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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..883236c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62222 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62222) diff --git a/old/62222-0.txt b/old/62222-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6a9c7ad..0000000 --- a/old/62222-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,963 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Remarks upon the proposed destruction of the -tower of the Parish Church of St. John, Hampstead, by George Gilbert Scott - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Remarks upon the proposed destruction of the tower of the Parish Church of St. John, Hampstead - - -Author: George Gilbert Scott - - - -Release Date: May 25, 2020 [eBook #62222] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS UPON THE PROPOSED -DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. JOHN, HAMPSTEAD*** - - -Transcribed from the 1874 J. Hewetson edition by David Price, email -ccx074@pglaf.org - - [Picture: Pamphlet cover] - - - - - - REMARKS - UPON - THE PROPOSED - DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF - THE PARISH CHURCH, - - - OF ST. JOHN, - - HAMPSTEAD, - - BEING - - A LETTER - - ADDRESSED TO - - THE REVD SHERRARD B. BURNABY, M.A. - VICAR OF HAMPSTEAD. - - BY - GEORGE GILBERT SCOTT, M.A. - _Sometime Fellow of Jesus College_, _Cambridge_. - - * * * * * - - 26, CHURCH ROW, - HAMPSTEAD. - _May_ 1_st_, 1874. - -MY DEAR MR. VICAR, - -Will you permit me to address to you, and through you to others, some -remarks upon the subject of the Restoration of our Parish Church. - -Such a request needs I think no apology. As a parishioner I cannot be -indifferent to such a question. As an architect, whose attention has -been directed professionally to the subject for more than two years, I -may fairly ask a hearing. Did I need a further excuse the address at the -head of this letter would supply it. Living as I do, and, please God, -shall do for many years, almost under the shade of the Parish Church, and -having it before my eyes continually, I have every opportunity of coming -to a clear opinion upon the matter, and every motive to form a sound one. - -The movement of public opinion which issued in the invitation to certain -architects to submit in competition designs for the restoration of the -building had two sources. - -The existing arrangements of the church are not in accordance with the -improved ecclesiastical taste of the present day. The high pews which -encumber the interior, the galleries which disfigure its really fine -proportions, the cramped space about the holy table, the unsightly -reading desk, the absence of any proper chancel, and of any conveniences -for a well-conducted choir, shock the taste and offend the judgment of -all well-informed churchmen. It is probable however that this feeling -would have failed to produce a general movement in favour of restoration -had it not been aided by a fact, the force of which was apparent to every -one. I allude of course to the settlement of the Tower which had become -serious as early as 1829. - -In that year Messrs. Vulliamy, Hardwick & Good were called in to report -upon the state of the Tower. Other reports were made in 1861, 1864, 1866 -and 1868. The cracks which the subsidence of the Tower caused in those -parts of the church which abut upon it, occasioned naturally considerable -alarm, and the opinion became general that before long it would be -necessary to take down the Tower to avoid a catastrophe. - -The scheme proposed early in 1872, for the “alteration and possibly -enlargement of the Parish Church,” was the result of these two distinct -impulses. - -The course which was adopted reflects great credit upon the Trustees. -Instead of resorting to an open competition, three architects were -invited to send in designs, and a proper remuneration was offered for the -services of the unsuccessful competitors. The Trustees deserve the -thanks of the profession and of the public for so straightforward and -honourable a course. The scheme submitted to the competing architects -involved three conditions: first, the need of improvement in the -arrangements of the church; secondly, the necessity of taking down the -Tower, assumed to be in a dangerous state; and thirdly, a limit of -expenditure fixed at £6500. For this sum it was required that a new -Tower and spire should be erected, and a proper chancel be added to the -existing nave terminating in an apse. - -I cannot forbear in passing to remark upon the good taste shown in the -suggestion, contained in the instructions to the architects, that the new -tower should occupy a central position over the new chancel. Such a -proposal shows a sound appreciation of the capabilities of the existing -church and a regard for its surroundings, which augurs well for the -future of the building. I am astonished to find that one of the -competitors should have disregarded so judicious a suggestion. - -I propose now to examine the three conditions which, as I have said, are -assumed in the scheme of the trustees, and I shall endeavour to show that -one of them is unfounded, and that two of them are mutually inconsistent. - -Of the necessity for an improvement in the arrangements of the church no -one can be more thoroughly convinced than myself. In spite of the care -with which the services have been for many years conducted, the -attendance at our Parish Church has always been a duty rather than a -pleasure. The inconvenience of the principal entrances to the church, -placed as they are close to the very communion rails; the extreme -difficulty of kneeling in the high and narrow pews in which seat-holders -are now impounded; the position of the choir in the western gallery, in -rear, instead of in face, of the congregation; the lofty reading desk, -from which the prayers seem to be preached rather than prayed; the -cramped space about the holy table by which the celebration of the -Communion is rendered most inconvenient; the galleries which disfigure -the interior, and destroy the sense of the oneness of the whole -congregation; these and other defects are too obvious to need enforcing -here. The Trustees have wisely recognised their existence and their -scheme is a proposal to remove them. In this every member of the -congregation will heartily support them. - -It is to the second point involved in their proposals that I wish to draw -the attention of the parishioners—the assumed dangerous condition of the -Tower. - -The Tower was erected with the church about a century and a quarter ago, -and is not only of very good proportions but is remarkably well built. -There is not a symptom of failure in it from top to bottom. Careful and -repeated examinations of it have convinced me that it is as sound as a -bell throughout, and that at the present time it is in every respect in -as good condition as when it was first completed. Any person who takes -the trouble to examine the building may see for himself that the cracks, -which appear in the eastern part of the church, are not in the Tower -itself, but only in the walls that abut upon it. They are simply the -result of the greater weight of the Tower, which has caused it to subside -to a certain extent, and so to crack the walls of the church, and of the -staircases, which being lighter, have undergone no settlement. - -The Tower has settled, but it has done so in one block. No better proof -could be given of the excellent workmanship and capital condition of the -tower, than the fact that its subsidence has caused no fracture whatever, -in the fabric of the tower itself. The settlement is due to an -exceptional cause, the decay of the planking on which its foundation are -laid, but every old tower in the country has undergone similar movement -from analogous causes. These movements may not be so obvious to the -unprofessional eye because, having generally occurred within a century or -so of the erection of the towers, the cracks which they caused have long -since been made good. Subsidences of this kind come to an end after a -certain time, the foundations take a solid bearing and no further -movement from this cause can then arise. The great tower of St. Nicholas -church in Hamburg, upon the erection of which my father has been engaged -for twenty years, though it is not yet completed, and though it stands -upon one of the finest masses of concrete ever put in, has already -subsided