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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dd7378 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55525 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55525) diff --git a/old/55525-0.txt b/old/55525-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 412216a..0000000 --- a/old/55525-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2329 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Trains at Work, by -Mary Elting Folsom and David Lyle Millard - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Trains at Work - -Author: Mary Elting Folsom - David Lyle Millard - -Release Date: September 11, 2017 [EBook #55525] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAINS AT WORK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - [Illustration: - - TRAINS - _AT WORK_ - - - MARY ELTING - _ILLUSTRATED BY_ - DAVID LYLE MILLARD] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - - - - TRAINS AT WORK - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - - - - TRAINS - AT WORK - - _By Mary Elting_ - - [Illustration] - - ILLUSTRATED BY - DAVID LYLE MILLARD - - GARDEN CITY BOOKS GARDEN CITY, N.Y. - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - - Copyright 1953 by Duenewald Printing Corporation. - Lithographed in the United States of America. - - - [Illustration] - - -SAM IS A FIREMAN: - -Sam is the fireman on a big freight locomotive. Like lots of people who -work on trains, Sam belongs to a family of railroaders. His father was a -locomotive engineer. His grandfather was one, too. And, long ago, -grandmother was an “op.” That means she operated the fast-clicking -telegraph key in a railroad station. Her telegraph messages helped to -keep the trains running safely and on time. - -When Sam was a little boy, he listened to his father and grandfather -talking railroad talk. They used all kinds of words that ordinary people -didn’t understand. They had wonderful nicknames for each other, and -slang words for many of the things they did. - -For instance, grandfather called his big locomotive a hog. Since he ran -it, he was the hogger. After every trip, he brought his engine to the -roundhouse, where men cleaned it and fixed it all up. Pig-pen was one -nickname for the roundhouse. Can you figure out why? Another nickname -was barn, because people often called a locomotive an Iron Horse. The -barn had stalls for the engines. A modern roundhouse does, too. - -The lumps of coal that grandfather’s engine burned were called black -diamonds. Fireman was the regular name for the man who shoveled coal, -cleaned out the ashes and helped to grease the wheels with tallow fat. -But the fireman also had a whole string of nicknames--diamond pusher, -ashcat, bakehead and tallow pot. He called his shovel his banjo. - -Once an old-fashioned train began rolling, it was hard to stop it. A man -had to run from car to car, putting the brakes on by hand. Naturally, he -was the brakeman, but his friends called him the shack. - -In the days before electric lights, railroads needed signals just as -they do now. The first ones were large balls that hung from a tall post. -A black ball hanging halfway to the top of the post meant STOP. A white -ball hanging high in the air meant CLEAR TRACK. - -Lots of things have changed since then, but a signal - -[Illustration] - -to go ahead is still the “highball” because railroaders still use many -of the old words. Firemen and brakemen now have machinery that does many -of the things they used to do, but they keep their old names. And one -thing hasn’t changed at all: People still love trains. The men who work -on the huge powerful engines would rather work there than almost -anywhere else. That’s how Sam feels about it. - -[Illustration: HIGHBALL MEANS TO GO FAST, BECAUSE IN THE OLD DAYS - -WHITE BALL, RUN TO TOP OF CROSSBAR MEANT “CLEAR TRACK” - -BLACK BALL, RUN HALF-WAY UP MEANT “STOP”] - -When Sam reports for work, his big steam locomotive is all ready. Men -have oiled it and checked it. The fire is roaring in the firebox. In the -old days, a fireman spent most of his time shoveling coal. The faster -the train went, the more steam it needed and the faster the fireman had -to work with his banjo. Sam knows how to use a shovel if he needs to, -but that’s not his main job. His locomotive has a machine called an -automatic stoker which feeds coal into the firebox. - -Sam just checks up on the fire. He looks at dials and gauges in the -locomotive cab, and they tell him what he wants to know. There is enough -steam. Everything is ship-shape. - -Sam and the engineer and a brakeman work at the front of the train, so -they are called the head-end crew. Another brakeman and the freight -conductor work in the caboose--the last car on the train. In between the -caboose and the locomotive are sixty cars of important freight that has -to be delivered fast. A fast freight is called a hotshot or redball. A -slow one is a drag. - -Sam and the engineer are ready to go. Far down the track the conductor -raises his arm and gives the highball signal. He is ready, too. Now the -engineer pulls the throttle lever. The long train snakes out of the -freight yards onto the main line, and pretty soon they are “batting the -stack off her”--which means making fast time. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Sam, on the left side of the cab, watches the track ahead. The engineer -sits on the right, keeping a sharp lookout. When they come to a curve, -Sam looks back along the train to make sure everything is all right. - -After a while they see a little town up ahead, and beside the track -stands a signal they have been expecting. It looks like a round plate, -with places for nine lights in it. But only three of the lights are ever -flashed at once. At the top of the page you will see what each set of -lights means. - -This time three green go-ahead lights are showing. - -“Clear signal,” Sam calls to the engineer. - -“Green eye it is,” the engineer replies. - -All through the trip he and Sam will call the signals back and forth to -each other, just to make sure there is no mistake. The engineer gives -one long blast on his whistle to tell the station agent in the little -town that the train is coming. - -As they go past the station, Sam leans out of the cab and snatches a -hoop from the station agent’s hand. Quickly Sam takes a piece of paper -from it and tosses - -[Illustration] - -the hoop out again. In the meantime the agent hands another hoop to the -conductor in the caboose. - -The paper that Sam takes off the hoop is a train order, called a flimsy. -On the flimsy the station agent has written instructions for the train’s -crew. Orders come to the station by telegraph. Sometimes they tell the -crew that the train must make an unexpected stop at the next station. -Sometimes they give information about other trains that have been -delayed. - -Bigger stations often have train order posts that stand beside the -track, but small-town agents hoop the orders up by hand. Usually the -agent has to walk along the track and pick up hoops that the crew toss -down. But the one who gave the orders to Sam has a dog trained to chase -hoops and bring them back! - -[Illustration] - -Sam and the engineer and the brakeman read the orders to be sure nobody -makes a mistake that might cause an accident. Back in the caboose the -other brakeman and the conductor read their copy of the orders, too. -Then the conductor goes to work at his desk again. The caboose is really -his office. There he checks the papers that tell where every freight -car in the train is supposed to go. - -[Illustration] - -The brakeman pours himself a cup of coffee that’s been heating on the -stove in the caboose. Then he climbs to his seat in the cupola--the -little tower with windows through which he can watch the train. Squirrel -cage is a nickname for the cupola. The caboose has the most nicknames of -all. Crib, crum box, crummy, bounce, doghouse, parlor and monkey house -are some of them. - -Safety is everybody’s job on a train, and each man in the crew knows the -rules. If the train makes an emergency stop, the men take care that no -other train will bump into them. One brakeman runs out ahead and the -other runs back along the track with signal flags to warn the other -trains. At night they take along fusees, which look like giant -firecrackers and burn with a bright red warning glow. Torpedoes are the -best warning of all. - -[Illustration] - -The brakeman fastens torpedoes to the track with little clamps. Then, if -a locomotive runs over them, they explode with loud bangs that tell the -engineer to stop before he runs into the stalled train ahead. - -The first regular stop for Sam’s train is a station where the tender is -filled with water. The long string of freight cars waits here on a -siding while a fast passenger train goes by. - -On the next part of Sam’s trip, the train has to climb some steep -grades. One engine alone can’t do all the work, so a helper engine -couples on just ahead of the caboose. On the days when Sam’s train is -extra long and heavy, two helpers are needed. - -Going downhill in the mountains is work, too--work for the brakes. In -the old days, the brakeman had to run along the tops of freight cars and -“club down.” - -[Illustration] - -That means he used a long club called a sap, to turn the wheels that set -the hand brakes on each car. - -The catwalks or decks along the car roofs made a path for the brakemen. -Sometimes they walked up and down inspecting the train. Then they said -they were “deckorating.” - -Fast freight cars, and slow ones, too, now have air brakes which are -squeezed against the wheels by compressed air. Every car has an air hose -that runs underneath it to the brake machinery. The hose from each car -can be joined to the hose on the ones behind and in front, and finally -to the locomotive’s hose. A pump in the locomotive compresses the air -for the whole train. Now if the engineer wants to stop, he just moves a -lever. A whoosh of air tightens the brakes on every car. - -When the train goes down a long hill, the squeezing of the brakes can -actually make the wheels get red hot. Some freight trains have to stop -and let the wheels get cool. But the cars in Sam’s train have a sort of -fan built into the brake machinery. The fan cools the wheels, and the -redball freight goes right on down. - -After a while, Sam takes a little scoop and tosses some sand into the -firebox. He knows that the engine’s flues are likely to get clogged up -with soot, and the sand will clean them out. Later on, sand does an -even more important job. The train has run into a storm in the cold, -high mountains. Slushy snow has frozen on the rails. Instead of pulling -ahead, the engine’s wheels begin to slip round and round. - -But the engineer fixes that easily. He squirts sand onto the slick track -to make the wheels pull again. The sand comes from the dome, which is -the hump you can see behind the stack on top of a locomotive. Pipes lead -down from the dome on each side and aim the sand onto the track just in -front of the driving wheels. - -A locomotive’s sand is just as important as coal and water. Ice or rain -or even the dampness in a tunnel can make slippery tracks. So the -railroads keep supplies of fine dry sand to fill the domes. Sam always -checks to see if he has enough sand when the tender takes on coal. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: STOP SWING BACK AND FORTH ACROSS TRACKS - -REDUCE SPEED HELD AT ARM’S LENGTH HORIZONTALLY - -PROCEED RAISED AND LOWERED VERTICALLY] - -The huge coal towers in big freight yards can fill several tenders at -once. Often, while the loading goes on, ashes from the locomotive’s -firebox get cleaned out at the same time. There is a dump pit under the -tracks, with little cars that run on their own rails. After a little car -is filled with ashes, it can be pushed away and unloaded at the ash -heap. - -When Sam pulls into the next big freight yard, his part of the run is -finished. After a while he will board another engine and take another -freight train back to his home station. He has a regular schedule for -work. That doesn’t seem strange these days, but Sam’s grandfather would -have thought it was something miraculous. - -In the old days, grandfather never knew what time he’d have to leave for -work. Sometimes, when he was just ready to blow out the kerosene lamp -and go to bed, there would be a knock at the door. On the dark porch -stood a boy, still panting from a bicycle ride up the street. He was the -railroad call boy, and he’d come to say that an engineer was needed -right away. Grandfather had been assigned to the job. So he pulled on -his clothes and went off, no matter how sleepy he was. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -The place where Sam leaves his train is called a division point. Other -men will take over all the cars of redball freight and speed them on -another division of their trip. Let’s see who these different -railroaders are and what they do. - - -UNSCRAMBLING THE TRAINS - -Sixty freight cars have come roaring together over the mountains behind -Sam’s engine. But now the cars have to be separated. Some of them are -going to Baltimore. Some will turn north to Chicago. Others are bound -south. Freight cars for twenty different cities are coupled together in -one train, and somebody must unscramble them. - -Suppose you have a lot of colored beads on a string and you want to -separate them into greens and reds and blues. The easiest way is to get -three cups and let the beads drop off one by one, each into its own cup -with the others of the same color. - -That’s just what railroaders do with a freight train. Instead of cups, -of course, they have a lot of separate tracks, all branching off a main -track. On one branch track, they collect the cars that go to Baltimore; -on another, the cars for Chicago; on another, the cars headed south. -This system of tracks is a classification yard. - -In order to turn the cars from one track to another, there must be a lot -of switches. A switch is made up of movable pieces of rail that guide -the cars’ wheels. Look at the picture and you will see how a switch -guides a car either along the main track or onto a branch track that -curves off to the right. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Some of the most wonderful inventions in the world have been put to work -in the big freight classification yards. First the regular engine leaves -the train and a special switch engine couples on. The engineer of the -switch engine has a radio telephone in the cab, so he can listen to -orders from the towerman who unscrambles the train. - -The towerman sits in a tower beside the track at the top of a little -hill called the hump. The main track goes over the hump and down. Then -it divides into several branch tracks. If you uncouple a car just at the -top of the hump, it will roll down the slope by itself. - -To make the car go onto the right branch, the towerman works an electric -switch. He just pushes little handles on the board in front of him, and -electric machinery moves the switches in the tracks. - -On the desk beside him, the towerman has a list that tells him where -each car in the train is and what city it is headed for. He knows which -branch tracks should be used--track number 4 for cars going to -Baltimore, track 6 for Chicago cars. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: LOOKING OUT OF INSPECTOR’S PIT AT CAR PASSING OVERHEAD] - -Slowly the switch engine pushes the train toward the hump. On the way -the cars pass over a big hole underneath the track. In the hole sits a -man in a chair that can be tipped and turned. And all around are bright -lights that shine on the undersides of cars as they pass. This is the -inspection pit. The man in the chair tilts this way and that, watching -through a shatterproof glass hood to see if anything is broken or loose -on the under side of the cars. When he spots a car that needs repairing, -he talks with the towerman by radio telephone. And the towerman switches -the car off to a repair track. - -(Not all yards have radio telephone. In the ones that don’t, the -inspector pushes a button and squirts whitewash onto a car to mark it -for repair.) - -Now the cars come close to the hump. A brakeman uncouples the first one. -Slowly it starts downhill. Then it gathers speed--faster, faster. If it -hits another car there will be a crash. But, like magic, something seems -to grab at the wheels and slow them down. - -[Illustration: BRAKEMAN UNCOUPLING CARS] - -Something does rise up like fingers from the sides of the track. It is -the car retarder which squeezes against the wheels and keeps the car -from rolling along too fast. - -The retarder works by electricity. The towerman just presses a button or -a handle in the tower, and far down the track the retarder machinery -goes to work. Before railroads had this machinery, brakemen went over -the hump with the cars, working fast and hard to put the hand brakes on -at just the right time. Brakemen who did this were called hump riders. - -Once in a while a hump rider still goes with a car of very fragile -freight that might be broken if it banged into another car the least bit -too hard. - -[Illustration: LOOKING DOWN INTO PIT AT THE INSPECTOR AND HIS -SEARCHLIGHTS--] - -Car after car drifts down the hump and stops just where it should. When -one freight train has been unscrambled, another rolls up beneath the -tower, and its cars, too, are shuffled. In just a few hours half a dozen -trains have been broken up and made into new ones. - -Some yards have extra inspectors who stand on top of a building and look -down at the cars from above. They can see broken parts that the man in -the inspection pit might miss. In other yards, a man is stationed beside -the track that leads up to the hump. In his hands, he holds something -that looks like a gun. It is--an oil gun. As each car passes, he takes -aim and fires a stream of oil straight into the car’s journal box. -(You’ll read about the journal box on page 42.) - -[Illustration] - -Not every freight yard has a hump or car retarders or radio telephones. -Only the biggest ones have all these things. In many yards the switch -engine pushes the whole train first onto one track and then onto -another, dropping a car each time. - -[Illustration: Diesel Switcher - -Electric Switcher - -“teakettle”] - -There are several kinds of switch engine, built especially for their -jobs. But switching is often done with very old engines that aren’t fast -enough for regular runs any more. Railroad men call an old wheezy engine -a teakettle. An ordinary switch engine is a bobtail or a yard goat. - -If the yard doesn’t have switches that work by electricity, switchmen -work them by hand. A switchman is sometimes called a cherry picker, -because of the red lights on the switches. Another nickname for him is -snake. That’s because he used to wear a union button with a big snaky S -on it. Many railroaders belong to unions called Brotherhoods. Part of -the safety of their work was brought about by the unions which helped to -get laws passed and rules established to make railroading as free from -danger as possible. - -[Illustration: back in - -hot box - -cross over - -train should back away - -come in on track four] - -In the old days, one great danger came from the big, heavy gadget called -a link-and-pin that joined the cars together. The switchman or the -brakeman had to reach in and fasten it when a train was being made up. -If the cars began to move while he was at work, he might get his fingers -cut off. - -All cars now have automatic couplings which clasp together and hold -tight when one car bumps another. To uncouple, the switchman works a -handle that keeps his fingers safely out of the way. - -A railroad yard is a noisy place. Usually the engineer can’t possibly -talk with a switchman down the track, no matter how loud he shouts. So -railroaders have worked out a whole sign language in which they can -talk to each other from a distance. The pictures tell what some of these -special signals mean. - -[Illustration: cut off car or engine - -bad order car - -take water - -couple cars - -time to eat] - -After a new freight train has been made up at the classification yard, a -car inspector puts a blue flag on the engine and another on the caboose. -Then he checks up carefully on the whole train to make sure everything -is in good working order. An old nickname for inspector is car toad, -because he often squats down to look for broken parts. While he is at -work, the blue flags are a warning that the train must not be disturbed. -If the inspector finds a car that needs repairs, he reports that it is a -“bad order car.” - - -THE BACKSHOP - -Locomotives get their regular inspection in the roundhouse. Small repair -jobs are done there. But if there’s something seriously wrong, off the -engine goes to the backshop for a complete overhauling. - -[Illustration: TRAIN PARTED - -SWING VERTICALLY IN CIRCLE AT ARM’S LENGTH ACROSS TRACKS - -APPLY AIR BRAKES - -SWUNG HORIZONTALLY ABOVE HEAD - -RELEASE AIR BRAKES - -HELD AT ARM’S LENGTH ABOVE THE HEAD] - -The backshop for locomotive repairs has rails on the floor--and rails up -in the air, too. An engine chuffs in on its own tracks and stops. When -it has cooled down, an overhead crane travels on its rails high above -the floor. It swoops down, picks up the body of the locomotive and -carries the whole thing away, leaving the wheels behind. - -Now a dozen men swarm over the engine’s body, and before long it looks -like an old piece of junk. Some parts get thrown away. But many of them -just need cleaning or mending. As the hundreds of parts come off, they -are marked with the engine’s number. Then they scatter all over the shop -to be inspected and cleaned or fixed and tested. - -Meantime, other workers take charge of the wheels. In the old days, they -had one particular way of testing a wheel. They gave it a good sharp rap -with a hammer. If the metal rang out clear and bell-like, it was -supposed to be all right. Inspectors in railroad yards went about -tapping car wheels, too. And that’s how repairmen and inspectors got -their nicknames--car-knocker, car-whacker, car-tinker, car-tink, -car-tonk. Wheel experts in the backshop now have scientific tests to -make sure - -[Illustration] - -that wheels are in good condition. Sometimes they even do X-ray tests, -looking for cracks hidden deep inside the metal! - -When you walk around a big railroad shop, everything seems noisy and -helter-skelter. Noisy it is. Wheels screech, hammers pound, fires roar. -But the work is really planned out in a very orderly way. And nothing -goes to waste. When big machine parts get worn down, they can often be -shaved and smoothed and made over into smaller parts for a different -purpose. - -Even the shavings have their uses. A machine with a magnet in it sorts -the tiny bits of metal. The iron bits stick to the magnet and other -kinds drop through into containers. Later, each kind of metal is melted -down to make new parts. Iron dust from one engine’s axle may turn up -later in one of the thousands of new car wheels that railroads keep in -huge yards. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -All of this fixing and testing and making over takes a lot of time. A -locomotive may spend a month or more in the shop. But at last it is all -put together again, complete with a new coat of paint. Now it goes out -for a test on the slip-track. This is a greased track where the engine’s -wheels whirl round as if it were going at top speed while it is really -almost standing still. If everything works all right, its old number is -put in place, and an almost new locomotive is ready to highball again. - -[Illustration: STOP 1 SHORT - -RELEASE BRAKES PROCEED 2 LONG - -SNOW BOARD - -WHISTLE POST] - - -LOCOMOTIVES - -More than forty different kinds of locomotive work for the railroads. -Some of them haul freight, and some are passenger train engines. Some -are steam locomotives, some are not. - -Steam locomotives all need water to make the steam that makes the wheels -turn. But they don’t all get it in the same way. One kind never has to -stop and wait for its tender to be filled. Instead it has a scoop that -dips down as the engine passes over a long track-pan of water set -between the rails. With no time lost, the scoop sucks up water into the -tank. The men say, “She’s jerked a drink.” In winter, the track-pans are -heated to keep the water from freezing. - -Two kinds of locomotive don’t even need water. Electric engines use -electric current instead of steam to turn the wheels. They get the -current from wires along the tracks. Diesel-electrics are more -complicated. They have oil-burning engines that make electric current -right in the locomotive, and this current runs motors that turn the -wheels. - -There are several engines inside a Diesel-electric locomotive. If one of -them gets out of order during the trip, the others keep on delivering -power while the one is repaired. The engineer and the fireman sit in the -cab at the very front of a Diesel-electric. They can watch the track -through front windows. - -[Illustration] - -The cab is at the front of the engine shown on this page, too, but it is -a steam locomotive. It burns oil instead of coal, so the cab doesn’t -have to be right next to the tender. The men call it the Big Wamp. It -hauls tremendously long freight trains across the Rocky Mountains. One -siding where the men stop to eat is so long that there has to be a -restaurant at each end! - -[Illustration: SANTA FE 6000 DIESEL - -NEW HAVEN EP-4] - -Many railroads are buying more and more Diesels as their steam -locomotives wear out. The Santa Fe Railroad’s Diesel at the top of the -page is called a 6000 because it has six thousand horsepower. - -The New York, New Haven & Hartford uses electric locomotives because it -can get power for them easily. The one above is called the EP-4 because -it is the fourth model of electric passenger engine the road has used. - -[Illustration: PERE MARQUETTE BERKSHIRE - -NEW YORk CENTRAL HUDSON] - -All the others in these pictures are steam locomotives, but the T-1 is a -special kind. Its name means that it is the first of a type called a -turbine locomotive. An ordinary engine lets out its used-up steam in -puffs, as if it were panting. A turbine doesn’t, and so it never makes -the familiar chuff-chuff noise. - -[Illustration: ERIE PACIFIC - -CANADIAN PACIFIC MIKADO] - -The name on each of the other steam locomotives shows that it belongs to -a type that has a particular arrangement of wheels. All Pacific-type -engines have four small wheels in front, then six big ones, then two -small ones in back. Mikados have two small, eight big, then two small -ones. The way to write these wheel arrangements is 4-6-2 and 2-8-2. If -an engine is called a 2-6-0, that means it doesn’t have any small wheels -at the back. A 2-8-8-2 has two sets of big wheels and two sets of small -ones. And 0-8-8-0 means there are no small wheels at all. - -[Illustration: UNION PACIFIC NORTHERN - -PENNSYLVANIA T-1] - - -HOT BOXES - -Have you ever been on a train that stopped suddenly between stations? -Perhaps one of the cars had a hot box. Here is how it happened: - -Car axles must be kept well greased if they are going to move smoothly. -They are fixed so that each end of the axle turns in a bed of oily -stringy stuff called waste. The container that holds this bed of oily -waste is the journal box, and there’s one for every wheel on a car. - -[Illustration] - -Inspectors always check journal boxes carefully, but it sometimes -happens that the oil gets used up while the car is moving. The unoiled -axle grows hotter and hotter until the waste begins to smoke and burn. -Then the car has a hot box, which railroaders also call a stinker. Hot -boxes can be dangerous. If an axle goes too long without grease, it may -break off and cause a bad accident. - -When the train goes around a curve, the engineer or the fireman looks -back for smoking journal boxes. The brakeman in the caboose keeps an eye -out for them, too. On many new height trains the conductor or the -brakeman can call immediately by radio telephone and tell the engineer -to stop for a stinker. But on older trains, the conductor can only pull -the emergency air-brake, which stops the whole train fast. - -[Illustration] - -Although a hot box is dangerous, it’s easy to remedy. The box only needs -to be re-packed with fresh oil-soaked waste. - -Everybody who works on a railroad watches for smoking journal boxes. -Suppose a freight train has stopped on a siding to let a fast passenger -train go by. The head freight brakeman stands beside the track. If he -sees a hot box on the fast train--or any loose, dragging part--he -signals to the passenger engineer. - -When railroad workers give a good look at a running train, they say that -they’ve made a running inspection. Telegraph operators and station -agents come out on the platform and make running inspections whenever -trains go by. - -The newest, fastest cars on both passenger and freight trains get fewer -hot boxes than old ones. Their axles have roller bearings to help them -turn smoothly, and the oil in their journal boxes is supposed to last -for a long time. Still, an inspector may forget to check the oil, or it -may leak out. - -[Illustration] - -There’s no waste packed around roller bearings. So, how is anyone going -to tell when one of the new cars gets a hot box? Some railroads have -solved the problem with bombs! Into every journal box go two little -gadgets that explode when an unoiled axle begins to heat up. One bomb -lets out a big puff of smoke that can easily be seen. The other spills a -nasty smelling gas that is sure to make passengers complain, in case the -conductor doesn’t notice it himself. - - -GREENBALL FREIGHT - -Roller-bearings are usually put on the freight cars that need to run at -passenger train speed. Greenball freight always travels fast. A -greenball train carries fruits and vegetables in refrigerator cars, -which are also called reefers or riffs. - -[Illustration] - -At each end of a reefer are containers called bunkers. These hold ice to -keep the food cool while it travels. At ordinary stations, men load ice -into the bunkers by hand. But a big loading station has a giant icing -machine to do the job. It rides along on its own rails, poking its great -arms out and pouring tons of ice into the cars. - -Suppose you are sending carloads of spinach to market. The icing machine -also blows fine-chopped ice, which looks like snow, on top of the -spinach to keep it fresh. But suppose you have a lot of peaches that -must go from the orchard to a big city hundreds of miles away. First, -the reefers have to be pre-cooled. Onto the loading platforms roll -machines with big canvas funnels that fit tightly over the reefers’ -doors. These are blowers that force cold air into the cars. Now the -crates of fruit can be loaded quickly, and the doors sealed shut. - -[Illustration] - -When fruit trains from California go across the high mountains in -winter, there is danger that the reefers may get too cold. So the men -lower charcoal stoves into the bunkers for the mountain trip. Then the -bunkers are filled with ice when they get down into warmer country -again. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Some fruits, such as bananas, have to be inspected on the road to make -sure they are not spoiling. The inspectors are called messengers. - -Reefers also carry meat and fish, butter, eggs, cheese and even fresh -flowers. - -When a reefer’s cargo is bound for a big town or city, it goes straight -through, with as few stops as possible. But there are many small towns -that couldn’t use up a whole carload of butter or meat before it -spoiled. So the railroads have peddler cars to supply these towns with -small quantities of food. The cars stop at station after station, just -the way a peddler would. The storekeepers get only what they need, then -the car moves on. - - -TO MARKET, TO MARKET - -[Illustration] - -These two black sheep are railroad workers riding to work in Texas. They -really do have jobs at stock pens, helping the men load other sheep into -the livestock cars that carry them to market. If you have ever tried to -drive sheep along, you know that they get confused and contrary. They -will scatter in every direction except the right one. But, if they have -a leader to show them the way, they will follow quietly behind him. - -So railroaders and stockyard workers often teach certain sheep to lead -others up the ramp and into the stock car. When the last one is in, the -lead sheep runs out, and the door slams shut. Black sheep are best for -the job because they stand out from the usual white ones, and they don’t -get sent off to market by mistake. - -Perhaps you wonder how it is possible to teach sheep to do this kind of -job. The answer is that they get a treat every time they finish loading -a car. Some pets like sugar or a carrot, but these two were fondest of a -big piece of chewing tobacco. - -[Illustration] - -Stock cars for sheep and pigs have two decks. Cars for cattle and horses -and mules have only one. And poultry cars have several. The slits in -livestock cars let in plenty of fresh air and keep the animals cool. -Since pigs are likely to suffer from heat on a trip, they often get a -soaking bath before they go into the cars. - -There is a rule that animals must not travel more than a day and a half -cooped up in a car. So trains stop at resting pens along the way to let -the animals out for exercise and food and water. After a few hours they -are loaded again. Meantime the cars have had fresh clean sand or straw -spread around on the floor. Some very fast stock trains zoom along at -such high speed that they reach the market before the animals need to -stop and rest. - -Veterinaries and inspectors often work at stock stations, looking out -for animals that are sick. Caretakers for poultry and animals usually go -along in the caboose. - - -TANK CARS - -[Illustration] - -Railroaders call a tank car a can. It really is an enormous can with -different kinds of lining for hauling different liquids. Milk tanks have -glass or steel linings. Tanks for certain chemicals are lined with -rubber or aluminum or lead. - -[Illustration] - -Altogether there are more than two hundred types of tank car, and here -are some of the things that travel in them: fuel oil, gasoline, and -asphalt; molasses and sugar syrup; turpentine and alcohol; lard, corn -oil and fish oil for vitamins. - -[Illustration] - -Some tank cars have heating coils that warm up lard or molasses and keep -it from getting too stiff to flow out easily. Most tank cars have a dome -on top. If they didn’t, they might burst open at the seams when the -liquid inside them begins to expand in hot weather. Instead, the liquid -bulges up into the dome, and no harm is done. - -[Illustration] - -Wine tank cars have four compartments for carrying different kinds of -wine. - -[Illustration] - -Milk tank cars are built with two compartments that tip slightly toward -the center so that every bit of milk will flow out. Each compartment is -rather like a thermos bottle, with special wrapping around it to keep -the milk from getting warm and sour. And the tanks are always filled -brim full so the milk won’t slosh around and churn up a batch of butter -on the road. Can you guess why milk tanks don’t need domes? Remember the -milk must stay cool. Even when the sun is hot outside, the cool milk -doesn’t expand, so no dome is needed to keep the tank from bursting. - -[Illustration] - - -HOPPERS AND GONDOLAS - -A whole train made up of nothing but cars loaded with coal is called a -black snake. Since rain and snow won’t hurt coal, it travels in cars -without tops. One kind of coal car has sloping ends like the one on this -page. It is called a hopper car. You load the coal in at the top, but -you unload it by opening trapdoors in the bottom which let the coal drop -into chutes. - -Coal also travels in gondolas, which are just square-ended bins on -wheels. They have to be unloaded by hand or by a dumping machine. It is -hard to believe how fast some of these machines work. First a switch -engine pushes the car of coal onto a platform underneath a tower. -Grippers hold the car tight while it is jerked up, tilted over on its -side, dumped, then let down again empty. The whole job takes only a -minute or a minute and a half. The empty car rolls away downhill while a -full one is being switched into place. - -[Illustration] - -Another kind of dumper, the one you can see in the picture, looks rather -like a barrel that can roll from side to side. It, too, tips the car -over on its side so the coal can run out into a chute. Then the machine -swings back and lets the car drift downhill. - -Locomotives and shops use almost a fourth of all the coal the railroads -haul. It takes much less coal now to run an engine than it used to take, -because engineers and scientists have thought up ways to make -locomotives better and better. They figure things so closely they can -even tell how much it costs to blow an engine’s whistle--three toots for -a penny. - -Other things besides coal are often carried in hoppers and gondolas. Ore -travels from mines to mills in hoppers. Gondolas haul lumber. - -[Illustration] - -Things such as sugar and chemicals are sometimes carried in covered -hopper cars. Of course, these hoppers have tight lids and special -linings, and they’re kept very clean, so you won’t find coal dust mixed -with your candy. - -[Illustration] - - -GRAIN CARS - -Early every summer the railroads put a lot of boxcars in the bank. That -means they switch the cars off onto sidings all through the -wheat-growing part of the country. Then, when the wheat is harvested and -ready to be shipped to market, the cars can be drawn out of the bank, -filled up with grain, and hauled away. - -The wheat gets ripe in the south first. When harvest is finished there, -the cars move along. All through the summer the grain cars work their -way farther north. - -Special grain doors have to be fitted in tight, just behind the regular -sliding doors of the boxcars, to keep the wheat from leaking out. The -grain doors go almost all the way to the top, but not quite. In a minute -you’ll see why. - -After the farmers thresh their wheat, they take it to an elevator, which -is an enormous storage tower close to the railroad tracks. Then, a chute -from the elevator loads the wheat into the cars through the space at the -top of the grain doors. - -When a car is loaded, a man crawls in on top of the grain and hunches -himself along with elbows and toes. He is the grain sampler who works -for the companies that buy the wheat. Every once in a while he pokes a -gadget down into the grain and brings up a sample from various parts of -the car. These samples are enough to tell him whether the whole car is -fair, good, or excellent wheat. - -There is only about a two-foot space between the top of the grain and -the roof of the car. So grain samplers have to be skinny men who can -creep about easily. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -ODD SHAPES AND SIZES - -Besides the ordinary cars that do ordinary jobs, railroads have some -cars that have been made for special purposes. - -A medical car is really a small traveling hospital. It goes along with -construction crews when they have a big job to do far from a station. A -trained nurse has her office in the car. She can take care of small -injuries or give first aid until a doctor arrives. - -One special car looks like a load of big sausages. It is really a sort -of boxcar frame into which long, heavy pipes have been fitted so that -they wind back and forth. The pipes carry a load of helium gas. Helium -is used in balloons and blimps, because it is very light and it can’t -catch fire. Even when this car is fully loaded with all the gas that can -be squeezed into the pipes, it weighs only a ton more than an empty car. -Most loaded freight cars weigh between forty and eighty tons. - -Sometimes a factory wants to ship a very tall machine by freight. So the -railroad has it loaded onto an underslung flat car that looks as if it -had had a bite taken out of its middle. It’s called a depressed center -car. - -But still the machine may stick up too high to go through underpasses. -Then a special department gets to work figuring out what to do. Men who -know every mile of track work out a route that has no low underpasses. -This sometimes means that the machine will make a dozen detours before -it is delivered. - -[Illustration] - -Circus cars are sometimes just flat cars which carry the animals’ cages. -But some of them are specially built like stables, with stalls and a -storage place for food. Fancy race horses ride in padded stable cars, -too. - -A pickle car is made of six separate wooden tanks. Men at the pickle -works fill them with cucumbers and brine. Then the car delivers them at -the factory to be bottled. - - -TRESTLES, TUNNELS AND THINGS - -Have you ever wondered why some railroad bridges across rivers are so -very high, while automobile bridges are quite low? The trains look a -little scary, rushing along way up in the air. But there’s a good reason -why they do it, and those tall trestles are so wonderfully planned and -built that they are very safe. - -Trains can’t climb hills nearly as well as automobiles can. The slopes -that trains go up must be very gentle ones. Even a little bit of -up-and-down grade slows a train a great deal. So the men who build -railroads try to make the tracks run along as nearly level as possible. -Next time you see a high bridge across a river, look at the rest of the -country around. You’ll see that the river cuts deep down between two -hills. The bridge is built on tall stilts that make a level path for the -train from one hilltop to the other. - -When trains have to go up or down a very long hill, the builders have a -problem. They must slope the - -[Illustration] - -tracks very gradually. In mountains this means that the tracks zig-zag -back and forth, with long, wide curves between the zigs and the zags. If -you look back at the picture on page 19, you will see how one railroad -solved the problem. The rails are laid so that they spiral upward, -making a loop. When a very long train travels along the loop, it’s like -a huge snake coiled around over its own tail! - -[Illustration] - -Unless it’s absolutely necessary, the builders try not to make curves. -Trains run faster along rails that are straight as well as flat. Every -bend means that the engineer has to slow down a little. - -And so there are two reasons why railroads often have tunnels right -through mountains. Instead of climbing far up and then coming down in -long, slow curves, the train can run quickly straight through. - -Tunnels are hard to dig. They often have to be blasted out of solid -rock. So the builders don’t make them any bigger than they have to. Of -course, there’s not room for a man to stand up on top of a freight car -as it goes through a tunnel. To protect brakemen who might forget, there -is a device called a tell-tale close to the mouth of a tunnel. It is -simply a fringe of cords hanging down from a tall bar across the track. -The cords touch the careless brakeman and warn him to get down right -away before he’s scraped off and hurt. - -[Illustration] - -If you started in the morning, it would take you till night just to name -the inventions that have made railroading more safe than it was a -hundred years ago. Some of them are simple things like a tell-tale. -Others, such as air brakes, are complicated. The