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diff --git a/56360-8.txt b/56360-0.txt index d291db7..b6a730e 100644 --- a/56360-8.txt +++ b/56360-0.txt @@ -1,32 +1,7 @@ -Project Gutenberg's How The Nations Waged War, by John McFarland Kennedy +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56360 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: How The Nations Waged War - A companion volume to "How the War Began" -Author: John McFarland Kennedy - -Release Date: January 12, 2018 [EBook #56360] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW THE NATIONS WAGED WAR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) @@ -436,7 +411,7 @@ like to place on record and bring to your notice the quite admirable behaviour of my staff under the most trying circumstances possible. One and all, they worked night and day with scarcely any rest, and I cannot praise too highly the cheerful zeal with which counsellor, naval -and military attachés, secretaries, and the two young attachés buckled +and military attachés, secretaries, and the two young attachés buckled to their work and kept their nerve with often a yelling mob outside, and inside, hundreds of British subjects clamouring for advice and assistance. I was proud to have such a staff to work with, and feel @@ -657,7 +632,7 @@ as an attempt to secure guarantees that Servia's promises shall be really translated into action. I am strengthened in this view by the declaration of the Austrian Cabinet that Austria-Hungary aims at no territorial acquisitions at Servia's expense. I think, therefore, that -it is entirely possible for Russia to maintain the rôle of a spectator +it is entirely possible for Russia to maintain the rôle of a spectator of the Austro-Servian war without dragging Europe into the most awful war it has ever experienced. I believe that a direct understanding between your government and Vienna is possible and desirable, and, as @@ -679,7 +654,7 @@ to the dangers and serious consequences of a mobilisation: I said the same to you in my last telegram. Austria-Hungary has only mobilised against Servia, and only a part of its army. If, as appears from your communication and that of your government, Russia is mobilising -against Austria-Hungary, the rôle of mediator which you entrusted to +against Austria-Hungary, the rôle of mediator which you entrusted to me in friendly wise, and which I accepted at your express request, is jeopardised, if not rendered impossible. The whole burden of decision now rests upon your shoulders, the responsibility for war or peace. @@ -756,7 +731,7 @@ This "calm consciousness" does not seem to have been disturbed by the reflection that in the spring of 1913, when Europe appeared to be settling down to a period of peace and prosperity after the Tripoli and Balkan wars, the German Government suddenly startled the whole -world by imposing a special war levy of £50,000,000, and by increasing +world by imposing a special war levy of £50,000,000, and by increasing the peace strength of the German army to 870,000 men. Under the Quinquennial Army Law of 1905, the peace footing of the German army was largely increased and reached a total of 505,839 men in 1911. A new @@ -848,7 +823,7 @@ Foreign Affairs at Berlin. _July 27th._ -The military attaché reports conversation with War Minister: +The military attaché reports conversation with War Minister: Sazonoff has asked the latter to explain the situation to me. The Minister of War gave me his word of honour that no mobilisation order @@ -899,8 +874,8 @@ to inform your Excellency, by my Government's command, as follows: "His Majesty the Emperor, my august Sovereign, raises the gage in the Empire's name and regards himself as in a state of war with Russia. -(_Sa Majesté l'Empereur, mon auguste Souverain, au nom de l'Empire, -relève le défi et se considère en état de guerre avec la Russie._) +(_Sa Majesté l'Empereur, mon auguste Souverain, au nom de l'Empire, +relève le défi et se considère en état de guerre avec la Russie._) "Please demand your papers and protection and put your affairs under the protection of the American Embassy." @@ -995,7 +970,7 @@ Belgian people. odds, the horrors of an irruption, devastation, of spoliation, and of outrage. They have stubbornly withstood and successfully arrested the inrush, wave after wave, of a gigantic and overwhelming force. The -defence of Liège will always be the theme of one of the most inspiring +defence of Liège will always be the theme of one of the most inspiring chapters in the annals of liberty. The Belgians have won for themselves the immortal glory which belongs to a people who prefer freedom to ease, to security, even to life itself. We are proud of their alliance @@ -1024,7 +999,7 @@ weeks gained by the heroic defence of Belgium; and Mr. Redmond, in a few glowing sentences, bore witness to the generous enthusiasm which had been excited in Ireland. There was no sacrifice, he said, which Ireland was not willing to make for Belgium, and he suggested that, -instead of the loan of £10,000,000 which had been proposed, the Belgian +instead of the loan of £10,000,000 which had been proposed, the Belgian people should be