more than six inches. Our Hampstead tower has gone down -something less than three inches. I need scarcely say that it is not -proposed to pull down the tower of St. Nicholas on account of its six -inches subsidence. Why then should our Hampstead church be condemned. - -The Tower is of excellent proportion and outline. It is a very -interesting and characteristic example of its date, and forms with the -adjacent buildings in Church Row an almost unique group of 18th century -architecture, of the greatest interest not only to the architect and the -artist, but also to every person of taste and discrimination. No reason -exists for its removal which would not condemn to destruction half the -old churches in the country. To pull it down would be an act of needless -vandalism. It is associated with the earliest recollections of those -who, like myself, have known Hampstead from their childhood, and it is -the one public building of any antiquity which our township possesses. -To do away with it is to destroy a piece of good work which, if left to -itself, will endure for centuries, and to incur the perfectly needless -and heavy expense of erecting a new tower. - -The cause of the settlement of the Tower is, as I have stated, the decay -of the timber planking upon which its foundations are laid. This has -taken place to a greater extent upon the west side than upon the east. -The consequence of this has been to give the Tower a slight inclination -westward. In 1868, Mr. Hesketh and my father were instructed by the -Trustees to examine the foundations. They found that the planking had -entirely perished upon the western side, and that the foundations in this -part rested upon the natural soil, which is a compact loam. Upon the -eastern side a thickness of 2½ inches of planking still remained, only -partially decayed. The report which the architects made at that time -stated, that it was probable that the planking under the eastern side -would gradually perish, and that as this took place the Tower would -settle down upon the eastern side until it rested upon the loam. The -perpendicular position would thus be gradually restored, and no further -movement would then occur. I have recently plumbed the Tower myself, and -I find that this conjecture is borne out by the result of my -measurements. The inclination of the Tower westward has _decreased_ from -seven inches in 1868 to from four to five inches at the present time, -thus affording a proof of the soundness of the conclusion arrived at by -Mr. Heskett and my father six years ago. I give in a tabular form the -results of the observations made upon the Tower at different dates, by -which it will be seen that the inclination of the Tower has decreased -steadily since 1829. {7} - - 1829 1861 1864 1866 1868 1874 -Inclination westward in 10″ 6⅝″ 7¼″ 7¼″ 7″ 4¼″ to 5″ -height of 78 feet -Excess of subsidence on 2½″ 1⅝″ 1¾″ full 1¾″ full 1¾″ 1⅛″ to 1¼″ -west side over that on -east, causing the -westward inclination - -It will appear from this that from 1¼″ to 1⅛″ thickness of planking -remains still undecayed under the eastern foundations. At the present -rate of movement, therefore, the decay will be complete in about six -years time. The Tower will then have resumed its perpendicular position, -and no further settlement need be anticipated. Even at the present time -the inclination is less than the amount of the set-off of the Tower, -without taking into account the spreading of the foundations. The top of -the Tower, therefore, stands well within its base, and the apprehension -of any sort of danger is absolutely unfounded. - -There exists, therefore, no excuse whatever for destroying our Tower. - -The second point to which I wish to draw attention is the important one -of expense. - -The proposals of the Trustees are quite inconsistent with the limit of -expenditure which they have fixed. - -The scheme which has been put forward includes not only a new Tower, but -also a new chancel, terminating in an apse,—the addition of transepts—the -removal or extensive modification of the galleries—the erection of new -staircases, and convenient vestries for clergy and choir—the construction -of proper covered approaches—the reseating of the whole of the church—the -decoration of the interior, and a re-arrangement of the warming and -gas-lighting. To suppose that this grand scheme can be carried out for -£6500, “including professional and other charges,” at the present price -of work in the building trades is simply absurd. It reminds one of a -story told of the late Mr. Pugin. A Roman Catholic Bishop is said to -have written to the architect, ordering designs for a cathedral complete -in every respect, and furnished with all the necessary paraphernalia of -worship, which the bishop was careful to particularise. The total cost -was not to exceed two thousand pounds, but the bishop stated that he did -not expect the completion of the two western towers to be included in -this amount. Mr. Pugin’s reply was to this effect, “My dear Lord -Bishop,—Make it guineas and have the towers.” The present proposal is -almost as absurd to anyone who knows the price of building work at the -present time. If a perfectly substantial tower is to be destroyed it -will be an absolute duty to replace it by one of higher character, and -larger proportions, the cost of which could not fall short of £4000, and -would probably reach a much higher figure. To carry out properly the -scheme of the Trustees, a sum would be required which would be nearer -£12,000 than £6000. - -Is it fair to saddle the Parish with such an expenditure, the greater -part of which is entirely needless? For the really necessary alterations -of our church, the funds which the Trustees have at their disposal will -suffice, if judiciously laid out. Should more be really needed, the -parishioners will not be backward in supporting so good a work. But it -seems very unfair to us, to force upon us a scheme, which involves a -perfectly unnecessary outlay, a very large proportion of which will have -to be met by the voluntary contributions of the parishioners. What is -really required we shall all, I am sure, be willing to contribute to, but -we ought not to be asked to provide large sums to carry out works which -are quite unnecessary, and which those of us, whose knowledge and taste -give them a right to an opinion, would sincerely deplore. - -Were our Tower an old Gothic one, even of the least interesting date, the -proposal to sweep it away would be scouted at once as utter barbarism. -Those whose attention is directed to architecture and art know very well, -that such work as the last two centuries produced, has an interest and a -value only second to that of the earlier styles. There is a great -movement of artistic feeling in favour of the architecture of the reigns -of Queen Anne and the earlier Georges, and it would be quite intolerable -that our Parish, which is so full of the associations of that period, and -the home of so many artists and men of taste, should distinguish itself -by an act of stupidity which would really be quite behind the age. - -It is common enough to hear people say “how ugly the Parish Church is,” -“what frightful windows,” “how unecclesiastical,” “just like a -meeting-house,” &c. &c. To combat the prejudices of mere ignorance is -always a difficult task, and such views are in reality nothing else. -They are the opinions of average common-place, rendered plausible only by -constant repetition. The only portion of the church which can fairly be -called ugly, is the exterior of the western transept, erected within our -own memory. The rest of the exterior is plain, only because the -architect, having a limited sum at his command, wisely determined to -spend the greatest portion of it upon his interior. There would be no -difficulty in embellishing the exterior with suitable architectural -enrichments, if it be desired, and I think that some improvement might be -effected in the parapet of the tower. But the interior is really -stately, and a person who does not see how vastly superior its effect is, -to that of the generality of our new churches in dignity and refinement, -must be singularly deficient in artistic discrimination. The notion that -a church must necessarily be Gothic, is a mere caricature of that -reasonable admiration for mediæval work, which is felt by all men of -taste. It is only a shallow mind which, because it prefers Westminster -Abbey, is blind to the merits