most wonderful -invention of all took hundreds of scientists a long time to work out. -It’s called Centralized Traffic Control, or CTC. - -[Illustration] - -To see what CTC does, you’ll first have to imagine a stretch of railroad -way out in the country, thirty miles from any station. There’s just one -main track, with sidings where trains running in opposite directions can -pass each other. Each engineer has his train orders, so he knows whether -he’s supposed to go onto the siding or continue straight through. But -unexpected things can always happen. If a train is late, it may not get -to the siding on time. Then there will be danger of a collision. - -That’s where CTC comes in. Trains cannot bump into each other when CTC -is at work. It is a wonderful system of electric wires that run along -the tracks, all the way to an office building in a railroad town. The -wires end in a long board that’s dotted with lights and small levers. -Now when train wheels travel over the rails, the wires carry electric -messages to that long board. Lights flash on and tell the man who -watches the board exactly where the train is. If he wants it to go onto -a siding, he pushes a lever. Electric switches miles away guide the -train’s wheels off the main track. At the same time, signal lights tell -the engineer to stop. - -[Illustration] - -What’s more, CTC has extra safety machinery, just in case the man at the -board makes a mistake. If he pushes levers that might make two trains -bump into each other, stop signals go on all along the line. All trains -come to a halt until the mistake is corrected. - -In the old days, trains that ran through western ranch country were -often late. The crew who had orders to pull onto a siding knew they -might have to wait a long time. So they could just take a walk to the -nearest house, wake the rancher and settle down for a visit. If their -host was in a good humor, he’d build a fire and cook them a meal. Then, -when they heard the whistle of the approaching train, they’d start back -in plenty of time to signal as it passed their siding. Railroaders have -fun talking about those early times, but they’d really rather have the -safety of Centralized Traffic Control. - -[Illustration] - -CTC helps to keep passenger trains moving safely into big cities, too. -The man at the board--he’s called the dispatcher--decides which track -each train should use. He pushes the levers. Electric switches move. -Signals flash to the engineer, and lights on the board show every train -moving along. - - -THE CAPTAIN AND THE CARS - -Maybe you think the conductor of a passenger train is only the man who -takes tickets and says “All Aboard.” But he really is the boss of the -whole train. Even the engineer must follow his signals. That’s why they -call the conductor the Captain. - -[Illustration] - -The brakeman is the conductor’s helper. Together they collect tickets or -fares and help passengers on and off at stations. - -On the slick, fast trains called streamliners the conductor has quite a -job to do. Many of the passengers are making long trips, so they have -complicated tickets that allow them to stop at several places and then -come home again. The conductor has to check the tickets and make sure -they are right. - -For short trips, conductors and brakemen take care of everything. But a -streamliner needs a lot of other people who do special jobs. - -The first one you’re likely to meet is the stewardess. She makes -passengers comfortable. She answers questions and points out things that -are particularly interesting to look at through the window. - -At night the stewardess brings pillows to coach passengers and helps -them tilt their seats back. In some cars, each seat has a leg-rest that -pulls out, making a sort of couch for anyone who wants a nap. - -[Illustration] - -The stewardess usually gives extra attention to children. She may read -them stories in the playroom at the end of one car, or give them crayons -and coloring books, or play records for them. She even has a supply of -diapers for small babies and a refrigerator to keep their milk cool. - -A streamliner is really a sort of hotel on wheels. The observation car -is like a lobby, with big soft chairs and sofas, tables full of -magazines, a radio and desks for writing letters. At one end is a -telephone booth where you can call up anyone you want to. This telephone -works by radio. The radio operator on the train connects you with a -regular telephone operator who completes the call over ordinary phone -wires. - -[Illustration] - -If you need a haircut, you can visit a barbershop on the train. Porters -will press your clothes and shine your shoes for you. You can buy ice -cream sodas at the snack bar. A businessman who wants to do some work -can ask the train’s stenographer to type out letters for him. And no -matter how disagreeable the weather is outside, a streamliner is -comfortable for it is air-conditioned. - -Most fun of all are the streamliners that have double-decker cars called -Vista-Domes and Astra-Domes. The dome sticks up above the car like an -oversized caboose cupola. Like the freight brakeman, you can sit in the -upper deck, look out through the windows in the dome and see everything -around you. Daytimes there may be mountains. At night, you can lean back -in the adjustable seat and watch the stars. - -[Illustration] - -Streamliners go very fast, but not too fast for safety. Beside the track -are signs that tell the engineer what the speed limits are. For extra -safety, the locomotive may have a powerful headlight that sends out its -beam like a searchlight. The beam travels across the sky in a -figure-eight movement far ahead. People on highways see it and are -warned to stop at grade crossings in plenty of time. - -[Illustration] - - -EATING - -The galley is the kitchen in the dining car. It has to be worked like -those puzzles that won’t come out right unless you move the pieces in -just the proper order back and forth into one tiny little space. When -you see all the food being loaded into the diner for one trip, you can’t -believe there’s any space left over for cooking. - -But everything has been planned ahead of time so that it all fits inside -the car. The cooks and the waiters have all gone to school where they -learned how to prepare and serve food for dozens of people without -getting the small galley cluttered up and out of order. Many diners have -mechanical dishwashers. - -People eat so much on diners that railroads buy bananas by the boatload, -meat and butter and coffee by the carload. One road has its own potato -farm and turkey ranch. - -[Illustration] - -A table for two people in a diner is called a deuce. One for four people -is a large. When a waiter has customers sitting at all his tables, he -says that he is flattened out. And if he makes a mistake or gets -nervous, the others say he has gone up a tree. - -It is fun to eat on a train, but the railroads themselves are very -serious about food. They have experts who plan special menus to please -boys and girls. They figure out new ways of serving food so that it -looks and tastes like Thanksgiving all year round. One road even asked -scientists to grow fancy roses for the dining tables and to invent a -chemical that could be mixed with water to keep the roses fresh! - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -SLEEPING - -Sleeping cars are called Pullman cars, because they are built and owned -by the Pullman Company. For a long time, one sleeping car was just about -like every other. It had two rows of double seats and an aisle going -down the middle. At night, the porter changed each pair of seats into a -lower berth, and he pulled an upper berth down from its storage-place in -the wall. Then he made the beds and hung green curtains from the ceiling -to the floor all along the aisle. - -[Illustration] - -People who slept in upper berths climbed up and down a ladder. A button -in each berth flashed on a light to call the porter. A little hammock -hung against the wall. In it, you put your clothes and small packages. -Your shoes went on the floor beneath the berths, so the porter could -shine them while you slept. At the ends of the car were dressing-rooms -and toilets. - -[Illustration] - -Many Pullman cars are still built like that. And it’s still fun to climb -the ladder to the upper berth. But more and more people are travelling -in different kinds of sleeping cars. One kind is called a duplex. It has -peculiar looking checkerboard windows outside. Inside are little private -rooms, some on the lower level, some on the top level, with stairs -leading to a corridor along the side. The rooms have sofa seats for -daytime. At night, when you pull a handle in the wall, out slides a bed -all made up and ready to be slept in. - -Another kind of sleeping car, called a roomette, has a row of small -rooms all on one level. Each room has its folding bed. There’s also a -washbowl, toilet and clothes closet. An air-conditioner switch will make -the room warmer or cooler, and you can even turn on a radio. - -[Illustration] - -Roomettes are big enough for only one person. But several kinds of -Pullman car rooms have beds for two or three people. Some are called -drawing rooms. Others are called compartments. They have arm chairs as -well as sofas. And connecting double bedrooms can be turned into a -traveling home for a whole family. - - -SPECIAL TRAINS - -Snow trains carry people who want to go skiing. They leave early Sunday -morning, wait all day on a siding at a station near a good skiing place, -and come back in the evening. - -[Illustration] - -You can’t always be sure ahead of time exactly where the train will -stop. The snow may melt fast on one mountainside, so the railroad has to -send the snow train to another place where the skiing is still good. - -A snow train has a baggage car that is fixed up like a store where you -can buy or rent any kind of skiing equipment. It also has a diner where -you eat breakfast, lunch and dinner or have hot soup when you get cold. - -[Illustration] - -For long trips to deep-snow country, you start Saturday night in a -sleeping car and get back early Monday morning. - - -AT THE HEAD END - -At the head end, a streamlined train has several cars that are different -from passenger cars. One of them is built for the people who work on the -train. It has berths where they sleep, shower rooms, lockers for -clothes. The stewardess and the conductor may have offices there, too. -(The men in the engine crew, of course, don’t stay with the train. They -change at division points.) - -Some trains take a Railway Post Office car along at the head end. It -does the work of a small post office. Regular mail clerks in the car -sort letters and cancel the stamps. They toss out bags of mail at -stations where the train doesn’t stop. At the same time, a long metal -arm attached to the car reaches out and picks up mailbags that hang from -hoops beside the track. - -The men who work in the Post Office car have learned to be very -accurate and fast. They need to know the names and locations of hundreds -of towns and cities, so they can toss each letter into exactly the right -sorting bag. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -The Railway Express car carries packages of all kinds. It has -refrigerated boxes for small quantities of things like fresh flowers and -fish. - -The idea for express cars started long ago, before the government’s -regular post office system had been worked out well. In those days, -people often wanted to send valuable packages or letters in a hurry, but -they had no way to do it. So some young men, who were known to be very -honest, took on the job. Sometimes they carried parcels or letters in -locked bags--sometimes in their own tall stovepipe hats! Gradually they -got so much business that they had to hire a whole car from the -railroad. They were the grandfathers of the Railway Express that now -owns hundreds of cars. - -In springtime, the express man often travels with noisy cargo. That is -the season when chicken farmers begin sending baby chicks in boxes all -over the country. - -[Illustration] - -Pet animals usually ride in the baggage car, along with suitcases, -trunks and bicycles. All kinds of pets travel on trains. You check them, -just the way you check a suitcase, and the baggageman takes care of -them. He is used to dogs and cats and birds, but once a baggageman had -to mind a huge sea cow all the way from New York to St. Louis. - -Sometimes dogs get so fond of trains that they spend their whole lives -riding with friendly engineers or baggagemen. Cooks and waiters in the -diner save scraps for them to eat. - -The most famous traveller of all was a Scotch terrier named Owney. -During his long life he covered more than 150,000 miles, riding in -Railway Post Office cars. The men put tags on his collar showing where -he had been. Finally he collected so many tags that he had to have a -harness to hold them. When he died, the Post Office Department had him -stuffed and put in its museum. - - -NARROW GAUGE TRAINS - -[Illustration] - -When your grandmother was a little girl, fast trains ran from coast to -coast and slower ones climbed to towns high in the mountains. -Super-highways for automobiles and trucks were something that only a few -people even imagined then. So--if freight and passengers were going very -far, they had to travel by train. Mountains gave the railroads a lot of -trouble, because it was hard to dig wide roadbeds along the steep, -rocky hillsides or to push them through tunnels in solid stone. - -[Illustration] - -One answer to the problem was to make the tracks not so wide and the -tunnels not so high and the trains not so big! These railroads were -called narrow gauge. (Gauge means the distance between the tracks.) The -trains looked like toys, but they carried on their jobs perfectly well. -A narrow-gauge engine and cars could whip easily around sharp curves, -hugging the side of the cliff. The pint-sized locomotives pulled heavy -loads. Elegant ladies and gentlemen used to travel in the tiny cars -which were just as fancy as the big streamliners are now--maybe even -fancier. - -When good highways and huge trailer trucks came along, most of the -narrow gauge railroads stopped running. A truck and trailer cost a lot -less to operate than even a toy-like locomotive and freight cars. But in -a few places you can still see the little giants at work. For instance, -there is the Edaville Railroad which runs through the cranberry bogs in -Massachusetts. - -[Illustration] - -The narrow gauge Edaville trains haul boxes into the bogs where pickers -fill them with berries. Then the loaded cars take the berries out to a -cleaning and sorting shed for shipment to canneries and stores. - -On many trips the Edaville trains carry passengers, too, for people love -to ride behind the old-time engines. The man who owns the railroad lets -everyone travel free, but if you want a souvenir ticket, you can buy it -for a nickel! - -[Illustration] - - -ALONG THE TRACKS - -The section crews are the men who lay new railroad tracks and keep the -old ones repaired. Railroaders call them gandy dancers, and the boss of -the crew is the king snipe. - -In the old days, all the section work was done with hand tools. Men -lifted the heavy rails with tongs. They chipped out the notches in the -wooden ties for the rails to rest in. They hammered down the spikes that -held the rails. The crew rode to work on a handcar, pumping a lever up -and down to make the wheels turn. - -Now there are motor cars instead of handcars, and wonderful machines -help with the work. A rail-laying crane lifts the rails and swings them -into place on the ties. An adzer with whirling knife-blades cuts the -notches. The spikes still have to be started into their holes by hand, -but then a mechanical hammer that runs by compressed air finishes the -pounding job. - -[Illustration] - -Perhaps you’ve noticed that there seem to be a lot of cinders along -railroad tracks. But they didn’t come from the engines. They were put -there on purpose. Railroads also use chipped stone or gravel or even -squashed-up oyster shells under the tracks and ties. - -All of these things are called ballast, and they make a good firm bed -for the rails. When it rains or snows, the loose pebbly ballast lets the -water run off quickly, so that the ties will dry out and keep from -rotting. - -Grass and weeds don’t grow very well in ballast, but when they do a -motor car with a chemical spray comes along and kills them off. When -lots of rubbish has collected, a cleaning machine goes to work. The -machine is called the Big Liz. It moves down the track, scooping up -ballast and sifting out all the dust and junk. Then it squirts the -cleaned ballast out again, leaving a clean roadbed behind. - -[Illustration] - -Section crews often have portable telephones or walkie-talkies that save -a lot of time. If they need materials, they call up the office and put -in the order right away. And if the job takes longer than they expected, -they phone a warning to the nearest station where trains can wait until -it’s safe to go ahead. - -How does the section crew know when it is necessary to put in a new -rail? In the old days, they got orders from an inspector who walked or -rode slowly along in an inspection car, looking for cracks or breaks. -That’s still the way it is done in many places. But some railroads have -a machine-detective that finds cracks so small a man couldn’t even see -them. - -The machine rides in a detector car, and it works by electricity with -tubes something like radio tubes. The men who run it simply look at wavy -lines drawn on paper by pens that are part of the machine. Whenever the -car passes over a cracked rail, the pens make a different kind of line. -And right away the section crew is asked to put a new rail in. Summer -and winter, the detector cars creep along, making sure that tracks are -safe. - -In winter, of course, the tracks must be kept clear. If there’s just an -ordinary snowfall, a powerful locomotive can run through it with no -trouble. But when drifts get deep and heavy, the snow plow must go to -work. - -[Illustration] - -The man who first invented railroad snow plows got the idea from -watching a windmill. He saw how the windmill blades tossed snow around -as it fell. Why couldn’t blades at the front of an engine cut into -drifts and toss the snow off to one side? Of course they could. -Railroads began using powerful rotary plows. The whirling blades chewed -the drifts away. Even in lower country, there’s often plenty of work for -the snow eaters to do. - -[Illustration: TIE ADZER] - - -OLD-TIME TRAVEL - -The very first passenger cars were really stagecoaches with railroad -wheels, and that’s why we still use the name coach. Some old-time -passenger cars had two decks. All the cars were fastened together with -chains, so they banged and whacked each other when the train started or -stopped. Sparks from the woodburning locomotive flew back and set -clothes on fire. Rails were only thin strips of iron nailed to wood. -Sometimes the strips broke loose and jabbed right up through a car. - -In the beginning, an engine had no closed-in cab for the engineer and -fireman. They didn’t want to be closed in. It was safer to stand outside -so they could jump off quickly in case of accident. Cows on the track -often caused trouble. Then a man named Isaac Dripps invented a -cowcatcher made of sharp spears. But farmers complained that it killed -too many animals, so scoop-shaped cowcatchers were installed. The name -for a cowcatcher now is pilot. - -[Illustration] - -The first headlight was a wood fire built on a small flat car pushed -ahead of the engine. Later, whale-oil and kerosene lamps showed the way -at night. - -Engineers were once allowed to invent and tinker with their own -whistles, and they worked out fancy ways of blowing them. This was -called quilling. People along the tracks could tell who the engineer was -by listening to the sound of his whistle. Some great quillers could even -blow a sort of tune. - -One engineer fixed his whistle so that people thought it was magic. -Every time he blew it, the kerosene lights in the station went out! What -happened was this: The whistle made vibrations in the air that were just -right for putting out the lamps. But they did the same thing to signal -lights, and so the engineer had to change his tune. - -The first sleeping cars had rows of hard double-decker and even -triple-decker bunks, with a stove at each end. Passengers brought their -own blankets and pillows, and their own candles to see by. Nobody really -slept much. - -Trains were uncomfortable--even dangerous. But people needed them, and -they were excited about them, too. All over the country men built new -railroads as fast as they could. Each new company built as it pleased, -and trains owned by one company didn’t run over another’s tracks. Of -course, that meant you had to change trains often--wherever one railroad -line stopped and another began. There were no railroad bridges over -rivers, either. So you got off and took a ferry across. - -[Illustration] - -One by one, men made inventions for trains, so that traveling became -safer and more comfortable. Engines began to burn coal instead of wood. -A piece of wire screen in the smokestack stopped the flying sparks, -although cinders came through--and they still do to this very day. -Coaches and sleepers had softer seats, but they were still noisy for a -long time because they had wooden bodies that creaked while the wheels -clattered along. - -[Illustration] - -Thirsty travelers at first had to buy drinks from the water boy who -walked back and forth through the train. Later, cars had a tank of water -and one glass for everyone to use. The glass sat in a rack, and it had a -round bottom so that it