asked to receive the money as a gift. FOOTNOTES: @@ -1265,15 +1240,15 @@ the German Foreign Office, was the originator and at which the Foreign Secretary himself was present. The meeting was attended by members of the leading industrial concerns of this country: the North German Lloyd, the Hamburg-America Company, the Deutsche Bank, the Disconto -Gesellschaft, the Allgemeine Electrizitätsgesellschaft, Siemens and +Gesellschaft, the Allgemeine Electrizitätsgesellschaft, Siemens and Halske, the Schuckert Works, Krupp, the Cruson Works, etc. They formed a private company with the purpose of "furthering the German industrial prestige abroad"--a conveniently vague purpose. The company will be financed by private subscriptions and by a Government grant. The sum at first suggested as a necessary revenue from private subscription -was £12,500, but the company present at the first meeting was so +was £12,500, but the company present at the first meeting was so enthusiastic that it definitely promised annual subscriptions amounting -to £25,000. The Government will add £12,500 per annum--the whole +to £25,000. The Government will add £12,500 per annum--the whole Secret Service Fund, in fact, at the disposal of the Imperial Foreign Office for similar purposes (_e.g._, for the payment of subsidies to certain papers abroad). The company has entered into an agreement with @@ -1292,9 +1267,9 @@ a service in competition to Reuter's. All the concerns represented at the meeting have furthermore agreed to pay into the company's hotchpot the very vast sums which they are accustomed to spend abroad for their advertisements in foreign papers. The total of this item alone -is believed to be not less than £25,000 per annum--so the annual sum +is believed to be not less than £25,000 per annum--so the annual sum available for the purpose of the new company will reach a total of -£50,000 to £75,000. The company will in future issue the advertisements +£50,000 to £75,000. The company will in future issue the advertisements of its members only to those foreign papers which publish German information originating exclusively from the new company, which is to be regarded as the only authentic source of information concerning @@ -1439,7 +1414,7 @@ regarded as well informed, and enjoys a good reputation generally. The article confirms the various particulars set out in my despatch; it confirms more especially the fact that the Imperial Foreign Office -is supporting the scheme with an annual subscription of £12,500 paid +is supporting the scheme with an annual subscription of £12,500 paid out of its secret service fund. It supplies a list of the members of the society, the names of the directors, etc. The last paragraph of the article merits special attention on account of a certain refreshing @@ -1507,13 +1482,13 @@ news covering the whole world. For the present the enterprise has taken the form of a loose syndicate constituted for three years, which is, later on, to be replaced by a more systematic form of organisation. The annual subscription payable -by the firms which are members amounts to a minimum of £50. It is a +by the firms which are members amounts to a minimum of £50. It is a significant fact that the Imperial Foreign Office has voted a grant of -£12,500 towards the expenses of the syndicate, provided the same amount +£12,500 towards the expenses of the syndicate, provided the same amount is contributed by German industrial houses. As the subscriptions and -the contributions by the latter already exceed the sum of £12,500, the +the contributions by the latter already exceed the sum of £12,500, the contribution from the Foreign Office funds seems secured. As every -firm subscribing a sum of £50 has a vote, or, rather, as for every £50 +firm subscribing a sum of £50 has a vote, or, rather, as for every £50 subscribed the subscriber receives a vote, it may be expected that the Imperial Foreign Office will have a powerful and decisive influence upon the management of the syndicate generally and upon the development @@ -1734,7 +1709,7 @@ other respected it." "'To my question whether on condition that we respected Belgian neutrality he could give a definite declaration concerning Great Britain's neutrality, the Minister replied that this was not possible, -but this question would play a big rôle in the present temper of the +but this question would play a big rôle in the present temper of the people. If we disregarded Belgium's neutrality in a war with France a revulsion of sentiment would certainly set in, which would render it difficult to maintain friendly neutrality. For the present there was no @@ -1742,7 +1717,7 @@ intention of proceeding to hostilities against us. It was desired to avoid this if it were in any way possible. It was, however, difficult to draw the line marking how far we might go, before there would be intervention from here. He (Sir E. Grey) kept adverting to Belgian -neutrality, and said this question would play a great rôle. He had +neutrality, and said this question would play a great rôle. He had considered whether, in case of a Russian war, we and France might not simply remain armed against each other without