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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..429fa85 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60420 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60420) diff --git a/old/60420-0.txt b/old/60420-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8ef70ad..0000000 --- a/old/60420-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,824 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Observations on the Automaton Chess Player, by -Robert Gray - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Observations on the Automaton Chess Player - Now exhibited in London, at 4 Spring Gardens - -Author: Robert Gray - -Release Date: October 4, 2019 [EBook #60420] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOMATON CHESS PLAYER *** - - - - -Produced by Jwala Kumar Sista and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - 1. Typographical Errors have been silently corrected. - - 2. Variations of spelling and hyphenation are as in the original. - - 3. In the following text, it is coded for italics thus _italic_. - - * * * * * - - - - - OBSERVATIONS - - ON THE - - Automaton Chess Player. - - - - - S. Gosnell, Printer, Little Queen Street, London. - - - - - OBSERVATIONS - ON THE - Automaton - CHESS PLAYER, - _NOW EXHIBITED IN LONDON_, - AT - 4, SPRING GARDENS. - - - BY AN OXFORD GRADUATE. - - - ----ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat.--HOR. - - - London: - PRINTED FOR J. HATCHARD, - NO. 190, OPPOSITE ALBANY, PICCADILLY; - AND SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS. - 1819. - - - _Price One Shilling._ - - - - - PREFACE. - - -The science of mechanics is one of those in which the ingenuity of -modern artists appears with superior advantage. The ancients, with the -single exception of Archimedes, had but an imperfect knowledge of the -mysteries of this science, as their attempts in the construction of -instruments for marking time, and of the organ, sufficiently prove. -This inferiority may be accounted for upon the principle, that the -highest discoveries in mechanics do not depend upon the capacity, -however enlarged, of any individual, but upon the successive -discoveries of many individuals, during ages, combined at length, by -some powerful genius, and directed to the completion of one great -object. Hence it was reserved to modern times, to witness the invention -of those exquisite and grand combinations of mechanism, which are -displayed in the numerous kinds of watch and clock work, and in the -higher order of wind instruments, in their several varieties: and hence -the present age has produced the most finished pieces of mechanical -science, in the Flute-player of Monsieur de Vaucanson, the Trumpeter -of Maelzel[1], the Panharmonicon of Mr. Gurk, and the Apollonicon -of our celebrated native mechanicians, Messrs. Flight and Robson[2]. -Notwithstanding, however, the superior ingenuity of modern artists, in -mechanics, which these scientific inventions discover, it seems to be -a thing absolutely impossible, that any piece of mechanism should be -invented, which, possessing perfect mechanical motion, should appear to -exert the intelligence of a reasoning agent. This seeming impossibility -is surmounted in the construction of the Automaton Chess Player. The -stretch of invention shown in this unparalleled instance of mechanical -skill, will be fully appreciated only by those who can form an -estimate of the variety of combinations amongst the pieces which a game -of Chess presents: the constant exercise of acute judgment required -in anticipating the designs of an antagonist, or in frustrating those -which cannot be foreseen; and the experience in the game, which must -be attained by any individual, before he can become qualified to be a -skilful Chess Player. Some accurate notion, however, of the surprising -powers which the inventor of this singular piece of mechanism has -displayed, even they who are unacquainted, or but slightly acquainted, -with the game of Chess, may derive from a faithful description of it, -with respect to its construction, so far as that can be explained, -and its general manner of working. Such a description, likewise, may -be acceptable to those who are adepts in the game, to call to their -recollection, any interesting circumstance relating to the Automaton, -which they may have forgotten; and to be a slight memorial of a -masterpiece of human ingenuity which excited their liveliest curiosity -and admiration. - - "Indocti discant, ament meminisse periti." - - - - - OBSERVATIONS, - - _&c._ - - -The celebrated piece of mechanism, called the Automaton Chess Player, -was the invention of Wolffgang de Kempelen, a Hungarian gentleman, -Aulic Counsellor to the Royal Chamber of the domains of the Emperor -in Hungary. His genius for mechanics appeared in early life; and when -matured by study, and experimental observation to which the leisure -that his employment afforded him, was chiefly devoted, displayed itself -in various inventions and improvements of great public utility. - -Being at Vienna, in the year 1769, upon business of office, he was -invited, by order of the Empress Maria Theresa, to be present at -certain experiments of magnetism, which were to be exhibited before -herself and the Imperial court, by a Frenchman, of the name of -Pelletier. During the exhibition, M. de Kempelen, who was honoured -with the familiar conversation of the Empress, dropped a hint that he -thought himself competent to construct a piece of mechanism, which -should produce effects far more surprising and unaccountable than -those which she then witnessed. The curiosity of the Empress being -strongly reused, she impressed a lively desire to see his idea carried -into execution, and drew from him a promise that he would gratify her -wishes without delay. M. de Kempelen kept his word; and within the -space of six months completed his Automaton Chess Player. - -At Vienna, where it was first produced, it excited the highest -astonishment and admiration of the Empress and her court, and of many -illustrious and scientific persons, who examined its extraordinary -powers. The report of them quickly spread; and the newspapers of the -time speak of them in unmeasured terms of approbation. The inventor, -however, with that indifference to popular favour