, i. 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">210; iv. 150, 158, 170-171, 178</span><br /> -Récamier, Jeanne Françoise Julie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Bernard, Dame, i. 5, 188;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 67; iii. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; iv. 34, 40, 119, 121,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-174, 177-184, 186-192, 194, 198-214</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 233-234, 261-262, 284-288,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296-299, 302-304; v. 2, 18-19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 25, 30, 35-37, 49, 64, 66 67, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-94, 156; v. 162, 197-201, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260-261, 291-293, 296-301; vi. 25,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">56, 102, 236, 250, 258-262</span><br /> -Récamier, Madame Delphin, iv. 178<br /> -Reeve, Henry, vi. 155-156<br /> -Reggio, Nicolas Charles Oudinot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; iv. 135</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Louis Étienne, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iii. <a href="#Page_35">35</a></span><br /> -Regnault, Jean Baptiste, iv. 234<br /> -Regnier (see Massa)<br /> -Régnier, Mathurin, ii. 305; vi. 29<br /> -Régnier-Desmarais, François Séraphin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 336</span><br /> -Regulus Bishop of Senlis, Saint, iii. 177<br /> -Regulus, Marcus Atilius, i. 33<br /> -Reid, Thomas, vi. 256<br /> -Reinhard, Charles Frédéric Comte, vi. 189<br /> -Rembrand van Rijn, Paul, ii. 178<br /> -Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel, v. 80<br /> -Rémusat, Auguste Laurent Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261</span><br /> -Rémusat, Claire Élisabeth Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261, 282; iii. <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> -Rémusat, Charles de, v. 95<br /> -Rémusat, M. Paul Louis Étienne de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 282</span><br /> -René I. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 200, 202</span><br /> -Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 75, 96</span><br /> -Renouard de Brussières, M., i. 174<br /> -Renouard de Brussières (see also Buffon)<br /> -Reshid Pasha, Mustapha Mehemed, v. 51<br /> -Retz, Archbishop of Paris, Jean François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>; iv. 246; v. 14, 16</span><br /> -Revellière-Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Reynière (see Grimrod)<br /> -Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Girolamo, iv. 229</span><br /> -Riario, Ottaviano, iv. 229<br /> -Riario (see also Sforza)<br /> -Ricé, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Richard I. King of England, v. 70,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">329, 377</span><br /> -Richard II. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Richard III. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 75, 121</span><br /> -Richard de Laprade (see Laprade)<br /> -Richardson, Samuel, ii. 125-126<br /> -Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, i. 114; iv. 212,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 50, 55, 90</span><br /> -Richelieu, Louis François Armand du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 132; ii. 298</span><br /> -Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; iv. 4, 7, 9, 11, 25-29, 43,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59-77, 87, 141; v. 398</span><br /> -Richelieu, née de Rochechouart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 77</span><br /> -Richer, vi. 139<br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles Lennox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lennox, third Duke of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Ricimer, ii. 48<br /> -Riedmatten, President of the Town<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of Sion, M. de, ii. 250</span><br /> -Rietz, Frederic William II.'s footman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 38</span><br /> -Rietz (see also Lichtenau)<br /> -Rigaud, Chief Syndic of Geneva, v. 201<br /> -Rigny, Henri Comte de, v. 72<br /> -Rigoltus (see Rigord)<br /> -Rigord, ii. 30<br /> -Rijn (see Rembrand van Rijn)<br /> -Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Rio, André Pons de L'Hérault, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> -Riouffe, Honoré Jean Baron, ii. 52<br /> -Rivarol, Antoine Comte de, i. 175-176;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 31-32, 80, 100; iii. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; v. 267;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 158</span><br /> -Rivarola, Agostino Cardinal, iv. 235<br /> -Rivaux, M., v. 103<br /> -Rivera, Dame de, vi. 244<br /> -Rivière, Charles François Riffordeau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 138-139, 167; v. 342, 379</span><br /> -Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, André Masséna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 269; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; iv. 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 282</span><br /> -Robert I. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -Robert I. King of England (see Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. Duke of Normandy)</span><br /> -Robert I. King of France, vi. 28<br /> -Robert II. King of France, iv. 58; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. 196</span><br /> -Robert I. Duke of Normandy, ii. 62<br /> -Robert II. Duke of Normandy, de jure<br /> -Robert I. King of England, ii. 62<br /> -Robert Count of Paris, vi. 28<br /> -Robert I. Duke of Parma, H.R.H., iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; v. 361; vi. 254</span><br /> -Robert of Geneva, Count, v. 12<br /> -Robert, Hubert, ii. 296<br /> -Robert, Louis Léopold, iv. 240-241<br /> -Robert de Lamennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calabria, iv. 185-186</span><br /> -Robertson, Étienne Gaspard, ii. 159<br /> -Robertson, William, ii. 121, 300<br /> -Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132, 170-171, 175, 218; ii. 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 160, 222, 257, 259; iii. <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 4, 23, 189; v. 215; vi. 166</span><br /> -Robion, M., i. 108<br /> -Robusti, the dyer, vi. 48<br /> -Robusti (see also Tintoretto)<br /> -Rocca, M. de, i. 163; iv. 177-178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206</span><br /> -Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Viveur, Comte de, i. 218-219</span><br /> -Roche, Achille, ii. 265, 275-276<br /> -Rochechouart, Dame de, ii. 84<br /> -Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Rochefoucauld (see La Rochefoucauld)<br /> -Rochejacquelein (see La Rochejacquelein)<br /> -Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Marquess of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Rocoules, Madame de, iv. 37<br /> -Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Velasquez)</span><br /> -Rodney, George Brydges, first Lord, i. 215<br /> -Roederer, Pierre Louis Comte, vi. 184<br /> -Roger I. Count of Sicily, iv. 186<br /> -Roger I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -Roger II. Count of Sicily, later, iv. 186<br /> -Roger, Lieutenant, iv. 211-212<br /> -Rogers, Samuel, ii. 128; vi. 88-89<br /> -Roh, Père Jacques, vi. 43<br /> -Rohan, Edward of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Margaret of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Renée de, i. 75<br /> -Rohan-Chabot, Archbishop of Auch,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Besançon, Louis François</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 