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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Great Thames Barrage - - -Author: Thomas Walter Barber - - - -Release Date: May 25, 2020 [eBook #62224] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE*** - - -E-text prepared by deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team -(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by -Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 62224-h.htm or 62224-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62224/62224-h/62224-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/62224/62224-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/b22415737 - - - Some characters might not display properly in this UTF-8 - text file (e.g., empty squares). If so, the reader should - consult the html version or the original page images noted - above. - - - - - -THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE - - - * * * * * * - - “Public - Works,” - - CONDUCTED - BY THE - EDITOR OF - - “The Surveyor and - Municipal and County - Engineer.” - - A high-class magazine dealing with Governmental and Municipal - enterprises in all parts of the world. Published on the 15th of - each month. - - SUBSCRIPTION. - - PUBLIC WORKS will be sent direct by the Publishers on the - following terms:— - - For the United Kingdom and Ireland, 16/- per annum } Post free, including - Abroad 18/- ” ” } special issues. - - Subscriptions are payable in advance, and should be made - payable to The St. Bride’s Press, Ltd., and crossed “National - Provincial Bank of England, Ltd.” They should be forwarded - to the St. Bride’s Press, Ltd., 24 Bride Lane, Fleet Street, - London, E.C. - - Code A.B.C. - Telegrams: “MUNICIPIUM, LONDON.” - Telephone: 1359 HOLBORN. - - Vol. 1 (first four numbers), with 376 pages and 491 - Illustrations, bound in Ornamental Cloth-Gilt Cover, 5s., post - free, 5s. 6d. - - ☞ SEE BACK OF COVER. - - * * * * * * - - -[Illustration: THE PROPOSED THAMES BARRAGE: A VIEW OF THE RIVER FROM THE -GRAVESEND BANK AS IT WOULD APPEAR IF THE DAM WERE CONSTRUCTED - -DRAWN BY H. C. BREWER FROM MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY MR. T. W. BARBER - -Mr. T. W. Barber, M.Inst.C.E., and Mr. Jas. Casey, M.I.N.A., have -suggested that the difficulties of which the shipping interests complain -might be met by the construction of a barrage across the river from -Gravesend to Tilbury, a comparatively simple engineering feat after the -great Nile dam (about 1¼ miles in length), especially as the bed of the -stream is here firm chalk. This would, it is claimed, give a navigable -depth of water, varying from 65ft. at Gravesend to 32ft. at London -Bridge, without dredging, or any interference with the river bottom or -banks. Some of the advantages which would, the advocates of the scheme -claim, be secured are as follows:—Ships drawing 30ft. could proceed to -London Bridge at any hour of the day or night, without waiting for tides; -ships of all tonnages and draughts could traverse the river, anchor -anywhere, lie alongside any wharf or quay, always remain at one level -for loading or unloading, and need not lie out in the river or obstruct -the free navigation; dock entrances could be left open, thus saving the -cost and time lost in working them—the London and India Docks Company -estimates the cost of working their entrances at £50,000 per annum; -while greatly increased safety of navigation would result, there being -no possibility of grounding, swinging with the tides, or collisions due -to tidal drift. In addition to these, London would be provided free -with a lake of fresh water forty-five miles long, and from a quarter -to a half-mile wide. In short, we should have a vast inland lake from -Gravesend to Richmond.] - - - - -[Illustration: THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE - -BY T. W. BARBER - -M.INST.C.E.] - - -It is not necessary to emphasise in any way the fact that something must -be done in the tidal Thames to bring the Port of London up to date, and -to maintain it as the great inlet of British commerce. What with numerous -newspaper articles, magazine reviews, reports of Royal Commissions and -others, and a general murmur of complaint from all persons who use the -port for their business or the river for traffic purposes, there have -recently been abundant evidences that things are not as they should be. -Everyone is agreed on this point, but when it comes to the question of a -remedy, there agreement ends and confusion begins. - - -_What is complained of._ - -And, first, to briefly catalogue the complaints from all sources. They -are as follows:—(_a_) Insufficient depth of water in the river for -the increasing size and tonnage of steamships. (_b_) Tide-waiting at -Gravesend and at the dock entrances, inward and outward. (_c_) Excessive -dues. (_d_) Vexatious restrictions owing to conflicting and overlapping -authorities in the river. (_e_) Excessive cost of barging, pilotage, and -labour in loading and discharging. (_f_) Loss of time at the port. (_g_) -Dangerous navigation, due to tides, bends in the river, narrow channel, -fogs, and the crowded state of the river. That these complaints are well -founded is generally admitted. - - -_Remedies Proposed._ - -The Royal Commission on the Port of London, the Board of Trade, as -representing the Government, the Thames Conservancy, the dock companies -and others recommend the deepening of the river by dredging as a remedy -for (_a_), and as a partial remedy for (_b_) and (_f_). As to (_c_) no -remedy seems to be proposed by either, but rather an increase of dues, -or in lieu thereof a charge upon the rates of London through the London -County Council. - -Partly to amend (_d_) it is proposed by all the above authorities, except -the Thames Conservancy, that a Port Trust should be created to control -the river, instead of the present conflicting authorities of the Thames -Conservancy, Trinity House, the City Corporation and the Watermen’s -Company. - -But as to (_e_) there is no suggestion of amendment, nor is it expected -that the proposed deepening of the river will materially improve the -dangerous navigation (_g_). - - -_Port of London Bill, 1903._ - -The Government has sought to give effect to the Report of the Royal -Commission on the Port of London in this Bill, which reached the stage of -Committee of the whole House, and was then suspended till next Session -(1904). - -But as there were seventy petitions presented against the Bill, and a -large number of amendments stand on the notices for Committee of the -whole House, it may justly be concluded that the Bill satisfies no one, -and that the attempt of the Government to force it through the House -by stifling discussion of most of its vital points in Committee was a -flagrant violation of public rights, and will have a disastrous effect on -the future settlement of the question. - - -_Dockisation the True Remedy._ - -In 1755 Smeaton proposed the dockisation of the River Clyde as a means -of providing a sufficient depth of water for the increasing trade of the -Port of Glasgow. His plan was rejected, and the Clyde Trustees have since -expended £7,430,000 in dredging and improving the river to a low-water -depth of 20 ft., and now spend annually a large sum in maintaining this -depth. - -Thos. Howard proposed the dockisation of the Avon at Avonmouth in 1877 -to provide a sufficient depth of water for vessels passing to the -Bristol Docks up and down the Avon, there being a rise and fall of tide -in the Severn of nearly 40 ft. His proposal was not adopted because the -extraordinary range of tide would have left the entrance unapproachable -at low water, causing delay in the Severn Channel. - -Messrs. L. Murray and W. C. Mylne recommended the dockisation of the -River Wear in 1846, but this was not carried out. - -The Czar of Russia has recently approved a great dockisation project, -consisting of a dam with locks and sluices across the Straits of Kertch, -in the Black Sea, to raise the level of the Sea of Azov for the purpose -of facilitating navigation to the port of Taganrog and the River Don. The -Sea of Azov will then become a fresh-water lake, with an increased depth -of water (14½ ft.) and an area of 10,000 square miles. The dam will be -nine miles long, and is estimated to cost £5,000,000. - -There is, however, no actual instance of the dockisation of a tidal river -from which any data can be obtained. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. THE UPPER THAMES. - -SHEWING EXISTING DAMS AND LOCKS BETWEEN LONDON AND OXFORD] - -The Thames, moreover, differs entirely from any of the foregoing rivers, -and must be considered on its own merits. The map (Fig. 1) shows that it -is already dammed and provided with locks at thirty-four places between -London and Oxford, the object of these dams being the maintenance of -a uniform level of water for navigation and boating purposes, and to -prevent the river running dry in the dry season and exposing the muddy -foreshores. - -But from Teddington Weir to its estuary the Thames is tidal, and there -is no obstruction to the tidal flow except the bridges and the half-tide -weir at Richmond, which merely holds up sufficient water to cover the -foreshores for the advantage of the riparian owners and of boating. - - -_The Tidal Thames._ - -To understand clearly the conditions to be dealt with, it is necessary to -consider the daily movements of tide, the affluents, the dock and wharf -business and the traffic of the river. - -The maps (Figs. 2 and 3) show the tidal river and estuary from Teddington -to the North Foreland. [Transcriber’s Note: It seems ‘Teddington’ here is -an error for either ‘London’ or ‘Southwark’; that’s what the maps show, -anyway.] - -The river proper—that is, from Teddington to Gravesend—is forty-six miles -long, and averages one-third of a mile wide. Its depth at low water -varies from 6 ft. at Teddington to 10 ft. at London Bridge and 40 ft. at -Gravesend, and the rise of tide at London varies from 17 ft. to 21 ft. -and at Gravesend from 15 ft. to 19 ft., the current usually averaging -four knots per hour. At London Bridge the Spring tides flow 5 hours and -ebb 7½ hours; while at Gravesend they flow 6 hours and ebb 6½ hours. - -The river winds about considerably. The straight line distance from -Teddington to Gravesend being thirty-three miles, shows that thirteen -miles are added to the river in its bends, some of which—as those at -Grays, Erith, Blackwall and Limehouse—are short and tortuous. - -The longitudinal section (Fig. 4) of the river from Teddington to -Gravesend gives graphically all the data necessary for our purpose. -Ordnance Datum (O.D.) is the common datum line of the Government -maps. Trinity High Water (T.H.W.) is the water datum usually -adopted in the river. High and low water, ordinary and Spring tides -(H.W.O.T.—L.W.O.T.—H.W.S.T.