which characterizes -true genius, not only declined making & public exhibition of his -Automaton, and refused considerable pecuniary offers from persons -desirous of purchasing it; but in his ardour for prosecuting some new -mechanical pursuit, actually laid it aside, and even proceeded in part -to take it to pieces. - -In this disordered state it remained during many years, when, on the -occasion of a visit made by the Grand Duke Paul, of Russia, with his -consort, to the court of Vienna, the Emperor Joseph II. recollecting -the invention of M. de Kempelen, signified a wish that he should -exhibit it for the gratification of these august personages. In the -course of five weeks, the numerous repairs which it required, were -completed by the indefatigable genius of its inventor; and on being -produced before the Imperial visitors, it excited no less astonishment -and admiration than at its first appearance. Upon this occasion, M. de -Kempelen was urged and prevailed upon to satisfy general curiosity by -exhibiting it publicly in Germany and in other countries. Accordingly, -the Emperor having granted him permission to absent himself from the -duties of his employment during two years, he travelled with his -Automaton, into various parts of Germany and to Paris; and in the year -1785, he visited England. At his death, which took place about the year -1803, the Automaton came into possession of his son, who sold it to the -present exhibiter, a man, apparently of great ability in the science of -mechanics, and inferior only to M. de Kempelen himself. - -This short historical notice, touching the inventor of the Automaton -Chess Player, and the circumstances which led to its invention and -first exhibition, naturally precedes a description of the Automaton -itself. - -The room where it is at present exhibited, has an inner apartment, -within which appears the figure of a Turk, as large as life, dressed -after the Turkish fashion, sitting behind a chest of three feet and -a half in length, two feet in breadth, and two feet and a half in -height, to which it is attached by the wooden seat on which it sits. -The chest is placed upon four casters, and together with the figure, -may be easily moved to any part of the room. On the plain surface -formed by the top of the chest, in the centre, is a raised immovable -chess-board of handsome dimensions, upon which the figure has its eyes -fixed; its right arm and hand being extended on the chest, and its left -arm somewhat raised, as if in the attitude of holding a Turkish pipe, -which originally was placed in its hand. - -The exhibiter begins by wheeling the chest to the entrance of the -apartment within which it stands, and in face of the spectators. He -then opens certain doors contrived in the chest, two in front, and two -at the back, at the same time pulling put a long shallow drawer at the -bottom of the chest made to contain the chess men, a cushion for the -arm of the figure to rest upon, and some counters. Two lesser doors, -said a green cloth screen; contrived in the body of the figure, and in -its lower parts, are likewise opened, and the Turkish robe which covers -them is raised; so that the construction both of the figure and chest -internally is displayed. In this state the Automaton is moved round for -the examination of the spectators; and to banish all suspicion from the -most sceptical mind, that any living subject is concealed within any -part of it, the exhibited introduces a lighted candle into the body -of the chest and figure, by which the interior of each is, in a great -measure, rendered transparent, and the most secret corner is shown: -Here it may be observed, that the same precaution to remove suspicion -is used, if requested, at the close as at the commencement of a game -of Chess with the Automaton. - -The chest is divided, by a partition, into two unequal chambers. That -to the right of the figure is the narrowest, and occupies scarcely -one third of the body of the chest. It is filled with little wheels, -levers, cylinders, and other machinery used in clock-work. That to the -left contains a few wheels, some small barrels with springs, and two -quarters of a circle placed horizontally. The body and lower parts of -the figure contain certain tubes which seem to be conductors to the -machinery. After a sufficient time, during which each spectator may -satisfy his scruples and his curiosity, the exhibiter recloses the -doors of the chest and figure, and the drawer at bottom; makes some -arrangements in the body of the figure, winds up the works with a key -inserted into a small opening on the side of the chest, places a -cushion under the left arm of the figure, which now rests upon it, and -incites any individual present, to play a game of Chess. - -At one and three o'clock in the afternoon, the Automaton plays only -ends of games, with any person who may be present. On these occasions -the pieces are placed on the board, according to a preconcerted -arrangement; and the Automaton invariably wins the game. But at eight -o'clock every evening, it plays an entire game against any antagonist -who may offer himself, and generally is the winner, although the -inventor had not this issue in view as a necessary event. - -In playing a game, the Automaton makes choice of the white pieces, -and always has the first move. These are small advantages towards -winning the game which are cheerfully conceded. It plays with the left -hand, the right arm and hand being constantly extended on the chest, -behind which it is seated. This slight incongruity proceeded from -absence of mind in the inventor, who did not perceive his mistake till -the machinery of the Automaton was too far completed to admit of the -mistake being rectified. At the commencement of a game, the Automaton -moves its head, as if taking a view of the board; the same motion -occurs at the close of a game. In making a move, it slowly raises its -left arm from the cushion placed under it, and directs it towards the -square of the piece to be moved. Its hand and fingers open on touching -the piece, which it takes up, and conveys to any proposed square. The -arm, then, returns with a natural motion to the cushion upon which it -usually rests. In taking a piece, the Automaton makes the same motions -of the arm and hand to lay hold of the piece, which it conveys