187-188; v. 64; vi. 136</span><br /> -Rohan-Chabot, née de Serent, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 187</span><br /> -Rohan-Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Roland de La Platière, Jean Marie, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12, 14, 25, 106</span><br /> -Roland de la Platière, Manon Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philipon, Dame, ii. 12, 25, 26</span><br /> -Rolle, Jacques Hippolyte, v. 95<br /> -Rollin, Charles, i. 63<br /> -Rollin, Dame, v. 261<br /> -Rollin (see also Ledru-Rollin)<br /> -Rollo Duke of Normandy, i. 39<br /> -Romano, Giulio di Pietro di Filippo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de' Giunnazzi, known as Giulio, iv. 239</span><br /> -Romanzoff, Nikolai Count, iv. 40<br /> -Romberg, Édouard, iii. <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> -Romulus King of Rome, vi. 196<br /> -Ronsard, Pierre de, i. 133, 245; vi. 82<br /> -Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, v. 96<br /> -Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -Rosanbo, Marquis de, ii. 296<br /> -Rosanbo, Louis Le Péletier, Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Louis de Péletier, President<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 126, 134, 136, 178; ii. 28; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Marie Thérese de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Présidente de, i. 135-136; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 81, 84; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Rose, the milliner, Madame, i. 99-100<br /> -Rose, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Rose Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Roseau, Jean, ii. 21<br /> -Rosny (see Sully)<br /> -Rospigliosi (see Zagarolo)<br /> -Ross, Sir James Clark, vi. 222<br /> -Rossignol, General Jean Antoine, iii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, iv. 41; v. 19, 43<br /> -Rostopchin, Feodor Count, iii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> -Rostrenen, Père Grégoire de, i. 142<br /> -Rothenflue, Père Gaspard, vi. 43<br /> -Rothesay (see Stuart de Rothesay)<br /> -Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer first Lord, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Alphonse Baron de, iii. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Rothschild, Anselm Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Charles Mayor Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, James Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Nathan Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Mayer Anselm, iv. 79<br /> -Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Rouillac, Abbé de, i. 73<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 131<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, i. 83, 122, 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; ii. 22, 26, 85, 105, 133, 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 197, 215, 244, 303-304, 307-308;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 106-107, 122, 202, 253, 285; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292, 300-301, 318; vi. 65, 70-75, 82,</span><br /> -Rousseau, Dame, ii. 164<br /> -Rousseau, the clock-maker, vi. 72<br /> -Roussel, the boatman, iii. <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> -Roussy (see Girodet)<br /> -Roux, Jacques, iv. 4<br /> -Roux de Laborie (see Laborie)<br /> -Rovere (see Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere)<br /> -Roxana Queen of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Rovedino, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 261-262, 265, 270,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272-277, 279, 283; iii. <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; iv. 176</span><br /> -Roy, Antoine Comte, iv. 138-139<br /> -Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, iv. 61, 136,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 142; v. 304, 416</span><br /> -Rubempré, Louis de Mailly, Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Rubens, Peter Paul, iv. 250; vi. 74<br /> -Rudolph II., the Emperor, v. 387<br /> -Rulhière, Claude Carloman de, i. 132;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 10</span><br /> -Rupert Bishop of Worms, Saint, vi. 126<br /> -Russell, John first Earl, iv. 69<br /> -Ruvigny and Raineval, Melville<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 237</span><br /> -Rysbrack, Michael, ii. 74<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -S<br /> -<br /> -Sabatier, Alexis, v. 244<br /> -Sablière (see La Sablière)<br /> -Sabran, Marquis de, i. 144<br /> -Sabran, Elzéar Louis Marie Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 164</span><br /> -Sabran (see also Boufflers and Elzear)<br /> -Sacchetti, v. 14<br /> -Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo, i. 179<br /> -Sacken (see Osten-Sacken)<br /> -Sagan (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Saget, M., ii. 307-309<br /> -Saint-Agnan, Comte de, v. 247<br /> -Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -St. Albans, Sir Francis Bacon, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Verulam, first Viscount, ii. 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57</span><br /> -Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as de, ii. 9</span><br /> -Saint-Aubin, Jeanne Charlotte Schroeder,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame d'Herbey, known as Madame, i. 173</span><br /> -Saint-Balmont, Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 53</span><br /> -Saint-Chamans, Alfred Armand Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Saint-Cyr (see Gouvion de Saint-Cyr)<br /> -Saint-Germain, Claude Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Germain Couhaillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 236, 239-240, 316-317</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Dame, ii. 236-237<br /> -Saint-Gilles (see Raymond IV. Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Toulouse)</span><br /> -Saint-Huberti, later Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Antoinette Cécile Clauvel,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 113</span><br /> -Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Thémiseuil, v. 413</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Michel Lepelletier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 296; vi. 162</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Dame de, ii. 295-296<br /> -Saint-Gall, the Monk of, iv. 170<br /> -Saint-Jean d'Angely (see Regnaud de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Jean d'Angely)</span><br /> -Saint-Just, Antoine, iii. <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Saint-Lambert, Henri François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 209</span><br /> -Saint-Léon, M. de, iii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duchesse de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hortense Queen of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Comte de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Saint-Louis (see Poullain)<br /> -Saint-Luc (see Toussaint de Saint-Luc)<br /> -Saint-Mahé (see Potelet)<br /> -Saint-Marcellin, M. de Fontanes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 105; iii. <a href="#Page_140">140</a></span><br /> -Saint-Marsault, Baron de, i. 119<br /> -Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 119</span><br /> -Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, ii. 194-196<br /> -Saint-Martin, Antoine Jean, v. 80<br /> -Saint-Méry (see Moreau de Saint-Méry)<br /> -Saint-Paul (see Lemoyne-Saint-Paul)<br /> -Saint-Phal, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Pierre (see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)<br /> -Saint-Pol, Antoine Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal de, v. 131</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guignard, Comte de, i. 156; vi. 