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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d48e76e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62642 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62642) diff --git a/old/62642-0.txt b/old/62642-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e4893eb..0000000 --- a/old/62642-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1532 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: War Prisoner Money and Medals - -Author: Guido Kisch - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62642] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS - - - By - Guido Kisch - - - Reprinted from - THE NUMISMATIST - 1963 - - - - - I - Internment Camp Money - - -The guarantee of humane treatment for prisoners of war is an achievement -of modern international law. This interesting and important legal -problem was discussed at great length at several international -conferences at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the -twentieth century. A kind of ethical and legal code resulted consisting -of a comprehensive body of rules and regulations, both written and -unwritten. The International Red Cross played an important part in the -development and crystallization of those humanitarian ideals as they are -embodied today in the provisions of the international law concerning -prisoners of war. Its rules have been explicitly or tacitly accepted and -to a great extent put into practice by most of the civilized nations of -the world. Their disregard, as in the recently reported case of 115 -helpless American military prisoners of war murdered in cold blood by -the Germans near Malmedy, or in the notorious death camps of Oswiecim -and Belsen-Bergen, is a relapse into barbarism, characteristic of the -Hitlerite hordes. As a rule, however, the status of prisoners of war is -universally respected and they receive a fair treatment from all -nations, in accordance with the rules of international law. They may be -employed by their captors for certain labors, but must be accorded fair -living conditions. - -Considerations of war economy and corresponding military precautions -created the necessity of issuing special money for the use of prisoners -of war. A shortage in currency is often an unavoidable result of -national war conditions. It would be greatly increased, of course, if -the actual use of national currency would be permitted also to the -rising numbers of captives. The issuance of special currency for the -exclusive use of war prisoners is therefore an act of national defense -in wartime. The use of this special type of money, for which both paper -and metal are employed, is restricted in a twofold way. Its circulation -is limited to war prisoners, and—even more strictly—to definite -internment camps. The prisoners’ specially made money, often easily -distinguishable through a round or square hole in the center, is -excluded from general monetary circulation. The prisoner is not able to -buy articles in the ordinary channels of the national commerce. -Moreover, he is left without means in case of escape. - -These are the ideas and motives underlying the issuance of separate -money for prisoners of war. - - [Illustration: Austrian War-Prisoner Money Used in the Officers - Prison Camp Mühling - (Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society)] - -During the First World War such money was produced by the warring -nations of Europe. In Germany, where 635,000 allied prisoners were -confined at the end of the war, it was called _Gefangenenlagergeld_; in -France, with the greatest number of German war prisoners (400,000), it -was known as _monnaies des camps de prisonniers_. In Germany production -reached tremendous amounts and resulted in almost unbelievable -varieties, far surpassing the needs dictated by war economy and military -policy. Röttinger’s catalogue of German internment camp money lists -about 1360 different places of issue and authorities competent to issue -such money. There were thousands of types and varieties. All kinds of -material were used and all types of style imaginable were represented. -From these facts another motif comes to light which prompted that mass -production of war prisoner money. Apparently this new type of currency -quickly attracted the attention of numismatists, first in the lands of -its origin, then in the adjacent neutral countries, and later in the -entire world. The interest of collectors and students once awakened was -soon exploited by the German government through a mass export of -complete sets of prisoner currency to foreign countries. Thus a means -was provided of obtaining valuable and badly needed foreign exchange for -a worthless kind of currency. In fact it was a practically worthless -kind of money, worthless even from the numismatic point of view. For the -almost innumerable varieties impaired the collector’s interest who could -not entertain any hope ever to obtain a complete collection. While -Germany continued this practice for the duration of the war, in line -with her general inflationary policy, Austria-Hungary seems to have kept -the issuance of her war prisoner money within the limits of the actual -war needs. - -The hypothesis of the partly inflationary character of the German -internment camp money during the First World War and of its doubtful -numismatical value, as set forth here, is borne out by several other -observations. There were very few complete or almost complete -collections of “Gefangenenlagergeld” even in Germany, the most important -ones being that of the _Reichswirtschaftsmuseum_ in Leipzig, where one -specimen of each type of _Notgeld_ was officially deposited by the -_Reich_ as issued, and that of a private collector, Doctor Arnold Keller -of Berlin, the publisher of _Dr. Arnold Kellers Notgeldbücher_. In -Holland, there was also a collection outstanding because of its -completeness, namely that of Mr. Paul Daub of Utrecht, a private -collector. The American Numismatic Society, in due recognition of the -given situation, rightfully did not care to acquire complete sets of -this money, either during or after the war, but contented itself with a -few specimens