from the -board; and then returning to its own piece, it takes it up, and places -it on the vacant square. These motions are performed with perfect -correctness; and the dexterity with which the arm acts, especially -in the delicate operation of castling, seems to be the result of -spontaneous feeling, bending at the shoulder, elbow, and knuckles, and -cautiously avoiding to touch any other piece than that which is to be -moved, nor ever making a false move. - -After a move made by its antagonist, the Automaton remains for a few -moments only inactive, as if meditating its next move; upon which -the motions of the left arm and hand follow. On giving check to the -King, it moves its head as a signal. When a false move is made by its -antagonist, which frequently occurs, through curiosity to observe -in what manner the Automaton will act: as, for instance, if a Knight -be made to move like a Castle, the Automaton taps impatiently on the -chest, with its right hand, replaces the Knight on its former square, -and not permitting its antagonist to recover his move, proceeds -immediately to move one of its own pieces: thus appearing to punish -him for his inattention. The little advantage in play which is hereby -gained, makes the Automaton more a match for its antagonist, and seems -to have been contemplated by the inventor as an additional resource -towards winning the game. - -It is of importance that the person matched against the Automaton, -should be attentive, in moving a piece, to place it precisely in the -centre of its square; otherwise the figure, in attempting to lay -hold of the piece, may miss its hold, or even sustain some injury in -the delicate mechanism of the fingers. When the person has made a -move, no alteration in it can take place: and if a piece be touched, -it must be played somewhere. This rule is strictly observed by the -Automaton. If its antagonist hesitates to move for a considerable time, -it taps smartly on the top of the chest with the right hand, which is -constantly extended upon it, as if testifying impatience at his delay. - -During the time that the Automaton is in motion, a low sound of -clock-work running down is heard, which ceases soon after its arm -returns to the cushion; and then its antagonist may make his move. The -works are wound up at intervals, after ten or twelve moves, by the -exhibiter, who is usually employed in walking up and down the apartment -in which the Automaton is shown, approaching, however, the chest from -time to time, especially on its right side. - -At the conclusion of the exhibition of the Automaton, on the removal of -the chess men from the board, one of the spectators indiscriminately is -requested to place a Knight upon any square of the board at pleasure. -The Automaton immediately takes up the Knight, and beginning from that -square, it moves the piece, according to its proper motion, so as to -touch each of the sixty-three squares of the chess board in turn, -without missing one, or returning to the same square. The square from -which the Knight proceeds is marked by a white counter; and the squares -successively touched, by red counters, which at length occupy all the -other squares of the board. - -The description now given of the Automaton Chess Player, with respect -to its construction, so far as that can be explained, and its general -manner of working, naturally suggests an interesting inquiry: What are -the immediate causes by which its unparalleled phenomena are produced? - -To this inquiry no satisfactory answer has yet been made. It is -allowable, therefore, to hazard some observations in reply to it. -The causes sought for appear to be two, which are distinct from each -other--a moving force from which the left arm and hand of the Automaton -derive the action peculiar to those parts of the body; and a directing -force, by which the same arm and hand, when raised and prepared to -act, are guided on this side or that, according to circumstances, many -of which cannot possibly be anticipated, and each of which requires -the exertion of the reasoning faculty, sometimes in a high degree. -To explain the nature of the moving force, which is employed, is the -province of the professed mechanician, who can account for it upon -fixed mechanical principles. The operation of that force at a certain -time after each move of an antagonist, seems to depend upon the -momentary interference of the exhibiter, who though usually employed in -walking up and down, approaches the chest when the Automaton is about -to make a move (p. 20), and appears to touch some spring, near to the -arm of the figure, on the right side, which spring may set in motion -the works by which the arm and hand of the Automaton are raised from -the cushion, are made to bend at their several joints, so as to grasp -the piece to which they may be guided by the directing force, and to -retain it for a given moment of time, after which, on disposing of the -piece, the arm and hand become relaxed, and are brought back to their -usual position. In case a piece is to be taken, or a false move is -made by an antagonist, or the Automaton castles (p. 21), by a peculiar -manner of touching the spring, these mechanical motions of the arm and -hand might be repeated de suite; with a variation only in the return of -the arm, which would not take place until the end of the repetition. -But the mystery in the action of the Automaton--a mystery not less hard -to be solved by professed mechanicians, than by persons unacquainted -with the science of mechanics, arises from the nature and operation -of the directing force by which the arm and hand of the Automaton, -when raised and prepared to act by the moving force, are guided with -a precision and judgment that baffles the skill even of experienced -chess players. Various conjectures have been made upon this subject. It -was supposed, for a time, that the directing force was some concealed -loadstone, until the inventor of the Automaton showed the groundless -nature of such a supposition, by permitting any person to place the -most powerful loadstone in contact with the figure, or upon any part of -the chest to which it is attached. - -The most obvious solution of the nature and operation of the directing -force may be drawn from the hypothesis, that a living subject is -enclosed within the left or larger