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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..084a0c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62240 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62240) diff --git a/old/62240-0.txt b/old/62240-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 188ad60..0000000 --- a/old/62240-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2792 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Chester Cathedral, by John -Hicklin - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A History of Chester Cathedral - with biographical notices of the Bishops and Deans - - -Author: John Hicklin - - - -Release Date: May 26, 2020 [eBook #62240] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF CHESTER CATHEDRAL*** - - -Transcribed from the [1852] George Prichard edition by David Price, email -ccx074@pglaf.org. Transcribed from British Library scans. - - [Picture: Book cover] - - - - - - A HISTORY - OF - CHESTER CATHEDRAL: - - - WITH - - BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE BISHOPS - AND DEANS. - - BY - A Member of the Chester Archæological Society. - - * * * * * - - “On entering a Cathedral, I am filled with devotion and with awe; I - am lost to the actualities that surround me, and my whole being - expands into the infinite; earth and air, nature and art, all swell - up into eternity, and the only sensible impression left is, _that I - am nothing_.”—COLERIDGE. - - * * * * * - - CHESTER: - GEORGE PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW, - AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. - - * * * * * - - TO THE - - VERY REVEREND THE DEAN OF CHESTER, - - THE FOLLOWING HISTORY OF THE - - Cathedral Church - - IS (BY HIS KIND PERMISSION) RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, - - BY - - HIS MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT, - - THE PUBLISHER. - - - - -A VISIT TO THE CATHEDRAL. - - -WHEN we reflect upon the momentous and happy results which have always -followed the introduction of Christianity amongst a people;—how it has -ever proved an up-lifting and progressive power; influencing man in the -holiest affections and most inward laws of his moral being; extending its -benign agency through all the relationships of social life, and acting in -various methods as a living principle in the community;—we think that in -ascribing to our religious history a deeper significance and importance -than appertains to any other department of inquiry, we are only claiming -for it a position which may be established by a wide induction of facts. - -The condition of a nation, socially and politically, is to a great extent -decided by the character of its religious teaching and worship. The -history of our own country, and that of every other in the world, affords -many striking illustrations of the fact. Many instances might be quoted -where the connection is remarkably verified, and we venture to ascribe -the proud position of England mainly to the operation of its Christian -faith. - -The churches of Britain were the outbirths of its religious life. They -were reared by the earnest piety of our forefathers. Their history -presents an inviting sphere of investigation, from the valuable aid they -furnish, in tracing the successive incidents and onward development of -Christianity; which soon after its first promulgation, diffused a welcome -light over the Pagan darkness, which enveloped the primeval inhabitants -of our country. - -The subject of the first introduction of Christian truth into Britain, -and who was the first herald employed by Providence in proclaiming it, is -one of deep interest, and has long engaged the investigation of the -learned. The theories which have been offered are conflicting, as to the -time, and by whom, this great boon was conferred upon our country. But -as all the varied traditions seem to point to the apostolic age, we may -the more readily acquiesce, in not being able to fix upon the exact -period and the actual instrument; especially when we remember, how many -of the world’s benefactors have been unknown to those who are most -indebted to them. There is an unwritten biography of the great and the -good; though their names and heroic deeds are not recorded by the pen of -the historian or the chisel of the sculptor, they have not the less nobly -fulfilled their mission to their age and posterity. Their record, though -not with men, is “on high.” And as there is a law surrounding us, which -permits no disinterested deed or true thought to perish, but immortalizes -them, in their effects on the minds of men and the developments of -life;—so certainly as that law governs human experience, have we reaped -the advantage of many a noble life’s devotion, albeit unchronicled and -unknown. The results of their achievements are nevertheless with us -still. - -The foundation of the Church in Britain has been ascribed, by many -eminent authorities, to St. Paul; and the learned Dr. Burgess, Bishop of -St. David’s, goes so far as to say, that this interesting point is -established by as much substantial evidence as any historical fact can -require; and he proceeds to give the testimony of the first six centuries -in support of the doctrine. The first and most important testimony is -that of Clemens Romanus, “the intimate friend and fellow-labourer of St. -Paul,” who says, that in preaching the gospel the apostles went _to the -utmost bounds of the west_, which seems to have been the usual -designation of Britain. Theoderet speaks of the inhabitants of Spain, -Gaul, and _Britain_, as dwelling in the _utmost bounds of the west_. In -the second century, Irenœus speaks of Christianity as propagated to the -utmost bounds of the earth by the apostles and their disciples; and -Tertullian, at the beginning of the third century, gives a kindred -testimony. In the fourth century, (A.D. 270–340), Eusebius says, that -some of the apostles passed over the ocean to the British Isles; and -Jerome, in the same century, ascribes this province to St. Paul, and -says, that after his imprisonment, having been in Spain, he went from -ocean to ocean, and preached the gospel in the _western parts_. -Theodoret, in the fifth century, and Venantius Fortunatus in the sixth, -are also quoted as witnesses to the same effect. - -The learned bishop has conducted the argument with consummate ability; -and in the judgment of many has demonstrated the point. - -Gildas, a Briton, called the wise, very positively ascribes the first -mission to Britain to St. Joseph of Arimathea, who, according to his -account, evangelized Gaul. This opinion is supported by Bede, William of -Malmesbury, and many eminent divines of the Church. - -Sammes, in his ‘Antiquities of Britain,’ inclines to the same idea, and -gives an illustration of the first church supposed to be built by him; -but it does not appear to be based upon sufficient evidence to entitle it -to acceptance. - -The conversion of Britain to the Christian faith has also been ascribed -to St. Peter, St. James the Great, and to Simon Zelotes. Bishop Taylor -and Dr. Cox are disposed to award the honour to the latter. Southey is -of opinion that the Gospel was first introduced here by the family of -Caractacus, who propagated it among the British tribes; and he is -certainly upheld in this by many weighty considerations. - -As there is existing such contrariety of belief among those master -intellects, who have deeply studied the subject, we should certainly -regard it as vain presumption, to record any dogmatic judgment. - -Previous to the Roman conquests, the Britons were accustomed to celebrate -the rites of Druidism; but as it was the custom of the Romans to carry -into the lands they conquered, not only their civil polity but also their -religion, the gods of their Pantheon became consequently the gods of our -ancestors. Near the existing memorials of Druidical superstition, there -arose the majestic fanes of a more polished mythology. At Bath there is -said to have been a temple dedicated to Minerva, while on the site now -occupied by the splendid cathedral of St. Paul there was a temple to -Diana. It appears from a passage in _King’s Vale Royal_, there was a -tradition generally accepted in his day, that on the present site of -Chester Cathedral, was a temple dedicated to Apollo, during the period -that the city was inhabited by the Legionaries. - -“I have heard it,” he says, “from a scholar, residing in the city, when I -was there, anno 1653, that there was a temple dedicated to Apollo in old -time, in a place adjoining to the Cathedral Church, by the constant -tradition of the learned.” - -We are not aware that the supposition is capable of being verified by any -existing record, but when we take into consideration the policy generally -pursued by the Romans in subjugating a country, it seems to be -countenanced by strong probability. With this form of Paganism, however, -there came zealous men, of true apostolic stamp, whose earnest -inculcation of vital principles, accelerated the progress of a better -faith. So conspicuous had that progress become early in the third -century, that Tertullian, in his work written against the Jews, A.D. 209, -states that “even those places in Britain, hitherto inaccessible to the -Roman arms, have been subdued by the gospel of Christ.” - -Early in the fourth century, Christianity had become so extensively -diffused throughout the land, that Maximius and Galerius, themselves -bigoted Pagans, recommended to the Emperor Diocletian the enforcement of -extreme measures, in order to crush the growing religion; and the -ever-memorable persecution under his reign was the result, when -Christians were indiscriminately slaughtered, and churches wantonly -destroyed. - -Under the empire of his successor, Constantine Chlorus, persecution was -extinguished; churches were re-built, the offices of religion generally -resumed, and the people enjoyed a long tranquillity. - -The recall of the Romans to the defence of the integral parts of their -empire, in conjunction with the laborious teaching of the early -Christians, led to the speedy decline of their mythology in Britain, -where indeed it appears never to have taken any deep root. The growing -power of truth supplanted Pagan superstition, and the zeal of the -Christian converts, speedily destroyed the statues and altars of its -deities, which yet existed in this Island as memorials of its conquest by -Roman arms. “Here had been within the bounds of Britain, saith our -stories, before the time of King Lucius, whose reign began about the year -179, flamines and arch-flamines, who were governors over others, the -priests of that religion, which the people in their Paganism did profess, -as idolatry hath ever made a counterfeit show of the true service of God; -and when Lucius was converted to the Christian faith, to enlarge the -power of Christian knowledge and settle a government in the Church of -Christ, abolishing those seats of heathenish idolators, he took advantage -of the temples and other conveniences, wickedly used by them, to turn -them to the true service of God and Christ; and therefore ordained in -England three Archbishops and twenty-eight Bishops; one of which -Archbishops he placed at London, to whom was subject Cornwall, &c., &c., -and the third was the Archbishop Caerleon, that is Chester. Thus far I -note only to show that when Lucius began the Christian religion, it may -appear that both Chester had been a place for the Arch-flamines in the -time of Paganism, and was also an Archbishop’s see at the first -plantation of the truth.” - -The ground on which the temple of Apollo once stood (if the tradition be -trustworthy) was occupied early in the second century by a monastery -dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, “which was the mother church and -burial place to all Chester, and seven miles about Chester, and so -continued for the space of 300 years and more.” To this monastery -(according to Bradshaw the monk) the relics of St. Werburgh, daughter of -Wulphere, King of Mercia, were removed from Hanbury in 875, for fear of -an incursion of the Danes, and here re-buried with great pomp; a ceremony -usually called “the translation of the body.” The same author informs us -that the army of Griffin, King of Wales, was stricken with blindness for -their sacrilegious boldness, in attempting to disturb these sainted -remains. This and other reputed miracles of St. Werburgh appear to have -induced the celebrated Ethelfleda, Countess of Mercia, to translate the -monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul, to the centre of the city, and to -erect on its site a convent or monastery of secular nuns, dedicated to -St. Werburgh and St. Oswald. Earl Leofric was a great benefactor to this -foundation, having repaired its decayed buildings at his own expense: and -in 1093, when (says Rodolphus Glaber) “princes strove _a vie_ that -cathedral churches and minsters should be erected in a more decent and -seemly form, and when Christendom roused as it were herself, and, casting -away her old habiliments, did put on every where the bright and white -robe of the churches,” Hugh Lupus expelled the canons secular, and laid -the foundation of a magnificent building, the remains of which are still -existing; it was established by him as an Abbey of Benedictine Monks from -Bec in Normandy, to pray (as the foundation charter expresses it) “for -the soul of William their King, and those of King William his most noble -father, his mother Queen Maud, his brothers and sisters, King Edward the -Confessor, themselves the founders, and those of their fathers, mothers, -antecessors, heirs, parents and barons, and of all christians as well -living as deceased.” The confirmation charter by the second Ranulf -(surnamed De Gernon or Gernons), Earl of Chester, in which the grant of -Hugh Lupus is recapitulated, is in the possession of the Marquis of -Westminster, by whose kindness, this most important and interesting -instrument, has been lent for the use of the Archæological Association, -and has just been published in the pages of their journal. It is most -beautifully written in columns or pages, for the facility of reading. -The charter occupies nine, and commences with the copy of the original -grant of “Hugone Cestreasi comite, anno ab incarnatione Domini milesimo -nonugesimo” to the Abbey of St. Werburgh, which was witnessed by Anselm, -Archbishop of Canterbury, followed by the grants of several of the other -witnesses, and it concludes by the confirmation of them all by the second -Ranulf: (“Ego secundus Ranulfus comes Cæstrie concedo et confirmo hos -omnibus donationes quos mei antecessores vel barones eor’m dederunt,”) -with additional grants from himself. Anselm, Abbot of Bec, afterward -Archbishop of Canterbury, regulated the new foundation and appointed -Richard his chaplain the first abbot. - -Hugh Lupus, following the example of most of his predecessors, lived a -life of the wildest luxury and rapine. At length, falling sick from the -consequence of his excesses, and age and disease coming on, the old -hardened soldier was struck with remorse; and—an expiation common enough -in those days—the great Hugh Lupus took the cowl, retired in the last -state of disease into the monastery, and in three days was no more. - -The Abbey was so richly endowed by the founder and his successors, that -at the dissolution, its revenues amounted to no less a sum than £1,073 -17s. 7d. per annum. - -Peter of Lichfield appears to have been the first Bishop who fixed his -seat at Chester, having removed hither from Lichfield in 1075. But his -successor, Robert de Lindsey, removed the seat of the see to Coventry in -1095, from whence it was brought back to Lichfield in the reign of Henry -1st. From this latter period until the dissolution, the Bishops of this -diocese took their titles from Coventry, Lichfield, or Chester, according -as they fixed their residences, those cities being then all included in -the same bishoprick. In the year 1540, in the reign of Henry 8th, -monasteries were suppressed, and that of St. Werburgh shared the fate of -the others. An impartial examination into this eventful period of our -history, gives a painful exhibition of the precipitate haste and -questionable motive with which these measures were carried into -execution, while at the same time we are fully alive to all the important -advantages in which they resulted. “It is painful to read, or to -imagine, the ruthless violence and wanton waste with which the measures -of the Reformation were carried into effect; and we must long mourn for -what we lost on that occasion, while we rejoice in what we gained. -Recognizing to the largest extent the blessings of the Reformation, -believing that it was the source of civil as well as of religious -liberty, and that the present proud position of England arises from the -effort then made by men to burst the bonds in which it had been -held;—admitting all this, it is impossible to deny that the work of -reformation was often urged forward by motives of a baser kind than the -love of truth; and it is impossible not to regret the unsparing zeal and -brutal violence with which it was carried on.” Before proceeding to -describe the important changes which transpired under the reign of Henry -the 8th, it may not be unsuitable or without interest, to introduce a -biographical list of the lordly abbots who presided over this ancient -institution:— - - _Richard_, 1st Abbot, had been monk of Bec, in Normandy, and chaplain - to Anselm. He died April 26, 1117, and was buried in the east angle - of the south cloister. - - _William_, 2nd abbot, is stated in the charlutary to be elected abbot - in 1121, the government of the church having been perhaps - intermediately confided to Robert the prior, who died in 1120. He - died 11th non. Oct. 1140, and was buried at the head of his - predecessor. - - _Ralph_, 3rd abbot, elected 11 cal. Feb. in the same year. He died - Nov. 16, 1157, and was buried at the head of abbot Richard, and at - the left side of abbot William. - - _Robert Fitz-Nigel_, 4th abbot, supposed to be of the family of the - barons of Halton, elected 1157, received the bishop’s benediction at - Lichfield on the day of St. Nicholas. He died in 1174, and was - buried in the east cloister under a marble stone to the right hand of - the entrance to the chapter-house. - - _Robert_, 5th abbot, elected on St. Werburgh’s day, 3 non. Feb. 1174, - received the benediction in the church of St. John, at Chester, on - the day of St. Agatha the Virgin. This abbot obtained a bull from - Pope Clement, confirming the possessions of the abbey, and granting - various privileges; and died 2 cal. Sep. 1184, on which the king took - the abbey into his hands, and committed the custody of it to Thomas - de Husseburne. - - _Robert de Hastings_, 6th abbot, in 1186, was placed in this abbey by - Henry II. and Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury. He received the - benediction at Canterbury, from the hands of Baldwin, whom he had the - honour of entertaining as legate, at Chester, in the next year, from - St. John’s-day to the following Sunday. This appointment was opposed - by earl Randal, and after much controversy before Hubert, archbishop - of Canterbury, Hastings was deposed, on the condition of Geoffry, who - was elected in his room, paying him an annual pension of xx. marks. - This abbot was buried at the head of his predecessors, William and - Ralph, in the south cloister. - - _Geoffrey_ 7th abbot, was confirmed on the deposition of Hastings in - 1194. The situation (from a document contained in the red book of - the abbey) appears not to have been particularly enviable at this - period. The greater part of the church was in ruins, and the - rebuilding had proceeded no further than the choir, from want of - money. The inroads of the Welsh had deprived the monks of a valuable - rectory and two manors, and the inundations of the sea had been - equally fatal in Wirral and Ince. Abbot Geoffry died May 7, 1208, - and was buried in the chapter-house, on the left hand of the - entrance, near the door. - - _Hugh Grylle_, 8th abbot, was elected 1208. He occurs as a witness - to the marriage covenant of John, Earl of Chester, with Helen, - daughter of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales; and many grants to the - monastery were made in his time. The repairs of the church were - probably completed, and their affairs in a more prosperous state - generally, as Earl Randal grants to this abbot and his convent a - permission to extend their buildings in the direction of the - Northgate. Grylle died April 21, 1226, and was buried in the - Chapter-house, under the second arch from the door, on the left hand - side of the feet of Geoffry. - - _William Marmion_, 9th Abbot, succeeded in 1226, and died in 1228. - His place of interment is stated to be in the cloister, close to - Robert Fitz-nigel, on the left hand side of him. The name of this - abbot occurs in a very curious document, relative to the office of - hereditary cook of the abbey. - - _Walter Pincebech_, 10th abbot, received the benediction in London, - on Michaelmas-day, 1228. This abbot is witness to the contract - between Randal Blundeville and Roger de Maresey, respecting the lands - between Ribble and Mersey, anno 1232. He continued to hold the abbey - till 1240, when he was interred in the Chapter-house, at the head of - Hugh Grylle. A short time before his death, he appropriated the - rectory of Church Shotwick to support the increase of the kitchen - expenses of the convent, occasioned by adding six monks to the - previous number. - - _Robert Frind_, 11th Abbot, was consecrated at Coventry, by Hugh de - Pateshul, bishop of that see, on St. Matthew’s day, 1240. He died - 1249, and was buried in the Chapter-house, under the second arch, on - the right hand of the door. This abbot added the appropriation of - the chapel of Wervin to the funds of the kitchen, in consequence of - having increased the number of his monks to forty. - - _Thomas Capenhurst_, 12th abbot, succeeded in 1249. He was of the - family of the mesne lords of Capenhurst, and had to struggle with a - series of powerful enemies of the convent. The first was Roger de - Montalt, justiciary of Chester, who endeavoured by means of the - additional power which he enjoyed by his office, to wrest from the - abbey restitution of the manors of Lawton, and Goosetrey, and the - churches of Bruera, Neston, and Coddington, which had been given by - his ancestors to the abbey. A portion of these possessions was - occupied by an armed force, and the business was only compromised by - severe sacrifices on the part of the monks. The resignation of - Bretton manor is the only one noticed in the chronicle of the abbey, - but the chartulary mentions several other losses, to which may - certainly be added, that of Lea, in Broxton hundred, of which the - Montalts had afterwards possession. The chronicle does not fail to - notice the judgments of heaven on Roger de Montalt, that his eldest - son died within fifteen days after the compromise, and that Roger - himself died of want, his burial place remaining unknown unto the - common people. A similar attempt to recover Astbury, was made by - Roger Venables in 1259, and according to the Chronicle, was attended - with an equal interposition of Providence, the Baron of Kinderton - dying the year after. In 1263, another contest arose between the - abbot and William la Zuche, justiciary, who occupied the abbey with - an armed force, and proceeded to extremities of insult, which - occasioned all the churches in Chester to be laid under an interdict. - In the next year the gardens and buildings of the abbey in “Baggelon” - were destroyed to facilitate the strengthening of Chester against a - siege, which was apprehended from the barons and the Welshmen. - Capenhurst survived this last grievance only one year, and dying 4 - cal. May, 1265, was buried at the head of his predecessor, on the - right hand of the entrance into the chapter-house. It is observable - that however violent the measures were, to which the laity resorted - at this period, for the purpose of wresting back from the church the - possessions which the liberality of their ancestors had bestowed on - it, the regular clergy themselves were little more scrupulous; - witness the circumstances noticed in the contest between the abbots - of Basingwerk and Chester, for the rectory of West Kirby, in which - Ralph de Montalt, presented by this abbot, is positively stated to - have been put into possession of his rectory in war time, by absolute - force of arms. - - _Simon de Albo Monasterio_, or _Whitchurch_, who had previously been - a monk of this abbey, succeeded as 13th abbot, and if we may judge - from the frequent occurrence of his name in the abbey chartulary, was - one of the most active heads this monastery ever enjoyed. He was - regularly elected by the entire convent xv. cal. May, 1265, in the - 45th year of his age, and the 22nd after assuming the cowl, Simon de - Montford being then usurper of the Earldom of Chester. His admission - was opposed by Lucas de Taney, Justiciary of Chester, who kept the - abbey open for three weeks, and taking the revenues into his hands, - wasted them by the most scandalous profligacy. Simon de Montfort, - however, much to his honour, on hearing the circumstances, admitted - the abbot, and directed Lucas de Taney to make ample compensation to - the abbey, after which Roger de Menland, then bishop of Coventry and - Lichfield, confirmed his election at Tachebrook, on Whit-Monday, and - Simon de Montford having invested him with the temporalities at - Hereford the Monday following, the new abbot received the benediction - from his before-mentioned diocesan at Tachebrooke, on Trinity Sunday. - On this same day the partizans of Prince Edward laid siege to Chester - Castle, and a reverse of fortune speedily taking place, the election - of the abbot was declared void by the lawful earl, as having been - unratified by himself. The abbot, however, made his peace with - Prince Edward at Beeston, and compensation was made him at the - instance of James de Audley, Justiciary, even to the replacing from - the stores in the Castle, two casks of wine, which had been consumed - by the Prince’s attendants, during his deposition. The struggles - between the laity and the clergy, which are particularly observable - in the documents of Vale Royal and this monastery, about this period, - and had so peculiarly disquieted the abbacy of Thomas de Capenhurst, - were continued in that of his successor. Philip Burnel, and his wife - Isabella, baroness of Malpas, attempted to recover the manors of - Saighton, Huntington, Cheveley, and Boughton, a domain as desirable - to the abbey, from its richness as its contiguity to Chester. After - a protracted contest, the claimants released their right to abbot - Simon in the king’s court at Westminster, in 1281, in the royal - presence, but the monks purchased the compliance by a bond for the - payment of £200 sterling. The chartulary states that the influence - of Robert Burnel, bishop of Bath and Wells, and uncle to the - claimant, was corruptly used in obtaining this bond: payment was, - however, never made, for the abbot had shortly afterwards the address - to procure a release, on stipulating for the maintenance of two - chaplains to pray for the soul of the said Philip Burnel for ever. - Among the following donations by the family of Burnel, was the grant - of a fountain at Christleton, which was doubtless of high importance. - A cistern twenty feet square was made at Christleton, and another - formed within the cloisters, and a communication established by - pipes, which a patent from Edward I. enabled the monks to carry - through all intervening lands, permitting even the city walls to be - taken down for the purpose. It is observable that a forester of - Delamere, Randle de Mereton, whose estate was trespassed on in - consequence of this order, ventured on cutting off the pipes which - the abbots had laid, for which he was ordered to make reparation by a - royal mandate, 13 Edward I. This abbot departed this life April 24, - 1289, aged 69, and was interred in the chapter house, on the south - side, under a marble stone, within an arch supported by six marble - pillars. During this abbacy, the monastery, or a considerable - portion thereof, was re-built, as appears by precepts directed to - Reginald de Grey, 12 Edward I. to allow venison from the forests of - Delamere and Wirral for the support of the monks then occupied “on - the great work of the building of the church.” Abbot Simon also - appropriated a large share of the revenues of the abbey to the - several uses of the infirmary, the kitchen, the refectory, and the - distribution of alms, as specified in the chartulary. After the - death of Simon de Whitchurch, the king retained the abbey in his - hands for two years. - - _Thomas de Byrche-Hylles_, a chaplain of his predecessor, succeeded - as 14th abbot, Jan. 30, 1291. He died 1323, and was buried on the - south side of the choir, above the bishop’s throne, nearly in the - line of the pillars. On his gravestone was a brass plate with his - effigies, and in this spot his body was found in almost complete - preservation, on opening a grave for the remains of dean Smith, in - 1787. - - _William de Bebington_, 15th abbot, previously prior of the - monastery, was elected abbot Feb. 5, 1324. In 1345, he obtained the - mitre for himself and his successors, and in the year following, an - exemption from the visitation. He died Nov. 20, 1349, and was buried - on the right side of his predecessor. - - _Richard Seynesbury_, 16th abbot, was elected 1349. In 1359, he - stated the privileges of his abbey in plea to a writ of quo warranto. - In 1362, about the feast of the Annunciation, the abbot of St. - Alban’s, provincial president of the Benedictines, the prior of - Coventry, and the superior of St. Alban’s, visited Chester Abbey as - commissioners, deputed by the abbot of Evesham. In consequence of - this visitation, Richard de Seynesbury, who (according to the - chronicle) was fearful of a scrutiny into his offences and excessive - dilapidations, resigned his abbey into the hands of the pope, as the - abbey, being an exempt, was under the papal protection. An inquiry - into his conduct was instituted at Rome; and in the following year - pope Urban admitted the abbot’s resignation, and conferred the office - on his successor. This abbot died in Lombardy. - - _Thomas de Newport_, 17th abbot, received the benediction in the - papal court on the feast of the Annunciation, and was installed at - Chester on the day of St. Remigius following. This abbot died at his - manor house of Little Sutton, in Wirral, June 1, 1385, and was buried - in the chapter-house, within the inner door, with his effigy in brass - upon the stone. - - _William de Mershton_, 18th abbot, formerly a monk of this convent, - was elected abbot July 30, 1385. He died on the 13th of January - following, and was buried without the choir, on the right of William - de Bebington, in the south aisle. - - _Henry de Sutton_, 19th abbot. He occurs as abbot in 1410, which was - the 24th year of his presiding over this monastery, as appears by the - pleas of the abbey, holden over the monastery gate, before Nicholas - Fare, the abbot’s seneschal. This abbot was for a time justice of - Chester, and in 1399 had license to fortify his three manor-houses at - Little Sutton, Saighton, and Ince. He was buried in the broad aisle, - close to the north side of the south pillar, next to the entrance - into the choir, before a painting formerly called the piety of St. - Mary. - - _Thomas Yerdesley_, 20th abbot, occurs as abbot in several portmote - pleadings 7 Henry V. and is mentioned also several times in the reign - of Henry VI. He was one of the justices in commission to hold - assizes for the county, and dying 1434, was buried under a marble - stone on the north side of the choir, above the shrine of St. - Werburgh. - - _John Salghall_, 21st abbot, suffered excommunication in 1440, for - not appearing in convocation after being personally cited; but - afterwards appearing and pleading exemption, he was absolved. This - abbot died in 1450, and was buried in St. Mary’s chapel, between two - pillars on the south side, under an alabaster stone, which had his - effigy in brass fixed upon it. The site of his interment was - formerly called the chapel of St. Erasmus. - - _Richard Oldham_, 22nd abbot, 1452; about twenty years afterwards he - was promoted to the bishopric of the Isle of Man, and dying Oct. 13, - 1485, was buried at Chester abbey; a short time before which he was - indicted in the portmote court, for removing the city boundaries - about the Northgate, and at the same time (21 Edw. iv,) ‘divers - wymen’ were indicted, who were the paramours ‘of the monks of - Chester.’ - - _Simon Ripley_, 23rd abbot, rebuilt the nave, tower, and south - transept of the abbey, and probably commenced the great plan of - alterations and improvements which were interrupted by the - reformation. This abbot also rebuilt or considerably improved the - great manor-house at Saighton, the embattled tower of which is still - remaining. He died at Warwick, August 30, 1492, and was buried in - the collegiate church there. On the north side of the north-east - large pillar, supporting the central tower, was formerly painted the - history of the transfiguration, in which was introduced a figure of - this abbot under a canopy, with a book in one hand, the other lifted - up in the act of blessing, and the ring upon the fourth finger. - - _John Birchenshaw_ was appointed 24th abbot by the Pope, Oct. 4, - 1493. He is supposed by Willis to have been a native of Wales, from - his name appearing in an inscription on the great bell of Conway - church. His attention, like that of his predecessor, was turned to - restoring the magnificence of the buildings of the abbey. The - beautiful western entrance is his work, and he doubtless intended to - have added two western towers to this great entrance, of one of which - he laid the foundations in 1508. The half of Ince manor-house is - apparently in the style of this abbot’s time; and for the further - improvement of Saighton manor-house, which had already been - sumptuously restored by his predecessor, he obtained, 6 Henry VIII. - the royal licence to impark 1000 acres in Huntington, Cheveley, and - Saighton. At the same time he had charter of free warren granted in - all his lands in Cheshire, not being parcel of the king’s forests. - In the year 1511, in the mayoralty of Thomas Smith, violent - dissensions had arisen between the city and this abbot. Thomas - Hyphile, and Thomas Marshall, were successively appointed, and acted - as abbots in his room. After a contest, however, which lasted many - years, Birchenshaw was restored about 1530, and is supposed to have - enjoyed his abbacy to the time of his death, which happened about - seven years afterwards. In 1516, a commission was issued at Rome to - Thomas, Cardinal of York, to hear and make award between Geoffry, - Bishop of Lichfield, and this abbot, respecting the use of the mitre, - crosier, and other pontificals, and the giving the blessing. - - _John Clarke_, 25th and last abbot (omitting Hyphile and Marshall), - was elected about the year 1537. He had the good fortune to comply - with the wishes of his sovereign at the dissolution, and accordingly - was suffered to retain the government of the dissolved abbey of St. - Werburgh, under the character of dean of the new cathedral, which - King Henry established within its walls. At the dissolution, the - clear yearly value of the abbey was £889 18s. {21} The monks had - also the patronage of several rich unappropriated rectories. Their - lands extended over various parts of Cheshire and other counties, but - in Wirral created an overwhelming influence, and extended in almost - an unbroken ring round the city of Chester. Many considerable - families held lands by the tenure of various offices in the abbey. - The manorial lord of Burwardsley was their champion; and a valuable - rectory (Ince) was appropriated to the uses of the almoner. The Earl - of Derby was seneschal at the time of the dissolution. By a charter - of one of the earls of the name of Randal, the abbots were directed - at any period to have their mansion-houses fitted up in a state fit - to receive the abbot’s retinue and to be the seats of the courts; and - by licence from the bishops of Lichfield, oratories were also - established in these manor-houses. Irby, Bromborough, Sutton, and - Saighton, appear to have been the principal ones at an early period. - The three first were the original seats of the courts held for the - Wirral manor, and Saighton occurs in a licence for fortifying by - Edward I. noticed in the chartulary. By a subsequent licence for - fortifying, 19 Richard II. it appears that Sutton, Saighton, and - Ince, had then become the principal manorial residences, and these - continued such to the dissolution. - -On the general dissolution of the monasteries, Chester was erected into -an independent bishoprick, and St. Werburgh’s was converted into a -Cathedral Church, which it has ever since remained. It was dedicated to -Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary; and a dean and six prebendaries -installed in it, Thomas Clarke, the last abbot, being appointed the first -dean. - -By charter of endowment, dated 5th August, 1541, Henry VIII. granted to -the Bishop of Chester and his successors the Archdeaconries of Chester -and Richmond, with all their appurtenances, rights, &c.; the Manors of -Abbots Cotton in the county of Chester; lands in the parishes of St. -Mary, St. Martin, St. Michael, St. Werburgh, and Trinity in the city of -Chester; city lands in Mancot, Harden, Christleton, Nantwich, Northwich, -Middlewich, Over, Wollaston, Neston, Heswell, Bidston, Sandbach, -Thornton, Eccleston, Rosthern and Davenham; parcel of the late Monastery -of St. Werburgh; the advowson of Over Rectory; pensions issuing out of -Handley Rectory, Budworth Chapel, and Bidston Rectory; parcel of -Birkenhead Abbey; the advowsons of Tattenhall and Waverton; rectories of -Clapham, Esingwold, Thornton, Stuart, Bolton-in-Lonsdale, -Bolton-le-Moors, and prebend of Bolton-le-Moors in Lichfield Cathedral; -and the Manor of Weston in the county of Derby. - -But the See of Chester did not long remain in possession of these rich -endowments, for in 1546 the arbitrary and avaricious Henry despoiled the -Bishopric of the manors and real estates narrated in the above charter of -endowment, and in lieu thereof compelled the Bishop to accept of the -rectories and advowsons of Cottingham in Yorkshire, Kirby, Ravensworth, -Pabrick, Brompton, Wirklington, Ribchester, Chipping Mottram, and Bradley -in Staffordshire, Castleton in Derbyshire, and Wallasey, Weverham, -Backford, and Boden in Cheshire, paying as a chief rent £15 19s. 9d. - -The endowments made by Henry VIII. to the Deanery of Chester, consisted -of manors and lands to the yearly value of £563 3s. 8d., besides -spiritualities to the value of £358 10s. 2d. But these splendid gifts -were not destined to remain long in possession of the Dean and Chapter. -In 1550 Sir Robert Cotton, Comptroller of the Household to Edward VI., -having procured the imprisonment of the Dean and two Prebendaries, -obtained from them a deed of surrender of the Deanery estates in his own -favour. The estates so obtained were disposed of by Cotton in fee farm -to certain gentlemen in Cheshire at very low prices. But the Chapter -having discovered some years afterwards that the original grant of Henry -VIII. was null through the omission of the word “_Cestriæ_” in the -description of the grantees, they petitioned the Queen to re-grant to -them the estates illegally obtained by Cotton as before mentioned; and -their petition was twice argued in the Court of Exchequer. But the -gentlemen to whom Cotton had sold the lands, apprehensive of the issue, -bestowed a bribe of six years’ rent upon Robert Dudley, Earl of -Leicester, the then all-powerful favourite of Queen Elizabeth, who, thus -stimulated, prevailed with the Queen to put a stop to the proceedings in -the Exchequer, and _grant a commission to him_ and certain other Privy -Councillors to hear and determine the matters at issue between the -parties. The result was, that in 1580 the charter of Henry VIII. was -recalled, and the estates confirmed to the fee farmers, on payment of -certain rents, with which, and a few impropriations, the Queen by advice -of the Earl and his coadjutors, re-endowed the Chapter. - -The following is a list of the Bishops, with the date of their -consecration, from the foundation of the see in 1541, to the present -time, for which we are mainly indebted to the valuable foot notes -appended to Gastrell’s Notitia. - -John Bird, D.D. descended from an ancient family in Cheshire, educated as -a Carmelite Friar at Oxford, and distinguished there by his learning and -zeal. In 1516 he became provincial of the order of Carmelites throughout -England, which office Godwin erroneously states he held at the -dissolution of the monasteries. Bird did not advocate the king’s -supremacy, until he found that the pope’s power was waning, when Henry -8th appointed him one of his chaplains, and thus confirmed his hitherto -wavering opinions. He was soon after consecrated Bishop of Ossery, from -which he was translated in 1539 to Bangor, and thence to Chester in 1541. -On Queen Mary’s accession, he accommodated himself to the changes which -were introduced, but could not preserve his see, of which he was deprived -in 1553, in consequence of his being married. Wood states that the -Bishop, after his deprivation, lived in obscurity at Chester, and, dying -there in 1556, was buried in the Cathedral. Bishop Bird was a learned -man, and published several short discourses in Latin and English. -Posterity, however, would have thought more favourably of him, had he not -alienated some of the revenues of his see, and made leases injurious to -his successors. - -George Coates was B.A. in 1522, when he was elected Probationer Fellow of -Balliol College, Oxford. He afterwards became a Fellow of Magdalene -College in the same university; M.A. 1526, Proctor 1531, and elected -Master of Balliol in 1539. He was also Rector of Cotgrove, near -Nottingham, and became Prebendary of Chester in 1544; and on the 1st of -April, 1554, was consecrated Bishop of Chester. He did not long survive -his last appointment, as he died at Chester in the year 1555, very -shortly after he had condemned George Marsh to the fires of martyrdom at -Boughton. This intrepid martyr regarded his faith as being too precious -to be sacrificed, even to save his life. He held his principles with -unflinching steadfastness; they were the ripened convictions of his -judgment—the pabulum of his inward life—and he nobly maintained them, -even to the death. - -The following account is given by Foxe of the life and persecutions of -this faithful and holy man:— - - George Marsh was born in the parish of Dean, in the county of - Lancaster, and, having received a good education, his parents brought - him up in the habits of trade and industry. About the 25th year of - his age, he married a young woman of the country; with whom he - continued living upon a farm, having several children. His wife - dying, he having formed a proper establishment for his children, went - into the university of Cambridge, where he studied, and much - increased in learning, and was a minister of God’s holy word and - sacraments, and was for awhile curate to the Rev. Laurence Saunders. - In this situation he continued for a time, earnestly setting forth - the true religion, to the weakening of false doctrine, by his godly - readings and sermons, as well there and in the parish of Dean, as - elsewhere in Lancashire. But such a zealous protestant could hardly - be safe. At length he was apprehended, and kept close prisoner in - Chester, by the bishop of that see, about the space of four months, - not being permitted to have the relief and comfort of his friends; - but charge being given unto the porter, to mark who they were that - asked for him, and to signify their names to the bishop. - - He was afterwards sent to Lancaster castle; and being brought with - other prisoners to the sessions, he was made to hold up his hand with - the malefactors; when the Earl of Derby had the following - conversation with him, which is given to us partly in his own - expressive and unaffected language. - - “I told his lordship, that I had not dwelt in the country these three - or four years past, and came home but lately to visit my mother, - children, and other friends, and that I meant to have departed out of - the country before Easter, and to have gone out of the realm. - Wherefore I trusted, seeing nothing could be laid against me, wherein - I had offended against the laws, that his lordship would not with - captious questions examine me, to bring my body into danger of death, - to the great discomfort of my mother. On the earl asking me into - what land I would have gone? I answered, I would have gone either - into Germany, or else into Denmark. He said to his council, that in - Denmark they used such heresy as they have done in England: but as - for Germany the emperor had destroyed it. - - “I then said that I trusted, as his lordship had been of the - honourable council of the late king Edward, consenting and agreeing - to acts concerning faith towards God and religion, under great pain, - would not so soon after consent to put poor men to shameful deaths - for believing what he had then professed. To this he answered that - he, with the lord Windsor, lord Dacres, and others, did not consent - to those acts, and that their refusal would be seen as long as the - parliament-house stood. He then rehearsed the misfortune of the - dukes of Northumberland and Suffolk, with others, because they - favoured not the true religion; and again the prosperity of the - queen’s highness, because she favoured the true religion; thereby - gathering the one to be good, and of God, and the other to be wicked, - and of the devil; and said that the duke of Northumberland confessed - so plainly.” - - And thus have you heard the whole trouble which George Marsh - sustained both at Latham and also at Lancaster. While at Latham it - was falsely reported that he had consented, and agreed in all things - with the earl and his council; and while at Lancaster, many came to - talk with him, giving him such counsel as Peter gave Christ: but he - answered that he could not follow their counsel, but that by God’s - grace he would live and die with a pure conscience, and as hitherto - he had believed and professed. - - Within a few days after, the said Marsh was removed from Lancaster; - and coming to Chester, was sent for by Dr. Cotes, then bishop, to - appear before him in his hall, nobody being present but they twain. - Then he asked him certain questions concerning the sacrament, and - Marsh made such answers as seemed to content the bishop, saving that - he utterly denied transubstantiation, and allowed not the abuse of - the mass, nor that the lay people should receive under one kind only, - contrary to Christ’s institution: in which points the bishop went - about to persuade him, howbeit, (God be thanked,) all in vain. Much - other talk he had with him, to move him to submit himself to the - universal church of Rome; and when he could not prevail he sent him - to prison again. And after, being there, came to him divers times, - one Massie, a fatherly old man, one Wrench the schoolmaster, one - Hensham the bishop’s chaplain, and the archdeacon, with many more; - who, with much philosophy, worldly wisdom, and deceitful vanity, - after the tradition of men, but not after Christ, endeavoured to - persuade him to submit himself to the church of Rome, to acknowledge - the pope as its head, and to interpret the Scripture no otherwise - than that church did. - - To these Mr. Marsh answered, that he did acknowledge and believe one - only catholic and apostolic church, without which there is no - salvation; and that this church is but one, because it ever hath - confessed and shall confess and believe one only God, and one only - Messiah, and in him only trust for salvation: which church also is - ruled and led by one Spirit, one word, and one faith; and that this - church is universal and catholic, because it ever hath been since the - world’s beginning, is, and shall endure to the world’s end, and - comprehending within it all nations, kindreds, and languages, - degrees, states, and conditions of men: and that this church is built - only upon the foundations of the prophets and apostles, Jesus Christ - himself being the chief corner stone, and not upon the Romish laws - and decrees, whose head the bishop of Rome was. And where they said - the church did stand in ordinary succession of bishops, being ruled - by general councils, holy fathers, and the laws of the holy church, - and so had continued for the space of fifteen hundred years and more; - he replied that the holy church, which is the body of Christ, and - therefore most worthy to be called holy, was before any succession of - bishops, general councils, or Romish decrees: neither was it bound to - any time or place, ordinary succession, or traditions of fathers; nor - had it any supremacy over empires and kingdoms; but it was a poor - simple flock, dispersed abroad, as sheep without a shepherd in the - midst of wolves; or as a family of orphans and fatherless children: - and that this church was led and ruled by the word of Christ, he - being the supreme head of this church, and assisting, succouring, and - defending it from all assaults, errors and persecutions, wherewith it - is ever encompassed about. - - After the bishop of Chester had taken pleasure in punishing his - prisoner, and often reviling him, giving taunts and odious names of - heretic, &c., he caused him to be brought forth into a chapel in the - cathedral church, called Our Lady Chapel, before him the said bishop, - at two o’clock in the afternoon; when were also present the mayor of - the city, Dr. Wall and other priests assisting him, George Wensloe, - chancellor, and one John Chetham, registrar. Then they caused George - Marsh to take an oath to answer truly unto such articles as should be - objected against him. Upon which oath taken, the chancellor laid - unto his charge, that he had preached and openly published most - heretically and blasphemously, within the parishes of Dean, Eccles, - Bolton, Bury, and many other parishes within the bishop’s diocese, in - the months of January and February last preceding, directly against - the pope’s authority, and catholic church of Rome, the blessed mass, - the sacrament of the altar, and many other articles. Unto all which - in sum he answered, that he neither heretically nor blasphemously - preached or spake against any of the said articles; but simply and - truly, as occasion served, and as it were thereunto forced in - conscience, maintained the truth respecting the same articles, as he - said all now present did likewise acknowledge in the time of King - Edward VI. - - Then they examined him severally of every article, and bade him - answer Yes, or No, without equivocation; for they were come to - examine, and not to dispute at that present. He accordingly answered - them every article very modestly, agreeably to the doctrine by public - authority received and taught in this realm at the death of King - Edward; which answers were every one written by the registrar, to the - uttermost that could make against him. This ended, he was returned - to his prison again. - - Within three weeks after this, in the said chapel, and in like sort - as before, the bishop and others before named, there being assembled, - he was again brought before them. Then the chancellor, by way of an - oration, declared unto the people present, that the bishop had done - what he could in showing his charitable disposition towards Marsh, - but that all that he could do would not help; so that he was now - determined, if Marsh would not relent and abjure, to pronounce - sentence definitive against him. Wherefore he bade George Marsh to - be now well advised what he would do, for it stood upon his life; and - if he would not at that present forsake his heretical opinions, it - would, (after the sentence given) be too late, though he might never - so gladly desire it. - - Then the chancellor read all his answers that he made at his former - examination; and at every one he asked, whether he would stick to the - same, or no? To which he answered again, “Yea, yea.” Here also - others took occasion to ask him (for that he denied the bishop of - Rome’s authority in England) whether Linus, Anacletus, and Clement, - that were bishops of Rome, were not good men, and he answered, “Yes, - and divers others. But,” said he, “they claimed no more authority in - England than the bishop of Canterbury doth at Rome; and I strive not - with the place, neither speak I against the person or the bishop, but - against his doctrine; which in most points is repugnant to the - doctrine of Christ.” “Thou art an arrogant fellow indeed, then,” - said the bishop. “In what article is the doctrine of the church of - Rome repugnant to the doctrine of Christ?” - - To whom George Marsh said, “O my lord, I pray you judge not so of me; - I stand now upon the point of life and death: and a man in my case - hath no cause to be arrogant, neither am I, God is my record. And as - concerning the disagreement of the doctrine, among many other things, - the church of Rome erreth in the sacrament. For Christ, in the - institution thereof, did as well deliver the cup as the bread, - saying, ‘Drink ye all of this,’ and St. Mark reporteth that they - _did_ drink of it. In like manner St. Paul delivered it unto the - Corinthians. In the same sort also it was used in the primitive - church for the space of many hundred years. Now the church of Rome - doth take away one part of the sacrament from the laity. Wherefore - if I could be persuaded in my conscience by God’s word that it were - well done, I could gladly yield in this point.” “Then,” said the - bishop, “there is no disputing with a heretic.” Therefore, when all - his answers were ready, he asked him whether he would stand to the - same, or else forsake them, and come unto the catholic church? to - which Mr. Marsh answered, that “he held no heretical opinion, but - utterly abhorred all kinds of heresy, although they did so slander - him. And he desired all to bear him witness, that in all articles of - religion he held no other opinion than was by law established, and - publicly taught in England at the death of Edward VI.; and in the - same pure religion and doctrine he would, by God’s grace, stand, - live, and die.” - - The bishop of Chester then took a writing out of his bosom, and began - to read the sentence of condemnation; but when he had proceeded half - through it, the chancellor called him, and said, “Good my lord, stay, - stay! for if you read any further, it will be too late to call it - again.” The bishop accordingly stopped, when several priests, and - many of the ignorant people, called upon Mr. Marsh, with many earnest - words, to recant. They bade him kneel down and pray, and they would - pray for him: so they kneeled down, and he desired them to pray for - him, and he would pray for them. When this was over, the bishop - again asked him, whether he would not have the queen’s mercy in time? - he answered, “he gladly desired the same, and loved her grace as - faithfully as any of them: but yet he durst not deny his Saviour - Christ, lest he lose his mercy everlasting, and so win everlasting - death.” - - The bishop then proceeded with the sentence for about five or six - lines, when again the chancellor, with flattering words and smiling - countenance, stopped him, and said, “Yet good my lord, once again - stay, for if that word be spoken, all is past, no relenting will then - serve.” Then turning to Mr. Marsh, he asked, “How sayest thou? wilt - thou recant?” Many of the priests and people again exhorted him to - recant, and save his life. To whom he answered, “I would as fain - live as you, if in so doing I should not deny my master Christ; but - then he would deny me before his Father in heaven.” - - The bishop then read his sentence unto the end, and afterwards said - unto him, “Now, I will no more pray for thee than I will for a dog.” - Mr. Marsh answered, that notwithstanding, he would pray for his - lordship. He was then delivered to the sheriffs of the city; when - his late keeper, finding he should lose him, said with tears, - “Farewell, good George;” which caused the officers to carry him to a - prison at the north gate, where he was very strictly kept until he - went to his death, during which time he had little comfort or relief - of any creature. For being in the dungeon, or dark prison, none that - would do him good could speak with him, or at least durst attempt it, - for fear of accusation; and some of the citizens who loved him for - the gospel’s sake, although they were never acquainted with him, - would sometimes in the evening call to him, and ask him how he did. - He would answer them most cheerfully, that he did well, and thanked - God highly that he would vouchsafe of his mercy to appoint him to be - a witness of his truth, and to suffer for the same, wherein he did - most rejoice; beseeching that he would give him grace not to faint - under the cross, but patiently bear the same to his glory, and to the - comfort of his church. - - The day of his martyrdom being come, the sheriffs of the city, with - their officers, went to the Northgate, and thence brought him forth, - with a lock upon his feet. As he came on the way towards the place - of execution, some proffered him money, and looked that he should - have gone with a little purse in his hand, in order to gather money - to give unto a priest to say masses for him after his death; but Mr. - Marsh said, he would not be troubled to receive money, but desired - some good man to take it if the people were disposed to give any, and - give it to the prisoners or the poor. He went all the way reading - intently, and many said, “This man goeth not unto his death as a - thief, or as one that deserveth to die.” On coming to the place of - execution without the city, a deputy chamberlain of Chester showed - Mr. Marsh a writing under a great seal, saying, that it was a pardon - for him if he would recant. He answered, forasmuch as it tended to - pluck him from God, he would not receive it upon that condition. - - He now began to address the people, showing the cause of his death, - and would have exhorted them to be faithful unto Christ, but one of - the sheriffs told him there must be no sermoning now. He then - kneeling down, prayed earnestly, and was then chained to the post, - having a number of fagots under him, and a barrel with pitch and tar - in it over his head. The fire being unskilfully made, and the wind - driving it to and fro, he suffered great extremity in his death, - which notwithstanding he bore very patiently. When the spectators - supposed he had been dead, suddenly he spread abroad his arms, - saying, “Father of heaven, have mercy upon me,” and so yielded his - spirit into the hands of the Lord. Upon this, many of the people - said he was a martyr, and died marvellously patient; which caused the - bishop shortly after to make a sermon in the cathedral church, and - therein to affirm, that the said Marsh was a heretic, burnt as such, - and was then a fire-brand in hell. - -He was succeeded by Cuthbert Scott, S.T.P. He was educated at Christ’s -College, Cambridge, and was appointed Master of the College in 1553; -became Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1555, and had the -temporalities of the see of Chester delivered to him in 1556. He was an -active and zealous Romanist, and was implicated in the burning of Bucer’s -bones at Cambridge. He was concerned in most of the political movements -of his day, and being disaffected towards Queen Elizabeth, and opposed to -the reformed religion, was imprisoned in the Fleet in London, from which -he escaped, and died at Louvain about the year 1560. - -William Downham, D.D., was born in Norfolk, elected Fellow of Magdalene -College, Oxford, in 1544, and appointed chaplain to the Lady Elizabeth, -who, when queen, nominated him to a Canonry in Westminster in 1560; and -on the 4th May, 1561, he was consecrated Bishop of Chester. He died in -November, 1577, aged 72, and was buried in the Cathedral of Chester, with -a monumental inscription, preserved by Webb, but the monument itself has -long since perished. - -His sons were eminent theologians, and had the merit suitably rewarded. -George Downham became Bishop of Derry, and John Downham, B.D., a learned -writer, had various preferments. - -William Chadderton, D.D., was born at Nuthurst, near Manchester. He was -educated at the Grammar School of Manchester, and afterwards became -Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge. In 1567 he was appointed Regius -and Lady Margaret’s Professor of Divinity, and the following year -President of Queen’s College. Shortly afterwards he became a Canon of -Westminster, and was fortunate in being appointed chaplain to the royal -favourite, Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to whom he was chiefly indebted for -his subsequent promotion. In 1568 he became Archdeacon of York, and held -the dignity for ten years. In 1579 he was nominated to the see of -Chester, which had been for some time vacant, and in the same year he -accepted the Wardenship of Manchester, where he chiefly resided. He was -a member of the Ecclesiastical Commission for the North; and it must be -admitted that he used considerable severity towards the Papists, fines -and imprisonments being amongst the strongest arguments he employed to -induce that body to acknowledge the queen’s supremacy. One of the -priests executed at Lancaster, in 1584, as a traitor and rebel, -complained of Chadderton as “a Calvinist, and a false and cruel Bishop,” -charges which lose much of their severity when proceeding from the friend -of Campian and Parsons. Antony á Wood says, that “the Bishop showed more -respect to a cloak than a cassock,” and there is no doubt that he was a -successful preacher, and a zealous puritan; although by a reference to -the Act Books of the Bishop of Chester it will be found that he was -strict in enforcing the use of clerical vestments, and both suspended and -deprived some of his clergy for their disregard of the Rubric. On the -5th April, 1595, he was translated to Lincoln, when he resigned the -Wardenship of Manchester. He died at Southoe, in Huntingdonshire, April -11th, 1608. - -Hugh Bellot, D.D., second son of Thomas Bellot, Esq., of Moreton Hall, in -the county of Chester. Le Neve says he was brought up in Queen’s -College, Cambridge, though Leycester gives him to St. John’s. He was -Proctor in 1570, and afterwards Rector of Tydd, near Wisbeach, and Vicar -of Gresford, both in episcopal patronage. He was consecrated Bishop of -Bangor in the year 1585, and translated to Chester June 25th, 1595. He -was Bishop of Chester about seven months, and was buried at Wrexham, in -Denbighshire, in 1596, aged 54, where a monument was erected to his -memory by his brother, Cuthbert Bellot, Prebendary of Chester. - -Richard Vaughan, D.D., a native of Caernarvonshire, educated at St. -John’s College, Cambridge, and one of the queen’s chaplains. He was B.D. -in Oct., 1588, when he was collated by Bishop Aylmer to the Archdeaconry -of Middlesex. He was also a Canon of Wells. He succeeded Bellot in the -see of Bangor, and was also his successor at Chester, being translated -thither, according to Lee, May 16th, 1596, which is probably the correct -date, although the generality of his biographers state that he did not -become Bishop of Chester until 1597, which might be the date of his -consecration. He was translated to London in 1604, and, dying of -apoplexy on the 30th March, 1607, was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral. -Wood says he was accounted an excellent preacher and pious liver. It -appears from the Bishop’s registers that, like some of his predecessors, -he was much concerned to repress the spirit of insubordination and -impatience of episcopal restraint which he found existing among his -clergy. Failing in his attempts to act as the spiritual adviser and -comforter of his clerical brethren, and to uproot their antipathy to -certain ancient and decent ecclesiastical forms, he frequently cited them -to appear before him in the parish church of Aldford, in which village he -then resided, and publicly vindicated in their presence the polity of the -church. The bishop did not succeed, however, in removing the scruples of -these good men, who regarded their superior as one who sought to fetter -their independence and destroy their liberty. On the 3rd of Oct. 1604, a -large body of Lancashire dissentients appeared before the bishop at -Aldford. They appear to have been men of holy character, laborious in -the discharge of their ministerial functions in populous parishes, and -apparently received kind and impartial treatment. They were all publicly -admonished by the bishop, and required to conform to the liturgy and -ceremonies of the church, and also to subscribe, _ex animo_, to the three -articles in the 36th canon. They were cited to appear again at the same -place on the 28th of November following, but only one complied with the -order. In those days, when roads were proverbially bad, and public -conveyances unknown, a journey to Aldford must have been attended with -serious inconveniences, especially on a gloomy and boisterous November -day. Burnet says, in reference to these dissentients, that “they were -very factious and insolent.” During the Episcopate of Bishop Vaughan, -the cathedral was much repaired; he caused the bells to be re-cast and -hung in the great tower; the west roof he had new leaded, and the timber -work repaired. On his translation to London— - -George Lloyd, D.D., rector of Halsall, near Ormskirk, and bishop of Sodor -and Man in 1509, was translated to Chester January 14th, 1604–5. He died -at Thornton-in-the-Moors, near Chester, of which parish he was Rector, on -the 1st of August, 1615, aged 55 years, and was privately buried in the -choir of the Cathedral of Chester. - -Gerard Massie, B.D., was nominated to the bishopric on the death of -Lloyd; but died before consecration. - -Thomas Moreton, S.T.P., son of Richard Moreton, of York, Mercer, born in -that city, March 20th, 1564, and educated there and at Halifax. He -distinguished himself by his extensive classical and theological -attainments at Cambridge, and was elected a Fellow of St. John’s College. -He became B.D. in 1598, and was presented to the rectory of Long Marston, -near Tadcaster. In 1602 he rendered himself conspicuous by his fearless -attendance on the sick during the prevalence of the plague in York; and -becoming chaplain to Lord Evers, accompanied that nobleman, in 1603, in -his embassy to the Emperor of Germany. On his return he was appointed -domestic chaplain to the Earl of Rutland, and wrote the first part of the -_Apologia Catholica_, in consequence of the merit of which Archbishop -Matthews collated him to a prependal stall at York. In 1608 he graduated -D.D., and was appointed chaplain to James I., from whom he received the -deanery of Gloucester; and in the following year succeeded to the deanery -of Winchester. He was a great benefactor to Winchester Cathedral. He -was elected Bishop of Chester May 22nd, 1616, and was consecrated at -Lambeth July 7th. With this see he held the rectory of Stockport, and -diligently applied himself to reconcile popish recusants and scrupulous -non-conformists to the church; and his success was noticed in the royal -declaration in 1618. He was translated to Lichfield and Coventry March -6th, 1618, and advanced to Durham June 29th, 1632. He died at the house -of Sir Henry Yelverton, Bart., at Easton Mauduit, Northamptonshire, -September 23rd, 1659, aged 95 years, unmarried, and was buried in the -parish church there, with a long epitaph recounting his preferments and -sufferings. He endured, with much resignation, hardships, confiscation, -and imprisonment. Clarendon mentions Bishop Moreton as being one of the -“less formal and more popular prelates.” - -John Bridgeman, D.D., the successor of Moreton, was educated at -Cambridge, and elected Fellow of Magdalen College, of which he was -afterwards chosen master, and appointed chaplain to James I. He was also -prebendary of Lichfield and Peterborough. He was consecrated Bishop of -Chester 9th May, 1619, at Lambeth, the revenues of the sees amounting at -that time to £420 per annum. In 1621 he became rector of Bangor-Iscoed, -in Flintshire. He held his see until episcopacy was suspended under the -commonwealth; and on the 15th December, 1650, his palace, with all the -furniture, was sold by the republicans for £1059. He died at his son’s -house at Moreton, and was buried at Kinnersley church, in Shropshire, -about the year 1658. Bishop Bridgeman maintained annually at his own -expense, hopeful young men at the University, and preferred some to -ecclesiastical honours, who afterwards assisted to deprive him of his -mitre. He was father of Sir Orlando Bridgeman, created Baronet June 7th, -1660, who was successively Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Lord Chief -Justice of the Common Pleas, and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. He was -also the direct ancestor of the present Earl of Bradford. - -Brian Walton, D.D., a native of Cleveland, in the north riding of -Yorkshire, born in the year 1600, admitted of Magdalen College, -Cambridge, as a sizer, and removed thence to St. Peter’s College in 1616. -He graduated M.A. in 1623, and D.D. in 1639, being then a prebendary of -St. Paul’s, and chaplain to Charles I. His persecutions and losses -during the great rebellion having driven him into retirement, he -projected his great work, the Polyglot Bible, an imperishable monument of -his learning and industry, which was first printed at London in six folio -volumes in 1657. On presenting this work to Charles II. at the -restoration, he was made chaplain to the king, and consecrated Bishop of -Chester in Westminster Abbey, on the 2nd December, 1660. A. á Wood gives -a minute and graphic description of the enthusiastic reception which the -bishop met with when he went to take possession of this long desecrated -see. The joy of the people on the national resuscitation of episcopacy -was unbounded, and evinced itself by the most public and decided -manifestations.—_Wood’s Athenæ_, _Vol._ 2, _p._ 731. He enjoyed his -dignity for a short time only, and dying at his house in -Aldersgate-street, London, on the 29th November, 1661, aged 62, was -buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral. - -Henry Ferne, D.D. was born at York, in 1642, he was chaplain to Charles -I.; he was one of the king’s commissioners, along with Sheldon, Hammond, -and others, to treat at Uxbridge, in matters relating to the Church. He -was a personal favourite of the king, and suffered much for the royal -cause; but at the Restoration, a succession of dignities and rewards were -conferred upon him. