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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Humanity to Honey-Bees, by Thomas Nutt
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58229 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
 
-Title: Humanity to Honey-Bees
-       or, Practical Directions for the Management of Honey-Bees
-       Upon an Improved and Humane Plan, by Which the Lives of
-       Bees May Be Preserved
 
-Author: Thomas Nutt
-
-Release Date: November 4, 2018 [EBook #58229]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMANITY TO HONEY-BEES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Tom Cosmas
 
 
 
@@ -1043,7 +1019,7 @@ cell at one time: these eggs are hatched and nursed up into a numerous
 progeny by the other inhabitants of the hive. It is at this time, viz.
 when hundreds of young Bees are daily coming into existence, that my
 collateral-boxes are of the utmost importance to the Bees domiciled
-in them: for when the young larvæ are perfected upon the cottage
+in them: for when the young larvæ are perfected upon the cottage
 plan, a swarm is the necessary consequence. The Queen, with thousands
 of her Bee-subjects, leaves the colony, and seeks another place in
 which to carry on her astonishing labours. But as swarming may, by
@@ -1080,12 +1056,12 @@ propagate her young whilst under the observation and influence of man:
 she, therefore, prefers the middle-box for her work of propagation;
 as well on account of its privacy, as because the ventilation of the
 end-boxes so cools their temperature, that they are not the situation
-nature requires to bring the young larvæ to perfection; yet they can be
+nature requires to bring the young larvæ to perfection; yet they can be
 kept at such a temperature as to make them desirable store-rooms for the
 Bees' treasures. By this mode of management we prevent the necessity of
 swarming; and behold the grandest chemists in the world, and stores after
 stores of their pure treasure, unadulterated by the necessary gathering
-of immense quantities of farina for the young larvæ, which we see in the
+of immense quantities of farina for the young larvæ, which we see in the
 piling system, as well as in the common cottage-hive; but this is all
 carried into the immediate vicinity of the seat of nature, the place
 where it is wanted.
@@ -1108,7 +1084,7 @@ And while the subjects are employed in collecting, and manufacturing (if
 I may so say) their various materials, the regina is engaged in carrying
 on the great, first principle of nature--the propagation of her species.
 This she does in the department (A.) re-filling with her eggs the cells
-which have been vacated by the young larvæ. When, however, her next new
+which have been vacated by the young larvæ. When, however, her next new
 progeny are about to be brought into life, the Bee-master must draw out
 the other tin-slide, and thereby open a communication to the other empty
 apartment, and so make a further addition to the Queen's realm; which the
@@ -1232,7 +1208,7 @@ likewise witness with pleasure the effect of ventilation in the hive; for
 as soon as the Bees have deposed one of the Queens, and the end-box has
 been cooled by means of the cylinder-ventilator, he will discover that
 the combs will be presently emptied of every material necessary for the
-support of the young larvæ; so that the combs, that had been so recently
+support of the young larvæ; so that the combs, that had been so recently
 constructed for a seat of nature, soon become receptacles for pure
 honey, and the numerous Bees become the subjects of one sovereign in the
 middle-box.
@@ -2260,7 +2236,7 @@ a most arbitrary and unjust method of treating them: but, besides Bees
 and honey, there are other substances in a prosperous hive which ought
 not to be disturbed. There are the future inhabitants of the colony in
 every stage of existence, from the egg to the perfect Bee, and these in
-a driven hive are all totally destroyed--eggs, larvæ, nymphs, in one
+a driven hive are all totally destroyed--eggs, larvæ, nymphs, in one
 word, _the brood_, in whatever state, is all destroyed, when the Bees are