wouldn’t be of much use to a passenger who was -tempted to steal it. - -Lots of things about trains were different in the old days, but one -thing was the same. They were just as much fun to ride in then as they -are now. - - -RAILROADING TALK - -Here are more of the slang words that railroaders have made up: - -BALLING THE JACK--this is what they say when they mean a train is going -very fast. Highballing means the same thing. - -BOOMER--a railroad worker who moves from place to place without sticking -very long at any one job. There are still a few boomers, but in the old -days there were thousands. - -[Illustration] - -BUCKLE THE BALONIES--this means fasten together the air brake hoses -which run underneath all the cars. - -CHASE THE RED--this is what the flagman says he does when he goes back -with a red flag or lantern to protect a stalled train. - -CRACKER BOX--a Diesel streamliner. Glowworm means the same thing. - -CRADLE--a gondola or hopper car. - -DOODLEBUG--a little railroad motor car that the section crew uses. - -DOPE--the oily waste that is packed in journal boxes. - -GARDEN--a freight yard. - -GIVE HER THE GRIT--squirt sand onto a slippery track. - -GREASE THE PIG--oil the engine. - -HIGH IRON--the track that makes up the main line of a railroad, not -switching track or station track. - -PULL THE CALF’S TAIL--jerk the cord that blows the whistle. - -RATTLER--a freight train. - -SHOO-FLY--a track that is used only until regular track can be laid or -repaired. - -STRING OF VARNISH--a passenger train. High wheeler is another nickname. - -[Illustration] - - - - -INDEX - - -ashcat, 10 - -Astra-Dome, 68 - - -backshop, 33-37 - -bad-order car, 33 - -baggage car, 78 - -bakehead, 10 - -ballast, 83 - -banjo, 10 - -barn, 10 - -Big Liz, 83 - -Big Wamp, 39 - -bobtail, 31 - -boxcars, 54-55 - -brakeman, 10, 20, 28, 65 - -brakes, 20 - -bridges, 58 - -Brotherhoods, 32 - - -CTC, 62-64 - -caboose, 13, 16, 17 - -call boy, 22 - -car knocker, 34 - -car retarder, 29 - -car tinker, 34 - -cattle cars, 49 - -Centralized Traffic Control, 62-64 - -cherry picker, 31 - -circus cars, 57 - -classification yard, 25-29 - -“club down,” 18 - -compartment, 74 - -conductor, 65 - -couplings, 32 - -cowcatcher, 86 - -crum box, 17 - -crummy, 17 - -cupola, 17 - - -“deckorating,” 20 - -depressed center car, 57 - -detector car, 84-85 - -diamond pusher, 10 - -Diesel locomotive, 38-40 - -diner, 69-70 - -dispatcher, 64 - -division point, 24 - -dog, 16, 78 - -doghouse, 17 - -dome, 21 - -drag, 13 - -duplex, 73 - - -Edaville Railroad, 81 - -engineer, 9, 12-15, 21, 43, 87 - - -fireman, 9-22 - -flimsy, 16 - -fusee, 18 - - -galley, 70 - -gandy dancer, 82 - -gondolas, 52-53 - -grain cars, 54-55 - -greenball, 44-47 - - -hand signals, 32-33 - -head end, 76 - -head-end crew, 13 - -helper engine, 18 - -“highball,” 11 - -hog, 10 - -hogger, 10 - -hoop, 14, 16 - -hoppers, 52-54 - -hot box, 42-44 - -hotshot, 13 - -hump, 26-28 - -hump rider, 29 - - -icing machine, 45 - -inspection pit, 28 - -inspector, 29, 33, 34 - -Iron Horse, 10 - - -journal box, 30, 42-44 - - -king snipe, 82 - -link-and-pin, 32 - -livestock cars, 48-49 - -locomotives, 33-41 - - -Mikado, 41 - - -narrow-gauge trains, 79-81 - -old-fashioned trains, 86-89 - -“op,” 9 - -Owney, 78-79 - - -Pacific, 41 - -parlor, 17 - -peddler car, 47 - -pig-pen, 10 - -pigs, 49 - -porter, 67 - -Pullman cars, 72-74 - - -quilling, 87 - - -radio telephone, 28, 43, 67 - -Railway Express car, 77-78 - -Railway Post Office car, 76-77 - -redball, 13 - -reefer, 44-47 - -refrigerator cars, 44-47 - -roller bearings, 44 - -roomette, 73 - -roundhouse, 10 - -running inspection, 43 - - -sand, 20-21 - -sap, 20 - -section crew, 82-83 - -shack, 10 - -sheep, 48 - -signal flags, 18 - -signal lights, 14 - -slip-track, 37 - -snake, 31 - -snow plow, 85 - -snow train, 75 - -special cars, 56-58 - -squirrel cage, 17 - -station agent, 14-16 - -stewardess, 65 - -stinker, 43 - -stock cars, 48-49 - -stoker, 12 - -streamliner, 65-74 - -switch engine, 26, 28, 31 - -switch, 25 - -switchman, 31 - - -tallow pot, 10 - -tank cars, 50-51 - -teakettle, 31 - -tell-tale, 61 - -torpedoes, 18 - -towerman, 26-28 - -track-pan, 38 - -trestles, 58 - -train order, 16 - -tunnels, 60 - - -Vista-Dome, 68 - - -waste, 42 - - -yard goat, 31 - -[Illustration] - - Many railroading people helped to make this book. Here are some to - whom the author and the artist want to give special thanks: - Margaret Gossett; Inez M. DeVille of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; - the late Lee Lyles of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; C. - J. Corliss and A. C. Browning of the Association of American - Railroads; K. C. Ingram of the Southern Pacific Railroad; Eugene - DuBois of the Pennsylvania Railroad; the staff in the President’s - office, Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen; Frank J. Newell of the - Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad; J. R. Sullivan - of the New York Central Railroad; Howard A. Moulton of the New - York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; and finally to Harry Hall of - the New York, New Haven and Hartford, through whose good offices - the artist and his children spent a memorable day on the Edaville - Railroad. - - * * * * * - -$1.50 - - TRAINS AT WORK - - _By_ Mary Elting - - _Illustrated by_ David Lyle Millard - - -Tank cars, hoppers and gondolas; steam locomotives and Diesels; -engineers, brakemen and signalmen; diners and Pullmans and ski -trains--all are part of the story of TRAINS AT WORK. - -The language of railroading is full of its own special words for things, -and the author uses and explains such expressions as “club down,” -“putting her in the hole,” “highball” and “hotshot.” - -How do freight trains get assembled? How are trains routed over the -tracks so that they can move safely in a steady flow? What is it like in -a roundhouse? What are the different jobs railroad men do? Mary Elting -tells the story of TRAINS AT WORK in the real, human terms of the men -who run them. And David Lyle Millard, an ardent railroad fan as well as -an artist, shows you in his colorful pictures, just what it all looks -like. - -You will find this book an exciting companion to TRUCKS AT WORK, SHIPS -AT WORK, MACHINES AT WORK. - - Garden City Books - Garden City, New York - - [Illustration] - - * * * * * - - SHIPS AT WORK - - _By_ Mary Elting - - _Illustrated by_ Manning deV. Lee - - -Here is the colorful, exciting life of the sea--the men, the ships they -sail, the work they do, the cargoes they carry to the far corners of the -world--all vividly presented. - -Freighters, tankers, ferries, tugs, and the many unusual ships that do -highly specialized jobs are shown in action. The work, the sailor’s -language, the kind of life a seaman lives, the use of recent inventions -(such as radar) all contribute to this fascinating picture of SHIPS AT -WORK. The newest and proudest of ocean liners, the “United States,” is -pictured and described as well as the humblest dugouts and sailing -vessels of ancient times. - -The illustrator, famous for his marine paintings, has combined beauty -with clear, sharp detail. His many full-color pictures in this book give -added interest to your seafaring knowledge. - - Garden City Books - Garden City, New York - - [Illustration] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trains at Work, by -Mary Elting Folsom and David Lyle Millard - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAINS AT WORK *** - -***** This file should be named 55525-0.txt or 55525-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/2/55525/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Trains at Work - -Author: Mary Elting Folsom - David Lyle Millard - -Release Date: September 11, 2017 [EBook #55525] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAINS AT WORK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%; -padding:1%;"> -<tr><td class="c"> -<span class="nonvis">In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] -clicking on the image -will bring up a larger version.</span> - -<p class="c"> -<a href="#INDEX">Index</a>: -<a href="#a">a</a>, -<a href="#b">b</a>, -<a href="#c">c</a>, -<a href="#d">d</a>, -<a href="#e">e</a>, -<a href="#f">f</a>, -<a href="#g">g</a>, -<a href="#h">h</a>, -<a href="#j">j</a>, -<a href="#l">l</a>, -<a href="#m">m</a>, -<a href="#n">n</a>, -<a href="#o">o</a>, -<a href="#p">p</a>, -<a href="#r">r</a>, -<a href="#s">s</a>, -<a href="#t">t</a>, -<a href="#v-i">v</a>, -<a href="#w">w</a>.<br /> -(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a>{1}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/cover_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="393" height="500" alt="TRAINS -AT WORK -MARY ELTING -ILLUSTRATED BY -DAVID LYLE MILLARD" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_001_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_001_sml.jpg" width="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span> </p> - -<p class="c">TRAINS AT WORK</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 78px;"> -<a href="images/ill_002_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_002_sml.jpg" width="78" height="152" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_003_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_003_sml.jpg" width="464" height="492" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span></p> - -<h1><img src="images/trains.jpg" -width="400" -alt="TRAINS -AT WORK -By Mary Elting" -/></h1> - -<p class="cb"> -<a href="images/ill_004_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_004_sml.jpg" -width="330" -alt="[Image unavailable.]" -/></a><br /> -<br /> -ILLUSTRATED BY<br /> -<big>DAVID LYLE MILLARD</big><br /> -<br /> -GARDEN CITY BOOKS <span style="margin-left: 2em;">GARDEN CITY, N.Y.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_005_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_005_sml.jpg" width="354" height="396" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="blk"><div class="blkk"> -Copyright 1953 by Duenewald Printing Corporation.<br /> -Lithographed in the United States of America.<br /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_006_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_006_sml.jpg" width="466" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>SAM IS A FIREMAN:</h2> - -<p>Sam is the fireman on a big freight locomotive. Like lots of people who -work on trains, Sam belongs to a family of railroaders. His father was a -locomotive engineer. His grandfather was one, too. And, long ago, -grandmother was an “op.” That means she operated the fast-clicking -telegraph key in a railroad station. Her telegraph messages helped to -keep the trains running safely and on time.</p> - -<p>When Sam was a little boy, he listened to his father and grandfather -talking railroad talk. They used all kinds of words that ordinary people -didn’t understand. They had wonderful nicknames for each other, and -slang words for many of the things they did.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span></p> - -<p>For instance, grandfather called his big locomotive a hog. Since he ran -it, he was the hogger. After every trip, he brought his engine to the -roundhouse, where men cleaned it and fixed it all up. Pig-pen was one -nickname for the roundhouse. Can you figure out why? Another nickname -was barn, because people often called a locomotive an Iron Horse. The -barn had stalls for the engines. A modern roundhouse does, too.</p> - -<p>The lumps of coal that grandfather’s engine burned were called black -diamonds. Fireman was the regular name for the man who shoveled coal, -cleaned out the ashes and helped to grease the wheels with tallow fat. -But the fireman also had a whole string of nicknames—diamond pusher, -ashcat, bakehead and tallow pot. He called his shovel his banjo.</p> - -<p>Once an old-fashioned train began rolling, it was hard to stop it. A man -had to run from car to car, putting the brakes on by hand. Naturally, he -was the brakeman, but his friends called him the shack.</p> - -<p>In the days before electric lights, railroads needed signals just as -they do now. The first ones were large balls that hung from a tall post. -A black ball hanging halfway to the top of the post meant STOP. A white -ball hanging high in the air meant CLEAR TRACK.</p> - -<p>Lots of things have changed since then, but a signal<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_007_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_007_sml.jpg" width="380" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">to go ahead is still the “highball” because railroaders still use many -of the old words. Firemen and brakemen now have machinery that does many -of the things they used to do, but they keep their old names. And one -thing hasn’t changed at all: People still love trains. The men who work -on the huge powerful engines would rather work there than almost -anywhere else. That’s how Sam feels about it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_008_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_008_sml.jpg" width="468" height="98" alt="Image unavailable: HIGHBALL MEANS TO GO FAST, BECAUSE IN THE OLD DAYS - -WHITE BALL, RUN TO TOP OF CROSSBAR MEANT “CLEAR TRACK” - -BLACK BALL, RUN HALF-WAY UP MEANT “STOP”" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When Sam reports for work, his big steam locomotive is all ready. Men -have oiled it and checked it. The fire is roaring in the firebox. In the -old days, a fireman spent most of his time shoveling coal. The faster -the train went, the more steam it needed and the faster the fireman had -to work with his banjo. Sam knows how to use a shovel if he needs to, -but that’s not his main job. His locomotive has a machine called an -automatic stoker which feeds coal into the firebox.</p> - -<p>Sam just checks up on the fire. He looks at dials and gauges in the -locomotive cab, and they tell him what he wants to know. There is enough -steam. Everything is ship-shape.</p> - -<p>Sam and the engineer and a brakeman work at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span> front of the train, so -they are called the head-end crew. Another brakeman and the freight -conductor work in the caboose—the last car on the train. In between the -caboose and the locomotive are sixty cars of important freight that has -to be delivered fast. A fast freight is called a hotshot or redball. A -slow one is a drag.</p> - -<p>Sam and the engineer are ready to go. Far down the track the conductor -raises his arm and gives the highball signal. He is ready, too. Now the -engineer pulls the throttle lever. The long train snakes out of the -freight yards onto the main line, and pretty soon they are “batting the -stack off her”—which means making fast time.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 388px;"> -<a href="images/ill_009_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_009_sml.jpg" width="388" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_010_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_010_sml.jpg" width="398" height="126" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Sam, on the left side of the cab, watches the track ahead. The engineer -sits on the right, keeping a sharp lookout. When they come to a curve, -Sam looks back along the train to make sure everything is all right.</p> - -<p>After a while they see a little town up ahead, and beside the track -stands a signal they have been expecting. It looks like a round plate, -with places for nine lights in it. But only three of the lights are ever -flashed at once. At the top of the page you will see what each set of -lights means.</p> - -<p>This time three green go-ahead lights are showing.</p> - -<p>“Clear signal,” Sam calls to the engineer.</p> - -<p>“Green eye it is,” the engineer replies.</p> - -<p>All through the trip he and Sam will call the signals back and forth to -each other, just to make sure there is no mistake. The engineer gives -one long blast on his whistle to tell the station agent in the little -town that the train is coming.</p> - -<p>As they go past the station, Sam leans out of the cab and snatches a -hoop from the station agent’s hand. Quickly Sam takes a piece of paper -from it and tosses<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_011_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_011_sml.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">the hoop out again. In the meantime the agent hands another hoop to the -conductor in the caboose.</p> - -<p>The paper that Sam takes off the hoop is a train order, called a flimsy. -On the flimsy the station agent has written instructions for the train’s -crew. Orders come to the station by telegraph. Sometimes they tell the -crew that the train must make an unexpected stop at the next station. -Sometimes they give information about other trains that have been -delayed.</p> - -<p>Bigger stations often have train order posts that stand beside the -track, but small-town agents hoop the orders up by hand. Usually the -agent has to walk along the track and pick up hoops that the crew toss -down. But the one who gave the orders to Sam has a dog trained to chase -hoops and bring them back!</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 164px;"> -<a href="images/ill_012_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_012_sml.jpg" width="164" height="200" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Sam and the engineer and the brakeman read the orders to be sure nobody -makes a mistake that might cause an accident. Back in the caboose the -other brakeman and the conductor read their copy of the orders, too. -Then the conductor goes to work at his desk again. The caboose is really -his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span> office. There he checks the papers that tell where every freight -car in the train is supposed to go.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_013_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_013_sml.jpg" width="444" height="278" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The brakeman pours himself a cup of coffee that’s been heating on the -stove in the caboose. Then he climbs to his seat in the cupola—the -little tower with windows through which he can watch the train. Squirrel -cage is a nickname for the cupola. The caboose has the most nicknames of -all. Crib, crum box, crummy, bounce, doghouse, parlor and monkey house -are some of them.</p> - -<p>Safety is everybody’s job on a train, and each man in the crew knows the -rules. If the train makes an emergency stop, the men take care that no -other train will bump into them. One brakeman runs out ahead and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span> the -other runs back along the track with signal flags to warn the other -trains. At night they take along fusees, which look like giant -firecrackers and burn with a bright red warning glow. Torpedoes are the -best warning of all.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 350px;"> -<a href="images/ill_014_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_014_sml.jpg" width="350" height="360" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The brakeman fastens torpedoes to the track with little clamps. Then, if -a locomotive runs over them, they explode with loud bangs that tell the -engineer to stop before he runs into the stalled train ahead.</p> - -<p>The first regular stop for Sam’s train is a station where the tender is -filled with water. The long string of freight cars waits here on a -siding while a fast passenger train goes by.</p> - -<p>On the next part of Sam’s trip, the train has to climb some steep -grades. One engine alone can’t do all the work, so a helper engine -couples on just ahead of the caboose. On the days when Sam’s train is -extra long and heavy, two helpers are needed.</p> - -<p>Going downhill in the mountains is work, too—work for the brakes. In -the old days, the brakeman had to run along the tops of freight cars and -“club down.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_015_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_015_sml.jpg" width="374" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span></p> - -<p>That means he used a long club called a sap, to turn the wheels that set -the hand brakes on each car.</p> - -<p>The catwalks or decks along the car roofs made a path for the brakemen. -Sometimes they walked up and down inspecting the train. Then they said -they were “deckorating.”</p> - -<p>Fast freight cars, and slow ones, too, now have air brakes which are -squeezed against the wheels by compressed air. Every car has an air hose -that runs underneath it to the brake machinery. The hose from each car -can be joined to the hose on the ones behind and in front, and finally -to the locomotive’s hose. A pump in the locomotive compresses the air -for the whole train. Now if the engineer wants to stop, he just moves a -lever. A whoosh of air tightens the brakes on every car.</p> - -<p>When the train goes down a long hill, the squeezing of the brakes can -actually make the wheels get red hot. Some freight trains have to stop -and let the wheels get cool. But the cars in Sam’s train have a sort of -fan built into the brake machinery. The fan cools the wheels, and the -redball freight goes right on down.</p> - -<p>After a while, Sam takes a little scoop and tosses some sand into the -firebox. He knows that the engine’s flues are likely to get clogged up -with soot, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span> sand will clean them out. Later on, sand does an -even more important job. The train has run into a storm in the cold, -high mountains. Slushy snow has frozen on the rails. Instead of pulling -ahead, the engine’s wheels begin to slip round and round.