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester, February 9th, -1661–2, and died five weeks afterwards, on March 16th, and was buried -with great honour March 25th, 1662, aged 59 years, having never been at -Chester. In 1642, he published his “Case of Conscience touching -Rebellion,” being the first printed vindication of the royal cause. - -George Hall, D.D. son of the pious and learned Joseph Hall, Bishop of -Norwich, was entered of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1628, being then aged -16 years, elected Fellow of his college in 1632, collated to a Prebend in -Exeter Cathedral, in 1639, and installed Archdeacon of Cornwall, October -8th, 1641. He was presented by his college to the vicarage of -Menherriot, near Liskeard, but was deprived of his benefice, and -prevented keeping a school for his subsistence, during the usurpation. -At the Restoration, he became chaplain to the king, was appointed Canon -of Windsor, and collated by Archbishop Juxon to the Archdeaconry of -Canterbury in 1660, which latter dignity he held _in commendam_ with the -see of Chester, of which he was consecrated bishop May 11th, 1662. About -the same time he was presented to the rectory of Wigan, by Sir Orlando -Bridgeman, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. His death was occasioned -by a wound he received from a knife which happened to be in his pocket, -as he accidentally fell from a terrace in the rectory gardens at Wigan, -on the 23rd August, 1668, aged 55 years. He was buried in the rector’s -chancel, within Wigan church, where a marble monument was erected to his -memory, on which he is styled “Ecclesiæ Dei servus inutilis, sed -cordatus.” He published several sermons, and a treatise against popery, -with the singular title of “The Triumphs of Romans over Despised -Protestancy. London, 1655.” - -John Wilkins, D.D., was born in 1614; and in 1627 was entered of New Inn, -Oxford, but removed to Magdalen Hall, where he graduated. On the -breaking out of the rebellion he took the covenant; and in 1648 was -created B.D., and made warden of Wadham College by the Presbyterian -Committee for the Reformation of the University. He afterwards -subscribed to the engagement, and complied with the various changes of -the times, though apparently steadily attached to the monarchy. About -1656, he married Robina, sister of Oliver Cromwell, by whom he had no -issue; and in 1659 he was appointed master of Trinity College, Cambridge. -On the restoration he took the required oaths, and was appointed Dean of -Ripon, afterwards Dean of Exeter; and also preached to the Honourable -Society of Gray’s Inn. Through the influence of George, Duke of -Buckingham, he obtained the Bishopric of Chester, and was consecrated -November 15th, 1668, holding with it the rectory of Wigan. He died at -the house of Dr. Tillotson, who had married his daughter-in-law, on -November 19th, 1672, and was buried in the church of St. Lawrence, Jewry, -London. He was one of the founders of the Royal Society, to which he -bequeathed £400, and a pious, learned, and scientific man. Calamy says -“many ministers were brought in by Bishop Wilkins’ soft interpretation of -the terms of conformity.” “He was no great read man,” says Aubrey, “but -one of much and deepe thinkeing, and of a working head, and a prudent man -as well as ingeniose. He was a lustie, strong growne, well sett, broad -shouldered person; cheerful and hospitable. He was extremely well -beloved in his diocese.” Bishop Wilkins wrote several curious and -learned works, which are now scarce and of considerable value. - -John Pearson, D.D., F.R.S., born at Snoring (or Creake), in Norfolk, -February 12th, 1612, educated at Eton, admitted of King’s College, -Cambridge, B.A. 1635, M.A. 1639, and shortly afterwards Prebendary of -Sarum. During the civil war he was chaplain to Lord Goring, and -afterwards in the same capacity in the family of Sir Robert Cook in -London. In 1650, he was minister of St. Clement’s, Eastcheap, London, at -which Church, he preached his incomparable lectures on the Creed, and -afterwards published them, as he states in the dedication to his -parishioners, at their request. At the Restoration, he was nominated one -of the king’s chaplains, installed Prebendary of Ely, September 22nd, -1660, and on the 26th of the same month and year, appointed Archdeacon of -Surrey, and admitted Master of Trinity College, on the 14th April, 1662. -Elected F.R.S. 1667. - -This great and learned man was consecrated Bishop of Chester, February -9th, 1672–3. He died July 16th, 1686, and was buried in his own -Cathedral without any memorial. Burnet says he was in all respects the -greatest divine of the age; a man of great learning, strong reason, and a -clear judgment. He was a judicious and grave preacher, more instructive -than affective, and a man of a spotless life, and of an excellent temper. -He was not active in his diocese, but too remiss and easy in his -episcopal functions, and was a much better divine than a Bishop. He was -a speaking instance of what a great man may fall to, for his memory went -from him so entirely that he became a child some years before he -died.—_Hist. Own Times_, _Vol._ 3, _p._ 109–10. - -Bishop Pearson has achieved for himself a splendid fame by his able work -on the Creed, which will long perpetuate his memory. - -Thomas Cartwright, D.D. son of a schoolmaster of the same name, was born -at Southampton, 1st Sept. 1634, and was educated by presbyterian parents. -He was admitted of Magdalen college, Oxford, but removed to Queen’s -college by the parliamentary visitors in 1649; he afterwards became -chaplain of his college and vicar of Walthamstow, in Essex, and in 1659, -preacher at St. Mary Magdelene’s, in Fish-street, and an active promoter -of the popular faction. At the Restoration, he turned round and -distinguished himself by his extravagant zeal for the royal cause. He -had many valuable preferments bestowed upon him, and was created D.D. -although not standing for it. In 1672, being chaplain to the king, he -was installed Prebendary of Durham, and in 1675, nominated Dean of Ripon, -and was consecrated, October 17th, 1686, Bishop of Chester, “not by -constraint but willingly.” James the Second found him a ready and expert -agent, and appointed him one of the three commissioners to eject the -President and Fellows of Magdelen college, Oxford, for nobly resisting -the king’s arbitrary attempts to restore popery. Cartwright being an -unpopular man, found it necessary to leave the kingdom on the arrival of -the Prince of Orange in 1688. He escaped in disguise, and joined James -II. at St. Germains, whom he shortly afterwards accompanied to Ireland, -where, being seized with a dysentery, he died on the 15th April, 1689, -aged 54, and was buried the next night by the Bishop of Meath, in the -choir of Christ Church, Dublin. He died in communion with the Church of -England, although attempts were made by the Romanists, in his last -moments, to shake his creed, which his previous inconsistency and -constant intercourse with the agents of the Church of Rome had rendered -questionable. His diary, from August 1686, to October 1687, has been -edited for the Camden Society by Mr. Hunter, and will increase the -unfavourable estimate which posterity has formed of the vacillating -principles of this unhappy prelate; although there still appears to be -insufficient evidence to conclude with Ormerod that the bishop, on his -death-bed, expressed his faith in equivocal terms, leaving it doubtful -whether he died in communion of the protestant or popish churches; for -even Burnet, who says he was “one of the worst of men,” adds, “bad as he -was, he never made that step, even in the most desperate state of his -affairs;” and Antony á Wood rescues him from a similar charge. - -Nicholas Stratford, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of Chester at Fulham, on -15th September, 1689. He was a firm supporter of the polity and -principles of the English Church, and was esteemed a learned and -primitive ecclesiastic. It is recorded of him that he never admonished -or reproved others, but in the spirit of meekness and conciliation, a -testimony which appears sufficiently confirmed by the christian tone -which pervades his “Dissuasion against Revenge,” which he addressed to -the conflicting parties in Manchester on leaving that parish. He was -appointed one of the governors of the bounty of the Queen Anne in the -first charter. He died February 12th, 1706–7, aged 74, and was buried in -his own cathedral, his whole diocese witnessing that in simplicity and -godly sincerity he had had his conversation in the world; he was -charitable and benevolent, humble and devout. Chester Blue Coat Hospital -was founded by this excellent bishop, and the Infirmary was founded by -his son, who bequeathed £300 to the charity. - -Sir William Dawes, Bart., D.D., was appointed Dean of Bocking by Dr. -Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, and about 1697 was nominated chaplain -to King William III., whose favour he secured by a sermon he preached on -the 5th November. Being disappointed of the Bishopric of Lincoln in -1705, the queen nominated him without application to that of Chester, and -on the 8th February 1707, he was consecrated. He was very bountiful to -the poor clergy of the diocese, and augmented several small livings. In -1714 he was translated to York; Archbishop Sharpe, who died at Bath -February 2nd, 1713–14, having obtained a promise from Queen Anne that Sir -William Dawes should be his successor, because his grace thought that he -would be diligent in executing the duties of his laborious office. - -Francis Gastrell, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of Chester in 1714, a -learned and pious man, who laboured with untiring energy, and whose -episcopate was characterized by great benevolence, prudence, and wisdom. -He compiled a most valuable MSS. concerning the benefices of the diocese, -entitled “Notitia Cestriensis,” which is considered “the noblest document -extant on the subject of the ecclesiastical antiquities of the diocese.” -He is also the author of a very useful work, entitled “The Christian -Institutes.” He died November 24th, 1725. - -Samuel Peploe, S.T.P., was appointed to the see of Chester April 12th, -1726. He died February 21st, 1752, was buried in the cathedral near the -altar, where a monument was erected to his memory. - -Dr. Edmund Keene, master of St. Peter’s, Cambridge, and rector of -Stanhope, succeeded Peploe, and held the rectory of Stanhope in -commendam. He was consecrated March 22nd, 1752. The present episcopal -palace was re-built by him out of his own fortune, at an expense of -£2,200. On his installation to the see of Ely in 1771— - -William Markham, LL.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, was elected Bishop -January 26th. Shortly afterwards he was appointed preceptor to the -Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York. From this See in 1776, he was -translated to the Archbishopric of York. He died in his 89th year, -universally beloved, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster -Abbey. - -Beilby Porteus, D.D., was born at York, May 8th, 1731, of American -parents, and was the youngest but one of nineteen children. He received -his early education at York and Ripon, and was afterwards admitted a -sizer of Christ’s College, Cambridge, in which University his merits and -abilities soon became distinguished, and were made more generally known -by his excellent poem on “Death,” which received the Seatonian Prize. In -1769, he was made chaplain to His Majesty, and December 31st, 1776, was -promoted to the Bishopric of Chester, from whence he was translated to -London in 1787, on the demise of Dr. Louth, and died on the 14th May, -1808, in the 78th year of his age. In 1772, he joined with some other -clergymen in an unsuccessful endeavour to obtain an amendment of some -portions of the Prayer Book. In 1769, he gave his support to a measure -for enlarging the liberties of protestant dissenters, and in 1781 opposed -an effort “to lay such restrictions on the catholics as would prevent -their increase.” He felt a deep interest in the cause of the slave, and -made strenuous efforts to improve the condition of the negroes of the -West Indies. Among other charitable benefactions, he transferred in his -lifetime nearly £7000 stock to the Archdeaconries of the diocese of -London, as a permanent fund for the relief of the poorer clergy of that -diocese; and he also established three annual gold medals at Christ’s -College, Cambridge, and by his will bequeathed his library to his -successors in the See of London, with a liberal sum towards erecting a -building for its reception in the episcopal palace at Fulham. This -learned and pious prelate wrote several works, which are highly esteemed. -At his own request, the inscription on his tomb simply records the dates -of his birth and death. {49} He was succeeded by— - -William Cleaver, D.D., who was advanced to the See of Chester through the -interest of his former pupil, the Marquis of Buckingham, whom he had -attended as chaplain when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was consecrated -Bishop, January 20th, 1788, and was translated to Bangor in 1799, and -from thence, on the death of Bishop Horsley in 1806, to the diocese of -St. Asaph, over which he continued to preside until his death, which took -place May 15th, 1815. - -Henry William Majendie, D.D., canon of St. Paul’s, was nominated in the -place of Bishop Cleaver, May 24th, and consecrated June 14th, 1800, -translated in 1810, to the See of Bangor. - -Bowyer Edward Sparke, D.D., Dean of Bristol, was consecrated January -21st, 1810, and translated to the See of Ely in 1812. - -George Henry Law, Prebendary of Carlisle, was consecrated Bishop of -Chester, July 5th, 1812, and translated to the See of Bath and Wells in -the year 1824. Bishop Law was a fine scholar, and a most able divine. - -Charles James Blomfield, D.D., the present learned Bishop of London, was -consecrated to the See of Chester in 1824. He was Fellow of Trinity -College, Cambridge, in which University his great talents and lofty -erudition secured for him high academical honours. Upon his translation -to the See of London in 1828 {50a} he was succeeded by— - -John Bird Sumner, D.D., who has been as labouring in the use of his pen, -as he was faithful and assiduous in the fulfilment of his episcopal -duties. His voluminous writings have achieved for him great fame as an -able and eloquent divine. His prize essay, entitled “The Records of -Creation,” is a wonderful display of learning and reasoning power, and -will doubtless long perpetuate his brilliant reputation. His piety, -earnest zeal, and affable bearing, during the period he held the -Episcopate of Chester, secured the affection of all classes. He was -universally beloved. After having occupied the See of Chester for twenty -years, he was in 1848 appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. - -John Graham, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of this Diocese in 1848, and is -at present, with pious earnestness and diligence, fulfilling the duties -of his high office. - -When Henry the Eighth dissolved the monastery of St. Werburgh and erected -it into a Cathedral Church, he founded a Deanery, two Archdeaconries, and -six Prebendaries. Under this new _regime_, John Clarke, the last Abbot -of the monastery, was appointed first Dean. His successor was Henry -Mann, who was, in 1546, consecrated Bishop of the Isle of Man. He was -succeeded by William Cliff, L.L.D. in 1547; Richard Walker in 1558; John -Peers in 1567; Richd. Langworth in 1571; Robert Dorset in 1579; Thomas -Modesley in 1580; John Rutter in 1589; William Barlow in 1602; Henry -Parry in 1605, who was afterwards made Bishop of Rochester, from which he -was successively translated to Gloucester and Worcester; he was succeeded -by Thomas Mallory in 1606, who held his appointment 38 years; he died at -Chester, April 3rd, 1644, and was buried in the choir of the Cathedral. - -William Nicols, installed April 12th, 1644. His successor, after a -vacancy of about 2 years, was Henry Bridgman, presented July 13th, 1660, -he was consecrated Bishop of the Isle of Man, with leave to hold the -Deanery, _in commendam_. He died in Chester, May 15th, 1682, and was -buried in the Cathedral, without any memorial. Leycester says, “he hath -beautified and repaired the Deans’ house in the Abbey court very much.” - -He was succeeded by James Arderne in 1682; he died August 18th, 1691, and -was buried in the choir of the Cathedral, with the following memorial on -one of the pillars:—“Near this place lies the body of Dr. James Arderne, -of this County, a while Dean of this Church, who though he bore more than -a common affection to his private relations, yet gave the substance of -his bequeathable estate to this Cathedral, which gift, his will was, -should be mentioned, that clergymen may consider whether it be not a sort -of sacrilege to sweep all away from the church and charity, into the -possession of their lay kindred, who are not needy. Dat. Oct. 27th, -1688. This plain monument with the above inscription, upon this cheap -stone, is according to the express words of Dean Arderne’s will.” His -successor was Lawrence Fogg, in 1691. His first preferment was the -Rectory of Hawarden, in Flintshire, from which he was ejected for -non-conformity. Subsequently, conforming, he was presented to the -vicarage of St. Oswald’s, by the Dean and Chapter, in 1672: he was buried -in the chapel of the Cathedral, and a monument was erected to his memory. -Walter Offley was installed in 1718. Thomas Allen in 1721. Thomas -Brooke in 1733. William Smith in 1758. This learned divine was -presented by the Earl of Derby to the Rectory of Trinity, Chester, in -1735. In 1753 he was nominated one of the Ministers of St. George’s -Church, Liverpool, by the corporation. In 1766, he was instituted to the -Rectory of Handley, Cheshire, by the Chapter of the Cathedral, and in the -following year he resigned the Chaplainship of St. George’s Church, on -which occasion the corporation of Liverpool presented him with 150 -guineas, “for his eminent and good services in the said church.” He died -January 8th, 1787, in the 76th year of his age, and was buried on the -south side of the communion table in the cathedral. An elegant monument -was erected to his memory by his widow, with an inscription, reciting his -merits as a christian, a scholar, and a preacher. - -Dr. Smith was worthily distinguished for his learning. He was an eminent -scholar, a sound divine, and a good poet. His elegant translations of -the Greek classics were held in great repute, and have been several times -reprinted. He was succeeded by George Cotton, who was installed February -10th, 1787. Hugh Cholmondley was appointed in 1806. - -In this worthy Dean the poor had a generous benefactor, while the active -interest he took in every object which proposed the good of the city, -rendered him beloved by all. He was most laborious in his attention to -the duties of his office, and many important restorations were effected -in the cathedral by him. He was succeeded by Robert Hodgson, D.D., in -1816. Dr. Vaughan was appointed as his successor in 1820, who was -succeeded by Edward Coppleston, D.D., afterwards promoted to the -Bishopric of Llandaff, who erected the screen which separates the church -of St. Oswald, from the south side of the cathedral, at an expense of -£600. Henry Philpotts, D.D., was appointed Dean in 1828, and on his -promotion to the Bishopric of Exeter, in 1831, was succeeded by Dr. -Davys, the well known author of “Village Conversations on the Liturgy,” -“History of England for Children,” &c. - -On his promotion to the See of Peterborough in 1839, the Rev. F. Anson, -D.D., was appointed Dean of Chester, to whose unremitting zeal, directed -by sound judgment and refined taste, we are indebted for the important -improvements which have been effected in the cathedral since his -appointment. Through his indefatigable energy, the noble edifice has -been greatly beautified; and many essential alterations have been -introduced in the choral service and architectural arrangements, which -have added very much to its decoration and general effect. - -During the siege of Chester by the republican army, the cathedral was -very much damaged by those heroic but unscrupulous men. Notwithstanding -that one of the articles of surrender was to the effect that “no church -within the city, or evidence or writings, belonging to the same shall be -defaced,” in the face of this solemn engagement, they wantonly defaced -the cathedral choir, injured the organ, broke nearly all the painted -glass, and removed the fonts from the churches. Although the -parliamentary forces were cemented by their renowned leader, chiefly by -religious enthusiasm, and all their extraordinary movements directed and -sustained mainly by that feeling; it nevertheless did not restrain them -from committing violent outrages on the churches of the land. Religious -impulse banded them together, and impressed a singular unity on all their -movements. The memorable counsel of Cromwell to his men will be -remembered,—“put your trust in the Lord, and keep your powder dry;”—to -them the counsel was opportune, and met with a deep response; but they -respected but little the dictates of conscience and the christian -associations of others, whose religious views and modes of worship -differed from their own. Whatever judgment may be entertained respecting -their political course, and the issues in which it resulted, we apprehend -that the acts of violence they perpetrated on the sacred edifices which -others frequented and revered, as the places of their holy service, -cannot be justified on any principle. - -In 1683 the cathedral was again wantonly damaged by a reckless mob, -instigated by the ambitious Duke of Monmouth. The Cowper MSS. gives us -the following detail of the disgraceful outrages which unhappily they -succeeded in perpetrating. - - “In the middle of August, James, Duke of Monmouth, came to Chester, - greatly affecting popularity, and giving countenance to riotous - assemblies and tumultuous mobs, whose violence was such as to pelt - with stones the windows of several gentlemen’s houses in the city, - and otherwise to damage the same. They likewise furiously forced the - doors of the cathedral church and destroyed most of the painted - glass, burst open the little vestries and cupboards, wherein were the - surplices and hoods belonging to the clergy, which they rent to rags, - and carried away; they beat to pieces the baptismal font, pulled down - some monuments, attempted to demolish the organ, and committed other - enormous outrages.” - -It now remains for us to give a description of this venerable religious -edifice. Although in its general external appearance, it may not present -the prepossessing attractions which appertain to some other cathedral -churches, it nevertheless has a history of peculiar interest; and in its -architectural delineations is well worthy of the study of the -ecclesiologist and the antiquary. From whatever side the cathedral is -viewed, it presents the appearance of a massive pile, and exhibits a -pleasing variety of styles in accordance with the taste of different -ages; some parts decorated with elaborate workmanship, while others are -perfectly simple and unadorned. The principal parts now standing are -not, perhaps, older than the 14th and 15th century, when the richly -ornamented style of Gothic architecture was at its zenith in this -country. Its general character may be termed the perpendicular. It has -been generally supposed that there are some remaining specimens of the -Saxon, and Lysons favours the theory; but Mr. Asphitel, in an interesting -and able lecture, delivered before the Archæological Society, stated that -he could not, from the most minute research, discover any portions of the -Saxon church. He considered it probable there might be some portions in -the foundations, but none, in his opinion, were visible. - -The west front is said to have been the work of Abbot Ripley, who was -appointed to the abbacy in 1485. It is now in an unfinished state, and -it would seem that there was an intention to form two western towers. -The foundation of them was laid with much ceremony by Abbot Birchenshaw, -in 1508, the Mayor being then present: but the project was most likely -abandoned for want of funds. “Had the original design been executed,” -says Winkle, “it would not have been very imposing. The effect of it, as -it now appears, is much injured by a building which is connected with it, -and shuts out one of the turrets which flank on either side the west wall -of the nave. The original intention seems to have been the usual one, -viz., a square tower on each side of the west end of the nave. The -foundations of that on the north side still exist, the site of that on -the south is now occupied by a building called the consistory court, once -perhaps a chapel, in the west wall of which is a pointed window of four -lights, with perpendicular tracery, and flowing crocketted canopy with -rich finial; above the window is a belt of pannelled tracery, and on each -side of it is a niche with overhanging canopies, adorned with pendants -and pinnacles, and resting on good brackets. The statues are gone. The -parapet of this building is quite plain. The west entrance is a singular -and beautiful composition. The door itself is a Tudor arch, inclosed -within a square head, the spandrils are filled with rich and elegant -foliations, the hollow moulding along the top is deep and broad, and -filled with a row of angels half-lengths; all this is deeply recessed -within another Tudor arch, under another square head, with plain -spandrils of ordinary panelling. On each side of the door are four -niches, with their usual accompaniments of crocketted canopies, -pinnacles, and pendants, and instead of brackets, the statues stood on -pedestals with good bases and capitals. Above this entrance is the great -west window of the nave, deeply and richly recessed; it is of eight -lights, with elaborate tracery, of some breadth just below the spring of -the arch, and above this some simple tracery of the kind most common to -the latest age of the pointed style. The arch of the window is much -depressed, and has above it a flowing crocketted canopy, the gable has no -parapet, but is finished off with a simple coping. The flanking turrets -before-mentioned are octagonal, and have belts of panelled tracery and -embattled parapets. - - “Leaving the west front, and turning to the south, a rich and deep - porch presents itself behind the consistory court. The south face of - that court is very similar, in all respects, to the west, already - described. The porch is flanked by buttresses which once had - pinnacles. The entrance is under a Tudor arch, within a square head, - the spandrils richly panelled, over the square head is a broad belt - of quatrefoil panelling, above that a hollow moulding adorned with - the Tudor flower. Above this are two flat-headed windows, of two - lights each, with a deep niche between them, resting on a projecting - bracket, the statue of course is gone, but the projecting and richly - decorated canopy remains, on both sides of which the wall above is - adorned with two rows of panelling, the open embattled parapet which - once crowned the whole has disappeared. The south side of the nave - and its aisle is plain, but not without dignity; the windows are all - pointed and of perpendicular character; those of the aisle have - straight canopies, with projecting buttresses between, which still - have niches, and once had both pinnacles and statues. The aisle has - no parapet. The windows of the clerestory are unusually large and - lofty, and their canopies are flowing in form, but perfectly plain, - and without finials, they have no buttresses between them, and the - parapet is very shallow and quite plain. - - “The next feature of this cathedral, which is now to be described in - due order, is a very singular one, and indeed unique, viz., the south - wing of the transept. It is no uncommon case to find the two - portions of the transept unlike each other in some respects; but in - no other instance are they so perfectly dissimilar as at Chester. - Here, the south wing is nearly as long as the nave, and of equal - length with the choir, and considerably broader than either, having, - like them, aisles on both sides; while the north, which probably - stands upon the original foundations, has no aisles, is very short, - and only just the breadth of one side of the central tower. The east - and west faces of this south portion of the transept are nearly - similar. The aisles have no parapet; the windows are pointed, of - four lights each, with late decorated tracery and small intervening - buttresses. The clerestory has a parapet similar to that of the - nave; the windows are pointed, large, and lofty, with perpendicular - tracery, and two transoms. The south front of this transept, flat at - top, is flanked with square embattled turrets and buttresses, and has - a large window of the perpendicular age filling up nearly all the - space between them. The south face of the aisles on each side have - pointed windows, similar to those already described, and sloping tops - without parapet, but flanked by double buttresses at the external - angles, without pinnacles. - - “The south face of the choir, with its aisle, is in nearly all - respects similar to the south portion of the transept; but the aisle - is lengthened out beyond the choir, and becomes the side aisle of the - Lady Chapel, and has an octangular turret near the east end, with - embattled parapet, and beyond it a plain heavy clumsy buttress: the - sloping parapet of the east face of this aisle meets at the top the - flat plain parapet of the most eastern compartment of the Lady Chapel - which projects beyond the aisle, to that extent. The windows of the - Lady Chapel are all pointed, and of good perpendicular character; the - projecting portion has double buttresses at the external angles, and - the eastern face has a low gable point. This chapel is very little - higher than the side aisles of the choir, the east face of which is - seen over it, with a large lofty pointed window, with perpendicular - tracery and several transoms, flanked with octagonal turrets, - engaged, and terminated with something like domes of Elizabethan - architecture. The parapet of this east face of the choir is flat. - The north side of Lady Chapel is similar to the south; the choir and - its aisles exhibit features of early English character on this side, - but the chapter-room conceals a considerable portion of it, which is - a small building of an oblong form, and also of early English - architecture. Over its vestibule and the arched passage leading into - the east walk of the cloister, is seen the large window in the north - front of the transept; the arch is much depressed, the tracery very - common and plain, and it has two transoms; the walls of this wing of - the transept are very plain, flat at top, and no parapet. The whole - north side of the nave can be seen only from the cloister-yard. The - south walk of the cloister is gone, and in the wall of the aisle, - below the windows, are still seen several enriched semicircular - arches resting on short cylindrical columns, evidently belonging to - the original church of Hugh Lupus. The windows of the aisle are - Tudor arched, with the ordinary tracery of this period; but, owing to - the cloister once existing beneath, are necessarily curtailed of half - their due length: there is a thin flat buttress between each; the - aisle has no parapet. The clerestory is lofty, and the windows - pointed, and not so much depressed as those in the aisle beneath: - they are not so lofty as those in the south side, nor have they any - canopies. There is a thin buttress between each, without pinnacles, - and the parapet is quite plain, but not so shallow as that on the - south side. - - “The central tower is perhaps the best external feature of this - cathedral, it is indeed only of one story above the roof ridge, but - it is loftier than such towers usually are; in each face of it are - two pointed windows, divided down the middle with a single mullion, - with a quatrefoil at the top, and all of them have flowing crocketted - canopies with finials. At each of the four angles of the tower is an - octagonal turret engaged, all of which like the tower itself, are - terminated with an embattled parapet.” - -On entering the interior (says the same authority) through the west -doorway, into the nave, some disappointment and regret cannot but be -felt. Here is no vaulted roof, but a flat ceiling of wood, resting on -brackets of the same material, slightly arched, which gives the nave the -appearance of having less elevation than it really possesses; for the -naves of many much more magnificent cathedrals are not so lofty as this -by several feet, but by being vaulted, their apparent height is -increased. The stone vaulting appears to have been actually commenced, -and it is to be regretted that the desirable work was not completed, as -it would certainly have given to the nave a much more imposing effect. -The north wall of the nave, to the height of the windows, is Norman work, -and contains, on the side of the cloisters, six tombs, where, as it -appears from an old MS. written on the back of an old charter, now in the -British Museum, the early Norman Abbots are interred. Under a wide arch, -sunk in the south wall, which from the ornaments attached to the pillar -near it, appears part of the original building, is a coffin-shaped stone, -with a cross fleury on the lid, over the remains of some Abbot. Nearly -opposite to this, is an altar-tomb, the sides of which are ornamented -with Gothic niches, with trefoil heads, and with quatrefoils set -alternately, the quatrefoils being also alternately filled with roses and -leopards’ heads; the lid slides, and discloses the lead coffin, a part of -which has been cut away; on the lid is a plain coffin-shaped stone. It -is highly probable that this tomb contains the remains of one of the -later Abbots. The pillars of the nave are clustered, and have rich bases -and foliated capitals, and the arches are pointed. In this part of the -Cathedral and the north transept, are several monuments worthy the -attention of visitors. A pyramidical monument by Nollekins, representing -a female figure resting on a rock, against which is placed a broken -anchor, erected by Capt. John Matthews, R.N. to the memory of his wife. -One, in white marble, by Banks, representing the genius of history -weeping over an urn, having three vols., inscribed “Longinus,” -“Thucydides,” “Xenophon,” placed by it; erected to the memory of Dean -Smith, the learned translator of those works. One to the memory of Mrs. -Barbara Dod, erected by the minor canons. One to Capt. John William -Buchanan, of the 16th light dragoons slain at the battle of Waterloo. -One of Cavalier Sir Willm. Mainwaring, killed at Chester during the great -civil war, 1644. Against the north wall, a handsome monument, enclosing -a bust of Sir John Grey Egerton, Bart., erected by subscriptions of the -citizens of Chester, in memory of their honourable and independent -representative. One in memory of Major Thomas Hilton, who died at -Montmeir, in the Burmese empire, 2nd February, 1829. One to Augusta, the -wife of the Rev. James Slade, canon of the Cathedral, and daughter of -Bishop Law. One of Capt. John Moor Napier, who died of asiatic cholera, -in Scinde, July 7th, 1846, aged 28 years: this monument was executed by -Westmacott, the inscription was written by his uncle, the gallant Sir -Charles Napier, and is as follows:— - - The tomb is no record of high lineage; - His may be traced by his name. - His race was one of soldiers: - Among soldiers he lived—among them he died. - A soldier, falling where numbers fell with him - In a barbarous land. - Yet there died none more generous, - More daring, more gifted, more religious. - On his early grave - Fell the tears of stern and hardy men, - As his had fallen on the grave of others. - - To the memory of their comrade, the officers of the General Staff in - Scinde erect this cenotaph.