—L.W.S.T.) are the levels of the respective -states of tide in the river at various points. The highest and lowest -known tides are also given, as well as the level of the river bottom and -the levels of the principal dock entrance sills and of the crowns of the -Thames tunnels, showing their depths below the river bottom. - - -_Tidal Wave._ - -The curved lines (in various forms of dotting) represent the levels of -the surface of water at various states of Spring tides and clearly show -the tidal wave which ascends the river and by its momentum and volume -raises the high-water level at the upper end several feet above that at -Gravesend. - - -_The Thames Estuary._ - -From Gravesend to the Nore is an immense triangular area with sandy -bottom, muddy foreshores and several deep channels running in the general -direction of the Essex coast line, that is, N.E. to the North Sea. The -area may be roughly estimated at 120 square miles, and the navigable -depth of the principal channels at from 60 ft. to 26 ft. at low water -Spring tides. - -The volume of the estuary at high water Spring tides may be taken at -2600 million cubic yards, and at low water Spring tides at 1500 million -cubic yards, the volumes of the river from Gravesend to Teddington being -respectively 180 million and 80 million cubic yards, so that the volume -of tidal water entering the river each tide is about 100 million cubic -yards. - - -_Upland Water._ - -But there is a daily flow over Teddington weir—excluding the water -abstracted by the London water companies—varying during the year on the -average as follows:— - - Cubic yards. - Jan. 11,800,000 - Feb. 5,300,000 - March 4,100,000 - April 3,250,000 - May 4,720,000 - June 2,900,000 - July 1,760,000 - Aug. 1,590,000 - Sept. 1,160,000 - Oct. 1,900,000 - Nov. 3,530,000 - Dec. 8,230,000 - -Average daily flow, 4,186,000 cubic yards. - -Below Teddington, numerous small affluents add to this volume of upland -water as follows:— - - Cubic yards - per day. - - The River Lea and Essex streams on the north bank 60,000 - Streams in the Kent district 500,000 - To this must be added a large quantity of spring - water rising in the bed of the river and land - drainage—quantity uncertain 1,000,000 - Sewage effluents discharged at Crossness and Barking 1,176,000 - Storm water overflow from London sewers 580,000 - --------- - Total upland fresh water daily average 7,502,000 - -This gives an average volume of 7½ million cubic yards of fresh water -descending and mingling with the oscillating tidal water of the river and -estuary, which slowly pushes the latter down into the North Sea. Taking -the high-water volume in the river as above at 180 million cubic yards, -the proportion of fresh water from the upland daily flow is 1/24th, and -therefore it will take 24 days to change entirely the water in the tidal -river. - -Mr. W. P. Birch has shown that the combination of fresh water and sewage -which enters the river below Teddington remains in the river, oscillating -up and down with the tides for 45 days before it finally gets pushed out -into the North Sea. - -[Illustration: THAMES MUD.] - -In this way the discharge of effluents at Crossness and Barking passes -up and down in front of London for more than a month, and it becomes -apparent that the tidal action keeps the river continually saturated with -about 45 days’ soilage. It is no wonder, therefore, that the conditions -of colour, smell and turbidity of the river below Teddington are so vile -as compared with the Upper Thames, especially as to the above sources of -filth must be added the tidal current, which is so rapid that it keeps -the mud continually in suspension, washing it up at one time, depositing -it at another, but never permanently leaving it except in the places -unscoured by the upland water, such as docks, backwaters and places out -of the main current. It has been acknowledged by all writers that if -the upland water should be stopped the Thames would become a stagnant -oscillating ditch, because all filth discharged into it would remain in -it permanently. - -The docks trap a very large proportion of this mud, and it costs at least -£60,000 per annum to clean it out. The mud enters with the locking water -and with that pumped to make up the basins. - - -_Effect of Dockisation on the River._ - -It is proposed to construct across the river at Gravesend a dam or -barrage similar to that across the Nile, containing numerous adjustable -sluices, and in addition a series of very large locks, the dam to hold up -the river to about Trinity high-water level (see section, Fig. 4). - -The immediate effects will be these:— - - (_a_) The tides, Neaps and Springs, will be stopped at the dam. - - (_b_) The river will be converted into a long lake having - numerous affluents, the principal of which will be its natural - flow over Teddington Weir. - - (_c_) It will have a slow downward current, never reversed, so - that all that enters it will pass downwards to the dam. - - (_d_) Its level (normally at Trinity high water) can be - regulated to any level above low water by the sluices. - - (_e_) Within from 25 to 45 days of the closing of the dam the - upland water will have pushed over the dam all the oscillating - foul water of the tidal river, and thenceforward the water of - the lake will be the same as that of the upper river, and any - soilage in it must enter it by sewage or land drainage. - - (_f_) There will thus be obtained by one work a navigable depth - of water varying from 65 ft. at Gravesend to 32 ft. at London - Bridge, without dredging or any interference with the river - bottom or banks. - -[Illustration: THE RIVER THAMES BELOW BLACKWALL, As it will appear when -dockised.] - -But the consequent effects upon the business and usage of the river will -be tremendous:— - - (_g_) Ships drawing 30 ft. can then proceed to London Bridge at - any hour of the day or night, without waiting for tides. - - (_h_) Ships of all tonnages and draughts can traverse the - river, anchor anywhere, lay alongside any wharf or quay, always - remain at one level for loading or unloading (an immense boon - to shipowners and wharf wharfingers) and need not lie out in - the river or obstruct the free navigation. - - (_i_) Dock entrances can be left open, thus saving the cost - and time lost in working them. (The London and India Docks Co. - estimates the cost of working their entrances at £50,000 per - annum.) - - (_j_) There will be no mud entering the docks and backwaters, - the water in which will freely circulate with the clean river - water. - - (_k_) Exceptional tides, being stopped at the dam, will not - overflow the river banks as now sometimes happens. - - (_l_) Reduced cost of towage, barging, repairing river banks, - camp-shedding, quays, dredging, management, control and - policing of the river. - - (_m_) Greatly increased safety of navigation: no grounding, - swinging with the tides, collisions due to tidal drift. The - tides are responsible for most of these accidents and for many - lives lost—casualties which would not occur in a lake. - -In addition to these there is a most valuable asset created in the -advantage the new conditions open up for— - - (_n_) Pleasure traffic, boating and sailing, fishing and the - provision of efficient steamboat services, with fixed piers. - London will be provided free with a lake of fresh water 45 - miles long and from a quarter to half-a-mile wide. It is - certain that this will give rise to extensive pleasure boating - of all kinds, which will have ample room owing to the removal - of all vessels from mid-stream anchorages to the shores. - -The illustrations show the present crowded condition of some of the -reaches of the river and the clearance that will be effected by a -barrage. - - -_Water Supply of London._ - -Perhaps the most important advantage created by the barrage will be the -permanent supply of water for the increasing demands of the London area. - -By the Act of 1903 has been created a Water Board which is empowered to -purchase the water companies’ properties and to administer them in the -public interest. These companies claim £47,000,000 for their properties. -The ratepayers pay them £3,000,000 annually for their water, and the -companies pay £30,000 annually for the greater part of the water which -they draw from the Thames. - -[Illustration: BLACKWALL REACH.] - -The figures are as follows:— - - Gallons per day. - From the River Lea 52,500,000 - ” wells in the Lea Valley 40,000,000 - ” wells in the Kent Co.’s district 27,500,000 - ” the River Thames 185,000,000 - - Total 305,000,000 - ----------- - -So that two-thirds of London’s water supply comes from the Thames; and as -the other sources named above cannot be expanded for future requirements, -it is evident that for the increasing demands of London either the Thames -or some more distant source must be looked to. - -The Royal Commission on the water supply of London estimated that in -1941 these requirements will reach 423 million gallons per day, so that -at that date 303 million gallons must be obtained from the Thames or -elsewhere. - -Now if the Thames is dockised, and the tides kept out of the river, it is -evident that much less upland water than is now considered necessary will -suffice to keep the river lake fresh and clean, because all sewage and -effluents entering the river will be carried directly down to Gravesend; -there will be no muddy foreshores and no stirring up of the river mud by -the tidal scour. - -The river will be, in fact, in exactly the same circumstances as most -large lakes—that is, a large body of fresh water, having a main inlet of -fresh water at one end, many small inlets along its banks, and one main -outlet at its lower end at Gravesend. Such lakes abound all over the -world: they are the purest of all waters and never become stagnant. - -It is proposed, therefore, that the Thames lake should be regarded as a -storage reservoir, so far as water supply is concerned. It will contain -sufficient for 320 days’ supply, even at the estimated requirements of -1941; for to whatever extent its waters may become contaminated at and -below London, these pollutions cannot work back up the river towards -Teddington. It follows, therefore, that between Teddington and London -water may safely be drawn off for town supplies, or the supply may be -taken as now from above Teddington. - -An inspection of the table of flow over Teddington Weir on page 3 will -show that in the winter and spring enormous quantities of water, above -the quantity considered necessary for scouring the river, flow down and -are lost. - -A minimum flow of 200 million gallons is fixed by law as the amount -needed in summer to keep some sort of cleanliness in the lower river; -but in January ten times this amount flows away. It is only for a short -time in the months of August or September that the natural flow over -Teddington Weir—including the water drawn by the water companies—is a -little below 423 million gallons daily, and in those months the surplus -might be taken from below the weir without affecting the river materially. - -If this be objected to, however, there is another remedy available. The -Upper Thames may be used as an aqueduct to convey a larger supply, to be -derived from neighbouring watersheds or from wells, the water so obtained -to be regulated to meet the requirements, enabling a sufficient amount to -be run over the weir to keep the lower river in motion at its upper end. -Further down, the small but numerous affluents and springs will keep the -river in motion, as they are not affected by the Teddington flow, but -give a continuous supply to the river. Mr. Topley, the eminent geologist, -in his evidence before the London Water Commission, 1892, stated that -there are outside the Thames basin large areas from which water could be -obtained, such as East Kent, West Suffolk, Norfolk, Hampshire and Wilts. - -It is evident that in this way an enormous prospective outlay for a -supplementary water supply for London in the near future may be obviated, -and that without adding to the existing plant of the water companies the -new Water Board may inherit free of cost a future source of supply which -will make their purchase of the London Water Companies’ stocks a good -investment and a cheap one for the ratepayers. - - -_Rail and Road Communication at Gravesend._ - -The possibilities of this scheme are not exhausted, as there remains to -be mentioned the opening of railway communication across the river by a -tunnel under the dam and of road communication by a roadway over the dam. -These are clearly shown in the accompanying Figs. 4, 5 and 6. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4. - -SECTION OF THE THAMES FROM TEDDINGTON TO GRAVESEND - -SHOWING PROPOSED PERMANENT MEAN WATER LEVEL AND TIDAL SECTIONS.] - -[Illustration: THE THAMES FROM LONDON TO GRAVESEND.] - -[Illustration: THE THAMES ESTUARY.] - -The tunnel will be constructed in the foundation of the dam, and the road -formed on the top of the dam, and provided with opening bridges across -the locks. - -A glance at a railway map will at once show the strategic value of the -railway route thus opened up between the Midlands and the North, and -Dover and the South Coast, avoiding the conjested London lines; also for -national and military direct traffic between the Government arsenals and -the Colchester and northern routes and depots. All the northern lines -will thus have access by the Tilbury line to the continental routes. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.] - - -_National and Military Aspect of the Scheme._ - -The Port of London above the barrage will be the finest and safest -harbour we possess for the fleet, having an immense deep-water -protected area. The barrage can be fortified, and will constitute the -most effective prevention against any foreign invasion by way of the -Thames estuary. The tunnel and roadway will be of great service in this -connection also. - - -_The Depletion of the Thames Basin._ - -This, which has been increasing for many years, is becoming a serious -matter, and has attracted much comment. One of the advantages that will -be obtained from the barrage will be the raising of the underground -water-levels in the chalk and other strata of the Thames basin. In this -way a permanent improvement in the water supply by wells throughout this -large area will result. - - -_Minor Advantages._ - -Among these may be mentioned:—No further scouring of bridge or other -foundations. No backing up of the foul waters of the small tributaries, -such as the Lea, Barking Creek and others. Improved living conditions -and reduction of disease, especially in the neighbourhood of the river, -resulting from the cessation of ebb and flow, of smells and exposure of -mud banks. Increased value of properties bordering the river. Fixed piers -for passenger steamers. - - -_Works and Construction._ - -Fig. 7 is a general plan showing the barrage in relation to Tilbury and -Gravesend shores. - -Fig. 5 is a cross section of the river showing the vertical dimensions -and contours. - -Fig. 6 shows a section and details of construction. - -Generally it is proposed to form the barrage of mass concrete, faced with -granite on all exposed faces. The tunnel will be formed in the solid -monolith as the work proceeds, and afterwards connected north and south -with the existing railways. The foundation is in the chalk. The method -of construction will be by cofferdam, to enclose an area sufficient for -the walls and locks, which, when completed, can be opened for the up and -down traffic of the river while the construction of the weirs and sluices -is proceeded with. The sluices will be left open for the free passage of -the tides until the closing of the barrage, which will take place at high -water of a Spring tide. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6. - -SECTION OF BARRAGE.] - -The locks will be worked electrically from a power-house built upon the -central pier of the locks; the power to be obtained from dynamos operated -by the fall of part of the water flowing over the dam. A pilot tower will -be fixed from which the river traffic will be signalled and regulated, -and the locks, movable bridges, etc., controlled. - -The locks as shown are four in number, each provided with internal gates -in addition to the outer ones, in order that these locks may be worked in -long or short lengths to suit the traffic. The lengths provided in this -way will be 300 ft. 500 ft., 700 ft. and 1000 ft., and the widths 80 ft. -and 100 ft. It is not likely that these dimensions will ever be exceeded -by steamships. - -The number of vessels passing up and down the river per day averages 220, -but few of these exceed 300 ft. in length. It will be easy to lock this -number up and down, or three times the number with this series of locks, -one important advantage to the shipping being that, instead of waiting -tides at Gravesend, each vessel as she arrives, at any hour, can be -locked in a few minutes, up or down, without waiting. - -Special provision will be made for rapidly and safely passing into and -out of the locks with the use of power capstans and gear. The sluices -will be of steel, sliding in roller guides, balanced and operated each by -its own motor. - -At or near low water a large volume of water will be sluiced into -the lower river to scour the approach to the locks as often as found -necessary. - -A system of signalling from the Upper Thames to the barrage will be -employed to notify any heavy rainfall or freshet coming down the river, -so that by lowering the sluices water may be rapidly discharged to -maintain the required level in the river, and at certain fixed dates it -may be desirable to let down the water-level for a fixed time to allow of -the repairing of dock entrances, walls, and other river-side works. - - -_Financial._ - -The estimated cost of the barrage complete is £3,658,000, including -compensations and other contingencies. A toll of ¾d. per ton on the -shipping passing up and down will pay the interest on this sum. This ¾d. -per ton additional toll will, it is estimated, be many times compensated -for by reductions in the river and dock dues and other expenses, as -below:— - - SAVINGS EFFECTED BY DOCKISATION. Per Annum. - £ - Dredging in the river 200,000 - Repairing banks, campsheds and groynes 10,100 - Mudding in all docks 50,000 - Cost of operating dock entrances and pumping 70,000 - Saving in time of vessels ascending and descending - the river 225,000 - Saving in towage 20,000 - ” barging 185,000 - ” warping, buoying, lying off, etc. 20,000 - ” management of river 70,000 - -------- - Total annual saving £850,100 - -This is equal to a reduction of 6·8d. per ton on the tonnage of shipping -(30,000,000) entering and leaving the Port, or equal to 7½ times the -interest on the cost of the barrage. - -To the credit of the barrage must also be set the removal from the -prospective future of enormous outlays contemplated for:— - - £ - Purchasing docks, estimated at 30,000,000 - Improving ditto and dredging river 7,000,000 - Cost of a water supply from Wales or other source 24,000,000 - ----------- - Total £61,000,000 - ----------- - - -_The Port of London Bill, 1903._ - -This measure is the Government’s attempt to put into law the -recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Port of London, 1902, -but with amendments. It is proposed to purchase the entire docks and -warehouses, leaving the wharves to run on their own resources; to create -a Port Trust to control the entire river and docks; to charge the -loan for purchase, etc., upon the London County Council—_i.e._, about -£35,000,000: and to dredge the river to about 30 ft. at low water up to -the principal dock entrances. - - -_Dredging the River._ - -Apart from its cost and the grossly unfair policy of financing and -running the docks against the wharfingers, it is evident that this -scheme is based upon the possibility of dredging the river to the depth -required. Fig. 8 is an actual section of the river, showing the proposed -dredged channel as compared with a dockised river. - -It seems incomprehensible that any expert authorities should have advised -the Government that the river can be effectually dredged. The fact is -that it is quite impossible to dredge it to the required depth of about -15 ft. below the present bottom, because experience has shown that with -such a river and scouring current the channel will fill up again nearly -as fast as it is dredged, the material coming from the foreshores and -the estuary. This will give rise to dangerous slipping in of river banks -and walls. The estimates of the cost of this dredging (£2,500,000) are -therefore entirely misleading. - -The present bottom is formed and stands at the natural angle of repose -for its present volume, width and currents, and any great interference -with this contour such as is proposed—with slopes of 7 to 1—will not -stand, the general slope of its bottom now being from 20 to 50 to 1. The -Port Trust that undertakes this will find itself spending enormous sums -annually in continuous dredging and repairing banks and in compensating -owners; all, of course, added to the annual cost of maintenance and to -the dues, or charged to the ratepayers. - -Glasgow and the Clyde have been instanced as examples of what can be -done by dredging. But the Clyde below Glasgow is not a river comparable -with the Thames below Gravesend, but an estuary with a very moderate -current and tidal range of from about 4 ft. to 10 ft., and the dredging -has merely made and kept open a channel in this estuary. The Thames, on -the other hand, is a narrow river with a strong scouring current and a -range of tide of from 16 ft. to 21 ft. Further than this, Glasgow has -spent seven millions in this work, and has to pay large sums to keep the -channel open, dredging nearly a million cubic yards every year. - -But there are other difficulties. When the river has been deepened -as proposed, the tidal volume will be increased about one-third, and -therefore its current strengthened and increased, probably two knots per -hour. What is worse, the tidal range will be increased proportionately, -which means that the high tides will be higher—probably 3 ft. or more—and -the low tides lower, by a similar amount, than now. Spring tides may be -expected to run the river nearly dry at low water above London Bridge. -Results—frequent inundations of waterside districts, more grounding -at low water, and more dangerous navigation. Such results have always -followed increased tidal volume. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. - -_Section of the Thames below Blackwall shewing Proposed Dredged Channel -compared with a Dockised Channel._] - -But a dredged channel is necessarily a narrow one (see Fig. 8), and ships -will have to negotiate the sharp bends in a narrow channel and against -a stronger tide, and also to swing at anchor, for which a wide area is -necessary. - - -_Objections against Dockisation._ - -Although this proposal has been mooted for some time past, scarcely -any valid objection has been brought forward, but such as have been -mentioned are mostly based on misconceptions. - -One writer thought the river would become stagnant. As a matter of -fact the sources of stagnation would be carried down the river by the -fresh-water flow continuously, and there is no more reason to anticipate -stagnation in the lower river than the upper river, where it has for ages -been held up in the same way by numerous dams. - -Another writer talks of the “cleansing power of the tides,” and it is a -pity to see greater authorities, who ought to know better, speaking also -in this way. It has been abundantly proved that the tides—as far as a -clean river is concerned—are wholly detrimental. They back up twice daily -the natural drainage of the river for five hours, and keep it in solution -and circulation for forty-five days before removing it, the effect being -exactly similar to backing up in a sewer. - -[Illustration: THE POOL BELOW TOWER BRIDGE.] - -It has also been suggested that the sewage effluents discharged into the -river at Crossness and Barking may cause the river below to become foul. -Here again is misconception. The effluents—after precipitation of the -solids, which is chemically effected, and the carrying out to sea of the -resulting sludge to the amount of two million tons annually—contain very -little impurity (only seven grains per gallon), and it has been proved -by Dr. Dupré that 9/10ths of this becomes oxidised and absorbed in the -large volume of water between the discharge and Gravesend. It is well -known that in the case of “sewage effluents poured into a sufficiently -large volume of otherwise comparatively pure water, the dissolved organic -matter contained in it disappears with remarkable rapidity” (Sir Alex. -Binnie). - -Another critic suggests that the lower river will soon silt up under -the new conditions. Most persons—seeing the filthy state of the -water—naturally think there must be a large deposit from it. But it has -been shown that this suspended matter is the result of tidal currents -keeping the mud stirred up everlastingly. An examination of the affluents -of the Thames shows that they contain very little suspended matter, and -therefore when the locked Thames has deposited its charge of suspended -matter any future soilage must come from its affluents—that is, from the -upland waters and the sewage effluents, which latter will only affect it -below the point of their discharge. - -A calculation from official data of the quantities actually now passing -into the Thames, from all sources, gives less than 1/10th of an inch -annually over the river bottom; so that in ten years the deposit will -not exceed 1 in., even without any improvement in the prevention of -pollution. It has been estimated by Dibdin that the sewage outfalls could -be removed to Gravesend, below the barrage, for the sum of £4,000,000. - -But the condition of these effluents is commonly much exaggerated. The -total annual discharge of suspended matter at 7 grains per gallon (as -given by Dibdin) amounts to 32,000 tons per annum, but much of this -becomes chemically combined with the river water and some remains in -suspension till it passes Gravesend, leaving only a small quantity to -deposit in the river. A single dredger can remove 600 tons per hour; -therefore a few hours’ work will remove the whole quantity. - -A more valid objection at first sight is that ships and barges will lose -the motive power of the tides up and down. This would appear, however, -to be a very beneficial loss, because at the same time they will avoid -the tide-waiting and waste of time which add considerably to the cost of -transit. But against this loss must be set the fact that most ships now -have steam power and can make their own destination, while tugs will be -able to handle much larger fleets of barges than is now possible in the -tide-way, and at all hours of the day. Sailing vessels will be able to -sail up and down, which they can only do now with the aid of the tide. - -Another suggestion is that when the barrage has closed the river the -tides below it may accumulate to a higher level and overflow the -low-lying lands below Gravesend. This is, however, a mistake, the fact -being that with a reduced tidal volume and momentum in the estuary the -tidal range will be reduced, there being no river to fill up, the high -tides will be lower and the low tides higher than formerly. - -Finally, a word or two as to the vague idea that seems to be in the minds -of most people accustomed to tidal rivers—that in some mysterious way the -tides by their continual movements are beneficial, keeping the air in -motion, etc. All this is pure imagination and arises probably from living -on the banks of a tidal river, for most rivers are non-tidal. There -happen to be round our coasts some phenomenal ranges of tide; hence the -resort to docks, which are almost unknown in other countries. The ranges -of their tides being small, docks are not needed, and scarcely any tides -occur in their rivers, which, however, are far cleaner than the Thames. - -There are of course some low-lying lands bordering the river the drainage -from which will have to be pumped into the river. This is, in fact, -partially done now, but the matter is a small one. - -Prof. Flinders Petrie, in a letter to the _Times_, is strongly in favour -of this proposal, and looks to it to relieve the squalor of the East End, -with its crowded and unhealthy living, by extending the manufacturing -districts down the river banks, providing a belt of factories along -each bank and a belt of garden villages behind them, with fast lines of -railway to Town between. - -To carry out the proposals of this article, a committee has been formed -to bring the subject before the notice of Parliament and of the public, -and it is suggested that a Board of Harbour Commissioners should be -formed, somewhat on the lines of the Port of London Bill of last Session. -The new Board would be constituted under the usual Commissioners’ Acts to -control the entire Lower Thames, taking over the powers of the existing -authorities, but without any interference with the docks, the warehouses -or the wharves, the business of which, if the river is rendered properly -navigable, could be carried on without making any demands upon the rates -of London. - -A new era of prosperity would then open up for the trade of London, and -its Port would become the finest in the world, with the largest business -attached to it. - -The committee will include many influential gentlemen connected with -and interested in the improvement of the Port of London. The scheme -originated with Mr. Jas. Casey, M.I.N.A., and the author is responsible -for the engineering details, as also for the information set forth in the -foregoing article. - -[Illustration] - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE*** - - -******* This file should be named 62224-0.txt or 62224-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/2/2/62224 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Great Thames Barrage</p> -<p>Author: Thomas Walter Barber</p> -<p>Release Date: May 25, 2020 [eBook #62224]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="pgx" title="">E-text prepared by deaurider<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff; max-width: 100%; margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td style="text-indent: 0;"> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. 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C. BREWER FROM MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY MR. T. W. BARBER</p> - -<p class="smaller">Mr. T. W. Barber, M.Inst.C.E., and Mr. Jas. Casey, M.I.N.A., have suggested that the -difficulties of which the shipping interests complain might be met by the construction of -a barrage across the river from Gravesend to Tilbury, a comparatively simple engineering -feat after the great Nile dam (about 1¼ miles in length), especially as the bed of the stream -is here firm chalk. This would, it is claimed, give a navigable depth of water, varying from -65ft. at Gravesend to 32ft. at London Bridge, without dredging, or any interference with -the river bottom or banks. Some of the advantages which would, the advocates of the -scheme claim, be secured are as follows:—Ships drawing 30ft. could proceed to London -Bridge at any hour of the day or night, without waiting for tides; ships of all tonnages -and draughts could traverse the river, anchor anywhere, lie alongside any wharf or quay, -always remain at one level for loading or unloading, and need not lie out in the river or -obstruct the free navigation; dock entrances could be left open, thus saving the cost and -time lost in working them—the London and India Docks Company estimates the cost of -working their entrances at £50,000 per annum; while greatly increased safety of navigation -would result, there being no possibility of grounding, swinging with the tides, or collisions -due to tidal drift. In addition to these, London would be provided free with a lake of fresh -water forty-five miles long, and from a quarter to a half-mile wide. In short, we should -have a vast inland lake from Gravesend to Richmond.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/header.jpg" width="700" height="250" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h1>THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE</h1> - -<p class="center">BY<br /> -T. W. BARBER<br /> -M.INST.C.E.</p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i.jpg" width="150" height="225" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">It is not necessary to emphasise in any -way the fact that something must -be done in the tidal Thames to -bring the Port of London up to -date, and to maintain it as the -great inlet of British commerce. -What with numerous newspaper -articles, magazine reviews, reports -of Royal Commissions and others, and a general -murmur of complaint from all persons who use -the port for their business or the river for traffic -purposes, there have recently been abundant -evidences that things are not as they should be. -Everyone is agreed on this point, but when it -comes to the question of a remedy, there agreement -ends and confusion begins.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>What is complained of.</i></h2> - -<p>And, first, to briefly catalogue -the complaints -from all sources. They -are as follows:—(<i>a</i>) Insufficient depth of water -in the river for the increasing size and tonnage -of steamships. (<i>b</i>) Tide-waiting at Gravesend -and at the dock entrances, inward and outward. -(<i>c</i>) Excessive dues. (<i>d</i>) Vexatious restrictions -owing to conflicting and overlapping authorities -in the river. (<i>e</i>) Excessive cost of barging, -pilotage, and labour in loading and discharging. -(<i>f</i>) Loss of time at the port. (<i>g</i>) Dangerous -navigation, due to tides, bends in the river, -narrow channel, fogs, and the crowded state of -the river. That these complaints are well -founded is generally admitted.