</p> - -<p>But the engineer fixes that easily. He squirts sand onto the slick track -to make the wheels pull again. The sand comes from the dome, which is -the hump you can see behind the stack on top of a locomotive. Pipes lead -down from the dome on each side and aim the sand onto the track just in -front of the driving wheels.</p> - -<p>A locomotive’s sand is just as important as coal and water. Ice or rain -or even the dampness in a tunnel can make slippery tracks. So the -railroads keep supplies of fine dry sand to fill the domes. Sam always -checks to see if he has enough sand when the tender takes on coal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_016_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_016_sml.jpg" width="462" height="352" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_017_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_017_sml.jpg" width="422" height="90" alt="Image unavailable: STOP SWING BACK AND FORTH ACROSS TRACKS - -REDUCE SPEED HELD AT ARM’S LENGTH HORIZONTALLY - -PROCEED RAISED AND LOWERED VERTICALLY" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The huge coal towers in big freight yards can fill several tenders at -once. Often, while the loading goes on, ashes from the locomotive’s -firebox get cleaned out at the same time. There is a dump pit under the -tracks, with little cars that run on their own rails. After a little car -is filled with ashes, it can be pushed away and unloaded at the ash -heap.</p> - -<p>When Sam pulls into the next big freight yard, his part of the run is -finished. After a while he will board another engine and take another -freight train back to his home station. He has a regular schedule for -work. That doesn’t seem strange these days, but Sam’s grandfather would -have thought it was something miraculous.</p> - -<p>In the old days, grandfather never knew what time he’d have to leave for -work. Sometimes, when he was just ready to blow out the kerosene lamp -and go to bed, there would be a knock at the door. On the dark porch -stood a boy, still panting from a bicycle ride up the street. He was the -railroad call boy, and he’d come to say that an engineer was needed -right away. Grandfather had been assigned to the job. So he pulled on -his clothes and went off, no matter how sleepy he was.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_019_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_019_sml.jpg" width="370" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_021_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_021_sml.jpg" width="464" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The place where Sam leaves his train is called a division point. Other -men will take over all the cars of redball freight and speed them on -another division of their trip. Let’s see who these different -railroaders are and what they do.</p> - -<h2>UNSCRAMBLING THE TRAINS</h2> - -<p>Sixty freight cars have come roaring together over the mountains behind -Sam’s engine. But now the cars have to be separated. Some of them are -going to Baltimore. Some will turn north to Chicago. Others are bound -south. Freight cars for twenty different cities are coupled together in -one train, and somebody must unscramble them.</p> - -<p>Suppose you have a lot of colored beads on a string and you want to -separate them into greens and reds and blues. The easiest way is to get -three cups and let<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span> the beads drop off one by one, each into its own cup -with the others of the same color.</p> - -<p>That’s just what railroaders do with a freight train. Instead of cups, -of course, they have a lot of separate tracks, all branching off a main -track. On one branch track, they collect the cars that go to Baltimore; -on another, the cars for Chicago; on another, the cars headed south. -This system of tracks is a classification yard.</p> - -<p>In order to turn the cars from one track to another, there must be a lot -of switches. A switch is made up of movable pieces of rail that guide -the cars’ wheels. Look at the picture and you will see how a switch -guides a car either along the main track or onto a branch track that -curves off to the right.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_020_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_020_sml.jpg" width="450" height="272" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 173px;"> -<a href="images/ill_023_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_023_sml.jpg" width="173" height="249" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Some of the most wonderful inventions in the world have been put to work -in the big freight classification yards. First the regular engine leaves -the train and a special switch engine couples on. The engineer of the -switch engine has a radio telephone in the cab, so he can listen to -orders from the towerman who unscrambles the train.</p> - -<p>The towerman sits in a tower beside the track at the top of a little -hill called the hump. The main track goes over the hump and down. Then -it divides into several branch tracks. If you uncouple a car just at the -top of the hump, it will roll down the slope by itself.</p> - -<p>To make the car go onto the right branch, the towerman works an electric -switch. He just pushes little handles on the board in front of him, and -electric machinery moves the switches in the tracks.</p> - -<p>On the desk beside him, the towerman has a list that tells him where -each car in the train is and what city it is headed for. He knows which -branch tracks should be used—track number 4 for cars going to -Baltimore, track 6 for Chicago cars.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_022_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_022_sml.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a>{28}</span></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 160px;"> -<a href="images/ill_026_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_026_sml.jpg" width="160" height="298" alt="Image unavailable: LOOKING OUT OF INSPECTOR’S PIT AT CAR PASSING OVERHEAD" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Slowly the switch engine pushes the train toward the hump. On the way -the cars pass over a big hole underneath the track. In the hole sits a -man in a chair that can be tipped and turned. And all around are bright -lights that shine on the undersides of cars as they pass. This is the -inspection pit. The man in the chair tilts this way and that, watching -through a shatterproof glass hood to see if anything is broken or loose -on the under side of the cars. When he spots a car that needs repairing, -he talks with the towerman by radio telephone. And the towerman switches -the car off to a repair track.</p> - -<p>(Not all yards have radio telephone. In the ones that don’t, the -inspector pushes a button and squirts whitewash onto a car to mark it -for repair.)</p> - -<p>Now the cars come close to the hump. A brakeman uncouples the first one. -Slowly it starts downhill. Then it gathers speed—faster, faster. If it -hits another car there will be a crash. But, like magic, something seems -to grab at the wheels and slow them down.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_024_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_024_sml.jpg" width="464" height="99" alt="Image unavailable: BRAKEMAN UNCOUPLING CARS" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Something does rise up like fingers from the sides of the track. It is -the car retarder which squeezes against the wheels and keeps the car -from rolling along too fast.</p> - -<p>The retarder works by electricity. The towerman just presses a button or -a handle in the tower, and far down the track the retarder machinery -goes to work. Before railroads had this machinery, brakemen went over -the hump with the cars, working fast and hard to put the hand brakes on -at just the right time. Brakemen who did this were called hump riders.</p> - -<p>Once in a while a hump rider still goes with a car of very fragile -freight that might be broken if it banged into another car the least bit -too hard.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_025_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_025_sml.jpg" width="447" height="157" alt="Image unavailable: LOOKING DOWN INTO PIT AT THE INSPECTOR AND HIS -SEARCHLIGHTS—" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Car after car drifts down the hump and stops just where it should. When -one freight train has been unscrambled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span> another rolls up beneath the -tower, and its cars, too, are shuffled. In just a few hours half a dozen -trains have been broken up and made into new ones.</p> - -<p>Some yards have extra inspectors who stand on top of a building and look -down at the cars from above. They can see broken parts that the man in -the inspection pit might miss. In other yards, a man is stationed beside -the track that leads up to the hump. In his hands, he holds something -that looks like a gun. It is—an oil gun. As each car passes, he takes -aim and fires a stream of oil straight into the car’s journal box. -(You’ll read about the journal box on <a href="#page_042">page 42</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_028_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_028_sml.jpg" width="454" height="266" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Not every freight yard has a hump or car retarders or radio telephones. -Only the biggest ones have all these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span> things. In many yards the switch -engine pushes the whole train first onto one track and then onto -another, dropping a car each time.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 372px;"> -<a href="images/ill_027_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_027_sml.jpg" width="372" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: Diesel Switcher - -Electric Switcher “teakettle”" /></a> -</div> - -<p>There are several kinds of switch engine, built especially for their -jobs. But switching is often done with very old engines that aren’t fast -enough for regular runs any more. Railroad men call an old wheezy engine -a teakettle. An ordinary switch engine is a bobtail or a yard goat.</p> - -<p>If the yard doesn’t have switches that work by electricity, switchmen -work them by hand. A switchman is sometimes called a cherry picker, -because of the red lights on the switches. Another nickname for him is -snake. That’s because he used to wear a union button<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span> with a big snaky S -on it. Many railroaders belong to unions called Brotherhoods. Part of -the safety of their work was brought about by the unions which helped to -get laws passed and rules established to make railroading as free from -danger as possible.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;"> -<a href="images/ill_030_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_030_sml.jpg" width="166" height="614" alt="Image unavailable: back in - -hot box - -cross over - -train should back away - -come in on track four" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the old days, one great danger came from the big, heavy gadget called -a link-and-pin that joined the cars together. The switchman or the -brakeman had to reach in and fasten it when a train was being made up. -If the cars began to move while he was at work, he might get his fingers -cut off.</p> - -<p>All cars now have automatic couplings which clasp together and hold -tight when one car bumps another. To uncouple, the switchman works a -handle that keeps his fingers safely out of the way.</p> - -<p>A railroad yard is a noisy place. Usually the engineer can’t possibly -talk with a switchman down the track, no matter how loud he shouts. So -railroaders have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span> worked out a whole sign language in which they can -talk to each other from a distance. The pictures tell what some of these -special signals mean.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_029_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_029_sml.jpg" width="122" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: cut off car or engine - -bad order car - -take water - -couple cars - -time to eat" /></a> -</div> - -<p>After a new freight train has been made up at the classification yard, a -car inspector puts a blue flag on the engine and another on the caboose. -Then he checks up carefully on the whole train to make sure everything -is in good working order. An old nickname for inspector is car toad, -because he often squats down to look for broken parts. While he is at -work, the blue flags are a warning that the train must not be disturbed. -If the inspector finds a car that needs repairs, he reports that it is a -“bad order car.”</p> - -<h2>THE BACKSHOP</h2> - -<p>Locomotives get their regular inspection in the roundhouse. Small repair -jobs are done there. But if there’s something seriously wrong, off the -engine goes to the backshop for a complete overhauling.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_032_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_032_sml.jpg" width="454" height="84" alt="Image unavailable: TRAIN PARTED - -SWING VERTICALLY IN CIRCLE AT ARM’S LENGTH ACROSS TRACKS - -APPLY AIR BRAKES - -SWUNG HORIZONTALLY ABOVE HEAD - -RELEASE AIR BRAKES - -HELD AT ARM’S LENGTH ABOVE THE HEAD" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The backshop for locomotive repairs has rails on the floor—and rails up -in the air, too. An engine chuffs in on its own tracks and stops. When -it has cooled down, an overhead crane travels on its rails high above -the floor. It swoops down, picks up the body of the locomotive and -carries the whole thing away, leaving the wheels behind.</p> - -<p>Now a dozen men swarm over the engine’s body, and before long it looks -like an old piece of junk. Some parts get thrown away. But many of them -just need cleaning or mending. As the hundreds of parts come off, they -are marked with the engine’s number. Then they scatter all over the shop -to be inspected and cleaned or fixed and tested.</p> - -<p>Meantime, other workers take charge of the wheels. In the old days, they -had one particular way of testing a wheel. They gave it a good sharp rap -with a hammer. If the metal rang out clear and bell-like, it was -supposed to be all right. Inspectors in railroad yards went about -tapping car wheels, too. And that’s how repairmen and inspectors got -their nicknames—car-knocker, car-whacker, car-tinker, car-tink, -car-tonk. Wheel experts in the backshop now have scientific tests to -make sure<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_031_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_031_sml.jpg" width="378" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">that wheels are in good condition. Sometimes they even do X-ray tests, -looking for cracks hidden deep inside the metal!</p> - -<p>When you walk around a big railroad shop, everything seems noisy and -helter-skelter. Noisy it is. Wheels screech, hammers pound, fires roar. -But the work is really planned out in a very orderly way. And nothing -goes to waste. When big machine parts get worn down, they can often be -shaved and smoothed and made over into smaller parts for a different -purpose.</p> - -<p>Even the shavings have their uses. A machine with a magnet in it sorts -the tiny bits of metal. The iron bits stick to the magnet and other -kinds drop through into containers. Later, each kind of metal is melted -down to make new parts. Iron dust from one engine’s axle may turn up -later in one of the thousands of new car wheels that railroads keep in -huge yards.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_034_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_034_sml.jpg" width="458" height="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_033_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_033_sml.jpg" width="468" height="362" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>All of this fixing and testing and making over takes a lot of time. A -locomotive may spend a month or more in the shop. But at last it is all -put together again, complete with a new coat of paint. Now it goes out -for a test on the slip-track. This is a greased track where the engine’s -wheels whirl round as if it were going at top speed while it is really -almost standing still. If everything works all right, its old number is -put in place, and an almost new locomotive is ready to highball again.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_036_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_036_sml.jpg" width="432" height="98" alt="Image unavailable: STOP 1 SHORT - -RELEASE BRAKES PROCEED 2 LONG - -SNOW BOARD - -WHISTLE POST" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>LOCOMOTIVES</h2> - -<p>More than forty different kinds of locomotive work for the railroads. -Some of them haul freight, and some are passenger train engines. Some -are steam locomotives, some are not.</p> - -<p>Steam locomotives all need water to make the steam that makes the wheels -turn. But they don’t all get it in the same way. One kind never has to -stop and wait for its tender to be filled. Instead it has a scoop that -dips down as the engine passes over a long track-pan of water set -between the rails. With no time lost, the scoop sucks up water into the -tank. The men say, “She’s jerked a drink.” In winter, the track-pans are -heated to keep the water from freezing.</p> - -<p>Two kinds of locomotive don’t even need water. Electric engines use -electric current instead of steam to turn the wheels. They get the -current from wires along the tracks. Diesel-electrics are more -complicated. They have oil-burning engines that make electric current -right in the locomotive, and this current runs motors that turn the -wheels.</p> - -<p>There are several engines inside a Diesel-electric locomotive. If one of -them gets out of order during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span> trip, the others keep on delivering -power while the one is repaired. The engineer and the fireman sit in the -cab at the very front of a Diesel-electric. They can watch the track -through front windows.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_036a_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_036a_sml.jpg" width="452" height="378" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The cab is at the front of the engine shown on this page, too, but it is -a steam locomotive. It burns oil instead of coal, so the cab doesn’t -have to be right next to the tender. The men call it the Big Wamp. It -hauls tremendously long freight trains across the Rocky<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span> Mountains. One -siding where the men stop to eat is so long that there has to be a -restaurant at each end!</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_037_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_037_sml.jpg" width="358" height="154" alt="Image unavailable: SANTA FE 6000 DIESEL - -NEW HAVEN EP-4" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Many railroads are buying more and more Diesels as their steam -locomotives wear out. The Santa Fe Railroad’s Diesel at the top of the -page is called a 6000 because it has six thousand horsepower.</p> - -<p>The New York, New Haven & Hartford uses electric locomotives because it -can get power for them easily. The one above is called the EP-4 because -it is the fourth model of electric passenger engine the road has used.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_038_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_038_sml.jpg" width="420" height="164" alt="Image unavailable: PERE MARQUETTE BERKSHIRE - -NEW YORk CENTRAL HUDSON" /></a> -</div> - -<p>All the others in these pictures are steam locomotives, but the T-1 is a -special kind. Its name means that it is the first of a type called a -turbine locomotive. An<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span> ordinary engine lets out its used-up steam in -puffs, as if it were panting. A turbine doesn’t, and so it never makes -the familiar chuff-chuff noise.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_039_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_039_sml.jpg" width="382" height="171" alt="Image unavailable: ERIE PACIFIC - -CANADIAN PACIFIC MIKADO" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The name on each of the other steam locomotives shows that it belongs to -a type that has a particular arrangement of wheels. All Pacific-type -engines have four small wheels in front, then six big ones, then two -small ones in back. Mikados have two small, eight big, then two small -ones. The way to write these wheel arrangements is 4-6-2 and 2-8-2. If -an engine is called a 2-6-0, that means it doesn’t have any small wheels -at the back. A 2-8-8-2 has two sets of big wheels and two sets of small -ones. And 0-8-8-0 means there are no small wheels at all.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_040_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_040_sml.jpg" width="414" height="168" alt="Image unavailable: UNION PACIFIC NORTHERN - -PENNSYLVANIA T-1" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span></p> - -<h2>HOT BOXES</h2> - -<p>Have you ever been on a train that stopped suddenly between stations? -Perhaps one of the cars had a hot box. Here is how it happened:</p> - -<p>Car axles must be kept well greased if they are going to move smoothly. -They are fixed so that each end of the axle turns in a bed of oily -stringy stuff called waste. The container that holds this bed of oily -waste is the journal box, and there’s one for every wheel on a car.