—[The above was executed by Westmacott.] - -In the north transept is a piece of exceedingly fine tapestry, executed -after one of the cartoons of Raphael, representing the history of Elymas -the Sorcerer. Wright, in his travels through France and Italy, after -describing the tapestry he saw in the Vatican at Rome, says “We have an -altar-piece in the choir of Chester, after one of the same cartoons (it -is that of Elymas the Sorcerer), which, in my mind, is much superior to -any of these.” There is also a well-executed stone monument to Roger -Barnston, Esq., and a tablet in memory of good Chancellor Peploe. - -The choir well merits the attention of every visitor of taste. From the -organ loft to the Bishop’s throne, the sides are ornamented with rich -spiral tabernacle work, underneath which are massive and highly -ornamented stalls. The choir is separated from the nave and broad aisle -by a Gothic stone screen; there are five pointed arches on each side; -above them, is an arcade of pointed arches, resting on slender shafts, -and above it are the clerestory windows. The pavement of the choir is of -black and white marble. At the west end of it, are four stalls on each -side of the entrance, and there are twenty others on each side of the -choir; over these are rich canopies, with pinnacles and pendants in great -profusion. Above the stalls on the right hand, opposite the pulpit, is -the Bishop’s throne, which formerly stood at the east end in St. Mary’s -Chapel, and is said to have been the shrine of St. Werburgh, or as -suggested by Pennant, the pedestal on which originally stood the real -shrine which contained the sacred reliques. At the Reformation it was -removed to its present position, and converted into a throne for the -Bishop. It is a rich specimen of Gothic architecture, decorated with -carved work, and embellished with a range of thirty curious small -statues, variously habited, holding scrolls in their hands, and -originally inscribed with their names, but now defaced. Dr. Cowper -published in 1799, an elaborate history of these figures, and was of -opinion that they represented kings and saints of the royal Mercian line, -ancestors or relations of St. Werburgh. Very great improvements have -recently been effected within the choir. The restoration of the bishop’s -throne was effected by the munificence of the Rev. Canon Slade, as an -obituary testimonial to his late father-in-law, Bishop Law, in memory of -whom, the following inscription, engraven upon a brass plate, is affixed -to the throne:— - - In gloriam Dei hanc cathedram reficiendam curabit A.D. MDCCCXLVI. - Jacobus Slade, A.M. hujus ecciesiæ Canonicus. Necuen in piam - memoriam Georgii Henrici Law, S.T.P. per xii. annes Episcopi - Cestriensis. dein Bathoniensis. - -At the back of the throne is a magnificent stone screen, the gift of the -Archbishop of Canterbury, corresponding in style with that on the -opposite side behind the pulpit, which was erected by the Dean and -Chapter. The altar screen was presented by the Rev. Peploe Hamilton, of -Hoole, near Chester; the larger chair within the rails of the communion -table is the liberal gift of the Dean, and the small one was presented by -the Rev. Canon Blomfield; the new lectern, of carved oak in the form of -an eagle, by the Rev. Chancellor Raikes, executed by Mr. Harris, of -Chester; the new stone pulpit, from a beautiful design by Mr. Hussey, is -the liberal gift of Sir Edward S. Walker, of this city. The seats of the -choir have been provided with new crimson cushions, the stalls have been -re-painted, and the canopies gilded by Mr. John Morris, through the -liberality of the Dean. Towards the restoration of the cathedral, Her -Majesty the Queen also contributed a donation of £105 in the name of the -Prince of Wales as Earl of Chester. - -The execution of the alterations were entrusted to Messrs. Furness and -Kilpin, of Liverpool, and it is gratifying to add that Chester artificers -have been chiefly employed in carrying them out. Mr. Haswell built the -organ screen, the throne, the pulpit, the stone work of the new east -window in the choir, and re-laid the marble pavement. - -Mr. Harrison constructed the reredos at the back of the altar; and the -oak seats, screens and altar rails are the work of Mr. J. Evans. - -Under the east window is an arch opening to the Lady Chapel, which -consists of a middle and two side aisles, the stone vaulting of which is -adorned with richly carved key-stones. The side aisles are divided from -the middle portion of two arches, sprung from a massy pier on each side, -apparently part of the original building, cut down and crusted over with -clusters of light pillars, terminated in elegant pointed arches, with -quatrefoils inserted in the mouldings. On the north side of the chancel, -which extends beyond the side aisles, are two elegant pointed arches; one -contains two piscinas; the other was apparently a seat for the -officiating priest: another pointed arch appears also on the opposite -side. - -The cloisters are on the north side of the church, and form a quadrangle -of about 110 feet square; originally, there were four walks, but the -south walk is destroyed. The general style of the cloisters is that of -the fifteenth century, with carved key-stones at the intersections of the -vaulting, the arches of the windows are depressed; a lavatory projects -from the west walk of the cloisters, and did extend along the south walk; -over the east walk was a dormitory, which was sometime ago destroyed, -much to the injury of the appearance of these conventual ruins. It is -obvious that the present cloisters are only a restoration of an earlier -one. In the east walk of the cloisters is the entrance into the Chapter -House, or rather its singular vestibule, 30 feet 4 inches long, and 27 -feet 4 inches wide. The vaulted roof of this apartment is supported by -four columns without capitals, surrounded by eight slender shafts. The -Chapter room itself is an elegant building, 35 feet high, 50 feet long, -and 26 broad. The stone vaulting rests on clusters of slender shafts, -with foliated capitals; all the windows are in the latest style, those at -the east and west ends consist of five lights each. A gallery goes round -three sides of the room, and where it passes the windows is carried -between the mullions, and a corresponding series of light shafts -connected with them, which have elegant sculptured capitals, and support -the mouldings of the lancet arches above. Notwithstanding the soft -nature of the stone, the carving is all in an excellent state of -preservation. - -Pennant has ascribed the erection of this beautiful building to Randle -Meschines, on the ground of his having removed the body of Hugh Lupus, -“de cœmiterio in capitulum,” as mentioned in his charter to the Abbey; -and he is, most probably, right in supposing that the same respect would -have been paid at the time of his death, if a Chapter House had then -existed. This argument, however, merely tends to prove that the Chapter -House was built by Handle Meschines, but as far as can be inferred from -the architecture, it may be reasonably doubted whether any part of the -present Chapter House was built long before the extinction of the local -earldom. The learned Dr. Ormerod is of opinion that this is about the -date of its erection, and he is supported by several other competent -authorities, who concur with him on the point. - -In the Chapter House are preserved some interesting local relics, among -which is a red sand stone, 24 inches by 8 inches, found on the site of -the Deanery, bearing this inscription:— - - [Picture: COH .I.C. OCRATI MAXIMINI . M . P] - -Mr. Roach Smith, an eminent authority in such matters, says that this -inscription is to be ascribed to the century of Ocratius Maximus, of the -first Cohort of the 20th Legion; it has evidently been a facing stone, -probably in the city wall; it resembles in character the centurial -commemorations on the stones in the great northern wall, and like them, -apparently refers to the completion of a certain quantity of building. - -There is also the head part of a stone coffin, found by persons employed -in digging in the Chapter House in 1723. The scull and bones were -entire, and lay in their proper position, enveloped in an ox-hide. On -the breast was a piece of cloth, the texture of which could not be -ascertained. It has been supposed by Pennant and others, that these -remains were those of Hugh Lupus, which were removed hither from the -churchyard, by his nephew Randle, Earl of Chester. Ormerod seems to be -of opinion that this relic designated the place of sepulchre of Abbot -Simon Ripley. It is now generally admitted by those most competent to -form a judgment on the subject, that Ormerod has given a true -interpretation of this interesting relic. The initials, he says, are -clearly S. R., and the wolf’s head corresponds in style of carving with a -similar one introduced by Simon Ripley on the tower of Saighton Manor -House. There are also two shot-torn banners of the 22nd Cheshire -regiment of Infantry, which were received from India, after that gallant -corps had been presented with new colours, and were presented by the -government to the then Dean of Chester (Dr. Davys) for preservation in -the Cathedral. - -The appearance of this noble room would certainly be much improved by the -removal of the unsightly bookcases, which are not in the slightest unison -with the beautiful architecture they so much obstruct. Mr. Ashpitel -says, “he considers the Chapter House, with its singularly tasteful -vestibule, to be the finest in the kingdom of its form;” and has -animadverted, with deserving severity, upon the tastelessness of a -professed architectural critic, who could pass over the building with the -disparaging criticism, “poor enough?” He (Mr. Ashpitel) had been told -the same story, but he found beauties which grew upon him more and more -at every visit. The Norman remains, he says, are extremely fine—there is -work of all kinds of great beauty; and there are the most curious and -instructive transitions from style to style that perhaps were ever -contained in one building. - -The north walk of the cloister contained the chief entrance into the -refectory of the convent, which still remains a magnificent apartment, -now divided by a modern passage, the eastern and greater portion being -used as the King’s School. It was seventy-eight feet long, and -thirty-four feet high, with a roof of oak resting on brackets, which was -removed some years ago. Six pointed windows with intervening buttresses -lighted the north side, and four the south. At the east end were three -lancet-shaped windows, with slender detached shafts, all included within -one greater arch. In the south east angle of this once noble room, is a -flight of steps within the wall, with a projection at the upper end like -a stone pulpit; these steps led to the ancient dormitory, and opens into -the refectory by an elegant range of pointed arches, trefoiled within, -whose spandrils are pierced with a series of quatrefoils. - - [Picture: Norman Vaulted Chamber, Chester Cathedral, date about 1095] - -We now direct the visitor’s attention to a portion of the Norman edifice, -which has of late excited very deep interest, the Promptuarium, lately -excavated: - - “the chamber is a sort of gallery or cloister on the ground floor, - about ninety feet long by forty feet wide, traversed in the centre by - a row of pillars (with one exception cylindrical), which divide it - into six double bays, from which pillars, and four corresponding ones - at each side, spring the intersecting arches by which the building is - vaulted. The side pillars are as entirely Norman in their character - as the centre ones, being simply the square pier, on each face of - which is the pilaster attached; the groining of the roof is without - the finish of ribs at the joints, a finish characteristic of a later - period. The chamber, which has at present only a borrowed light from - the cloisters on the east, was originally lighted from the west side, - by a window in each bay, except the second bay from the south end, in - which was a principal entrance. This doorway and the windows are now - all choked up by the adjoining garden. On the same side, and at the - north end, is a very large chimney and fire-place. A glance at the - groining and arches at the north end, informing us that the chamber - did formerly end here, I was induced to think, by this situation of - the fire-place, that its length was originally very much greater. I - have since found the termination of the chamber in the cellars of the - present Registry, where the groining is supported by corbels, which - shew that the vaults extended there, but no further. One double bay, - therefore, added to the present remains, gives us the entire length - of the building,—about one hundred and five feet. In this last bay, - on the east side, is a principal doorway (four inches wider than the - one on the west side), leading towards the refectory. On the east - side also, and near the north end, is a postern from the cloisters - and a spiral staircase, partly constructed in the thickness of the - wall, leading to the chamber above, of which there are now no - remains. Two small archways at opposite sides of the chamber, - precisely similar in form and size, and rising from beneath the level - of the floor, seemed to indicate a subterranean passage connecting - them. An excavation round each has, however, discovered no channel - between them. In considering the character and situation of this - vaulted chamber it should be borne in mind that though now apparently - subterranean, it is only so with reference to the west side, the - level of the floor being four feet above the level of the nave of the - cathedral. The ground which now rises above it on the west side is - all _made_ ground of late date, belonging to the Palace, the original - level of which is identical with this chamber, as shewn by the area - round the present Palace kitchens, and by those apartments belonging - to the Abbot’s residence, which yet remain.” {74} - -Mr. Ashpitel, in his interesting lecture on Chester Cathedral, bestowed -the name of Promptuarium on this Norman cloister, he says, “these are -vaulted apartments of early Norman work, and are described in the charter -of Henry VIII., by which he divides the properties between the bishop and -dean, _promptuaria et pannaria_, the former derived from a word denoting -a butler or steward, probably a buttery; and the latter, from _pannus_, a -cloth, probably the place for clothing.” - -Mr. Ayrton, in an able paper on the Norman remains of the cathedral, read -before the Chester Archæological Association, entered into an elaborate -inquiry on the subject, stating his reasons for concluding that this is -not a _Promptuarium_, but, in his opinion, a spacious hall, where the -splendid hospitality of the Abbots was displayed to strangers, friends, -and dependents. His arguments are marshalled with great ingenuity and -force; and as every contribution which tends to throw light on the use, -to which this remain of the ancient monastery was devoted, possesses much -importance and interest; we will here insert his observations upon it:— - - “Let us see how far we have any authority for considering this - building a ‘Promptuarium,’ that is, a store-room or buttery. All - that Ormerod says of it is, that ‘it is a kind of crypt, consisting - of a double row of circular arches, springing, with one exception, - from short cylindrical columns. This building was probably used as a - depository for the imported stores of the abbey, of which we may form - no mean idea from a charter from the King of the Isles to the Abbot - of St. Werburgh, granting ingress and egress to the vessels of the - Monks of the Abbey of St. Werburgh, with sale and purchase of goods, - toll free, and right of fishing upon his coasts.’ (Vol. I. page - 218.) But he gives us no authority for the use ascribed to it; only - his own unsupported supposition hazarded when the building was not so - far cleared or intelligible as at present. The name “Promptuarium” - was bestowed on it by Mr. Ashpitel when it was cleared out and - restored to its present condition at the expense of the British - Archæological Association, under the direction of the Local - Committee, preparatory to the Congress of 1849. He derives the name - from a sentence in Henry the VIII’s. charter (dividing the properties - between the Bishop and the Dean and Chapter,) and speaks of this - building in the _plural_, which agrees with his reading of the - charter, but does not agree with the fact. He says, in his lecture - on Chester Cathedral, ‘These are vaulted apartments of early Norman - work, and are described in the charter of Henry VIII., by which he - divides the properties between the Bishop and the Dean as - _Promptuaria et Pannaria_, the former derived from a word denoting a - butler or steward, probably a buttery, and the latter from _pannus_, - a cloth, probably the place for clothing.’ The sentence to which Mr. - Ashpitel alludes, and which he applies to this building, is the one - describing the chamber which was called the “_secunda aula_”—“_nec - non secundam aulam_, _seu interiorem cum suis pannariis_, - _promptuariis_, _et ceteris ejusdem membris_.” - - “No doubt the hall, which was of great importance, had its - Promptuaria and pannaria, with its other appropriate offices; but I - see no ground for applying these plural designations to a single - chamber of such extent and character. We find the same terms used - elsewhere in the charter with reference to other parts of the - building, where there is no such chamber on which to bestow them. I - must also suggest that we do not elsewhere find in remains of this - date, buildings of such unbroken extent, magnitude, and continuous - design, for such a purpose. Store-houses and offices there were - attached to every conventual building of like importance, but we - shall find them, I apprehend, always more equally quadrangular, more - confined, and with a regard to convenience which predominates over - the attention paid to style and effect. Here we have a chamber of - vast extent (we have now ascertained its original length to have been - 105 feet), in which the design has been kept carefully unbroken by - the details or partitions necessary to offices such as the word - ‘Promptuarium’ describes. We see throughout the whole extent great - attention paid to the arrangements, the regularity, and the - ornamentation of the building; and we find the pillars, the capitals, - shafts, and bases, unbroken and uninjured save by the hand of time, - and, notwithstanding the friable nature of the stone, for the most - part as sharp and well defined as they were left by the chisel of the - mason. It appears to me impossible to reconcile all these - particulars with the purposes assigned to the building by Ormerod, or - by Mr. Ashpitel. - - “I may now perhaps be asked, ‘If this chamber was neither a - store-room nor a Promptuarium, what was it?’ It is not without - hesitation that I attempt to answer that question. From its length, - its double bay of arches, and its situation between the church, the - refectory, and the Abbot’s apartments, I should have deemed it a - cloister; probably _the_ Norman cloister, when the ground occupied by - the present cloisters was differently appropriated; but, unlike a - cloister, it is closed on every side, and the existence of the - fire-place does not agree with that assumption; added to which the - original windows are all on the side belonging to the Abbot’s - apartments, the side to the church having been entirely closed with - the exception of the postern. My belief is, that it was no other - than the “Secunda Aula” itself, mentioned in Henry the Eighth’s - charter; a sort of spacious hall for the accommodation of the Abbot’s - friends and dependents, for the reception of strangers, and the - exercise of that large hospitality which was dealt out so freely and - bountifully in the eleventh and succeeding centuries in all important - monastic establishments. That its claim to the title of the “Secunda - Aula” has hitherto been overlooked, may arise from its having been - erroneously considered (as by Ormerod) a sort of crypt, or - subterranean building; whereas a little consideration of its level, - and the ground around it, will shew us that it has only assumed that - character since the sixteenth century.” {78} - -There is a vaulted passage at the south end of the “_Promptuarium_,” or -“_Secunda Aula_,” leading from the Abbot’s apartments to the Cathedral. -It is groined in exactly the same proportions as the bays of the Norman -chamber, and the arches are circular, springing from pillars precisely -similar, but the groining is ribbed, and not with cylindrical, but -eliptical mouldings. These mouldings stamp a semi-Norman character on -the work, being almost a transition to the early English style. - - [Picture: Norman doorway] - -Two beautiful Norman doorways gave ingress and egress from this passage, -and still remain, though the one which opened to the present west -cloister is closed, and sadly disfigured by the alterations of the -sixteenth century. The other doorway to the west, is perfect, excepting -the shafts of the pillars, which are gone. The capitals supporting one -side of the architrave are foliated and of late character for Norman -work. - -At the south end of the east cloister, and forming the present entrance -from that cloister to the cathedral, is a Norman doorway, of about the -same date as the arcade adjoining it. The architrave is very ornate, -bearing the billet ornament, accompanied by a bead which runs between the -mouldings. Unfortunately the stone has perished more in this doorway -from exposure than in those of the vaulted passage; but still more has -been lost from the unmerciful treatment it has received at the hands of -the plasterer. It is quite choked up with plaster and colouring, which -might, with a little care and trouble, be all removed, and the door -restored to something more like its original effect. The capitals of the -pilasters are foliated, and identical with those already noticed in the -Norman doorway of the vaulted passage. - -In 1843, a liberal subscription for the purchase of two painted windows -having been made, the Dean and Chapter made an appeal for an additional -fund, for the praiseworthy purpose of restoring some portion of the -ancient beauties of the cathedral. The appeal was most liberally -responded to by the subscription of the munificent sum of £4000. A new -organ has been erected at a cost of £1000., built by Messrs. Gray and -Davidson, of London; it is a large and splendid instrument, of great -power and richness of tone; the top of which is carved with tabernacle -work, in unison with that of the choir. The instrument contains the -following stops:— - -_The Great Organ_, extending from CC to F, contains Double Diapason, -sixteen feet—Open Diapason, eight feet—Open Diapason, eight feet—Stopped -Diapason and Clarabella, eight feet—Fifth, six feet—Principal, four -feet—Flute, four feet—Twelfth, three feet—Fifteenth, two -feet—Sesquialtra, three ranks—Furniture, two ranks—Mixture, two -ranks—Trumpet, eight feet—Clarion, four feet. - -_Swell Organ_, from FF to F, contains:—Double Diapason, sixteen feet—Open -Diapason, eight feet—Stopped Diapason, eight feet—Principal, four -feet—Fifteenth, two feet—Sesquialtra, three ranks—Hautboy, eight -feet—Cornopean, eight feet—Clarion, four feet. - -_Choir Organ_ from GG to F, contains:—Open Diapason, eight feet—Dulciana, -eight feet—Stopped Diapason, eight feet—Principal, four feet—Flute, four -feet—Fifteenth, two feet—Clarionet, eight feet. - -_Pedal Organ_, from CCC to D, two octaves and two notes, contains:—Open -Diapason (wood), sixteen feet—Stopped Diapason, sixteen feet—Principal, -eight feet—Fifteenth, four feet—Tierce, three and a quarter -feet—Sesquialtra, two ranks. - -_Couplæ_:—Swell to Great Manual—Swell to Choir Manual—Choir to Great -Manual—Great Manual to Pedals—Choir Manual to Pedals. - -There are four Composition Pedalsr for changing the Stops in the Great -Organ. - -The old pews, which were sadly out of keeping with the rich Gothic -woodwork of the stalls, have been removed, and the choir has been new -seated in the Gothic style. - -The whole of the choir has been vaulted, which has greatly contributed to -its improved appearance. The walls of the choir, aisles, and Lady -Chapel, have been repaired, cleaned, and coloured. Three beautiful -stained glass windows have been placed at the east end of the choir and -in the Lady Chapel, which have given a much more solemn and impressive -aspect to the interior. The clerestory window of the choir has five -figures, representing our Saviour and the four Evangelists, surrounded -with their various emblems; over which are five scenes from the life of -Christ, viz., the Agony in the Garden; Bearing the Cross; the -Crucifixion; the Resurrection; and the Ascension. This window was -executed by Mr. Wailes, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, at the cost of £200. The -window of the Lady Chapel represents, in its lower divisions, the -following important transactions in the history of the Redeemer’s sojourn -upon earth:—The Annunciation to the Shepherds—the Nativity—the Offerings -of the Wise Men of the East—the Presentation in the Temple—Christ -Disputing with the Doctors—the Baptism—the Miracle of turning the Water -into Wine—Healing the Lame—Walking on the Sea—Feeding the Multitude—the -Transfiguration—the Raising of Lazarus—the Entry into Jerusalem—Washing -the Disciples’ Feet—and the Last Supper. The upper division of the -window contains figures of the twelve Apostles; ranged in the order in -which their names are given in Sacred Writ. This window was also -executed by Mr. Wailes, at the cost of £360, and of the outer guards £60. - -A magnificent window by the same artist, has also been placed in the -south aisle of the choir, by the Very Rev. the Dean, in memory of three -deceased members of his family. The inscription is as follows:— - - “Sancta Catherina—‘The souls of the righteous are in the hand of - God.’—Catherine Louisa Anson, died and buried at Southwell, March 28, - 1832, aged 18, third daughter.” - - “Sanctus Thomas—‘Thy brother shall rise again’—Thomas Anson, Lieut. - R.N., died and buried at Sudbury, March 17, 1845, aged 24, fourth - son.” - - “Sancta Maria—‘The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away.’—Mary - Blomfield, wife of the Rev. G. B. Blomfield, Canon of Chester, died - and buried at Stevenage, August 6, 1848, aged 38, 2nd daughter of the - Rev. Frederick Anson, D.D. Dean of Chester, by whom this memorial is - placed.” - -Another obituary window has more recently been erected; placed next to -the latter. It is in memory of George Edward Anson, Esq., son of the -Dean of Chester. The inscription is as follows:—In memory of George -Edwd. Anson, Esq. C.B., Keeper of H.M. Privy Purse; Treasurer of H.R.H. -Prince Albert, and to the Prince of Wales. Suddenly called away from the -faithful but unostentatious discharge of high official duties to his rest -in Christ, on the 9th day of October, 1849, aged 37. He was the 2nd son -of the Rev. Frederick Anson, D.D., Dean of this Cathedral, with whose -bereavement the inhabitants of this city and neighbourhood record their -sympathy, and commemorate his zeal in the restoration of the Cathedral -Church, by erecting this memorial window. Mr. Hardman of Birmingham was -the artist; and the cost of the window £180. The events represented are -the Raising of Jairus’ Daughter—Raising of Lazarus—Raising the Widow’s -Son—Entombment and Resurrection of our Lord—and, Our Lord appearing to -Mary. - -The service of the cathedral is performed with great solemnity and fine -taste; and the talented organist, Mr. Gunton, merits great praise for the -admirable manner in which he fulfils his important duties. - -The hours of Service are:—Week-day: morning, 7 10; afternoon, 3. -Sunday:—morning, 11; afternoon, 4 o’clock. During the winter months the -service begins at 4 in the afternoon. There is an anthem every day in -the afternoon service. - -The following is a list of the dignitaries of the cathedral:— - - - -DEAN. - - - F. Anson, D.D. - - - -CANONS. - -Rev. J. Slade, M.A. Rev. T. Eaton, M.A. -Rev. G. B. Blomfield, M.A. Rev. T. Hillyard, M.A. - -HONORARY CANONS. - -Rev. Henry Raikes, M.A. Rev. H. McNeile, D.D. -Rev. C. A. Thurlow, M.A. Rev. H. Stowell, M.A. - -MINOR CANONS. - -R. W. Gleadowe, M.A. W. H. Massie, M.A. -W. Harrison, M.A. E. E. Thurland, B.A., Precentor, &c. - -In concluding this record of the venerable Cathedral of Chester, we think -it will have appeared, that while it has a _history_ of deep interest and -significance, it has also many architectural beauties, well deserving of -a minute and careful study. - - “Amid the imposing growth of material wealth and pride, it is not - unseasonable to remember that _temple architecture_ is the oldest in - the world; and to ask, after so impressive a vindication of its - longevity, whether having been the earliest, it may not prove the - latest term of human civilization. I am persuaded that so it will - be; for there is in the soul of man ‘a temple not made with hands,’ - which demands and shapes forth the visible structure as its shell of - life; which is ever fresh amid the change and wreck of ages, and can - build again the ruins of the past; indeed, the hidden cloister of - whose worship will remain still open, and thrill with higher strains, - when time and its structures shall be no more.” - - * * * * * - - G. PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER. - - * * * * * - - - - -GEORGE PRICHARD, -BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, AND BINDER, -BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER, - - -Has constantly on Sale a general Assortment of MODERN PUBLICATIONS, in -the various branches of Literature, including School Books, all kinds of -Children’s Books, and a great variety of Works suitable for Presents. -BIBLES AND PRAYER BOOKS, IN PLAIN AND ELEGANT BINDINGS. - - BOOKBINDING EXECUTED IN THE NEATEST STYLE, - ON MODERATE TERMS. - ACCOUNT BOOKS RULED TO ANY PATTERN, - _And Bound on an improved principle_. - COPPER-PLATE AND LETTER-PRESS PRINTING - OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, NEATLY EXECUTED. - CARD AND BILL HEAD PLATES ENGRAVED. - A STOCK OF MODERN MUSIC KEPT FOR SALE. - - Threepence in the Shilling allowed on every piece, and any piece - not on hand procured in two or three days. - - LONDON NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, & ALL OTHER PERIODICALS - _Regularly supplied_, _and New Publications procured on the shortest - notice_. - - OIL AND WATER COLOURS, - - Brushes, prepared Canvass, Drawing Paper, Boards, and every - description of Drawing Materials of the best quality. - - DRAWINGS LENT OUT TO COPY. - - * * * * * - - - -JUST PUBLISHED. - - - PICTURESQUE VIEWS IN CHESTER, - Done up in an elegant cover. Price Two Shillings. - - VIEWS IN CHESTER AND NORTH WALES; - Plain and Coloured. - - DITTO ON SHEETS OF NOTE PAPER; - One Penny per Sheet. - - BOOK OF PATRIOTIC AND OTHER SONGS, - FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, - Price Two-pence, or One Shilling and Sixpence per dozen. - - MUSIC OF DITTO, - Price Fourpence, or Three Shillings per dozen. - - _JUST PUBLISHED_, _PRICE TWO SHILLINGS_, - - THE CHESTER GUIDE; - CONTAINING A - COPIOUS HISTORY OF THE ANTIQUITIES AND PUBLIC - BUILDINGS OF THE CITY, - AND A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF EATON HALL. - WITH TWENTY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS. - - * * * * * - - NEW ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK OF NORTH WALES. - JUST PUBLISHED, - PRICE SIX SHILLINGS, - - THE ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK - OF NORTH WALES: - A GUIDE FOR THE TOURIST, THE ANTIQUARIAN, - AND THE ANGLER; - _Being the Fifth Edition of Hemingway’s Panorama_, _with revisions_ - _and additions_, - BY JOHN HICKLIN; - WITH A MAP AND FIFTY-TWO ENGRAVINGS BY THOMAS GILKS, - From Original Drawings - BY GEORGE PICKERING, ESQ. OF CHESTER. - - * * * * * - - ALSO, JUST PUBLISHED. - PRICE THREE SHILLINGS. - - _FIFTH THOUSAND_. - - EXCURSIONS IN NORTH WALES: - A - COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE TOURIST - Through that romantic country. - - Containing descriptions of its picturesque beauties, Historical - antiquities, and modern wonders. - - Edited by JOHN HICKLIN, of the ‘Chester Courant.’ - - LONDON: - WHITTAKER AND CO.; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; - LONGMAN AND CO.; SIMPKIN & CO.; AND - GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS. - - T. M’GLASHAN, DUBLIN. - GEORGE PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER. - - - - -FOOTNOTES. - - -{21} The Lysons give the income at £1003 5s. 11d. - -{49} The book is badly faded and “inscription” and “birth” are both -guesses.—DP. - -{50a} The is badly faded and “London in 1828” is a guess.—DP. - -{74} Mr. W. Ayrton on the Norman remains of the Cathedral. - -{78} Since the above remarks were delivered, a chamber has been -discovered at Furness Abbey of almost identical character, and with a -similar row of columns running down the centre, by Mr. Sharpe, who gives -it the title of the Hospitium, and assigns to it purposes almost the same -as I assume for the Secunda Aula. - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF CHESTER CATHEDRAL*** - - -******* This file should be named 62240-0.txt or 62240-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/2/4/62240 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A History of Chester Cathedral - with biographical notices of the Bishops and Deans - - -Author: John Hicklin - - - -Release Date: May 26, 2020 [eBook #62240] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF CHESTER CATHEDRAL*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the [1852] George Prichard edition by David -Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org. Transcribed from British -Library scans.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/cover.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Book cover" -title= -"Book cover" - src="images/cover.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h1>A HISTORY<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OF</span><br /> -CHESTER CATHEDRAL:</h1> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class="GutSmall">WITH</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE -BISHOPS<br /> -AND DEANS.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br -/> -<b>A Member of the Chester Archæological Society</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<blockquote><p>“On entering a Cathedral, I am filled with -devotion and with awe; I am lost to the actualities that surround -me, and my whole being expands into the infinite; earth and air, -nature and art, all swell up into eternity, and the only sensible -impression left is, <i>that I am nothing</i>.”—<span -class="smcap">Coleridge</span>.</p> -</blockquote> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">CHESTER:<br /> -GEORGE PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.</span></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><a name="pageiii"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. iii</span><span class="GutSmall">TO -THE</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">VERY REVEREND THE DEAN OF -CHESTER,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">THE -FOLLOWING HISTORY OF THE</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>Cathedral Church</b></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IS (BY HIS -KIND PERMISSION) RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class="GutSmall">BY</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">HIS MOST -OBEDIENT SERVANT,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: right">THE PUBLISHER.</p> -<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>A VISIT -TO THE CATHEDRAL.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">When</span> we reflect upon the momentous -and happy results which have always followed the introduction of -Christianity amongst a people;—how it has ever proved an -up-lifting and progressive power; influencing man in the holiest -affections and most inward laws of his moral being; extending its -benign agency through all the relationships of social life, and -acting in various methods as a living principle in the -community;—we think that in ascribing to our religious -history a deeper significance and importance than appertains to -any other department of inquiry, we are only claiming for it a -position which may be established by a wide induction of -facts.</p> -<p>The condition of a nation, socially and politically, is to a -great extent decided by the character of its religious teaching -and worship. The history of our own country, and that of -every other in the world, affords many striking illustrations of -the fact. Many instances might be quoted where the -connection is remarkably verified, and we venture to ascribe the -<a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 2</span>proud -position of England mainly to the operation of its Christian -faith.</p> -<p>The churches of Britain were the outbirths of its religious -life. They were reared by the earnest piety of our -forefathers. Their history presents an inviting sphere of -investigation, from the valuable aid they furnish, in tracing the -successive incidents and onward development of Christianity; -which soon after its first promulgation, diffused a welcome light -over the Pagan darkness, which enveloped the primeval inhabitants -of our country.</p> -<p>The subject of the first introduction of Christian truth into -Britain, and who was the first herald employed by Providence in -proclaiming it, is one of deep interest, and has long engaged the -investigation of the learned. The theories which have been -offered are conflicting, as to the time, and by whom, this great -boon was conferred upon our country. But as all the varied -traditions seem to point to the apostolic age, we may the more -readily acquiesce, in not being able to fix upon the exact period -and the actual instrument; especially when we remember, how many -of the world’s benefactors have been unknown to those who -are most indebted to them. There is an unwritten biography -of the great and the good; though their names and heroic deeds -are not recorded by the pen of the historian or the chisel of the -sculptor, they have not the less nobly fulfilled their mission to -their age and posterity. Their record, though not <a -name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>with men, is -“on high.” And as there is a law surrounding -us, which permits no disinterested deed or true thought to -perish, but immortalizes them, in their effects on the minds of -men and the developments of life;—so certainly as that law -governs human experience, have we reaped the advantage of many a -noble life’s devotion, albeit unchronicled and -unknown. The results of their achievements are nevertheless -with us still.