of St. Paul’s. I yield to no one in my -love of mediæval art, but I recognise the merits of the really good work -of all schools, and I simply cannot understand the dull and stupid -prejudice which could propose to destroy an interesting and dignified -building, and “to do away with an historical and artistic landmark, in -order to substitute for it a church which would be undistinguishable from -the crowd of common-place which this century is producing.” - -I have so great confidence in the sound sense of the Trustees, and in the -affection of Hampstead people for the associations of our old Parish -Church, that I feel sure it only needs that the facts should be put -clearly before them, to ensure the adoption of a judiciously conservative -course. - -There is one simple and sufficiently obvious plan by which the -requirements of the case may be satisfactorily met. It is most desirable -to secure a properly arranged chancel. To do this without loss of -accommodation the church must be enlarged, but instead of adding to it -toward the east, involving, as this does, the destruction of the Tower, -and the costly expenditure of erecting a new one, the obvious thing is to -extend it westward. - -There is ample space for such an enlargement, and there are at least two -modes in which this may well be carried out. - -The simplest is to remove the galleries, or at least a portion of them, -and to form a chancel by screening off the two eastern bays of the -present nave, or even three if desired. Many of our finest ancient -churches has their chancels arranged upon this system. I may mention, as -well known examples, the churches of Grantham and Newark, and the noble -church of St. Michael at Coventry. - -To provide for the loss of accommodation involved in the removal of the -galleries and the formation of a proper chancel, the nave should be -extended westward. It will be found that the addition of a second -western transept of the same size as the present one would give the -required number of seats, and if thought desirable, a western aisle, or -narthex, might be added beyond the new transept, giving an opportunity -for a Baptistry in its correct position, and of effective design. - -This plan has the great advantage of interfering to the smallest possible -extent with existing graves. A certain portion of the ground required -for this extension is already occupied by a terrace, and the fall of the -ground is such, that the whole of the new work might be built on arches, -or upon vaults enclosing the few interments which occur in that part of -the church-yard. If more room be required, the existing transept might -be extended some 10 feet, north and south, without any interference with -graves, and the new building would be widened by the same amount. - -This question of graves seems to me of the utmost importance, and it has -not, apparently received the attention which it deserves. This -consideration, by itself, is fatal to the plan of an eastward extension -of the church, the ground to the east of the building being perfectly -full of interments. - -I have said that it might be necessary to retain a portion at least of -the existing galleries. I confess I should greatly deplore this -necessity, and I doubt whether it really exists. - -The population of the district attached to the Parish Church is about -7500. The accommodation of the present church is nominally 1600, and -this was the number which the competing architects were directed to -provide for in their plans. The actual accommodation of the church is, -however, very much below this figure, and I do not believe that it ever -really seats more than from 1200 to 1300. Such a number at any rate is -amply sufficient for the needs of the district, and this number could -easily be provided for by the plan of extension which I have suggested, -without any galleries whatever. I need scarcely insist upon the great -advantage to the proportions of the building and to the comfort of the -congregation, which would be secured by the removal of all the galleries. - -Such a scheme as I have indicated may be carried out thoroughly well for -the sum which the Trustees have at their disposal, and there would still -be a margin left for such decorations and improvements as are needed in -the body of the existing church. Should funds be unexpectedly -forthcoming for the erection of a really handsome tower, no finer -position could be desired, than the centre of the west front of the -addition which I have proposed. The fall of the ground would give -extraordinary dignity to a tower so placed. It would have a most -striking effect from Frognal, and the view of it on approaching Hampstead -from the west, seen, as it would be, in conjunction with the existing -eastern tower, would be something quite unusually fine. Anyone -possessing the sense of architectural effect, will see at once the great -dignity and picturesqueness of such a group. A tower worthy of such a -position is no doubt beyond the means of the Trustees, but it would -afford a fine opportunity for the private munificence of some one or more -of our wealthy parishioners. - -If precedents be desired for such an arrangement of two towers, they will -be found in Ely Cathedral, at Swaffham, and at Fakenham. I may add that -the organ would be placed in one of the aisles immediately behind the -choir seats. - -This plan it will be observed utilises the _whole_ of the existing -building, whereas that which has received the approval of the Trustees -retains little of it beside the modern western transept. - -If those who are anxious for proper chancel arrangements should be -dissatisfied with a Quire marked off by screens, there is another mode of -extending the Church, by which a constructional chancel and the -fashionable apse may be obtained. I am, so far, however, from -sympathising with this feeling, that in large town churches I distinctly -prefer what may be termed the Basilican arrangement. I consider that a -chancel distinguished by a proper number of steps and by screens behind -the stalls, is far preferable, in a town church, to one formed in the -construction of the building, involving as this does massive piers, -obstructive to sight and sound. With a chancel constructed as the -Trustees propose, the great majority of persons seated in the aisles will -see little or nothing of the choir. I consider this a very serious -defect. If the congregation is to sing with the choir, as we all desire, -it is of the greatest importance that we should be able to see as well as -hear. For the real uses of a modern church the interior cannot be too -unobstructed, and it seems to me a retrograde movement to attempt to -convert a church, which, but for the galleries, is singularly open and -thoroughly congregational, into one in which at least one third of the -people would not see nearly so well as they do at present. - -Should, however, the opposite view unfortunately prevail, and a -“constructional chancel” and an “apsidal termination” be decided on, -there is no difficulty at all in providing for them upon the principle of -a westward extension. - -I should propose in this case simply to reverse the church, and to place -the new chancel and apse at the west end. The tower would thus remain as -it is, but I should advise that a central entrance should be formed -through it, where the present vestry is. A second tower might be erected -if funds allow, over the new chancel, with all the advantages of position -upon which I have already dwelt in describing the former plan. Spacious -vestries might be formed at the side of the new chancel, or if preferred, -below it, for which the fall of the ground and the ascent to the chancel -would give ample height. A very fine effect might be obtained by -ascending to the chancel in the centre and descending on either side to -the vestries below. - -The only possible objection to this plan is one rather of prejudice than -of knowledge. It is thought by some persons that it is “incorrect” to -place the holy table at the west end of a church instead of at the east. -Now it is a singular fact, known to every ecclesiologist, that although -from the earliest times churches have always been built east and west, -yet the eastern position of the holy table is of late introduction. The -primitive arrangement, as exhibited in the Basilicas, places the holy -table almost universally at the western end of the church, and the -minister stood upon its western side facing the