either one attacking. @@ -1921,7 +1896,7 @@ The party takes its name from those fairly considerable sections of what was once Italian territory and where Italian is still spoken, but which are now in the possession of other Powers. These territories, known as _Italia Irredenta_ ("Unredeemed Italy") include the Southern -Tyrol (the "Trentino") Görz, Trieste, Istria, and Dalmatia; and also +Tyrol (the "Trentino") Görz, Trieste, Istria, and Dalmatia; and also the Swiss Canton of Tessin (Ticino), Nice, Corsica and Malta. The Italian expedition to Tripoli in 1911 caused intense @@ -2066,7 +2041,7 @@ would be tantamount to a general mobilisation. Very careful and very thorough preparations were being made. Troops were being slowly and methodically concentrated on the Austrian frontier. Those stationed on the French frontier, except the ordinary peace garrisons and -depôt troops, had already been transferred. Any idea of Italy acting +depôt troops, had already been transferred. Any idea of Italy acting against France was out of the question; but these preparations did not necessarily mean war with Austria. @@ -2140,7 +2115,7 @@ der Goltz, the Turks asked for further military "advice" and assistance from Berlin, and in reply to their request the German Government "lent" them another experienced officer, General Liman von Sanders (whom several North and South American papers confused with General Leman, -the defender of Liège). It was commented upon at the time as curious +the defender of Liège). It was commented upon at the time as curious that when General Liman von Sanders took up his appointment a year or so ago, he brought with him 200 German colonels as assistants, whom he placed at the head of Turkish regiments, together with several officers @@ -2189,7 +2164,7 @@ press that question has not been satisfactorily answered. The Constantinople Correspondent of _The Daily Telegraph_ reported that just before he left Constantinople on August 4th, the Germans there spread all kinds of wild rumours which were given the imprint of their -Embassy--such, for example, as that M. Poincaré had been assassinated, +Embassy--such, for example, as that M. Poincaré had been assassinated, that civil war had broken out in France, that the Germans had entered Belgium triumphantly, and that their arrival in Paris was imminent. Moreover, the German and Austrian diplomatists told Turkey confidently @@ -2447,7 +2422,7 @@ Empire shall take place." During a stay in Warsaw a few days previously I found, much to my surprise, that the antagonism of the educated Poles towards the -Russian régime was much less marked than towards Prussia and even +Russian régime was much less marked than towards Prussia and even towards Austria, where, as everybody knows, the Galician Poles are more liberally treated than either in Russia or Prussia. I also found unanimity among the same class of people with regard to the view that @@ -2543,8 +2518,8 @@ importance. The district inland under German authority abounds in mineral and metalliferous wealth, an abundant supply of good coal being not the least of its riches. The local native industries are chiefly connected with fruits and vegetables, silk culture, brewing, and -soap-making. Two years ago the imports amounted in value to £5,746,900 -and the exports to £4,014,750. In the winter months the harbour is the +soap-making. Two years ago the imports amounted in value to £5,746,900 +and the exports to £4,014,750. In the winter months the harbour is the natural outlet for the trade of Northern China, a railway 272 miles long, from Tsing-Tau to Poshan, having much increased its value in this direction. @@ -2582,7 +2557,7 @@ which are of very varied sizes, export cotton, coffee, copra, and rubber, the latter chiefly grown by a white population numbering under 500. The natives, with a considerable intermixture of Chinese, number 188,000. The seat of the Government, both for the Archipelago and -Kaiser Wilhelm Land, is Herbertshöhe, in the main island. +Kaiser Wilhelm Land, is Herbertshöhe, in the main island. Still further to the south-east a part of the Solomon group is under the Teutonic flag, including the considerable islands of Bougainville @@ -2870,7 +2845,7 @@ The sacred struggle for the honour of the nation and reparation for violated right will continue. None of our armies has been broken. If some have sustained too -perceptible losses the gaps will be immediately filled from the depôts, +perceptible losses the gaps will be immediately filled from the depôts, and the call for recruits assures us for the morrow new resources in men and energy to endure and to fight. @@ -2974,7 +2949,7 @@ that such facts will arouse the indignation of neutral States, and will help to make clear the meaning of the struggle which we are carrying on for the respect of law and the independence of nations. -To the communiqué were attached ten separate memoranda, setting forth +To the communiqué were attached ten separate memoranda, setting forth various specific charges against the Germans. The first memorandum dealt with the dispatch of wounded prisoners and @@ -2988,7 +2963,7 @@ systematically burned villages through