</p> -<p>The foundation of the Church in Britain has been ascribed, by -many eminent authorities, to St. Paul; and the learned Dr. -Burgess, Bishop of St. David’s, goes so far as to say, that -this interesting point is established by as much substantial -evidence as any historical fact can require; and he proceeds to -give the testimony of the first six centuries in support of the -doctrine. The first and most important testimony is that of -Clemens Romanus, “the intimate friend and fellow-labourer -of St. Paul,” who says, that in preaching the gospel the -apostles went <i>to the utmost bounds of the west</i>, which -seems to have been the usual designation of Britain. -Theoderet speaks of the inhabitants of Spain, Gaul, and -<i>Britain</i>, as dwelling in the <i>utmost bounds of the -west</i>. In the second century, Irenœus speaks of -Christianity as propagated to the utmost bounds of the earth by -the apostles and their disciples; and Tertullian, at the -beginning of the third century, gives a kindred testimony. -In the fourth century, (<span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> -270–340), <a name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -4</span>Eusebius says, that some of the apostles passed over the -ocean to the British Isles; and Jerome, in the same century, -ascribes this province to St. Paul, and says, that after his -imprisonment, having been in Spain, he went from ocean to ocean, -and preached the gospel in the <i>western parts</i>. -Theodoret, in the fifth century, and Venantius Fortunatus in the -sixth, are also quoted as witnesses to the same effect.</p> -<p>The learned bishop has conducted the argument with consummate -ability; and in the judgment of many has demonstrated the -point.</p> -<p>Gildas, a Briton, called the wise, very positively ascribes -the first mission to Britain to St. Joseph of Arimathea, who, -according to his account, evangelized Gaul. This opinion is -supported by Bede, William of Malmesbury, and many eminent -divines of the Church.</p> -<p>Sammes, in his ‘Antiquities of Britain,’ inclines -to the same idea, and gives an illustration of the first church -supposed to be built by him; but it does not appear to be based -upon sufficient evidence to entitle it to acceptance.</p> -<p>The conversion of Britain to the Christian faith has also been -ascribed to St. Peter, St. James the Great, and to Simon -Zelotes. Bishop Taylor and Dr. Cox are disposed to award -the honour to the latter. Southey is of opinion that the -Gospel was first introduced here by the family of Caractacus, who -propagated it among the British tribes; and he is <a -name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span>certainly -upheld in this by many weighty considerations.</p> -<p>As there is existing such contrariety of belief among those -master intellects, who have deeply studied the subject, we should -certainly regard it as vain presumption, to record any dogmatic -judgment.</p> -<p>Previous to the Roman conquests, the Britons were accustomed -to celebrate the rites of Druidism; but as it was the custom of -the Romans to carry into the lands they conquered, not only their -civil polity but also their religion, the gods of their Pantheon -became consequently the gods of our ancestors. Near the -existing memorials of Druidical superstition, there arose the -majestic fanes of a more polished mythology. At Bath there -is said to have been a temple dedicated to Minerva, while on the -site now occupied by the splendid cathedral of St. Paul there was -a temple to Diana. It appears from a passage in -<i>King’s Vale Royal</i>, there was a tradition generally -accepted in his day, that on the present site of Chester -Cathedral, was a temple dedicated to Apollo, during the period -that the city was inhabited by the Legionaries.</p> -<p>“I have heard it,” he says, “from a scholar, -residing in the city, when I was there, anno 1653, that there was -a temple dedicated to Apollo in old time, in a place adjoining to -the Cathedral Church, by the constant tradition of the -learned.”</p> -<p>We are not aware that the supposition is capable <a -name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>of being -verified by any existing record, but when we take into -consideration the policy generally pursued by the Romans in -subjugating a country, it seems to be countenanced by strong -probability. With this form of Paganism, however, there -came zealous men, of true apostolic stamp, whose earnest -inculcation of vital principles, accelerated the progress of a -better faith. So conspicuous had that progress become early -in the third century, that Tertullian, in his work written -against the Jews, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 209, states -that “even those places in Britain, hitherto inaccessible -to the Roman arms, have been subdued by the gospel of -Christ.”</p> -<p>Early in the fourth century, Christianity had become so -extensively diffused throughout the land, that Maximius and -Galerius, themselves bigoted Pagans, recommended to the Emperor -Diocletian the enforcement of extreme measures, in order to crush -the growing religion; and the ever-memorable persecution under -his reign was the result, when Christians were indiscriminately -slaughtered, and churches wantonly destroyed.</p> -<p>Under the empire of his successor, Constantine Chlorus, -persecution was extinguished; churches were re-built, the offices -of religion generally resumed, and the people enjoyed a long -tranquillity.</p> -<p>The recall of the Romans to the defence of the integral parts -of their empire, in conjunction with the laborious teaching of -the early Christians, led to <a name="page7"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 7</span>the speedy decline of their mythology -in Britain, where indeed it appears never to have taken any deep -root. The growing power of truth supplanted Pagan -superstition, and the zeal of the Christian converts, speedily -destroyed the statues and altars of its deities, which yet -existed in this Island as memorials of its conquest by Roman -arms. “Here had been within the bounds of Britain, -saith our stories, before the time of King Lucius, whose reign -began about the year 179, flamines and arch-flamines, who were -governors over others, the priests of that religion, which the -people in their Paganism did profess, as idolatry hath ever made -a counterfeit show of the true service of God; and when Lucius -was converted to the Christian faith, to enlarge the power of -Christian knowledge and settle a government in the Church of -Christ, abolishing those seats of heathenish idolators, he took -advantage of the temples and other conveniences, wickedly used by -them, to turn them to the true service of God and Christ; and -therefore ordained in England three Archbishops and twenty-eight -Bishops; one of which Archbishops he placed at London, to whom -was subject Cornwall, &c., &c., and the third was the -Archbishop Caerleon, that is Chester. Thus far I note only -to show that when Lucius began the Christian religion, it may -appear that both Chester had been a place for the Arch-flamines -in the time of Paganism, and was also an Archbishop’s see -at the first plantation of the truth.”</p> -<p><a name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>The -ground on which the temple of Apollo once stood (if the tradition -be trustworthy) was occupied early in the second century by a -monastery dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, “which was -the mother church and burial place to all Chester, and seven -miles about Chester, and so continued for the space of 300 years -and more.” To this monastery (according to Bradshaw -the monk) the relics of St. Werburgh, daughter of Wulphere, King -of Mercia, were removed from Hanbury in 875, for fear of an -incursion of the Danes, and here re-buried with great pomp; a -ceremony usually called “the translation of the -body.” The same author informs us that the army of -Griffin, King of Wales, was stricken with blindness for their -sacrilegious boldness, in attempting to disturb these sainted -remains. This and other reputed miracles of St. Werburgh -appear to have induced the celebrated Ethelfleda, Countess of -Mercia, to translate the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul, to -the centre of the city, and to erect on its site a convent or -monastery of secular nuns, dedicated to St. Werburgh and St. -Oswald. Earl Leofric was a great benefactor to this -foundation, having repaired its decayed buildings at his own -expense: and in 1093, when (says Rodolphus Glaber) “princes -strove <i>a vie</i> that cathedral churches and minsters should -be erected in a more decent and seemly form, and when Christendom -roused as it were herself, and, casting away her old habiliments, -did put on every where the bright and <a name="page9"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 9</span>white robe of the churches,” -Hugh Lupus expelled the canons secular, and laid the foundation -of a magnificent building, the remains of which are still -existing; it was established by him as an Abbey of Benedictine -Monks from Bec in Normandy, to pray (as the foundation charter -expresses it) “for the soul of William their King, and -those of King William his most noble father, his mother Queen -Maud, his brothers and sisters, King Edward the Confessor, -themselves the founders, and those of their fathers, mothers, -antecessors, heirs, parents and barons, and of all christians as -well living as deceased.” The confirmation charter by -the second Ranulf (surnamed De Gernon or Gernons), Earl of -Chester, in which the grant of Hugh Lupus is recapitulated, is in -the possession of the Marquis of Westminster, by whose kindness, -this most important and interesting instrument, has been lent for -the use of the Archæological Association, and has just been -published in the pages of their journal. It is most -beautifully written in columns or pages, for the facility of -reading. The charter occupies nine, and commences with the -copy of the original grant of “Hugone Cestreasi comite, -anno ab incarnatione Domini milesimo nonugesimo” to the -Abbey of St. Werburgh, which was witnessed by Anselm, Archbishop -of Canterbury, followed by the grants of several of the other -witnesses, and it concludes by the confirmation of them all by -the second Ranulf: (“Ego secundus Ranulfus comes -Cæstrie <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -10</span>concedo et confirmo hos omnibus donationes quos mei -antecessores vel barones eor’m dederunt,”) with -additional grants from himself. Anselm, Abbot of Bec, -afterward Archbishop of Canterbury, regulated the new foundation -and appointed Richard his chaplain the first abbot.</p> -<p>Hugh Lupus, following the example of most of his predecessors, -lived a life of the wildest luxury and rapine. At length, -falling sick from the consequence of his excesses, and age and -disease coming on, the old hardened soldier was struck with -remorse; and—an expiation common enough in those -days—the great Hugh Lupus took the cowl, retired in the -last state of disease into the monastery, and in three days was -no more.</p> -<p>The Abbey was so richly endowed by the founder and his -successors, that at the dissolution, its revenues amounted to no -less a sum than £1,073 17s. 7d. per annum.</p> -<p>Peter of Lichfield appears to have been the first Bishop who -fixed his seat at Chester, having removed hither from Lichfield -in 1075. But his successor, Robert de Lindsey, removed the -seat of the see to Coventry in 1095, from whence it was brought -back to Lichfield in the reign of Henry 1st. From this -latter period until the dissolution, the Bishops of this diocese -took their titles from Coventry, Lichfield, or Chester, according -as they fixed their residences, those cities being then all -included in the same bishoprick. <a name="page11"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 11</span>In the year 1540, in the reign of -Henry 8th, monasteries were suppressed, and that of St. Werburgh -shared the fate of the others. An impartial examination -into this eventful period of our history, gives a painful -exhibition of the precipitate haste and questionable motive with -which these measures were carried into execution, while at the -same time we are fully alive to all the important advantages in -which they resulted. “It is painful to read, or to -imagine, the ruthless violence and wanton waste with which the -measures of the Reformation were carried into effect; and we must -long mourn for what we lost on that occasion, while we rejoice in -what we gained. Recognizing to the largest extent the -blessings of the Reformation, believing that it was the source of -civil as well as of religious liberty, and that the present proud -position of England arises from the effort then made by men to -burst the bonds in which it had been held;—admitting all -this, it is impossible to deny that the work of reformation was -often urged forward by motives of a baser kind than the love of -truth; and it is impossible not to regret the unsparing zeal and -brutal violence with which it was carried on.” Before -proceeding to describe the important changes which transpired -under the reign of Henry the 8th, it may not be unsuitable or -without interest, to introduce a biographical list of the lordly -abbots who presided over this ancient institution:—</p> -<blockquote><p><i>Richard</i>, 1st Abbot, had been monk of Bec, -in <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -12</span>Normandy, and chaplain to Anselm. He died April -26, 1117, and was buried in the east angle of the south -cloister.</p> -<p><i>William</i>, 2nd abbot, is stated in the charlutary to be -elected abbot in 1121, the government of the church having been -perhaps intermediately confided to Robert the prior, who died in -1120. He died 11th non. Oct. 1140, and was buried at the -head of his predecessor.</p> -<p><i>Ralph</i>, 3rd abbot, elected 11 cal. Feb. in the same -year. He died Nov. 16, 1157, and was buried at the head of -abbot Richard, and at the left side of abbot William.</p> -<p><i>Robert Fitz-Nigel</i>, 4th abbot, supposed to be of the -family of the barons of Halton, elected 1157, received the -bishop’s benediction at Lichfield on the day of St. -Nicholas. He died in 1174, and was buried in the east -cloister under a marble stone to the right hand of the entrance -to the chapter-house.</p> -<p><i>Robert</i>, 5th abbot, elected on St. Werburgh’s day, -3 non. Feb. 1174, received the benediction in the church of St. -John, at Chester, on the day of St. Agatha the Virgin. This -abbot obtained a bull from Pope Clement, confirming the -possessions of the abbey, and granting various privileges; and -died 2 cal. Sep. 1184, on which the king took the abbey into his -hands, and committed the custody of it to Thomas de -Husseburne.</p> -<p><i>Robert de Hastings</i>, 6th abbot, in 1186, was placed in -this abbey by Henry II. and Baldwin, archbishop of -Canterbury. He received the benediction at Canterbury, from -the hands of Baldwin, whom he had the honour of entertaining as -legate, at Chester, in the next year, from St. John’s-day -to the following Sunday. This appointment was opposed by -earl Randal, and after much controversy before Hubert, archbishop -of Canterbury, Hastings was deposed, on the condition of Geoffry, -who was elected in his room, <a name="page13"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 13</span>paying him an annual pension of xx. -marks. This abbot was buried at the head of his -predecessors, William and Ralph, in the south cloister.</p> -<p><i>Geoffrey</i> 7th abbot, was confirmed on the deposition of -Hastings in 1194. The situation (from a document contained -in the red book of the abbey) appears not to have been -particularly enviable at this period. The greater part of -the church was in ruins, and the rebuilding had proceeded no -further than the choir, from want of money. The inroads of -the Welsh had deprived the monks of a valuable rectory and two -manors, and the inundations of the sea had been equally fatal in -Wirral and Ince. Abbot Geoffry died May 7, 1208, and was -buried in the chapter-house, on the left hand of the entrance, -near the door.</p> -<p><i>Hugh Grylle</i>, 8th abbot, was elected 1208. He -occurs as a witness to the marriage covenant of John, Earl of -Chester, with Helen, daughter of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales; and -many grants to the monastery were made in his time. The -repairs of the church were probably completed, and their affairs -in a more prosperous state generally, as Earl Randal grants to -this abbot and his convent a permission to extend their buildings -in the direction of the Northgate. Grylle died April 21, -1226, and was buried in the Chapter-house, under the second arch -from the door, on the left hand side of the feet of Geoffry.</p> -<p><i>William Marmion</i>, 9th Abbot, succeeded in 1226, and died -in 1228. His place of interment is stated to be in the -cloister, close to Robert Fitz-nigel, on the left hand side of -him. The name of this abbot occurs in a very curious -document, relative to the office of hereditary cook of the -abbey.</p> -<p><i>Walter Pincebech</i>, 10th abbot, received the benediction -in London, on Michaelmas-day, 1228. This abbot is witness -to the contract between Randal Blundeville and Roger de Maresey, -respecting the lands between Ribble and Mersey, anno 1232. -He <a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -14</span>continued to hold the abbey till 1240, when he was -interred in the Chapter-house, at the head of Hugh Grylle. -A short time before his death, he appropriated the rectory of -Church Shotwick to support the increase of the kitchen expenses -of the convent, occasioned by adding six monks to the previous -number.</p> -<p><i>Robert Frind</i>, 11th Abbot, was consecrated at Coventry, -by Hugh de Pateshul, bishop of that see, on St. Matthew’s -day, 1240. He died 1249, and was buried in the -Chapter-house, under the second arch, on the right hand of the -door. This abbot added the appropriation of the chapel of -Wervin to the funds of the kitchen, in consequence of having -increased the number of his monks to forty.</p> -<p><i>Thomas Capenhurst</i>, 12th abbot, succeeded in 1249. -He was of the family of the mesne lords of Capenhurst, and had to -struggle with a series of powerful enemies of the convent. -The first was Roger de Montalt, justiciary of Chester, who -endeavoured by means of the additional power which he enjoyed by -his office, to wrest from the abbey restitution of the manors of -Lawton, and Goosetrey, and the churches of Bruera, Neston, and -Coddington, which had been given by his ancestors to the -abbey. A portion of these possessions was occupied by an -armed force, and the business was only compromised by severe -sacrifices on the part of the monks. The resignation of -Bretton manor is the only one noticed in the chronicle of the -abbey, but the chartulary mentions several other losses, to which -may certainly be added, that of Lea, in Broxton hundred, of which -the Montalts had afterwards possession. The chronicle does -not fail to notice the judgments of heaven on Roger de Montalt, -that his eldest son died within fifteen days after the -compromise, and that Roger himself died of want, his burial place -remaining unknown unto the common people. A similar attempt -to recover Astbury, was made by Roger Venables in 1259, <a -name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>and according -to the Chronicle, was attended with an equal interposition of -Providence, the Baron of Kinderton dying the year after. In -1263, another contest arose between the abbot and William la -Zuche, justiciary, who occupied the abbey with an armed force, -and proceeded to extremities of insult, which occasioned all the -churches in Chester to be laid under an interdict. In the -next year the gardens and buildings of the abbey in -“Baggelon” were destroyed to facilitate the -strengthening of Chester against a siege, which was apprehended -from the barons and the Welshmen. Capenhurst survived this -last grievance only one year, and dying 4 cal. May, 1265, was -buried at the head of his predecessor, on the right hand of the -entrance into the chapter-house. It is observable that -however violent the measures were, to which the laity resorted at -this period, for the purpose of wresting back from the church the -possessions which the liberality of their ancestors had bestowed -on it, the regular clergy themselves were little more scrupulous; -witness the circumstances noticed in the contest between the -abbots of Basingwerk and Chester, for the rectory of West Kirby, -in which Ralph de Montalt, presented by this abbot, is positively -stated to have been put into possession of his rectory in war -time, by absolute force of arms.</p> -<p><i>Simon de Albo Monasterio</i>, or <i>Whitchurch</i>, who had -previously been a monk of this abbey, succeeded as 13th abbot, -and if we may judge from the frequent occurrence of his name in -the abbey chartulary, was one of the most active heads this -monastery ever enjoyed. He was regularly elected by the -entire convent xv. cal. May, 1265, in the 45th year of his age, -and the 22nd after assuming the cowl, Simon de Montford being -then usurper of the Earldom of Chester. His admission was -opposed by Lucas de Taney, Justiciary of Chester, who kept the -abbey open for three weeks, and taking the revenues into his <a -name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>hands, wasted -them by the most scandalous profligacy. Simon de Montfort, -however, much to his honour, on hearing the circumstances, -admitted the abbot, and directed Lucas de Taney to make ample -compensation to the abbey, after which Roger de Menland, then -bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, confirmed his election at -Tachebrook, on Whit-Monday, and Simon de Montford having invested -him with the temporalities at Hereford the Monday following, the -new abbot received the benediction from his before-mentioned -diocesan at Tachebrooke, on Trinity Sunday. On this same -day the partizans of Prince Edward laid siege to Chester Castle, -and a reverse of fortune speedily taking place, the election of -the abbot was declared void by the lawful earl, as having been -unratified by himself. The abbot, however, made his peace -with Prince Edward at Beeston, and compensation was made him at -the instance of James de Audley, Justiciary, even to the -replacing from the stores in the Castle, two casks of wine, which -had been consumed by the Prince’s attendants, during his -deposition. The struggles between the laity and the clergy, -which are particularly observable in the documents of Vale Royal -and this monastery, about this period, and had so peculiarly -disquieted the abbacy of Thomas de Capenhurst, were continued in -that of his successor. Philip Burnel, and his wife -Isabella, baroness of Malpas, attempted to recover the manors of -Saighton, Huntington, Cheveley, and Boughton, a domain as -desirable to the abbey, from its richness as its contiguity to -Chester. After a protracted contest, the claimants released -their right to abbot Simon in the king’s court at -Westminster, in 1281, in the royal presence, but the monks -purchased the compliance by a bond for the payment of £200 -sterling. The chartulary states that the influence of -Robert Burnel, bishop of Bath and Wells, and uncle to the -claimant, was corruptly used in obtaining this bond: payment <a -name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 17</span>was, however, -never made, for the abbot had shortly afterwards the address to -procure a release, on stipulating for the maintenance of two -chaplains to pray for the soul of the said Philip Burnel for -ever. Among the following donations by the family of -Burnel, was the grant of a fountain at Christleton, which was -doubtless of high importance. A cistern twenty feet square -was made at Christleton, and another formed within the cloisters, -and a communication established by pipes, which a patent from -Edward I. enabled the monks to carry through all intervening -lands, permitting even the city walls to be taken down for the -purpose. It is observable that a forester of Delamere, -Randle de Mereton, whose estate was trespassed on in consequence -of this order, ventured on cutting off the pipes which the abbots -had laid, for which he was ordered to make reparation by a royal -mandate, 13 Edward I. This abbot departed this life April -24, 1289, aged 69, and was interred in the chapter house, on the -south side, under a marble stone, within an arch supported by six -marble pillars. During this abbacy, the monastery, or a -considerable portion thereof, was re-built, as appears by -precepts directed to Reginald de Grey, 12 Edward I. to allow -venison from the forests of Delamere and Wirral for the support -of the monks then occupied “on the great work of the -building of the church.” Abbot Simon also -appropriated a large share of the revenues of the abbey to the -several uses of the infirmary, the kitchen, the refectory, and -the distribution of alms, as specified in the chartulary. -After the death of Simon de Whitchurch, the king retained the -abbey in his hands for two years.</p> -<p><i>Thomas de Byrche-Hylles</i>, a chaplain of his predecessor, -succeeded as 14th abbot, Jan. 30, 1291. He died 1323, and -was buried on the south side of the choir, above the -bishop’s throne, nearly in the line of the pillars. -On his gravestone was a brass plate <a name="page18"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 18</span>with his effigies, and in this spot -his body was found in almost complete preservation, on opening a -grave for the remains of dean Smith, in 1787.</p> -<p><i>William de Bebington</i>, 15th abbot, previously prior of -the monastery, was elected abbot Feb. 5, 1324. In 1345, he -obtained the mitre for himself and his successors, and in the -year following, an exemption from the visitation. He died -Nov. 20, 1349, and was buried on the right side of his -predecessor.</p> -<p><i>Richard Seynesbury</i>, 16th abbot, was elected 1349. -In 1359, he stated the privileges of his abbey in plea to a writ -of quo warranto. In 1362, about the feast of the -Annunciation, the abbot of St. Alban’s, provincial -president of the Benedictines, the prior of Coventry, and the -superior of St. Alban’s, visited Chester Abbey as -commissioners, deputed by the abbot of Evesham. In -consequence of this visitation, Richard de Seynesbury, who -(according to the chronicle) was fearful of a scrutiny into his -offences and excessive dilapidations, resigned his abbey into the -hands of the pope, as the abbey, being an exempt, was under the -papal protection. An inquiry into his conduct was -instituted at Rome; and in the following year pope Urban admitted -the abbot’s resignation, and conferred the office on his -successor. This abbot died in Lombardy.</p> -<p><i>Thomas de Newport</i>, 17th abbot, received the benediction -in the papal court on the feast of the Annunciation, and was -installed at Chester on the day of St. Remigius following. -This abbot died at his manor house of Little Sutton, in Wirral, -June 1, 1385, and was buried in the chapter-house, within the -inner door, with his effigy in brass upon the stone.</p> -<p><i>William de Mershton</i>, 18th abbot, formerly a monk of -this convent, was elected abbot July 30, 1385. He died on -the 13th of January following, and was buried without the choir, -on the right of William de Bebington, in the south aisle.</p> -<p><a name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -19</span><i>Henry de Sutton</i>, 19th abbot. He occurs as -abbot in 1410, which was the 24th year of his presiding over this -monastery, as appears by the pleas of the abbey, holden over the -monastery gate, before Nicholas Fare, the abbot’s -seneschal. This abbot was for a time justice of Chester, -and in 1399 had license to fortify his three manor-houses at -Little Sutton, Saighton, and Ince. He was buried in the -broad aisle, close to the north side of the south pillar, next to -the entrance into the choir, before a painting formerly called -the piety of St. Mary.</p> -<p><i>Thomas Yerdesley</i>, 20th abbot, occurs as abbot in -several portmote pleadings 7 Henry V. and is mentioned also -several times in the reign of Henry VI. He was one of the -justices in commission to hold assizes for the county, and dying -1434, was buried under a marble stone on the north side of the -choir, above the shrine of St. Werburgh.</p> -<p><i>John Salghall</i>, 21st abbot, suffered excommunication in -1440, for not appearing in convocation after being personally -cited; but afterwards appearing and pleading exemption, he was -absolved. This abbot died in 1450, and was buried in St. -Mary’s chapel, between two pillars on the south side, under -an alabaster stone, which had his effigy in brass fixed upon -it. The site of his interment was formerly called the -chapel of St. Erasmus.</p> -<p><i>Richard Oldham</i>, 22nd abbot, 1452; about twenty years -afterwards he was promoted to the bishopric of the Isle of Man, -and dying Oct. 13, 1485, was buried at Chester abbey; a short -time before which he was indicted in the portmote court, for -removing the city boundaries about the Northgate, and at the same -time (21 Edw. iv,) ‘divers wymen’ were indicted, who -were the paramours ‘of the monks of Chester.’</p> -<p><i>Simon Ripley</i>, 23rd abbot, rebuilt the nave, tower, and -south transept of the abbey, and probably commenced the great -plan of alterations and improvements <a name="page20"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 20</span>which were interrupted by the -reformation. This abbot also rebuilt or considerably -improved the great manor-house at Saighton, the embattled tower -of which is still remaining. He died at Warwick, August 30, -1492, and was buried in the collegiate church there. On the -north side of the north-east large pillar, supporting the central -tower, was formerly painted the history of the transfiguration, -in which was introduced a figure of this abbot under a canopy, -with a book in one hand, the other lifted up in the act of -blessing, and the ring upon the fourth finger.</p> -<p><i>John Birchenshaw</i> was appointed 24th abbot by the Pope, -Oct. 4, 1493. He is supposed by Willis to have been a -native of Wales, from his name appearing in an inscription on the -great bell of Conway church. His attention, like that of -his predecessor, was turned to restoring the magnificence of the -buildings of the abbey. The beautiful western entrance is -his work, and he doubtless intended to have added two western -towers to this great entrance, of one of which he laid the -foundations in 1508. The half of Ince manor-house is -apparently in the style of this abbot’s time; and for the -further improvement of Saighton manor-house, which had already -been sumptuously restored by his predecessor, he obtained, 6 -Henry VIII. the royal licence to impark 1000 acres in Huntington, -Cheveley, and Saighton. At the same time he had charter of -free warren granted in all his lands in Cheshire, not being -parcel of the king’s forests. In the year 1511, in -the mayoralty of Thomas Smith, violent dissensions had arisen -between the city and this abbot. Thomas Hyphile, and Thomas -Marshall, were successively appointed, and acted as abbots in his -room. After a contest, however, which lasted many years, -Birchenshaw was restored about 1530, and is supposed to have -enjoyed his abbacy to the time of his death, which happened about -seven years afterwards. In 1516, a commission was issued at -<a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>Rome to -Thomas, Cardinal of York, to hear and make award between Geoffry, -Bishop of Lichfield, and this abbot, respecting the use of the -mitre, crosier, and other pontificals, and the giving the -blessing.</p> -<p><i>John Clarke</i>, 25th and last abbot (omitting Hyphile and -Marshall), was elected about the year 1537. He had the good -fortune to comply with the wishes of his sovereign at the -dissolution, and accordingly was suffered to retain the -government of the dissolved abbey of St. Werburgh, under the -character of dean of the new cathedral, which King Henry -established within its walls. At the dissolution, the clear -yearly value of the abbey was £889 18s. <a -name="citation21"></a><a href="#footnote21" -class="citation">[21]</a> The monks had also the patronage -of several rich unappropriated rectories. Their lands -extended over various parts of Cheshire and other counties, but -in Wirral created an overwhelming influence, and extended in -almost an unbroken ring round the city of Chester. Many -considerable families held lands by the tenure of various offices -in the abbey. The manorial lord of Burwardsley was their -champion; and a valuable rectory (Ince) was appropriated to the -uses of the almoner. The Earl of Derby was seneschal at the -time of the dissolution. By a charter of one of the earls -of the name of Randal, the abbots were directed at any period to -have their mansion-houses fitted up in a state fit to receive the -abbot’s retinue and to be the seats of the courts; and by -licence from the bishops of Lichfield, oratories were also -established in these manor-houses. Irby, Bromborough, -Sutton, and Saighton, appear to have been the principal ones at -an early period. The three first were the original seats of -the courts held for the Wirral manor, and Saighton occurs in a -licence for fortifying by Edward I. noticed in the -chartulary. By a subsequent licence for fortifying, 19 -Richard II. it appears that Sutton, Saighton, and Ince, had then -<a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>become the -principal manorial residences, and these continued such to the -dissolution.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>On the general dissolution of the monasteries, Chester was -erected into an independent bishoprick, and St. Werburgh’s -was converted into a Cathedral Church, which it has ever since -remained. It was dedicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin -Mary; and a dean and six prebendaries installed in it, Thomas -Clarke, the last abbot, being appointed the first dean.</p> -<p>By charter of endowment, dated 5th August, 1541, Henry VIII. -granted to the Bishop of Chester and his successors the -Archdeaconries of Chester and Richmond, with all their -appurtenances, rights, &c.; the Manors of Abbots Cotton in -the county of Chester; lands in the parishes of St. Mary, St. -Martin, St. Michael, St. Werburgh, and Trinity in the city of -Chester; city lands in Mancot, Harden, Christleton, Nantwich, -Northwich, Middlewich, Over, Wollaston, Neston, Heswell, Bidston, -Sandbach, Thornton, Eccleston, Rosthern and Davenham; parcel of -the late Monastery of St. Werburgh; the advowson of Over Rectory; -pensions issuing out of Handley Rectory, Budworth Chapel, and -Bidston Rectory; parcel of Birkenhead Abbey; the advowsons of -Tattenhall and Waverton; rectories of Clapham, Esingwold, -Thornton, Stuart, Bolton-in-Lonsdale, Bolton-le-Moors, and -prebend of Bolton-le-Moors in Lichfield Cathedral; and the Manor -of Weston in the county of Derby.</p> -<p>But the See of Chester did not long remain in possession <a -name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>of these rich -endowments, for in 1546 the arbitrary and avaricious Henry -despoiled the Bishopric of the manors and real estates narrated -in the above charter of endowment, and in lieu thereof compelled -the Bishop to accept of the rectories and advowsons of Cottingham -in Yorkshire, Kirby, Ravensworth, Pabrick, Brompton, Wirklington, -Ribchester, Chipping Mottram, and Bradley in Staffordshire, -Castleton in Derbyshire, and Wallasey, Weverham, Backford, and -Boden in Cheshire, paying as a chief rent £15 19s. 9d.</p> -<p>The endowments made by Henry VIII. to the Deanery of Chester, -consisted of manors and lands to the yearly value of £563 -3s. 8d., besides spiritualities to the value of £358 10s. -2d. But these splendid gifts were not destined to remain -long in possession of the Dean and Chapter. In 1550 Sir -Robert Cotton, Comptroller of the Household to Edward VI., having -procured the imprisonment of the Dean and two Prebendaries, -obtained from them a deed of surrender of the Deanery estates in -his own favour. The estates so obtained were disposed of by -Cotton in fee farm to certain gentlemen in Cheshire at very low -prices. But the Chapter having discovered some years -afterwards that the original grant of Henry VIII. was null -through the omission of the word -“<i>Cestriæ</i>” in the description of the -grantees, they petitioned the Queen to re-grant to them the -estates illegally obtained by Cotton as before mentioned; and -their petition was twice argued in the Court of Exchequer. -<a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>But the -gentlemen to whom Cotton had sold the lands, apprehensive of the -issue, bestowed a bribe of six years’ rent upon Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the then all-powerful favourite of -Queen Elizabeth, who, thus stimulated, prevailed with the Queen -to put a stop to the proceedings in the Exchequer, and <i>grant a -commission to him</i> and certain other Privy Councillors to hear -and determine the matters at issue between the parties. The -result was, that in 1580 the charter of Henry VIII. was recalled, -and the estates confirmed to the fee farmers, on payment of -certain rents, with which, and a few impropriations, the Queen by -advice of the Earl and his coadjutors, re-endowed the -Chapter.