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Remedies Proposed.</i></h2> - -<p>The Royal Commission on -the Port of London, the -Board of Trade, as representing the Government, -the Thames Conservancy, the dock companies and -others recommend the deepening of the river by -dredging as a remedy for (<i>a</i>), and as a partial -remedy for (<i>b</i>) and (<i>f</i>). As to (<i>c</i>) no remedy seems -to be proposed by either, but rather an increase -of dues, or in lieu thereof a charge upon the rates -of London through the London County Council.</p> - -<p>Partly to amend (<i>d</i>) it is proposed by all the -above authorities, except the Thames Conservancy, -that a Port Trust should be created to -control the river, instead of the present conflicting -authorities of the Thames Conservancy, -Trinity House, the City Corporation and the -Watermen’s Company.</p> - -<p>But as to (<i>e</i>) there is no suggestion of amendment, -nor is it expected that the proposed -deepening of the river will materially improve -the dangerous navigation (<i>g</i>).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Port of London Bill, 1903.</i></h2> - -<p>The Government has -sought to give effect -to the Report of the -Royal Commission on the Port of London in -this Bill, which reached the stage of Committee -of the whole House, and was then suspended till -next Session (1904).</p> - -<p>But as there were seventy petitions presented -against the Bill, and a large number of amendments -stand on the notices for Committee of the -whole House, it may justly be concluded that -the Bill satisfies no one, and that the attempt of -the Government to force it through the House by -stifling discussion of most of its vital points in -Committee was a flagrant violation of public -rights, and will have a disastrous effect on the -future settlement of the question.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Dockisation the True Remedy.</i></h2> - -<p>In 1755 Smeaton proposed the -dockisation of the River Clyde -as a means of providing a -sufficient depth of water for -the increasing trade of the Port of Glasgow. -His plan was rejected, and the Clyde Trustees -have since expended £7,430,000 in dredging and -improving the river to a low-water depth of -20 ft., and now spend annually a large sum in -maintaining this depth.</p> - -<p>Thos. Howard proposed the dockisation of the -Avon at Avonmouth in 1877 to provide a sufficient -depth of water for vessels passing to the Bristol -Docks up and down the Avon, there being a rise -and fall of tide in the Severn of nearly 40 ft. -His proposal was not adopted because the -extraordinary range of tide would have left the -entrance unapproachable at low water, causing -delay in the Severn Channel.</p> - -<p>Messrs. L. Murray and W. C. Mylne recommended -the dockisation of the River Wear in -1846, but this was not carried out.</p> - -<p>The Czar of Russia has recently approved a -great dockisation project, consisting of a dam -with locks and sluices across the Straits of Kertch, -in the Black Sea, to raise the level of the Sea of -Azov for the purpose of facilitating navigation -to the port of Taganrog and the River Don. The -Sea of Azov will then become a fresh-water lake, -with an increased depth of water (14½ ft.) and -an area of 10,000 square miles. The dam will -be nine miles long, and is estimated to cost -£5,000,000.</p> - -<p>There is, however, no actual instance of the -dockisation of a tidal river from which any data -can be obtained.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig1"> -<a href="images/fig1.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig1.jpg" width="500" height="320" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 1. <span class="smcap">The Upper Thames.</span></p> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Shewing Existing Dams and Locks Between London and Oxford</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The Thames, moreover, differs entirely from -any of the foregoing rivers, and must be considered -on its own merits. The map (<a href="#Fig1">Fig. 1</a>) shows -that it is already dammed and provided with -locks at thirty-four places between London and -Oxford, the object of these dams being the -maintenance of a uniform level of water for -navigation and boating purposes, and to prevent -the river running dry in the dry season and -exposing the muddy foreshores.</p> - -<p>But from Teddington Weir to its estuary the -Thames is tidal, and there is no obstruction to -the tidal flow except the bridges and the half-tide -weir at Richmond, which merely holds up -sufficient water to cover the foreshores for the -advantage of the riparian owners and of boating.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>The Tidal Thames.</i></h2> - -<p>To understand clearly the -conditions to be dealt with, -it is necessary to consider -the daily movements of tide, the affluents, the -dock and wharf business and the traffic of the -river.</p> - -<p>The maps (<a href="#Fig2">Figs. 2 and 3</a>) show the tidal river -and estuary from Teddington to the North -Foreland. <span class="transnote">[Transcriber’s Note: It seems ‘Teddington’ -here is an error for either ‘London’ or ‘Southwark’; -that’s what the maps show, anyway.]</span></p> - -<p>The river proper—that is, from Teddington to -Gravesend—is forty-six miles long, and averages -one-third of a mile wide. Its depth at low water -varies from 6 ft. at Teddington to 10 ft. at London -Bridge and 40 ft. at Gravesend, and the rise of -tide at London varies from 17 ft. to 21 ft. and at -Gravesend from 15 ft. to 19 ft., the current usually -averaging four knots per hour. At London -Bridge the Spring tides flow 5 hours and ebb 7½ -hours; while at Gravesend they flow 6 hours and -ebb 6½ hours.</p> - -<p>The river winds about considerably. The -straight line distance from Teddington to -Gravesend being thirty-three miles, shows that -thirteen miles are added to the river in its -bends, some of which—as those at Grays, -Erith, Blackwall and Limehouse—are short and -tortuous.</p> - -<p>The longitudinal section (<a href="#Fig4">Fig. 4</a>) of the river -from Teddington to Gravesend gives graphically -all the data necessary for our purpose. Ordnance -Datum (O.D.) is the common datum line of -the Government maps. Trinity High Water -(T.H.W.) is the water datum usually adopted in -the river. High and low water, ordinary and -Spring tides (H.W.O.T.—L.W.O.T.—H.W.S.T.—L.W.S.T.) -are the levels of the respective states -of tide in the river at various points. The -highest and lowest known tides are also given, -as well as the level of the river bottom and the -levels of the principal dock entrance sills and of -the crowns of the Thames tunnels, showing their -depths below the river bottom.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Tidal Wave.</i></h2> - -<p>The curved lines (in various forms -of dotting) represent the levels of -the surface of water at various -states of Spring tides and clearly show the tidal -wave which ascends the river and by its -momentum and volume raises the high-water -level at the upper end several feet above that at -Gravesend.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>The Thames Estuary.</i></h2> - -<p>From Gravesend to the -Nore is an immense -triangular area with -sandy bottom, muddy foreshores and several -deep channels running in the general direction -of the Essex coast line, that is, N.E. to the North -Sea. The area may be roughly estimated at -120 square miles, and the navigable depth of the -principal channels at from 60 ft. to 26 ft. at low -water Spring tides.</p> - -<p>The volume of the estuary at high water -Spring tides may be taken at 2600 million cubic -yards, and at low water Spring tides at 1500 -million cubic yards, the volumes of the river -from Gravesend to Teddington being respectively -180 million and 80 million cubic yards, so that -the volume of tidal water entering the river each -tide is about 100 million cubic yards.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Upland Water.</i></h2> - -<p>But there is a daily flow over -Teddington weir—excluding -the water abstracted by the -London water companies—varying during the -year on the average as follows:—</p> - -<table summary="Average flow over Teddington Weir, by month"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Cubic yards.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Jan.</td> - <td class="tdr">11,800,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Feb.</td> - <td class="tdr">5,300,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>March</td> - <td class="tdr">4,100,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>April</td> - <td class="tdr">3,250,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>May</td> - <td class="tdr">4,720,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>June</td> - <td class="tdr">2,900,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>July</td> - <td class="tdr">1,760,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Aug.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,590,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sept.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,160,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oct.</td> - <td class="tdr">1,900,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nov.</td> - <td class="tdr">3,530,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dec.</td> - <td class="tdr">8,230,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">Average daily flow, 4,186,000 cubic yards.</p> - -<p>Below Teddington, numerous small affluents -add to this volume of upland water as follows:—</p> - -<table summary="Affluents added to the water volume"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Cubic yards per day.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The River Lea and Essex streams on the north bank</td> - <td class="tdr">60,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Streams in the Kent district</td> - <td class="tdr">500,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>To this must be added a large quantity of spring water rising - in the bed of the river and land drainage—quantity uncertain</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sewage effluents discharged at Crossness and Barking</td> - <td class="tdr">1,176,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Storm water overflow from London sewers</td> - <td class="tdr">580,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total upland fresh water daily average</td> - <td class="tdr bt">7,502,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This gives an average volume of 7½ million -cubic yards of fresh water descending and -mingling with the oscillating tidal water of -the river and estuary, which slowly pushes the -latter down into the North Sea. Taking the -high-water volume in the river as above at -180 million cubic yards, the proportion of fresh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -water from the upland daily flow is 1/24th, and -therefore it will take 24 days to change entirely -the water in the tidal river.