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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #55518 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55518)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50,
-June 12, 1841, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50, June 12, 1841
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: September 10, 2017 [EBook #55518]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JUNE 12, 1841 ***
-
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-Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)
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-
-                        THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
-
-        NUMBER 50.       SATURDAY, JUNE 12, 1841.       VOLUME I.
-
-[Illustration: THE IRISH PROPHECY MAN.]
-
-BY WILLIAM CARLETON.
-
-The individual to whom the heading of this article is uniformly applied,
-stands, among the lower classes of his countrymen in a different light
-and position from any of those previous characters that we have already
-described to our readers. The intercourse which _they_ maintain with the
-people is one that simply involves the means of procuring subsistence for
-themselves by the exercise of their professional skill, and their powers
-of contributing to the lighter enjoyments and more harmless amusements of
-their fellow-countrymen. All the collateral influences they possess, as
-arising from the hold which the peculiar nature of this intercourse gives
-them, generally affect individuals only on those minor points of feeling
-that act upon the lighter phases of domestic life. They bring little to
-society beyond the mere accessories that are appended to the general
-modes of life and manners, and consequently receive themselves as strong
-an impress from those with whom they mingle, as they communicate to them
-in return.
-
-Now, the Prophecy Man presents a character far different from all this.
-With the ordinary habits of life he has little sympathy. The amusements
-of the people are to him little else than vanity, if not something worse.
-He despises that class of men who live and think only for the present,
-without ever once performing their duties to posterity, by looking into
-those great events that lie in the womb of futurity. Domestic joys or
-distresses do not in the least affect him, because the man has not to
-do with feelings or emotions, but with principles. The speculations in
-which he indulges, and by which his whole life and conduct are regulated,
-place him far above the usual impulses of humanity. He cares not much
-who has been married or who has died, for his mind is, in point of
-time, communing with unborn generations upon affairs of high and solemn
-import. The past, indeed, is to him something, the future every thing;
-but the present, unless when marked by the prophetic symbols, little
-or nothing. The topics of his conversation are vast and mighty, being
-nothing less than the fate of kingdoms, the revolution of empires, the
-ruin or establishment of creeds, the fall of monarchs, or the rise and
-prostration of principalities and powers. How can a mind thus engaged
-descend to those petty subjects of ordinary life which engage the common
-attention? How could a man hard at work in evolving out of prophecy
-the subjugation of some hostile state, care a farthing whether Loghlin
-Roe’s daughter was married to Gusty Given’s son, or not? The thing is
-impossible. Like fame, the head of the Prophecy Man is always in the
-clouds, but so much higher up as to be utterly above the reach of any
-intelligence that does not affect the fate of nations. There is an old
-anecdote told of a very high and a very low man meeting. “What news down
-there?” said the tall fellow. “Very little,” replied the other: “what
-kind of weather have you above?” Well indeed might the Prophecy Man ask
-what news there is below for his mind seldom leaves those aërial heights
-from which it watches the fate of Europe and the shadowing forth of
-future changes.
-
-The Prophecy Man--that is, he who solely devotes himself to an anxious
-observation of those political occurrences which mark the signs of the
-times, as they bear upon the future, the principal business of whose life
-it is to associate them with his own prophetic theories--is now a rare
-character in Ireland. He was, however, a very marked one. The Shanahus
-and other itinerant characters had, when compared with him, a very
-limited beat indeed. Instead of being confined to a parish or a barony,
-the bounds of the Prophecy Man’s travels were those of the kingdom
-itself; and indeed some of them have been known to make excursions to the
-Highlands of Scotland, in order if possible to pick up old prophecies,
-and to make themselves, by cultivating an intimacy with the Scottish
-seers, capable of getting a clearer insight into futurity, and surer
-rules for developing the latent secrets of time.
-
-One of the heaviest blows to the speculations of this class was the
-downfall and death of Bonaparte, especially the latter. There are still
-living, however, those who can get over this difficulty, and who will
-not hesitate to assure you, with a look of much mystery, that the real
-“Bonyparty” is alive and well, and will make his due appearance _when
-the time comes_; he who surrendered himself to the English being but an
-accomplice of the true one.
-
-The next fact, and which I have alluded to in treating of the Shanahus,
-is the failure of the old prophecy that a George the Fourth would never
-sit on the throne of England. His coronation and reign, however, puzzled
-our prophets sadly, and indeed sent adrift for ever the pretensions of
-this prophecy to truth.
-
-But that which has nearly overturned the system, and routed the whole
-prophetic host, is the failure of the speculations so confidently put
-forward by Dr Walmsey in his General History of the Christian Church,
-vulgarly called Pastorini’s Prophecy, he having assumed the name
-Pastorini as an _incognito_ or _nom de guerre_. The theory of Pastorini
-was, that Protestantism and all descriptions of heresy would disappear
-about the year eighteen hundred and twenty-five, an inference which he
-drew with considerable ingenuity and learning from Scriptural prophecy,
-taken in connexion with past events, and which he argued with all the
-zeal and enthusiasm of a theorist naturally anxious to see the truth
-of his own prognostications verified. The failure of this, which was
-their great modern standard, has nearly demolished the political seers
-as a class, or compelled them to fall back upon the more antiquated
-revelations ascribed to St Columkill, St Bridget, and others.
-
-Having thus, as is our usual custom, given what we conceive to be such
-preliminary observations as are necessary to make both the subject and
-the person more easily understood, we shall proceed to give a short
-sketch of the only Prophecy Man we ever saw who deserved properly to
-be called so, in the full and unrestricted sense of the term. This
-individual’s name was Barney M’Haighery, but in what part of Ireland
-he was born I am not able to inform the reader. All I know is, that he
-was spoken of on every occasion as The Prophecy Man; and that, although
-he could not himself read, he carried about with him, in a variety
-of pockets, several old books and manuscripts that treated upon his
-favourite subject.
-
-Barney was a tall man, by no means meanly dressed; and it is necessary to
-say that he came not within the character or condition of a mendicant.
-On the contrary, he was considered as a person who must be received
-with respect, for the people knew perfectly well that it was not with
-every farmer in the neighbourhood he would condescend to sojourn. He had
-nothing of the ascetic and abstracted meagreness of the Prophet in his
-appearance. So far from that, he was inclined to corpulency; but, like
-a certain class of fat men, his natural disposition was calm, but at
-the same time not unmixed with something of the pensive. His habits of
-thinking, as might be expected, were quiet and meditative; his personal
-motions slow and regular; and his transitions from one resting-place to
-another never of such length during a single day as to exceed ten miles.
-At this easy rate, however, he traversed the whole kingdom several times;
-nor was there probably a local prophecy of any importance in the country
-with which he was not acquainted. He took much delight in the greater and
-lesser prophets of the Old Testament: but his heart and soul lay, as he
-expressed it, “in the Revelations of St John the Divine.”
-
-His usual practice was, when the family came home at night from their
-labour, to stretch himself upon two chairs, his head resting upon the
-hob, with a boss for a pillow, his eyes closed, as a proof that his mind
-was deeply engaged with the matter in hand. In this attitude he got some
-one to read the particular prophecy upon which he wished to descant; and
-a most curious and amusing entertainment it generally was to hear the
-text, and his own singular and original commentaries upon it. That he
-must have been often hoaxed by wags and wits, was quite evident from the
-startling travesties of the text which had been put into his mouth, and
-which, having been once put there, his tenacious memory never forgot.
-
-The fact of Barney’s arrival in the neighbourhood soon went abroad, and
-the natural consequence was, that the house in which he thought proper
-to reside for the time became crowded every night as soon as the hours
-of labour had passed, and the people got leisure to hear him. Having
-thus procured him an audience, it is full time that we should allow the
-fat old Prophet to speak for himself, and give us all an insight into
-futurity.
-
-“Barney, ahagur,” the good man his host would say, “here’s a lot o’ the
-neighbours come to hear a whirrangue from you on the Prophecies; and,
-sure, if you can’t give it to them, who is there to be found that can?”
-
-“Throth, Paddy Traynor, although I say it that should not say it, there’s
-truth in that, at all evints. The same knowledge has cost me many a weary
-blisthur an’ sore heel in huntin’ it up an’ down, through mountain an’
-glen, in Ulsther, Munsther, Leinsther, an’ Connaught--not forgettin’ the
-Highlands of Scotland, where there’s what they call the ‘short prophecy,’
-or second sight, but wherein there’s afther all but little of the
-Irish or long prophecy, that regards what’s to befall the winged woman
-that flown into the wilderness. No, no--their second sight isn’t thrue
-prophecy at all. If a man goes out to fish, or steal a cow, an’ that he
-happens to be drowned or shot, another man that has the second sight will
-see this in his mind about or afther the time it happens. Why, that’s
-little. Many a time our own Irish drames are aiqual to it; an’ indeed I
-have it from a knowledgeable man, that the gift they boast of has four
-parents--an empty stomach, thin air, a weak head, an’ strong whisky,
-an’ that a man must have all these, espishilly the last, before he can
-have the second sight properly; an’ it’s my own opinion. Now, I have a
-little book (indeed I left my books with a friend down at Errigle) that
-contains a prophecy of the milk-white hind an’ the bloody panther, an’ a
-forebodin’ of the slaughter there’s to be in the Valley of the Black Pig,
-as foretould by Beal Derg, or the prophet wid the red mouth, who never
-was known to speak but when he prophesied, or to prophesy but when he
-spoke.”
-
-“The Lord bless an’ keep us!--an’ why was he called the Man wid the Red
-Mouth, Barney?”
-
-“I’ll tell you that: first, bekase he always prophesied about the
-slaughter an’ fightin’ that was to take place in the time to come; an’,
-secondly, bekase, while he spoke, the red blood always trickled out of
-his mouth, as a proof that what he foretould was true.”
-
-“Glory be to God! but that’s wondherful all out. Well, well!”
-
-“Ay, an’ Beal Derg, or the Red Mouth, is still livin’.”
-
-“Livin’! why, is he a man of our own time?”
-
-“Our own time! The Lord help you! It’s more than a thousand years since
-he made the prophecy. The case you see is this: he an’ the ten thousand
-witnesses are lyin’ in an enchanted sleep in one of the Montherlony
-mountains.”
-
-“An’ how is that known, Barney?”
-
-“It’s known. Every night at a certain hour one of the witnesses--an’
-they’re all sogers, by the way--must come out to look for the sign that’s
-to come.”
-
-“An’ what is that, Barney?”
-
-“It’s the fiery cross; an’ when he sees one on aich of the four mountains
-of the north, he’s to know that the same sign’s abroad in all the other
-parts of the kingdom. Beal Derg an’ his men are then to waken up, an’ by
-their aid the Valley of the Black Pig is to be set free for ever.”
-
-“An’ what is the Black Pig, Barney?”
-
-“The Prospitarian church, that stretch from Enniskillen to Darry, an’
-back again from Darry to Enniskillen.”
-
-“Well, well, Barney, but prophecy is a strange thing to be sure! Only
-think of men livin’ a thousand years!”
-
-“Every night one of Beal Derg’s men must go to the mouth of the cave,
-which opens of itself, an’ then look out for the sign that’s expected.
-He walks up to the top of the mountain, an’ turns to the four corners
-of the heavens, to thry if he can see it; an’ when he finds that he can
-not, he goes back to Beal Derg, who, afther the other touches him, starts
-up, an’ axis him, ‘Is the time come?’ He replies, ‘No; the _man is_, but
-the _hour_ is _not_!’ an’ that instant they’re both asleep again. Now,
-you see, while the soger is on the mountain top, the mouth of the cave
-is open, an’ any one may go in that might happen to see it. One man it
-appears did, an’ wishin’ to know from curiosity whether the sogers were
-dead or livin’, he touched one of them wid his hand, who started up an’
-axed him the same question, ‘Is the time come?’ Very fortunately he said
-‘_No_;’ that minute the soger was as sound in his trance as before.”
-
-“An’, Barney, what did the soger mane when he said, ‘The man is, but the
-hour is not?’”
-
-“What did he mane? I’ll tell you that. The man is Bonyparty; which manes,
-when put into proper explanation, the _right side_; that is, the true
-cause. Larned men have found _that_ out.”
-
-“Barney, wasn’t Columkill a great prophet?”
-
-“He was a great man entirely at prophecy, and so was St Bridget. He
-prophesied ‘that the cock wid the purple comb is to have both his wings
-clipped by one of his own breed before the struggle comes.’ Before that
-time, too, we’re to have the Black Militia, an’ afther that it is time
-for every man to be prepared.”
-
-“An’, Barney, who is the cock wid the purple comb?”
-
-“Why, the Orangemen to be sure. Isn’t purple their colour, the dirty
-thieves?”
-
-“An’ the Black Militia, Barney, who are they?”
-
-“I have gone far an’ near, through north an’ through south, up an’ down,
-by hill an’ hollow, till my toes were corned an’ my heels in griskins,
-but could find no one able to resolve that, or bring it clear out o’
-the prophecy. They’re to be sogers in black, an’ all their arms an’
-’coutrements is to be the same colour; an’ farther than that is not known
-_as yet_.”
-
-“It’s a wondher _you_ don’t know it, Barney, for there’s little about
-prophecy that you haven’t at your finger ends.”
-
-“Three birds is to meet (Barney proceeded in a kind of recitative
-enthusiasm) upon the saes--two ravens an’ a dove--the two ravens is to
-attack the dove until she’s at the point of death; but before they take
-her life, an eagle comes and tears the two ravens to pieces, an’ the dove
-recovers.
-
-There’s to be two cries in the kingdom; one of them is to rache from the
-Giants’ Causeway to the centre house of the town of Sligo; the other is
-to rache from the Falls of Beleek to the Mill of Louth, which is to be
-turned three times with human blood; but this is not to happen until a
-man with two thumbs an’ six fingers upon his right hand happens to be the
-miller.”
-
-“Who’s to give the sign of freedom to Ireland?”
-
-“The little boy wid the red coat that’s born a dwarf, lives a giant,
-and dies a dwarf again! He’s lightest of foot, but leaves the heaviest
-foot-mark behind him. An’ it’s he that is to give the sign of freedom to
-Ireland!”
-
-“There’s a period to come when Antichrist is to be upon the earth,
-attended by his two body servants Gog and Magog. Who are they, Barney?”
-
-“They are the sons of Hegog an’ Shegog, or in other words, of Death an’
-Damnation, and cousin-jarmins to the Devil himself, which of coorse is
-the raison why he promotes them.”
-
-“Lord save us! But I hope that won’t he in our time, Barney!”
-
-“Antichrist is to come from the land of Crame o’ Tarthar (Crim Tartary,
-according to Pastorini), which will account for himself an’ his army
-breathin’ fire an’ brimstone out of their mouths, according’ to the
-glorious Revelation of St John the Divine, an’ the great prophecy of
-Pastorini, both of which beautifully compromise upon the subject.
-
-The prophet of the Black Stone is to come, who was born never to
-prognosticate a lie. He is to be a mighty hunter, an’ instead of riding
-to his fetlocks _in_ blood, he is to ride _upon_ it, to the admiration of
-his times. It’s of him it is said ‘that he is to be the only prophet that
-ever went on horseback!’