chamber of the chest, who guides -the arm and hand of the Automaton when raised, either in this or that -direction, according to the ever varying appearance of the game, -which might be discerned through a transparent chess-board. It is -sufficient, however, in order to refute this hypothesis, to repeat what -has been already mentioned in page 17, that both before and after the -exhibition of the Automaton, the exhibiter is willing to lay open for -the examination of every spectator its entire construction internally, -so as to satisfy the most incredulous person, that no concealment -whatsoever of a living subject can take place. - -With more semblance of reason, it has been conjectured that there is -a communication between the left arm and hand of the Automaton, and a -person placed in an adjoining room, who, though unseen, himself, is a -spectator of the game; and that by means of this communication, the -directing force required may be conveyed at the time when the arm and -hand are raised. This conjecture, however plausible, may be answered by -the statement of a plain fact, referred to before, that M. de Kempelen -exhibited his Automaton, on two different occasions, at the Imperial -palace of Vienna; and it is absolutely chimerical to suppose, that upon -those occasions, any communication could be opened with an adjoining -apartment in the palace to that in which the Automaton was exhibited. -Still the question returns, What is the nature and operation of the -directing force, by which the left arm and hand of the Automaton when -raised, and prepared to act, are guided? - -With respect to the nature of this directing force, there can be -only one reasonable opinion, that it must proceed from the immediate -direction of some human agent; and since there is no communication with -such an agent concealed within the chest, or in a room adjoining, it -must proceed from the immediate direction of the exhibiter himself. - -Nevertheless the operation of this directing force, or in what secret -manner the exhibiter directs the arm and hand of the Automaton when -raised, yet remains to be explained. M. de Kempelen once threw out -a hint, that the chief merit of his invention lay in the successful -manner in which he deceived the spectators; by which hint he seemed -to imply not only that the exhibiter does interfere in an unperceived -manner in directing the arm and hand of the Automaton when raised, -according to the varying circumstances of a game of Chess; but that -the mode of such interference is very simple. In fact, when the arm -and hand are raised and prepared to act by the operation of the moving -force already explained, the action of a wire or piece of catgut, not -much thicker than a hair, would be sufficient to guide them in any -direction; which action, from the delicacy of the medium used, might be -communicated in a manner wholly unperceived by the spectators[3]. - -Probably the precise time and instrument of communicating this action, -which are circumstances systematically kept secret, will never be -discovered; and the conception of them, reflects the highest honour -upon the ingenuity of the inventor. To construct an arm and hand -capable of performing the ordinary functions of those parts, would be -of itself sufficient to secure the reputation of an artist; but to -make the same arm and hand almost counterparts of living members in a -reasoning agent, displays a power of invention as bold and original, -any that has ever been exhibited to the world. - - [Footnote 1: This piece of mechanism is shown, together with the - Automaton Chess Player, at 4, Spring Gardens. - - Footnote 2: This grand instrument, which performs by mechanical - action, or may be played upon by five professors at once, is shown at - the rooms, No. 101, St. Martin's Lane. - - Footnote 3: There can be little doubt that the peculiar action of - the Automaton (p. 24), by which the Knight is made to touch each of - the 68 squares of the chess-board in turn, depends upon the action of - machinery alone, without any interference of the exhibiter, except - in previously winding up the works. The motions of the head of the - figure, and its tapping on the chest (pp. 20-23), are a kind of hors - d'œuvre.] - - - THE END. - - - _S. Gosnell, Printer, Little Queen Street, London._ - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Observations on the Automaton Chess -Player, by Robert Gray - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOMATON CHESS PLAYER *** - -***** This file should be named 60420-0.txt or 60420-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/4/2/60420/ - -Produced by Jwala Kumar Sista and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Observations on the Automaton Chess Player - Now exhibited in London, at 4 Spring Gardens - -Author: Robert Gray - -Release Date: October 4, 2019 [EBook #60420] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOMATON CHESS PLAYER *** - - - - -Produced by Jwala Kumar Sista and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="cb">Transcriber's Notes</p> -<p>1.Typographical Errors have been silently corrected.</p> -<p>2.Variations of spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.</p> -<p>3.The "cover-page" is developed and placed in the public-domain by the Transcriber.</p> -<p>The table of contents has been added by the transcriber.</p> -</div> - - - - -<h1>OBSERVATIONS<br /> - -<span class="small">ON THE</span><br /> - -<span class="font1">Automaton Chess Player.</span></h1> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="right">S. Gosnell, Printer, Little Queen Street, London.</p> - -<p class="gap5t"></p> -<div class="center"> -<p class="x large center">OBSERVATIONS</p> -<p class="x smaller center">ON THE</p> -<p class="x font1 medium center">Automaton</p> -<p class="x big center">CHESS PLAYER,</p> -<p class="x medium center"><i>NOW EXHIBITED IN LONDON</i>,</p> -<p class="x small center">AT</p> -<p class="x medium center">4, SPRING GARDENS.</p> -<br /> -<p class="x large center">BY AN OXFORD GRADUATE.</p> -<br /><br /> -<p class="x small center">——ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat.—<span class="smcap">Hor.</span></p> -<br /> -<br /> -<p class="x font1 medium center">London:</p> -<p class="x medium center">PRINTED FOR J. HATCHARD,</p> -<p class="x small center">NO. 190, OPPOSITE ALBANY, PICCADILLY;</p> -<p class="x smaller center">AND SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS.</p> -<p class="x medium center">1819.</p> -<br /> -<br /> -<p class="x small center"><i>Price One Shilling.</i></p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="x gap5t medium center">Table of Contents</p> -<p class="x medium center"><a href="#PREFACE">1.PREFACE.</a></p> -<p class="x medium center"><a href="#OBSERVATIONS">2.OBSERVATIONS.</a></p> -<p class="x medium center"><a href="#FOOTNOTES">3.FOOTNOTES.</a></p> -<p class="gap5t"></p> - -<p class="space-above space-below"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</a></h2> -</div> - - -<p class="x">The science of mechanics is one of those in which the ingenuity of -modern artists appears with superior advantage. The ancients, with the -single exception of Archimedes, had but an imperfect knowledge of the -mysteries of this science, as their attempts in the construction of -instruments for marking time, and of the organ, sufficiently prove. -This inferiority may be accounted for upon the principle, that the -highest discoveries in mechanics do not depend upon the capacity, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> -however enlarged, of any individual, but upon the successive -discoveries of many individuals, during ages, combined at length, by -some powerful genius, and directed to the completion of one great -object. Hence it was reserved to modern times, to witness the invention -of those exquisite and grand combinations of mechanism, which are -displayed in the numerous kinds of watch and clock work, and in the -higher order of wind instruments, in their several varieties: and hence -the present age has produced the most finished pieces of mechanical -science, in the Flute-player of Monsieur de Vaucanson, the Trumpeter of -Maelzel<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>, -the Panharmonicon of Mr.Gurk, and the Apollonicon of our celebrated native mechanicians, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> -Messrs. Flight and Robson<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>. -Notwithstanding, however, the superior ingenuity of modern -artists, in mechanics, which these scientific inventions discover, it -seems to be a thing absolutely impossible, that any piece of mechanism -should be invented, which, possessing perfect mechanical motion, should -appear to exert the intelligence of a reasoning agent. This seeming -impossibility is surmounted in the construction of the Automaton Chess -Player. The stretch of invention shown in this unparalleled instance of -mechanical skill, will be fully appreciated only by - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> - -those who can form an estimate of the variety of combinations amongst -the pieces which a game of Chess presents: the constant exercise of -acute judgment required in anticipating the designs of an antagonist, -or in frustrating those which cannot be foreseen; and the experience -in the game, which must be attained by any individual, before he can -become qualified to be a skilful Chess Player. Some accurate notion, -however, of the surprising powers which the inventor of this singular -piece of mechanism has displayed, even they who are unacquainted, or -but slightly acquainted, with the game of Chess, may derive from a -faithful description of it, with respect to its construction, so far -as that can be explained, and its general manner of working. Such a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> -description, likewise, may be acceptable to those who are adepts in -the game, to call to their recollection, any interesting circumstance -relating to the Automaton, which they may have forgotten; and to be a -slight memorial of a masterpiece of human ingenuity which excited their -liveliest curiosity and admiration.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center">"Indocti discant, ament meminisse periti."</p> -<p class="space-below"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a><br /> -<a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="OBSERVATIONS" id="OBSERVATIONS">OBSERVATIONS,</a><br /><i>&c.</i></h2> -</div> - - -<p class="x">The celebrated piece of mechanism, called the Automaton Chess Player, -was the invention of Wolffgang de Kempelen, a Hungarian gentleman, -Aulic Counsellor to the Royal Chamber of the domains of the Emperor -in Hungary. His genius for mechanics appeared in early life; and when -matured by study, and experimental observation to which the leisure -that his employment afforded him, was chiefly devoted, displayed itself -in various inventions and improvements of great public utility. - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> - -Being at Vienna, in the year 1769, upon business of office, he was -invited, by order of the Empress Maria Theresa, to be present at -certain experiments of magnetism, which were to be exhibited before -herself and the Imperial court, by a Frenchman, of the name of -Pelletier. During the exhibition, M. de Kempelen, who was honoured -with the familiar conversation of the Empress, dropped a hint that he -thought himself competent to construct a piece of mechanism, which -should produce effects far more surprising and unaccountable than -those which she then witnessed. The curiosity of the Empress being -strongly reused, she impressed a lively desire to see his idea carried -into execution, and drew from him a promise that he would gratify her -wishes without delay. M. de Kempelen kept his word; and within the - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> -space of six months completed his Automaton Chess Player.</p> - -<p>At Vienna, where it was first produced, it excited the highest -astonishment and admiration of the Empress and her court, and of many -illustrious and scientific persons, who examined its extraordinary -powers. The report of them quickly spread; and the newspapers of the -time speak of them in unmeasured terms of approbation. The inventor, -however, with that indifference to popular favour which characterizes -true genius, not only declined making & public exhibition of his -Automaton, and refused considerable pecuniary offers from persons -desirous of purchasing it; but in his ardour for prosecuting some new -mechanical pursuit, actually laid it aside, and even proceeded in part -to take it to pieces.