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. P. Birch has shown that the combination -of fresh water and sewage which enters -the river below Teddington remains in the river, -oscillating up and down with the tides for 45 days -before it finally gets pushed out into the North Sea.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="500" height="375" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">THAMES MUD.</p> -</div> - -<p>In this way the discharge of effluents at -Crossness and Barking passes up and down in -front of London for more than a month, and -it becomes apparent that the tidal action keeps -the river continually saturated with about -45 days’ soilage. It is no wonder, therefore, -that the conditions of colour, smell and turbidity -of the river below Teddington are so vile as -compared with the Upper Thames, especially as -to the above sources of filth must be added the -tidal current, which is so rapid that it keeps the -mud continually in suspension, washing it up at -one time, depositing it at another, but never -permanently leaving it except in the places -unscoured by the upland water, such as docks, -backwaters and places out of the main current. -It has been acknowledged by all writers that if -the upland water should be stopped the Thames -would become a stagnant oscillating ditch, -because all filth discharged into it would remain -in it permanently.</p> - -<p>The docks trap a very large proportion of -this mud, and it costs at least £60,000 per -annum to clean it out. The mud enters with -the locking water and with that pumped to -make up the basins.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Effect of Dockisation on the River.</i></h2> - -<p>It is proposed to construct -across the river -at Gravesend a dam or -barrage similar to that -across the Nile, containing numerous adjustable -sluices, and in addition a series of very large -locks, the dam to hold up the river to about -Trinity high-water level (see section, <a href="#Fig4">Fig. 4</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p>The immediate effects will be these:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) The tides, Neaps and Springs, will be -stopped at the dam.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) The river will be converted into a long -lake having numerous affluents, the principal -of which will be its natural flow -over Teddington Weir.</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) It will have a slow downward current, -never reversed, so that all that enters it -will pass downwards to the dam.</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) Its level (normally at Trinity high water) -can be regulated to any level above low -water by the sluices.</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) Within from 25 to 45 days of the closing -of the dam the upland water will have -pushed over the dam all the oscillating foul -water of the tidal river, and thenceforward -the water of the lake will be the same as -that of the upper river, and any soilage in -it must enter it by sewage or land drainage.</p> - -<p>(<i>f</i>) There will thus be obtained by one work -a navigable depth of water varying from -65 ft. at Gravesend to 32 ft. at London -Bridge, without dredging or any interference -with the river bottom or banks.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="500" height="175" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">THE RIVER THAMES BELOW BLACKWALL,<br /> -As it will appear when dockised.</p> -</div> - -<p>But the consequent effects upon the business -and usage of the river will be tremendous:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>(<i>g</i>) Ships drawing 30 ft. can then proceed to -London Bridge at any hour of the day or -night, without waiting for tides.</p> - -<p>(<i>h</i>) Ships of all tonnages and draughts can -traverse the river, anchor anywhere, lay -alongside any wharf or quay, always remain -at one level for loading or unloading (an -immense boon to shipowners and wharf wharfingers) -and need not lie out in the river or -obstruct the free navigation.</p> - -<p>(<i>i</i>) Dock entrances can be left open, thus saving -the cost and time lost in working them. -(The London and India Docks Co. estimates -the cost of working their entrances at -£50,000 per annum.)</p> - -<p>(<i>j</i>) There will be no mud entering the docks -and backwaters, the water in which will -freely circulate with the clean river water.</p> - -<p>(<i>k</i>) Exceptional tides, being stopped at the dam, -will not overflow the river banks as now -sometimes happens.</p> - -<p>(<i>l</i>) Reduced cost of towage, barging, repairing -river banks, camp-shedding, quays, dredging, -management, control and policing of the -river.</p> - -<p>(<i>m</i>) Greatly increased safety of navigation: -no grounding, swinging with the tides, -collisions due to tidal drift. The tides are -responsible for most of these accidents and -for many lives lost—casualties which would -not occur in a lake.</p> - -</div> - -<p>In addition to these there is a most valuable -asset created in the advantage the new conditions -open up for—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>(<i>n</i>) Pleasure traffic, boating and sailing, fishing -and the provision of efficient steamboat -services, with fixed piers. London will be -provided free with a lake of fresh water -45 miles long and from a quarter to half-a-mile -wide. It is certain that this will give -rise to extensive pleasure boating of all -kinds, which will have ample room owing to -the removal of all vessels from mid-stream -anchorages to the shores.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The illustrations show the present crowded -condition of some of the reaches of the river and -the clearance that will be effected by a barrage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Water Supply of London.</i></h2> - -<p>Perhaps the most -important advantage -created by the barrage -will be the permanent supply of water for -the increasing demands of the London area.</p> - -<p>By the Act of 1903 has been created a Water -Board which is empowered to purchase the -water companies’ properties and to administer -them in the public interest. These companies -claim £47,000,000 for their properties. The -ratepayers pay them £3,000,000 annually for -their water, and the companies pay £30,000 -annually for the greater part of the water which -they draw from the Thames.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="500" height="325" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">BLACKWALL REACH.</p> -</div> - -<p>The figures are as follows:—</p> - -<table summary="Water volumes drawn by water companies"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Gallons per day.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>From the River Lea</td> - <td class="tdr">52,500,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> wells in the Lea Valley</td> - <td class="tdr">40,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> wells in the Kent Co.’s district</td> - <td class="tdr">27,500,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> the River Thames</td> - <td class="tdr">185,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td class="tdr bb">305,000,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>So that two-thirds of London’s water supply -comes from the Thames; and as the other sources -named above cannot be expanded for future -requirements, it is evident that for the increasing -demands of London either the Thames or some -more distant source must be looked to.</p> - -<p>The Royal Commission on the water supply -of London estimated that in 1941 these requirements -will reach 423 million gallons per day, so -that at that date 303 million gallons must be -obtained from the Thames or elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Now if the Thames is dockised, and the tides -kept out of the river, it is evident that much -less upland water than is now considered necessary -will suffice to keep the river lake fresh and -clean, because all sewage and effluents entering -the river will be carried directly down to -Gravesend; there will be no muddy foreshores -and no stirring up of the river mud by the -tidal scour.</p> - -<p>The river will be, in fact, in exactly the same -circumstances as most large lakes—that is, a -large body of fresh water, having a main inlet -of fresh water at one end, many small inlets -along its banks, and one main outlet at its lower -end at Gravesend. Such lakes abound all over -the world: they are the purest of all waters and -never become stagnant.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is proposed, therefore, that the Thames lake -should be regarded as a storage reservoir, so far as -water supply is concerned. It will contain sufficient -for 320 days’ supply, even at the estimated -requirements of 1941; for to whatever extent its -waters may become contaminated at and below -London, these pollutions cannot work back up -the river towards Teddington. It follows, -therefore, that between Teddington and London -water may safely be drawn off for town supplies, -or the supply may be taken as now from above -Teddington.</p> - -<p>An inspection of the table of flow over Teddington -Weir on page 3 will show that in the -winter and spring enormous quantities of water, -above the quantity considered necessary for -scouring the river, flow down and are lost.</p> - -<p>A minimum flow of 200 million gallons is -fixed by law as the amount needed in summer -to keep some sort of cleanliness in the lower -river; but in January ten times this amount -flows away. It is only for a short time in the -months of August or September that the natural -flow over Teddington Weir—including the water -drawn by the water companies—is a little below -423 million gallons daily, and in those months -the surplus might be taken from below the weir -without affecting the river materially.</p> - -<p>If this be objected to, however, there is another -remedy available. The Upper Thames may be -used as an aqueduct to convey a larger supply, -to be derived from neighbouring watersheds or -from wells, the water so obtained to be regulated -to meet the requirements, enabling a sufficient -amount to be run over the weir to keep the lower -river in motion at its upper end. Further down, -the small but numerous affluents and springs -will keep the river in motion, as they are not -affected by the Teddington flow, but give a -continuous supply to the river. Mr. Topley, the -eminent geologist, in his evidence before the -London Water Commission, 1892, stated that -there are outside the Thames basin large areas -from which water could be obtained, such as -East Kent, West Suffolk, Norfolk, Hampshire -and Wilts.