which they had passed, although there had been no artillery fire which could provoke such measures. The second memorandum detailed the circumstances of the bombardment -of Pont-à-Mousson, an unfortified place, in violation of The Hague +of Pont-à -Mousson, an unfortified place, in violation of The Hague Convention, and the use of dum-dum bullets by the Germans was dealt with in the third memorandum. On August 10th, after an engagement, a French surgeon found a clip containing five cartridges with @@ -3156,10 +3131,10 @@ nationality. Great Britain had given them this Constitution, and ever since had regarded them as a free people and as a sister State. As an example of how the Imperial Government treated them, General Botha said that last July the Union Government wanted to raise a loan -of £4,000,000. They had raised only £2,000,000. As things were, it +of £4,000,000. They had raised only £2,000,000. As things were, it would be fatal to go into the money market just now, so the Imperial Government had now come to the assistance of the Union Government, and -had lent the Union £7,000,000. That was the spirit of co-operation and +had lent the Union £7,000,000. That was the spirit of co-operation and brotherhood which invariably animated the Imperial towards the Union Government. @@ -3770,7 +3745,7 @@ shipping it would be a good plan to purchase from Germany the numerous German liners lying idle in American waters. The scheme did not make sufficient progress for any definite amount of money to be mentioned; but it was stated that the value of the steamers was estimated at -£20,000,000--a sum which would have been very useful to Germany in +£20,000,000--a sum which would have been very useful to Germany in carrying on the campaign. Acting under instructions from their Governments, protests were lodged @@ -3830,7 +3805,7 @@ the world in general. Again, as a result of the falling off in imports from England, France, and Germany, the American customs receipts declined very considerably, and it was announced early in September that it would be necessary, in view of this falling off, to raise some -£20,000,000 by internal taxation. The American Press promptly blamed +£20,000,000 by internal taxation. The American Press promptly blamed the Kaiser for thus inconveniencing the financial arrangements of the United States, and the feeling against Germany in America became stronger than ever. @@ -3860,7 +3835,7 @@ act of declaration, shut off food from Germany. We should take our part in the great struggle instead of smugly sitting by while the world's work is done by other nations. Even Germany would then know that her plot against humanity had been both judged and doomed. The insolent -cry, 'Deutschland über Alles', provides no exception for the United +cry, 'Deutschland über Alles', provides no exception for the United States. At the moment of Germany's success we must transform ourselves into a nation whose first business is war. Through South America she would strike at us next. @@ -3885,7 +3860,7 @@ responsible departments of the Government paid very necessary attention to finance. In the course of an interesting speech in the House of Commons on August 26th, Mr. Lloyd George showed that he was looking after the financial and commercial welfare of the country. His speech -ranged over a variety of subjects, and he indicated that the new £1 +ranged over a variety of subjects, and he indicated that the new £1 and 10s. notes would in time be regarded as a recognised part of the regular currency, and that they would not be entirely supplanted by the coming issue of certificates. As to the latter, the Chancellor of @@ -3899,7 +3874,7 @@ official reports is given below: The Chancellor of the Exchequer said he did not know why there should be any scarcity of silver. It was not due to any shortage of the issue from the mint, and it looked as if there had been some hoarding, a very -stupid thing. When the public got more accustomed to the 10s. and £1 +stupid thing. When the public got more accustomed to the 10s. and £1 notes there would be less difficulty in getting silver. With regard to the design of the new notes they would be totally different from the designs of the Scottish notes, some of which were beautiful. @@ -4057,11 +4032,11 @@ employment in the ordinary course of business. While we are on this subject of finance and economics, it may be well to refer briefly to Germany's position. It was known that Germany alone among the European Powers kept a well filled war chest. It was -understood that up to 1913, the war reserve amounted to £6,000,000 +understood that up to 1913, the war reserve amounted to £6,000,000 in gold. Under the new Army Law of 1913, it was stipulated that this reserve should be trebled. There was reason to believe that in addition the German Government had put aside for the purposes of the -present war about £30,000,000 out of the £50,000,000 which it had been +present war about £30,000,000 out of the £50,000,000 which it had been hoped to raise by last year's special war levy. Although some of this cash was spent on preparing the new Army Corps, and possibly also in strengthening the fortresses, it