congregation. Not only -does this arrangement prevail in St. Peter’s, {13} and in almost all the -other Basilicas at Rome, including the exceedingly early church recently -brought to light beneath the Basilica of San Clemente, but it is found -also, without I believe an exception, in the churches discovered in -Eastern Syria by the Count de Voguè, the greater portion of which are -earlier than the reign of Constantine. It is the arrangement of the -church of the Holy Sepulchre, and it must be considered to be the -original type adopted by the Christian church before mediæval -developments had interfered with the primitive idea. A tradition of it -still remains in many of the great German churches, which have a Quire -and a High Altar at both ends of the church. To come nearer home, there -is at least one church in this parish built upon this plan. - -It would be difficult to find an objection to so venerable a tradition, -but some persons, not very conversant with such matters, have a fancy of -their own, that the graves in a church yard point toward the holy table, -and upon this ground they object to its removal westward. - -A moment’s consideration will show that those graves which lie to the -east of the church point away from the table, and that those in the -extreme south of the church-yard can hardly be said to be directed -towards the sanctuary, which is situated far to the north of them. - -The eastward direction of graves has nothing whatever to do with the -position of the chancel. It originated from a belief, which prevailed in -very early times, that in His second Advent, our Lord would appear from -the East, an opinion curiously enough founded upon the text of Matthew -xxiv. 27. {14} Whatever may be the value of this belief the custom is -venerable, and no one would wish to interfere with it, but it has nothing -whatever to do with the position of the chancel and holy table. Indeed I -ought to apologise, Mr. Vicar, for taking up time in the exposure of so -obvious a blunder. - -This plan, without the second tower, would not be more expensive than the -first one which I have described. It meets the requirements of the case, -provided the apse is a _sine qua non_, exceedingly well, and would -provide all the accommodation which is really needed, without the -retention of the galleries, and at a very moderate cost. It has the -further advantage of retaining the present approach to the church from -the east, which, both from the lie of the ground, and the position of the -chief part of our population, is the easiest and the most natural. - -I have now, I trust, succeeded in showing that the necessity for -destroying our Tower, and with it a great portion of the present church, -is purely imaginary. There are, as I have explained, at least two -methods, by which all that the Parish desires may be provided without -this sacrifice, and for the money which the Trustees actually see their -way to raise. I have also explained that the luxury, for so it is, of a -handsome tower capable of holding a fine peal of bells, may very well be -obtained upon either of these plans. Indeed the architectural effect of -a church with two towers, as I have suggested, would be unusually fine, -and either scheme would give a dignity to our church, beyond its real -dimensions, and not unworthy of its admirable position. I have only to -add, that in either case the exterior of the nave should be enriched with -a balustrade, with proper architraves to the windows, and with pilasters -between them. {15} Such a treatment would make the exterior worthy of -the interior, and would in itself raise the whole character of the -building at a very moderate expense. - -There is yet one other suggestion which I have to make before I conclude. - -Should funds be available, from some unexpected source, it may be a -question whether it would not be better to erect an entirely new church, -upon a new and more convenient site. I should myself incline very -strongly to this view, in the case I have supposed. - -It would be impossible to erect a large and handsome new church upon the -site of the present one, without a most deplorable interference with -numbers of interments, many of them of comparatively recent date. The -site too is not sufficiently central for the district now attached to the -church, and it would not be difficult to find one in every way more -suitable. - -In this case the old church would remain as a very serviceable chapel of -ease. The galleries might be removed, the pews cut down, and proper -chancel arrangements introduced at a very small cost. We should thus be -spared the loss of the associations which cling about our old church, and -the convenience of an increasing population would be amply provided for. - -This is too much, perhaps, to hope for. I will only say that such a -proposal, provided only it included the preservation of the present -church, would have, I feel sure, the cordial support of the parishioners. - -I must apologise, Mr. Vicar, for the length to which this letter has -extended. I could not in a shorter space, express fully and clearly my -views upon a subject which interests me beyond expression. These views -are the result of more than two years consideration of the question by -one who has the building before his eyes every day, and is one of the -congregation who worship in it. I am anxious beyond measure to divert -the Parish from an act of vandalism, which it has been led to -contemplate, mainly I believe from an erroneous opinion as to the -condition of the present Tower. - -As a professional man, I assert, as I have already done, that there are -no grounds whatever for pulling down our Tower. Such an act would be an -outrage on good taste, and a wanton waste of public money. - - I have the honour to be, - - My dear Sir, - Your faithful servant, - GEORGE GILBERT SCOTT. - -To the REVD. SHERRARD B. BURNABY, - VICAR OF HAMPSTEAD. - - * * * * * - - Printed by J. HEWETSON, 5, High Street, Hampstead. - - - - -FOOTNOTES. - - -{7} The inclination southward, estimated at ½″ or ¼″ of an inch, is too -trivial to need remark. - -{13} It was the plan of the ancient St. Peter’s as it is that of the -present church. - -{14} “For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto -the west, so shall also the coming of the Son of Man be.” - -{15} I hope, however, we may be spared those wretched translations of -Gothic tracery into classic, formed by two semicircles supporting a -circle, by which some of Wren’s finest churches have lately been -disfigured. - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS UPON THE PROPOSED -DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Remarks upon the proposed destruction of the tower of the Parish Church of St. John, Hampstead - - -Author: George Gilbert Scott - - - -Release Date: May 25, 2020 [eBook #62222] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS UPON THE PROPOSED -DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. JOHN, HAMPSTEAD*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the 1874 J. Hewetson edition by David Price, -email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/cover.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Pamphlet cover" -title= -"Pamphlet cover" - src="images/cover.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h1>REMARKS<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">UPON</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">THE PROPOSED</span><br /> -DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF<br /> -THE PARISH CHURCH,</h1> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">OF ST. -JOHN,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">HAMPSTEAD,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class="GutSmall">BEING</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">A LETTER</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ADDRESSED -TO</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">THE REV<sup>D</sup> SHERRARD B. -BURNABY, M.A.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Vicar of Hampstead</span>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br -/> -GEORGE GILBERT SCOTT, M.A.<br /> -<i>Sometime Fellow of Jesus College</i>, <i>Cambridge</i>.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: right"><a name="page3"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 3</span>26, <span class="smcap">Church -Row</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Hampstead</span>.<br /> -<i>May</i> 1<i>st</i>, 1874.