-
-Then there’s Bardolphus, who, as there was a prophet wid the red mouth,
-is called ‘the prophet wid the red nose.’ Ireland was, it appears
-from ancient books, undher wather for many hundred years before her
-discovery; but bein’ allowed to become visible one day in every year,
-the enchantment was broken by a sword that was thrown upon the earth,
-an’ from that out she remained dry, an’ became inhabited. ‘Woe, woe,
-woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘the time is to come when we’ll have a second
-deluge, an’ Ireland is to be undher wather once more. A well is to open
-at Cork that will cover the whole island from the Giants’ Causeway to
-Cape Clear. In them days St Patrick will be despised, an’ will stand
-over the pleasant houses wid his pasthoral crook in his hand, crying out
-_Cead mille failtha_ in vain! Woe, woe, woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘for in
-them days there will be a great confusion of colours among the people;
-there will be neither red noses nor pale cheeks, an’ the divine face
-of man, alas! will put forth blossoms no more. The heart of the times
-will become changed; an’ when they rise up in the morning, it will
-come to pass that there will be no longer light heads or shaking hands
-among Irishmen! Woe, woe, woe, men, women, and children will then die,
-an’ their only complaint, like all those who perished in the flood of
-ould, will be wather on the brain--wather on the brain! Woe, woe, woe,’
-says Bardolphus, ‘for the changes that is to come, an’ the misfortunes
-that’s to befall the many for the noddification of the few! an’ yet such
-things must be, for I, in virtue of the red spirit that dwells in me,
-must prophesy them. In those times men will be shod in liquid fire an’
-not be burned; their breeches shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn
-them; their bread shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them; their
-meat shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them; an’ why?--Oh, woe,
-woe, wather shall so prevail that the coolness of their bodies will keep
-them safe; yea, they shall even get fat, fair, an’ be full of health
-an’ strength, by wearing garments wrought out of liquid fire, by eating
-liquid fire, an’ all because they do not drink liquid fire--an’ this
-calamity shall come to pass,’ says Bardolphus, the prophet of the red
-nose.
-
-Two widows shall be grinding at the Mill of Louth (so saith the
-prophecy); one shall be taken and the other left.”
-
-Thus would Barney proceed, repeating such ludicrous and heterogeneous
-mixtures of old traditionary prophecies and spurious quotations from
-Scripture as were concocted for him by those who took delight in amusing
-themselves and others at the expense of his inordinate love for prophecy.
-
-“But, Barney, touching the Mill o’ Louth, of the two widows grindin’
-there, whether will the one that is taken or the one that is left be the
-best off?”
-
-“The prophecy doesn’t say,” replied Barney, “an’ that’s a matther that
-larned men are very much divided about. My own opinion is, that the one
-that is taken will be the best off; for St Bridget says ‘that betune wars
-an’ pestilences an’ famine, the men are to be so scarce that several of
-them are to be torn to pieces by the women in their struggles to see who
-will get them for husbands.’[1] That time they say is to come.”
-
-“But, Barney, isn’t there many ould prophecies about particular families
-in Ireland?”
-
-“Ay, several: an’ I’ll tell you one of them, about a family that’s not
-far from us this minute. You all know the hangin’ wall of the ould Church
-of Ballynasaggart, in Errigle Keeran parish?”
-
-“We do, to be sure; an’ we know the prophecy too.”
-
-“Of coorse you do, bein’ in the neighbourhood. Well, what is it in the
-mean time?”
-
-“Why, that it’s never to fall till it comes down upon an’ takes the life
-of a M’Mahon.”
-
-“Right enough; but do you know the raison of it?”
-
-“We can’t say that, Barney; but, however, we’re at home when you’re here.”
-
-“Well, I’ll tell you. St Keeran was, may be, next to St Patrick himself,
-one of the greatest saints in Ireland, but any rate we may put him
-next to St Columkill. Now, you see, when he was building the church of
-Ballynasaggart, it came to pass that there arose a great famine in the
-land, an’ the saint found it hard to feed the workmen where there was no
-vittles. What to do, he knew not, an’ by coorse he was at a sad amplush,
-no doubt of it. At length says he, ‘Boys, we’re all hard set at present,
-an’ widout food bedad we can’t work; but if you observe my directions,
-we’ll contrive to have a bit o’ mate in the mean time, an’, among
-ourselves, it was seldom more wanted, for, to tell you the thruth, I
-never thought my back an’ belly would become so well acquainted. For the
-last three days they haven’t been asunder, an’ I find they are perfectly
-willing to part as soon as possible, an’ would be glad of any thing that
-’ud put betune them.’
-
-Now, the fact was, that, for drawin’ timber an’ stones, an’ all the
-necessary matayrials for the church, they had but one bullock, an’ him St
-Keeran resolved to kill in the evening, an’ to give them a fog meal of
-him. He accordingly slaughtered him with his own hands, ‘but,’ said he to
-the workmen, ‘mind what I say, boys: if any one of you breaks a single
-bone, even the smallest, or injures the hide in the laste, you’ll destroy
-all; an’ my sowl to glory but it’ll be worse for you besides.’
-
-He then took all the flesh off the bones, but not till he had boiled
-them, of coorse; afther which he sewed them up again in the skin, an’
-put them in the shed, wid a good wisp o’ straw before them; an’ glory be
-to God, what do you think, but the next mornin’ the bullock was alive,
-an’ in as good condition as ever he was in during his life! Betther fed
-workmen you couldn’t see, an’, bedad, the saint himself got so fat an’
-rosy that you’d scarcely know him to be the same man afther it. Now,
-this went on for some time: whenever they wanted mate, the bullock was
-killed, an’ the bones an’ skin kept safe as before. At last it happened
-that a long-sided fellow among them named M’Mahon, not satisfied wid his
-allowance of the mate, took a fancy to have a lick at the marrow, an’
-accordingly, in spite of all the saint said, he broke one of the legs
-an’ sucked the marrow out of it. But behold you!--the next day when they
-went to yoke the bullock, they found that he was useless, for the leg was
-broken an’ he couldn’t work. This, to be sure, was a sad misfortune to
-them all, but it couldn’t be helped, an’ they had to wait till betther
-times came; for the truth is, that afther the marrow is broken, no power
-of man could make the leg as it was before until the cure is brought
-about by time. However, the saint was very much vexed, an’ good right
-he had. ‘Now, M’Mahon,’ says he to the guilty man, ‘I ordher it, an’
-prophesy that the church we’re building will never fall till it falls
-upon the head of some one of your name, if it was to stand a thousand
-years. Mark my words, for they must come to pass.’
-
-An’ sure enough you know as well as I do that it’s all down long ago wid
-the exception of a piece of the wall, that’s not standin’ but hangin’,
-widout any visible support in life, an’ only propped up by the prophecy.
-It can’t fall till a M’Mahon comes undher it; but although there’s plenty
-of the name in the neighbourhood, ten o’ the strongest horses in the
-kingdom wouldn’t drag one of them widin half a mile of it. There, now, is
-the prophecy that belongs to the hangin’ wall of Ballynasaggart church.”
-
-“But, Barney, didn’t you say something about the winged woman that flewn
-to the wildherness?”
-
-“I did; that’s a deep point, an’ it’s few that undherstands it. The baste
-wid seven heads an’ ten horns is to come; an’ when he was to make his
-appearance, it was said to be time for them that might be alive then to
-go to their padareens.”
-
-“What does the seven heads and ten horns mane, Barney?”
-
-“Why, you see, as I am informed from good authority, the baste has come,
-an’ it’s clear from the _ten_ horns that he could be no other than Harry
-the Eighth, who was married to _five_ wives, an’ by all accounts they
-strengthened an’ ornamented him sore against his will. Now, set in case
-that each o’ them--five times two is ten--hut! the thing’s as clear as
-crystal. But I’ll prove it betther. You see the woman wid the two wings
-is the church, an’ she flew into the wildherness at the very time Harry
-the Eighth wid his ten horns on him was in his greatest power.”
-
-“Bedad that’s puttin’ the explanations to it in great style.”
-
-“But the woman wid the wings is only to be in the wildherness for a time,
-times, an’ half a time, that’s exactly three hundred an’ fifty years, an’
-afther that there’s to be no more Prodestans.”
-
-“Faith that’s great!”
-
-“Sure Columkill prophesied that until H E M E I A M should come, the
-church would be in no danger, but that afther that she must be undher a
-cloud for a time, times, an’ half a time, jist in the same way.”
-
-“Well, but how do you explain that, Barney?”
-
-“An’ St Bridget prophesied that when D O C is uppermost, the church will
-be hard set in Ireland. But, indeed, there’s no end to the prophecies
-that there is concerning Ireland an’ the church. However, neighbours, do
-you know that I feel the heat o’ the fire has made me rather drowsy, an’
-if you have no objection, I’ll take a bit of a nap. There’s great things
-near us, any how. An’ talkin’ about DOC brings to my mind another ould
-prophecy made up, they say, betune Columkill and St Bridget; an’ it is
-this, that the triumph of the counthry will never be at hand till the DOC
-flourishes in Ireland.”
-
-Such were the speculations upon which the harmless mind of Barney
-M’Haighery ever dwelt. From house to house, from parish to parish, and
-from province to province, did he thus trudge, never in a hurry, but
-always steady and constant in his motions. He might be not inaptly termed
-the Old Mortality of traditionary prophecy, which he often chiselled
-anew, added to, and improved, in a manner that generally gratified
-himself and his bearers. He was a harmless kind man, and never known to
-stand in need of either clothes or money. He paid little attention to
-the silent business of ongoing life, and was consequently very nearly an
-abstraction. He was always on the alert, however, for the result of a
-battle; and after having heard it, he would give no opinion whatsoever
-until he had first silently compared it with his own private theory
-in prophecy. If it agreed with this, he immediately published it in
-connection with his established text; but if it did not, he never opened
-his lips on the subject.
-
-His class has nearly disappeared, and indeed it is so much the better,
-for the minds of the people were thus filled with antiquated nonsense
-that did them no good. Poor Barney, to his great mortification, lived to
-see with his own eyes the failure of his most favourite prophecies, but
-he was not to be disheartened even by this; though some might fail, all
-could not; and his stock was too varied and extensive not to furnish him
-with a sufficient number of others over which to cherish his imagination
-and expatiate during the remainder of his inoffensive life.
-
-[1] There certainly is such a prophecy.
-
-
-
-
-ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.
-
-BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.
-
-Fifth Article.
-
-
-According to Mabillon, hereditary surnames were first established in
-Italy in the tenth and eleventh centuries; but Muratori shows that this
-statement cannot be correct, as in the MSS. of the tenth century in the
-Ambrosian Library of Milan, no trace can be found of surnames. In the
-ninth and tenth centuries, to distinguish persons, their profession or
-country is added to the Christian name, as Johannes Scotus Erigena,
-Dungallus Scotus, Johannes Presbyter, Johannes Clericus; the dignity is
-also sometimes added, as Comes Marchio, without stating of what place.
-In the tenth century, “A, the son of B, the son of C,” was another
-mode of designation. It is said that the Venetians in the beginning of
-the eleventh century adopted hereditary surnames, a custom which they
-borrowed from the Greeks, with whom they carried on a great trade. The
-Lombards adopted the same practice after the fashion of the Venetians,
-and accordingly the great family of Monticuli took that name from their
-castle in Lombardy called Montecuculi, it being on the top of a hill. The
-great house of Colonna took its name from the town and castle of Columna
-about the year 1156; and about the same time the noble family of Ursini
-derived its name from an ancestor nicknamed Ursus, or Orso, on account
-of his ferocity. Other noble families adopted names from the nickname
-given to an ancestor, as the illustrious family of Malaspina (the bad
-thorn) of Pavia, and the family of Malatesta (the bad head). The family
-of Frangipani, so formidable to the Popes, took that name in the twelfth
-century. The Rangones of Rome took their name from an estate of theirs
-in Germany. The Viscontes of Milan were so called from their title of
-Viscount, which was borne by one of the family. These names appear for
-the first time in the latter end of the twelfth century. I consider
-it but proper to observe, that for this information on the subject of
-Italian surnames we are indebted to the antiquary whose name I have
-already mentioned, the accurate and laborious Muratori.
-
-To resume the history of surnames in Ireland. We have seen in the
-last article that in the year 1682 the inferior classes in Ireland,
-especially in Westmeath and the adjoining counties, were very forward in
-accommodating themselves to the English usages, particularly in their
-surnames, “which by all manner of ways they strove to make English or
-English-like.” This was more particularly the case after the defeat
-of the Irish at the Boyne and Aughrim, when the Irish chieftains were
-conquered, and the pride of the Irish people was humbled. At this period,
-the Irish people, finding that their ancient surnames sounded harshly in
-the ears of their conquerors and new English masters, found it convenient
-to reduce them as much as possible to the level of English pronunciation:
-and they accordingly rejected in almost every instance the O’ and Mac,
-and made various other changes in their names, so as to give them an
-English appearance. Thus a gentleman of the O’Neills in Tyrone changed
-his old name of Felim O’Neill to Felix Neele, as we learn from an epigram
-written in Latin on the subject by a witty scholar of the name of Conway
-or Mac Conwy, whose Irish feeling had not been blunted by the misfortunes
-of the times. The following translation of this epigram is perhaps worth
-preserving:--
-
-    All things has Felix changed, he has changed his name;
-    Yea, in himself he is no more the same.
-    Scorning to spend his days where he was reared,
-    To drag out life among the vulgar herd,
-    Or trudge his way through bogs in bracks and brogues,
-    He changed his creed and joined the Saxon rogues
-    By whom his sires were robbed; he laid aside
-    The arms they bore for centuries with pride,
-    The Ship, the Salmon, and the famed Red Hand,
-    And blushed when called O’Neill in his own land!
-    Poor, paltry skulker from thy noble race,
-    _Infelix Felix_, weep for thy disgrace!
-
-Many others even of the most distinguished family names were anglicised
-in a similar manner, as O’Conor to Conors and Coniers, O’Brien to
-Brine, Mac Carthy to Carty, &c. The respectability of the O’s and Macs,
-however, was kept up on the Continent by the warriors of the Irish
-Brigade, who preserved every mark that would prove them to be of Irish
-origin; the Irish having at this period become so illustrious for their
-military skill, valour, and politeness, that they were sought after
-by all the powers on the Continent of Europe. Thus we find O’Donnell
-made Field Marshal, Chief General of Cavalry, Governor-General of
-Transylvania, and Grand Croix of the Military Order of St Theresa.
-The O’Flanigan of Tuaraah (John), in the county of Fermanagh, became
-Colonel in the imperial service; and his brother James O’Flanigan was
-Lieutenant-General of Dillon’s regiment in France. O’Mahony became a
-Count and Lieutenant-General of his Catholic Majesty’s forces, and his
-Ambassador Plenipotentiary at the Court of Vienna; Mac Gawley of the
-county of Cork became Colonel of a regiment in Spain; O’Neny of Tyrone
-settled at Brussels, and became Count of the Roman Empire, Councillor of
-State to her Imperial Majesty, and Chief President of the Privy Council
-at Brussels. A branch of the family of O’Callaghan, who followed the
-fortunes of King James II, became Baron O’Callaghan, and Grand Veneur
-(chasseur) to his Serene Highness the Prince Margrave of Baden-Baden. The
-head of the O’Mullallys, or O’Lallys of Tulach na dala, two miles to the
-west of Tuam, in the county of Galway, settled in France and became Count
-Lally-Tollendal and a General in the French service. O’Conor Roe became
-Governor of Civita Vecchia, a sea-port of great trust in the Pope’s
-dominions, &c., &c.
-
-The lustre derived from the renown of these warriors kept up the
-respectability of the O’s and Macs on the Continent, and induced many
-of the Irish at home to resume these prefixes, especially the O’. Thus
-in our own time the name O’Conor Don was assumed by Owen O’Conor, Esq.
-of Belanagare, whose line was seven generations removed from the last
-ancestor who had borne the name; and the name of the O’Grady has also
-been assumed by Mr O’Grady of Kilballyowen, in our own time, though none
-of his ancestors had borne it since the removal of that family from
-Tomgraney, in the county of Clare. Myles John O’Reilly, late of the
-Heath House, Queen’s County, was at one time disposed to style himself
-the O’Reilly, but I regret to say that his circumstances prevented him.
