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diff --git a/57786-8.txt b/57786-0.txt index 48f336d..f40521f 100644 --- a/57786-8.txt +++ b/57786-0.txt @@ -1,37 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, French Ways and Their Meaning, by Edith -Wharton - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: French Ways and Their Meaning - - -Author: Edith Wharton - - - -Release Date: August 28, 2018 [eBook #57786] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH WAYS AND THEIR MEANING*** - - -E-text prepared by Mary Glenn Krause, Martin Pettit, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57786 *** @@ -140,7 +107,7 @@ Yet they are too convenient as symbols to be abandoned, and are safe enough if, for instance, they are used simply as a loose way of drawing a line between the peoples who drink spirits and those who drink wine, between those whose social polity dates from the Forum, and those who -still feel and legislate in terms of the primæval forest. +still feel and legislate in terms of the primæval forest. This use of the terms is the more justifiable because one may safely say that most things in a man's view of life depend on how many thousand @@ -161,7 +128,7 @@ French intelligence. Sooner than any other race the French have got rid of bogies, have "cleared the mind of shams," and gone up to the Medusa and the Sphinx with a cool eye and a penetrating question. -It is an immense advantage to have the primæval forest as far behind one +It is an immense advantage to have the primæval forest as far behind one as these clear-headed children of the Roman forum and the Greek amphitheatre; and even if they have lost something of the sensation "felt in the blood and felt along the heart" with which our obscurer @@ -180,7 +147,7 @@ to interpret French ways and their meaning is to see how this long inheritance may benefit a people which is still, intellectually and artistically, in search of itself. -HYÈRES, FEBRUARY, 1919. +HYÈRES, FEBRUARY, 1919. @@ -315,7 +282,7 @@ poet and a good plumber may conceivably make better fighters than inferior representatives of arts less remote from war. Therefore, to judge France fairly to-day, the newcomer must perpetually remind himself that almost all that is best in France is in the trenches, and not in -the hotels, cafés and "movie-shows" he is likely to frequent. I have no +the hotels, cafés and "movie-shows" he is likely to frequent. I have no fear of what the American will think of the Frenchman after the two have fraternized at the front. @@ -373,7 +340,7 @@ countries: post-office and railway officials, customs officers, policemen, telephone-girls, and the other natural enemies of mankind. And I was the more surprised because, in former days, I had so often suffered from the senseless bullying of the old-fashioned German -employé, and because I had heard from Germans that state paternalism had +employé, and because I had heard from Germans that state paternalism had become greatly aggravated, and that, wherever one went, petty regulations were enforced by inexorable officials. @@ -561,7 +528,7 @@ The prejudice is all the queerer because the thrifty, food-loving French peasant has discovered the innocuousness of so many dangerous-looking funguses that frighten the Anglo-Saxon by their close resemblance to the poisonous members of the family. It takes a practised -eye to distinguish cèpes and morilles from the deadly toadstool; whereas +eye to distinguish cèpes and morilles from the deadly toadstool; whereas the blackberry resembles nothing in the world but its own luscious and innocent self. Yet the blackberry has been condemned untried because of some ancient taboo that the French peasant dares not disregard. @@ -572,7 +539,7 @@ race. Take, for instance, the question of dinner-giving. Dining is a solemn rite to the French, because it offers the double opportunity of good -eating and good talk, the two forms of æsthetic enjoyment most generally +eating and good talk, the two forms of æsthetic enjoyment most generally appreciated. Everything connected with dinner-giving has an almost sacramental importance in France. The quality of the cooking comes first; but, once this is assured, the hostess' chief concern is that the @@ -600,7 +567,7 @@ had been formulating the rules of French conversation. In circles where interesting and entertaining men are habitually present the women are not expected to talk much. They are not, of course, to sit -stupidly silent, responsiveness is their _rôle_, and they must know how +stupidly silent, responsiveness is their _rôle_, and they must know how to guide the conversation by putting the right question or making the right comment. But above all they are not to air their views in the presence of men worth listening to. The French care passionately for @@ -658,12 +625,12 @@ imperceptible differences between the lower degrees of the immense professional and governmental hierarchy. But again--there it is. A hostess whose papa helped to blow up the -Tuileries or pull down the Vendôme column weighs the relative claims of +Tuileries or pull down the Vendôme column weighs the relative claims of two Academicians (always a bad stumbling block) as carefully as a -duchess of the old régime, brought up to believe in the divine right of +duchess of the old régime, brought up to believe in the divine right of Kings, scrutinises the genealogy of her guests before seating them. And this strict observance of rules is not due to snobbishness; the French -are not a snobbish people. It is part of _les bienséances_, of the +are not a snobbish people. It is part of _les bienséances_, of the always-have-beens; and there is a big bullying taboo in the way of changing it. @@ -682,7 +649,7 @@ text of a homily on "Reverence." Why not have substituted as a title Well--"Prejudice" and "Reverence," oftener than one thinks, are overlapping terms, and it seems fairer to choose the one of the two that -is not what the French call "péjorative." As for "Stupidity"--it must be +is not what the French call "péjorative." As for "Stupidity"--it must be remembered that the French peasant thinks it incredibly stupid of us not instantly to distinguish a mushroom from a toadstool, or any of the intermediate forms of edible funguses from their death-dealing cousins! @@ -714,7 +681,7 @@ qualities. "Reverence" may be the wasteful fear of an old taboo; but it is also the sense of the preciousness of long accumulations of experience. The quintessential is precious because whatever survives the close filtering -of time is likely to answer to some deep racial need, moral or æsthetic. +of time is likely to answer to some deep racial need, moral or æsthetic. It is stupid to deprive one's self of blackberries for a reason one has forgotten; but what should we say of a people who had torn down their cathedrals when they ceased to feel the beauty of Gothic architecture, @@ -755,7 +722,7 @@ may be said that from the start she has had, as Goethe puts it, to Again and again, in the past, she has seen her territory invaded, her monuments destroyed, her institutions shattered; the ground on which the future of the world is now being fought for is literally the same as -that Catalaunian plain (the "Camp de Châlons") on which Attila tried to +that Catalaunian plain (the "Camp de Châlons") on which Attila tried to strangle France over fourteen hundred years ago. "In the year 450 all Gaul was filled with terror; for the dreaded Attila, with a host of strange figures, Huns, Tartars, Teutons, head of an empire of true @@ -875,7 +842,7 @@ The artistic integrity of the French has led them to feel from the beginning that there is no difference in kind between the curve of a woman's hat-brim and the curve of a Rodin marble, or between the droop of an upholsterer's curtain and that of the branches along a great -avenue laid out by Le Nôtre. +avenue laid out by Le Nôtre. It was the Puritan races--every one of them non-creative in the plastic arts--who decided that "Art" (that is, plastic art) was something apart @@ -927,7 +894,7 @@ to be in a straitjacket or a padded cell--then the sculptor has failed, and taste is offended. It is essential that there should be perfect harmony between the natural attitude of the figure and the space it lives in--that a square saint should not be put in a round hole. Range -through plastic art, from Chaldæa to France, and you will see how this +through plastic art, from Chaldæa to France, and you will see how this principle of adaptation has always ruled composition. @@ -976,7 +943,7 @@ bay was there. Taste, also--the recognition of a standard--explains the existence of such really national institutions as the French Academy, and the French -national theatre, the Théâtre Français. The history of the former, in +national theatre, the Théâtre Français. The history of the former, in particular, throws a light on much that is most distinctively French in the French character. @@ -989,7 +956,7 @@ l'Auxerrois. That building, all elegance, measure and balance, from its graceful cupola to the stately stone vases surmounting the lateral -colonnades--that building is the old "Collège des Quatre Nations," the +colonnades--that building is the old "Collège des Quatre Nations," the Institute of France, and the home of the French Academy. In 1635, at a time when France was still struggling with the heavy @@ -1036,7 +1003,7 @@ they have always respected it, and aspired to the distinction of membership. Even the rebellious spirits who satirise it in their youth usually become, in maturity, almost too eager for its recognition; and, though the fact of being an Academician gives social importance, it -would be absurd to pretend that such men as Pasteur, Henri Poincaré, +would be absurd to pretend that such men as Pasteur, Henri Poincaré, Marshal Joffre, sought the distinction for that reason, or that France would have thought it worthy of their seeking if the institution had not preserved its original significance. @@ -1243,7 +1210,7 @@ over everything that tastes good, looks beautiful, or appeals to any one of their acute and highly-trained five senses. But they do this with no sense of greediness or shame or immodesty, and consequently without morbidness or waste of time. They take the normal pleasures, physical -and æsthetic, "in their stride," so to speak, as wholesome, nourishing, +and æsthetic, "in their stride," so to speak, as wholesome, nourishing, and necessary for the background of a laborious life of business or study, and not as subjects for nasty prying or morbid self-examination. @@ -1359,12 +1326,12 @@ continually led to overlook the differences and see the resemblances between the two countries. They will notice, for instance, that the same kind of people who pack the music-halls and "movie-shows" at home also pack them in France. But if they will take a seat at the one of the -French national theatres (the _Théâtre Français_ or the _Odéon_) they +French national theatres (the _Théâtre Français_ or the _Odéon_) they will see people of the same level of education as those of the cinema-halls enjoying with keen discrimination a tragedy by Racine or a drama of Victor Hugo's. In America the "movie" and music-hall audiences require no higher form of nourishment. In France they do, and the -Thursday matinées in theatres which give the classic drama are as packed +Thursday matinées in theatres which give the classic drama are as packed as the house where "The Mysteries of New York" are unrolled, while on the occasion of the free performances given on national holidays in these theatres a line composed of working-people, poor students and all @@ -1529,12 +1496,12 @@ of reindeer in perspective, with horns gradually diminishing in size. It is only twenty years ago that the first cavern decorated with prehistoric paintings was discovered at Altamira, in north-western Spain. Its discoverer was regarded with suspicion and contempt by the -archæologists of the period: they let him see that they thought him an +archæologists of the