only. There have been a few private collectors in the -United States none of whom seems to have attained great achievements in -this field. None the less, the interest is still kept alive to some -degree in collectors’ circles through the “International Emergency Money -Club” of New York City, the only club of its kind in existence, founded -in 1936 in New York City, with an active membership of thirty in 1942. - - [Illustration: Different Types of War Prisoner Money] - -Beginning as early as January 1917 the well known firm of J. Schulman of -Amsterdam offered complete sets of such money in a series of consecutive -catalogues on war money, entitled _La Guerre Européenne 1914-1917_. Here -collectors could obtain almost all sets available which were probably -secured from the official authorities of issuance in Germany. The -international reputation of the firm of Schulman in Amsterdam is too -well established to permit reflection on the ethics of its business -transactions. Merely for the sake of clarity it should be stated that -none is implied here. - -Obviously, numismatic interest turned quickly to the items of this -previously little known type of war emergency money. In the very -beginning, most probably, everyone thought that it would be a quickly -passing numismatic phenomenon. No one could at that time realize the -dimensions that production of war prisoner money would finally reach. -All this notwithstanding, the literature on this special kind of money -is scarce, incomplete and widely scattered. The appended select -bibliography might therefore be welcome to those interested in this -field of collecting which probably will be revived soon after the return -of peace. It is needless to state that no claim is being made of -completeness in the bibliographical data offered below. - -No doubt, in the present war, too, internment camp money has been -issued. Scanty news on such money issued in Great Britain, particularly -in the Isle of Man internment camp for civilian and soldier prisoners of -war, has already been brought to the attention of numismatists. A member -of the Czechoslovak State Council in London, Mr. Ernest Frischer, -recently informed the present writer that internment camp money is in -use in the ill-famed concentration camp of Terezin (Theresienstadt) in -Bohemia, where about 50,000 Jews are being held by their German -“Protectors.” According to information received by the War Department in -Washington, on the other hand, “no special type of money is issued for -the use of prisoners of war held in this country. However, prisoners of -war are issued 'canteen checks,’ a form of script which is given them in -lieu of cash. This script is redeemable for merchandise at prison camp -post exchanges. This script is not uniform, each of the several Service -Commands procuring it and issuing it to camps within its jurisdiction. -No photographs of the canteen checks are available.” - -Naturally, more detailed and definite information will be available only -after the termination of hostilities and the restoration of unimpeded -research channels. - - - II - European War-Prisoner Medals - -With regard to war prisoner medals, the numismatic situation is -completely different from that outlined here for internment camp money. -True, there may have been also a “mass production” of such medallic -items in Europe during the war of 1914-1918. But it never could have -paralleled that of the emergency money for internment camps. - -Two motives, above all, caused the issuance of war prisoner medals: the -raising of funds for the support of prisoners of war or the amelioration -of their condition; and the creation of the commemorative tokens or -medals for presentation to captives after their liberation. It is -doubtful and highly improbable, that the “mass production” of such -medals ever reached in quantity a volume equal to that of war prisoners -money. The number issued may well run into hundreds, at most a few -thousands, but certainly not many thousands. For, to the best of this -author’s knowledge, no commemorative war medal in the form of an -official decoration to be given to all war prisoners in general was -issued by any of the states participating in the First World War. Nor -did any of the European states that remained neutral and held members of -the belligerents in internment camps, issue commemorative medals for -internees. This suggestion may well deserve the attention of the United -Nations’ military authorities. After the present war a special -commemorative medal of honor should be issued, intended for those who -had to endure the great hardships of captivity for their country, often -suffering undescribable physical and mental restraint. Such a token of -gratitude would show to these heroes that they, too, had not been -forgotten and that their sacrifice is duly appreciated and will -permanently be remembered. - -It seems that in the last European war prisoner medals were issued -privately only. The extensive search for such medals carried on by the -author in numismatic literature and dealers’ catalogues as well as -through interviewing of collectors and dealers, yielded only four items. -Three are of German origin, only one is French. None of these medals has -aroused as yet the attention or curiosity of numismatists in general or -of collectors of medals in particular. - - [Illustration: German Capture Medal by L. Gies] - -Because of its medallic representation a typically German “war medal” -will be mentioned first. No specimen was available to this writer. None -is found in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society in New York -City. It is a unilateral bronze medal, measuring 64 millimeters in -diameter, designed by the German artist. Ludwig Gies, whose initials -L.G. appear on the obverse. It is one of the numerous “war medals” -created by him in the beginning of the First World War. It depicts the -act of capture. A German soldier is shown capturing and taking away a -French, a Russian, an English, Belgian, Serbian, and a colonial native -prisoner of war. A brief description, but no reproduction of this medal, -is found in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXV, of April 1916, p. 