-Daniel O’Connell, Esq. of Derrynane Abbey, prefixed the O’ after it had
-been dropped for several generations; and I have heard it constantly
-asserted that he has no _title_ to the O’, because his father, who did
-not know his pedigree, never prefixed it; but such assertions have no
-weight with us, for we know that O’Connell’s father never mentioned his
-own name in the original Irish without prefixing O’, because it would be
-imperfect without it. And whether O’Connell can trace his pedigree with
-certainty up to Conall, chief of the tribe in the tenth century, we know
-not, but we know that he ought to be able to do so.
-
-In like manner, Morgan William O’Donovan, of Mountpelier, near Cork,
-has not only re-assumed the O’ which his ancestors had rejected for
-eight generations, but also has styled himself the O’Donovan, chief of
-his name, being the next of kin to the last acknowledged head of that
-family, the late General Richard O’Donovan of Bawnlahan, whose family
-became extinct in the year 1829. His example has been followed by Timothy
-O’Donovan, of O’Donovan’s Cove, head of a respectable branch of the
-family. We like this Irish pride of ancestry, and we hope that it will
-become general before many years shall have passed.
-
-There are other heads of families who retain their Irish names with
-pride, as Sir Lucius O’Brien of Dromoland, in Clare; Mac Dermot Roe of
-Alderford, in the county of Roscommon; Mac Dermot of Coolavin, who is
-the lineal descendant of the chief of Moylurg, and whose pedigree is as
-well known as that of any royal family in Europe; O’Hara of Leyny, in the
-county of Sligo; O’Dowda of Bunyconnellan, near Ballina, in the county
-of Mayo; O’Loughlin of Burren, in the north of the county of Clare; Mac
-Carthy of Carrignavar, near Cork, who represents one of the noblest
-families in Ireland; Mac Gillicuddy of the Reeks, in the county of Kerry,
-a collateral branch of the same great family; O’Kelly of Ticooly, in
-the county of Galway; O’Moore of Clough Castle, in the King’s County;
-More O’Ferrall, M. P. O’Fflahertie, of Lemonfield, in the same county;
-and John Augustus Mageoghegan O’Neill, of Bunowen Castle, in the west
-of Connamara, in the same county. We are not aware that any of the old
-families of Leinster have preserved their ancient names unadulterated.
-Of these, the Cavanaghs of Borris, in the county of Carlow, are the most
-distinguished; and we indulge a hope that the rising generation will
-soon resume the name of Mac Murrogh Cavanagh, a name celebrated in Irish
-history for great virtues as well as great vices.
-
-Among the less distinguished families, however, the translation and
-anglicising of names have gone on to so great a degree as to leave no
-doubt that in the course of half a century it will be difficult, if
-not impossible, to distinguish many families of Irish name and origin
-from those of English name and origin, unless, indeed, inquirers shall
-be enabled to do so by the assistance of history and physiognomical
-characteristics. The principal cause of the change of these names was
-the difficulty which the magistrates and lawyers, who did not understand
-the Irish language, found in pronouncing them, and in consequence their
-constant habit of ridiculing them. This made the Irish feel ashamed of
-all such names as were difficult of pronunciation to English organs, and
-they were thus led to change them by degrees, either by translating them
-into what they conceived to be their meanings in English, by assimilating
-them to local English surnames of respectable families, or by paring them
-in such a manner as to make them easy of pronunciation to English organs.
-
-The families among the lower ranks who have translated, anglicised, or
-totally changed their ancient surnames, are very numerous, and are daily
-becoming more and more so. Besides the cause already mentioned, we can
-assign two reasons for this rage which prevails at present among the
-lower classes for the continued adoption of English surnames. First,
-the English language is becoming that universally spoken among these
-classes, and there are many Irish surnames which do not seem to sound
-very euphoniously in that modern language; and, secondly, the names
-translated or totally changed are, with very few exceptions, of no
-celebrity in Irish history; and when they do not sound well in English,
-the bearers naturally wish to get rid of them, in order that they should
-not be considered of Atticotic or plebeian Irish origin. As this change
-is going on rapidly in every part of Ireland, I shall here, for the
-information, if not for the amusement, of the reader, give some account
-of the Milesian or Scotic names that have thus become metamorphosed.
-
-And first, of names which have been translated correctly or incorrectly.
-In the county of Sligo the ancient name of O’Mulclohy has been
-metamorphosed into Stone, from an idea that _clohy_, the latter part of
-it, signifies a _stone_, but it is a mere guess translation; so that
-in this instance this people may be said to have taken a new name. In
-the county of Leitrim, the ancient and by no means obscure name of Mac
-Connava has been rendered Forde, from an erroneous notion that _ava_,
-the last part of it, is a corruption of _atha_, _of a ford_. This is
-also an instance of false translation, for we know that Mac Connava,
-chief of Munter Kenny, in the county of Leitrim, took his name from his
-ancestor Cusnava, who flourished in the tenth century. In Thomond the
-ancient name of O’Knavin is now often anglicised Bowen, because Knavin
-signifies a _small bone_. This change was first made by a butcher in
-Dublin, who should perhaps be excused, as he conformed so well to the act
-of 5 Edward IV. In Tirconnell the ancient name of O’Mulmoghery is now
-always rendered Early, because _moch-eirghe_ signifies _early rising_.
-This version, however, is excusable, though not altogether correct.
-In Thomond, O’Marcachain is translated Ryder by some, but anglicised
-Markham by others; and in the same territory O’Lahiff is made Guthrie,
-which is altogether incorrect. In Tyrone the ancient name of Mac Rory is
-now invariably made Rogers, because Roger is assumed to be the English
-Christian name corresponding to the Irish Ruaidhri or Rory. In Connamara,
-in the west of the county of Galway, the ancient name of Mac Conry is now
-always made King, because it is assumed that _ry_, the last syllable of
-it, is from _righ_, a king; but this is a gross error, for this family,
-who are of Dalcassian origin, took their surname from their ancestor
-Curoi, a name which forms Conroi in the genitive case, and has nothing
-to do with _righ_, a king; and the Kings of Connamara would therefore do
-well to drop their false name, a name to which they have no right, and
-re-assume their proper ancient and excellent name of Mac Conry, through
-which alone their pedigree and their history can be traced.
-
-These examples, selected out of a long list of Irish surnames,
-erroneously translated, are sufficient to show the false process by which
-the Irish are getting rid of their ancient surnames. I shall next exhibit
-a few specimens of Irish surnames which have been assimilated to English
-or Scotch ones, from a fancied resemblance in the sounds of both.
-
-In Ulster, Mac Mahon, the name of the celebrated chiefs of Oriel, a name
-which, as we have already seen, the poet Spenser attempted to prove to be
-an Irish form of Fitzursula, is now very frequently anglicised Matthews;
-and Mac Cawell, the name of the ancient chiefs of Kinel Ferady, is
-anglicised Camphill, Campbell, Howell, and even Cauldfield. In Thomond,
-the name O’Hiomhair is anglicised Howard among the peasantry, and Ivers
-among the gentry, which looks strange indeed! And in the same county, the
-ancient Irish name of O’Beirne is metamorphosed to Byron; while in the
-original locality of the name, in Tir-Briuin na Sinna, in the east of
-the county of Roscommon, it is anglicised Bruin among the peasantry; but
-among the gentry, who know the historical respectability of the name, the
-original form O’Beirne is retained. In the province of Connaught we have
-met a family of the name of O’Heraghty, who anglicised their old Scotic
-name to Harrington, an innovation which we consider almost unpardonable.
-In the city of Limerick, the illustrious name of O’Shaughnessy is
-metamorphosed to Sandys, by a family who know their pedigree well; for no
-other reason, perhaps, than to disguise the Irish origin of the family;
-but we are glad to find it retained by the Roman Catholic Dean of Ennis,
-and also by Mr O’Shaughnessy of Galway, who, though now reduced to the
-capacity of a barber in the town of Galway, is the chief of his name, and
-now the senior representative of Guaire Aidhne, king of Connaught, who
-is celebrated in Irish history as the personification of hospitality.
-Strange turn of affairs! In the county of Londonderry, the celebrated
-old name O’Brollaghan is made to look English by being transmuted to
-Bradley, an English name of no lustre, at least in Ireland. In the county
-of Fermanagh, the O’Creighans have changed their name to Creighton,
-for no other reason than because a Colonel Creighton lives in their
-vicinity; and in the county of Leitrim, O’Fergus, the descendant of the
-ancient Erenachs of Rossinver, has, we are sorry to say, lately changed
-his name to Ferguson. Throughout the province of Ulster generally, very
-extraordinary changes have been made in the names of the aborigines; as,
-Mac Teige, to Montague; O’Mulligan, to Molyneaux; Mac-Gillycuskly, to
-Cosgrove; Mac Gillyglass, to Greene; O’Tuathalain, to Toland and Thulis;
-O’Hay, to Hughes; O’Carellan, to Carleton, as, for instance, our own
-William Carleton, the depicter of the manners, customs, and superstitions
-of the Irish, who is of the old Milesian race of the O’Cairellans, the
-ancient chiefs of Clandermot, in the present county of Londonderry;
-O’Howen, to Owens; Mac Gillyfinen, to Leonard; Mac Shane, to Johnson,
-and even Johnston; O’Gneeve, to Agnew; O’Clery, to Clarke; Mac Lave, to
-Hande; Mac Guiggin, to Goodwin; O’Hir, to Hare; O’Luane, to Lamb; Mac
-Conin, to Canning; O’Haughey, to Howe; O’Conwy, to Conway; O’Loingsy, to
-Lynch; Mac Namee, to Meath, &c., &c.
-
-In Connaught, O’Greighan is changed to Graham; O’Cluman, to Coalman;
-O’Naghton, to Norton; Mac Rannal, to Reynolds; O’Heosa, to Hussey; Mac
-Firbis, to Forbes; O’Hargadon, to Hardiman (the learned author of the
-History of Galway, and compiler of the Irish Minstrelsy, is of this
-name, and not of English origin, as the present form of his name would
-seem to indicate); O’Mulfover, to Milford; O’Tiompain, to Tenpenny;
-O’Conagan, to Conyngham; O’Heyne, to Hindes and Hynes; O’Mulvihil, to
-Melville; O’Rourke, to Rooke; Mac Gillakilly, to Cox and Woods. In
-Munster, O’Sesnan is changed to Sexton; O’Shanahan, to Fox; O’Turran, to
-Troy; O’Mulligan, to Baldwin; O’Hiskeen, to Hastings; O’Nia, to Neville
-(in every instance!); O’Corey, to Curry; O’Sheedy, to Silke; O’Mulfaver,
-to Palmer; O’Trehy, to Foote; O’Honeen, to Greene; O’Connaing, to
-Gunning; O’Murgaly, to Morley; O’Kinsellagh, to Kingsley and Tinsly; Mac
-Gillymire, to Merryman; O’Hehir, to Hare; O’Faelchon, to Wolfe; O’Barran,
-to Barrington; O’Keatey, to Keating; O’Connowe, to Conway; O’Credan, to
-Creed; O’Feehily, to Pickley; O’Ahern, to Heron, &c., &c.
-
-Scores of similar instances might be given, but the number exhibited is
-sufficient to show the manner in which the Irish are assimilating their
-names with those of their conquerors.
-
-
-
-
-SCRAP FROM THE NORTHERN SCRIP.
-
-Translated for the Irish Penny Journal, from the publications of the
-Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
-
-NO. II.--AN IRISH HERDSMAN’S DOG.
-
-
-After King Olave had married his Irish spouse Gyda, he dwelt partly
-in England, partly in Ireland. While King Olave was in Ireland, it so
-happened that he was engaged in a certain expedition attended by a great
-naval force. When they were short of plunder, they went ashore, and drove
-off a great multitude of cattle. Then a certain peasant followed them,
-begging that they would return him the cows which belonged to him in the
-herd they were driving away. King Olave answered, “Drive off your cows,
-if you know them, and can separate them from the herd of oxen, so as not
-to delay our journey; but I believe that neither you nor any one else
-can do this, from among so many hundreds of oxen as we are driving.” The
-peasant had a large herdsman’s dog, which he ordered to sort the herds
-of oxen that were collected. The dog ran about through all the herds of
-oxen, and drove off as many oxen as the peasant had said he wanted; all
-these oxen were marked in the same manner, from which they inferred that
-the dog had rightly distinguished them. Then the king says, “Your dog is
-very sagacious, peasant! will you give me the dog?” He answered, “I will,
-with pleasure.” The king immediately gave him a large gold ring, and
-promised him his friendship. This dog was named Vigins, and he was of all
-dogs the most sagacious and the best; that dog was long in King Olave’s
-possession.
-
-                                                                    G. D.
-
-
-
-
-ANIMAL HEAT.
-
-First Article.
-
-
-A few years ago a conjuror made his appearance in London, whose
-performances were so wonderful that his audience, instead of being
-confined to the foolish and thoughtless people who usually encourage
-such exhibitions, included many of the most eminent philosophers and
-scientific men of the day. It may naturally be supposed that his feats
-must have been more than usually ingenious, to attract persons of such
-consequence; and indeed many of them were so wonderful, that, had he
-ventured to exhibit them a century or two ago, they would inevitably
-have led him to the stake or the scaffold, for having too intimate
-an acquaintance with a certain disreputable personage whom it is not
-necessary to particularize by name. This great conjuror defied all the
-ordinary laws of nature. He would not condescend to exhibit such vulgar
-mountebank tricks as crunching red-hot coals in his mouth, and dining
-on tenpenny nails; but he struck the faculty with the greatest horror,
-by making poison of all kinds his common food; breakfasting on a strong
-solution of arsenic, and taking a short drachm of prussic acid before
-dinner, as a whet for his appetite. More wonderful still was his manner
-of preparing this dinner: he used to have an oven heated intensely, every
-day, into which he walked, or crawled, with the greatest composure,
-taking with him a raw beef-steak, which in the course of seven or eight
-minutes was well cooked by the intense heat of the place, whilst the only
-effect of its high temperature on him was to quicken his pulse a little,
-and produce a gentle perspiration. Fire, indeed, appeared his element,
-and so perfectly could he control and master it, that he received almost
-by acclamation the title of “the Fire King.”
-
-Human greatness, however is but transitory, and even the laurels of the
-Fire King were wrested from him by the envious doctors of the metropolis,
-who wished him to drink prussic acid of _their own manufacture_, an
-invitation which he very politely and prudently declined. But though on
-this account suspicion was cast on his pretensions as a poison-drinker,
-yet his reputation as a “Fire King” remained untarnished. He could
-continue in an oven heated above the temperature at which water boils,
-and he did so daily. There was no trick in this performance, for he
-used to take raw eggs into the oven with him, and send them out to the
-company, well done by the heat of the place alone. It was thought no
-man could imitate his example. But however wonderful the feats of this
-conjuror may appear to persons unacquainted with science, and while it
-must be confessed they were performed with an appearance of daring and
-temerity which certainly entitled the exhibitor to some degree of praise,
-yet his performances were merely a striking illustration of the power
-which every individual possesses of regulating the temperature of his own
-body; and there was scarcely one person of his audience but might himself
-have been the exhibitor, with very little training and with very little
-courage.
-
-Of all the functions of the human body one of the most wonderful is that
-by which it maintains in every climate, and in every variety of season,
-an almost equal temperature. It would appear to be necessary for the due
-performance of the vital functions that this temperature should never
-suffer any great degree of variation, and nature has accordingly provided
-the means by which, when exposed to cold, the body can generate heat; and
-when exposed to heat, so reduce its temperature that no inconvenience
-shall result. Before considering the manner in which these very
-different though equally necessary results are produced, it will not be
-uninteresting to notice a few examples of the power of endurance shown by
-human beings and the lower animals in regard to extremes of temperature.
-In another paper we will endeavour to explain the cause.
-
-One of the most striking and familiar of the laws of heat is what is
-termed by philosophers “its tendency to an equilibrium.” For instance,
-if a heated iron ball is suspended nearly in contact with one quite
-cold, the former in a short time will have imparted so much of its heat
-to the latter that they will soon become almost of equal temperature.