was generally believed that the @@ -4070,8 +4045,8 @@ the present campaign. In addition to this, of course, large sums were obtained from Belgium in the form of war levies. The Province of Brabant, for example, -was mulcted to the extent of £18,000,000, Brussels to the extent -of £10,000,000, Liège £2,000,000, and smaller towns in proportion. +was mulcted to the extent of £18,000,000, Brussels to the extent +of £10,000,000, Liège £2,000,000, and smaller towns in proportion. From the cities on the French border, as well as from various towns in Belgium, large supplies of stores and food were also demanded, sometimes in addition to money and sometimes as a substitute. @@ -4079,20 +4054,20 @@ sometimes in addition to money and sometimes as a substitute. These amounts, large as they are, would not seem sufficient to carry on the war for any great length of time. Some calculations were made by Paris Correspondents of the _Daily Telegraph_ at the outbreak of the -campaign. The minimum cost was estimated there at £400,000,000. +campaign. The minimum cost was estimated there at £400,000,000. The figures given by military writers coincided and agreed that about 8,500,000 men were under arms for land warfare. To these must be added 340,000 seamen. If the Balkan War were taken as an example, the cost of -each man mobilised amounts to 10s. a day. This gives about £4,400,000 -daily, or £132,000,000 monthly. +each man mobilised amounts to 10s. a day. This gives about £4,400,000 +daily, or £132,000,000 monthly. This figure is, however, considerably short of the mark, because it does not take into account the maintenance of the armies and fleets. The German Reichstag authorised extraordinary expenditure to the -extent of £250,000,000 to be obtained by a loan, and a further sum of -£14,000,000 to be drawn on the gold and silver reserve of the Empire. +extent of £250,000,000 to be obtained by a loan, and a further sum of +£14,000,000 to be drawn on the gold and silver reserve of the Empire. It is now well known that the tax of 5 per cent. on the stock of notes issued by the Reichsbank over and above its reserve in metal has been @@ -4105,7 +4080,7 @@ of which a few samples are kept as curious heirlooms in French families. It was stated in Paris that the Austrian army on a war footing cost -the Empire £800,000 a day, but the Austrian Treasury was emptied by +the Empire £800,000 a day, but the Austrian Treasury was emptied by the mobilisation during the Balkan wars, which drained the financial resources of the Empire for more than a year, and it is hard to see where the Austrian Monarchy can find the large sums required to keep @@ -4120,12 +4095,12 @@ standstill. There are even pessimists who say that our general European trade must be severely crippled until the campaign is over. Even if we assume this to be the case, however, there is, relatively speaking, no cause for despondency. Our exports last year were valued at over -£525,000,000. If most of these exports had been sent to European +£525,000,000. If most of these exports had been sent to European countries, there might possibly be some ground for concern. Of the huge total, however, the countries with which we are at war, Germany and -Austria, took exports from us to the value of only £45,000,000; and +Austria, took exports from us to the value of only £45,000,000; and our exports to every European country, including Germany and Austria, -amounted to less than £180,000,000. +amounted to less than £180,000,000. Expressed in other words, this means that roughly speaking, one-third of our exports went to European countries, and two-thirds to countries @@ -4146,12 +4121,12 @@ or even in Russia or France. German commerce is ruined; our commerce can be made almost normal. Take another point. We have a very large income from our investments -abroad, which are valued at rather more than £4,000,000,000. It is -estimated that our yearly income from this source is £200,000,000, +abroad, which are valued at rather more than £4,000,000,000. It is +estimated that our yearly income from this source is £200,000,000, and, in addition, for services rendered internationally, our bankers, brokers, shipping firms, and so on, receive an additional sum of -£150,000,000. That is to say, in exchange not for goods but for -services, we receive from various nations about £350,000,000 every +£150,000,000. That is to say, in exchange not for goods but for +services, we receive from various nations about £350,000,000 every year. True, a large proportion of this sum is derived from investments in countries affected by the war; and, on account of the war, many of these normal returns have fallen off. It must nevertheless be @@ -4159,7 +4134,7 @@ remembered that much of this large income comes to us from countries which are only slightly, if at all, affected by the dislocation--from India, for instance; Spain, the United States, all our own oversea dominions, and South America. Our interests in Central and South -America alone are valued at £1,300,000,000. +America alone are valued at £1,300,000,000. There are other points to be remembered in connection with our position as traders. At least ten