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<p>In this disordered state it remained during many years, when, on the -occasion of a visit made by the Grand Duke Paul, of Russia, with his -consort, to the court of Vienna, the Emperor Joseph II. recollecting -the invention of M. de Kempelen, signified a wish that he should -exhibit it for the gratification of these august personages. In the -course of five weeks, the numerous repairs which it required, were -completed by the indefatigable genius of its inventor; and on being -produced before the Imperial visitors, it excited no less astonishment -and admiration than at its first appearance. Upon this occasion, M. de -Kempelen was urged and prevailed upon to satisfy general curiosity by -exhibiting it publicly in Germany and in other countries. Accordingly, -the Emperor having granted him permission to absent himself from the -duties of his employment during two years, he travelled with his -Automa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>ton, into various parts of Germany and to Paris; and in the year -1785, he visited England. At his death, which took place about the year -1803, the Automaton came into possession of his son, who sold it to the -present exhibiter, a man, apparently of great ability in the science of -mechanics, and inferior only to M. de Kempelen himself.</p> - -<p>This short historical notice, touching the inventor of the Automaton -Chess Player, and the circumstances which led to its invention and -first exhibition, naturally precedes a description of the Automaton -itself.</p> - -<p>The room where it is at present exhibited, has an inner apartment, -within which appears the figure of a Turk, as large as life, dressed -after the Turkish fashion, sitting behind a chest of three feet and -a half in length, two feet in breadth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and two feet and a half in -height, to which it is attached by the wooden seat on which it sits. -The chest is placed upon four casters, and together with the figure, -may be easily moved to any part of the room. On the plain surface -formed by the top of the chest, in the centre, is a raised immovable -chess-board of handsome dimensions, upon which the figure has its eyes -fixed; its right arm and hand being extended on the chest, and its left -arm somewhat raised, as if in the attitude of holding a Turkish pipe, -which originally was placed in its hand.</p> - -<p>The exhibiter begins by wheeling the chest to the entrance of the -apartment within which it stands, and in face of the spectators. He -then opens certain doors contrived in the chest, two in front, and two -at the back, at the same time pulling put a long shallow drawer at the -bottom of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> chest made to contain the chess men, a cushion for the -arm of the figure to rest upon, and some counters. Two lesser doors, -said a green cloth screen; contrived in the body of the figure, and in -its lower parts, are likewise opened, and the Turkish robe which covers -them is raised; so that the construction both of the figure and chest -internally is displayed. In this state the Automaton is moved round for -the examination of the spectators; and to banish all suspicion from the -most sceptical mind, that any living subject is concealed within any -part of it, the exhibited introduces a lighted candle into the body -of the chest and figure, by which the interior of each is, in a great -measure, rendered transparent, and the most secret corner is shown: -Here it may be observed, that the same precaution to remove suspicion -is used, if requested, at the close as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> the commencement of a game -of Chess with the Automaton.</p> - -<p>The chest is divided, by a partition, into two unequal chambers. That -to the right of the figure is the narrowest, and occupies scarcely -one third of the body of the chest. It is filled with little wheels, -levers, cylinders, and other machinery used in clock-work. That to the -left contains a few wheels, some small barrels with springs, and two -quarters of a circle placed horizontally. The body and lower parts of -the figure contain certain tubes which seem to be conductors to the -machinery. After a sufficient time, during which each spectator may -satisfy his scruples and his curiosity, the exhibiter recloses the -doors of the chest and figure, and the drawer at bottom; makes some -arrangements in the body of the figure, winds up the works with a key -inserted into a small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> opening on the side of the chest, places a -cushion under the left arm of the figure, which now rests upon it, and -incites any individual present, to play a game of Chess.</p> - -<p>At one and three o'clock in the afternoon, the Automaton plays only -ends of games, with any person who may be present. On these occasions -the pieces are placed on the board, according to a preconcerted -arrangement; and the Automaton invariably wins the game. But at eight -o'clock every evening, it plays an entire game against any antagonist -who may offer himself, and generally is the winner, although the -inventor had not this issue in view as a necessary event.</p> - -<p>In playing a game, the Automaton makes choice of the white pieces, -and always has the first move. These are small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> advantages towards -winning the game which are cheerfully conceded. It plays with the left -hand, the right arm and hand being constantly extended on the chest, -behind which it is seated. This slight incongruity proceeded from -absence of mind in the inventor, who did not perceive his mistake till -the machinery of the Automaton was too far completed to admit of the -mistake being rectified. At the commencement of a game, the Automaton -moves its head, as if taking a view of the board; the same motion -occurs at the close of a game. In making a move, it slowly raises its -left arm from the cushion placed under it, and directs it towards the -square of the piece to be moved. Its hand and fingers open on touching -the piece, which it takes up, and conveys to any proposed square. The -arm, then, returns with a natural motion to the cushion upon which it -usually rests. In taking a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> piece, the Automaton makes the same motions -of the arm and hand to lay hold of the piece, which it conveys from the -board; and then returning to its own piece, it takes it up, and places -it on the vacant square. These motions are performed with perfect -correctness; and the dexterity with which the arm acts, especially -in the delicate operation of castling, seems to be the result of -spontaneous feeling, bending at the shoulder, elbow, and knuckles, and -cautiously avoiding to touch any other piece than that which is to be -moved, nor ever making a false move.