-If a penny piece is thrown into a kettle of boiling water it will soon
-become as hot as the boiling water itself. If a cup of water is exposed
-to a temperature below 32 degrees, it parts with so much of its natural
-heat, to come into a state of equilibrium with the medium in which it
-is placed, that it is converted into ice. These and many more familiar
-instances might be mentioned as illustrating the law of heat above
-alluded to. In short, it may be received as one of the best established
-facts in philosophy, that any substance, no matter what may be its
-texture or natural qualities, provided it does not possess life, will
-soon acquire and maintain the same temperature as that of the medium in
-which it is placed, so long as it continues in that medium. A piece of
-the metal platinum in the furnace of a glass-house may be kept at a white
-heat for years; a similar piece of metal, in an ice-house, will remain
-below 32 degrees so long as it is kept there.
-
-It would be unnecessary to notice so particularly these well-known facts,
-but that they will tend to render more striking the power which living
-bodies possess of resisting the law to which all unorganized bodies are
-subject. Any thing possessing life _can maintain a different temperature
-to the medium in which it lives_. The natural heat of fishes is two or
-three degrees above that of the water in which they live; the natural
-heat of creatures which live within the bowels of the earth, like the
-earth-worm for example, is as much above the usual temperature of the
-earth; while man himself maintains the heat of his body, as shown by the
-thermometer placed under the tongue or armpits, at about 98 degrees,
-under every variety of season, and in every climate under the sun. Were
-a human being to be kept imprisoned in an ice-house, the heat of his
-body could never sink to 32 degrees (the freezing point) while life
-remained. In these mighty reservoirs of ice and cold, the arctic regions,
-the blood of the rude creatures who exist there is as warm as that of
-ourselves; and at the torrid zone, where the heat of the sun is almost
-insupportable, the animal heat of the human frame is only one or two
-degrees higher than it is at the frozen poles.
-
-The power of the superior animals, and especially of man, to resist
-high degrees of temperature, is very extraordinary. The account of
-the performances of the “Fire King” already noticed, is a sufficient
-proof of this. Dr Southwood Smith, in his excellent treatise on “Animal
-Physiology,” gives a far more interesting description, however, of the
-accidental discovery of this property of life, from which we quote the
-following particulars:--“In the year 1760, at Rochefoucault, Messrs
-Du Hamel and Tillet, having occasion to use a large public oven on
-the same day in which bread had been baked in it, wished to ascertain
-with precision its degree of temperature. This they endeavoured to
-accomplish by introducing a thermometer into the oven at the end of a
-shovel. On being withdrawn, the thermometer indicated a degree of heat
-considerably above that of boiling water; but M. Tillet, convinced that
-the thermometer had fallen several degrees on approaching the mouth of
-the oven, and appearing to be at a loss how to rectify this error, a
-girl, one of the attendants on the oven, offered to enter and mark with
-a pencil the height at which the thermometer stood within the oven.
-The girl smiled at M. Tillet’s appearing to hesitate at this strange
-proposition, and entering the oven, marked with a pencil the thermometer
-as standing at 260 degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale. M. Tillet began to
-express his anxiety for the welfare of his female assistant, and to
-press her return. This female salamander, however, assuring him that she
-felt no inconvenience from her situation, remained there ten minutes
-longer, when at length, the thermometer standing at that time at 288
-degrees, or 76 degrees above that of boiling water, she came out of the
-oven, her complexion indeed considerably heightened, but her respiration
-by no means quick or laborious. The publication of this transaction
-exciting a great degree of attention, several philosophers repeated
-similar experiments, amongst which the most accurate and decisive were
-those performed by Doctors Fordyce and Blagden. The rooms in which these
-celebrated experimenters conducted their researches were heated by flues
-in the floor. There was neither any chimney in them, nor any vent for
-the air, excepting through the crevice at the door. Having taken off
-his coat, waistcoat, and shirt, and being furnished with wooden shoes
-tied on with lint, Dr Blagden went into one of the rooms as soon as the
-thermometer indicated a degree of heat above that of boiling water.
-The first impression of this heated air upon his body was exceedingly
-disagreeable, but in a few minutes his uneasiness was removed by a
-profuse perspiration. At the end of twelve minutes he left the room, very
-much fatigued, but no otherwise disordered. The thermometer had risen to
-220 degrees; the boiling point is 212 degrees. In other experiments it
-was found that a heat even of 260 degrees could be borne with tolerable
-ease. At these high temperatures every piece of metal about the body
-of the experimenters became intolerably hot; small quantities of water
-placed in metallic vessels quickly boiled. Though the air of this room,
-which at one period indicated a heat of 264 degrees, could be breathed
-with impunity, yet of course the finger could not be put into the boiling
-water, which indicated only a heat of 212 degrees; nor could it bear the
-touch of quicksilver heated only to 120 degrees, nor scarcely that of
-spirits of wine at 110 degrees. But in a physiological view, the most
-curious and important point to be noticed is, that while the body was
-thus exposed to a temperature of 264 degrees, the heat of the body itself
-never rose above 101 degrees, or at most 102 degrees. In one experiment,
-while the heat of the room was 202 degrees, the heat of the body was
-only 99½ degrees; its natural temperature in a state of health being 98
-degrees.”
-
-A similar power of withstanding extreme degrees of temperature is one
-of the peculiar properties of every thing possessing life. It is well
-known that an egg containing the living principle possesses the power of
-self-preservation for several weeks, although exposed to a degree of heat
-which would occasion the putrifaction of dead animal matter. During the
-period of incubation (hatching) the egg is kept at a heat of 103 degrees,
-the hen’s egg for three, that of the duck for four weeks; yet when the
-chick is hatched, the entire yolk is found perfectly sweet, and that
-part of the white which has not been expended in the nourishment of the
-young bird is also quite fresh. It is found that if the living principle
-be destroyed, as it may be instantaneously, by passing the electric
-fluid through the egg, it becomes putrid in the same time as other dead
-animal matter. The power of the egg in resisting cold is proved to be
-equally great by several curious experiments of Hunter, the celebrated
-physiologist, which were so managed as to show at the same time both
-the power of the vital principle in resisting the physical agent, and
-the influence of the physical agent in diminishing the energy of the
-vital principle. Thus he exposed an egg to the temperature of 17 degrees
-of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, he found that it took about half an hour
-to freeze it. When thawed, and again exposed to a cold atmosphere, it
-was frozen in one half the time, and when only at the temperature of 25
-degrees. He then put a fresh egg, and one that had previously been frozen
-and again thawed, into a cold mixture at 15 degrees: the dead egg was
-frozen twenty-five minutes sooner than the fresh one. It is obvious that
-in the one case the undiminished vitality of the fresh egg enabled it to
-resist the low temperature for so long a period; in the other case the
-diminished or destroyed vitality of the frozen egg occasioned it speedily
-to yield to the influence of the physical agent.
-
-Animals can withstand the effects of heat far better than the severity of
-cold. The human frame suffers comparatively little even in the burning
-deserts of Arabia, compared with what it endures in those wastes of ice
-and snow which form the polar regions. Here the body is stunted in its
-growth; there is no energy of mind or character; and life itself is only
-preserved by extraordinary care and attention. When a person is exposed
-to intense cold, it produces partial imbecility; he neglects even those
-precautions which may enable him to withstand its severity. He refuses
-to exercise his limbs, without which they become torpid; and, unable to
-resist the drowsiness that seizes on his frame, he resigns himself to its
-influence, becomes insensible, and dies. Even in our own climate this is
-not an unfrequent occurrence; and we cannot conclude this paper better
-than by quoting the expressive lines of Thomson, describing the death of
-an unhappy peasant from the severity of a winter storm:--
-
-    As thus the snows arise; and foul, and fierce,
-    All winter drives along the darkened air;
-    In his own loose revolving fields, the swain
-    Disaster’d stands; sees other hills ascend,
-    Of unknown joyless brow; and other scenes,
-    Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain:
-    Nor finds the river nor the forest, hid
-    Beneath the formless wild; but wanders on
-    From hill to dale, still more and more astray,
-    Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps,
-    Stung with the thoughts of home; the thoughts of home
-    Rush on his nerves, and call their vigour forth
-    In many a vain attempt. How sinks his soul!
-    What black despair, what horror fills his breast!
-    When for the dusky spot, which fancy feign’d
-    His tufted cottage rising through the snow,
-    He meets the roughness of the middle waste
-    Far from the track and blest abode of man,
-    While round him might resistless closes fast,
-    And every tempest, howling o’er his head,
-    Renders the savage wildness more wild.
-    Then throng the busy shapes into his mind,
-    Of covered pits unfathomably deep,
-    A dire descent! beyond the power of frost;
-    Of faithless bogs; Of precipices huge
-    Smoothed up with snow; and what is land, unknown,
-    What water of the still unfrozen spring,
-    In the loose marsh or solitary lake,
-    Where the fresh fountain from the bottom boils.
-    These check his fearful steps; and down he sinks
-    Beneath the shelter of the shapeless drift,
-    Thinking o’er all the bitterness of death,
-    Mix’d with the tender anguish nature shoots
-    Through the wrung bosom of the dying man--
-    His wife--his children--and his friends unseen.
-    In vain for him the officious wife prepares
-    The fire, fair, blazing, and the vestment warm.
-    In vain his little children, peeping out
-    Into the mingling storm, demand their sire
-    With tears of artless innocence. Alas!
-    Nor wife, nor children more shall he behold--
-    Nor friends, nor sacred home. On every nerve
-    The deadly winter seizes; shuts up sense,
-    And, o’er his inmost vitals creeping cold,
-    Lays him along the snows, a stiffened corse,
-    Stretch’d out, and bleaching in the northern blast.
-
-                                                       J. S. D.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-GRAVITY.--Gravity is an arrant scoundrel, and one of the most dangerous
-kind too, because a sly one; and we verily believe that more honest,
-well-meaning people are bubbled out of their goods and money by it in one
-twelvemonth, than by pocket-picking and shop-lifting in seven. The very
-essence of gravity is design, and consequently deceit; it is in fact a
-taught trick to gain credit with the world for more sense and knowledge
-than a man is really worth.
-
-
-
-
-WAR.
-
-
-War, it is said, kindles patriotism; by fighting for our country we learn
-to love it. But the patriotism which is cherished by war, is ordinarily
-false and spurious, a vice and not a virtue, a scourge to the world, a
-narrow unjust passion, which aims to exalt a particular state on the
-humiliation and destruction of other nations. A genuine enlightened
-patriot discerns that the welfare of his own country is involved in the
-general progress of society; and in the character of a patriot, as well
-as of a Christian, he rejoices in the liberty and prosperity of other
-communities, and is anxious to maintain with them the relations of peace
-and amity.
-
-It is said that a military spirit is the defence of a country. But it
-more frequently endangers the vital interests of a nation, by embroiling
-it with other states. This spirit, like every other passion, is impatient
-for gratification, and often precipitates a country into unnecessary
-war. A people have no need of a military spirit. Let them be attached to
-their government and institutions by habit, by early associations, and
-especially by experimental conviction of their excellence, and they will
-never want means or spirit to defend them.
-
-War is recommended as a method of redressing national grievances. But
-unhappily the weapons of war, from their very nature, are often wielded
-most successfully by the unprincipled. Justice and force have little
-congeniality. Should not Christians everywhere strive to promote the
-reference of national as well as of individual disputes to an impartial
-umpire? Is a project of this nature more extravagant than the idea of
-reducing savage hordes to a state of regular society? The last has been
-accomplished. Is the first to be abandoned in despair?
-
-It is said that war sweeps off the idle, dissolute, and vicious members
-of the community. Monstrous argument! If a government may for this end
-plunge a nation into war, it may with equal justice consign to the
-executioner any number of its subjects whom it may deem a burden on the
-state. The fact is, that war commonly generates as many profligates as
-it destroys. A disbanded army fills the community with at least as many
-abandoned members as at first it absorbed.
-
-It is sometimes said that a military spirit favours liberty. But how is
-it, that nations, after fighting for ages, are so generally enslaved?
-The truth is, that liberty has no foundation but in private and public
-virtue; and virtue, as we have seen, is not the common growth of war.
-
-But the great argument remains to be discussed. It is said that without
-war to excite and invigorate the human mind, some of its noblest energies
-will slumber, and its highest qualities, courage, magnanimity, fortitude,
-will perish. To this I answer, that if war is to be encouraged among
-nations because it nourishes energy and heroism, on the same principle
-war in our families, and war between neighbourhoods, villages, and
-cities, ought to be encouraged; for such contests would equally tend to
-promote heroic daring and contempt of death. Why shall not different
-provinces of the same empire annually meet with the weapons of death, to
-keep alive their courage? We shrink at this suggestion with horror; but
-why shall contests of nations, rather than of provinces or families, find
-shelter under this barbarous argument?
-
-I observe again: if war be a blessing, because it awakens energy and
-courage, then the savage state is peculiarly privileged; for every savage
-is a soldier, and his whole modes of life tend to form him to invincible
-resolution. On the same principle, those early periods of society were
-happy, when men were called to contend, not only with one another, but
-with beasts of prey; for to these excitements we owe the heroism of
-Hercules and Theseus. On the same principle, the feudal ages were more
-favoured than the present; for then every baron was a military chief,
-every castle frowned defiance, and every vassal was trained to arms. And
-do we really wish that the earth should again be overrun with monsters,
-or abandoned to savage or feudal violence, in order that heroes may be
-multiplied? If not, let us cease to vindicate war as affording excitement
-to energy and courage.--_Channing._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Suffer not your spirit to be subdued by misfortunes, but, on the
-contrary, steer right onward, with a courage greater than your fate seems
-to allow.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at
-    the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane,
-    College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley,
-    Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street,
-    Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; JOHN
-    MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON,
-    Trongate, Glasgow.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-50, June 12, 1841, by Various
-
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50,
-June 12, 1841, by Various
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-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 50, June 12, 1841
-
-Author: Various
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-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span></p>
-
-<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1>
-
-<table summary="Headline layout">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="smcap">Number 50.</td>
-    <td class="center">SATURDAY, JUNE 12, 1841.</td>
-    <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;">
-<img src="images/prophecy.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="A Prophecy Man holding forth to an audience" />
-</div>
-
-<h2>THE IRISH PROPHECY MAN.<br />
-<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2>
-
-<p>The individual to whom the heading of this article is uniformly
-applied, stands, among the lower classes of his countrymen
-in a different light and position from any of those previous
-characters that we have already described to our readers.
-The intercourse which <em>they</em> maintain with the people is one
-that simply involves the means of procuring subsistence for
-themselves by the exercise of their professional skill, and their
-powers of contributing to the lighter enjoyments and more
-harmless amusements of their fellow-countrymen. All the
-collateral influences they possess, as arising from the hold
-which the peculiar nature of this intercourse gives them, generally
-affect individuals only on those minor points of feeling
-that act upon the lighter phases of domestic life. They bring
-little to society beyond the mere accessories that are appended
-to the general modes of life and manners, and consequently
-receive themselves as strong an impress from those
-with whom they mingle, as they communicate to them in return.</p>
-
-<p>Now, the Prophecy Man presents a character far different
-from all this. With the ordinary habits of life he has little
-sympathy. The amusements of the people are to him little
-else than vanity, if not something worse. He despises that
-class of men who live and think only for the present, without
-ever once performing their duties to posterity, by looking into
-those great events that lie in the womb of futurity. Domestic
-joys or distresses do not in the least affect him, because
-the man has not to do with feelings or emotions, but with
-principles. The speculations in which he indulges, and by
-which his whole life and conduct are regulated, place him far
-above the usual impulses of humanity. He cares not much
-who has been married or who has died, for his mind is, in
-point of time, communing with unborn generations upon affairs
-of high and solemn import. The past, indeed, is to him
-something, the future every thing; but the present, unless
-when marked by the prophetic symbols, little or nothing. The
-topics of his conversation are vast and mighty, being nothing
-less than the fate of kingdoms, the revolution of empires, the
-ruin or establishment of creeds, the fall of monarchs, or the
-rise and prostration of principalities and powers. How can
-a mind thus engaged descend to those petty subjects of ordinary
-life which engage the common attention? How could
-a man hard at work in evolving out of prophecy the subjugation
-of some hostile state, care a farthing whether Loghlin
-Roe’s daughter was married to Gusty Given’s son, or not?