</p> - -<p>It is evident that in this way an enormous -prospective outlay for a supplementary water -supply for London in the near future may -be obviated, and that without adding to the -existing plant of the water companies the -new Water Board may inherit free of cost a -future source of supply which will make their -purchase of the London Water Companies’ stocks -a good investment and a cheap one for the -ratepayers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Rail and Road Communication at Gravesend.</i></h2> - -<p>The possibilities of this scheme -are not exhausted, as there -remains to be mentioned the -opening of railway communication -across the river by a tunnel under the -dam and of road communication by a roadway -over the dam. These are clearly shown in -the accompanying <a href="#Fig4">Figs. 4, 5 and 6</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig4"> -<a href="images/fig4.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig4.jpg" width="500" height="220" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="caption">SECTION OF THE THAMES FROM TEDDINGTON TO GRAVESEND -SHOWING PROPOSED PERMANENT MEAN WATER LEVEL AND TIDAL SECTIONS.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig2"> -<a href="images/fig2.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig2.jpg" width="500" height="151" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">THE THAMES FROM LONDON TO GRAVESEND.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig3"> -<a href="images/fig3.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig3.jpg" width="500" height="200" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">THE THAMES ESTUARY.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>The tunnel will be constructed in the foundation -of the dam, and the road formed on the top -of the dam, and provided with opening bridges -across the locks.</p> - -<p>A glance at a railway map will at once show -the strategic value of the railway route thus -opened up between the Midlands and the North, -and Dover and the South Coast, avoiding the -conjested London lines; also for national and -military direct traffic between the Government -arsenals and the Colchester and northern routes -and depots. All the northern lines will thus -have access by the Tilbury line to the continental -routes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig5"> -<a href="images/fig5.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig5.jpg" width="500" height="285" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 5.</p> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>National and Military Aspect of the Scheme.</i></h2> - -<p>The Port of London -above the barrage will -be the finest and safest -harbour we possess for -the fleet, having an immense deep-water protected -area. The barrage can be fortified, and -will constitute the most effective prevention -against any foreign invasion by way of the -Thames estuary. The tunnel and roadway will -be of great service in this connection also.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>The Depletion of the Thames Basin.</i></h2> - -<p>This, which has been -increasing for many years, -is becoming a serious -matter, and has attracted much comment. One -of the advantages that will be obtained from the -barrage will be the raising of the underground -water-levels in the chalk and other strata of -the Thames basin. In this way a permanent -improvement in the water supply by wells -throughout this large area will result.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Minor Advantages.</i></h2> - -<p>Among these may be -mentioned:—No further -scouring of bridge or other -foundations. No backing up of the foul waters -of the small tributaries, such as the Lea, Barking -Creek and others. Improved living conditions -and reduction of disease, especially in the neighbourhood -of the river, resulting from the -cessation of ebb and flow, of smells and exposure -of mud banks. Increased value of properties -bordering the river. Fixed piers for passenger -steamers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Works and Construction.</i></h2> - -<p><a href="#Fig7">Fig. 7</a> is a general -plan showing the -barrage in relation to -Tilbury and Gravesend shores.</p> - -<p><a href="#Fig5">Fig. 5</a> is a cross section of the river showing -the vertical dimensions and contours.</p> - -<p><a href="#Fig6">Fig. 6</a> shows a section and details of construction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<p>Generally it is proposed to form the barrage of -mass concrete, faced with granite on all exposed -faces. The tunnel will be formed in the solid -monolith as the work proceeds, and afterwards -connected north and south with the existing -railways. The foundation is in the chalk. The -method of construction will be by cofferdam, to -enclose an area sufficient for the walls and locks, -which, when completed, can be opened for the -up and down traffic of the river while the -construction of the weirs and sluices is proceeded -with. The sluices will be left open for the free -passage of the tides until the closing of the -barrage, which will take place at high water -of a Spring tide.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig6"> -<a href="images/fig6.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig6.jpg" width="500" height="315" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 6.</p> -<p class="caption">SECTION OF BARRAGE.</p> -</div> - -<p>The locks will be worked electrically from a -power-house built upon the central pier of the -locks; the power to be obtained from dynamos -operated by the fall of part of the water flowing -over the dam. A pilot tower will be fixed from -which the river traffic will be signalled and -regulated, and the locks, movable bridges, etc., -controlled.</p> - -<p>The locks as shown are four in number, each -provided with internal gates in addition to the -outer ones, in order that these locks may be -worked in long or short lengths to suit the traffic. -The lengths provided in this way will be 300 ft. -500 ft., 700 ft. and 1000 ft., and the widths 80 ft. -and 100 ft. It is not likely that these dimensions -will ever be exceeded by steamships.</p> - -<p>The number of vessels passing up and down -the river per day averages 220, but few of these -exceed 300 ft. in length. It will be easy to lock -this number up and down, or three times the -number with this series of locks, one important -advantage to the shipping being that, instead of -waiting tides at Gravesend, each vessel as she -arrives, at any hour, can be locked in a few -minutes, up or down, without waiting.</p> - -<p>Special provision will be made for rapidly and -safely passing into and out of the locks with the -use of power capstans and gear. The sluices -will be of steel, sliding in roller guides, balanced -and operated each by its own motor.</p> - -<p>At or near low water a large volume of water -will be sluiced into the lower river to scour the -approach to the locks as often as found necessary.</p> - -<p>A system of signalling from the Upper Thames -to the barrage will be employed to notify any -heavy rainfall or freshet coming down the river, -so that by lowering the sluices water may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -rapidly discharged to maintain the required level -in the river, and at certain fixed dates it may be -desirable to let down the water-level for a fixed -time to allow of the repairing of dock entrances, -walls, and other river-side works.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Financial.</i></h2> - -<p>The estimated cost of the barrage -complete is £3,658,000, including -compensations and other contingencies. -A toll of ¾d. per ton on the shipping -passing up and down will pay the interest on -this sum. This ¾d. per ton additional toll will, -it is estimated, be many times compensated for -by reductions in the river and dock dues and -other expenses, as below:—</p> - -<table summary="Estimated savings effected by dockisation"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Savings Effected by Dockisation.</span></th> - <th>Per Annum.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>£</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dredging in the river</td> - <td class="tdr">200,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Repairing banks, campsheds and groynes</td> - <td class="tdr">10,100</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mudding in all docks</td> - <td class="tdr">50,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cost of operating dock entrances and pumping</td> - <td class="tdr">70,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saving in time of vessels ascending and descending the river</td> - <td class="tdr">225,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saving in towage</td> - <td class="tdr">20,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> barging</td> - <td class="tdr">185,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> warping, buoying, lying off, etc.</td> - <td class="tdr">20,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> management of river</td> - <td class="tdr">70,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total annual saving</td> - <td class="tdr bt">£850,100</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This is equal to a reduction of 6·8d. per ton on -the tonnage of shipping (30,000,000) entering and -leaving the Port, or equal to 7½ times the interest -on the cost of the barrage.</p> - -<p>To the credit of the barrage must also be set -the removal from the prospective future of -enormous outlays contemplated for:—</p> - -<table summary="Estimated savings effected by dockisation"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>£</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Purchasing docks, estimated at</td> - <td class="tdr">30,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Improving ditto and dredging river</td> - <td class="tdr">7,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cost of a water supply from Wales or other source</td> - <td class="tdr">24,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total</td> - <td class="tdr bt bb">£61,000,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>The Port of London Bill, 1903.</i></h2> - -<p>This measure is the Government’s -attempt to put into -law the recommendations -of the Royal Commission -on the Port of London, 1902, but with amendments. -It is proposed to purchase the entire -docks and warehouses, leaving the wharves to -run on their own resources; to create a Port -Trust to control the entire river and docks; -to charge the loan for purchase, etc., upon the -London County Council—<i>i.e.</i>, about £35,000,000: -and to dredge the river to about 30 ft. at low -water up to the principal dock entrances.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Dredging the River.</i></h2> - -<p>Apart from its cost and the -grossly unfair policy of -financing and running the -docks against the wharfingers, it is evident that -this scheme is based upon the possibility of -dredging the river to the depth required. <a href="#Fig8">Fig. 8</a> -is an actual section of the river, showing the -proposed dredged channel as compared with a -dockised river.