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Mr. Vicar</span>,</p> -<p>Will you permit me to address to you, and through you to -others, some remarks upon the subject of the Restoration of our -Parish Church.</p> -<p>Such a request needs I think no apology. As a -parishioner I cannot be indifferent to such a question. As -an architect, whose attention has been directed professionally to -the subject for more than two years, I may fairly ask a -hearing. Did I need a further excuse the address at the -head of this letter would supply it. Living as I do, and, -please God, shall do for many years, almost under the shade of -the Parish Church, and having it before my eyes continually, I -have every opportunity of coming to a clear opinion upon the -matter, and every motive to form a sound one.</p> -<p>The movement of public opinion which issued in the invitation -to certain architects to submit in competition designs for the -restoration of the building had two sources.</p> -<p>The existing arrangements of the church are not in accordance -with the improved ecclesiastical taste of the present day. -The high pews which encumber the interior, the galleries which -disfigure its really fine proportions, the cramped space about -the holy table, the unsightly reading desk, the absence of any -proper chancel, and of any conveniences for a well-conducted -choir, shock the taste and offend the judgment of all -well-informed churchmen. It is probable however that this -feeling would have failed to produce a general <a -name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>movement in -favour of restoration had it not been aided by a fact, the force -of which was apparent to every one. I allude of course to -the settlement of the Tower which had become serious as early as -1829.</p> -<p>In that year Messrs. Vulliamy, Hardwick & Good were called -in to report upon the state of the Tower. Other reports -were made in 1861, 1864, 1866 and 1868. The cracks which -the subsidence of the Tower caused in those parts of the church -which abut upon it, occasioned naturally considerable alarm, and -the opinion became general that before long it would be necessary -to take down the Tower to avoid a catastrophe.</p> -<p>The scheme proposed early in 1872, for the “alteration -and possibly enlargement of the Parish Church,” was the -result of these two distinct impulses.</p> -<p>The course which was adopted reflects great credit upon the -Trustees. Instead of resorting to an open competition, -three architects were invited to send in designs, and a proper -remuneration was offered for the services of the unsuccessful -competitors. The Trustees deserve the thanks of the -profession and of the public for so straightforward and -honourable a course. The scheme submitted to the competing -architects involved three conditions: first, the need of -improvement in the arrangements of the church; secondly, the -necessity of taking down the Tower, assumed to be in a dangerous -state; and thirdly, a limit of expenditure fixed at -£6500. For this sum it was required that a new Tower -and spire should be erected, and a proper chancel be added to the -existing nave terminating in an apse.</p> -<p>I cannot forbear in passing to remark upon the good taste -shown in the suggestion, contained in the instructions to the -architects, that the new tower should occupy a central position -over the new chancel. Such a proposal shows a sound -appreciation of the capabilities of the existing church and a -regard for its surroundings, which augurs well for the future of -the building. I am astonished to find that one of the -competitors should have disregarded so judicious a -suggestion.</p> -<p>I propose now to examine the three conditions which, as I have -said, are assumed in the scheme of the trustees, and I shall -endeavour <a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span>to -show that one of them is unfounded, and that two of them are -mutually inconsistent.</p> -<p>Of the necessity for an improvement in the arrangements of the -church no one can be more thoroughly convinced than myself. -In spite of the care with which the services have been for many -years conducted, the attendance at our Parish Church has always -been a duty rather than a pleasure. The inconvenience of -the principal entrances to the church, placed as they are close -to the very communion rails; the extreme difficulty of kneeling -in the high and narrow pews in which seat-holders are now -impounded; the position of the choir in the western gallery, in -rear, instead of in face, of the congregation; the lofty reading -desk, from which the prayers seem to be preached rather than -prayed; the cramped space about the holy table by which the -celebration of the Communion is rendered most inconvenient; the -galleries which disfigure the interior, and destroy the sense of -the oneness of the whole congregation; these and other defects -are too obvious to need enforcing here. The Trustees have -wisely recognised their existence and their scheme is a proposal -to remove them. In this every member of the congregation -will heartily support them.</p> -<p>It is to the second point involved in their proposals that I -wish to draw the attention of the parishioners—the assumed -dangerous condition of the Tower.</p> -<p>The Tower was erected with the church about a century and a -quarter ago, and is not only of very good proportions but is -remarkably well built. There is not a symptom of failure in -it from top to bottom. Careful and repeated examinations of -it have convinced me that it is as sound as a bell throughout, -and that at the present time it is in every respect in as good -condition as when it was first completed. Any person who -takes the trouble to examine the building may see for himself -that the cracks, which appear in the eastern part of the church, -are not in the Tower itself, but only in the walls that abut upon -it. They are simply the result of the greater weight of the -Tower, which has caused it to subside to a certain extent, and so -to crack the walls of the church, and of the staircases, which -being lighter, have undergone no settlement.</p> -<p>The Tower has settled, but it has done so in one block. -No <a name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>better -proof could be given of the excellent workmanship and capital -condition of the tower, than the fact that its subsidence has -caused no fracture whatever, in the fabric of the tower -itself. The settlement is due to an exceptional cause, the -decay of the planking on which its foundation are laid, but every -old tower in the country has undergone similar movement from -analogous causes. These movements may not be so obvious to -the unprofessional eye because, having generally occurred within -a century or so of the erection of the towers, the cracks which -they caused have long since been made good. Subsidences of -this kind come to an end after a certain time, the foundations -take a solid bearing and no further movement from this cause can -then arise. The great tower of St. Nicholas church in -Hamburg, upon the erection of which my father has been engaged -for twenty years, though it is not yet completed, and though it -stands upon one of the finest masses of concrete ever put in, has -already subsided more than six inches. Our Hampstead tower -has gone down something less than three inches. I need -scarcely say that it is not proposed to pull down the tower of -St. Nicholas on account of its six inches subsidence. Why -then should our Hampstead church be condemned.</p> -<p>The Tower is of excellent proportion and outline. It is -a very interesting and characteristic example of its date, and -forms with the adjacent buildings in Church Row an almost unique -group of 18th century architecture, of the greatest interest not -only to the architect and the artist, but also to every person of -taste and discrimination. No reason exists for its removal -which would not condemn to destruction half the old churches in -the country. To pull it down would be an act of needless -vandalism. It is associated with the earliest recollections -of those who, like myself, have known Hampstead from their -childhood, and it is the one public building of any antiquity -which our township possesses. To do away with it is to -destroy a piece of good work which, if left to itself, will -endure for centuries, and to incur the perfectly needless and -heavy expense of erecting a new tower.