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 234-235</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Duque de Almazan,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, vi. 97-192, 112</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Vicomtesse de, vi. 97,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, Henri du Rocher, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 64</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, André François Jean du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rocher de, i. 64, 154</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Anne Duc de, i. 49<br /> -Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvray, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 167; iv. 80; v. 333</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Henri Comte de, ii. 184<br /> -Saint-Simon (see also Lautrec de Saint-Simon)<br /> -Saint-Tropez (see Suffren de Saint-Tropez)<br /> -Saint-Val the Elder, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Val the Younger, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Vallier, Jean de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Saint-Véran (see Montcalm de Saint-Véran)<br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaupoil, de, iv. 10; v. 161-162;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 113</span><br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Comtesse de, iv. 10<br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105; iii. <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; iv. 107; vi. 190</span><br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Demoiselle, vi. 143<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Gaudet de, ii. 163<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Piégard, v. 219<br /> -Sainte-Hyacinthe de Charrière [see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charrière)</span><br /> -Sainte-Rosalie, Père Ange de, i. 5<br /> -Saintsbury, Professor George Edward<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateman, vi. 88</span><br /> -Sala, Alexandre Adolphe, v. 101, 244;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 97-98, 100</span><br /> -Sales (see Delisle de Sales)<br /> -Salisbury, William de Montacute, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, ii. 74</span><br /> -Salisbury, Catharine Grandison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, ii. 74, 138</span><br /> -Salisbury, James Cecil, seventh Earl,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later first Marquess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salisbury, Emily Mary Hill,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salle (see La Salle)<br /> -Sallust, Caius Sallustius Crispus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 335; vi. 157</span><br /> -Salluste, Du Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Salmasius (see Saumaise)<br /> -Salome, v. 175<br /> -Salvage de Faverolles, née Dumorey,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iv. 287, 297; v. 297</span><br /> -Salvandy, Narcisse Achille Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 144</span><br /> -Salverte, Eusèbe, v. 105<br /> -Salvetat (see Mars)<br /> -Salvianus, ii. 36<br /> -Samoyloff, Countess, vi. 120<br /> -Sand, Karl Ludwig, iv. 46, 56<br /> -Sand, Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Dudevant, known as George,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 70; vi. 175-180</span><br /> -Sannazaro, Jacopo, iv. 185; vi. 48<br /> -Sanson, Charles Henri, i. 156; ii. 11;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 202</span><br /> -Sansovino, Francesco, vi. 103<br /> -Sansovino, Giacomo Tatti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 103</span><br /> -Santeuil, Jean Baptiste, v. 255<br /> -Sappho, vi. 172, 180<br /> -Sarrans the Younger, Bernard Alexis, v. 96<br /> -Saudre (see La Saudre)<br /> -Saumaise, Claude de, ii. 53<br /> -Saunois, the Revolutionary, iii. <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -Saussure, Horace Benedicte de, v. 200<br /> -Saussure (see also Necker de Saussure)<br /> -Sautelet, the publisher, v. 83; vi. 168-169<br /> -Sauvigny (see Bertier de Sauvigny)<br /> -Sauvo, François, v. 116<br /> -Savarin (see Brillat-Savarin)<br /> -Savoie-Carignan (see Carignan and Eugène)<br /> -Savary (see Rovigo)<br /> -Saxo Grammaticus, v. 277<br /> -Say, Thomas, i. 253<br /> -Scaliger, Joseph Justus, ii. 204; vi. 45<br /> -Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, vi. 45<br /> -Scandiano (see Bojardo)<br /> -Scarron, Paul, vi. 241<br /> -Schadow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, iv. 240<br /> -Scheffer, Ary, v. 128<br /> -Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 41, 108, 253, 274, 279; v. 412;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Schiller, the gaoler, vi. 56<br /> -Schnetz, Jean Victor, iv. 240<br /> -Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius, iv. 240<br /> -Schouwaloff, Paul Count, iii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> -Schonen, Auguste Jean Marie Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-<a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> -Schwartz, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">travelling footman, v. 326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 339-340, 352; vi. 12</span><br /> -Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> -Schwed, Margrave, iv. 38<br /> -Sciarra, Marco, vi. 88<br /> -Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Africanus Major, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 27; ii. 331; iii. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scipio Numantinus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Major,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 56; vi. 2, 50, 237</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scipio, Metellus, ii. 331; iv. 184; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2, 50, 237</span><br /> -Scott, Sir Walter, i. xxiii, 82; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123-124, 127; iii. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; v. 246</span><br /> -Scudéry, Madeleine de, i. 14<br /> -Sébastiani de La Porta, Horace François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bastien Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 127-128, 137, 142; v. 88, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116, 123, 154</span><br /> -Sedaine, Michel Jean, i. 179<br /> -Ségalas, Anais Ménard, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Séguier, Pierre Chancelier, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine Louis, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Matthieu, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Pierre, i. 134-135<br /> -Ségur, Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 29</span><br /> -Ségur, Louis Philippe Comte de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> -Ségur, Philippe Paul Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>; v. 80</span><br /> -Ségur, Joseph Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177</span><br /> -Seleucus I. Nicator King of Syria,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macedon, Thrace and Asia Minor,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 75</span><br /> -Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 233</span><br /> -Semallé, Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> -Semonville, Charles Louis Huguet,<br /> -Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 8, 110-111,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132; v. 111, 113-114, 116-118, 122,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 173</span><br /> -Sénacour, Étienne Pivert de, vi. 175<br /> -Seneca, Lucius Annæus, ii. 258, 335;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 89</span><br /> -Senozan, Président Marquis de, ii. 295<br /> -Senozan, Anne Nicole de Lamoignon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Malesherbes, Marquise de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Senty, M., v. 96<br /> -Sequin, Abbé, vi. 253, 256-257<br /> -Sérilly, Antoine Jean François de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Megret de, i. 174</span><br /> -Sérilly, later Dame de Pange, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Thomas, Dame de, i. 174</span><br /> -Seroux d'Agincourt (see d'Agincourt)<br /> -Serre, Pierre François Hercule Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 103, 128; vi. 46</span><br /> -Serres, Olivier de, vi. 242<br /> -Sérurier, Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Donatien Comte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesmaisons, née Dambray, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 28</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesostris King of Egypt, Rameses II.