</p> -<p>The following is a list of the Bishops, with the date of their -consecration, from the foundation of the see in 1541, to the -present time, for which we are mainly indebted to the valuable -foot notes appended to Gastrell’s Notitia.</p> -<p>John Bird, D.D. descended from an ancient family in Cheshire, -educated as a Carmelite Friar at Oxford, and distinguished there -by his learning and zeal. In 1516 he became provincial of -the order of Carmelites throughout England, which office Godwin -erroneously states he held at the dissolution of the -monasteries. Bird did not advocate the king’s -supremacy, until he found that the pope’s power was waning, -when Henry 8th appointed him one of his chaplains, and thus -confirmed his hitherto wavering opinions. He was soon after -consecrated Bishop of Ossery, from which he was translated in -1539 to Bangor, and <a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -25</span>thence to Chester in 1541. On Queen Mary’s -accession, he accommodated himself to the changes which were -introduced, but could not preserve his see, of which he was -deprived in 1553, in consequence of his being married. Wood -states that the Bishop, after his deprivation, lived in obscurity -at Chester, and, dying there in 1556, was buried in the -Cathedral. Bishop Bird was a learned man, and published -several short discourses in Latin and English. Posterity, -however, would have thought more favourably of him, had he not -alienated some of the revenues of his see, and made leases -injurious to his successors.</p> -<p>George Coates was B.A. in 1522, when he was elected -Probationer Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He -afterwards became a Fellow of Magdalene College in the same -university; M.A. 1526, Proctor 1531, and elected Master of -Balliol in 1539. He was also Rector of Cotgrove, near -Nottingham, and became Prebendary of Chester in 1544; and on the -1st of April, 1554, was consecrated Bishop of Chester. He -did not long survive his last appointment, as he died at Chester -in the year 1555, very shortly after he had condemned George -Marsh to the fires of martyrdom at Boughton. This intrepid -martyr regarded his faith as being too precious to be sacrificed, -even to save his life. He held his principles with -unflinching steadfastness; they were the ripened convictions of -his judgment—the pabulum of his inward life—and he -nobly maintained them, even to the death.</p> -<p><a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>The -following account is given by Foxe of the life and persecutions -of this faithful and holy man:—</p> -<blockquote><p>George Marsh was born in the parish of Dean, in -the county of Lancaster, and, having received a good education, -his parents brought him up in the habits of trade and -industry. About the 25th year of his age, he married a -young woman of the country; with whom he continued living upon a -farm, having several children. His wife dying, he having -formed a proper establishment for his children, went into the -university of Cambridge, where he studied, and much increased in -learning, and was a minister of God’s holy word and -sacraments, and was for awhile curate to the Rev. Laurence -Saunders. In this situation he continued for a time, -earnestly setting forth the true religion, to the weakening of -false doctrine, by his godly readings and sermons, as well there -and in the parish of Dean, as elsewhere in Lancashire. But -such a zealous protestant could hardly be safe. At length -he was apprehended, and kept close prisoner in Chester, by the -bishop of that see, about the space of four months, not being -permitted to have the relief and comfort of his friends; but -charge being given unto the porter, to mark who they were that -asked for him, and to signify their names to the bishop.</p> -<p>He was afterwards sent to Lancaster castle; and being brought -with other prisoners to the sessions, he was made to hold up his -hand with the malefactors; when the Earl of Derby had the -following conversation with him, which is given to us partly in -his own expressive and unaffected language.</p> -<p>“I told his lordship, that I had not dwelt in the -country these three or four years past, and came home but lately -to visit my mother, children, and other friends, and that I meant -to have departed out of the country before Easter, and to have -gone out of the realm. Wherefore I trusted, seeing nothing -could be laid against me, wherein I had offended against the -laws, that his lordship would not with captious questions examine -me, to bring my body into danger of death, to the great -discomfort of my mother. On the earl asking me into what -land I would have gone? I answered, I would have gone -either into Germany, or else into Denmark. He said to his -council, that in Denmark they used such heresy as they have done -in England: but as for Germany the emperor had destroyed it.</p> -<p>“I then said that I trusted, as his lordship had been of -the honourable council of the late king Edward, consenting and -agreeing to acts concerning faith towards God and religion, under -great pain, would not so soon after consent to put poor men to -shameful deaths for believing what he had then professed. -<a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>To this he -answered that he, with the lord Windsor, lord Dacres, and others, -did not consent to those acts, and that their refusal would be -seen as long as the parliament-house stood. He then -rehearsed the misfortune of the dukes of Northumberland and -Suffolk, with others, because they favoured not the true -religion; and again the prosperity of the queen’s highness, -because she favoured the true religion; thereby gathering the one -to be good, and of God, and the other to be wicked, and of the -devil; and said that the duke of Northumberland confessed so -plainly.”</p> -<p>And thus have you heard the whole trouble which George Marsh -sustained both at Latham and also at Lancaster. While at -Latham it was falsely reported that he had consented, and agreed -in all things with the earl and his council; and while at -Lancaster, many came to talk with him, giving him such counsel as -Peter gave Christ: but he answered that he could not follow their -counsel, but that by God’s grace he would live and die with -a pure conscience, and as hitherto he had believed and -professed.</p> -<p>Within a few days after, the said Marsh was removed from -Lancaster; and coming to Chester, was sent for by Dr. Cotes, then -bishop, to appear before him in his hall, nobody being present -but they twain. Then he asked him certain questions -concerning the sacrament, and Marsh made such answers as seemed -to content the bishop, saving that he utterly denied -transubstantiation, and allowed not the abuse of the mass, nor -that the lay people should receive under one kind only, contrary -to Christ’s institution: in which points the bishop went -about to persuade him, howbeit, (God be thanked,) all in -vain. Much other talk he had with him, to move him to -submit himself to the universal church of Rome; and when he could -not prevail he sent him to prison again. And after, being -there, came to him divers times, one Massie, a fatherly old man, -one Wrench the schoolmaster, one Hensham the bishop’s -chaplain, and the archdeacon, with many more; who, with much -philosophy, worldly wisdom, and deceitful vanity, after the -tradition of men, but not after Christ, endeavoured to persuade -him to submit himself to the church of Rome, to acknowledge the -pope as its head, and to interpret the Scripture no otherwise -than that church did.</p> -<p>To these Mr. Marsh answered, that he did acknowledge and -believe one only catholic and apostolic church, without which -there is no salvation; and that this church is but one, because -it ever hath confessed and shall confess and believe one only -God, and one only Messiah, and in him only trust for salvation: -which church also is ruled and led by one Spirit, one <a -name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>word, and one -faith; and that this church is universal and catholic, because it -ever hath been since the world’s beginning, is, and shall -endure to the world’s end, and comprehending within it all -nations, kindreds, and languages, degrees, states, and conditions -of men: and that this church is built only upon the foundations -of the prophets and apostles, Jesus Christ himself being the -chief corner stone, and not upon the Romish laws and decrees, -whose head the bishop of Rome was. And where they said the -church did stand in ordinary succession of bishops, being ruled -by general councils, holy fathers, and the laws of the holy -church, and so had continued for the space of fifteen hundred -years and more; he replied that the holy church, which is the -body of Christ, and therefore most worthy to be called holy, was -before any succession of bishops, general councils, or Romish -decrees: neither was it bound to any time or place, ordinary -succession, or traditions of fathers; nor had it any supremacy -over empires and kingdoms; but it was a poor simple flock, -dispersed abroad, as sheep without a shepherd in the midst of -wolves; or as a family of orphans and fatherless children: and -that this church was led and ruled by the word of Christ, he -being the supreme head of this church, and assisting, succouring, -and defending it from all assaults, errors and persecutions, -wherewith it is ever encompassed about.</p> -<p>After the bishop of Chester had taken pleasure in punishing -his prisoner, and often reviling him, giving taunts and odious -names of heretic, &c., he caused him to be brought forth into -a chapel in the cathedral church, called Our Lady Chapel, before -him the said bishop, at two o’clock in the afternoon; when -were also present the mayor of the city, Dr. Wall and other -priests assisting him, George Wensloe, chancellor, and one John -Chetham, registrar. Then they caused George Marsh to take -an oath to answer truly unto such articles as should be objected -against him. Upon which oath taken, the chancellor laid -unto his charge, that he had preached and openly published most -heretically and blasphemously, within the parishes of Dean, -Eccles, Bolton, Bury, and many other parishes within the -bishop’s diocese, in the months of January and February -last preceding, directly against the pope’s authority, and -catholic church of Rome, the blessed mass, the sacrament of the -altar, and many other articles. Unto all which in sum he -answered, that he neither heretically nor blasphemously preached -or spake against any of the said articles; but simply and truly, -as occasion served, and as it were thereunto forced in -conscience, maintained the truth respecting the same articles, as -he said all now present did likewise acknowledge in the time of -King Edward VI.</p> -<p><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>Then -they examined him severally of every article, and bade him answer -Yes, or No, without equivocation; for they were come to examine, -and not to dispute at that present. He accordingly answered -them every article very modestly, agreeably to the doctrine by -public authority received and taught in this realm at the death -of King Edward; which answers were every one written by the -registrar, to the uttermost that could make against him. -This ended, he was returned to his prison again.</p> -<p>Within three weeks after this, in the said chapel, and in like -sort as before, the bishop and others before named, there being -assembled, he was again brought before them. Then the -chancellor, by way of an oration, declared unto the people -present, that the bishop had done what he could in showing his -charitable disposition towards Marsh, but that all that he could -do would not help; so that he was now determined, if Marsh would -not relent and abjure, to pronounce sentence definitive against -him. Wherefore he bade George Marsh to be now well advised -what he would do, for it stood upon his life; and if he would not -at that present forsake his heretical opinions, it would, (after -the sentence given) be too late, though he might never so gladly -desire it.</p> -<p>Then the chancellor read all his answers that he made at his -former examination; and at every one he asked, whether he would -stick to the same, or no? To which he answered again, -“Yea, yea.” Here also others took occasion to -ask him (for that he denied the bishop of Rome’s authority -in England) whether Linus, Anacletus, and Clement, that were -bishops of Rome, were not good men, and he answered, “Yes, -and divers others. But,” said he, “they claimed -no more authority in England than the bishop of Canterbury doth -at Rome; and I strive not with the place, neither speak I against -the person or the bishop, but against his doctrine; which in most -points is repugnant to the doctrine of Christ.” -“Thou art an arrogant fellow indeed, then,” said the -bishop. “In what article is the doctrine of the -church of Rome repugnant to the doctrine of Christ?”</p> -<p>To whom George Marsh said, “O my lord, I pray you judge -not so of me; I stand now upon the point of life and death: and a -man in my case hath no cause to be arrogant, neither am I, God is -my record. And as concerning the disagreement of the -doctrine, among many other things, the church of Rome erreth in -the sacrament. For Christ, in the institution thereof, did -as well deliver the cup as the bread, saying, ‘Drink ye all -of this,’ and St. Mark reporteth that they <i>did</i> drink -of it. In like manner St. Paul delivered it unto the -Corinthians. In the same sort also it was used in the <a -name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>primitive -church for the space of many hundred years. Now the church -of Rome doth take away one part of the sacrament from the -laity. Wherefore if I could be persuaded in my conscience -by God’s word that it were well done, I could gladly yield -in this point.” “Then,” said the bishop, -“there is no disputing with a heretic.” -Therefore, when all his answers were ready, he asked him whether -he would stand to the same, or else forsake them, and come unto -the catholic church? to which Mr. Marsh answered, that “he -held no heretical opinion, but utterly abhorred all kinds of -heresy, although they did so slander him. And he desired -all to bear him witness, that in all articles of religion he held -no other opinion than was by law established, and publicly taught -in England at the death of Edward VI.; and in the same pure -religion and doctrine he would, by God’s grace, stand, -live, and die.”</p> -<p>The bishop of Chester then took a writing out of his bosom, -and began to read the sentence of condemnation; but when he had -proceeded half through it, the chancellor called him, and said, -“Good my lord, stay, stay! for if you read any further, it -will be too late to call it again.” The bishop -accordingly stopped, when several priests, and many of the -ignorant people, called upon Mr. Marsh, with many earnest words, -to recant. They bade him kneel down and pray, and they -would pray for him: so they kneeled down, and he desired them to -pray for him, and he would pray for them. When this was -over, the bishop again asked him, whether he would not have the -queen’s mercy in time? he answered, “he gladly -desired the same, and loved her grace as faithfully as any of -them: but yet he durst not deny his Saviour Christ, lest he lose -his mercy everlasting, and so win everlasting death.”</p> -<p>The bishop then proceeded with the sentence for about five or -six lines, when again the chancellor, with flattering words and -smiling countenance, stopped him, and said, “Yet good my -lord, once again stay, for if that word be spoken, all is past, -no relenting will then serve.” Then turning to Mr. -Marsh, he asked, “How sayest thou? wilt thou -recant?” Many of the priests and people again -exhorted him to recant, and save his life. To whom he -answered, “I would as fain live as you, if in so doing I -should not deny my master Christ; but then he would deny me -before his Father in heaven.”</p> -<p>The bishop then read his sentence unto the end, and afterwards -said unto him, “Now, I will no more pray for thee than I -will for a dog.” Mr. Marsh answered, that -notwithstanding, he would pray for his lordship. He was -then delivered to the sheriffs of the city; when his late keeper, -<a name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>finding he -should lose him, said with tears, “Farewell, good -George;” which caused the officers to carry him to a prison -at the north gate, where he was very strictly kept until he went -to his death, during which time he had little comfort or relief -of any creature. For being in the dungeon, or dark prison, -none that would do him good could speak with him, or at least -durst attempt it, for fear of accusation; and some of the -citizens who loved him for the gospel’s sake, although they -were never acquainted with him, would sometimes in the evening -call to him, and ask him how he did. He would answer them -most cheerfully, that he did well, and thanked God highly that he -would vouchsafe of his mercy to appoint him to be a witness of -his truth, and to suffer for the same, wherein he did most -rejoice; beseeching that he would give him grace not to faint -under the cross, but patiently bear the same to his glory, and to -the comfort of his church.</p> -<p>The day of his martyrdom being come, the sheriffs of the city, -with their officers, went to the Northgate, and thence brought -him forth, with a lock upon his feet. As he came on the way -towards the place of execution, some proffered him money, and -looked that he should have gone with a little purse in his hand, -in order to gather money to give unto a priest to say masses for -him after his death; but Mr. Marsh said, he would not be troubled -to receive money, but desired some good man to take it if the -people were disposed to give any, and give it to the prisoners or -the poor. He went all the way reading intently, and many -said, “This man goeth not unto his death as a thief, or as -one that deserveth to die.” On coming to the place of -execution without the city, a deputy chamberlain of Chester -showed Mr. Marsh a writing under a great seal, saying, that it -was a pardon for him if he would recant. He answered, -forasmuch as it tended to pluck him from God, he would not -receive it upon that condition.</p> -<p>He now began to address the people, showing the cause of his -death, and would have exhorted them to be faithful unto Christ, -but one of the sheriffs told him there must be no sermoning -now. He then kneeling down, prayed earnestly, and was then -chained to the post, having a number of fagots under him, and a -barrel with pitch and tar in it over his head. The fire -being unskilfully made, and the wind driving it to and fro, he -suffered great extremity in his death, which notwithstanding he -bore very patiently. When the spectators supposed he had -been dead, suddenly he spread abroad his arms, saying, -“Father of heaven, have mercy upon me,” and so -yielded his spirit into the hands of the Lord. Upon this, -many of the people said he was a martyr, and died marvellously -patient; <a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -32</span>which caused the bishop shortly after to make a sermon -in the cathedral church, and therein to affirm, that the said -Marsh was a heretic, burnt as such, and was then a fire-brand in -hell.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>He was succeeded by Cuthbert Scott, S.T.P. He was -educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, and was appointed -Master of the College in 1553; became Vice-Chancellor of the -University in 1555, and had the temporalities of the see of -Chester delivered to him in 1556. He was an active and -zealous Romanist, and was implicated in the burning of -Bucer’s bones at Cambridge. He was concerned in most -of the political movements of his day, and being disaffected -towards Queen Elizabeth, and opposed to the reformed religion, -was imprisoned in the Fleet in London, from which he escaped, and -died at Louvain about the year 1560.</p> -<p>William Downham, D.D., was born in Norfolk, elected Fellow of -Magdalene College, Oxford, in 1544, and appointed chaplain to the -Lady Elizabeth, who, when queen, nominated him to a Canonry in -Westminster in 1560; and on the 4th May, 1561, he was consecrated -Bishop of Chester. He died in November, 1577, aged 72, and -was buried in the Cathedral of Chester, with a monumental -inscription, preserved by Webb, but the monument itself has long -since perished.</p> -<p>His sons were eminent theologians, and had the merit suitably -rewarded. George Downham became Bishop of Derry, and John -Downham, B.D., a learned writer, had various preferments.</p> -<p><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>William -Chadderton, D.D., was born at Nuthurst, near Manchester. He -was educated at the Grammar School of Manchester, and afterwards -became Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge. In 1567 -he was appointed Regius and Lady Margaret’s Professor of -Divinity, and the following year President of Queen’s -College. Shortly afterwards he became a Canon of -Westminster, and was fortunate in being appointed chaplain to the -royal favourite, Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to whom he was -chiefly indebted for his subsequent promotion. In 1568 he -became Archdeacon of York, and held the dignity for ten -years. In 1579 he was nominated to the see of Chester, -which had been for some time vacant, and in the same year he -accepted the Wardenship of Manchester, where he chiefly -resided. He was a member of the Ecclesiastical Commission -for the North; and it must be admitted that he used considerable -severity towards the Papists, fines and imprisonments being -amongst the strongest arguments he employed to induce that body -to acknowledge the queen’s supremacy. One of the -priests executed at Lancaster, in 1584, as a traitor and rebel, -complained of Chadderton as “a Calvinist, and a false and -cruel Bishop,” charges which lose much of their severity -when proceeding from the friend of Campian and Parsons. -Antony á Wood says, that “the Bishop showed more -respect to a cloak than a cassock,” and there is no doubt -that he was a successful preacher, and a <a -name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 34</span>zealous -puritan; although by a reference to the Act Books of the Bishop -of Chester it will be found that he was strict in enforcing the -use of clerical vestments, and both suspended and deprived some -of his clergy for their disregard of the Rubric. On the 5th -April, 1595, he was translated to Lincoln, when he resigned the -Wardenship of Manchester. He died at Southoe, in -Huntingdonshire, April 11th, 1608.</p> -<p>Hugh Bellot, D.D., second son of Thomas Bellot, Esq., of -Moreton Hall, in the county of Chester. Le Neve says he was -brought up in Queen’s College, Cambridge, though Leycester -gives him to St. John’s. He was Proctor in 1570, and -afterwards Rector of Tydd, near Wisbeach, and Vicar of Gresford, -both in episcopal patronage. He was consecrated Bishop of -Bangor in the year 1585, and translated to Chester June 25th, -1595. He was Bishop of Chester about seven months, and was -buried at Wrexham, in Denbighshire, in 1596, aged 54, where a -monument was erected to his memory by his brother, Cuthbert -Bellot, Prebendary of Chester.</p> -<p>Richard Vaughan, D.D., a native of Caernarvonshire, educated -at St. John’s College, Cambridge, and one of the -queen’s chaplains. He was B.D. in Oct., 1588, when he -was collated by Bishop Aylmer to the Archdeaconry of -Middlesex. He was also a Canon of Wells. He succeeded -Bellot in the see of Bangor, and was also his successor at -Chester, being translated thither, according to Lee, May 16th, -1596, which is <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -35</span>probably the correct date, although the generality of -his biographers state that he did not become Bishop of Chester -until 1597, which might be the date of his consecration. He -was translated to London in 1604, and, dying of apoplexy on the -30th March, 1607, was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral. -Wood says he was accounted an excellent preacher and pious -liver. It appears from the Bishop’s registers that, -like some of his predecessors, he was much concerned to repress -the spirit of insubordination and impatience of episcopal -restraint which he found existing among his clergy. Failing -in his attempts to act as the spiritual adviser and comforter of -his clerical brethren, and to uproot their antipathy to certain -ancient and decent ecclesiastical forms, he frequently cited them -to appear before him in the parish church of Aldford, in which -village he then resided, and publicly vindicated in their -presence the polity of the church. The bishop did not -succeed, however, in removing the scruples of these good men, who -regarded their superior as one who sought to fetter their -independence and destroy their liberty. On the 3rd of Oct. -1604, a large body of Lancashire dissentients appeared before the -bishop at Aldford. They appear to have been men of holy -character, laborious in the discharge of their ministerial -functions in populous parishes, and apparently received kind and -impartial treatment. They were all publicly admonished by -the bishop, and required to conform to the liturgy <a -name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 36</span>and -ceremonies of the church, and also to subscribe, <i>ex animo</i>, -to the three articles in the 36th canon. They were cited to -appear again at the same place on the 28th of November following, -but only one complied with the order. In those days, when -roads were proverbially bad, and public conveyances unknown, a -journey to Aldford must have been attended with serious -inconveniences, especially on a gloomy and boisterous November -day. Burnet says, in reference to these dissentients, that -“they were very factious and insolent.” During -the Episcopate of Bishop Vaughan, the cathedral was much -repaired; he caused the bells to be re-cast and hung in the great -tower; the west roof he had new leaded, and the timber work -repaired. On his translation to London—</p> -<p>George Lloyd, D.D., rector of Halsall, near Ormskirk, and -bishop of Sodor and Man in 1509, was translated to Chester -January 14th, 1604–5. He died at -Thornton-in-the-Moors, near Chester, of which parish he was -Rector, on the 1st of August, 1615, aged 55 years, and was -privately buried in the choir of the Cathedral of Chester.</p> -<p>Gerard Massie, B.D., was nominated to the bishopric on the -death of Lloyd; but died before consecration.</p> -<p>Thomas Moreton, S.T.P., son of Richard Moreton, of York, -Mercer, born in that city, March 20th, 1564, and educated there -and at Halifax. He distinguished himself by his extensive -classical and <a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -37</span>theological attainments at Cambridge, and was elected a -Fellow of St. John’s College. He became B.D. in 1598, -and was presented to the rectory of Long Marston, near -Tadcaster. In 1602 he rendered himself conspicuous by his -fearless attendance on the sick during the prevalence of the -plague in York; and becoming chaplain to Lord Evers, accompanied -that nobleman, in 1603, in his embassy to the Emperor of -Germany. On his return he was appointed domestic chaplain -to the Earl of Rutland, and wrote the first part of the -<i>Apologia Catholica</i>, in consequence of the merit of which -Archbishop Matthews collated him to a prependal stall at -York. In 1608 he graduated D.D., and was appointed chaplain -to James I., from whom he received the deanery of Gloucester; and -in the following year succeeded to the deanery of -Winchester. He was a great benefactor to Winchester -Cathedral. He was elected Bishop of Chester May 22nd, 1616, -and was consecrated at Lambeth July 7th. With this see he -held the rectory of Stockport, and diligently applied himself to -reconcile popish recusants and scrupulous non-conformists to the -church; and his success was noticed in the royal declaration in -1618. He was translated to Lichfield and Coventry March -6th, 1618, and advanced to Durham June 29th, 1632. He died -at the house of Sir Henry Yelverton, Bart., at Easton Mauduit, -Northamptonshire, September 23rd, 1659, aged 95 years, unmarried, -and was buried in the parish church <a name="page38"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 38</span>there, with a long epitaph recounting -his preferments and sufferings. He endured, with much -resignation, hardships, confiscation, and imprisonment. -Clarendon mentions Bishop Moreton as being one of the “less -formal and more popular prelates.”</p> -<p>John Bridgeman, D.D., the successor of Moreton, was educated -at Cambridge, and elected Fellow of Magdalen College, of which he -was afterwards chosen master, and appointed chaplain to James -I. He was also prebendary of Lichfield and -Peterborough. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester 9th May, -1619, at Lambeth, the revenues of the sees amounting at that time -to £420 per annum. In 1621 he became rector of -Bangor-Iscoed, in Flintshire. He held his see until -episcopacy was suspended under the commonwealth; and on the 15th -December, 1650, his palace, with all the furniture, was sold by -the republicans for £1059. He died at his son’s -house at Moreton, and was buried at Kinnersley church, in -Shropshire, about the year 1658. Bishop Bridgeman -maintained annually at his own expense, hopeful young men at the -University, and preferred some to ecclesiastical honours, who -afterwards assisted to deprive him of his mitre. He was -father of Sir Orlando Bridgeman, created Baronet June 7th, 1660, -who was successively Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Lord -Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Lord Keeper of the Great -Seal. He was also the direct ancestor of the present Earl -of Bradford.</p> -<p><a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 39</span>Brian -Walton, D.D., a native of Cleveland, in the north riding of -Yorkshire, born in the year 1600, admitted of Magdalen College, -Cambridge, as a sizer, and removed thence to St. Peter’s -College in 1616. He graduated M.A. in 1623, and D.D. in -1639, being then a prebendary of St. Paul’s, and chaplain -to Charles I. His persecutions and losses during the great -rebellion having driven him into retirement, he projected his -great work, the Polyglot Bible, an imperishable monument of his -learning and industry, which was first printed at London in six -folio volumes in 1657. On presenting this work to Charles -II. at the restoration, he was made chaplain to the king, and -consecrated Bishop of Chester in Westminster Abbey, on the 2nd -December, 1660. A. á Wood gives a minute and graphic -description of the enthusiastic reception which the bishop met -with when he went to take possession of this long desecrated -see. The joy of the people on the national resuscitation of -episcopacy was unbounded, and evinced itself by the most public -and decided manifestations.—<i>Wood’s -Athenæ</i>, <i>Vol.</i> 2, <i>p.</i> 731. He enjoyed -his dignity for a short time only, and dying at his house in -Aldersgate-street, London, on the 29th November, 1661, aged 62, -was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral.</p> -<p>Henry Ferne, D.D. was born at York, in 1642, he was chaplain -to Charles I.; he was one of the king’s commissioners, -along with Sheldon, Hammond, and others, to treat at Uxbridge, in -matters relating to the <a name="page40"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 40</span>Church. He was a personal -favourite of the king, and suffered much for the royal cause; but -at the Restoration, a succession of dignities and rewards were -conferred upon him. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester, -February 9th, 1661–2, and died five weeks afterwards, on -March 16th, and was buried with great honour March 25th, 1662, -aged 59 years, having never been at Chester. In 1642, he -published his “Case of Conscience touching -Rebellion,” being the first printed vindication of the -royal cause.</p> -<p>George Hall, D.D. son of the pious and learned Joseph Hall, -Bishop of Norwich, was entered of Exeter College, Oxford, in -1628, being then aged 16 years, elected Fellow of his college in -1632, collated to a Prebend in Exeter Cathedral, in 1639, and -installed Archdeacon of Cornwall, October 8th, 1641. He was -presented by his college to the vicarage of Menherriot, near -Liskeard, but was deprived of his benefice, and prevented keeping -a school for his subsistence, during the usurpation. At the -Restoration, he became chaplain to the king, was appointed Canon -of Windsor, and collated by Archbishop Juxon to the Archdeaconry -of Canterbury in 1660, which latter dignity he held <i>in -commendam</i> with the see of Chester, of which he was -consecrated bishop May 11th, 1662. About the same time he -was presented to the rectory of Wigan, by Sir Orlando Bridgeman, -Chief Justice of the Common <a name="page41"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 41</span>Pleas. His death was occasioned -by a wound he received from a knife which happened to be in his -pocket, as he accidentally fell from a terrace in the rectory -gardens at Wigan, on the 23rd August, 1668, aged 55 years. -He was buried in the rector’s chancel, within Wigan church, -where a marble monument was erected to his memory, on which he is -styled “Ecclesiæ Dei servus inutilis, sed -cordatus.” He published several sermons, and a -treatise against popery, with the singular title of “The -Triumphs of Romans over Despised Protestancy. London, -1655.”</p> -<p>John Wilkins, D.D., was born in 1614; and in 1627 was entered -of New Inn, Oxford, but removed to Magdalen Hall, where he -graduated. On the breaking out of the rebellion he took the -covenant; and in 1648 was created B.D., and made warden of Wadham -College by the Presbyterian Committee for the Reformation of the -University. He afterwards subscribed to the engagement, and -complied with the various changes of the times, though apparently -steadily attached to the monarchy. About 1656, he married -Robina, sister of Oliver Cromwell, by whom he had no issue; and -in 1659 he was appointed master of Trinity College, -Cambridge. On the restoration he took the required oaths, -and was appointed Dean of Ripon, afterwards Dean of Exeter; and -also preached to the Honourable Society of Gray’s -Inn. Through the influence of George, Duke of Buckingham, -he obtained the Bishopric of Chester, and was consecrated <a -name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 42</span>November -15th, 1668, holding with it the rectory of Wigan. He died -at the house of Dr. Tillotson, who had married his -daughter-in-law, on November 19th, 1672, and was buried in the -church of St. Lawrence, Jewry, London. He was one of the -founders of the Royal Society, to which he bequeathed £400, -and a pious, learned, and scientific man. Calamy says -“many ministers were brought in by Bishop Wilkins’ -soft interpretation of the terms of conformity.” -“He was no great read man,” says Aubrey, “but -one of much and deepe thinkeing, and of a working head, and a -prudent man as well as ingeniose. He was a lustie, strong -growne, well sett, broad shouldered person; cheerful and -hospitable. He was extremely well beloved in his -diocese.” Bishop Wilkins wrote several curious and -learned works, which are now scarce and of considerable -value.</p> -<p>John Pearson, D.D., F.R.S., born at Snoring (or Creake), in -Norfolk, February 12th, 1612, educated at Eton, admitted of -King’s College, Cambridge, B.A. 1635, M.A. 1639, and -shortly afterwards Prebendary of Sarum. During the civil -war he was chaplain to Lord Goring, and afterwards in the same -capacity in the family of Sir Robert Cook in London. In -1650, he was minister of St. Clement’s, Eastcheap, London, -at which Church, he preached his incomparable lectures on the -Creed, and afterwards published them, as he <a -name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>states in the -dedication to his parishioners, at their request. At the -Restoration, he was nominated one of the king’s chaplains, -installed Prebendary of Ely, September 22nd, 1660, and on the -26th of the same month and year, appointed Archdeacon of Surrey, -and admitted Master of Trinity College, on the 14th April, -1662. Elected F.R.S. 1667.