</p> - -<p>It seems incomprehensible that any expert -authorities should have advised the Government -that the river can be effectually dredged. The -fact is that it is quite impossible to dredge it to -the required depth of about 15 ft. below the -present bottom, because experience has shown -that with such a river and scouring current the -channel will fill up again nearly as fast as it is -dredged, the material coming from the foreshores -and the estuary. This will give rise to dangerous -slipping in of river banks and walls. The -estimates of the cost of this dredging (£2,500,000) -are therefore entirely misleading.</p> - -<p>The present bottom is formed and stands at -the natural angle of repose for its present volume, -width and currents, and any great interference -with this contour such as is proposed—with -slopes of 7 to 1—will not stand, the general -slope of its bottom now being from 20 to 50 to 1. -The Port Trust that undertakes this will find -itself spending enormous sums annually in continuous -dredging and repairing banks and in -compensating owners; all, of course, added to -the annual cost of maintenance and to the dues, -or charged to the ratepayers.</p> - -<p>Glasgow and the Clyde have been instanced as -examples of what can be done by dredging. But -the Clyde below Glasgow is not a river comparable -with the Thames below Gravesend, but an estuary -with a very moderate current and tidal range of -from about 4 ft. to 10 ft., and the dredging has -merely made and kept open a channel in this -estuary. The Thames, on the other hand, is a -narrow river with a strong scouring current and a -range of tide of from 16 ft. to 21 ft. Further -than this, Glasgow has spent seven millions in -this work, and has to pay large sums to keep -the channel open, dredging nearly a million -cubic yards every year.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p>But there are other difficulties. When the river -has been deepened as proposed, the tidal volume -will be increased about one-third, and therefore -its current strengthened and increased, probably -two knots per hour. What is worse, the tidal -range will be increased proportionately, which -means that the high tides will be higher—probably -3 ft. or more—and the low tides lower, by a similar -amount, than now. Spring tides may be expected -to run the river nearly dry at low water above -London Bridge. Results—frequent inundations -of waterside districts, more grounding at low -water, and more dangerous navigation. Such -results have always followed increased tidal -volume.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig7"> -<a href="images/fig7.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig7.jpg" width="500" height="400" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 7.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="Fig8"> -<a href="images/fig8.jpg"><img class="linked" src="images/small-fig8.jpg" width="500" height="70" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">Fig. 8.</p> -<p class="caption"><i>Section of the Thames below Blackwall shewing Proposed Dredged Channel -compared with a Dockised Channel.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>But a dredged channel is necessarily a narrow -one (see <a href="#Fig8">Fig. 8</a>), and ships will have to negotiate -the sharp bends in a narrow channel and against -a stronger tide, and also to swing at anchor, for -which a wide area is necessary.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><i>Objections against Dockisation.</i></h2> - -<p>Although this proposal has -been mooted for some time -past, scarcely any valid -objection has been brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -forward, but such as have been mentioned are -mostly based on misconceptions.</p> - -<p>One writer thought the river would become -stagnant. As a matter of fact the sources of -stagnation would be carried down the river by -the fresh-water flow continuously, and there is -no more reason to anticipate stagnation in the -lower river than the upper river, where it has -for ages been held up in the same way by -numerous dams.</p> - -<p>Another writer talks of the “cleansing power -of the tides,” and it is a pity to see greater -authorities, who ought to know better, speaking -also in this way. It has been abundantly proved -that the tides—as far as a clean river is concerned—are -wholly detrimental. They back up -twice daily the natural drainage of the river for -five hours, and keep it in solution and circulation -for forty-five days before removing it, the effect -being exactly similar to backing up in a sewer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="500" height="275" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">THE POOL BELOW TOWER BRIDGE.</p> -</div> - -<p>It has also been suggested that the sewage -effluents discharged into the river at Crossness -and Barking may cause the river below to -become foul. Here again is misconception. -The effluents—after precipitation of the solids, -which is chemically effected, and the carrying -out to sea of the resulting sludge to the amount -of two million tons annually—contain very little -impurity (only seven grains per gallon), and it -has been proved by Dr. Dupré that 9/10ths of -this becomes oxidised and absorbed in the large -volume of water between the discharge and -Gravesend. It is well known that in the case of -“sewage effluents poured into a sufficiently large -volume of otherwise comparatively pure water, -the dissolved organic matter contained in it -disappears with remarkable rapidity” (Sir Alex. -Binnie).</p> - -<p>Another critic suggests that the lower river will -soon silt up under the new conditions. Most -persons—seeing the filthy state of the water—naturally -think there must be a large deposit -from it. But it has been shown that this suspended -matter is the result of tidal currents keeping the -mud stirred up everlastingly. An examination -of the affluents of the Thames shows that they -contain very little suspended matter, and therefore -when the locked Thames has deposited its -charge of suspended matter any future soilage -must come from its affluents—that is, from the -upland waters and the sewage effluents, which -latter will only affect it below the point of their -discharge.</p> - -<p>A calculation from official data of the quantities -actually now passing into the Thames, -from all sources, gives less than 1/10th of an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -inch annually over the river bottom; so that -in ten years the deposit will not exceed 1 in., -even without any improvement in the prevention -of pollution. It has been estimated by Dibdin -that the sewage outfalls could be removed to -Gravesend, below the barrage, for the sum of -£4,000,000.</p> - -<p>But the condition of these effluents is commonly -much exaggerated. The total annual discharge -of suspended matter at 7 grains per gallon (as -given by Dibdin) amounts to 32,000 tons per -annum, but much of this becomes chemically -combined with the river water and some remains -in suspension till it passes Gravesend, leaving -only a small quantity to deposit in the river. A -single dredger can remove 600 tons per hour; -therefore a few hours’ work will remove the -whole quantity.</p> - -<p>A more valid objection at first sight is that -ships and barges will lose the motive power of -the tides up and down. This would appear, -however, to be a very beneficial loss, because at -the same time they will avoid the tide-waiting -and waste of time which add considerably to -the cost of transit. But against this loss must -be set the fact that most ships now have steam -power and can make their own destination, -while tugs will be able to handle much larger -fleets of barges than is now possible in the -tide-way, and at all hours of the day. Sailing -vessels will be able to sail up and down, -which they can only do now with the aid of -the tide.</p> - -<p>Another suggestion is that when the barrage -has closed the river the tides below it may -accumulate to a higher level and overflow the -low-lying lands below Gravesend. This is, however, -a mistake, the fact being that with a reduced -tidal volume and momentum in the estuary the -tidal range will be reduced, there being no river -to fill up, the high tides will be lower and the -low tides higher than formerly.</p> - -<p>Finally, a word or two as to the vague idea -that seems to be in the minds of most people -accustomed to tidal rivers—that in some -mysterious way the tides by their continual -movements are beneficial, keeping the air in -motion, etc. All this is pure imagination and -arises probably from living on the banks of a -tidal river, for most rivers are non-tidal. There -happen to be round our coasts some phenomenal -ranges of tide; hence the resort to docks, which -are almost unknown in other countries. The -ranges of their tides being small, docks are not -needed, and scarcely any tides occur in their -rivers, which, however, are far cleaner than the -Thames.</p> - -<p>There are of course some low-lying lands -bordering the river the drainage from which -will have to be pumped into the river. This is, -in fact, partially done now, but the matter is -a small one.</p> - -<p>Prof. Flinders Petrie, in a letter to the <i>Times</i>, -is strongly in favour of this proposal, and looks -to it to relieve the squalor of the East End, with -its crowded and unhealthy living, by extending -the manufacturing districts down the river banks, -providing a belt of factories along each bank -and a belt of garden villages behind them, with -fast lines of railway to Town between.</p> - -<p>To carry out the proposals of this article, a -committee has been formed to bring the subject -before the notice of Parliament and of the public, -and it is suggested that a Board of Harbour -Commissioners should be formed, somewhat on -the lines of the Port of London Bill of last -Session. The new Board would be constituted -under the usual Commissioners’ Acts to control -the entire Lower Thames, taking over the powers -of the existing authorities, but without any -interference with the docks, the warehouses or -the wharves, the business of which, if the river is -rendered properly navigable, could be carried on -without making any demands upon the rates of -London.</p> - -<p>A new era of prosperity would then open up -for the trade of London, and its Port would -become the finest in the world, with the largest -business attached to it.</p> - -<p>The committee will include many influential -gentlemen connected with and interested in the -improvement of the Port of London. The scheme -originated with Mr. Jas. Casey, M.I.N.A., and the -author is responsible for the engineering details, -as also for the information set forth in the foregoing -article.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/footer.jpg" width="500" height="70" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="pgx" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT THAMES BARRAGE***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 62224-h.htm or 62224-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/2/2/62224">http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/2/2/62224</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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