</p> - -<p>After a move made by its antagonist, the Automaton remains for a few -moments only inactive, as if meditating its next move; upon which -the motions of the left arm and hand follow. On giving check to the -King, it moves its head as a signal. When a false move is made by its -antago<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>nist, which frequently occurs, through curiosity to observe -in what manner the Automaton will act: as, for instance, if a Knight -be made to move like a Castle, the Automaton taps impatiently on the -chest, with its right hand, replaces the Knight on its former square, -and not permitting its antagonist to recover his move, proceeds -immediately to move one of its own pieces: thus appearing to punish -him for his inattention. The little advantage in play which is hereby -gained, makes the Automaton more a match for its antagonist, and seems -to have been contemplated by the inventor as an additional resource -towards winning the game.</p> - -<p>It is of importance that the person matched against the Automaton, -should be attentive, in moving a piece, to place it precisely in the -centre of its square; otherwise the figure, in attempting to lay<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -hold of the piece, may miss its hold, or even sustain some injury in -the delicate mechanism of the fingers. When the person has made a -move, no alteration in it can take place: and if a piece be touched, -it must be played somewhere. This rule is strictly observed by the -Automaton. If its antagonist hesitates to move for a considerable time, -it taps smartly on the top of the chest with the right hand, which is -constantly extended upon it, as if testifying impatience at his delay.</p> - -<p>During the time that the Automaton is in motion, a low sound of -clock-work running down is heard, which ceases soon after its arm -returns to the cushion; and then its antagonist may make his move. The -works are wound up at intervals, after ten or twelve moves, by the -exhibiter, who is usually employed in walking up and down the apartment -in which the Automaton is shown, approaching, however, the chest from -time to time, especially on its right side. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<p>At the conclusion of the exhibition of the Automaton, on the removal of -the chess men from the board, one of the spectators indiscriminately is -requested to place a Knight upon any square of the board at pleasure. -The Automaton immediately takes up the Knight, and beginning from that -square, it moves the piece, according to its proper motion, so as to -touch each of the sixty-three squares of the chess board in turn, -without missing one, or returning to the same square. The square from -which the Knight proceeds is marked by a white counter; and the squares -successively touched, by red counters, which at length occupy all the -other squares of the board.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> - -<p>The description now given of the Automaton Chess Player, with respect -to its construction, so far as that can be explained, and its general -manner of working, naturally suggests an interesting inquiry: What are -the immediate causes by which its unparalleled phenomena are produced?</p> - -<p>To this inquiry no satisfactory answer has yet been made. It is -allowable, therefore, to hazard some observations in reply to it. -The causes sought for appear to be two, which are distinct from each -other—a moving force from which the left arm and hand of the Automaton -derive the action peculiar to those parts of the body; and a directing -force, by which the same arm and hand, when raised and prepared to -act, are guided on this side or that, according to circumstances, many -of which cannot possibly be anticipated, and each of which requires -the exertion of the rea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>soning faculty, sometimes in a high degree. -To explain the nature of the moving force, which is employed, is the -province of the professed mechanician, who can account for it upon -fixed mechanical principles. The operation of that force at a certain -time after each move of an antagonist, seems to depend upon the -momentary interference of the exhibiter, who though usually employed in -walking up and down, approaches the chest when the Automaton is about -to make a move (p. 20), and appears to touch some spring, near to the -arm of the figure, on the right side, which spring may set in motion -the works by which the arm and hand of the Automaton are raised from -the cushion, are made to bend at their several joints, so as to grasp -the piece to which they may be guided by the directing force, and to -retain it for a given moment of time, after which, on disposing of the -piece, the arm and hand become relaxed, and are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> brought back to their -usual position. In case a piece is to be taken, or a false move is -made by an antagonist, or the Automaton castles (p. 21), by a peculiar -manner of touching the spring, these mechanical motions of the arm and -hand might be repeated de suite; with a variation only in the return of -the arm, which would not take place until the end of the repetition. -But the mystery in the action of the Automaton—a mystery not less hard -to be solved by professed mechanicians, than by persons unacquainted -with the science of mechanics, arises from the nature and operation -of the directing force by which the arm and hand of the Automaton, -when raised and prepared to act by the moving force, are guided with -a precision and judgment that baffles the skill even of experienced -chess players. Various conjectures have been made upon this subject. It -was supposed, for a time, that the di<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>recting force was some concealed -loadstone, until the inventor of the Automaton showed the groundless -nature of such a supposition, by permitting any person to place the -most powerful loadstone in contact with the figure, or upon any part of -the chest to which it is attached.