</p> -<p>The cause of the settlement of the Tower is, as I have stated, -the decay of the timber planking upon which its foundations are -laid. This has taken place to a greater extent upon the -west side than <a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -7</span>upon the east. The consequence of this has been to -give the Tower a slight inclination westward. In 1868, Mr. -Hesketh and my father were instructed by the Trustees to examine -the foundations. They found that the planking had entirely -perished upon the western side, and that the foundations in this -part rested upon the natural soil, which is a compact loam. -Upon the eastern side a thickness of 2½ inches of planking -still remained, only partially decayed. The report which -the architects made at that time stated, that it was probable -that the planking under the eastern side would gradually perish, -and that as this took place the Tower would settle down upon the -eastern side until it rested upon the loam. The -perpendicular position would thus be gradually restored, and no -further movement would then occur. I have recently plumbed -the Tower myself, and I find that this conjecture is borne out by -the result of my measurements. The inclination of the Tower -westward has <i>decreased</i> from seven inches in 1868 to from -four to five inches at the present time, thus affording a proof -of the soundness of the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Heskett and -my father six years ago. I give in a tabular form the -results of the observations made upon the Tower at different -dates, by which it will be seen that the inclination of the Tower -has decreased steadily since 1829. <a name="citation7"></a><a -href="#footnote7" class="citation">[7]</a></p> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1829</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1861</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1864</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1866</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1868</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">1874</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Inclination westward in height of 78 feet</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">10″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6⅝″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">7¼″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">7¼″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">7″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4¼″ to 5″</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Excess of subsidence on west side over that on east, -causing the westward inclination</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2½″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1⅝″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1¾″ full</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1¾″ full</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1¾″</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1⅛″ to -1¼″</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>It will appear from this that from 1¼″ to -1⅛″ thickness of planking remains still undecayed -under the eastern foundations. At the present rate of -movement, therefore, the decay will be complete in about <a -name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>six years -time. The Tower will then have resumed its perpendicular -position, and no further settlement need be anticipated. -Even at the present time the inclination is less than the amount -of the set-off of the Tower, without taking into account the -spreading of the foundations. The top of the Tower, -therefore, stands well within its base, and the apprehension of -any sort of danger is absolutely unfounded.</p> -<p>There exists, therefore, no excuse whatever for destroying our -Tower.</p> -<p>The second point to which I wish to draw attention is the -important one of expense.</p> -<p>The proposals of the Trustees are quite inconsistent with the -limit of expenditure which they have fixed.</p> -<p>The scheme which has been put forward includes not only a new -Tower, but also a new chancel, terminating in an apse,—the -addition of transepts—the removal or extensive modification -of the galleries—the erection of new staircases, and -convenient vestries for clergy and choir—the construction -of proper covered approaches—the reseating of the whole of -the church—the decoration of the interior, and a -re-arrangement of the warming and gas-lighting. To suppose -that this grand scheme can be carried out for £6500, -“including professional and other charges,” at the -present price of work in the building trades is simply -absurd. It reminds one of a story told of the late Mr. -Pugin. A Roman Catholic Bishop is said to have written to -the architect, ordering designs for a cathedral complete in every -respect, and furnished with all the necessary paraphernalia of -worship, which the bishop was careful to particularise. The -total cost was not to exceed two thousand pounds, but the bishop -stated that he did not expect the completion of the two western -towers to be included in this amount. Mr. Pugin’s -reply was to this effect, “My dear Lord Bishop,—Make -it guineas and have the towers.” The present proposal -is almost as absurd to anyone who knows the price of building -work at the present time. If a perfectly substantial tower -is to be destroyed it will be an absolute duty to replace it by -one of higher character, and larger proportions, the cost of -which could not fall short of £4000, and would probably -reach a much higher figure. To carry out properly the -scheme of the <a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -9</span>Trustees, a sum would be required which would be nearer -£12,000 than £6000.</p> -<p>Is it fair to saddle the Parish with such an expenditure, the -greater part of which is entirely needless? For the really -necessary alterations of our church, the funds which the Trustees -have at their disposal will suffice, if judiciously laid -out. Should more be really needed, the parishioners will -not be backward in supporting so good a work. But it seems -very unfair to us, to force upon us a scheme, which involves a -perfectly unnecessary outlay, a very large proportion of which -will have to be met by the voluntary contributions of the -parishioners. What is really required we shall all, I am -sure, be willing to contribute to, but we ought not to be asked -to provide large sums to carry out works which are quite -unnecessary, and which those of us, whose knowledge and taste -give them a right to an opinion, would sincerely deplore.</p> -<p>Were our Tower an old Gothic one, even of the least -interesting date, the proposal to sweep it away would be scouted -at once as utter barbarism. Those whose attention is -directed to architecture and art know very well, that such work -as the last two centuries produced, has an interest and a value -only second to that of the earlier styles. There is a great -movement of artistic feeling in favour of the architecture of the -reigns of Queen Anne and the earlier Georges, and it would be -quite intolerable that our Parish, which is so full of the -associations of that period, and the home of so many artists and -men of taste, should distinguish itself by an act of stupidity -which would really be quite behind the age.</p> -<p>It is common enough to hear people say “how ugly the -Parish Church is,” “what frightful windows,” -“how unecclesiastical,” “just like a -meeting-house,” &c. &c. To combat the -prejudices of mere ignorance is always a difficult task, and such -views are in reality nothing else. They are the opinions of -average common-place, rendered plausible only by constant -repetition. The only portion of the church which can fairly -be called ugly, is the exterior of the western transept, erected -within our own memory. The rest of the exterior is plain, -only because the architect, having a limited sum at his command, -wisely determined to spend the greatest portion of it upon his -interior. There would be no difficulty in embellishing <a -name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>the exterior -with suitable architectural enrichments, if it be desired, and I -think that some improvement might be effected in the parapet of -the tower. But the interior is really stately, and a person -who does not see how vastly superior its effect is, to that of -the generality of our new churches in dignity and refinement, -must be singularly deficient in artistic discrimination. -The notion that a church must necessarily be Gothic, is a mere -caricature of that reasonable admiration for mediæval work, -which is felt by all men of taste. It is only a shallow -mind which, because it prefers Westminster Abbey, is blind to the -merits of St. Paul’s. I yield to no one in my love of -mediæval art, but I recognise the merits of the really good -work of all schools, and I simply cannot understand the dull and -stupid prejudice which could propose to destroy an interesting -and dignified building, and “to do away with an historical -and artistic landmark, in order to substitute for it a church -which would be undistinguishable from the crowd of common-place -which this century is producing.”