period: they let him see that they thought him an impostor and he died without having been able to convince the learned world that he had not had a hand in decorating the roof of the cave of Altamira with its wonderful troops of inter-glacial animals. But ten or twelve years later the discovery of similar painted caves in all -directions north and south of the Pyrenees at last vindicated Señor +directions north and south of the Pyrenees at last vindicated Señor Sautola's sincerity, and set the students of civilisation hastily revising their chronologies; and since then proofs of the consummate skill of these men of the dawn have been found on the walls of caves and @@ -1737,9 +1704,9 @@ breed discourtesy on the other. No one knows more than the French about good manners: manners are codified in France, and there is the possibility of an insult in the least deviation from established procedure, such as using the wrong turn -in signing a note, as, for example, putting "Agréez, Monsieur" where -"Veuillez agréer, Monsieur" is in order, or substituting "sentiments -distingués" for "haute considération." Unfortunately, in the process, +in signing a note, as, for example, putting "Agréez, Monsieur" where +"Veuillez agréer, Monsieur" is in order, or substituting "sentiments +distingués" for "haute considération." Unfortunately, in the process, the forms of courtesy have turned into the sharp-edged metallic counters of a game, instead of being a spontaneous emission of human kindliness. @@ -2266,19 +2233,19 @@ Europe; yet the four words that preponderate in French speech and literature are: Glory, love, voluptuousness, and pleasure. Before the Puritan reflex causes the reader to fling aside the page polluted by this statement, it will be worth his while to translate these four words -into _la gloire_, _l'amour_, _la volupté_, _le plaisir_, and then (if he +into _la gloire_, _l'amour_, _la volupté_, _le plaisir_, and then (if he knows French and the French well enough) consider what they mean in the language of Corneille and Pascal. For it must be understood that they have no equivalents in the English consciousness, and that, if it were sought to explain the fundamental difference between the exiles of the -_Mayflower_ and the conquerors of Valmy and Jéna, it would probably best +_Mayflower_ and the conquerors of Valmy and Jéna, it would probably best be illustrated by the totally different significance of "love and glory" and "amour et gloire." To begin with "la gloire": we must resign ourselves to the fact that we do not _really know_ what the French mean when they say it--what, for instance, Montesquieu had in mind when he wrote of Sparta: "The only -object of the Lacedæmonians was liberty, the only advantage it gave them +object of the Lacedæmonians was liberty, the only advantage it gave them was glory." At best, if we are intelligent and sympathetic enough to have entered a little way into the French psychology, we know that they mean something infinitely larger, deeper and subtler than we mean by @@ -2438,17 +2405,17 @@ of Camorras. II The French are one of the most ascetic races in the world; and that is -perhaps the reason why the meaning they give to the word "volupté" is +perhaps the reason why the meaning they give to the word "volupté" is free from the vulgarity of our "voluptuousness." The latter suggests to -most people a cross-legged sultan in a fat seraglio; "volupté" means the +most people a cross-legged sultan in a fat seraglio; "volupté" means the intangible charm that imagination extracts from things tangible. -"Volupté" means the "Ode to the Nightingale" and the "Ode to a Grecian +"Volupté" means the "Ode to the Nightingale" and the "Ode to a Grecian Urn;" it means Romeo and Juliet as well as Antony and Cleopatra. But if we have the thing, one may ask, what does the word matter? Every language is always losing word-values, even where the sense of the word survives. -The answer is that the French sense of "volupté" is found only +The answer is that the French sense of "volupté" is found only exceptionally in the Anglo-Saxon imagination, whereas it is part of the imaginative make-up of the whole French race. One turns to Shakespeare or Keats to find it formulated in our speech; in France it underlies the @@ -2559,7 +2526,7 @@ part from his own ignorance of the most elementary French forms: of the visitor should always, on taking leave, be conducted to the outer door, and a gentleman (of the old school) bidden not to remain uncovered when he stops to speak to a lady in the street; of the "Merci" that should -follow every service, however slight, the "Après vous" which makes way, +follow every service, however slight, the "Après vous" which makes way, with ceremonious insistence, for the person who happens to be entering a door with one. In these respects, Anglo-Saxons, by their lack of "form" (and their lack of perception), are perpetually giving unintentional @@ -2718,365 +2685,4 @@ is full of her spilt glory. -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH WAYS AND THEIR MEANING*** - - -******* This file should be named 57786-8.txt or 57786-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/7/7/8/57786 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: French Ways and Their Meaning</p> -<p>Author: Edith Wharton</p> -<p>Release Date: August 28, 2018 [eBook #57786]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH WAYS AND THEIR MEANING***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Mary Glenn Krause, Martin Pettit,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -2803,368 +2784,9 @@ is full of her spilt glory.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRENCH WAYS AND THEIR MEANING***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 57786-h.htm or 57786-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/7/7/8/57786">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/7/7/8/57786</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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