million men in France, Russia, and Germany @@ -4176,15 +4151,15 @@ should not continue our normal export trade as well as--though of course to a smaller extent--our carrying trade. And now for a glance at Germany's exports. In 1912 they amounted -to £440,000,000, and of this figure £106,000,000 represented raw -material, and no less than £295,000,000 manufactured articles. Such +to £440,000,000, and of this figure £106,000,000 represented raw +material, and no less than £295,000,000 manufactured articles. Such things as clocks, toys, musical instruments, paints, paper, glassware, iron and steel goods, gloves, hardware, and cutlery were poured into -every country in the world. We ourselves took £70,000,000 worth of -this stuff; India £6,000,000 worth; Australia £7,000,000; and Canada -and South Africa about £3,000,000 worth each. To Argentina, in 1912, -went German goods valued at nearly £13,000,000, and to the United -States manufactured articles worth nearly £12,000,000. These are a +every country in the world. We ourselves took £70,000,000 worth of +this stuff; India £6,000,000 worth; Australia £7,000,000; and Canada +and South Africa about £3,000,000 worth each. To Argentina, in 1912, +went German goods valued at nearly £13,000,000, and to the United +States manufactured articles worth nearly £12,000,000. These are a few instances; the consular reports and Board of Trade statistics will furnish several others. A determined attempt must now be made to secure this trade. We shall, of course, have to compete with the United @@ -4217,13 +4192,13 @@ upon foreign countries and happens to be cut off from communication with them. The latest figures show that Germany imported agricultural products -and foodstuffs in 1913 to the value of £351,836,900. These figures +and foodstuffs in 1913 to the value of £351,836,900. These figures show but a slight deviation from those of 1912 and 1911, a deviation which changes in the population easily explain. Even when we make every allowance for wines and various luxuries which are classified under this heading, we shall be on the safe side in saying that Germany must import necessary foodstuffs every year to the value of not less -than £180,000,000. This is a huge total, and it is accounted for by +than £180,000,000. This is a huge total, and it is accounted for by the fact, which has caused some concern already to German statesmen, that from an almost purely agricultural country Germany has, since the Franco-German War, developed at a remarkable rate into an industrial @@ -4235,10 +4210,10 @@ foreign countries for its supplies of the necessaries of life. Germany obtains a great deal of her meat, wheat, eggs, barley, coffee, maize, butter, etc., from beyond her borders. In 1913, for example, Russia sent her grain and cereals to the extent of 3,600,000 tons, -valued approximately at £30,000,000. In 1912 Argentina exported to her -grain and livestock products worth nearly £11,000,000. From Hungary -she received last year cereals valued at £4,000,000; and even little -Roumania contributed £1,000,000 worth of wheat to the total. +valued approximately at £30,000,000. In 1912 Argentina exported to her +grain and livestock products worth nearly £11,000,000. From Hungary +she received last year cereals valued at £4,000,000; and even little +Roumania contributed £1,000,000 worth of wheat to the total. * * * * * @@ -4250,7 +4225,7 @@ some common grain and cereal products: | 1911. | 1913. ---------------+-------------+------------- | - |(£ sterling.)|(£ sterling.) + |(£ sterling.)|(£ sterling.) Wheat | 19,943,750| 21,472,850 Barley | 23,105,250| 20,347,750 Maize | 4,336,000| 5,309,600 @@ -4360,8 +4335,8 @@ our ally, Austria-Hungary, and especially Hungary, is fighting so bravely by our side, Wagner's text to 'Lohengrin' was slightly altered at the opening performance in the Royal Opera House." In Wagner's own version Henry the Fowler sings, "Herr Gott, bewahr uns vor dem Ungarn -Wut" ("Lord God, protect us from Hungaria's rage"). Knüpfer, who -undertook the rôle, deleted the word "Ungarn" and substituted "Feinde" +Wut" ("Lord God, protect us from Hungaria's rage"). Knüpfer, who +undertook the rôle, deleted the word "Ungarn" and substituted "Feinde" ("enemy")! The alteration is said to have been wildly applauded. To balance this there is a Russian step to be referred to. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: How The Nations Waged War - A companion volume to "How the War Began" - -Author: John McFarland Kennedy - -Release Date: January 12, 2018 [EBook #56360] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW THE NATIONS WAGED WAR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56360 ***</div> @@ -5069,382 +5032,7 @@ proposal will be fully carried out.</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of How The Nations Waged War, by -John McFarland Kennedy - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW THE NATIONS WAGED WAR *** - -***** This file should be named 56360-h.htm or 56360-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/3/6/56360/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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