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_041_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_041_sml.jpg" width="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Inspectors always check journal boxes carefully, but it sometimes -happens that the oil gets used up while the car is moving. The unoiled -axle grows hotter and hotter until the waste begins to smoke and burn. -Then the car has a hot box, which railroaders also call a stinker. Hot -boxes can be dangerous. If an axle goes too long without grease, it may -break off and cause a bad accident.</p> - -<p>When the train goes around a curve, the engineer or the fireman looks -back for smoking journal boxes. The brakeman in the caboose keeps an eye -out for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span> them, too. On many new height trains the conductor or the -brakeman can call immediately by radio telephone and tell the engineer -to stop for a stinker. But on older trains, the conductor can only pull -the emergency air-brake, which stops the whole train fast.</p> - -<p>Although a hot box is dangerous, it’s easy to remedy. The box only needs -to be re-packed with fresh oil-soaked waste.</p> - -<p>Everybody who works on a railroad watches for smoking journal boxes. -Suppose a freight train has stopped on a siding to let a fast passenger -train go by. The head freight brakeman stands beside the track. If he -sees a hot box on the fast train—or any loose, dragging part—he -signals to the passenger engineer.</p> - -<p>When railroad workers give a good look at a running train, they say that -they’ve made a running inspection. Telegraph operators and station -agents come out on the platform and make running inspections whenever -trains go by.</p> - -<p>The newest, fastest cars on both passenger and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span> freight trains get fewer -hot boxes than old ones. Their axles have roller bearings to help them -turn smoothly, and the oil in their journal boxes is supposed to last -for a long time. Still, an inspector may forget to check the oil, or it -may leak out.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_042_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_042_sml.jpg" width="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>There’s no waste packed around roller bearings. So, how is anyone going -to tell when one of the new cars gets a hot box? Some railroads have -solved the problem with bombs! Into every journal box go two little -gadgets that explode when an unoiled axle begins to heat up. One bomb -lets out a big puff of smoke that can easily be seen. The other spills a -nasty smelling gas that is sure to make passengers complain, in case the -conductor doesn’t notice it himself.</p> - -<h2>GREENBALL FREIGHT</h2> - -<p>Roller-bearings are usually put on the freight cars that need to run at -passenger train speed. Greenball<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span> freight always travels fast. A -greenball train carries fruits and vegetables in refrigerator cars, -which are also called reefers or riffs.</p> - -<p>At each end of a reefer are containers called bunkers. These hold ice to -keep the food cool while it travels. At ordinary stations, men load ice -into the bunkers by hand. But a big loading station has a giant icing -machine to do the job. It rides along on its own rails, poking its great -arms out and pouring tons of ice into the cars.</p> - -<p>Suppose you are sending carloads of spinach to market. The icing machine -also blows fine-chopped ice, which looks like snow, on top of the -spinach to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span> keep it fresh. But suppose you have a lot of peaches that -must go from the orchard to a big city hundreds of miles away. First, -the reefers have to be pre-cooled. Onto the loading platforms roll -machines with big canvas funnels that fit tightly over the reefers’ -doors. These are blowers that force cold air into the cars. Now the -crates of fruit can be loaded quickly, and the doors sealed shut.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_044_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_044_sml.jpg" width="456" height="193" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When fruit trains from California go across the high mountains in -winter, there is danger that the reefers may get too cold. So the men -lower charcoal stoves into the bunkers for the mountain trip. Then the -bunkers are filled with ice when they get down into warmer country -again.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_045_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_045_sml.jpg" width="454" height="155" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_043_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_043_sml.jpg" width="453" height="343" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Some fruits, such as bananas, have to be inspected on the road to make -sure they are not spoiling. The inspectors are called messengers.</p> - -<p>Reefers also carry meat and fish, butter, eggs, cheese and even fresh -flowers.</p> - -<p>When a reefer’s cargo is bound for a big town or city, it goes straight -through, with as few stops as possible. But there are many small towns -that couldn’t use up a whole carload of butter or meat before it -spoiled. So the railroads have peddler cars to supply these towns with -small quantities of food. The cars stop at station after station, just -the way a peddler would. The storekeepers get only what they need, then -the car moves on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span></p> - -<h2>TO MARKET, TO MARKET</h2> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;"> -<a href="images/ill_046_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_046_sml.jpg" width="166" height="226" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>These two black sheep are railroad workers riding to work in Texas. They -really do have jobs at stock pens, helping the men load other sheep into -the livestock cars that carry them to market. If you have ever tried to -drive sheep along, you know that they get confused and contrary. They -will scatter in every direction except the right one. But, if they have -a leader to show them the way, they will follow quietly behind him.</p> - -<p>So railroaders and stockyard workers often teach certain sheep to lead -others up the ramp and into the stock car. When the last one is in, the -lead sheep runs out, and the door slams shut. Black sheep are best for -the job because they stand out from the usual white ones, and they don’t -get sent off to market by mistake.</p> - -<p>Perhaps you wonder how it is possible to teach sheep to do this kind of -job. The answer is that they get a treat every time they finish loading -a car. Some pets like sugar or a carrot, but these two were fondest of a -big piece of chewing tobacco.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_047_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_047_sml.jpg" width="466" height="292" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Stock cars for sheep and pigs have two decks. Cars for cattle and horses -and mules have only one. And poultry cars have several. The slits in -livestock cars let in plenty of fresh air and keep the animals cool. -Since pigs are likely to suffer from heat on a trip, they often get a -soaking bath before they go into the cars.</p> - -<p>There is a rule that animals must not travel more than a day and a half -cooped up in a car. So trains stop at resting pens along the way to let -the animals out for exercise and food and water. After a few hours they -are loaded again. Meantime the cars have had fresh clean sand or straw -spread around on the floor. Some very fast stock trains zoom along at -such high speed that they reach the market before the animals need to -stop and rest.</p> - -<p>Veterinaries and inspectors often work at stock stations, looking out -for animals that are sick. Caretakers for poultry and animals usually go -along in the caboose.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span></p> - -<h2>TANK CARS</h2> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 182px;"> -<a href="images/ill_048_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_048_sml.jpg" width="182" height="488" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 192px;"> -<a href="images/ill_049_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_049_sml.jpg" width="192" height="498" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Railroaders call a tank car a can. It really is an enormous can with -different kinds of lining for hauling different liquids. Milk tanks have -glass or steel linings. Tanks for certain chemicals are lined with -rubber or aluminum or lead.</p> - -<p>Altogether there are more than two hundred types of tank car, and here -are some of the things that travel in them: fuel oil, gasoline, and -asphalt; molasses and sugar syrup; turpentine and alcohol; lard, corn -oil and fish oil for vitamins.</p> - -<p>Some tank cars have heating coils that warm up lard or molasses and keep -it from getting too stiff to flow out easily. Most tank cars have a dome -on top. If they didn’t, they might burst open at the seams when the -liquid inside them begins to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span> expand in hot weather. Instead, the liquid -bulges up into the dome, and no harm is done.</p> - -<p>Wine tank cars have four compartments for carrying different kinds of -wine.</p> - -<p>Milk tank cars are built with two compartments that tip slightly toward -the center so that every bit of milk will flow out. Each compartment is -rather like a thermos bottle, with special wrapping around it to keep -the milk from getting warm and sour. And the tanks are always filled -brim full so the milk won’t slosh around and churn up a batch of butter -on the road. Can you guess why milk tanks don’t need domes? Remember the -milk must stay cool. Even when the sun is hot outside, the cool milk -doesn’t expand, so no dome is needed to keep the tank from bursting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span></p> - -<h2>HOPPERS AND GONDOLAS</h2> - -<p>A whole train made up of nothing but cars loaded with coal is called a -black snake. Since rain and snow won’t hurt coal, it travels in cars -without tops. One kind of coal car has sloping ends like the one on this -page. It is called a hopper car. You load the coal in at the top, but -you unload it by opening trapdoors in the bottom which let the coal drop -into chutes.</p> - -<p>Coal also travels in gondolas, which are just square-ended bins on -wheels. They have to be unloaded by hand or by a dumping machine. It is -hard to believe how fast some of these machines work. First a switch -engine pushes the car of coal onto a platform underneath a tower. -Grippers hold the car tight while it is jerked up, tilted over on its -side, dumped, then let down again empty. The whole job takes only a -minute or a minute and a half. The empty car rolls away downhill while a -full one is being switched into place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_050_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_050_sml.jpg" width="466" height="433" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span></p> - -<p>Another kind of dumper, the one you can see in the picture, looks rather -like a barrel that can roll from side to side. It, too, tips the car -over on its side so the coal can run out into a chute. Then the machine -swings back and lets the car drift downhill.</p> - -<p>Locomotives and shops use almost a fourth of all the coal the railroads -haul. It takes much less coal now to run an engine than it used to take, -because engineers and scientists have thought up ways to make -locomotives better and better. They figure things so closely they can -even tell how much it costs to blow an engine’s whistle—three toots for -a penny.</p> - -<p>Other things besides coal are often carried in hoppers and gondolas. Ore -travels from mines to mills in hoppers. Gondolas haul lumber.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_051_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_051_sml.jpg" width="440" height="318" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span></p> - -<p>Things such as sugar and chemicals are sometimes carried in covered -hopper cars. Of course, these hoppers have tight lids and special -linings, and they’re kept very clean, so you won’t find coal dust mixed -with your candy.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;"> -<a href="images/ill_052_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_052_sml.jpg" width="166" height="414" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>GRAIN CARS</h2> - -<p>Early every summer the railroads put a lot of boxcars in the bank. That -means they switch the cars off onto sidings all through the -wheat-growing part of the country. Then, when the wheat is harvested and -ready to be shipped to market, the cars can be drawn out of the bank, -filled up with grain, and hauled away.</p> - -<p>The wheat gets ripe in the south first. When harvest is finished there, -the cars move along. All through the summer the grain cars work their -way farther north.</p> - -<p>Special grain doors have to be fitted in tight, just behind the regular -sliding doors of the boxcars, to keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span> the wheat from leaking out. The -grain doors go almost all the way to the top, but not quite. In a minute -you’ll see why.</p> - -<p>After the farmers thresh their wheat, they take it to an elevator, which -is an enormous storage tower close to the railroad tracks. Then, a chute -from the elevator loads the wheat into the cars through the space at the -top of the grain doors.</p> - -<p>When a car is loaded, a man crawls in on top of the grain and hunches -himself along with elbows and toes. He is the grain sampler who works -for the companies that buy the wheat. Every once in a while he pokes a -gadget down into the grain and brings up a sample from various parts of -the car. These samples are enough to tell him whether the whole car is -fair, good, or excellent wheat.</p> - -<p>There is only about a two-foot space between the top of the grain and -the roof of the car. So grain samplers have to be skinny men who can -creep about easily.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_053_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_053_sml.jpg" width="454" height="226" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_054_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_054_sml.jpg" width="456" height="390" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>ODD SHAPES AND SIZES</h2> - -<p>Besides the ordinary cars that do ordinary jobs, railroads have some -cars that have been made for special purposes.</p> - -<p>A medical car is really a small traveling hospital. It goes along with -construction crews when they have a big job to do far from a station. A -trained nurse has her office in the car. She can take care of small -injuries or give first aid until a doctor arrives.</p> - -<p>One special car looks like a load of big sausages. It is really a sort -of boxcar frame into which long, heavy pipes have been fitted so that -they wind back and forth. The pipes carry a load of helium gas. Helium -is used in balloons and blimps, because it is very light and it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span> can’t -catch fire. Even when this car is fully loaded with all the gas that can -be squeezed into the pipes, it weighs only a ton more than an empty car. -Most loaded freight cars weigh between forty and eighty tons.</p> - -<p>Sometimes a factory wants to ship a very tall machine by freight. So the -railroad has it loaded onto an underslung flat car that looks as if it -had had a bite taken out of its middle. It’s called a depressed center -car.</p> - -<p>But still the machine may stick up too high to go through underpasses. -Then a special department gets to work figuring out what to do. Men who -know every mile of track work out a route that has no low underpasses. -This sometimes means that the machine will make a dozen detours before -it is delivered.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_055_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_055_sml.jpg" width="444" height="190" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Circus cars are sometimes just flat cars which carry the animals’ cages. -But some of them are specially built<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span> like stables, with stalls and a -storage place for food. Fancy race horses ride in padded stable cars, -too.</p> - -<p>A pickle car is made of six separate wooden tanks. Men at the pickle -works fill them with cucumbers and brine. Then the car delivers them at -the factory to be bottled.</p> - -<h2>TRESTLES, TUNNELS AND THINGS</h2> - -<p>Have you ever wondered why some railroad bridges across rivers are so -very high, while automobile bridges are quite low? The trains look a -little scary, rushing along way up in the air. But there’s a good reason -why they do it, and those tall trestles are so wonderfully planned and -built that they are very safe.</p> - -<p>Trains can’t climb hills nearly as well as automobiles can. The slopes -that trains go up must be very gentle ones. Even a little bit of -up-and-down grade slows a train a great deal. So the men who build -railroads try to make the tracks run along as nearly level as possible. -Next time you see a high bridge across a river, look at the rest of the -country around. You’ll see that the river cuts deep down between two -hills. The bridge is built on tall stilts that make a level path for the -train from one hilltop to the other.</p> - -<p>When trains have to go up or down a very long hill, the builders have a -problem. They must slope the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_056_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_056_sml.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">tracks very gradually. In mountains this means that the tracks zig-zag -back and forth, with long, wide curves between the zigs and the zags. If -you look back at the picture on <a href="#page_019">page 19</a>, you will see how one railroad -solved the problem. The rails are laid so that they spiral upward, -making a loop. When a very long train travels along the loop, it’s like -a huge snake coiled around over its own tail!</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_057_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_057_sml.jpg" width="466" height="190" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Unless it’s absolutely necessary, the builders try not to make curves. -Trains run faster along rails that are straight as well as flat. Every -bend means that the engineer has to slow down a little.</p> - -<p>And so there are two reasons why railroads often have tunnels right -through mountains. Instead of climbing far up and then coming down in -long, slow curves, the train can run quickly straight through.</p> - -<p>Tunnels are hard to dig. They often have to be blasted out of solid -rock. So the builders don’t make them any bigger than they have to. Of -course, there’s not room for a man to stand up on top of a freight car<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span> -as it goes through a tunnel. To protect brakemen who might forget, there -is a device called a tell-tale close to the mouth of a tunnel. It is -simply a fringe of cords hanging down from a tall bar across the track. -The cords touch the careless brakeman and warn him to get down right -away before he’s scraped off and hurt.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_058_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_058_sml.jpg" width="462" height="308" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>If you started in the morning, it would take you till night just to name -the inventions that have made railroading more safe than it was a -hundred years ago. Some of them are simple things like a tell-tale. -Others, such as air brakes, are complicated. The most wonderful -invention of all took hundreds of scientists a long<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span> time to work out. -It’s called Centralized Traffic Control, or CTC.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_059_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_059_sml.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>To see what CTC does, you’ll first have to imagine a stretch of railroad -way out in the country, thirty miles from any station. There’s just one -main track, with sidings where trains running in opposite directions can -pass each other. Each engineer has his train orders, so he knows whether -he’s supposed to go onto the siding or continue straight through. But -unexpected things can always happen. If a train is late, it may not get -to the siding on time. Then there will be danger of a collision.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span></p> - -<p>That’s where CTC comes in. Trains cannot bump into each other when CTC -is at work. It is a wonderful system of electric wires that run along -the tracks, all the way to an office building in a railroad town. The -wires end in a long board that’s dotted with lights and small levers. -Now when train wheels travel over the rails, the wires carry electric -messages to that long board. Lights flash on and tell the man who -watches the board exactly where the train is. If he wants it to go onto -a siding, he pushes a lever. Electric switches miles away guide the -train’s wheels off the main track. At the same time, signal lights tell -the engineer to stop.