</p> -<p>I have so great confidence in the sound sense of the Trustees, -and in the affection of Hampstead people for the associations of -our old Parish Church, that I feel sure it only needs that the -facts should be put clearly before them, to ensure the adoption -of a judiciously conservative course.</p> -<p>There is one simple and sufficiently obvious plan by which the -requirements of the case may be satisfactorily met. It is -most desirable to secure a properly arranged chancel. To do -this without loss of accommodation the church must be enlarged, -but instead of adding to it toward the east, involving, as this -does, the destruction of the Tower, and the costly expenditure of -erecting a new one, the obvious thing is to extend it -westward.</p> -<p>There is ample space for such an enlargement, and there are at -least two modes in which this may well be carried out.</p> -<p>The simplest is to remove the galleries, or at least a portion -of them, and to form a chancel by screening off the two eastern -bays of the present nave, or even three if desired. Many of -our finest ancient churches has their chancels arranged upon this -system. I may mention, as well known examples, the churches -of Grantham and Newark, and the noble church of St. Michael at -Coventry.</p> -<p>To provide for the loss of accommodation involved in the -removal <a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>of -the galleries and the formation of a proper chancel, the nave -should be extended westward. It will be found that the -addition of a second western transept of the same size as the -present one would give the required number of seats, and if -thought desirable, a western aisle, or narthex, might be added -beyond the new transept, giving an opportunity for a Baptistry in -its correct position, and of effective design.</p> -<p>This plan has the great advantage of interfering to the -smallest possible extent with existing graves. A certain -portion of the ground required for this extension is already -occupied by a terrace, and the fall of the ground is such, that -the whole of the new work might be built on arches, or upon -vaults enclosing the few interments which occur in that part of -the church-yard. If more room be required, the existing -transept might be extended some 10 feet, north and south, without -any interference with graves, and the new building would be -widened by the same amount.</p> -<p>This question of graves seems to me of the utmost importance, -and it has not, apparently received the attention which it -deserves. This consideration, by itself, is fatal to the -plan of an eastward extension of the church, the ground to the -east of the building being perfectly full of interments.</p> -<p>I have said that it might be necessary to retain a portion at -least of the existing galleries. I confess I should greatly -deplore this necessity, and I doubt whether it really exists.</p> -<p>The population of the district attached to the Parish Church -is about 7500. The accommodation of the present church is -nominally 1600, and this was the number which the competing -architects were directed to provide for in their plans. The -actual accommodation of the church is, however, very much below -this figure, and I do not believe that it ever really seats more -than from 1200 to 1300. Such a number at any rate is amply -sufficient for the needs of the district, and this number could -easily be provided for by the plan of extension which I have -suggested, without any galleries whatever. I need scarcely -insist upon the great advantage to the proportions of the -building and to the comfort of the congregation, which would be -secured by the removal of all the galleries.</p> -<p>Such a scheme as I have indicated may be carried out -thoroughly <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -12</span>well for the sum which the Trustees have at their -disposal, and there would still be a margin left for such -decorations and improvements as are needed in the body of the -existing church. Should funds be unexpectedly forthcoming -for the erection of a really handsome tower, no finer position -could be desired, than the centre of the west front of the -addition which I have proposed. The fall of the ground -would give extraordinary dignity to a tower so placed. It -would have a most striking effect from Frognal, and the view of -it on approaching Hampstead from the west, seen, as it would be, -in conjunction with the existing eastern tower, would be -something quite unusually fine. Anyone possessing the sense -of architectural effect, will see at once the great dignity and -picturesqueness of such a group. A tower worthy of such a -position is no doubt beyond the means of the Trustees, but it -would afford a fine opportunity for the private munificence of -some one or more of our wealthy parishioners.</p> -<p>If precedents be desired for such an arrangement of two -towers, they will be found in Ely Cathedral, at Swaffham, and at -Fakenham. I may add that the organ would be placed in one -of the aisles immediately behind the choir seats.</p> -<p>This plan it will be observed utilises the <i>whole</i> of the -existing building, whereas that which has received the approval -of the Trustees retains little of it beside the modern western -transept.</p> -<p>If those who are anxious for proper chancel arrangements -should be dissatisfied with a Quire marked off by screens, there -is another mode of extending the Church, by which a -constructional chancel and the fashionable apse may be -obtained. I am, so far, however, from sympathising with -this feeling, that in large town churches I distinctly prefer -what may be termed the Basilican arrangement. I consider -that a chancel distinguished by a proper number of steps and by -screens behind the stalls, is far preferable, in a town church, -to one formed in the construction of the building, involving as -this does massive piers, obstructive to sight and sound. -With a chancel constructed as the Trustees propose, the great -majority of persons seated in the aisles will see little or -nothing of the choir. I consider this a very serious -defect. If the congregation is to sing with the choir, as -we all desire, it is of the greatest importance that we should be -able to see as well as hear. For the real uses of a modern -church <a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>the -interior cannot be too unobstructed, and it seems to me a -retrograde movement to attempt to convert a church, which, but -for the galleries, is singularly open and thoroughly -congregational, into one in which at least one third of the -people would not see nearly so well as they do at present.</p> -<p>Should, however, the opposite view unfortunately prevail, and -a “constructional chancel” and an “apsidal -termination” be decided on, there is no difficulty at all -in providing for them upon the principle of a westward -extension.</p> -<p>I should propose in this case simply to reverse the church, -and to place the new chancel and apse at the west end. The -tower would thus remain as it is, but I should advise that a -central entrance should be formed through it, where the present -vestry is. A second tower might be erected if funds allow, -over the new chancel, with all the advantages of position upon -which I have already dwelt in describing the former plan. -Spacious vestries might be formed at the side of the new chancel, -or if preferred, below it, for which the fall of the ground and -the ascent to the chancel would give ample height. A very -fine effect might be obtained by ascending to the chancel in the -centre and descending on either side to the vestries below.