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi, 198</span><br /> -Severoli, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 14, 105, 125, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 100, 152, 179, 228-229, 302;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; vi. 201</span><br /> -Sévigné, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Sévin, Abbé René Malo, i. 48, 108-109<br /> -Sèze, Raymond Comte de, iv. 24-25<br /> -Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, later Signora Riario, later<br /> -Signora de' Medici, Caterina, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, Giovanni, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13; vi. 50</span><br /> -Shakspeare, William, ii. 57, 75, 110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121-125, 142, 202; iv. 93-94, 297;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 272, 387-388; vi. 46, 74, 169</span><br /> -Shelley, Percy Bysshe, i. 254<br /> -Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., i. 254</span><br /> -Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 143; iii. <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> -Sicard, Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> -Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs., iv. 78<br /> -Sidonius Apollinaris, Saint, ii. 45, 102;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11</span><br /> -Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph Comte<br /> -Sieyès, known as Abbé, v. 68-69<br /> -Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -Silvester II., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Simiane, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Simmons, Mr. Frederic John, i. xvii.<br /> -Simms and M'Intyre, i. xv.<br /> -Simon, Père Richard, i. 125<br /> -Simon, Antoine, i. 156<br /> -Simond, Louis, iv. 258<br /> -Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léonard, iii. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; v, 200</span><br /> -Simonides of Amorgos, v. 56<br /> -Simplicius Bishop of Bourges, Saint, v. 11<br /> -Sismondi (see Simonde de Sismondi)<br /> -Sivry, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Sixtus V., Pope, ii. 18; iv. 296; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 47; vi. 87 88</span><br /> -Skrynecki, General Jan Sigismund<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boncza, v. 381-382</span><br /> -Skrynecki, Dame, v. 381-382<br /> -Smith, William, i. 186<br /> -Smolensk (see Kutuzoff)<br /> -Smollett, Tobias George, ii. 120<br /> -"Snaffle," pseud., vi. 266<br /> -Socrates, iii. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; v. 63, 229; vi. 172<br /> -Solm-Braunfels, Frederic William<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 33</span><br /> -Solon, v. 6<br /> -Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleventh Duke of, ii. 68; iv. 75, 161</span><br /> -Somerset, Charlotte Douglas-Hamilton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, iv. 58</span><br /> -Sophocles, ii. 124, 178, 294; iii. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56</span><br /> -Sophonisba, ii. 331<br /> -Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 293</span><br /> -Soult (see Dalmatie)<br /> -Southey, Robert, ii. 128<br /> -Spenser, Edmund, v. 57<br /> -Spinoza, Baruch, ii. 183<br /> -Spon, Jacques, ii. 208; iv. 246-247<br /> -Spontini, Gaspardo, iv. 42<br /> -Spontini, née Érard, Dame, iv. 42<br /> -Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Baron de, i. 163<br /> -Staël-Holstein, later Dame de Rocca,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Louise Germaine Necker,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, i. 163, 174, 177; ii. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 134, 161, 177, 179, 187, 241-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290, 303-304; iii. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_101">101</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; iv. 120-121, 148-149,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-160, 163-164, 166, 170-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 200-201, 205-206, 213, 220, 254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">286; v. 198, 200, 202, 209, 237,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; vi. 42, 75-76, 187</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Auguste Baron de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; v. 300</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Matthieu Baron de, ii. 242<br /> -Staël-Holstein the Younger, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 178; v. 300</span><br /> -Stanislaus I. Leczinski, King of Poland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 299; iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; vi. 101</span><br /> -Stapfer, Albert, v. 95<br /> -Statius, Publius Papinius, i. 56; v. 326;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 79</span><br /> -Stauffacher, Werner, v. 274, 277<br /> -Steele, Sir Richard, ii. 121<br /> -Steenhuyse (see d'Hane de Steenhuyse)<br /> -Steibelt, Daniel, iv. 213<br /> -Steinle, Eduard, iv. 240<br /> -Stendhal, Marie Henri Beyle, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 202</span><br /> -Sterne, Rev. Laurence, ii. 125; iv. 80<br /> -Stewart, Dugald, v. 109; vi. 256<br /> -Stoltzenberg, Baroness von, iv. 38<br /> -Strabo, i. 27; vi. 68, 247<br /> -Strozzi, Pietro Marshal, ii. 45<br /> -Strozzi, Ercole, vi. 79<br /> -Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, vi. 79<br /> -Stuart de Rothesay, Sir Charles Stuart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, 90; v. 144-145</span><br /> -Stürmer, Bartholomäus Baron von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>-<a href="#Page_211">211</a></span><br /> -Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine, ii. 300;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></span><br /> -Suard, née Panckoucke, Dame, ii. 300<br /> -Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, i. 57; iv. 225<br /> -Sueur (see Le Sueur)<br /> -Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. xxi</span><br /> -Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, vi. 133<br /> -Suidas, vi. 247<br /> -Suleau, François, i. 175<br /> -Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, iv. 14; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224-225</span><br /> -Sulla, Metella, vi. 224<br /> -Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rosny, later Duc de, i. 117; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iv. 127</span><br /> -Surcouf, Robert, i. 26<br /> -Survilliers,pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Joseph King of Naples, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and Julia Queen of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Spain)</span><br /> -Sussy, Jean Baptiste Henry Collin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 117, 122, 128</span><br /> -Sutton, Admiral Sir John, ii. 92<br /> -Sutton, Charlotte Ives, Lady, ii. 86-94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97; iii. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; iv. 63, 65, 94-95;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 13, 252</span><br /> -Sutton, Captain, iv. 95<br /> -Sutton, Mrs., iv. 95<br /> -Suze (see La Suze)<br /> -Suwaroff, Alexander Count, v. 282<br /> -Swanton. Mr. Calvert Hutchinson, vi. 266<br /> -Swanwick, Anna, vi. 83-84<br /> -Swedenborg, Emanuel, ii. 76, 86<br /> -Swift, Dean Jonathan, iv. 80<br /> -Swift, the fur-trader, i. 217-218<br /> -Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, v. 418<br /> -Symonds, John Addington, iv. 181<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -T<br /> -<br /> -Taboureau des Réaux, M., i. 162<br /> -Tacitus, Cornelius, ii. 29, 97, 201, 291,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iii. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; iv. 225; v. 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19, 126-127, 137, 157</span><br /> -Taillepied de Bondy (see Bondy)<br /> -Talaru, Louis Justin Marie Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 194; iv. 101</span><br /> -Talaru, Comtesse de Clermont-Tonnerre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, ii. 193-194; iv. 153</span><br /> -Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 333</span><br /> -Tallemant des Réaux, Gedeon, iv. 44<br /> -Talleyrand-Chalais, Prince de, iv. 79<br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Bishop of Autun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de Bénévent, Charles</span><br /> -Maurice Duc de, i. 99, 130, 176-177;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175, 214, 230, 247, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259, 261, 265, 274-276, 279-284,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289; iii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_85">87</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>; iv. 3, 16, 26;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 83, 271, 325; vi. 40, 181-192</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Mrs. Grant, née<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wortley, later Duchesse de, iii. <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Édouard Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dino, later Duc de, i. 99</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Princess Dorothea<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Courland, Duchesse de Dino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, i. 99; iv. 33</span><br /> -Talma, François Joseph, i. 128, 173;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 177-178, 193; iv. 212</span><br /> -Talma, Charlotte Vanhove, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petit, later Dame, ii. 193</span><br /> -Talma, Louise Julie Carreau, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 193</span><br /> -Talmont, Charles Léopold Henri de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trémoille, Prince de, iii. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Talmont (see also La Rochejacquelein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Trémoille)</span><br /> -Talon, General, v. 101<br /> -Tamerlane Khan of Tartary, iii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> -Tancred Prince of Galilee, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edessa, ii. 177; iv. 186</span><br /> -Tancred (see also Hauteville)<br /> -Tardieu d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Tardiveau (see Piet-Tardiveau)<br /> -Tarente, Étienne Jacques Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -Tasso, Bernardo, vi. 79, 81<br /> -Tasso, Torquato, i. xxiv, 203, 247; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 123-124, 220; iii. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; iv. 185-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231, 244, 286; v. 26-27, 63-64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70, 254, 286, 330; vi. 3, 47,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 81-94, 96-97, 100, 102, 222</span><br /> -Tasso, Cornelia, vi. 84<br /> -Tastu, Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, vi. 171-172, 174-175</span><br /> -Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, i, 88<br /> -Taylor, the British agent, ii. 259<br /> -Teixeira de Mattos, Mr. David, i. xiii-xiv<br /> -Telemachus, ii. 48<br /> -Tell, William, v. 264-275, 277-279<br /> -Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, v. 56; vi. 11</span><br /> -Termes, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Ternaux, Louis Guillaume Baron, iv.<br /> -Terray, Abbé Joseph Marie, i. 162<br /> -Tertre (see Duport du Tertre),<br /> -Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tertullianus, known as, v. 10; vi. 59</span><br /> -Terwagne (see Théroigne de Méricourt)<br /> -Teste, Charles, v. 137<br /> -Teste, Jean Baptiste, v. 126<br /> -Tharin, Bishop of Strasburg, Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Paul, iv. 139</span><br /> -Tharsis, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Thiel, Jean François du, ii. 107, 111<br /> -Themistocles, i. 223; ii. 231; iii. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> -Theodatus King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodebert I. King of Austrasia, ii. 52<br /> -Theodora, the Empress, iii. <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Theodore I. King of Corsica, Theodor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von Neuhof, later, vi. 101</span><br /> -Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodoric II. King of the Visigoths, ii. 45<br /> -Theodosius I., the Emperor, iv. 227<br /> -Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terwagne, known as Demoiselle, ii. 11</span><br /> -Thévenin (see Devienne)<br /> -Thianges, née de Rochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Duchesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Thiard (see Bissy, Thiard-Bissy and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thiard de Bissy)</span><br /> -Thiard-Bissy, Henri Charles Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 140, 145, 153; v. 162</span><br /> -Thiard de Bissy, Auxonne Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Théodose Comte de, v. 162</span><br /> -Thibaudeau, Auguste Clair, iii. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -Thibaut IV. Count of Champagne, i. xxiv<br /> -Thionville (see Merlin de Thionville)<br /> -Thierry, Amedée Simon Dominique), v. 271<br /> -Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 288-289; v. 28, 208, 270-271</span><br /> -Thiers, President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>; v. 82-83, 95-96, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 127-128, 134, 137, 140-141, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206, 217, 307; vi. 125, 154-157</span><br /> -Thomas, Antoine Leonard, i. 162; ii. 102<br /> -Thomas, Jacques Léonard Clément, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 140-141</span><br /> -Thomas, Victor, v. 310<br /> -Thomas Aquinas, Saint, ii. 184<br /> -Thomson, James, ii. 99<br /> -Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, iv. 241,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297; v. 275</span><br /> -Thorwaldsen, Miss, iv. 297<br /> -Thouars (see La Trémoille)<br /> -"Thouret," M., ii. 84<br /> -Thucydides, iii. 96, 136, 195; v. 56,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 177, 229-230; vi. 157</span><br /> -Thumery, Marquis de, ii. 259<br /> -Tiberius, the Emperor, ii. 331; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291, 297; vi. 209</span><br /> -Tibullus, Albius, i. 54, 84, 162; v. 63<br /> -Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Tilbury (see Gervase of Tilbury)<br /> -Tillet (see Du Tillet)<br /> -Tilleul, M. du, ii. 162<br /> -Timon, ii. 122<br /> -Tinténiac, i. 9<br /> -Tinténiac, M. de, i. 48<br /> -Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 48, 58</span><br /> -Tinville (see Fouquier-Tinville)<br /> -Titian, Tiziano Vicelli, known as, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239; vi. 17, 48-49, 57-58, 75</span><br /> -Titus, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; v. 58,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; vi. 247</span><br /> -Tobias, ii. 122<br /> -Tocqueville, Hervé Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. 