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 188px;"> -<a href="images/ill_060_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_060_sml.jpg" width="188" height="266" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>What’s more, CTC has extra safety machinery, just in case the man at the -board makes a mistake. If he pushes levers that might make two trains -bump into each other, stop signals go on all along the line. All trains -come to a halt until the mistake is corrected.</p> - -<p>In the old days, trains that ran through western ranch country were -often late. The crew who had orders<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span> to pull onto a siding knew they -might have to wait a long time. So they could just take a walk to the -nearest house, wake the rancher and settle down for a visit. If their -host was in a good humor, he’d build a fire and cook them a meal. Then, -when they heard the whistle of the approaching train, they’d start back -in plenty of time to signal as it passed their siding. Railroaders have -fun talking about those early times, but they’d really rather have the -safety of Centralized Traffic Control.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_061_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_061_sml.jpg" width="446" height="252" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>CTC helps to keep passenger trains moving safely into big cities, too. -The man at the board—he’s called the dispatcher—decides which track -each train should use. He pushes the levers. Electric switches move. -Signals flash to the engineer, and lights on the board show every train -moving along.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span></p> - -<h2>THE CAPTAIN AND THE CARS</h2> - -<p>Maybe you think the conductor of a passenger train is only the man who -takes tickets and says “All Aboard.” But he really is the boss of the -whole train. Even the engineer must follow his signals. That’s why they -call the conductor the Captain.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 140px;"> -<a href="images/ill_062_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_062_sml.jpg" width="140" height="216" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The brakeman is the conductor’s helper. Together they collect tickets or -fares and help passengers on and off at stations.</p> - -<p>On the slick, fast trains called streamliners the conductor has quite a -job to do. Many of the passengers are making long trips, so they have -complicated tickets that allow them to stop at several places and then -come home again. The conductor has to check the tickets and make sure -they are right.</p> - -<p>For short trips, conductors and brakemen take care of everything. But a -streamliner needs a lot of other people who do special jobs.</p> - -<p>The first one you’re likely to meet is the stewardess. She makes -passengers comfortable. She answers questions and points out things that -are particularly interesting to look at through the window.</p> - -<p>At night the stewardess brings pillows to coach passengers<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span> and helps -them tilt their seats back. In some cars, each seat has a leg-rest that -pulls out, making a sort of couch for anyone who wants a nap.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_063_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_063_sml.jpg" width="458" height="342" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The stewardess usually gives extra attention to children. She may read -them stories in the playroom at the end of one car, or give them crayons -and coloring books, or play records for them. She even has a supply of -diapers for small babies and a refrigerator to keep their milk cool.</p> - -<p>A streamliner is really a sort of hotel on wheels. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span> observation car -is like a lobby, with big soft chairs and sofas, tables full of -magazines, a radio and desks for writing letters. At one end is a -telephone booth where you can call up anyone you want to. This telephone -works by radio. The radio operator on the train connects you with a -regular telephone operator who completes the call over ordinary phone -wires.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_064_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_064_sml.jpg" width="464" height="300" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>If you need a haircut, you can visit a barbershop on the train. Porters -will press your clothes and shine your shoes for you. You can buy ice -cream sodas at the snack bar. A businessman who wants to do some work -can ask the train’s stenographer to type out letters for him. And no -matter how disagreeable the weather is outside, a streamliner is -comfortable for it is air-conditioned.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span></p> - -<p>Most fun of all are the streamliners that have double-decker cars called -Vista-Domes and Astra-Domes. The dome sticks up above the car like an -oversized caboose cupola. Like the freight brakeman, you can sit in the -upper deck, look out through the windows in the dome and see everything -around you. Daytimes there may be mountains. At night, you can lean back -in the adjustable seat and watch the stars.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_065_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_065_sml.jpg" width="458" height="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Streamliners go very fast, but not too fast for safety. Beside the track -are signs that tell the engineer what the speed limits are. For extra -safety, the locomotive may have a powerful headlight that sends out its -beam like a searchlight. The beam travels across the sky in a -figure-eight movement far ahead. People on highways<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span> see it and are -warned to stop at grade crossings in plenty of time.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_066_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_066_sml.jpg" width="464" height="248" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>EATING</h2> - -<p>The galley is the kitchen in the dining car. It has to be worked like -those puzzles that won’t come out right unless you move the pieces in -just the proper order back and forth into one tiny little space. When -you see all the food being loaded into the diner for one trip, you can’t -believe there’s any space left over for cooking.</p> - -<p>But everything has been planned ahead of time so that it all fits inside -the car. The cooks and the waiters have all gone to school where they -learned how to prepare and serve food for dozens of people without -getting the small galley cluttered up and out of order. Many diners have -mechanical dishwashers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>{70}</span></p> - -<p>People eat so much on diners that railroads buy bananas by the boatload, -meat and butter and coffee by the carload. One road has its own potato -farm and turkey ranch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_067_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_067_sml.jpg" width="458" height="338" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>A table for two people in a diner is called a deuce. One for four people -is a large. When a waiter has customers sitting at all his tables, he -says that he is flattened out. And if he makes a mistake or gets -nervous, the others say he has gone up a tree.</p> - -<p>It is fun to eat on a train, but the railroads themselves are very -serious about food. They have experts who plan special menus to please -boys and girls. They figure out new ways of serving food so that it -looks and tastes like Thanksgiving all year round. One road even asked -scientists to grow fancy roses for the dining tables and to invent a -chemical that could be mixed with water to keep the roses fresh!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a>{71}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_068_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_068_sml.jpg" width="374" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a>{72}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_070_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_070_sml.jpg" width="462" height="115" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>SLEEPING</h2> - -<p>Sleeping cars are called Pullman cars, because they are built and owned -by the Pullman Company. For a long time, one sleeping car was just about -like every other. It had two rows of double seats and an aisle going -down the middle. At night, the porter changed each pair of seats into a -lower berth, and he pulled an upper berth down from its storage-place in -the wall. Then he made the beds and hung green curtains from the ceiling -to the floor all along the aisle.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_071_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_071_sml.jpg" width="453" height="147" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>People who slept in upper berths climbed up and down a ladder. A button -in each berth flashed on a light to call the porter. A little hammock -hung against the wall. In it, you put your clothes and small packages. -Your shoes went on the floor beneath the berths, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a>{73}</span> the porter could -shine them while you slept. At the ends of the car were dressing-rooms -and toilets.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_069_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_069_sml.jpg" width="404" height="262" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Many Pullman cars are still built like that. And it’s still fun to climb -the ladder to the upper berth. But more and more people are travelling -in different kinds of sleeping cars. One kind is called a duplex. It has -peculiar looking checkerboard windows outside. Inside are little private -rooms, some on the lower level, some on the top level, with stairs -leading to a corridor along the side. The rooms have sofa seats for -daytime. At night, when you pull a handle in the wall, out slides a bed -all made up and ready to be slept in.</p> - -<p>Another kind of sleeping car, called a roomette, has a row of small -rooms all on one level. Each room has<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a>{74}</span> its folding bed. There’s also a -washbowl, toilet and clothes closet. An air-conditioner switch will make -the room warmer or cooler, and you can even turn on a radio.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_072_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_072_sml.jpg" width="400" height="337" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Roomettes are big enough for only one person. But several kinds of -Pullman car rooms have beds for two or three people. Some are called -drawing rooms. Others are called compartments. They have arm chairs as -well as sofas. And connecting double bedrooms can be turned into a -traveling home for a whole family.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a>{75}</span></p> - -<h2>SPECIAL TRAINS</h2> - -<p>Snow trains carry people who want to go skiing. They leave early Sunday -morning, wait all day on a siding at a station near a good skiing place, -and come back in the evening.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_073_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_073_sml.jpg" width="460" height="460" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>You can’t always be sure ahead of time exactly where the train will -stop. The snow may melt fast on one mountainside, so the railroad has to -send the snow train to another place where the skiing is still good.</p> - -<p>A snow train has a baggage car that is fixed up like a store<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a>{76}</span> where you -can buy or rent any kind of skiing equipment. It also has a diner where -you eat breakfast, lunch and dinner or have hot soup when you get cold.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_074_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_074_sml.jpg" width="464" height="90" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>For long trips to deep-snow country, you start Saturday night in a -sleeping car and get back early Monday morning.</p> - -<h2>AT THE HEAD END</h2> - -<p>At the head end, a streamlined train has several cars that are different -from passenger cars. One of them is built for the people who work on the -train. It has berths where they sleep, shower rooms, lockers for -clothes. The stewardess and the conductor may have offices there, too. -(The men in the engine crew, of course, don’t stay with the train. They -change at division points.)</p> - -<p>Some trains take a Railway Post Office car along at the head end. It -does the work of a small post office. Regular mail clerks in the car -sort letters and cancel the stamps. They toss out bags of mail at -stations where the train doesn’t stop. At the same time, a long metal -arm attached to the car reaches out and picks up mailbags that hang from -hoops beside the track.</p> - -<p>The men who work in the Post Office car have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a>{77}</span> learned to be very -accurate and fast. They need to know the names and locations of hundreds -of towns and cities, so they can toss each letter into exactly the right -sorting bag.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_075_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_075_sml.jpg" width="182" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The Railway Express car carries packages of all kinds. It has -refrigerated boxes for small quantities of things like fresh flowers and -fish.</p> - -<p>The idea for express cars started long ago, before the government’s -regular post office system had been worked out well. In those days, -people often wanted to send valuable packages or letters in a hurry, but -they had no way to do it. So some young men, who were known to be very -honest, took on the job. Sometimes they carried parcels or letters in -locked bags—sometimes in their own tall stovepipe hats! Gradually<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a>{78}</span> they -got so much business that they had to hire a whole car from the -railroad. They were the grandfathers of the Railway Express that now -owns hundreds of cars.</p> - -<p>In springtime, the express man often travels with noisy cargo. That is -the season when chicken farmers begin sending baby chicks in boxes all -over the country.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 174px;"> -<a href="images/ill_076_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_076_sml.jpg" width="174" height="274" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Pet animals usually ride in the baggage car, along with suitcases, -trunks and bicycles. All kinds of pets travel on trains. You check them, -just the way you check a suitcase, and the baggageman takes care of -them. He is used to dogs and cats and birds, but once a baggageman had -to mind a huge sea cow all the way from New York to St. Louis.</p> - -<p>Sometimes dogs get so fond of trains that they spend their whole lives -riding with friendly engineers or baggagemen. Cooks and waiters in the -diner save scraps for them to eat.</p> - -<p>The most famous traveller of all was a Scotch terrier named Owney. -During his long life he covered more than 150,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a>{79}</span> miles, riding in -Railway Post Office cars. The men put tags on his collar showing where -he had been. Finally he collected so many tags that he had to have a -harness to hold them. When he died, the Post Office Department had him -stuffed and put in its museum.</p> - -<h2>NARROW GAUGE TRAINS</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_077_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_077_sml.jpg" width="456" height="274" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When your grandmother was a little girl, fast trains ran from coast to -coast and slower ones climbed to towns high in the mountains. -Super-highways for automobiles and trucks were something that only a few -people even imagined then. So—if freight and passengers were going very -far, they had to travel by train. Mountains gave the railroads a lot of -trouble, because it was hard to dig wide roadbeds along the steep, -rocky<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a>{80}</span> hillsides or to push them through tunnels in solid stone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_078_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_078_sml.jpg" width="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>One answer to the problem was to make the tracks not so wide and the -tunnels not so high and the trains not so big! These railroads were -called narrow gauge. (Gauge means the distance between the tracks.) The -trains looked like toys, but they carried on their jobs perfectly well. -A narrow-gauge engine and cars could whip easily around sharp curves, -hugging the side of the cliff. The pint-sized locomotives pulled heavy -loads. Elegant ladies and gentlemen used to travel in the tiny cars -which were just as fancy as the big streamliners are now—maybe even -fancier.</p> - -<p>When good highways and huge trailer trucks came along, most of the -narrow gauge railroads stopped running.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a>{81}</span> A truck and trailer cost a lot -less to operate than even a toy-like locomotive and freight cars. But in -a few places you can still see the little giants at work. For instance, -there is the Edaville Railroad which runs through the cranberry bogs in -Massachusetts.</p> - -<p>The narrow gauge Edaville trains haul boxes into the bogs where pickers -fill them with berries. Then the loaded cars take the berries out to a -cleaning and sorting shed for shipment to canneries and stores.</p> - -<p>On many trips the Edaville trains carry passengers, too, for people love -to ride behind the old-time engines. The man who owns the railroad lets -everyone travel free, but if you want a souvenir ticket, you can buy it -for a nickel!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a>{82}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_079_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_079_sml.jpg" width="462" height="304" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>ALONG THE TRACKS</h2> - -<p>The section crews are the men who lay new railroad tracks and keep the -old ones repaired. Railroaders call them gandy dancers, and the boss of -the crew is the king snipe.</p> - -<p>In the old days, all the section work was done with hand tools. Men -lifted the heavy rails with tongs. They chipped out the notches in the -wooden ties for the rails to rest in. They hammered down the spikes that -held the rails. The crew rode to work on a handcar, pumping a lever up -and down to make the wheels turn.</p> - -<p>Now there are motor cars instead of handcars, and wonderful machines -help with the work. A rail-laying crane lifts the rails and swings them -into place on the ties. An adzer with whirling knife-blades cuts the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a>{83}</span> -notches. The spikes still have to be started into their holes by hand, -but then a mechanical hammer that runs by compressed air finishes the -pounding job.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 168px;"> -<a href="images/ill_080_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_080_sml.jpg" width="168" height="372" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Perhaps you’ve noticed that there seem to be a lot of cinders along -railroad tracks. But they didn’t come from the engines. They were put -there on purpose. Railroads also use chipped stone or gravel or even -squashed-up oyster shells under the tracks and ties.</p> - -<p>All of these things are called ballast, and they make a good firm bed -for the rails. When it rains or snows, the loose pebbly ballast lets the -water run off quickly, so that the ties will dry out and keep from -rotting.</p> - -<p>Grass and weeds don’t grow very well in ballast, but when they do a -motor car with a chemical spray comes along and kills them off. When -lots of rubbish has collected, a cleaning machine goes to work. The -machine is called the Big Liz. It moves down the track, scooping up -ballast and sifting out all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a>{84}</span> the dust and junk. Then it squirts the -cleaned ballast out again, leaving a clean roadbed behind.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_081_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_081_sml.jpg" width="258" height="200" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Section crews often have portable telephones or walkie-talkies that save -a lot of time. If they need materials, they call up the office and put -in the order right away. And if the job takes longer than they expected, -they phone a warning to the nearest station where trains can wait until -it’s safe to go ahead.</p> - -<p>How does the section crew know when it is necessary to put in a new -rail? In the old days, they got orders from an inspector who walked or -rode slowly along in an inspection car, looking for cracks or breaks. -That’s still the way it is done in many places. But some railroads have -a machine-detective that finds cracks so small a man couldn’t even see -them.</p> - -<p>The machine rides in a detector car, and it works<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a>{85}</span> by electricity with -tubes something like radio tubes. The men who run it simply look at wavy -lines drawn on paper by pens that are part of the machine. Whenever the -car passes over a cracked rail, the pens make a different kind of line. -And right away the section crew is asked to put a new rail in. Summer -and winter, the detector cars creep along, making sure that tracks are -safe.