</p> - -<p>The most obvious solution of the nature and operation of the directing -force may be drawn from the hypothesis, that a living subject is -enclosed within the left or larger chamber of the chest, who guides -the arm and hand of the Automaton when raised, either in this or that -direction, according to the ever varying appearance of the game, -which might be discerned through a transparent chess-board. It is -sufficient, however, in order to refute this hypothesis, to repeat what -has been already mentioned in page 17, that both before and after the -exhibition of the Auto<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>maton, the exhibiter is willing to lay open for -the examination of every spectator its entire construction internally, -so as to satisfy the most incredulous person, that no concealment -whatsoever of a living subject can take place.</p> - -<p>With more semblance of reason, it has been conjectured that there is -a communication between the left arm and hand of the Automaton, and a -person placed in an adjoining room, who, though unseen, himself, is a -spectator of the game; and that by means of this communication, the -directing force required may be conveyed at the time when the arm and -hand are raised. This conjecture, however plausible, may be answered by -the statement of a plain fact, referred to before, that M. de Kempelen -exhibited his Automaton, on two different occasions, at the Imperial -palace of Vienna; and it is absolutely chimerical to suppose, that upon -those occa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>sions, any communication could be opened with an adjoining -apartment in the palace to that in which the Automaton was exhibited. -Still the question returns, What is the nature and operation of the -directing force, by which the left arm and hand of the Automaton when -raised, and prepared to act, are guided?</p> - -<p>With respect to the nature of this directing force, there can be -only one reasonable opinion, that it must proceed from the immediate -direction of some human agent; and since there is no communication with -such an agent concealed within the chest, or in a room adjoining, it -must proceed from the immediate direction of the exhibiter himself.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless the operation of this directing force, or in what secret -manner the exhibiter directs the arm and hand of the Automaton when -raised, yet remains to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> be explained. M. de Kempelen once threw out -a hint, that the chief merit of his invention lay in the successful -manner in which he deceived the spectators; by which hint he seemed -to imply not only that the exhibiter does interfere in an unperceived -manner in directing the arm and hand of the Automaton when raised, -according to the varying circumstances of a game of Chess; but that -the mode of such interference is very simple. In fact, when the arm -and hand are raised and prepared to act by the operation of the moving -force already explained, the action of a wire or piece of catgut, not -much thicker than a hair, would be sufficient to guide them in any -direction; which action, from the delicacy of the medium used, might be -communicated in a manner wholly unperceived by the spectators -<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>. - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> - -<p class="space-above">Probably the precise time and instrument of communicating this action, -which are circumstances systematically kept secret, will never be -discovered; and the conception of them, reflects the highest honour -upon the ingenuity of the inventor. To construct an arm and hand -capable of performing the ordinary functions of those parts, would be -of itself sufficient to secure the reputation of an artist; but to -make the same arm and hand almost counterparts of living members in a -reasoning agent, displays a power of invention as bold and original, -any that has ever been exhibited to the world.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES.</a></h2> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p> -<a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a> -<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> - This piece of mechanism is shown, together with the -Automaton Chess Player, at 4, Spring Gardens. -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p> -<a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a> -<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> - This grand instrument, which performs by mechanical -action, or may be played upon by five professors at once, is shown at -the rooms, No. 101, St. Martin's Lane. -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> -<p> -<a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a> -<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> - There can be little doubt that the peculiar action of -the Automaton (p. 24), by which the Knight is made to touch each of -the 68 squares of the chess-board in turn, depends upon the action of -machinery alone, without any interference of the exhibiter, except -in previously winding up the works. The motions of the head of the -figure, and its tapping on the chest (pp. 20-23), are a kind of hors -d'œuvre. -</p> -</div> - -<p class="cb medium">THE END.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center"><span class="small"><i>S. Gosnell, Printer, Little Queen Street, London.</i></span></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Observations on the Automaton Chess -Player, by Robert Gray - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUTOMATON CHESS PLAYER *** - -***** This file should be named 60420-h.htm or 60420-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/4/2/60420/ - -Produced by Jwala Kumar Sista and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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