</p> -<p>This great and learned man was consecrated Bishop of Chester, -February 9th, 1672–3. He died July 16th, 1686, and -was buried in his own Cathedral without any memorial. -Burnet says he was in all respects the greatest divine of the -age; a man of great learning, strong reason, and a clear -judgment. He was a judicious and grave preacher, more -instructive than affective, and a man of a spotless life, and of -an excellent temper. He was not active in his diocese, but -too remiss and easy in his episcopal functions, and was a much -better divine than a Bishop. He was a speaking instance of -what a great man may fall to, for his memory went from him so -entirely that he became a child some years before he -died.—<i>Hist. Own Times</i>, <i>Vol.</i> 3, <i>p.</i> -109–10.</p> -<p>Bishop Pearson has achieved for himself a splendid fame by his -able work on the Creed, which will long perpetuate his -memory.</p> -<p>Thomas Cartwright, D.D. son of a schoolmaster of the same -name, was born at Southampton, 1st Sept. 1634, and was educated -by presbyterian parents. He was admitted of Magdalen -college, Oxford, but removed <a name="page44"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 44</span>to Queen’s college by the -parliamentary visitors in 1649; he afterwards became chaplain of -his college and vicar of Walthamstow, in Essex, and in 1659, -preacher at St. Mary Magdelene’s, in Fish-street, and an -active promoter of the popular faction. At the Restoration, -he turned round and distinguished himself by his extravagant zeal -for the royal cause. He had many valuable preferments -bestowed upon him, and was created D.D. although not standing for -it. In 1672, being chaplain to the king, he was installed -Prebendary of Durham, and in 1675, nominated Dean of Ripon, and -was consecrated, October 17th, 1686, Bishop of Chester, -“not by constraint but willingly.” James the -Second found him a ready and expert agent, and appointed him one -of the three commissioners to eject the President and Fellows of -Magdelen college, Oxford, for nobly resisting the king’s -arbitrary attempts to restore popery. Cartwright being an -unpopular man, found it necessary to leave the kingdom on the -arrival of the Prince of Orange in 1688. He escaped in -disguise, and joined James II. at St. Germains, whom he shortly -afterwards accompanied to Ireland, where, being seized with a -dysentery, he died on the 15th April, 1689, aged 54, and was -buried the next night by the Bishop of Meath, in the choir of -Christ Church, Dublin. He died in communion with the Church -of England, although attempts were made by the Romanists, in his -last moments, to shake his creed, which his previous <a -name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>inconsistency -and constant intercourse with the agents of the Church of Rome -had rendered questionable. His diary, from August 1686, to -October 1687, has been edited for the Camden Society by Mr. -Hunter, and will increase the unfavourable estimate which -posterity has formed of the vacillating principles of this -unhappy prelate; although there still appears to be insufficient -evidence to conclude with Ormerod that the bishop, on his -death-bed, expressed his faith in equivocal terms, leaving it -doubtful whether he died in communion of the protestant or popish -churches; for even Burnet, who says he was “one of the -worst of men,” adds, “bad as he was, he never made -that step, even in the most desperate state of his -affairs;” and Antony á Wood rescues him from a -similar charge.</p> -<p>Nicholas Stratford, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of Chester at -Fulham, on 15th September, 1689. He was a firm supporter of -the polity and principles of the English Church, and was esteemed -a learned and primitive ecclesiastic. It is recorded of him -that he never admonished or reproved others, but in the spirit of -meekness and conciliation, a testimony which appears sufficiently -confirmed by the christian tone which pervades his -“Dissuasion against Revenge,” which he addressed to -the conflicting parties in Manchester on leaving that -parish. He was appointed one of the governors of the bounty -of the Queen Anne in the first charter. He died February -12th, 1706–7, aged <a name="page46"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 46</span>74, and was buried in his own -cathedral, his whole diocese witnessing that in simplicity and -godly sincerity he had had his conversation in the world; he was -charitable and benevolent, humble and devout. Chester Blue -Coat Hospital was founded by this excellent bishop, and the -Infirmary was founded by his son, who bequeathed £300 to -the charity.</p> -<p>Sir William Dawes, Bart., D.D., was appointed Dean of Bocking -by Dr. Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, and about 1697 was -nominated chaplain to King William III., whose favour he secured -by a sermon he preached on the 5th November. Being -disappointed of the Bishopric of Lincoln in 1705, the queen -nominated him without application to that of Chester, and on the -8th February 1707, he was consecrated. He was very -bountiful to the poor clergy of the diocese, and augmented -several small livings. In 1714 he was translated to York; -Archbishop Sharpe, who died at Bath February 2nd, 1713–14, -having obtained a promise from Queen Anne that Sir William Dawes -should be his successor, because his grace thought that he would -be diligent in executing the duties of his laborious office.</p> -<p>Francis Gastrell, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of Chester in -1714, a learned and pious man, who laboured with untiring energy, -and whose episcopate was characterized by great benevolence, -prudence, and wisdom. He compiled a most valuable MSS. -concerning the benefices of the diocese, entitled “Notitia -<a name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -47</span>Cestriensis,” which is considered “the -noblest document extant on the subject of the ecclesiastical -antiquities of the diocese.” He is also the author of -a very useful work, entitled “The Christian -Institutes.” He died November 24th, 1725.</p> -<p>Samuel Peploe, S.T.P., was appointed to the see of Chester -April 12th, 1726. He died February 21st, 1752, was buried -in the cathedral near the altar, where a monument was erected to -his memory.</p> -<p>Dr. Edmund Keene, master of St. Peter’s, Cambridge, and -rector of Stanhope, succeeded Peploe, and held the rectory of -Stanhope in commendam. He was consecrated March 22nd, -1752. The present episcopal palace was re-built by him out -of his own fortune, at an expense of £2,200. On his -installation to the see of Ely in 1771—</p> -<p>William Markham, LL.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, was -elected Bishop January 26th. Shortly afterwards he was -appointed preceptor to the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of -York. From this See in 1776, he was translated to the -Archbishopric of York. He died in his 89th year, -universally beloved, and was buried in the cloisters of -Westminster Abbey.</p> -<p>Beilby Porteus, D.D., was born at York, May 8th, 1731, of -American parents, and was the youngest but one of nineteen -children. He received his early education at York and -Ripon, and was afterwards admitted a sizer of Christ’s -College, Cambridge, in <a name="page48"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 48</span>which University his merits and -abilities soon became distinguished, and were made more generally -known by his excellent poem on “Death,” which -received the Seatonian Prize. In 1769, he was made chaplain -to His Majesty, and December 31st, 1776, was promoted to the -Bishopric of Chester, from whence he was translated to London in -1787, on the demise of Dr. Louth, and died on the 14th May, 1808, -in the 78th year of his age. In 1772, he joined with some -other clergymen in an unsuccessful endeavour to obtain an -amendment of some portions of the Prayer Book. In 1769, he -gave his support to a measure for enlarging the liberties of -protestant dissenters, and in 1781 opposed an effort “to -lay such restrictions on the catholics as would prevent their -increase.” He felt a deep interest in the cause of -the slave, and made strenuous efforts to improve the condition of -the negroes of the West Indies. Among other charitable -benefactions, he transferred in his lifetime nearly £7000 -stock to the Archdeaconries of the diocese of London, as a -permanent fund for the relief of the poorer clergy of that -diocese; and he also established three annual gold medals at -Christ’s College, Cambridge, and by his will bequeathed his -library to his successors in the See of London, with a liberal -sum towards erecting a building for its reception in the -episcopal palace at Fulham. This learned and pious prelate -wrote several works, which are highly esteemed. At his own -request, the inscription <a name="page49"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 49</span>on his tomb simply records the dates -of his birth and death. <a name="citation49"></a><a -href="#footnote49" class="citation">[49]</a> He was -succeeded by—</p> -<p>William Cleaver, D.D., who was advanced to the See of Chester -through the interest of his former pupil, the Marquis of -Buckingham, whom he had attended as chaplain when Lord Lieutenant -of Ireland. He was consecrated Bishop, January 20th, 1788, -and was translated to Bangor in 1799, and from thence, on the -death of Bishop Horsley in 1806, to the diocese of St. Asaph, -over which he continued to preside until his death, which took -place May 15th, 1815.</p> -<p>Henry William Majendie, D.D., canon of St. Paul’s, was -nominated in the place of Bishop Cleaver, May 24th, and -consecrated June 14th, 1800, translated in 1810, to the See of -Bangor.</p> -<p>Bowyer Edward Sparke, D.D., Dean of Bristol, was consecrated -January 21st, 1810, and translated to the See of Ely in 1812.</p> -<p>George Henry Law, Prebendary of Carlisle, was consecrated -Bishop of Chester, July 5th, 1812, and translated to the See of -Bath and Wells in the year 1824. Bishop Law was a fine -scholar, and a most able divine.</p> -<p>Charles James Blomfield, D.D., the present learned Bishop of -London, was consecrated to the See of Chester in 1824. He -was Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in which University his -great talents and lofty erudition secured for him high academical -honours. <a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -50</span>Upon his translation to the See of London in 1828 <a -name="citation50a"></a><a href="#footnote50a" -class="citation">[50a]</a> he was succeeded by—</p> -<p>John Bird Sumner, D.D., who has been as labouring in the use -of his pen, as he was faithful and assiduous in the fulfilment of -his episcopal duties. His voluminous writings have achieved -for him great fame as an able and eloquent divine. His -prize essay, entitled “The Records of Creation,” is a -wonderful display of learning and reasoning power, and will -doubtless long perpetuate his brilliant reputation. His -piety, earnest zeal, and affable bearing, during the period he -held the Episcopate of Chester, secured the affection of all -classes. He was universally beloved. After having -occupied the See of Chester for twenty years, he was in 1848 -appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.</p> -<p>John Graham, D.D., was consecrated Bishop of this Diocese in -1848, and is at present, with pious earnestness and diligence, -fulfilling the duties of his high office.</p> -<p>When Henry the Eighth dissolved the monastery of St. Werburgh -and erected it into a Cathedral Church, he founded a Deanery, two -Archdeaconries, and six Prebendaries. Under this new -<i>regime</i>, John Clarke, the last Abbot of the monastery, was -appointed first Dean. His successor was Henry Mann, who -was, in 1546, consecrated Bishop of the Isle of Man. He was -succeeded by William Cliff, L.L.D. in 1547; Richard Walker in -1558; John Peers in 1567; Richd. Langworth in 1571; Robert Dorset -in 1579; Thomas <a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -51</span>Modesley in 1580; John Rutter in 1589; William Barlow in -1602; Henry Parry in 1605, who was afterwards made Bishop of -Rochester, from which he was successively translated to -Gloucester and Worcester; he was succeeded by Thomas Mallory in -1606, who held his appointment 38 years; he died at Chester, -April 3rd, 1644, and was buried in the choir of the -Cathedral.</p> -<p>William Nicols, installed April 12th, 1644. His -successor, after a vacancy of about 2 years, was Henry Bridgman, -presented July 13th, 1660, he was consecrated Bishop of the Isle -of Man, with leave to hold the Deanery, <i>in -commendam</i>. He died in Chester, May 15th, 1682, and was -buried in the Cathedral, without any memorial. Leycester -says, “he hath beautified and repaired the Deans’ -house in the Abbey court very much.”</p> -<p>He was succeeded by James Arderne in 1682; he died August -18th, 1691, and was buried in the choir of the Cathedral, with -the following memorial on one of the pillars:—“Near -this place lies the body of Dr. James Arderne, of this County, a -while Dean of this Church, who though he bore more than a common -affection to his private relations, yet gave the substance of his -bequeathable estate to this Cathedral, which gift, his will was, -should be mentioned, that clergymen may consider whether it be -not a sort of sacrilege to sweep all away from the church and -charity, into the possession of their lay kindred, who <a -name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>are not -needy. Dat. Oct. 27th, 1688. This plain monument with -the above inscription, upon this cheap stone, is according to the -express words of Dean Arderne’s will.” His -successor was Lawrence Fogg, in 1691. His first preferment -was the Rectory of Hawarden, in Flintshire, from which he was -ejected for non-conformity. Subsequently, conforming, he -was presented to the vicarage of St. Oswald’s, by the Dean -and Chapter, in 1672: he was buried in the chapel of the -Cathedral, and a monument was erected to his memory. Walter -Offley was installed in 1718. Thomas Allen in 1721. -Thomas Brooke in 1733. William Smith in 1758. This -learned divine was presented by the Earl of Derby to the Rectory -of Trinity, Chester, in 1735. In 1753 he was nominated one -of the Ministers of St. George’s Church, Liverpool, by the -corporation. In 1766, he was instituted to the Rectory of -Handley, Cheshire, by the Chapter of the Cathedral, and in the -following year he resigned the Chaplainship of St. George’s -Church, on which occasion the corporation of Liverpool presented -him with 150 guineas, “for his eminent and good services in -the said church.” He died January 8th, 1787, in the -76th year of his age, and was buried on the south side of the -communion table in the cathedral. An elegant monument was -erected to his memory by his widow, with an inscription, reciting -his merits as a christian, a scholar, and a preacher.</p> -<p>Dr. Smith was worthily distinguished for his <a -name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -53</span>learning. He was an eminent scholar, a sound -divine, and a good poet. His elegant translations of the -Greek classics were held in great repute, and have been several -times reprinted. He was succeeded by George Cotton, who was -installed February 10th, 1787. Hugh Cholmondley was -appointed in 1806.</p> -<p>In this worthy Dean the poor had a generous benefactor, while -the active interest he took in every object which proposed the -good of the city, rendered him beloved by all. He was most -laborious in his attention to the duties of his office, and many -important restorations were effected in the cathedral by -him. He was succeeded by Robert Hodgson, D.D., in -1816. Dr. Vaughan was appointed as his successor in 1820, -who was succeeded by Edward Coppleston, D.D., afterwards promoted -to the Bishopric of Llandaff, who erected the screen which -separates the church of St. Oswald, from the south side of the -cathedral, at an expense of £600. Henry Philpotts, -D.D., was appointed Dean in 1828, and on his promotion to the -Bishopric of Exeter, in 1831, was succeeded by Dr. Davys, the -well known author of “Village Conversations on the -Liturgy,” “History of England for Children,” -&c.</p> -<p>On his promotion to the See of Peterborough in 1839, the Rev. -F. Anson, D.D., was appointed Dean of Chester, to whose -unremitting zeal, directed by sound judgment and refined taste, -we are indebted for the important improvements which have been -effected <a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -54</span>in the cathedral since his appointment. Through -his indefatigable energy, the noble edifice has been greatly -beautified; and many essential alterations have been introduced -in the choral service and architectural arrangements, which have -added very much to its decoration and general effect.</p> -<p>During the siege of Chester by the republican army, the -cathedral was very much damaged by those heroic but unscrupulous -men. Notwithstanding that one of the articles of surrender -was to the effect that “no church within the city, or -evidence or writings, belonging to the same shall be -defaced,” in the face of this solemn engagement, they -wantonly defaced the cathedral choir, injured the organ, broke -nearly all the painted glass, and removed the fonts from the -churches. Although the parliamentary forces were cemented -by their renowned leader, chiefly by religious enthusiasm, and -all their extraordinary movements directed and sustained mainly -by that feeling; it nevertheless did not restrain them from -committing violent outrages on the churches of the land. -Religious impulse banded them together, and impressed a singular -unity on all their movements. The memorable counsel of -Cromwell to his men will be remembered,—“put your -trust in the Lord, and keep your powder dry;”—to them -the counsel was opportune, and met with a deep response; but they -respected but little the dictates of conscience and the christian -associations of others, whose religious <a -name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>views and -modes of worship differed from their own. Whatever judgment -may be entertained respecting their political course, and the -issues in which it resulted, we apprehend that the acts of -violence they perpetrated on the sacred edifices which others -frequented and revered, as the places of their holy service, -cannot be justified on any principle.</p> -<p>In 1683 the cathedral was again wantonly damaged by a reckless -mob, instigated by the ambitious Duke of Monmouth. The -Cowper MSS. gives us the following detail of the disgraceful -outrages which unhappily they succeeded in perpetrating.</p> -<blockquote><p>“In the middle of August, James, Duke of -Monmouth, came to Chester, greatly affecting popularity, and -giving countenance to riotous assemblies and tumultuous mobs, -whose violence was such as to pelt with stones the windows of -several gentlemen’s houses in the city, and otherwise to -damage the same. They likewise furiously forced the doors -of the cathedral church and destroyed most of the painted glass, -burst open the little vestries and cupboards, wherein were the -surplices and hoods belonging to the clergy, which they rent to -rags, and carried away; they beat to pieces the baptismal font, -pulled down some monuments, attempted to demolish the organ, and -committed other enormous outrages.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>It now remains for us to give a description of this venerable -religious edifice. Although in its general external -appearance, it may not present the prepossessing <a -name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 56</span>attractions -which appertain to some other cathedral churches, it nevertheless -has a history of peculiar interest; and in its architectural -delineations is well worthy of the study of the ecclesiologist -and the antiquary. From whatever side the cathedral is -viewed, it presents the appearance of a massive pile, and -exhibits a pleasing variety of styles in accordance with the -taste of different ages; some parts decorated with elaborate -workmanship, while others are perfectly simple and -unadorned. The principal parts now standing are not, -perhaps, older than the 14th and 15th century, when the richly -ornamented style of Gothic architecture was at its zenith in this -country. Its general character may be termed the -perpendicular. It has been generally supposed that there -are some remaining specimens of the Saxon, and Lysons favours the -theory; but Mr. Asphitel, in an interesting and able lecture, -delivered before the Archæological Society, stated that he -could not, from the most minute research, discover any portions -of the Saxon church. He considered it probable there might -be some portions in the foundations, but none, in his opinion, -were visible.</p> -<p>The west front is said to have been the work of Abbot Ripley, -who was appointed to the abbacy in 1485. It is now in an -unfinished state, and it would seem that there was an intention -to form two western towers. The foundation of them was laid -with much ceremony by Abbot Birchenshaw, in 1508, the Mayor <a -name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 57</span>being then -present: but the project was most likely abandoned for want of -funds. “Had the original design been executed,” -says Winkle, “it would not have been very imposing. -The effect of it, as it now appears, is much injured by a -building which is connected with it, and shuts out one of the -turrets which flank on either side the west wall of the -nave. The original intention seems to have been the usual -one, viz., a square tower on each side of the west end of the -nave. The foundations of that on the north side still -exist, the site of that on the south is now occupied by a -building called the consistory court, once perhaps a chapel, in -the west wall of which is a pointed window of four lights, with -perpendicular tracery, and flowing crocketted canopy with rich -finial; above the window is a belt of pannelled tracery, and on -each side of it is a niche with overhanging canopies, adorned -with pendants and pinnacles, and resting on good brackets. -The statues are gone. The parapet of this building is quite -plain. The west entrance is a singular and beautiful -composition. The door itself is a Tudor arch, inclosed -within a square head, the spandrils are filled with rich and -elegant foliations, the hollow moulding along the top is deep and -broad, and filled with a row of angels half-lengths; all this is -deeply recessed within another Tudor arch, under another square -head, with plain spandrils of ordinary panelling. On each -side of the door are four niches, with their usual accompaniments -<a name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 58</span>of -crocketted canopies, pinnacles, and pendants, and instead of -brackets, the statues stood on pedestals with good bases and -capitals. Above this entrance is the great west window of -the nave, deeply and richly recessed; it is of eight lights, with -elaborate tracery, of some breadth just below the spring of the -arch, and above this some simple tracery of the kind most common -to the latest age of the pointed style. The arch of the -window is much depressed, and has above it a flowing crocketted -canopy, the gable has no parapet, but is finished off with a -simple coping. The flanking turrets before-mentioned are -octagonal, and have belts of panelled tracery and embattled -parapets.</p> -<blockquote><p>“Leaving the west front, and turning to the -south, a rich and deep porch presents itself behind the -consistory court. The south face of that court is very -similar, in all respects, to the west, already described. -The porch is flanked by buttresses which once had -pinnacles. The entrance is under a Tudor arch, within a -square head, the spandrils richly panelled, over the square head -is a broad belt of quatrefoil panelling, above that a hollow -moulding adorned with the Tudor flower. Above this are two -flat-headed windows, of two lights each, with a deep niche -between them, resting on a projecting bracket, the statue of -course is gone, but the projecting and richly decorated canopy -remains, on both sides of which the wall above is adorned with -two rows of panelling, the open embattled parapet which once <a -name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>crowned the -whole has disappeared. The south side of the nave and its -aisle is plain, but not without dignity; the windows are all -pointed and of perpendicular character; those of the aisle have -straight canopies, with projecting buttresses between, which -still have niches, and once had both pinnacles and statues. -The aisle has no parapet. The windows of the clerestory are -unusually large and lofty, and their canopies are flowing in -form, but perfectly plain, and without finials, they have no -buttresses between them, and the parapet is very shallow and -quite plain.</p> -<p>“The next feature of this cathedral, which is now to be -described in due order, is a very singular one, and indeed -unique, viz., the south wing of the transept. It is no -uncommon case to find the two portions of the transept unlike -each other in some respects; but in no other instance are they so -perfectly dissimilar as at Chester. Here, the south wing is -nearly as long as the nave, and of equal length with the choir, -and considerably broader than either, having, like them, aisles -on both sides; while the north, which probably stands upon the -original foundations, has no aisles, is very short, and only just -the breadth of one side of the central tower. The east and -west faces of this south portion of the transept are nearly -similar. The aisles have no parapet; the windows are -pointed, of four lights each, with late decorated tracery and -small intervening buttresses. The <a -name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 60</span>clerestory -has a parapet similar to that of the nave; the windows are -pointed, large, and lofty, with perpendicular tracery, and two -transoms. The south front of this transept, flat at top, is -flanked with square embattled turrets and buttresses, and has a -large window of the perpendicular age filling up nearly all the -space between them. The south face of the aisles on each -side have pointed windows, similar to those already described, -and sloping tops without parapet, but flanked by double -buttresses at the external angles, without pinnacles.</p> -<p>“The south face of the choir, with its aisle, is in -nearly all respects similar to the south portion of the transept; -but the aisle is lengthened out beyond the choir, and becomes the -side aisle of the Lady Chapel, and has an octangular turret near -the east end, with embattled parapet, and beyond it a plain heavy -clumsy buttress: the sloping parapet of the east face of this -aisle meets at the top the flat plain parapet of the most eastern -compartment of the Lady Chapel which projects beyond the aisle, -to that extent. The windows of the Lady Chapel are all -pointed, and of good perpendicular character; the projecting -portion has double buttresses at the external angles, and the -eastern face has a low gable point. This chapel is very -little higher than the side aisles of the choir, the east face of -which is seen over it, with a large lofty pointed window, with -perpendicular tracery and several transoms, flanked with -octagonal turrets, engaged, and <a name="page61"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 61</span>terminated with something like domes -of Elizabethan architecture. The parapet of this east face -of the choir is flat. The north side of Lady Chapel is -similar to the south; the choir and its aisles exhibit features -of early English character on this side, but the chapter-room -conceals a considerable portion of it, which is a small building -of an oblong form, and also of early English architecture. -Over its vestibule and the arched passage leading into the east -walk of the cloister, is seen the large window in the north front -of the transept; the arch is much depressed, the tracery very -common and plain, and it has two transoms; the walls of this wing -of the transept are very plain, flat at top, and no -parapet. The whole north side of the nave can be seen only -from the cloister-yard. The south walk of the cloister is -gone, and in the wall of the aisle, below the windows, are still -seen several enriched semicircular arches resting on short -cylindrical columns, evidently belonging to the original church -of Hugh Lupus. The windows of the aisle are Tudor arched, -with the ordinary tracery of this period; but, owing to the -cloister once existing beneath, are necessarily curtailed of half -their due length: there is a thin flat buttress between each; the -aisle has no parapet. The clerestory is lofty, and the -windows pointed, and not so much depressed as those in the aisle -beneath: they are not so lofty as those in the south side, nor -have they any canopies. There is a thin buttress between -each, without pinnacles, <a name="page62"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 62</span>and the parapet is quite plain, but -not so shallow as that on the south side.</p> -<p>“The central tower is perhaps the best external feature -of this cathedral, it is indeed only of one story above the roof -ridge, but it is loftier than such towers usually are; in each -face of it are two pointed windows, divided down the middle with -a single mullion, with a quatrefoil at the top, and all of them -have flowing crocketted canopies with finials. At each of -the four angles of the tower is an octagonal turret engaged, all -of which like the tower itself, are terminated with an embattled -parapet.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>On entering the interior (says the same authority) through the -west doorway, into the nave, some disappointment and regret -cannot but be felt. Here is no vaulted roof, but a flat -ceiling of wood, resting on brackets of the same material, -slightly arched, which gives the nave the appearance of having -less elevation than it really possesses; for the naves of many -much more magnificent cathedrals are not so lofty as this by -several feet, but by being vaulted, their apparent height is -increased. The stone vaulting appears to have been actually -commenced, and it is to be regretted that the desirable work was -not completed, as it would certainly have given to the nave a -much more imposing effect. The north wall of the nave, to -the height of the windows, is Norman work, and contains, on the -side of the cloisters, six tombs, where, as it appears from an -old MS. written <a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -63</span>on the back of an old charter, now in the British -Museum, the early Norman Abbots are interred. Under a wide -arch, sunk in the south wall, which from the ornaments attached -to the pillar near it, appears part of the original building, is -a coffin-shaped stone, with a cross fleury on the lid, over the -remains of some Abbot. Nearly opposite to this, is an -altar-tomb, the sides of which are ornamented with Gothic niches, -with trefoil heads, and with quatrefoils set alternately, the -quatrefoils being also alternately filled with roses and -leopards’ heads; the lid slides, and discloses the lead -coffin, a part of which has been cut away; on the lid is a plain -coffin-shaped stone. It is highly probable that this tomb -contains the remains of one of the later Abbots. The -pillars of the nave are clustered, and have rich bases and -foliated capitals, and the arches are pointed. In this part -of the Cathedral and the north transept, are several monuments -worthy the attention of visitors. A pyramidical monument by -Nollekins, representing a female figure resting on a rock, -against which is placed a broken anchor, erected by Capt. John -Matthews, R.N. to the memory of his wife. One, in white -marble, by Banks, representing the genius of history weeping over -an urn, having three vols., inscribed “Longinus,” -“Thucydides,” “Xenophon,” placed by it; -erected to the memory of Dean Smith, the learned translator of -those works. One to the memory of Mrs. Barbara Dod, erected -by the minor canons. One to Capt. John William <a -name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>Buchanan, of -the 16th light dragoons slain at the battle of Waterloo. -One of Cavalier Sir Willm. Mainwaring, killed at Chester during -the great civil war, 1644. Against the north wall, a -handsome monument, enclosing a bust of Sir John Grey Egerton, -Bart., erected by subscriptions of the citizens of Chester, in -memory of their honourable and independent representative. -One in memory of Major Thomas Hilton, who died at Montmeir, in -the Burmese empire, 2nd February, 1829. One to Augusta, the -wife of the Rev. James Slade, canon of the Cathedral, and -daughter of Bishop Law. One of Capt. John Moor Napier, who -died of asiatic cholera, in Scinde, July 7th, 1846, aged 28 -years: this monument was executed by Westmacott, the inscription -was written by his uncle, the gallant Sir Charles Napier, and is -as follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>The tomb is no record of high lineage;<br /> -His may be traced by his name.<br /> -His race was one of soldiers:<br /> -Among soldiers he lived—among them he died.<br /> -A soldier, falling where numbers fell with him<br /> -In a barbarous land.<br /> -Yet there died none more generous,<br /> -More daring, more gifted, more religious.<br /> -On his early grave<br /> -Fell the tears of stern and hardy men,<br /> -As his had fallen on the grave of others.</p> -<p>To the memory of their comrade, the officers of the General -Staff in Scinde erect this cenotaph.—[The above was -executed by Westmacott.]</p> -</blockquote> -<p>In the north transept is a piece of exceedingly fine tapestry, -executed after one of the cartoons of <a name="page65"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 65</span>Raphael, representing the history of -Elymas the Sorcerer. Wright, in his travels through France -and Italy, after describing the tapestry he saw in the Vatican at -Rome, says “We have an altar-piece in the choir of Chester, -after one of the same cartoons (it is that of Elymas the -Sorcerer), which, in my mind, is much superior to any of -these.” There is also a well-executed stone monument -to Roger Barnston, Esq., and a tablet in memory of good -Chancellor Peploe.</p> -<p>The choir well merits the attention of every visitor of -taste. From the organ loft to the Bishop’s throne, -the sides are ornamented with rich spiral tabernacle work, -underneath which are massive and highly ornamented stalls. -The choir is separated from the nave and broad aisle by a Gothic -stone screen; there are five pointed arches on each side; above -them, is an arcade of pointed arches, resting on slender shafts, -and above it are the clerestory windows. The pavement of -the choir is of black and white marble. At the west end of -it, are four stalls on each side of the entrance, and there are -twenty others on each side of the choir; over these are rich -canopies, with pinnacles and pendants in great profusion. -Above the stalls on the right hand, opposite the pulpit, is the -Bishop’s throne, which formerly stood at the east end in -St. Mary’s Chapel, and is said to have been the shrine of -St. Werburgh, or as suggested by Pennant, the pedestal on which -originally stood the real shrine <a name="page66"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 66</span>which contained the sacred -reliques. At the Reformation it was removed to its present -position, and converted into a throne for the Bishop. It is -a rich specimen of Gothic architecture, decorated with carved -work, and embellished with a range of thirty curious small -statues, variously habited, holding scrolls in their hands, and -originally inscribed with their names, but now defaced. Dr. -Cowper published in 1799, an elaborate history of these figures, -and was of opinion that they represented kings and saints of the -royal Mercian line, ancestors or relations of St. Werburgh. -Very great improvements have recently been effected within the -choir. The restoration of the bishop’s throne was -effected by the munificence of the Rev. Canon Slade, as an -obituary testimonial to his late father-in-law, Bishop Law, in -memory of whom, the following inscription, engraven upon a brass -plate, is affixed to the throne:—</p> -<blockquote><p>In gloriam Dei hanc cathedram reficiendam curabit -A.D. MDCCCXLVI. Jacobus Slade, A.M. hujus ecciesiæ -Canonicus. Necuen in piam memoriam Georgii Henrici Law, -S.T.P. per xii. annes Episcopi Cestriensis. dein -Bathoniensis.