</p> - -<p>In winter, of course, the tracks must be kept clear. If there’s just an -ordinary snowfall, a powerful locomotive can run through it with no -trouble. But when drifts get deep and heavy, the snow plow must go to -work.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 160px;"> -<a href="images/ill_082_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_082_sml.jpg" width="160" height="216" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The man who first invented railroad snow plows got the idea from -watching a windmill. He saw how the windmill blades tossed snow around -as it fell. Why couldn’t blades at the front of an engine cut into -drifts and toss the snow off to one side? Of course they could. -Railroads began using powerful rotary plows. The whirling blades chewed -the drifts away. Even in lower country, there’s often plenty of work for -the snow eaters to do.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a>{86}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_083_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_083_sml.jpg" width="458" height="214" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>OLD-TIME TRAVEL</h2> - -<p>The very first passenger cars were really stagecoaches with railroad -wheels, and that’s why we still use the name coach. Some old-time -passenger cars had two decks. All the cars were fastened together with -chains, so they banged and whacked each other when the train started or -stopped. Sparks from the woodburning locomotive flew back and set -clothes on fire. Rails were only thin strips of iron nailed to wood. -Sometimes the strips broke loose and jabbed right up through a car.</p> - -<p>In the beginning, an engine had no closed-in cab for the engineer and -fireman. They didn’t want to be closed in. It was safer to stand outside -so they could jump off quickly in case of accident. Cows on the track -often caused trouble. Then a man named Isaac Dripps invented a -cowcatcher made of sharp spears. But farmers complained that it killed -too many animals, so scoop-shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a>{87}</span> cowcatchers were installed. The name -for a cowcatcher now is pilot.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 172px;"> -<a href="images/ill_084_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_084_sml.jpg" width="172" height="292" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The first headlight was a wood fire built on a small flat car pushed -ahead of the engine. Later, whale-oil and kerosene lamps showed the way -at night.</p> - -<p>Engineers were once allowed to invent and tinker with their own -whistles, and they worked out fancy ways of blowing them. This was -called quilling. People along the tracks could tell who the engineer was -by listening to the sound of his whistle. Some great quillers could even -blow a sort of tune.</p> - -<p>One engineer fixed his whistle so that people thought it was magic. -Every time he blew it, the kerosene lights in the station went out! What -happened was this: The whistle made vibrations in the air that were just -right for putting out the lamps. But they did the same thing to signal -lights, and so the engineer had to change his tune.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a>{88}</span></p> - -<p>The first sleeping cars had rows of hard double-decker and even -triple-decker bunks, with a stove at each end. Passengers brought their -own blankets and pillows, and their own candles to see by. Nobody really -slept much.</p> - -<p>Trains were uncomfortable—even dangerous. But people needed them, and -they were excited about them, too. All over the country men built new -railroads as fast as they could. Each new company built as it pleased, -and trains owned by one company didn’t run over another’s tracks. Of -course, that meant you had to change trains often—wherever one railroad -line stopped and another began. There were no railroad bridges over -rivers, either. So you got off and took a ferry across.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_085_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_085_sml.jpg" width="462" height="334" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>One by one, men made inventions for trains, so that traveling became -safer and more comfortable. Engines<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a>{89}</span> began to burn coal instead of wood. -A piece of wire screen in the smokestack stopped the flying sparks, -although cinders came through—and they still do to this very day. -Coaches and sleepers had softer seats, but they were still noisy for a -long time because they had wooden bodies that creaked while the wheels -clattered along.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_086_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_086_sml.jpg" width="458" height="239" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Thirsty travelers at first had to buy drinks from the water boy who -walked back and forth through the train. Later, cars had a tank of water -and one glass for everyone to use. The glass sat in a rack, and it had a -round bottom so that it wouldn’t be of much use to a passenger who was -tempted to steal it.</p> - -<p>Lots of things about trains were different in the old days, but one -thing was the same. They were just as much fun to ride in then as they -are now.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a>{90}</span></p> - -<h2 class="c">RAILROADING TALK</h2> - -<p>Here are more of the slang words that railroaders have made up:</p> - -<p class="hang">BALLING THE JACK—this is what they say when they mean a train is going -very fast. Highballing means the same thing.</p> - -<p class="hang">BOOMER—a railroad worker who moves from place to place without sticking -very long at any one job. There are still a few boomers, but in the old -days there were thousands.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 132px;"> -<a href="images/ill_087_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_087_sml.jpg" width="132" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="hang">BUCKLE THE BALONIES—this means fasten together the air brake hoses -which run underneath all the cars.</p> - -<p class="hang">CHASE THE RED—this is what the flagman says he does when he goes back -with a red flag or lantern to protect a stalled train.</p> - -<p class="hang">CRACKER BOX—a Diesel streamliner. Glowworm means the same thing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a>{91}</span></p> - -<p class="hang">CRADLE—a gondola or hopper car.</p> - -<p class="hang">DOODLEBUG—a little railroad motor car that the section crew uses.</p> - -<p class="hang">DOPE—the oily waste that is packed in journal boxes.</p> - -<p class="hang">GARDEN—a freight yard.</p> - -<p class="hang">GIVE HER THE GRIT—squirt sand onto a slippery track.</p> - -<p class="hang">GREASE THE PIG—oil the engine.</p> - -<p class="hang">HIGH IRON—the track that makes up the main line of a railroad, not -switching track or station track.</p> - -<p class="hang">PULL THE CALF’S TAIL—jerk the cord that blows the whistle.</p> - -<p class="hang">RATTLER—a freight train.</p> - -<p class="hang">SHOO-FLY—a track that is used only until regular track can be laid or -repaired.</p> - -<p class="hang">STRING OF VARNISH—a passenger train. High wheeler is another nickname.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 295px;"> -<a href="images/ill_088_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_088_sml.jpg" width="295" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a>{92}</span></p> - -<h2 class="c"><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> - -<p class="c"> -<a href="#a">a</a>, -<a href="#b">b</a>, -<a href="#c">c</a>, -<a href="#d">d</a>, -<a href="#e">e</a>, -<a href="#f">f</a>, -<a href="#g">g</a>, -<a href="#h">h</a>, -<a href="#i-i">i-i</a>, -<a href="#j">j</a>, -<a href="#k">k</a>, -<a href="#l">l</a>, -<a href="#m">m</a>, -<a href="#n">n</a>, -<a href="#o">o</a>, -<a href="#p">p</a>, -<a href="#q">q</a>, -<a href="#r">r</a>, -<a href="#s">s</a>, -<a href="#t">t</a>, -<a href="#v-i">v</a>, -<a href="#y">y</a>, -<a href="#w">w</a>. -</p> - -<p class="nind"> -<a name="a" id="a"></a>ashcat, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -Astra-Dome, <a href="#page_068">68</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="b" id="b"></a>backshop, <a href="#page_033">33-37</a><br /> - -bad-order car, <a href="#page_033">33</a><br /> - -baggage car, <a href="#page_078">78</a><br /> - -bakehead, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -ballast, <a href="#page_083">83</a><br /> - -banjo, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -barn, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -Big Liz, <a href="#page_083">83</a><br /> - -Big Wamp, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br /> - -bobtail, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -boxcars, <a href="#page_054">54-55</a><br /> - -brakeman, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -brakes, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br /> - -bridges, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br /> - -Brotherhoods, <a href="#page_032">32</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="c" id="c"></a>CTC, <a href="#page_062">62-64</a><br /> - -caboose, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -call boy, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br /> - -car knocker, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br /> - -car retarder, <a href="#page_029">29</a><br /> - -car tinker, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br /> - -cattle cars, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -Centralized Traffic Control, <a href="#page_062">62-64</a><br /> - -cherry picker, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -circus cars, <a href="#page_057">57</a><br /> - -classification yard, <a href="#page_025">25-29</a><br /> - -“club down,” <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -compartment, <a href="#page_074">74</a><br /> - -conductor, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -couplings, <a href="#page_032">32</a><br /> - -cowcatcher, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br /> - -crum box, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -crummy, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -cupola, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -<br /> -“<a name="d" id="d"></a>deckorating,” <a href="#page_020">20</a><br /> - -depressed center car, <a href="#page_057">57</a><br /> - -detector car, <a href="#page_084">84-85</a><br /> - -diamond pusher, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -Diesel locomotive, <a href="#page_038">38-40</a><br /> - -diner, <a href="#page_069">69-70</a><br /> - -dispatcher, <a href="#page_064">64</a><br /> - -division point, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br /> - -dog, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_078">78</a><br /> - -doghouse, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -dome, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br /> - -drag, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br /> - -duplex, <a href="#page_073">73</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="e" id="e"></a>Edaville Railroad, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br /> - -engineer, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_012">12-15</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="f" id="f"></a>fireman, <a href="#page_009">9-22</a><br /> - -flimsy, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br /> - -fusee, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="g" id="g"></a>galley, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br /> - -gandy dancer, <a href="#page_082">82</a><br /> - -gondolas, <a href="#page_052">52-53</a><br /> - -grain cars, <a href="#page_054">54-55</a><br /> - -greenball, <a href="#page_044">44-47</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="h" id="h"></a>hand signals, <a href="#page_032">32-33</a><br /> - -head end, <a href="#page_076">76</a><br /> - -head-end crew, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br /> - -helper engine, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -“highball,” <a href="#page_011">11</a><br /> - -hog, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -hogger, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -hoop, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br /> - -hoppers, <a href="#page_052">52-54</a><br /> - -hot box, <a href="#page_042">42-44</a><br /> - -hotshot, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br /> - -hump, <a href="#page_026">26-28</a><br /> - -hump rider, <a href="#page_029">29</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="i-i" id="i-i"></a>icing machine, <a href="#page_045">45</a><br /> - -inspection pit, <a href="#page_028">28</a><br /> - -inspector, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br /> - -Iron Horse, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="j" id="j"></a>journal box, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_042">42-44</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="k" id="k"></a>king snipe, <a href="#page_082">82</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="l" id="l"></a>link-and-pin, <a href="#page_032">32</a><br /> - -livestock cars, <a href="#page_048">48-49</a><br /> - -locomotives, <a href="#page_033">33-41</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="m" id="m"></a>Mikado, <a href="#page_041">41</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="n" id="n"></a>narrow-gauge trains, <a href="#page_079">79-81</a><br /> - -<a name="o" id="o"></a>old-fashioned trains, <a href="#page_086">86-89</a><br /> - -“op,” <a href="#page_009">9</a><br /> - -Owney, <a href="#page_078">78-79</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="p" id="p"></a>Pacific, <a href="#page_041">41</a><br /> - -parlor, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -peddler car, <a href="#page_047">47</a><br /> - -pig-pen, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -pigs, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -porter, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -Pullman cars, <a href="#page_072">72-74</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="q" id="q"></a>quilling, <a href="#page_087">87</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="r" id="r"></a>radio telephone, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -Railway Express car,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a>{93}</span> <a href="#page_077">77-78</a><br /> - -Railway Post Office car, <a href="#page_076">76-77</a><br /> - -redball, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br /> - -reefer, <a href="#page_044">44-47</a><br /> - -refrigerator cars, <a href="#page_044">44-47</a><br /> - -roller bearings, <a href="#page_044">44</a><br /> - -roomette, <a href="#page_073">73</a><br /> - -roundhouse, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -running inspection, <a href="#page_043">43</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="s" id="s"></a>sand, <a href="#page_020">20-21</a><br /> - -sap, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br /> - -section crew, <a href="#page_082">82-83</a><br /> - -shack, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -sheep, <a href="#page_048">48</a><br /> - -signal flags, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -signal lights, <a href="#page_014">14</a><br /> - -slip-track, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br /> - -snake, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -snow plow, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br /> - -snow train, <a href="#page_075">75</a><br /> - -special cars, <a href="#page_056">56-58</a><br /> - -squirrel cage, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -station agent, <a href="#page_014">14-16</a><br /> - -stewardess, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -stinker, <a href="#page_043">43</a><br /> - -stock cars, <a href="#page_048">48-49</a><br /> - -stoker, <a href="#page_012">12</a><br /> - -streamliner, <a href="#page_065">65-74</a><br /> - -switch engine, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -switch, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br /> - -switchman, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="t" id="t"></a>tallow pot, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -tank cars, <a href="#page_050">50-51</a><br /> - -teakettle, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> - -tell-tale, <a href="#page_061">61</a><br /> - -torpedoes, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -towerman, <a href="#page_026">26-28</a><br /> - -track-pan, <a href="#page_038">38</a><br /> - -trestles, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br /> - -train order, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br /> - -tunnels, <a href="#page_060">60</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="v-i" id="v-i"></a>Vista-Dome, <a href="#page_068">68</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="w" id="w"></a>waste, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="y" id="y"></a>yard goat, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br /> -</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_089_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_089_sml.jpg" width="250" height="150" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p>Many railroading people helped to make this book. Here are some to -whom the author and the artist want to give special thanks: -Margaret Gossett; Inez M. DeVille of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; -the late Lee Lyles of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; C. -J. Corliss and A. C. Browning of the Association of American -Railroads; K. C. Ingram of the Southern Pacific Railroad; Eugene -DuBois of the Pennsylvania Railroad; the staff in the President’s -office, Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen; Frank J. Newell of the -Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad; J. R. Sullivan -of the New York Central Railroad; Howard A. Moulton of the New -York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad; and finally to Harry Hall of -the New York, New Haven and Hartford, through whose good offices -the artist and his children spent a memorable day on the Edaville -Railroad.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a>{94}</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="" -style="margin:2em 5em 2em 5em;"> - -<tr valign="top"> -<td><p class="r"> -$1.50<br /> -</p> - -<p class="cb"><big><big>TRAINS<br /> AT WORK</big></big></p> - -<p class="c"><i>By</i> Mary Elting</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Illustrated by</i> David Lyle Millard</p> - -<p>Tank cars, hoppers and gondolas; steam locomotives and Diesels; -engineers, brakemen and signalmen; diners and Pullmans and ski -trains—all are part of the story of TRAINS AT WORK.</p> - -<p>The language of railroading is full of its own special words for things, -and the author uses and explains such expressions as “club down,” -“putting her in the hole,” “highball” and “hotshot.”</p> - -<p>How do freight trains get assembled? How are trains routed over the -tracks so that they can move safely in a steady flow? What is it like in -a roundhouse? What are the different jobs railroad men do? Mary Elting -tells the story of TRAINS AT WORK in the real, human terms of the men -who run them. And David Lyle Millard, an ardent railroad fan as well as -an artist, shows you in his colorful pictures, just what it all looks -like.</p> - -<p>You will find this book an exciting companion to TRUCKS AT WORK, SHIPS -AT WORK, MACHINES AT WORK.</p> - -<p class="c"> -<b><big>Garden City Books</big></b><br /> -Garden City, New York<br /></p> -</td> - -<td><img src="images/end-1.jpg" -width="139" -alt="[Image unavailable.]" -/></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a>{95}</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="" -style="margin:2em 5em 2em 5em;"> - -<tr valign="top"> -<td><img src="images/end-2.jpg" -width="147" -alt="[Image unavailable.]" -/> - -</td> -<td> -<p class="cb"><big><big>SHIPS<br /> AT WORK</big></big></p> - -<p class="c"><i>By</i> Mary Elting</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Illustrated by</i> Manning deV. Lee</p> - -<p>Here is the colorful, exciting life of the sea—the men, the ships they -sail, the work they do, the cargoes they carry to the far corners of the -world—all vividly presented.</p> - -<p>Freighters, tankers, ferries, tugs, and the many unusual ships that do -highly specialized jobs are shown in action. The work, the sailor’s -language, the kind of life a seaman lives, the use of recent inventions -(such as radar) all contribute to this fascinating picture of SHIPS AT -WORK. The newest and proudest of ocean liners, the “United States,” is -pictured and described as well as the humblest dugouts and sailing -vessels of ancient times.</p> - -<p>The illustrator, famous for his marine paintings, has combined beauty -with clear, sharp detail. His many full-color pictures in this book give -added interest to your seafaring knowledge.</p> - -<p class="c"> -<b><big>Garden City Books</big></b><br /> -Garden City, New York</p> -</td> -</tr> - -</table> -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trains at Work, by -Mary Elting Folsom and David Lyle Millard - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAINS AT WORK *** - -***** This file should be named 55525-h.htm or 55525-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/2/55525/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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