</p> -<p>The only possible objection to this plan is one rather of -prejudice than of knowledge. It is thought by some persons -that it is “incorrect” to place the holy table at the -west end of a church instead of at the east. Now it is a -singular fact, known to every ecclesiologist, that although from -the earliest times churches have always been built east and west, -yet the eastern position of the holy table is of late -introduction. The primitive arrangement, as exhibited in -the Basilicas, places the holy table almost universally at the -western end of the church, and the minister stood upon its -western side facing the congregation. Not only does this -arrangement prevail in St. Peter’s, <a -name="citation13"></a><a href="#footnote13" -class="citation">[13]</a> and in almost all the other Basilicas -at Rome, including the exceedingly early church recently brought -to light beneath the Basilica of San Clemente, but it is found -also, without I believe an exception, in the churches discovered -<a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>in Eastern -Syria by the Count de Voguè, the greater portion of which -are earlier than the reign of Constantine. It is the -arrangement of the church of the Holy Sepulchre, and it must be -considered to be the original type adopted by the Christian -church before mediæval developments had interfered with the -primitive idea. A tradition of it still remains in many of -the great German churches, which have a Quire and a High Altar at -both ends of the church. To come nearer home, there is at -least one church in this parish built upon this plan.</p> -<p>It would be difficult to find an objection to so venerable a -tradition, but some persons, not very conversant with such -matters, have a fancy of their own, that the graves in a church -yard point toward the holy table, and upon this ground they -object to its removal westward.</p> -<p>A moment’s consideration will show that those graves -which lie to the east of the church point away from the table, -and that those in the extreme south of the church-yard can hardly -be said to be directed towards the sanctuary, which is situated -far to the north of them.</p> -<p>The eastward direction of graves has nothing whatever to do -with the position of the chancel. It originated from a -belief, which prevailed in very early times, that in His second -Advent, our Lord would appear from the East, an opinion curiously -enough founded upon the text of Matthew xxiv. 27. <a -name="citation14"></a><a href="#footnote14" -class="citation">[14]</a> Whatever may be the value of this -belief the custom is venerable, and no one would wish to -interfere with it, but it has nothing whatever to do with the -position of the chancel and holy table. Indeed I ought to -apologise, Mr. Vicar, for taking up time in the exposure of so -obvious a blunder.</p> -<p>This plan, without the second tower, would not be more -expensive than the first one which I have described. It -meets the requirements of the case, provided the apse is a -<i>sine qua non</i>, exceedingly well, and would provide all the -accommodation which is really needed, without the retention of -the galleries, and at a very moderate cost. It has the -further advantage of retaining the present approach to the church -<a name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>from the -east, which, both from the lie of the ground, and the position of -the chief part of our population, is the easiest and the most -natural.</p> -<p>I have now, I trust, succeeded in showing that the necessity -for destroying our Tower, and with it a great portion of the -present church, is purely imaginary. There are, as I have -explained, at least two methods, by which all that the Parish -desires may be provided without this sacrifice, and for the money -which the Trustees actually see their way to raise. I have -also explained that the luxury, for so it is, of a handsome tower -capable of holding a fine peal of bells, may very well be -obtained upon either of these plans. Indeed the -architectural effect of a church with two towers, as I have -suggested, would be unusually fine, and either scheme would give -a dignity to our church, beyond its real dimensions, and not -unworthy of its admirable position. I have only to add, -that in either case the exterior of the nave should be enriched -with a balustrade, with proper architraves to the windows, and -with pilasters between them. <a name="citation15"></a><a -href="#footnote15" class="citation">[15]</a> Such a -treatment would make the exterior worthy of the interior, and -would in itself raise the whole character of the building at a -very moderate expense.</p> -<p>There is yet one other suggestion which I have to make before -I conclude.</p> -<p>Should funds be available, from some unexpected source, it may -be a question whether it would not be better to erect an entirely -new church, upon a new and more convenient site. I should -myself incline very strongly to this view, in the case I have -supposed.</p> -<p>It would be impossible to erect a large and handsome new -church upon the site of the present one, without a most -deplorable interference with numbers of interments, many of them -of comparatively recent date. The site too is not -sufficiently central for the district now attached to the church, -and it would not be difficult to find one in every way more -suitable.</p> -<p>In this case the old church would remain as a very serviceable -chapel of ease. The galleries might be removed, the pews -cut down, <a name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -16</span>and proper chancel arrangements introduced at a very -small cost. We should thus be spared the loss of the -associations which cling about our old church, and the -convenience of an increasing population would be amply provided -for.</p> -<p>This is too much, perhaps, to hope for. I will only say -that such a proposal, provided only it included the preservation -of the present church, would have, I feel sure, the cordial -support of the parishioners.</p> -<p>I must apologise, Mr. Vicar, for the length to which this -letter has extended. I could not in a shorter space, -express fully and clearly my views upon a subject which interests -me beyond expression. These views are the result of more -than two years consideration of the question by one who has the -building before his eyes every day, and is one of the -congregation who worship in it. I am anxious beyond measure -to divert the Parish from an act of vandalism, which it has been -led to contemplate, mainly I believe from an erroneous opinion as -to the condition of the present Tower.</p> -<p>As a professional man, I assert, as I have already done, that -there are no grounds whatever for pulling down our Tower. -Such an act would be an outrage on good taste, and a wanton waste -of public money.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">I have the honour to be,</p> -<p style="text-align: right">My dear Sir,<br /> -Your faithful servant,<br /> -GEORGE GILBERT SCOTT.</p> -<p>To the <span class="smcap">Rev</span><sup><span -class="smcap">d</span></sup><span class="smcap">. Sherrard B. -Burnaby</span>,<br /> - - -<span class="smcap">Vicar of Hampstead</span>.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">Printed by J. <span -class="smcap">Hewetson</span>, 5, High Street, Hampstead.</p> -<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> -<p><a name="footnote7"></a><a href="#citation7" -class="footnote">[7]</a> The inclination southward, -estimated at ½″ or ¼″ of an inch, is -too trivial to need remark.</p> -<p><a name="footnote13"></a><a href="#citation13" -class="footnote">[13]</a> It was the plan of the ancient -St. Peter’s as it is that of the present church.</p> -<p><a name="footnote14"></a><a href="#citation14" -class="footnote">[14]</a> “For as the lightning -cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west, so shall -also the coming of the Son of Man be.”</p> -<p><a name="footnote15"></a><a href="#citation15" -class="footnote">[15]</a> I hope, however, we may be spared -those wretched translations of Gothic tracery into classic, -formed by two semicircles supporting a circle, by which some of -Wren’s finest churches have lately been disfigured.</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS UPON THE PROPOSED -DESTRUCTION OF THE TOWER OF THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. 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