-The thing is impossible. Like fame, the head of the Prophecy
-Man is always in the clouds, but so much higher up as
-to be utterly above the reach of any intelligence that does
-not affect the fate of nations. There is an old anecdote told
-of a very high and a very low man meeting. “What news
-down there?” said the tall fellow. “Very little,” replied the
-other: “what kind of weather have you above?” Well indeed
-might the Prophecy Man ask what news there is below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>
-for his mind seldom leaves those aërial heights from which it
-watches the fate of Europe and the shadowing forth of future
-changes.</p>
-
-<p>The Prophecy Man&mdash;that is, he who solely devotes himself
-to an anxious observation of those political occurrences which
-mark the signs of the times, as they bear upon the future, the
-principal business of whose life it is to associate them with
-his own prophetic theories&mdash;is now a rare character in Ireland.
-He was, however, a very marked one. The Shanahus
-and other itinerant characters had, when compared with him,
-a very limited beat indeed. Instead of being confined to a
-parish or a barony, the bounds of the Prophecy Man’s travels
-were those of the kingdom itself; and indeed some of them
-have been known to make excursions to the Highlands of
-Scotland, in order if possible to pick up old prophecies, and to
-make themselves, by cultivating an intimacy with the Scottish
-seers, capable of getting a clearer insight into futurity,
-and surer rules for developing the latent secrets of time.</p>
-
-<p>One of the heaviest blows to the speculations of this class
-was the downfall and death of Bonaparte, especially the latter.
-There are still living, however, those who can get over
-this difficulty, and who will not hesitate to assure you, with a
-look of much mystery, that the real “Bonyparty” is alive and
-well, and will make his due appearance <em>when the time comes</em>;
-he who surrendered himself to the English being but an accomplice
-of the true one.</p>
-
-<p>The next fact, and which I have alluded to in treating of
-the Shanahus, is the failure of the old prophecy that a George
-the Fourth would never sit on the throne of England. His coronation
-and reign, however, puzzled our prophets sadly, and
-indeed sent adrift for ever the pretensions of this prophecy
-to truth.</p>
-
-<p>But that which has nearly overturned the system, and routed
-the whole prophetic host, is the failure of the speculations so
-confidently put forward by Dr Walmsey in his General History
-of the Christian Church, vulgarly called Pastorini’s Prophecy,
-he having assumed the name Pastorini as an <i lang="la">incognito</i> or <i lang="fr">nom
-de guerre</i>. The theory of Pastorini was, that Protestantism
-and all descriptions of heresy would disappear about the year
-eighteen hundred and twenty-five, an inference which he drew
-with considerable ingenuity and learning from Scriptural prophecy,
-taken in connexion with past events, and which he
-argued with all the zeal and enthusiasm of a theorist naturally
-anxious to see the truth of his own prognostications verified.
-The failure of this, which was their great modern standard,
-has nearly demolished the political seers as a class, or compelled
-them to fall back upon the more antiquated revelations
-ascribed to St Columkill, St Bridget, and others.</p>
-
-<p>Having thus, as is our usual custom, given what we conceive
-to be such preliminary observations as are necessary to
-make both the subject and the person more easily understood,
-we shall proceed to give a short sketch of the only Prophecy
-Man we ever saw who deserved properly to be called so, in the
-full and unrestricted sense of the term. This individual’s
-name was Barney M’Haighery, but in what part of Ireland
-he was born I am not able to inform the reader. All I know
-is, that he was spoken of on every occasion as The Prophecy
-Man; and that, although he could not himself read, he carried
-about with him, in a variety of pockets, several old books and
-manuscripts that treated upon his favourite subject.</p>
-
-<p>Barney was a tall man, by no means meanly dressed; and
-it is necessary to say that he came not within the character
-or condition of a mendicant. On the contrary, he was considered
-as a person who must be received with respect, for the
-people knew perfectly well that it was not with every farmer
-in the neighbourhood he would condescend to sojourn. He
-had nothing of the ascetic and abstracted meagreness of the
-Prophet in his appearance. So far from that, he was inclined
-to corpulency; but, like a certain class of fat men, his natural
-disposition was calm, but at the same time not unmixed with
-something of the pensive. His habits of thinking, as might be
-expected, were quiet and meditative; his personal motions
-slow and regular; and his transitions from one resting-place
-to another never of such length during a single day as to
-exceed ten miles. At this easy rate, however, he traversed
-the whole kingdom several times; nor was there probably a
-local prophecy of any importance in the country with which
-he was not acquainted. He took much delight in the greater
-and lesser prophets of the Old Testament: but his heart and
-soul lay, as he expressed it, “in the Revelations of St John
-the Divine.”</p>
-
-<p>His usual practice was, when the family came home at
-night from their labour, to stretch himself upon two chairs, his
-head resting upon the hob, with a boss for a pillow, his eyes
-closed, as a proof that his mind was deeply engaged with the
-matter in hand. In this attitude he got some one to read the
-particular prophecy upon which he wished to descant; and a
-most curious and amusing entertainment it generally was to
-hear the text, and his own singular and original commentaries
-upon it. That he must have been often hoaxed by wags and
-wits, was quite evident from the startling travesties of the
-text which had been put into his mouth, and which, having
-been once put there, his tenacious memory never forgot.</p>
-
-<p>The fact of Barney’s arrival in the neighbourhood soon
-went abroad, and the natural consequence was, that the
-house in which he thought proper to reside for the time became
-crowded every night as soon as the hours of labour
-had passed, and the people got leisure to hear him. Having
-thus procured him an audience, it is full time that we should
-allow the fat old Prophet to speak for himself, and give us all
-an insight into futurity.</p>
-
-<p>“Barney, ahagur,” the good man his host would say,
-“here’s a lot o’ the neighbours come to hear a whirrangue
-from you on the Prophecies; and, sure, if you can’t give it to
-them, who is there to be found that can?”</p>
-
-<p>“Throth, Paddy Traynor, although I say it that should
-not say it, there’s truth in that, at all evints. The same knowledge
-has cost me many a weary blisthur an’ sore heel in
-huntin’ it up an’ down, through mountain an’ glen, in Ulsther,
-Munsther, Leinsther, an’ Connaught&mdash;not forgettin’
-the Highlands of Scotland, where there’s what they call the
-‘short prophecy,’ or second sight, but wherein there’s afther
-all but little of the Irish or long prophecy, that regards
-what’s to befall the winged woman that flown into the wilderness.
-No, no&mdash;their second sight isn’t thrue prophecy at
-all. If a man goes out to fish, or steal a cow, an’ that he
-happens to be drowned or shot, another man that has the
-second sight will see this in his mind about or afther the time
-it happens. Why, that’s little. Many a time our own Irish
-drames are aiqual to it; an’ indeed I have it from a knowledgeable
-man, that the gift they boast of has four parents&mdash;an
-empty stomach, thin air, a weak head, an’ strong whisky,
-an’ that a man must have all these, espishilly the last, before
-he can have the second sight properly; an’ it’s my own opinion.
-Now, I have a little book (indeed I left my books with a friend
-down at Errigle) that contains a prophecy of the milk-white
-hind an’ the bloody panther, an’ a forebodin’ of the slaughter
-there’s to be in the Valley of the Black Pig, as foretould by
-Beal Derg, or the prophet wid the red mouth, who never was
-known to speak but when he prophesied, or to prophesy but
-when he spoke.”</p>
-
-<p>“The Lord bless an’ keep us!&mdash;an’ why was he called the
-Man wid the Red Mouth, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“I’ll tell you that: first, bekase he always prophesied
-about the slaughter an’ fightin’ that was to take place in the
-time to come; an’, secondly, bekase, while he spoke, the red
-blood always trickled out of his mouth, as a proof that what
-he foretould was true.”</p>
-
-<p>“Glory be to God! but that’s wondherful all out. Well,
-well!”</p>
-
-<p>“Ay, an’ Beal Derg, or the Red Mouth, is still livin’.”</p>
-
-<p>“Livin’! why, is he a man of our own time?”</p>
-
-<p>“Our own time! The Lord help you! It’s more than a
-thousand years since he made the prophecy. The case you
-see is this: he an’ the ten thousand witnesses are lyin’ in an
-enchanted sleep in one of the Montherlony mountains.”</p>
-
-<p>“An’ how is that known, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“It’s known. Every night at a certain hour one of the
-witnesses&mdash;an’ they’re all sogers, by the way&mdash;must come out
-to look for the sign that’s to come.”</p>
-
-<p>“An’ what is that, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“It’s the fiery cross; an’ when he sees one on aich of the
-four mountains of the north, he’s to know that the same sign’s
-abroad in all the other parts of the kingdom. Beal Derg an’
-his men are then to waken up, an’ by their aid the Valley of
-the Black Pig is to be set free for ever.”</p>
-
-<p>“An’ what is the Black Pig, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“The Prospitarian church, that stretch from Enniskillen to
-Darry, an’ back again from Darry to Enniskillen.”</p>
-
-<p>“Well, well, Barney, but prophecy is a strange thing to be
-sure! Only think of men livin’ a thousand years!”</p>
-
-<p>“Every night one of Beal Derg’s men must go to the mouth
-of the cave, which opens of itself, an’ then look out for the
-sign that’s expected. He walks up to the top of the mountain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>
-an’ turns to the four corners of the heavens, to
-thry if he can see it; an’ when he finds that he can not, he
-goes back to Beal Derg, who, afther the other touches him,
-starts up, an’ axis him, ‘Is the time come?’ He replies, ‘No;
-the <em>man is</em>, but the <em>hour</em> is <em>not</em>!’ an’ that instant they’re both
-asleep again. Now, you see, while the soger is on the mountain
-top, the mouth of the cave is open, an’ any one may go
-in that might happen to see it. One man it appears did, an’
-wishin’ to know from curiosity whether the sogers were dead
-or livin’, he touched one of them wid his hand, who started
-up an’ axed him the same question, ‘Is the time come?’
-Very fortunately he said ‘<em>No</em>;’ that minute the soger
-was as sound in his trance as before.”</p>
-
-<p>“An’, Barney, what did the soger mane when he said, ‘The
-man is, but the hour is not?’”</p>
-
-<p>“What did he mane? I’ll tell you that. The man is Bonyparty;
-which manes, when put into proper explanation,
-the <em>right side</em>; that is, the true cause. Larned men have
-found <em>that</em> out.”</p>
-
-<p>“Barney, wasn’t Columkill a great prophet?”</p>
-
-<p>“He was a great man entirely at prophecy, and so was St
-Bridget. He prophesied ‘that the cock wid the purple comb
-is to have both his wings clipped by one of his own breed before
-the struggle comes.’ Before that time, too, we’re to have
-the Black Militia, an’ afther that it is time for every man to
-be prepared.”</p>
-
-<p>“An’, Barney, who is the cock wid the purple comb?”</p>
-
-<p>“Why, the Orangemen to be sure. Isn’t purple their colour,
-the dirty thieves?”</p>
-
-<p>“An’ the Black Militia, Barney, who are they?”</p>
-
-<p>“I have gone far an’ near, through north an’ through
-south, up an’ down, by hill an’ hollow, till my toes were
-corned an’ my heels in griskins, but could find no one able to
-resolve that, or bring it clear out o’ the prophecy. They’re
-to be sogers in black, an’ all their arms an’ ’coutrements is
-to be the same colour; an’ farther than that is not known <em>as
-yet</em>.”</p>
-
-<p>“It’s a wondher <em>you</em> don’t know it, Barney, for there’s
-little about prophecy that you haven’t at your finger ends.”</p>
-
-<p>“Three birds is to meet (Barney proceeded in a kind of
-recitative enthusiasm) upon the saes&mdash;two ravens an’ a dove&mdash;the
-two ravens is to attack the dove until she’s at the point of
-death; but before they take her life, an eagle comes and tears
-the two ravens to pieces, an’ the dove recovers.</p>
-
-<p>There’s to be two cries in the kingdom; one of them is
-to rache from the Giants’ Causeway to the centre house of
-the town of Sligo; the other is to rache from the Falls of
-Beleek to the Mill of Louth, which is to be turned three times
-with human blood; but this is not to happen until a man with
-two thumbs an’ six fingers upon his right hand happens to
-be the miller.”</p>
-
-<p>“Who’s to give the sign of freedom to Ireland?”</p>
-
-<p>“The little boy wid the red coat that’s born a dwarf, lives
-a giant, and dies a dwarf again! He’s lightest of foot, but
-leaves the heaviest foot-mark behind him. An’ it’s he that is
-to give the sign of freedom to Ireland!”</p>
-
-<p>“There’s a period to come when Antichrist is to be upon
-the earth, attended by his two body servants Gog and Magog.
-Who are they, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“They are the sons of Hegog an’ Shegog, or in other
-words, of Death an’ Damnation, and cousin-jarmins to the
-Devil himself, which of coorse is the raison why he promotes
-them.”</p>
-
-<p>“Lord save us! But I hope that won’t he in our time,
-Barney!”</p>
-
-<p>“Antichrist is to come from the land of Crame o’ Tarthar
-(Crim Tartary, according to Pastorini), which will account
-for himself an’ his army breathin’ fire an’ brimstone out of
-their mouths, according’ to the glorious Revelation of St John
-the Divine, an’ the great prophecy of Pastorini, both of which
-beautifully compromise upon the subject.</p>
-
-<p>The prophet of the Black Stone is to come, who was born
-never to prognosticate a lie. He is to be a mighty hunter,
-an’ instead of riding to his fetlocks <em>in</em> blood, he is to ride <em>upon</em>
-it, to the admiration of his times. It’s of him it is said ‘that
-he is to be the only prophet that ever went on horseback!’</p>
-
-<p>Then there’s Bardolphus, who, as there was a prophet wid
-the red mouth, is called ‘the prophet wid the red nose.’ Ireland
-was, it appears from ancient books, undher wather for
-many hundred years before her discovery; but bein’ allowed
-to become visible one day in every year, the enchantment was
-broken by a sword that was thrown upon the earth, an’ from
-that out she remained dry, an’ became inhabited. ‘Woe, woe,
-woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘the time is to come when we’ll have a
-second deluge, an’ Ireland is to be undher wather once more.
-A well is to open at Cork that will cover the whole island
-from the Giants’ Causeway to Cape Clear. In them days St
-Patrick will be despised, an’ will stand over the pleasant
-houses wid his pasthoral crook in his hand, crying out <i lang="ga">Cead
-mille failtha</i> in vain! Woe, woe, woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘for
-in them days there will be a great confusion of colours among
-the people; there will be neither red noses nor pale cheeks, an’
-the divine face of man, alas! will put forth blossoms no more.
-The heart of the times will become changed; an’ when they
-rise up in the morning, it will come to pass that there will be
-no longer light heads or shaking hands among Irishmen!