295; vi. 24</span><br /> -Tocqueville, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. 295</span><br /> -Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clérel de, i. 135; ii. 295; vi. 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261</span><br /> -Tolendal (see Lally-Tolendal)<br /> -Tollendal (see Lally-Tolendal<br /> -Tolstoi, Countess, vi. 46<br /> -Tolstoi the Younger, Count, vi. 46<br /> -Tonnerre (see Clermont-Tonnerre)<br /> -Torlonia (see Bracciano)<br /> -Torrenté, M. de, ii. 250<br /> -Torrington, George Byng, sixth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, ii. 68</span><br /> -Touchet (see Du Touchet and d'Entragues)<br /> -Tour (see La Tour)<br /> -Tourel, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Tourneaux, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, i. 180<br /> -Tournelle (see La Tournelle)<br /> -Tournon, Philippe Camille Marcelin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 258; vi. 7</span><br /> -Tourton, M., iii. <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> -Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Contentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 175</span><br /> -Toussaint-Louverture, Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, iii. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; vi. 42</span><br /> -Toussaint de Saint-Luc, Père, i. 5<br /> -"Tout-le-Monde," the cow-keeper, v. 346<br /> -Townsend, John Kirk, i. 253<br /> -Trajan, the Emperor, iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; iv. 229;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 58, 60; vi. 239</span><br /> -Trapassi (see Metastasio)<br /> -Travanet, rufe de Bombelles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 37</span><br /> -Trélat, Ulysse, v. 126, 141<br /> -Trémargat, Louis Anne Pierre Geslin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 145-146, 152</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Nicolas Pierre Philippes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 48</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Dame de, i. 48<br /> -Tremerello (see Mandricardo)<br /> -Trémigon, Comte de, i. 21; vi. 127, 173<br /> -Trémoille (see La Trémoille)<br /> -Trevelec, Abbé de, i. 108<br /> -Treves, Clement Wenceslaus Duke in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of, ii. 4</span><br /> -Trévise, Édouard Adolphe Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; v. 101</span><br /> -Triboulet, the Court fool, ii. 17<br /> -Trioson (see Girodet Trioson)<br /> -Trivulzio, Signorina, iv. 229<br /> -Trochu, General Louis Jules, v. 109<br /> -Trogoff, Joachim Simon Comte de, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408-409, 417</span><br /> -Trojolif, Sébastien Marie Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Moëlien, Chevalier Seigneur de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 66</span><br /> -Trojolif (see also Moëlien de Trojolif)<br /> -Tromelin, Jacques Jean Marie François<br /> -Boudin, Comte de, v. 106<br /> -Tronchet, François Denis, iii. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Tronjoli (see Trojolif)<br /> -Trouin (see Duguay-Trouin)<br /> -Trublet, Abbé Nicolas Charles Joseph,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 18, 27</span><br /> -Truchsess von Waldburg (see Waldburg)<br /> -Tuffin de La Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Tulloch, Francis, i. 195, 197, 208<br /> -Tully (see Cicero)<br /> -Turenne, Henri Amédée Mercure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_165">165</a></span><br /> -Turenne, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Vicomte de, i. 57, 77; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; v. 101, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19-20</span><br /> -Turenne (see also Bouillon)<br /> -Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Jacques, i. 162; vi. 202-203</span><br /> -Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 33<br /> -Turreau de Garambouville, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Baron de, ii. 108</span><br /> -Tyler, Wat, ii. 128<br /> -Tyrtæus, v. 213<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -U<br /> -<br /> -Ulliac, M., i. 153<br /> -Unwin, Mr. Thomas Fisher, vi. 166<br /> -Urban V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -Urias, vi. 237<br /> -d'Urte, Honoré, ii. 303; v. 132<br /> -Urquhart, Sir Thomas, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Ursins (see also Orsini)<br /> -Ursins, Anne Marie de La Trémoille,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse de Talleyrand-Chalais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse des, iv. 79-80; v. 50</span><br /> -Ursinus, Anti-pope, v. 11<br /> -d'Urville (see Dumont d'Urville)<br /> -Usquin, M., iv. 67<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -V<br /> -<br /> -Vachon, Mademoiselle, v. 364<br /> -Vaillant, M., v. 96<br /> -Valangin (see Wagram)<br /> -Valence, Comte de, iv. 237<br /> -Valence, née de Genlis, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Valentine, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chateaubriand's footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Valentinian III., the Emperor, ii. 185;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; iv. 227</span><br /> -Valentinois, Diane de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Maulevrier, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Valentinois (see also Borgia)<br /> -Valerian, the Emperor, ii. 309<br /> -Valmore, François Prosper Lanchantin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 174</span><br /> -Valmore, Marceline Josèphe Félicité<br /> -Desbordes, Dame Desbordes, vi. 174<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vallière (see La Vallière)</span><br /> -Valmy, François Christophe Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 49; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127; vi. 249</span><br /> -Valmy, François Edmond Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, vi. 249</span><br /> -Vancouver, George, i. 215<br /> -Vaneau, the Poly technic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Vannucci (see Perugino)<br /> -Vanozza, Rosa, v. 13<br /> -Varano, Alfonso Marchese di, vi. 79<br /> -Varenne (see Billaud-Varenne)<br /> -Vassal, M., v. 96<br /> -Vatimesnil, Antoine François Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lefebvre de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Vauban, Sébastien Maréchal Le Prestre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 52; iii. <a href="#Page_225">225</a>; vi. 23</span><br /> -Vaublanc, Vincent Marie Viennot,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 129<br /> -Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe de Rigaud,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 131<br /> -Vaudreuil, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Vaudrin, the grave-digger, vi. 170-171<br /> -Vaufreland, M. de, v. 304<br /> -Vauguyon (see La Vauguyon)<br /> -Vauquelin, Burgess, i. 126<br /> -Vaurouault (see Goyon-Vaurouault)<br /> -Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, v. 387; vi. 1-2</span><br /> -Vauvert, Michel Bossinot de, ii. 6<br /> -Vauxelles, Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 105</span><br /> -Vega Carpia, Lope Felix de, ii. 38; v. 318<br /> -Veit, Philipp, iv. 240<br /> -Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 239</span><br /> -Velly, Abbé Paul François, i. 222-223<br /> -Vendramin, Doge of Venice, Andrea,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Ventador, Duc de, v. 130<br /> -Veremund II. King of Leon and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asturias; v. 377</span><br /> -Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Carle, ii. 298</span><br /> -Vernet, Claude Joseph, ii. 298<br /> -Vernet, Émile Jean Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Horace, ii. 298; iv. 241</span><br /> -Verneuil, Cathérine Henriette de Balzac<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Marquis de, i. 117; iv. 79</span><br /> -Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, vi. 48, 103</span><br /> -Vertamy (see Mandaroux-Vertamy)<br /> -Vespasian, the Emperor, v. 58; vi. 17<br /> -Vestris, Marie Rose Gourgaud, Dame, i. 128<br /> -Vezderdjerd I. King of Persia, ii. 43<br /> -Vibraye, Anne Victor Denis Hubault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 21</span><br /> -Vic (see d'Ermenonville)<br /> -Vicence, Armand Auguste Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Caulaincourt, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 275, 282-283; iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Victoire Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. 69, 197</span><br /> -Victor I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Victor Emanuel I.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Victor (see also Bellune)<br /> -Victor Amadeus II. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Victor Amadeus III. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 221; iv. 251</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel I. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Victor I. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 251; vi. 45, 78</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel II. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Italy, iv. 224</span><br /> -Victoria Queen of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Empress of India, iv. 47, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 251; vi. 207</span><br /> -Vidal, Pierre, v. 328<br /> -Vidocq, François Eugène, v. 258<br /> -Vidoni, Pietro Cardinal, iv. 235-236<br /> -Vieillard, Narcisse, v. 297-298<br /> -Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, v. 138-139<br /> -Vieuzac (see Barère de Vieuzac)<br /> -Viganoni, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Vigarous, Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim, ii. 165<br /> -Vigée-Lebrun (see Lebrun)<br /> -Vigier, Comte, vi. 154<br /> -Vignale, Abbé, ii. 215-217<br /> -Vignola, Giacomo Barrocchio or Barozzi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 241</span><br /> -Vignoles (see Lahire)<br /> -Vigny, Alfred Victor Comte de, v. 128<br /> -Vildéneux (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Villa (see Della Villa)<br /> -Villafranca (see Carignan)<br /> -Villafranca-Soisson, Conti di, i. 51<br /> -Villaret, Claude, i. 222<br /> -Villars, Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de, vi. 20<br /> -Villate (see La Villate)<br /> -Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, i. xxiv;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 69-70</span><br /> -Villèle, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Séraphin Joseph Comte de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">37, 97, 124; iv. 13-17, 26-30, 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59, 61-62, 85-86, 91, 95, 97-101, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 124-125, 131-132, 135-144, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 68, 82, 88, 180, 303-304, 361,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415-416; vi. 136</span><br /> -Villemain, Abel François, ii. 133; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259-261; v. 29, 86, 260, 263; vi. 257</span><br /> -Villemarest, Charles Maxime de, ii. 251<br /> -Villeneuve, Pierre, i. 193-194<br /> -Villeneuve, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand's nurse, i. 19, 23, 28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30-31, 34, 93, 193</span><br /> -Villeneuve, Pons Louis François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 340</span><br /> -Villeneuve (see also Pélion de Villeneuve)<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban de, v. 245<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Dame de, v. 245<br /> -Villeroi, François de Neufville,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a>; v. 403</span><br /> -Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 50, 55</span><br /> -Villette, Charles Michel Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-178</span><br /> -Villette, Reine Philiberte Roupt de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varicourt, Marquise de, i. 167-168</span><br /> -Villette, Demoiselle de, i. 178<br /> -Villo, Gonzalo, i. 196<br /> -Vincent, Baron von, iii. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> -Vincent, General, v. 107<br /> -Vincent of Paul, Saint, v. 315<br /> -Vinci, Leonardo da, iv. 239; v. 26;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 59</span><br /> -Vintimille, Pauline Félicité de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-298</span><br /> -Vintimille du Luc, née de La Live de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jully, Comtesse de, ii. 172-173, 191,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296; iii. <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> -Viot (see Bourdic)<br /> -Virgil, Publius Virgilius Maro, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 24, 84, 195, 201, 249; ii. 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 124, 202; iii. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185, 258, 284; v. 57, 63, 229, 286,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326-327; vi. 79, 158, 237</span><br /> -Virginia, iii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Virginie, the Comtesse de Caud's maid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 316-317</span><br /> -Virginius, iii. <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> -Violet, the dancing-master, i. 218-220;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 70</span><br /> -Visconti, Cavaliere Filippo Aureliano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 298</span><br /> -Vitellius, the Emperor, i. 158; iv. 241<br /> -Vitré, Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Vitrolles, Eugène François Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armand, Baron de, iii. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16; v. 111, 113-114</span><br /> -Vitrolles, Baronne de, iii. <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> -Vitry, Philippe de, vi. 200<br /> -Vittoria, Baldomero Espartero, Duque<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. <a href="#Page_221">221</a></span><br /> -Viviers (see Du Viviers)<br /> -Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as de, i. 4, 18, 27, 97, 99, 167; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 104, 106, 119, 135, 166, 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 184, 186, 331; iii. 33, 127; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32, 38, 44, 47, 58, 122, 150, 248,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253; v. 203-204, 208, 300; vi. 1-2,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6, 9, 41, 47, 90, 100-101, 202</span><br /> -Voss, Fräulein, iv. 38<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -W<br /> -<br /> -Wace, Robert, i. 39; ii. 62<br /> -Wagram, Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Valangin, Prince of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neuchâtel, Duc de, ii. 273; iii. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 107, 256; vi. 11</span><br /> -Wahlstadt, Gebhart Leberecht von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blücher, Field-marshal Prince von,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; iv. 75</span><br /> -Waldburg, Friedrich Ludwig Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truchsess von, iii. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince Christian Augustus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 40, 42, 44, 49-51</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince George Frederic of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Waldor, Mélanie Villenave, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Wales, known as the Black Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Prince of, ii. 46; iii. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Walewska, later Comtesse d'Ornano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Laczinska, Countess Walewice,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> -Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Colonna, Comte, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> -Walewski, Anastasius Colonna, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walewice, iii. <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> -Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklemburg and Sagan, Albrecht</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eusebius von, v. 354-355, 383; vi. 4-5</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Thekla von, vi. 4<br /> -Walpole (see Orford)<br /> -Walsh, Édouard Vicomte, vi. 192<br /> -Ward, Dr., ii. 280<br /> -Warsaw, Ivan Paskevitch, Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 267</span><br /> -Warville (see Boissot de Warville)<br /> -Warwick, Richard Neville, sixteenth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, v. 336; vi. 187</span><br /> -Washington, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, George, i. xv,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 207, 210-214, 217, 251, 255;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>; v. 113, 143; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 160, 221</span><br /> -Weisse, Christian Hermann, v. 412<br /> -Weld, Bishop of Amycla, Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 358</span><br /> -Wellesley, General Hon. Arthur (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellington)</span><br /> -Wellington, Arthur Wellesley,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal first Duke of, i. 188; ii. 69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 134; iii. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_223">223</a>-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>; iv. 71, 76, 89, 91-92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205; v. 360; vi. 134</span><br /> -Wenceslaus VI. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388</span><br /> -Wendel, Clara, v. 289<br /> -Wentworth, Judith Noel, Viscountess, ii. 136<br /> -Werther, Karl Anton Philpp Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Werther, Wilhelm Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Westmoreland, John Fane, tenth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 188; iv. 80</span><br /> -Wheler, Sir George, iv. 247<br /> -Whitbread, Samuel, ii. 143<br /> -Whitelocke, Bulstrode, ii. 122<br /> -Wignacourt, Antoine Louis, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 50</span><br /> -Wilberforce, William, ii. 143<br /> -Wilhelmina of Prussia, Margravine of<br /> -Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Sophia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38; vi. 6</span><br /> -William I. Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -William II. Duke of Apulia, iv. 186<br /> -William of Bavaria, Duke of Birkenfeld,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91</span><br /> -William I. Duke of Normandy, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, i. 257; ii. 62, 137; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 109; v. 175</span><br /> -William III. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, iv. 93</span><br /> -William IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -William I. Elector of Hesse-Cassel,<br /> -William IX. Landgrave, later, iv. 57<br /> -William Duke of Mantua, vi. 84<br /> -William I. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -William Prince of Orange, later, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>; iv. 162, 164, 237; v. 226, 323;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 115</span><br /> -William II. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; v. 323</span><br /> -William V. Stadtholder of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 270</span><br /> -William I. King of Prussia, German<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, iv. 33, 271</span><br /> -William I. King of Wurtemberg, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 329</span><br /> -William of Prussia, Amelia Marianne of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesse-Homburg, Princess, iv. 41, 49</span><br /> -Willoughby de Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, iii. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> -Wilson, Alexander, i. 253<br /> -Wimpfen, Louis Félix Baron de, ii. 40<br /> -Windsor, William de, ii. 138<br /> -Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan de, v. 51</span><br /> -Witt, Cornelis de, v. 51<br /> -Wolfe, General James, i. 224; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; vi. 202</span><br /> -Wordsworth, William, ii. 128<br /> -Wrangham, Archdeacon Francis, iii. <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> -Wright, the inn-keeper, i. 185<br /> -Wyclif, John, v. 388<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -X<br /> -<br /> -Xenophon, v. 56<br /> -Ximenes, Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 51</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Y<br /> -<br /> -York, Henry Cardinal of (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. King of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -York, Richard Duke of, ii. 75<br /> -York and Albany, Bishop of Osnaburg,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Duke of, ii. 68, 79; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77, 79</span><br /> -Young, Arthur, ii. 131<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Z<br /> -<br /> -Zagarolo, Margherita Gioeni-Colonna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principessa Rospigliosi, Duchessa di,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 256</span><br /> -Zampieri (see Domenichino)<br /> -"Zanze," Angelica Brollo, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 56-57, 77, 105-112, 118</span><br /> -Zarviska, the poet, iv. 179-180<br /> -Zeno, ii. 136<br /> -Zeuxis, vi. 57<br /> -Zimmer, "Colonel," v. 112-113<br /> -Zuccaro, Taddeo, iv. 241<br /> -Zulietta, the Venetian courtezan, vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70-72, 74</span><br /> -Zuñiga (see Ercilla y Zuñiga)<br /> -Zurla, Placido Cardinal, v. 8, 23; vi. 100<br /> -</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS--DE CHATEAUBRIAND, VOL 3 *** - -***** This file should be named 54807-h.htm or 54807-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/8/0/54807/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez & Marc D'Hooghe at Free -Literature (online soon in an extended version, also linking -to free sources for education worldwide ... 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