 driven from it and not suffered to return. And is it not an unnatural
 operation that thus destroys many thousands of lives in embryo, over and
@@ -2285,7 +2261,7 @@ my correspondent that suffocation at once is preferable to the very
 reprehensible practice of "driving a hive," inasmuch as an instantaneous
 death is preferable to a lingering and unnatural one by starvation,
 which, whatever may befal the driven Bees, is the hard, untimely fate
-of the brood and young larvæ of a hive when the Queen and commoners are
+of the brood and young larvæ of a hive when the Queen and commoners are
 driven from them into a new and empty domicil. They leave, because they
 are forced to leave behind them, and to perish, thousands of the young
 brood in a state of helplessness. Their mother and their nurses are
@@ -2574,7 +2550,7 @@ directed to be done. At present let us suppose this top to be a perfect
 plane--an entire surface, without any aperture of any sort to form a
 passage for the Bees from and through it down into the pavilion below;
 farther let us suppose an alighting-board of the usual size to be fixed
-in front, and on a level with this floor or top; then the quære will
+in front, and on a level with this floor or top; then the quære will
 be--how, from the same front-entrance, the Bees are to have a passage
 both into the observatory-hive above, and into the winter-pavilion below?
 The difficulty is--to get a convenient passage into the summer-pavilion,
@@ -2927,7 +2903,7 @@ The best time of the year for unions of weak stocks with strong ones
 is in autumn, after the young brood are all out--in the latter part of
 August, or any time during September: but for removals of stocks from
 straw-hives into boxes, the best time is early in the spring before
-the eggs of the Queen have changed and quickened into larvæ,--I will
+the eggs of the Queen have changed and quickened into larvæ,--I will
 say--in the month of March; and if the weather is cold, it is advisable
 to perform the operation in a room where the temperature is about 60
 degrees. For if Bees are displaced, that is--taken from their hive, in
@@ -3044,7 +3020,7 @@ at the merits--not to say--demerits of this practice, I will examine it
 a little in detail. First, then, the piling practitioner puts a swarm
 of Bees into a box, which I will call box A. This box, if prosperous,
 of course soon becomes a pavilion of nature,--that is, it soon contains
-quantities of brood-comb, young brood, larvæ, and embryo Bees in various
+quantities of brood-comb, young brood, larvæ, and embryo Bees in various
 stages of existence. It is allowed to stand alone until it be filled, or
 nearly filled, with the Bees' works. It requires no great skill to know
 that the contents of box A. at this period are as just described. When
@@ -3128,7 +3104,7 @@ him a Bee-dress at once, and have accoutered him in the best way I can
 for his arduous undertaking. The box, then, is off. He turns it up and
 examines it, and to his great disappointment, he finds that the combs
 are discoloured, that each pile of the expected treasure contains parts
-of the young larvæ, and that there is much pollen commingled with the
+of the young larvæ, and that there is much pollen commingled with the
 other substances in the box; in short, he finds that the whole is dirty
 and filthy in appearance; and that he has destroyed a part of the most
 valuable brood for another year. And, if instead of box A. he take box
@@ -3185,7 +3161,7 @@ not obstructed_.
 It is the heat which causes the working-Bees to deposit their pollen
 in the immediate vicinity of the seat of nature. This pollen, which is
 called by some writers Bee-bread, is gathered and deposited for the
-special purpose of supporting the young larvæ, while helpless insects,
+special purpose of supporting the young larvæ, while helpless insects,
 or babies, as it were, in the hive. Combined with heat, it is this
 material which discolours the much admired works of the Bees; it is this
 which also makes the wax and honey yellow: besides where this pollen is
@@ -3393,7 +3369,7 @@ HONEY-BEES.
 