-Woe, woe, woe, men, women, and children will then die, an’ their
-only complaint, like all those who perished in the flood of ould,
-will be wather on the brain&mdash;wather on the brain! Woe, woe,
-woe,’ says Bardolphus, ‘for the changes that is to come, an’
-the misfortunes that’s to befall the many for the noddification
-of the few! an’ yet such things must be, for I, in virtue of
-the red spirit that dwells in me, must prophesy them. In
-those times men will be shod in liquid fire an’ not be burned;
-their breeches shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them;
-their bread shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them;
-their meat shall be made of fire, an’ will not burn them;
-an’ why?&mdash;Oh, woe, woe, wather shall so prevail that the
-coolness of their bodies will keep them safe; yea, they shall
-even get fat, fair, an’ be full of health an’ strength, by
-wearing garments wrought out of liquid fire, by eating
-liquid fire, an’ all because they do not drink liquid fire&mdash;an’
-this calamity shall come to pass,’ says Bardolphus, the prophet
-of the red nose.</p>
-
-<p>Two widows shall be grinding at the Mill of Louth (so
-saith the prophecy); one shall be taken and the other left.”</p>
-
-<p>Thus would Barney proceed, repeating such ludicrous and
-heterogeneous mixtures of old traditionary prophecies and
-spurious quotations from Scripture as were concocted for him
-by those who took delight in amusing themselves and others
-at the expense of his inordinate love for prophecy.</p>
-
-<p>“But, Barney, touching the Mill o’ Louth, of the two
-widows grindin’ there, whether will the one that is taken
-or the one that is left be the best off?”</p>
-
-<p>“The prophecy doesn’t say,” replied Barney, “an’ that’s
-a matther that larned men are very much divided about.
-My own opinion is, that the one that is taken will be the
-best off; for St Bridget says ‘that betune wars an’ pestilences
-an’ famine, the men are to be so scarce that several
-of them are to be torn to pieces by the women in their
-struggles to see who will get them for husbands.’<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> That
-time they say is to come.”</p>
-
-<p>“But, Barney, isn’t there many ould prophecies about
-particular families in Ireland?”</p>
-
-<p>“Ay, several: an’ I’ll tell you one of them, about a family
-that’s not far from us this minute. You all know the hangin’
-wall of the ould Church of Ballynasaggart, in Errigle Keeran
-parish?”</p>
-
-<p>“We do, to be sure; an’ we know the prophecy too.”</p>
-
-<p>“Of coorse you do, bein’ in the neighbourhood. Well,
-what is it in the mean time?”</p>
-
-<p>“Why, that it’s never to fall till it comes down upon an’
-takes the life of a M’Mahon.”</p>
-
-<p>“Right enough; but do you know the raison of it?”</p>
-
-<p>“We can’t say that, Barney; but, however, we’re at home
-when you’re here.”</p>
-
-<p>“Well, I’ll tell you. St Keeran was, may be, next to St
-Patrick himself, one of the greatest saints in Ireland, but any
-rate we may put him next to St Columkill. Now, you see,
-when he was building the church of Ballynasaggart, it came
-to pass that there arose a great famine in the land, an’ the
-saint found it hard to feed the workmen where there was no
-vittles. What to do, he knew not, an’ by coorse he was at
-a sad amplush, no doubt of it. At length says he, ‘Boys,
-we’re all hard set at present, an’ widout food bedad we can’t
-work; but if you observe my directions, we’ll contrive to have
-a bit o’ mate in the mean time, an’, among ourselves, it was
-seldom more wanted, for, to tell you the thruth, I never thought
-my back an’ belly would become so well acquainted. For
-the last three days they haven’t been asunder, an’ I find they
-are perfectly willing to part as soon as possible, an’ would be
-glad of any thing that ’ud put betune them.’</p>
-
-<p>Now, the fact was, that, for drawin’ timber an’ stones, an’<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>
-all the necessary matayrials for the church, they had but one
-bullock, an’ him St Keeran resolved to kill in the evening, an’
-to give them a fog meal of him. He accordingly slaughtered
-him with his own hands, ‘but,’ said he to the workmen, ‘mind
-what I say, boys: if any one of you breaks a single bone, even
-the smallest, or injures the hide in the laste, you’ll destroy
-all; an’ my sowl to glory but it’ll be worse for you besides.’</p>
-
-<p>He then took all the flesh off the bones, but not till he had
-boiled them, of coorse; afther which he sewed them up again
-in the skin, an’ put them in the shed, wid a good wisp o’ straw
-before them; an’ glory be to God, what do you think, but the
-next mornin’ the bullock was alive, an’ in as good condition
-as ever he was in during his life! Betther fed workmen you
-couldn’t see, an’, bedad, the saint himself got so fat an’ rosy
-that you’d scarcely know him to be the same man afther it.
-Now, this went on for some time: whenever they wanted mate,
-the bullock was killed, an’ the bones an’ skin kept safe as
-before. At last it happened that a long-sided fellow among
-them named M’Mahon, not satisfied wid his allowance of the
-mate, took a fancy to have a lick at the marrow, an’ accordingly,
-in spite of all the saint said, he broke one of the legs
-an’ sucked the marrow out of it. But behold you!&mdash;the next
-day when they went to yoke the bullock, they found that he was
-useless, for the leg was broken an’ he couldn’t work. This,
-to be sure, was a sad misfortune to them all, but it couldn’t
-be helped, an’ they had to wait till betther times came; for the
-truth is, that afther the marrow is broken, no power of man
-could make the leg as it was before until the cure is brought about
-by time. However, the saint was very much vexed, an’ good
-right he had. ‘Now, M’Mahon,’ says he to the guilty man,
-‘I ordher it, an’ prophesy that the church we’re building
-will never fall till it falls upon the head of some one of your
-name, if it was to stand a thousand years. Mark my words,
-for they must come to pass.’</p>
-
-<p>An’ sure enough you know as well as I do that it’s all
-down long ago wid the exception of a piece of the wall, that’s
-not standin’ but hangin’, widout any visible support in life, an’
-only propped up by the prophecy. It can’t fall till a M’Mahon
-comes undher it; but although there’s plenty of the name in
-the neighbourhood, ten o’ the strongest horses in the kingdom
-wouldn’t drag one of them widin half a mile of it. There,
-now, is the prophecy that belongs to the hangin’ wall of
-Ballynasaggart church.”</p>
-
-<p>“But, Barney, didn’t you say something about the winged
-woman that flewn to the wildherness?”</p>
-
-<p>“I did; that’s a deep point, an’ it’s few that undherstands
-it. The baste wid seven heads an’ ten horns is to come; an’
-when he was to make his appearance, it was said to be time
-for them that might be alive then to go to their padareens.”</p>
-
-<p>“What does the seven heads and ten horns mane, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“Why, you see, as I am informed from good authority, the
-baste has come, an’ it’s clear from the <em>ten</em> horns that he could
-be no other than Harry the Eighth, who was married to <em>five</em>
-wives, an’ by all accounts they strengthened an’ ornamented
-him sore against his will. Now, set in case that each o’ them&mdash;five
-times two is ten&mdash;hut! the thing’s as clear as crystal.
-But I’ll prove it betther. You see the woman wid the two
-wings is the church, an’ she flew into the wildherness at the
-very time Harry the Eighth wid his ten horns on him was in
-his greatest power.”</p>
-
-<p>“Bedad that’s puttin’ the explanations to it in great style.”</p>
-
-<p>“But the woman wid the wings is only to be in the wildherness
-for a time, times, an’ half a time, that’s exactly three
-hundred an’ fifty years, an’ afther that there’s to be no more
-Prodestans.”</p>
-
-<p>“Faith that’s great!”</p>
-
-<p>“Sure Columkill prophesied that until H&nbsp;E&nbsp;M&nbsp;E&nbsp;I&nbsp;A&nbsp;M
-should come, the church would be in no danger, but that afther
-that she must be undher a cloud for a time, times, an’ half a
-time, jist in the same way.”</p>
-
-<p>“Well, but how do you explain that, Barney?”</p>
-
-<p>“An’ St Bridget prophesied that when D&nbsp;O&nbsp;C is uppermost,
-the church will be hard set in Ireland. But, indeed,
-there’s no end to the prophecies that there is concerning Ireland
-an’ the church. However, neighbours, do you know
-that I feel the heat o’ the fire has made me rather drowsy,
-an’ if you have no objection, I’ll take a bit of a nap. There’s
-great things near us, any how. An’ talkin’ about DOC brings
-to my mind another ould prophecy made up, they say, betune
-Columkill and St Bridget; an’ it is this, that the triumph of
-the counthry will never be at hand till the DOC flourishes in
-Ireland.”</p>
-
-<p>Such were the speculations upon which the harmless mind
-of Barney M’Haighery ever dwelt. From house to house,
-from parish to parish, and from province to province, did he
-thus trudge, never in a hurry, but always steady and constant
-in his motions. He might be not inaptly termed the Old
-Mortality of traditionary prophecy, which he often chiselled
-anew, added to, and improved, in a manner that generally gratified
-himself and his bearers. He was a harmless kind man,
-and never known to stand in need of either clothes or money.
-He paid little attention to the silent business of ongoing life,
-and was consequently very nearly an abstraction. He was
-always on the alert, however, for the result of a battle; and
-after having heard it, he would give no opinion whatsoever
-until he had first silently compared it with his own private
-theory in prophecy. If it agreed with this, he immediately
-published it in connection with his established text; but if it
-did not, he never opened his lips on the subject.</p>
-
-<p>His class has nearly disappeared, and indeed it is so much
-the better, for the minds of the people were thus filled with antiquated
-nonsense that did them no good. Poor Barney, to
-his great mortification, lived to see with his own eyes the
-failure of his most favourite prophecies, but he was not to be
-disheartened even by this; though some might fail, all could
-not; and his stock was too varied and extensive not to furnish
-him with a sufficient number of others over which to
-cherish his imagination and expatiate during the remainder
-of his inoffensive life.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> There certainly is such a prophecy.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.</h2>
-
-<p class="center">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</p>
-
-<h3>Fifth Article.</h3>
-
-<p>According to Mabillon, hereditary surnames were first established
-in Italy in the tenth and eleventh centuries; but
-Muratori shows that this statement cannot be correct, as in
-the MSS. of the tenth century in the Ambrosian Library of
-Milan, no trace can be found of surnames. In the ninth
-and tenth centuries, to distinguish persons, their profession
-or country is added to the Christian name, as Johannes
-Scotus Erigena, Dungallus Scotus, Johannes Presbyter, Johannes
-Clericus; the dignity is also sometimes added, as Comes
-Marchio, without stating of what place. In the tenth century,
-“A, the son of B, the son of C,” was another mode of designation.
-It is said that the Venetians in the beginning of the
-eleventh century adopted hereditary surnames, a custom
-which they borrowed from the Greeks, with whom they carried
-on a great trade. The Lombards adopted the same practice
-after the fashion of the Venetians, and accordingly the
-great family of Monticuli took that name from their castle in
-Lombardy called Montecuculi, it being on the top of a hill.
-The great house of Colonna took its name from the town and
-castle of Columna about the year 1156; and about the same
-time the noble family of Ursini derived its name from an ancestor
-nicknamed Ursus, or Orso, on account of his ferocity.
-Other noble families adopted names from the nickname given
-to an ancestor, as the illustrious family of Malaspina (the bad
-thorn) of Pavia, and the family of Malatesta (the bad head).
-The family of Frangipani, so formidable to the Popes, took
-that name in the twelfth century. The Rangones of Rome
-took their name from an estate of theirs in Germany. The
-Viscontes of Milan were so called from their title of Viscount,
-which was borne by one of the family. These names appear
-for the first time in the latter end of the twelfth century. I consider
-it but proper to observe, that for this information on the
-subject of Italian surnames we are indebted to the antiquary
-whose name I have already mentioned, the accurate and laborious
-Muratori.</p>
-
-<p>To resume the history of surnames in Ireland. We have
-seen in the last article that in the year 1682 the inferior
-classes in Ireland, especially in Westmeath and the adjoining
-counties, were very forward in accommodating themselves to
-the English usages, particularly in their surnames, “which by
-all manner of ways they strove to make English or English-like.”
-This was more particularly the case after the defeat of
-the Irish at the Boyne and Aughrim, when the Irish chieftains
-were conquered, and the pride of the Irish people was
-humbled. At this period, the Irish people, finding that their
-ancient surnames sounded harshly in the ears of their conquerors
-and new English masters, found it convenient to reduce
-them as much as possible to the level of English pronunciation:
-and they accordingly rejected in almost every instance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>
-the O’ and Mac, and made various other changes in
-their names, so as to give them an English appearance. Thus
-a gentleman of the O’Neills in Tyrone changed his old name
-of Felim O’Neill to Felix Neele, as we learn from an epigram
-written in Latin on the subject by a witty scholar of the name
-of Conway or Mac Conwy, whose Irish feeling had not been
-blunted by the misfortunes of the times. The following translation
-of this epigram is perhaps worth preserving:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">All things has Felix changed, he has changed his name;</div>
-<div class="verse">Yea, in himself he is no more the same.</div>
-<div class="verse">Scorning to spend his days where he was reared,</div>
-<div class="verse">To drag out life among the vulgar herd,</div>
-<div class="verse">Or trudge his way through bogs in bracks and brogues,</div>
-<div class="verse">He changed his creed and joined the Saxon rogues</div>
-<div class="verse">By whom his sires were robbed; he laid aside</div>
-<div class="verse">The arms they bore for centuries with pride,</div>
-<div class="verse">The Ship, the Salmon, and the famed Red Hand,</div>
-<div class="verse">And blushed when called O’Neill in his own land!</div>
-<div class="verse">Poor, paltry skulker from thy noble race,</div>
-<div class="verse"><em>Infelix Felix</em>, weep for thy disgrace!</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Many others even of the most distinguished family names were
-anglicised in a similar manner, as O’Conor to Conors and Coniers,
-O’Brien to Brine, Mac Carthy to Carty, &amp;c. The respectability
-of the O’s and Macs, however, was kept up on the
-Continent by the warriors of the Irish Brigade, who preserved
-every mark that would prove them to be of Irish origin; the Irish
-having at this period become so illustrious for their military
-skill, valour, and politeness, that they were sought after by all
-the powers on the Continent of Europe. Thus we find O’Donnell
-made Field Marshal, Chief General of Cavalry, Governor-General
-of Transylvania, and Grand Croix of the Military
-Order of St Theresa. The O’Flanigan of Tuaraah (John),
-in the county of Fermanagh, became Colonel in the imperial
-service; and his brother James O’Flanigan was Lieutenant-General
-of Dillon’s regiment in France. O’Mahony became a
-Count and Lieutenant-General of his Catholic Majesty’s forces,
-and his Ambassador Plenipotentiary at the Court of Vienna;
-Mac Gawley of the county of Cork became Colonel of a regiment
-in Spain; O’Neny of Tyrone settled at Brussels,
-and became Count of the Roman Empire, Councillor of
-State to her Imperial Majesty, and Chief President of the
-Privy Council at Brussels. A branch of the family of
-O’Callaghan, who followed the fortunes of King James II,
-became Baron O’Callaghan, and Grand Veneur (chasseur)
-to his Serene Highness the Prince Margrave of Baden-Baden.