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>At the back of the throne is a magnificent stone screen, the -gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury, corresponding in style with -that on the opposite side behind the pulpit, which was erected by -the Dean and Chapter. The altar screen was presented by the -Rev. Peploe Hamilton, of Hoole, near Chester; the larger chair -within the rails of the communion <a name="page67"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 67</span>table is the liberal gift of the -Dean, and the small one was presented by the Rev. Canon -Blomfield; the new lectern, of carved oak in the form of an -eagle, by the Rev. Chancellor Raikes, executed by Mr. Harris, of -Chester; the new stone pulpit, from a beautiful design by Mr. -Hussey, is the liberal gift of Sir Edward S. Walker, of this -city. The seats of the choir have been provided with new -crimson cushions, the stalls have been re-painted, and the -canopies gilded by Mr. John Morris, through the liberality of the -Dean. Towards the restoration of the cathedral, Her Majesty -the Queen also contributed a donation of £105 in the name -of the Prince of Wales as Earl of Chester.</p> -<p>The execution of the alterations were entrusted to Messrs. -Furness and Kilpin, of Liverpool, and it is gratifying to add -that Chester artificers have been chiefly employed in carrying -them out. Mr. Haswell built the organ screen, the throne, -the pulpit, the stone work of the new east window in the choir, -and re-laid the marble pavement.</p> -<p>Mr. Harrison constructed the reredos at the back of the altar; -and the oak seats, screens and altar rails are the work of Mr. J. -Evans.</p> -<p>Under the east window is an arch opening to the Lady Chapel, -which consists of a middle and two side aisles, the stone -vaulting of which is adorned with richly carved key-stones. -The side aisles are divided from the middle portion of two -arches, sprung <a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -68</span>from a massy pier on each side, apparently part of the -original building, cut down and crusted over with clusters of -light pillars, terminated in elegant pointed arches, with -quatrefoils inserted in the mouldings. On the north side of -the chancel, which extends beyond the side aisles, are two -elegant pointed arches; one contains two piscinas; the other was -apparently a seat for the officiating priest: another pointed -arch appears also on the opposite side.</p> -<p>The cloisters are on the north side of the church, and form a -quadrangle of about 110 feet square; originally, there were four -walks, but the south walk is destroyed. The general style -of the cloisters is that of the fifteenth century, with carved -key-stones at the intersections of the vaulting, the arches of -the windows are depressed; a lavatory projects from the west walk -of the cloisters, and did extend along the south walk; over the -east walk was a dormitory, which was sometime ago destroyed, much -to the injury of the appearance of these conventual ruins. -It is obvious that the present cloisters are only a restoration -of an earlier one. In the east walk of the cloisters is the -entrance into the Chapter House, or rather its singular -vestibule, 30 feet 4 inches long, and 27 feet 4 inches -wide. The vaulted roof of this apartment is supported by -four columns without capitals, surrounded by eight slender -shafts. The Chapter room itself is an elegant building, 35 -feet high, 50 feet long, and 26 broad. The stone vaulting -<a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>rests on -clusters of slender shafts, with foliated capitals; all the -windows are in the latest style, those at the east and west ends -consist of five lights each. A gallery goes round three -sides of the room, and where it passes the windows is carried -between the mullions, and a corresponding series of light shafts -connected with them, which have elegant sculptured capitals, and -support the mouldings of the lancet arches above. -Notwithstanding the soft nature of the stone, the carving is all -in an excellent state of preservation.</p> -<p>Pennant has ascribed the erection of this beautiful building -to Randle Meschines, on the ground of his having removed the body -of Hugh Lupus, “de cœmiterio in capitulum,” as -mentioned in his charter to the Abbey; and he is, most probably, -right in supposing that the same respect would have been paid at -the time of his death, if a Chapter House had then existed. -This argument, however, merely tends to prove that the Chapter -House was built by Handle Meschines, but as far as can be -inferred from the architecture, it may be reasonably doubted -whether any part of the present Chapter House was built long -before the extinction of the local earldom. The learned Dr. -Ormerod is of opinion that this is about the date of its -erection, and he is supported by several other competent -authorities, who concur with him on the point.</p> -<p>In the Chapter House are preserved some interesting local -relics, among which is a red sand stone, 24 <a -name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 70</span>inches by 8 -inches, found on the site of the Deanery, bearing this -inscription:—</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p70b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"COH .I.C. OCRATI MAXIMINI . M . P" -title= -"COH .I.C. OCRATI MAXIMINI . M . P" - src="images/p70s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Mr. Roach Smith, an eminent authority in such matters, says -that this inscription is to be ascribed to the century of -Ocratius Maximus, of the first Cohort of the 20th Legion; it has -evidently been a facing stone, probably in the city wall; it -resembles in character the centurial commemorations on the stones -in the great northern wall, and like them, apparently refers to -the completion of a certain quantity of building.</p> -<p>There is also the head part of a stone coffin, found by -persons employed in digging in the Chapter House in 1723. -The scull and bones were entire, and lay in their proper -position, enveloped in an ox-hide. On the breast was a -piece of cloth, the texture of which could not be -ascertained. It has been supposed by Pennant and others, -that these remains were those of Hugh Lupus, which were removed -hither from the churchyard, by his nephew Randle, Earl of -Chester. Ormerod seems to be of opinion that this relic -designated the place of sepulchre of Abbot Simon Ripley. <a -name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 71</span>It is now -generally admitted by those most competent to form a judgment on -the subject, that Ormerod has given a true interpretation of this -interesting relic. The initials, he says, are clearly S. -R., and the wolf’s head corresponds in style of carving -with a similar one introduced by Simon Ripley on the tower of -Saighton Manor House. There are also two shot-torn banners -of the 22nd Cheshire regiment of Infantry, which were received -from India, after that gallant corps had been presented with new -colours, and were presented by the government to the then Dean of -Chester (Dr. Davys) for preservation in the Cathedral.</p> -<p>The appearance of this noble room would certainly be much -improved by the removal of the unsightly bookcases, which are not -in the slightest unison with the beautiful architecture they so -much obstruct. Mr. Ashpitel says, “he considers the -Chapter House, with its singularly tasteful vestibule, to be the -finest in the kingdom of its form;” and has animadverted, -with deserving severity, upon the tastelessness of a professed -architectural critic, who could pass over the building with the -disparaging criticism, “poor enough?” He (Mr. -Ashpitel) had been told the same story, but he found beauties -which grew upon him more and more at every visit. The -Norman remains, he says, are extremely fine—there is work -of all kinds of great beauty; and there are the most curious and -instructive transitions from style to style <a -name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 72</span>that perhaps -were ever contained in one building.</p> -<p>The north walk of the cloister contained the chief entrance -into the refectory of the convent, which still remains a -magnificent apartment, now divided by a modern passage, the -eastern and greater portion being used as the King’s -School. It was seventy-eight feet long, and thirty-four -feet high, with a roof of oak resting on brackets, which was -removed some years ago. Six pointed windows with -intervening buttresses lighted the north side, and four the -south. At the east end were three lancet-shaped windows, -with slender detached shafts, all included within one greater -arch. In the south east angle of this once noble room, is a -flight of steps within the wall, with a projection at the upper -end like a stone pulpit; these steps led to the ancient -dormitory, and opens into the refectory by an elegant range of -pointed arches, trefoiled within, whose spandrils are pierced -with a series of quatrefoils.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p72b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Norman Vaulted Chamber, Chester Cathedral, date about 1095" -title= -"Norman Vaulted Chamber, Chester Cathedral, date about 1095" - src="images/p72s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>We now direct the visitor’s attention to a portion of -the Norman edifice, which has of late excited very deep interest, -the Promptuarium, lately excavated:</p> -<blockquote><p>“the chamber is a sort of gallery or -cloister on the ground floor, about ninety feet long by forty -feet wide, traversed in the centre by a row of pillars (with one -exception cylindrical), which divide it into six double bays, -from which pillars, and four corresponding ones at each side, -spring the intersecting arches by which the building is -vaulted. The side <a name="page73"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 73</span>pillars are as entirely Norman in -their character as the centre ones, being simply the square pier, -on each face of which is the pilaster attached; the groining of -the roof is without the finish of ribs at the joints, a finish -characteristic of a later period. The chamber, which has at -present only a borrowed light from the cloisters on the east, was -originally lighted from the west side, by a window in each bay, -except the second bay from the south end, in which was a -principal entrance. This doorway and the windows are now -all choked up by the adjoining garden. On the same side, -and at the north end, is a very large chimney and -fire-place. A glance at the groining and arches at the -north end, informing us that the chamber did formerly end here, I -was induced to think, by this situation of the fire-place, that -its length was originally very much greater. I have since -found the termination of the chamber in the cellars of the -present Registry, where the groining is supported by corbels, -which shew that the vaults extended there, but no further. -One double bay, therefore, added to the present remains, gives us -the entire length of the building,—about one hundred and -five feet. In this last bay, on the east side, is a -principal doorway (four inches wider than the one on the west -side), leading towards the refectory. On the east side -also, and near the north end, is a postern from the cloisters and -a spiral staircase, partly constructed in the thickness of the -wall, <a name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -74</span>leading to the chamber above, of which there are now no -remains. Two small archways at opposite sides of the -chamber, precisely similar in form and size, and rising from -beneath the level of the floor, seemed to indicate a subterranean -passage connecting them. An excavation round each has, -however, discovered no channel between them. In considering -the character and situation of this vaulted chamber it should be -borne in mind that though now apparently subterranean, it is only -so with reference to the west side, the level of the floor being -four feet above the level of the nave of the cathedral. The -ground which now rises above it on the west side is all -<i>made</i> ground of late date, belonging to the Palace, the -original level of which is identical with this chamber, as shewn -by the area round the present Palace kitchens, and by those -apartments belonging to the Abbot’s residence, which yet -remain.” <a name="citation74"></a><a href="#footnote74" -class="citation">[74]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. Ashpitel, in his interesting lecture on Chester Cathedral, -bestowed the name of Promptuarium on this Norman cloister, he -says, “these are vaulted apartments of early Norman work, -and are described in the charter of Henry VIII., by which he -divides the properties between the bishop and dean, -<i>promptuaria et pannaria</i>, the former derived from a word -denoting a butler or steward, probably a buttery; and the latter, -from <i>pannus</i>, a cloth, probably the place for -clothing.”</p> -<p><a name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>Mr. -Ayrton, in an able paper on the Norman remains of the cathedral, -read before the Chester Archæological Association, entered -into an elaborate inquiry on the subject, stating his reasons for -concluding that this is not a <i>Promptuarium</i>, but, in his -opinion, a spacious hall, where the splendid hospitality of the -Abbots was displayed to strangers, friends, and dependents. -His arguments are marshalled with great ingenuity and force; and -as every contribution which tends to throw light on the use, to -which this remain of the ancient monastery was devoted, possesses -much importance and interest; we will here insert his -observations upon it:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Let us see how far we have any authority -for considering this building a ‘Promptuarium,’ that -is, a store-room or buttery. All that Ormerod says of it -is, that ‘it is a kind of crypt, consisting of a double row -of circular arches, springing, with one exception, from short -cylindrical columns. This building was probably used as a -depository for the imported stores of the abbey, of which we may -form no mean idea from a charter from the King of the Isles to -the Abbot of St. Werburgh, granting ingress and egress to the -vessels of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Werburgh, with sale and -purchase of goods, toll free, and right of fishing upon his -coasts.’ (Vol. I. page 218.) But he gives us no -authority for the use ascribed to it; only his own unsupported -supposition hazarded when the building was not so far <a -name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>cleared or -intelligible as at present. The name -“Promptuarium” was bestowed on it by Mr. Ashpitel -when it was cleared out and restored to its present condition at -the expense of the British Archæological Association, under -the direction of the Local Committee, preparatory to the Congress -of 1849. He derives the name from a sentence in Henry the -VIII’s. charter (dividing the properties between the Bishop -and the Dean and Chapter,) and speaks of this building in the -<i>plural</i>, which agrees with his reading of the charter, but -does not agree with the fact. He says, in his lecture on -Chester Cathedral, ‘These are vaulted apartments of early -Norman work, and are described in the charter of Henry VIII., by -which he divides the properties between the Bishop and the Dean -as <i>Promptuaria et Pannaria</i>, the former derived from a word -denoting a butler or steward, probably a buttery, and the latter -from <i>pannus</i>, a cloth, probably the place for -clothing.’ The sentence to which Mr. Ashpitel -alludes, and which he applies to this building, is the one -describing the chamber which was called the “<i>secunda -aula</i>”—“<i>nec non secundam aulam</i>, -<i>seu interiorem cum suis pannariis</i>, <i>promptuariis</i>, -<i>et ceteris ejusdem membris</i>.”</p> -<p>“No doubt the hall, which was of great importance, had -its Promptuaria and pannaria, with its other appropriate offices; -but I see no ground for applying these plural designations to a -single chamber of such extent and character. We find the -same terms used <a name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -77</span>elsewhere in the charter with reference to other parts -of the building, where there is no such chamber on which to -bestow them. I must also suggest that we do not elsewhere -find in remains of this date, buildings of such unbroken extent, -magnitude, and continuous design, for such a purpose. -Store-houses and offices there were attached to every conventual -building of like importance, but we shall find them, I apprehend, -always more equally quadrangular, more confined, and with a -regard to convenience which predominates over the attention paid -to style and effect. Here we have a chamber of vast extent -(we have now ascertained its original length to have been 105 -feet), in which the design has been kept carefully unbroken by -the details or partitions necessary to offices such as the word -‘Promptuarium’ describes. We see throughout the -whole extent great attention paid to the arrangements, the -regularity, and the ornamentation of the building; and we find -the pillars, the capitals, shafts, and bases, unbroken and -uninjured save by the hand of time, and, notwithstanding the -friable nature of the stone, for the most part as sharp and well -defined as they were left by the chisel of the mason. It -appears to me impossible to reconcile all these particulars with -the purposes assigned to the building by Ormerod, or by Mr. -Ashpitel.</p> -<p>“I may now perhaps be asked, ‘If this chamber was -neither a store-room nor a Promptuarium, what was -it?’ It is not without hesitation that I attempt <a -name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>to answer -that question. From its length, its double bay of arches, -and its situation between the church, the refectory, and the -Abbot’s apartments, I should have deemed it a cloister; -probably <i>the</i> Norman cloister, when the ground occupied by -the present cloisters was differently appropriated; but, unlike a -cloister, it is closed on every side, and the existence of the -fire-place does not agree with that assumption; added to which -the original windows are all on the side belonging to the -Abbot’s apartments, the side to the church having been -entirely closed with the exception of the postern. My -belief is, that it was no other than the “Secunda -Aula” itself, mentioned in Henry the Eighth’s -charter; a sort of spacious hall for the accommodation of the -Abbot’s friends and dependents, for the reception of -strangers, and the exercise of that large hospitality which was -dealt out so freely and bountifully in the eleventh and -succeeding centuries in all important monastic -establishments. That its claim to the title of the -“Secunda Aula” has hitherto been overlooked, may -arise from its having been erroneously considered (as by Ormerod) -a sort of crypt, or subterranean building; whereas a little -consideration of its level, and the ground around it, will shew -us that it has only assumed that character since the sixteenth -century.” <a name="citation78"></a><a href="#footnote78" -class="citation">[78]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p><a name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 79</span>There -is a vaulted passage at the south end of the -“<i>Promptuarium</i>,” or “<i>Secunda -Aula</i>,” leading from the Abbot’s apartments to the -Cathedral. It is groined in exactly the same proportions as -the bays of the Norman chamber, and the arches are circular, -springing from pillars precisely similar, but the groining is -ribbed, and not with cylindrical, but eliptical mouldings. -These mouldings stamp a semi-Norman character on the work, being -almost a transition to the early English style.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p79b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Norman doorway" -title= -"Norman doorway" - src="images/p79s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Two beautiful Norman doorways gave ingress and egress from -this passage, and still remain, though the one which opened to -the present west cloister is closed, and sadly disfigured by the -alterations of the sixteenth century. The other doorway to -the west, is perfect, excepting the shafts of the pillars, which -are gone. The capitals supporting one side of the -architrave are foliated and of late character for Norman -work.</p> -<p><a name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 80</span>At the -south end of the east cloister, and forming the present entrance -from that cloister to the cathedral, is a Norman doorway, of -about the same date as the arcade adjoining it. The -architrave is very ornate, bearing the billet ornament, -accompanied by a bead which runs between the mouldings. -Unfortunately the stone has perished more in this doorway from -exposure than in those of the vaulted passage; but still more has -been lost from the unmerciful treatment it has received at the -hands of the plasterer. It is quite choked up with plaster -and colouring, which might, with a little care and trouble, be -all removed, and the door restored to something more like its -original effect. The capitals of the pilasters are -foliated, and identical with those already noticed in the Norman -doorway of the vaulted passage.</p> -<p>In 1843, a liberal subscription for the purchase of two -painted windows having been made, the Dean and Chapter made an -appeal for an additional fund, for the praiseworthy purpose of -restoring some portion of the ancient beauties of the -cathedral. The appeal was most liberally responded to by -the subscription of the munificent sum of £4000. A -new organ has been erected at a cost of £1000., built by -Messrs. Gray and Davidson, of London; it is a large and splendid -instrument, of great power and richness of tone; the top of which -is carved with tabernacle work, in unison with that of the -choir. The instrument contains the following -stops:—</p> -<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span><i>The -Great Organ</i>, extending from CC to F, contains Double -Diapason, sixteen feet—Open Diapason, eight feet—Open -Diapason, eight feet—Stopped Diapason and Clarabella, eight -feet—Fifth, six feet—Principal, four -feet—Flute, four feet—Twelfth, three -feet—Fifteenth, two feet—Sesquialtra, three -ranks—Furniture, two ranks—Mixture, two -ranks—Trumpet, eight feet—Clarion, four feet.</p> -<p><i>Swell Organ</i>, from FF to F, contains:—Double -Diapason, sixteen feet—Open Diapason, eight -feet—Stopped Diapason, eight feet—Principal, four -feet—Fifteenth, two feet—Sesquialtra, three -ranks—Hautboy, eight feet—Cornopean, eight -feet—Clarion, four feet.</p> -<p><i>Choir Organ</i> from GG to F, contains:—Open -Diapason, eight feet—Dulciana, eight feet—Stopped -Diapason, eight feet—Principal, four feet—Flute, four -feet—Fifteenth, two feet—Clarionet, eight feet.</p> -<p><i>Pedal Organ</i>, from CCC to D, two octaves and two notes, -contains:—Open Diapason (wood), sixteen feet—Stopped -Diapason, sixteen feet—Principal, eight -feet—Fifteenth, four feet—Tierce, three and a quarter -feet—Sesquialtra, two ranks.</p> -<p><i>Couplæ</i>:—Swell to Great Manual—Swell -to Choir Manual—Choir to Great Manual—Great Manual to -Pedals—Choir Manual to Pedals.</p> -<p>There are four Composition Pedalsr for changing the Stops in -the Great Organ.</p> -<p>The old pews, which were sadly out of keeping with <a -name="page82"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 82</span>the rich -Gothic woodwork of the stalls, have been removed, and the choir -has been new seated in the Gothic style.</p> -<p>The whole of the choir has been vaulted, which has greatly -contributed to its improved appearance. The walls of the -choir, aisles, and Lady Chapel, have been repaired, cleaned, and -coloured. Three beautiful stained glass windows have been -placed at the east end of the choir and in the Lady Chapel, which -have given a much more solemn and impressive aspect to the -interior. The clerestory window of the choir has five -figures, representing our Saviour and the four Evangelists, -surrounded with their various emblems; over which are five scenes -from the life of Christ, viz., the Agony in the Garden; Bearing -the Cross; the Crucifixion; the Resurrection; and the -Ascension. This window was executed by Mr. Wailes, of -Newcastle-on-Tyne, at the cost of £200. The window of -the Lady Chapel represents, in its lower divisions, the following -important transactions in the history of the Redeemer’s -sojourn upon earth:—The Annunciation to the -Shepherds—the Nativity—the Offerings of the Wise Men -of the East—the Presentation in the Temple—Christ -Disputing with the Doctors—the Baptism—the Miracle of -turning the Water into Wine—Healing the Lame—Walking -on the Sea—Feeding the Multitude—the -Transfiguration—the Raising of Lazarus—the Entry into -Jerusalem—Washing the Disciples’ Feet—and <a -name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span>the Last -Supper. The upper division of the window contains figures -of the twelve Apostles; ranged in the order in which their names -are given in Sacred Writ. This window was also executed by -Mr. Wailes, at the cost of £360, and of the outer guards -£60.</p> -<p>A magnificent window by the same artist, has also been placed -in the south aisle of the choir, by the Very Rev. the Dean, in -memory of three deceased members of his family. The -inscription is as follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Sancta Catherina—‘The souls of -the righteous are in the hand of God.’—Catherine -Louisa Anson, died and buried at Southwell, March 28, 1832, aged -18, third daughter.”</p> -<p>“Sanctus Thomas—‘Thy brother shall rise -again’—Thomas Anson, Lieut. R.N., died and buried at -Sudbury, March 17, 1845, aged 24, fourth son.”</p> -<p>“Sancta Maria—‘The Lord gave and the Lord -hath taken away.’—Mary Blomfield, wife of the Rev. G. -B. Blomfield, Canon of Chester, died and buried at Stevenage, -August 6, 1848, aged 38, 2nd daughter of the Rev. Frederick -Anson, D.D. Dean of Chester, by whom this memorial is -placed.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Another obituary window has more recently been erected; placed -next to the latter. It is in memory of George Edward Anson, -Esq., son of the Dean of Chester. The inscription is as -follows:—In memory of George Edwd. Anson, Esq. C.B., Keeper -of H.M. Privy Purse; Treasurer of H.R.H. Prince <a -name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 84</span>Albert, and -to the Prince of Wales. Suddenly called away from the -faithful but unostentatious discharge of high official duties to -his rest in Christ, on the 9th day of October, 1849, aged -37. He was the 2nd son of the Rev. Frederick Anson, D.D., -Dean of this Cathedral, with whose bereavement the inhabitants of -this city and neighbourhood record their sympathy, and -commemorate his zeal in the restoration of the Cathedral Church, -by erecting this memorial window. Mr. Hardman of Birmingham -was the artist; and the cost of the window £180. The -events represented are the Raising of Jairus’ -Daughter—Raising of Lazarus—Raising the Widow’s -Son—Entombment and Resurrection of our Lord—and, Our -Lord appearing to Mary.</p> -<p>The service of the cathedral is performed with great solemnity -and fine taste; and the talented organist, Mr. Gunton, merits -great praise for the admirable manner in which he fulfils his -important duties.</p> -<p>The hours of Service are:—Week-day: morning, 7 10; -afternoon, 3. Sunday:—morning, 11; afternoon, 4 -o’clock. During the winter months the service begins -at 4 in the afternoon. There is an anthem every day in the -afternoon service.</p> -<p>The following is a list of the dignitaries of the -cathedral:—</p> -<h3>DEAN.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center">F. Anson, D.D.</p> -<h3><a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -85</span>CANONS.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>Rev. J. Slade, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>Rev. T. Eaton, M.A.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Rev. G. B. Blomfield, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>Rev. T. Hillyard, M.A.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3>HONORARY CANONS.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>Rev. Henry Raikes, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>Rev. H. McNeile, D.D.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Rev. C. A. Thurlow, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>Rev. H. Stowell, M.A.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3>MINOR CANONS.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>R. W. Gleadowe, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>W. H. Massie, M.A.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>W. Harrison, M.A.</p> -</td> -<td><p>E. E. Thurland, B.A., Precentor, &c.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>In concluding this record of the venerable Cathedral of -Chester, we think it will have appeared, that while it has a -<i>history</i> of deep interest and significance, it has also -many architectural beauties, well deserving of a minute and -careful study.</p> -<blockquote><p>“Amid the imposing growth of material wealth -and pride, it is not unseasonable to remember that <i>temple -architecture</i> is the oldest in the world; and to ask, after so -impressive a vindication of its longevity, whether having been -the earliest, it may not prove the latest term of human -civilization. I am persuaded that so it will be; for there -is in the soul of man ‘a temple not made with hands,’ -which demands and shapes forth the visible structure as its shell -of life; which is ever fresh amid the change and wreck of ages, -and can build again the ruins of the past; indeed, the hidden -cloister of whose worship will remain still open, and thrill with -higher strains, when time and its structures shall be no -more.”</p> -</blockquote> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page86"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 86</span>G. PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW, -CHESTER.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<h2><a name="page87"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 87</span>GEORGE -PRICHARD,<br /> -BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, AND BINDER,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER,</span></h2> -<p>Has constantly on Sale a general Assortment of MODERN -PUBLICATIONS, in the various branches of Literature, including -School Books, all kinds of Children’s Books, and a great -variety of Works suitable for Presents. BIBLES <span -class="GutSmall">AND</span> PRAYER BOOKS, <span class="smcap">in -plain and Elegant Bindings</span>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">BOOKBINDING EXECUTED IN THE NEATEST -STYLE,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">ON MODERATE TERMS</span>.<br /> -ACCOUNT BOOKS RULED TO ANY PATTERN,<br /> -<i>And Bound on an improved principle</i>.<br /> -COPPER-PLATE AND LETTER-PRESS PRINTING<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, NEATLY -EXECUTED</span>.<br /> -CARD AND BILL HEAD PLATES ENGRAVED.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall"><b>A STOCK OF MODERN MUSIC KEPT FOR -SALE</b></span><span class="GutSmall">.</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">Threepence in the Shilling allowed -on every piece, and any piece<br /> -not on hand procured in two or three days.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">LONDON NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, & -ALL OTHER PERIODICALS<br /> -<i>Regularly supplied</i>, <i>and New Publications procured on -the shortest notice</i>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">OIL AND WATER COLOURS,</p> -<p style="text-align: center">Brushes, prepared Canvass, Drawing -Paper, Boards, and every<br /> -description of Drawing Materials of the best quality.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">DRAWINGS LENT OUT TO COPY.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<h3>JUST PUBLISHED.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center">PICTURESQUE VIEWS IN CHESTER,<br /> -Done up in an elegant cover. Price Two Shillings.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VIEWS IN CHESTER AND NORTH -WALES;<br /> -Plain and Coloured.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">DITTO ON SHEETS OF NOTE PAPER;<br -/> -One Penny per Sheet.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">BOOK OF PATRIOTIC AND OTHER -SONGS,<br /> -FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS,<br /> -Price Two-pence, or One Shilling and Sixpence per dozen.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">MUSIC OF DITTO,<br /> -Price Fourpence, or Three Shillings per dozen.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page88"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 88</span><i>JUST PUBLISHED</i>, <i>PRICE TWO -SHILLINGS</i>,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE CHESTER GUIDE</b>;<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">CONTAINING A</span><br /> -COPIOUS HISTORY OF THE ANTIQUITIES AND PUBLIC<br /> -BUILDINGS OF THE CITY,<br /> -AND A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF EATON HALL.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">WITH TWENTY-EIGHT -ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">NEW ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK OF NORTH -WALES.<br /> -JUST PUBLISHED,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">PRICE SIX SHILLINGS,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">THE ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK<br /> -OF NORTH WALES:<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">A GUIDE FOR THE TOURIST, THE -ANTIQUARIAN,</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">AND THE ANGLER;</span><br /> -<i>Being the Fifth Edition of Hemingway’s Panorama</i>, -<i>with revisions</i><br /> -<i>and additions</i>,<br /> -BY JOHN HICKLIN;<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">WITH A MAP AND FIFTY-TWO ENGRAVINGS BY -THOMAS GILKS,</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">From Original Drawings</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">BY GEORGE PICKERING, ESQ. OF -CHESTER.</span></p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">ALSO, JUST PUBLISHED.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">PRICE THREE SHILLINGS</span>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>FIFTH THOUSAND</i>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">EXCURSIONS IN NORTH WALES:<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">A</span><br /> -COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE TOURIST<br /> -Through that romantic country.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Containing descriptions of its picturesque -beauties, Historical antiquities, and modern wonders.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">Edited by <span class="smcap">John -Hicklin</span>, of the ‘Chester Courant.’</p> -<p style="text-align: center">LONDON:<br /> -WHITTAKER AND CO.; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.;<br /> -LONGMAN AND CO.; SIMPKIN & CO.; AND<br /> -GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">T. M’GLASHAN, DUBLIN.<br /> -GEORGE PRICHARD, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.</p> -<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> -<p><a name="footnote21"></a><a href="#citation21" -class="footnote">[21]</a> The Lysons give the income at -£1003 5s. 11d.</p> -<p><a name="footnote49"></a><a href="#citation49" -class="footnote">[49]</a> The book is badly faded and -“inscription” and “birth” are both -guesses.—DP.</p> -<p><a name="footnote50a"></a><a href="#citation50a" -class="footnote">[50a]</a> The is badly faded and -“London in 1828” is a guess.—DP.</p> -<p><a name="footnote74"></a><a href="#citation74" -class="footnote">[74]</a> Mr. W. Ayrton on the Norman -remains of the Cathedral.</p> -<p><a name="footnote78"></a><a href="#citation78" -class="footnote">[78]</a> Since the above remarks were -delivered, a chamber has been discovered at Furness Abbey of -almost identical character, and with a similar row of columns -running down the centre, by Mr. Sharpe, who gives it the title of -the Hospitium, and assigns to it purposes almost the same as I -assume for the Secunda Aula.</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF CHESTER CATHEDRAL*** - - -***** This file should be named 62240-h.htm or 62240-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/2/4/62240 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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