 
 That branch of natural history which treats of INSECTS is
-called entomology. And Linnæus, the celebrated naturalist and botanist,
+called entomology. And Linnæus, the celebrated naturalist and botanist,
 and the father of the classification of animated and vegetable nature,
 has divided insects into seven orders; the fifth of which is termed
 hymenoptera, and includes all those insects that have four membranous,
@@ -3406,7 +3382,7 @@ that it may seem to be a superfluous undertaking to attempt to describe
 it at all. As, however, my little work might be deemed to be imperfect
 without some account of it, I will present to my readers the substance
 of what appears to me to be a condensed, well-written article on the Bee.
-It is from Watkins' Cyclopædia.
+It is from Watkins' Cyclopædia.
 
 There are, he says, and I believe it, fifty-five species of Bees. The
 general characteristics of the Bee are these:--its mouth has two jaws
@@ -3782,7 +3758,7 @@ working Bees leave their hive in search of materials for their various
 works? So indefatigable are these admired insects, after enriching their
 commonwealth, that in the time of honey-dews, scarcely a mechanical
 labourer is left in the hive. Now, were it not for the drones--those
-large bodied Bees--what would become of the young larvæ then in
+large bodied Bees--what would become of the young larvæ then in
 existence? It would undoubtedly perish. No sooner, however, is this busy
 season at an end, than the total destruction of the drones takes place;
 but not until the animal heat which the drones impart to the hive has
@@ -3979,7 +3955,7 @@ its cradle--_there was no Queen left in that stock, save the one in
 embryo_--the old Queen had gone with the swarm. This lesson caused me
 to carry my experiments farther. Having taken up the parent-stock, as
 just stated, I united all the working Bees of that stock to those of the
-swarm already mentioned, and I also put the young larvæ found in the
+swarm already mentioned, and I also put the young larvæ found in the
 parent-stock, to the now united-stock; I then placed the intended royal
 species--the nymph already mentioned--with the remainder of the young
 brood, in one of the collateral-boxes, and immediately let the odour of
@@ -4248,8 +4224,8 @@ from some of its pages. There are in it, nevertheless, several untenable
 positions, of which I consider the above-quoted passage to be one: and,
 if what he has remarked somewhat sarcastically, in a note at the foot of
 page 31, be read in conjunction with this passage, it will be for the
-candid reader, apiarian, or other, to decide whether Mr. Huish in propriâ
-personâ does not, oddly enough, exemplify his own remark. It is there
+candid reader, apiarian, or other, to decide whether Mr. Huish in propriâ
+personâ does not, oddly enough, exemplify his own remark. It is there
 said--that "there is no wonder in nature which an apiarian has not seen."
 Professedly an apiarian himself, he must have seen some, at least, of
 _the wonders in nature_, otherwise he never could have been "_perfectly
@@ -4398,7 +4374,7 @@ remarks upon it.
   Rasberry                    Tare
   Rosemary (wild)             Teasel
   Roses (single)              Thistle (common)
-  Rudbechiæ                   Thistle (sow)
+  Rudbechiæ                   Thistle (sow)
                               Thyme (lemon)
   Saffron                     Thyme (wild)
   Sage                        Trefoil
@@ -5164,7 +5140,7 @@ may be annually taken, without either destroying or impoverishing
 the Bees, must be seen to be believed; and being seen, will not be
 disputed_. The exact amount annually paid to other countries for these
 two commodities--honey and wax--I have not the means of ascertaining
-with accuracy, but it is probable that it exceeds £350,000.--a sum
+with accuracy, but it is probable that it exceeds £350,000.--a sum
 lost to this country, because, not only have we in the vegetable world
 a profusion of these productions, that "waste their sweetness on the
 desert air," but we have, or might have, if we would but encourage
@@ -5177,7 +5153,7 @@ and Scotland,--or, to compute moderately, on every square mile of every
 rural district of Great Britain, that is fertile in Bee-pasturage,--and
 were the price of the finest box-honey reduced to a shilling a pound,
 the annual _surplus_ produce of these colonies would realize a sum far
-exceeding £350,000. which would be put into the pockets of, generally
+exceeding £350,000. which would be put into the pockets of, generally
 speaking, an industrious and deserving part of the community--the rural
 population, and a profitable remuneration given to them for their
 indulgence and perseverance in a most rational pursuit, requiring but
@@ -5620,363 +5596,4 @@ to most utilized form herein.
 
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Humanity to Honey-Bees, by Thomas Nutt
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-Title: Humanity to Honey-Bees
-       or, Practical Directions for the Management of Honey-Bees
-              Upon an Improved and Humane Plan, by Which the Lives of
-              Bees May Be Preserved
-
-Author: Thomas Nutt
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-Release Date: November 4, 2018 [EBook #58229]
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUMANITY TO HONEY-BEES ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58229 ***</div>
 
 
 
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