-The head of the O’Mullallys, or O’Lallys of Tulach
-na dala, two miles to the west of Tuam, in the county
-of Galway, settled in France and became Count Lally-Tollendal
-and a General in the French service. O’Conor Roe
-became Governor of Civita Vecchia, a sea-port of great trust
-in the Pope’s dominions, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>The lustre derived from the renown of these warriors kept
-up the respectability of the O’s and Macs on the Continent, and
-induced many of the Irish at home to resume these prefixes,
-especially the O’. Thus in our own time the name O’Conor
-Don was assumed by Owen O’Conor, Esq. of Belanagare,
-whose line was seven generations removed from the last ancestor
-who had borne the name; and the name of the O’Grady
-has also been assumed by Mr O’Grady of Kilballyowen, in
-our own time, though none of his ancestors had borne it since
-the removal of that family from Tomgraney, in the county of
-Clare. Myles John O’Reilly, late of the Heath House, Queen’s
-County, was at one time disposed to style himself the O’Reilly,
-but I regret to say that his circumstances prevented him. Daniel
-O’Connell, Esq. of Derrynane Abbey, prefixed the O’ after
-it had been dropped for several generations; and I have heard
-it constantly asserted that he has no <em>title</em> to the O’, because
-his father, who did not know his pedigree, never prefixed it;
-but such assertions have no weight with us, for we know that
-O’Connell’s father never mentioned his own name in the original
-Irish without prefixing O’, because it would be imperfect
-without it. And whether O’Connell can trace his pedigree
-with certainty up to Conall, chief of the tribe in the
-tenth century, we know not, but we know that he ought to be
-able to do so.</p>
-
-<p>In like manner, Morgan William O’Donovan, of Mountpelier,
-near Cork, has not only re-assumed the O’ which his ancestors
-had rejected for eight generations, but also has styled
-himself the O’Donovan, chief of his name, being the next of kin
-to the last acknowledged head of that family, the late General
-Richard O’Donovan of Bawnlahan, whose family became extinct
-in the year 1829. His example has been followed by
-Timothy O’Donovan, of O’Donovan’s Cove, head of a respectable
-branch of the family. We like this Irish pride of ancestry,
-and we hope that it will become general before many years
-shall have passed.</p>
-
-<p>There are other heads of families who retain their Irish
-names with pride, as Sir Lucius O’Brien of Dromoland, in
-Clare; Mac Dermot Roe of Alderford, in the county of Roscommon;
-Mac Dermot of Coolavin, who is the lineal descendant
-of the chief of Moylurg, and whose pedigree is as well
-known as that of any royal family in Europe; O’Hara of Leyny,
-in the county of Sligo; O’Dowda of Bunyconnellan, near Ballina,
-in the county of Mayo; O’Loughlin of Burren, in the north
-of the county of Clare; Mac Carthy of Carrignavar, near
-Cork, who represents one of the noblest families in Ireland;
-Mac Gillicuddy of the Reeks, in the county of Kerry, a collateral
-branch of the same great family; O’Kelly of Ticooly,
-in the county of Galway; O’Moore of Clough Castle, in the
-King’s County; More O’Ferrall, M. P. O’Fflahertie, of Lemonfield,
-in the same county; and John Augustus Mageoghegan
-O’Neill, of Bunowen Castle, in the west of Connamara, in the
-same county. We are not aware that any of the old families
-of Leinster have preserved their ancient names unadulterated.
-Of these, the Cavanaghs of Borris, in the county
-of Carlow, are the most distinguished; and we indulge a hope
-that the rising generation will soon resume the name of Mac
-Murrogh Cavanagh, a name celebrated in Irish history for
-great virtues as well as great vices.</p>
-
-<p>Among the less distinguished families, however, the translation
-and anglicising of names have gone on to so great a degree
-as to leave no doubt that in the course of half a century
-it will be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish many families
-of Irish name and origin from those of English name and
-origin, unless, indeed, inquirers shall be enabled to do so by
-the assistance of history and physiognomical characteristics.
-The principal cause of the change of these names was the
-difficulty which the magistrates and lawyers, who did not understand
-the Irish language, found in pronouncing them, and
-in consequence their constant habit of ridiculing them. This
-made the Irish feel ashamed of all such names as were difficult
-of pronunciation to English organs, and they were thus
-led to change them by degrees, either by translating them
-into what they conceived to be their meanings in English, by
-assimilating them to local English surnames of respectable
-families, or by paring them in such a manner as to make them
-easy of pronunciation to English organs.</p>
-
-<p>The families among the lower ranks who have translated,
-anglicised, or totally changed their ancient surnames, are
-very numerous, and are daily becoming more and more so.
-Besides the cause already mentioned, we can assign two
-reasons for this rage which prevails at present among the
-lower classes for the continued adoption of English surnames.
-First, the English language is becoming that universally spoken
-among these classes, and there are many Irish surnames
-which do not seem to sound very euphoniously in that modern
-language; and, secondly, the names translated or totally
-changed are, with very few exceptions, of no celebrity in Irish
-history; and when they do not sound well in English, the bearers
-naturally wish to get rid of them, in order that they should not
-be considered of Atticotic or plebeian Irish origin. As this
-change is going on rapidly in every part of Ireland, I shall
-here, for the information, if not for the amusement, of the
-reader, give some account of the Milesian or Scotic names
-that have thus become metamorphosed.</p>
-
-<p>And first, of names which have been translated correctly
-or incorrectly. In the county of Sligo the ancient name of
-O’Mulclohy has been metamorphosed into Stone, from an
-idea that <i lang="ga">clohy</i>, the latter part of it, signifies a <em>stone</em>, but it
-is a mere guess translation; so that in this instance this
-people may be said to have taken a new name. In the county
-of Leitrim, the ancient and by no means obscure name of
-Mac Connava has been rendered Forde, from an erroneous
-notion that <i lang="ga">ava</i>, the last part of it, is a corruption of <i lang="ga">atha</i>, <em>of
-a ford</em>. This is also an instance of false translation, for we
-know that Mac Connava, chief of Munter Kenny, in the
-county of Leitrim, took his name from his ancestor Cusnava,
-who flourished in the tenth century. In Thomond the
-ancient name of O’Knavin is now often anglicised Bowen,
-because Knavin signifies a <em>small bone</em>. This change was first
-made by a butcher in Dublin, who should perhaps be excused,
-as he conformed so well to the act of 5 Edward IV. In
-Tirconnell the ancient name of O’Mulmoghery is now always
-rendered Early, because <i lang="ga">moch-eirghe</i> signifies <em>early rising</em>.
-This version, however, is excusable, though not altogether
-correct. In Thomond, O’Marcachain is translated Ryder by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>
-some, but anglicised Markham by others; and in the same
-territory O’Lahiff is made Guthrie, which is altogether incorrect.
-In Tyrone the ancient name of Mac Rory is now
-invariably made Rogers, because Roger is assumed to be the
-English Christian name corresponding to the Irish Ruaidhri or
-Rory. In Connamara, in the west of the county of Galway, the
-ancient name of Mac Conry is now always made King, because
-it is assumed that <em>ry</em>, the last syllable of it, is from <i lang="ga">righ</i>,
-a king; but this is a gross error, for this family, who are of
-Dalcassian origin, took their surname from their ancestor
-Curoi, a name which forms Conroi in the genitive case, and has
-nothing to do with <i lang="ga">righ</i>, a king; and the Kings of Connamara
-would therefore do well to drop their false name, a name to
-which they have no right, and re-assume their proper ancient
-and excellent name of Mac Conry, through which alone their
-pedigree and their history can be traced.</p>
-
-<p>These examples, selected out of a long list of Irish surnames,
-erroneously translated, are sufficient to show the false
-process by which the Irish are getting rid of their ancient
-surnames. I shall next exhibit a few specimens of Irish surnames
-which have been assimilated to English or Scotch ones,
-from a fancied resemblance in the sounds of both.</p>
-
-<p>In Ulster, Mac Mahon, the name of the celebrated chiefs
-of Oriel, a name which, as we have already seen, the poet
-Spenser attempted to prove to be an Irish form of Fitzursula,
-is now very frequently anglicised Matthews; and Mac Cawell,
-the name of the ancient chiefs of Kinel Ferady, is anglicised
-Camphill, Campbell, Howell, and even Cauldfield. In Thomond,
-the name O’Hiomhair is anglicised Howard among the
-peasantry, and Ivers among the gentry, which looks strange
-indeed! And in the same county, the ancient Irish name of
-O’Beirne is metamorphosed to Byron; while in the original
-locality of the name, in Tir-Briuin na Sinna, in the east of
-the county of Roscommon, it is anglicised Bruin among the
-peasantry; but among the gentry, who know the historical
-respectability of the name, the original form O’Beirne is retained.
-In the province of Connaught we have met a family
-of the name of O’Heraghty, who anglicised their old Scotic
-name to Harrington, an innovation which we consider almost
-unpardonable. In the city of Limerick, the illustrious name of
-O’Shaughnessy is metamorphosed to Sandys, by a family who
-know their pedigree well; for no other reason, perhaps, than
-to disguise the Irish origin of the family; but we are glad to
-find it retained by the Roman Catholic Dean of Ennis, and
-also by Mr O’Shaughnessy of Galway, who, though now reduced
-to the capacity of a barber in the town of Galway, is
-the chief of his name, and now the senior representative of
-Guaire Aidhne, king of Connaught, who is celebrated in Irish
-history as the personification of hospitality. Strange turn
-of affairs! In the county of Londonderry, the celebrated old
-name O’Brollaghan is made to look English by being transmuted
-to Bradley, an English name of no lustre, at least in
-Ireland. In the county of Fermanagh, the O’Creighans have
-changed their name to Creighton, for no other reason than
-because a Colonel Creighton lives in their vicinity; and in
-the county of Leitrim, O’Fergus, the descendant of the ancient
-Erenachs of Rossinver, has, we are sorry to say, lately
-changed his name to Ferguson. Throughout the province of
-Ulster generally, very extraordinary changes have been made
-in the names of the aborigines; as, Mac Teige, to Montague;
-O’Mulligan, to Molyneaux; Mac-Gillycuskly, to Cosgrove;
-Mac Gillyglass, to Greene; O’Tuathalain, to Toland and
-Thulis; O’Hay, to Hughes; O’Carellan, to Carleton, as, for instance,
-our own William Carleton, the depicter of the manners,
-customs, and superstitions of the Irish, who is of the old Milesian
-race of the O’Cairellans, the ancient chiefs of Clandermot,
-in the present county of Londonderry; O’Howen, to
-Owens; Mac Gillyfinen, to Leonard; Mac Shane, to Johnson,
-and even Johnston; O’Gneeve, to Agnew; O’Clery, to Clarke;
-Mac Lave, to Hande; Mac Guiggin, to Goodwin; O’Hir,
-to Hare; O’Luane, to Lamb; Mac Conin, to Canning;
-O’Haughey, to Howe; O’Conwy, to Conway; O’Loingsy, to
-Lynch; Mac Namee, to Meath, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>In Connaught, O’Greighan is changed to Graham; O’Cluman,
-to Coalman; O’Naghton, to Norton; Mac Rannal, to
-Reynolds; O’Heosa, to Hussey; Mac Firbis, to Forbes;
-O’Hargadon, to Hardiman (the learned author of the History
-of Galway, and compiler of the Irish Minstrelsy, is of this
-name, and not of English origin, as the present form of his
-name would seem to indicate); O’Mulfover, to Milford;
-O’Tiompain, to Tenpenny; O’Conagan, to Conyngham;
-O’Heyne, to Hindes and Hynes; O’Mulvihil, to Melville;
-O’Rourke, to Rooke; Mac Gillakilly, to Cox and Woods. In
-Munster, O’Sesnan is changed to Sexton; O’Shanahan, to
-Fox; O’Turran, to Troy; O’Mulligan, to Baldwin; O’Hiskeen,
-to Hastings; O’Nia, to Neville (in every instance!);
-O’Corey, to Curry; O’Sheedy, to Silke; O’Mulfaver, to
-Palmer; O’Trehy, to Foote; O’Honeen, to Greene; O’Connaing,
-to Gunning; O’Murgaly, to Morley; O’Kinsellagh, to
-Kingsley and Tinsly; Mac Gillymire, to Merryman; O’Hehir,
-to Hare; O’Faelchon, to Wolfe; O’Barran, to Barrington;
-O’Keatey, to Keating; O’Connowe, to Conway; O’Credan,
-to Creed; O’Feehily, to Pickley; O’Ahern, to Heron, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Scores of similar instances might be given, but the number
-exhibited is sufficient to show the manner in which the Irish
-are assimilating their names with those of their conquerors.</p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">SCRAP FROM THE NORTHERN SCRIP.</h2>
-
-<p class="center">Translated for the Irish Penny Journal, from the publications of the Royal
-Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen.</p>
-
-<h3>NO. II.&mdash;AN IRISH HERDSMAN’S DOG.</h3>
-
-<p>After King Olave had married his Irish spouse Gyda, he
-dwelt partly in England, partly in Ireland. While King
-Olave was in Ireland, it so happened that he was engaged in
-a certain expedition attended by a great naval force. When
-they were short of plunder, they went ashore, and drove off a
-great multitude of cattle. Then a certain peasant followed
-them, begging that they would return him the cows which belonged
-to him in the herd they were driving away. King
-Olave answered, “Drive off your cows, if you know them,
-and can separate them from the herd of oxen, so as not to
-delay our journey; but I believe that neither you nor any
-one else can do this, from among so many hundreds of oxen
-as we are driving.” The peasant had a large herdsman’s
-dog, which he ordered to sort the herds of oxen that were
-collected. The dog ran about through all the herds of oxen,
-and drove off as many oxen as the peasant had said he
-wanted; all these oxen were marked in the same manner, from
-which they inferred that the dog had rightly distinguished
-them. Then the king says, “Your dog is very sagacious,
-peasant! will you give me the dog?” He answered, “I will,
-with pleasure.” The king immediately gave him a large gold
-ring, and promised him his friendship. This dog was named
-Vigins, and he was of all dogs the most sagacious and the
-best; that dog was long in King Olave’s possession.</p>
-
-<p class="right">G. D.</p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL HEAT.</h2>
-
-<h3>First Article.</h3>
-
-<p>A few years ago a conjuror made his appearance in London,
-whose performances were so wonderful that his audience, instead
-of being confined to the foolish and thoughtless people
-who usually encourage such exhibitions, included many of the
-most eminent philosophers and scientific men of the day. It
-may naturally be supposed that his feats must have been more
-than usually ingenious, to attract persons of such consequence;
-and indeed many of them were so wonderful, that, had he ventured
-to exhibit them a century or two ago, they would inevitably
-have led him to the stake or the scaffold, for having too
-intimate an acquaintance with a certain disreputable personage
-whom it is not necessary to particularize by name. This
-great conjuror defied all the ordinary laws of nature. He
-would not condescend to exhibit such vulgar mountebank
-tricks as crunching red-hot coals in his mouth, and dining on
-tenpenny nails; but he struck the faculty with the greatest
-horror, by making poison of all kinds his common food;
-breakfasting on a strong solution of arsenic, and taking a
-short drachm of prussic acid before dinner, as a whet for his
-appetite. More wonderful still was his manner of preparing
-this dinner: he used to have an oven heated intensely, every
-day, into which he walked, or crawled, with the greatest composure,
-taking with him a raw beef-steak, which in the course
-of seven or eight minutes was well cooked by the intense heat of
-the place, whilst the only effect of its high temperature on him
-was to quicken his pulse a little, and produce a gentle perspiration.
-Fire, indeed, appeared his element, and so perfectly
-could he control and master it, that he received almost by
-acclamation the title of “the Fire King.”</p>
-
-<p>Human greatness, however is but transitory, and even the
-laurels of the Fire King were wrested from him by the envious
-doctors of the metropolis, who wished him to drink prussic
-acid of <em>their own manufacture</em>, an invitation which he very politely
-and prudently declined. But though on this account<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span>
-suspicion was cast on his pretensions as a poison-drinker, yet
-his reputation as a “Fire King” remained untarnished. He
-could continue in an oven heated above the temperature at
-which water boils, and he did so daily. There was no trick
-in this performance, for he used to take raw eggs into the
-oven with him, and send them out to the company, well done
-by the heat of the place alone. It was thought no man could
-imitate his example. But however wonderful the feats of this
-conjuror may appear to persons unacquainted with science,
-and while it must be confessed they were performed with an
-appearance of daring and temerity which certainly entitled
-the exhibitor to some degree of praise, yet his performances
-were merely a striking illustration of the power which every
-individual possesses of regulating the temperature of his own
-body; and there was scarcely one person of his audience but
-might himself have been the exhibitor, with very little training
-and with very little courage.</p>
-
-<p>Of all the functions of the human body one of the most
-wonderful is that by which it maintains in every climate, and
-in every variety of season, an almost equal temperature. It
-would appear to be necessary for the due performance of the
-vital functions that this temperature should never suffer any
-great degree of variation, and nature has accordingly provided
-the means by which, when exposed to cold, the body can
-generate heat; and when exposed to heat, so reduce its temperature
-that no inconvenience shall result. Before considering
-the manner in which these very different though equally
-necessary results are produced, it will not be uninteresting to
-notice a few examples of the power of endurance shown by
-human beings and the lower animals in regard to extremes
-of temperature. In another paper we will endeavour to explain
-the cause.</p>
-
-<p>One of the most striking and familiar of the laws of heat is
-what is termed by philosophers “its tendency to an equilibrium.”
-For instance, if a heated iron ball is suspended
-nearly in contact with one quite cold, the former in a short
-time will have imparted so much of its heat to the latter that
-they will soon become almost of equal temperature. If a
-penny piece is thrown into a kettle of boiling water it will
-soon become as hot as the boiling water itself. If a cup of
-water is exposed to a temperature below 32 degrees, it parts
-with so much of its natural heat, to come into a state of equilibrium
-with the medium in which it is placed, that it is converted
-into ice. These and many more familiar instances
-might be mentioned as illustrating the law of heat above
-alluded to. In short, it may be received as one of the best established
-facts in philosophy, that any substance, no matter
-what may be its texture or natural qualities, provided it does
-not possess life, will soon acquire and maintain the same temperature
-as that of the medium in which it is placed, so long
-as it continues in that medium. A piece of the metal platinum
-in the furnace of a glass-house may be kept at a white heat
-for years; a similar piece of metal, in an ice-house, will remain
-below 32 degrees so long as it is kept there.</p>
-
-<p>It would be unnecessary to notice so particularly these
-well-known facts, but that they will tend to render more striking
-the power which living bodies possess of resisting the law
-to which all unorganized bodies are subject. Any thing possessing
-life <em>can maintain a different temperature to the medium
-in which it lives</em>. The natural heat of fishes is two or three
-degrees above that of the water in which they live; the natural
-heat of creatures which live within the bowels of the earth,
-like the earth-worm for example, is as much above the usual
-temperature of the earth; while man himself maintains the
-heat of his body, as shown by the thermometer placed under
-the tongue or armpits, at about 98 degrees, under every
-variety of season, and in every climate under the sun. Were
-a human being to be kept imprisoned in an ice-house, the heat
-of his body could never sink to 32 degrees (the freezing point)
-while life remained. In these mighty reservoirs of ice and
-cold, the arctic regions, the blood of the rude creatures who
-exist there is as warm as that of ourselves; and at the torrid
-zone, where the heat of the sun is almost insupportable, the
-animal heat of the human frame is only one or two degrees
-higher than it is at the frozen poles.</p>
-
-<p>The power of the superior animals, and especially of man,
-to resist high degrees of temperature, is very extraordinary.
-The account of the performances of the “Fire King” already
-noticed, is a sufficient proof of this. Dr Southwood Smith,
-in his excellent treatise on “Animal Physiology,” gives a far
-more interesting description, however, of the accidental discovery
-of this property of life, from which we quote the following
-particulars:&mdash;“In the year 1760, at Rochefoucault,
-Messrs Du Hamel and Tillet, having occasion to use a large
-public oven on the same day in which bread had been baked
-in it, wished to ascertain with precision its degree of temperature.
-This they endeavoured to accomplish by introducing
-a thermometer into the oven at the end of a shovel. On
-being withdrawn, the thermometer indicated a degree of heat
-considerably above that of boiling water; but M. Tillet, convinced
-that the thermometer had fallen several degrees on
-approaching the mouth of the oven, and appearing to be at a
-loss how to rectify this error, a girl, one of the attendants on
-the oven, offered to enter and mark with a pencil the height
-at which the thermometer stood within the oven. The girl
-smiled at M. Tillet’s appearing to hesitate at this strange
-proposition, and entering the oven, marked with a pencil the
-thermometer as standing at 260 degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale.
-M. Tillet began to express his anxiety for the welfare of his
-female assistant, and to press her return. This female salamander,
-however, assuring him that she felt no inconvenience
-from her situation, remained there ten minutes longer, when
-at length, the thermometer standing at that time at 288 degrees,
-or 76 degrees above that of boiling water, she came out
-of the oven, her complexion indeed considerably heightened,
-but her respiration by no means quick or laborious. The publication
-of this transaction exciting a great degree of attention,
-several philosophers repeated similar experiments,
-amongst which the most accurate and decisive were those performed
-by Doctors Fordyce and Blagden. The rooms in
-which these celebrated experimenters conducted their researches
-were heated by flues in the floor. There was neither
-any chimney in them, nor any vent for the air, excepting
-through the crevice at the door. Having taken off his coat,
-waistcoat, and shirt, and being furnished with wooden shoes
-tied on with lint, Dr Blagden went into one of the rooms as
-soon as the thermometer indicated a degree of heat above
-that of boiling water. The first impression of this heated air
-upon his body was exceedingly disagreeable, but in a few
-minutes his uneasiness was removed by a profuse perspiration.
-At the end of twelve minutes he left the room, very much
-fatigued, but no otherwise disordered. The thermometer
-had risen to 220 degrees; the boiling point is 212 degrees.
-In other experiments it was found that a heat even of 260
-degrees could be borne with tolerable ease. At these high
-temperatures every piece of metal about the body of the experimenters
-became intolerably hot; small quantities of water
-placed in metallic vessels quickly boiled. Though the air of
-this room, which at one period indicated a heat of 264 degrees,
-could be breathed with impunity, yet of course the finger
-could not be put into the boiling water, which indicated only
-a heat of 212 degrees; nor could it bear the touch of quicksilver
-heated only to 120 degrees, nor scarcely that of spirits
-of wine at 110 degrees. But in a physiological view, the most
-curious and important point to be noticed is, that while the
-body was thus exposed to a temperature of 264 degrees, the
-heat of the body itself never rose above 101 degrees, or at
-most 102 degrees. In one experiment, while the heat of the
-room was 202 degrees, the heat of the body was only 99½
-degrees; its natural temperature in a state of health being
-98 degrees.”</p>
-
-<p>A similar power of withstanding extreme degrees of temperature
-is one of the peculiar properties of every thing possessing
-life. It is well known that an egg containing the living
-principle possesses the power of self-preservation for several
-weeks, although exposed to a degree of heat which would
-occasion the putrifaction of dead animal matter. During the
-period of incubation (hatching) the egg is kept at a heat of
-103 degrees, the hen’s egg for three, that of the duck for
-four weeks; yet when the chick is hatched, the entire yolk is
-found perfectly sweet, and that part of the white which has
-not been expended in the nourishment of the young bird is
-also quite fresh. It is found that if the living principle be
-destroyed, as it may be instantaneously, by passing the electric
-fluid through the egg, it becomes putrid in the same time
-as other dead animal matter. The power of the egg in resisting
-cold is proved to be equally great by several curious
-experiments of Hunter, the celebrated physiologist, which
-were so managed as to show at the same time both the power
-of the vital principle in resisting the physical agent, and
-the influence of the physical agent in diminishing the energy
-of the vital principle. Thus he exposed an egg to the temperature
-of 17 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, he found
-that it took about half an hour to freeze it. When thawed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>
-and again exposed to a cold atmosphere, it was frozen in one
-half the time, and when only at the temperature of 25 degrees.
-He then put a fresh egg, and one that had previously
-been frozen and again thawed, into a cold mixture at 15 degrees:
-the dead egg was frozen twenty-five minutes sooner
-than the fresh one. It is obvious that in the one case the undiminished
-vitality of the fresh egg enabled it to resist the low
-temperature for so long a period; in the other case the diminished
-or destroyed vitality of the frozen egg occasioned
-it speedily to yield to the influence of the physical agent.</p>
-
-<p>Animals can withstand the effects of heat far better than
-the severity of cold. The human frame suffers comparatively
-little even in the burning deserts of Arabia, compared with
-what it endures in those wastes of ice and snow which form
-the polar regions. Here the body is stunted in its growth;
-there is no energy of mind or character; and life itself is only
-preserved by extraordinary care and attention. When a
-person is exposed to intense cold, it produces partial imbecility;
-he neglects even those precautions which may enable
-him to withstand its severity. He refuses to exercise his
-limbs, without which they become torpid; and, unable to resist
-the drowsiness that seizes on his frame, he resigns himself to
-its influence, becomes insensible, and dies. Even in our own
-climate this is not an unfrequent occurrence; and we cannot
-conclude this paper better than by quoting the expressive
-lines of Thomson, describing the death of an unhappy peasant
-from the severity of a winter storm:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse">As thus the snows arise; and foul, and fierce,</div>
-<div class="verse">All winter drives along the darkened air;</div>
-<div class="verse">In his own loose revolving fields, the swain</div>
-<div class="verse">Disaster’d stands; sees other hills ascend,</div>
-<div class="verse">Of unknown joyless brow; and other scenes,</div>
-<div class="verse">Of horrid prospect, shag the trackless plain:</div>
-<div class="verse">Nor finds the river nor the forest, hid</div>
-<div class="verse">Beneath the formless wild; but wanders on</div>
-<div class="verse">From hill to dale, still more and more astray,</div>
-<div class="verse">Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps,</div>
-<div class="verse">Stung with the thoughts of home; the thoughts of home</div>
-<div class="verse">Rush on his nerves, and call their vigour forth</div>
-<div class="verse">In many a vain attempt. How sinks his soul!</div>
-<div class="verse">What black despair, what horror fills his breast!</div>
-<div class="verse">When for the dusky spot, which fancy feign’d</div>
-<div class="verse">His tufted cottage rising through the snow,</div>
-<div class="verse">He meets the roughness of the middle waste</div>
-<div class="verse">Far from the track and blest abode of man,</div>
-<div class="verse">While round him might resistless closes fast,</div>
-<div class="verse">And every tempest, howling o’er his head,</div>
-<div class="verse">Renders the savage wildness more wild.</div>
-<div class="verse">Then throng the busy shapes into his mind,</div>
-<div class="verse">Of covered pits unfathomably deep,</div>
-<div class="verse">A dire descent! beyond the power of frost;</div>
-<div class="verse">Of faithless bogs; Of precipices huge</div>
-<div class="verse">Smoothed up with snow; and what is land, unknown,</div>
-<div class="verse">What water of the still unfrozen spring,</div>
-<div class="verse">In the loose marsh or solitary lake,</div>
-<div class="verse">Where the fresh fountain from the bottom boils.</div>
-<div class="verse">These check his fearful steps; and down he sinks</div>
-<div class="verse">Beneath the shelter of the shapeless drift,</div>
-<div class="verse">Thinking o’er all the bitterness of death,</div>
-<div class="verse">Mix’d with the tender anguish nature shoots</div>
-<div class="verse">Through the wrung bosom of the dying man&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse">His wife&mdash;his children&mdash;and his friends unseen.</div>
-<div class="verse">In vain for him the officious wife prepares</div>
-<div class="verse">The fire, fair, blazing, and the vestment warm.</div>
-<div class="verse">In vain his little children, peeping out</div>
-<div class="verse">Into the mingling storm, demand their sire</div>
-<div class="verse">With tears of artless innocence. Alas!</div>
-<div class="verse">Nor wife, nor children more shall he behold&mdash;</div>
-<div class="verse">Nor friends, nor sacred home. On every nerve</div>
-<div class="verse">The deadly winter seizes; shuts up sense,</div>
-<div class="verse">And, o’er his inmost vitals creeping cold,</div>
-<div class="verse">Lays him along the snows, a stiffened corse,</div>
-<div class="verse">Stretch’d out, and bleaching in the northern blast.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<div class="verse right">J. S. D.</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Gravity.</span>&mdash;Gravity is an arrant scoundrel, and one of the
-most dangerous kind too, because a sly one; and we verily believe
-that more honest, well-meaning people are bubbled out
-of their goods and money by it in one twelvemonth, than by
-pocket-picking and shop-lifting in seven. The very essence
-of gravity is design, and consequently deceit; it is in fact a
-taught trick to gain credit with the world for more sense and
-knowledge than a man is really worth.</p>
-
-<h2 class="gap4">WAR.</h2>
-
-<p>War, it is said, kindles patriotism; by fighting for our country
-we learn to love it. But the patriotism which is cherished by
-war, is ordinarily false and spurious, a vice and not a virtue, a
-scourge to the world, a narrow unjust passion, which aims to
-exalt a particular state on the humiliation and destruction of
-other nations. A genuine enlightened patriot discerns that
-the welfare of his own country is involved in the general progress
-of society; and in the character of a patriot, as well
-as of a Christian, he rejoices in the liberty and prosperity of
-other communities, and is anxious to maintain with them the
-relations of peace and amity.</p>
-
-<p>It is said that a military spirit is the defence of a country.
-But it more frequently endangers the vital interests of a nation,
-by embroiling it with other states. This spirit, like every
-other passion, is impatient for gratification, and often precipitates
-a country into unnecessary war. A people have no
-need of a military spirit. Let them be attached to their government
-and institutions by habit, by early associations, and
-especially by experimental conviction of their excellence, and
-they will never want means or spirit to defend them.</p>
-
-<p>War is recommended as a method of redressing national
-grievances. But unhappily the weapons of war, from their
-very nature, are often wielded most successfully by the unprincipled.
-Justice and force have little congeniality. Should
-not Christians everywhere strive to promote the reference of
-national as well as of individual disputes to an impartial umpire?
-Is a project of this nature more extravagant than the
-idea of reducing savage hordes to a state of regular society?
-The last has been accomplished. Is the first to be abandoned
-in despair?</p>
-
-<p>It is said that war sweeps off the idle, dissolute, and vicious
-members of the community. Monstrous argument! If a
-government may for this end plunge a nation into war, it may
-with equal justice consign to the executioner any number of
-its subjects whom it may deem a burden on the state. The
-fact is, that war commonly generates as many profligates as
-it destroys. A disbanded army fills the community with at
-least as many abandoned members as at first it absorbed.</p>
-
-<p>It is sometimes said that a military spirit favours liberty.
-But how is it, that nations, after fighting for ages, are so generally
-enslaved? The truth is, that liberty has no foundation
-but in private and public virtue; and virtue, as we have
-seen, is not the common growth of war.</p>
-
-<p>But the great argument remains to be discussed. It is said
-that without war to excite and invigorate the human mind,
-some of its noblest energies will slumber, and its highest qualities,
-courage, magnanimity, fortitude, will perish. To this
-I answer, that if war is to be encouraged among nations
-because it nourishes energy and heroism, on the same principle
-war in our families, and war between neighbourhoods,
-villages, and cities, ought to be encouraged; for such contests
-would equally tend to promote heroic daring and contempt of
-death. Why shall not different provinces of the same empire
-annually meet with the weapons of death, to keep alive their
-courage? We shrink at this suggestion with horror; but
-why shall contests of nations, rather than of provinces or
-families, find shelter under this barbarous argument?</p>
-
-<p>I observe again: if war be a blessing, because it awakens energy
-and courage, then the savage state is peculiarly privileged;
-for every savage is a soldier, and his whole modes of life tend
-to form him to invincible resolution. On the same principle,
-those early periods of society were happy, when men were
-called to contend, not only with one another, but with beasts
-of prey; for to these excitements we owe the heroism of Hercules
-and Theseus. On the same principle, the feudal ages
-were more favoured than the present; for then every baron
-was a military chief, every castle frowned defiance, and every
-vassal was trained to arms. And do we really wish that the
-earth should again be overrun with monsters, or abandoned
-to savage or feudal violence, in order that heroes may be multiplied?
-If not, let us cease to vindicate war as affording
-excitement to energy and courage.&mdash;<cite>Channing.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="gap4">Suffer not your spirit to be subdued by misfortunes, but,
-on the contrary, steer right onward, with a courage greater
-than your fate seems to allow.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office
-of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.&mdash;Agents:&mdash;<span class="smcap">R.
-Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London;
-<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North
-John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh;
-and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-50, June 12, 1841, by Various
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