82, No. 809. -It is pictured among the artist’s other war medals in Max Bernhart’s -_Die Muenchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart_, Plate 15, No. 102, -wherefrom the reproduction is made. - -The medal reproduced here as No. 1, another German war prisoner medal, -is a silver medal, of 37.67 grams, measuring forty-one millimeters in -diameter. The obverse depicts the full figure of a German prisoner of -war, dressed in his uniform, on which a sign PG (French: _prisonnier de -guerre_) is visible. Standing on the shore of a river, being of course -the Rhine, he holds his hands stretched out to express his fervent -longing for his home country. Not only the mountains of the latter are -visible on the opposite shore but also the home village with its little -church in the foreground. The inscription in the left upper space of the -medal, before the soldier’s eyes, reads: SEHNSUCHT (longing). The -reverse bears the following inscription in a quadrangular space -surrounded by ornaments: VOLKSBUND/ZUM SCHUTZE/DER DEUTSCHEN/KRIEGS u. -ZIVIL/GEFANGENEN, meaning, “National Society for the Protection of -German Military and Civil Prisoners of War.” On the rim of the medal -name and place of the producing firm are visible: C. Poellat, -Schrobenhausen. The designer’s name does not appear on the medal. No -year is given. In accordance with the aims of the issuing society the -medal was probably destined to promote interest in and support of the -German prisoners of war in enemy land. No records or accounts of the -activities of this society were available in this country. Nevertheless -it is safe to assume the following. Sending of food parcels from Germany -was possible only in the first years of war. But even later, in the -period of grave food shortage, funds were still needed and actually -raised for clothing, and particularly for books, which were continuously -sent to prisoner camps in great quantities. A specimen of this medal is -in the collection of Dr. Bruno Kisch, New York City. - - [Illustration: No. 1 - German Volksbund for Prisoners Medal] - -There is a French counterpart to this medal. A small medal, 26 -millimeters in diameter, similar to No. 1 in its motives, but apparently -more artistically designed, is known to have been struck in France. No -specimen is available in this country. According to the brief -description in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXXIII it was designed by O. -Yencesse and executed in a silvery white metal. The obverse shows a -French soldier seated in an attitude of despondency. The inscription -reads: POUR NOS—PRISONNIERS. that is: “For Our Prisoners.” On the -reverse a dove is visible bearing in its bill an olive branch. Below is -the date 1916. The motive of the issuance of this medal was patently -fund raising. - -No. 2 is a medal made of hard white metal, and struck for the German -prisoners of war interned at Douglas, Isle of Man, to commemorate their -detention there. Its diameter measures 46 millimeters. On the top there -is a rectangular vertical loophole. The obverse shows the Douglas prison -camp, in the foreground its barracks and huts, also an unfolded banner -is visible; in the background a fortress at the left of the beholder, -and a lighthouse at the right. Between the fortress and the lighthouse -is the Manx triskelion or triquerta, occupying a prominent place in the -upper center. The entire picture on the obverse is enclosed by a -surrounding wreath of barbed wire. The reverse has a wreath of leaves -with a panel in the middle. The inscription reads, in the upper segment: -WELTKRIEG 1914-1915 (“World War 1914-1915”); in the lower: DOUGLAS ISLE -OF MAN; in the middle: ERINNERUNG AN DIE KRIEGSHAFT (“In commemoration -of war detention”). No artist’s name is given. Specimens of this medal -are found in the museum of the American Numismatic Society, New York -City, and in this writer’s collection. The first mentioned specimen is -in an (original) plain wooden case with no ornament. Other wooden cases -are known, on the cover of which an inlaid design is visible -representing an open-jawed snake as the symbol of war. The words -_Weltkrieg 1914/15_ are added on the case. This medal was pictured and -briefly, though not exactly, described in _The New York Times_ of August -26, 1916. In The Numismatist of March 1916, a reproduction with a few -explanatory lines was also published, the medal having been exhibited at -the January meeting of the New York Numismatic Club. - - [Illustration: No. 2 - German Camp Douglas Medal] - -Douglas, Peel and Knockaloe had been chosen as sites for the detention -camps on the Isle of Man. Here many an alien who for years had followed -some profession or trade in Great Britain was interned in 1914 for the -duration of the war. The English and German Relief Committees with the -active cooperation of the American Young Men’s Christian Association -succeeded in performing what seemed to the _New York Times_ -correspondent at that time to have been an unheard-of feat under the -existing conditions: the establishment of an art school for prisoners of -war at Camp Douglas. Beside wooden boxes done in chip carving and in -wood intaglio, the commemorative medals for German war prisoners were -certainly the most artistic objects produced there. Through a strange -irony of fate, they were strictly “made in England.” “Some day they will -be of historic value,” said the _New York Times_ correspondent in -concluding his article. The art school was established in 1915. From the -inscription on the medals “1914-1915” it is clear that they must have -been designed and executed in the latter year, three years before the -war came to an end. - -No other war prisoners medals dating back to the First World War have -come to the attention of the present author. Yet, there may be some that -eluded him. He therefore would appreciate any additional information -that readers should be kind enough to send him (address: 415 West 115th -Street, New York 25, N. Y.) - - - III - American War-Prison Tokens and Medals - - - 1. “Historical Tokens” - -The study of European money and medals issued for prisoners of war in -1914-1918, aroused—little wonder—the curiosity as to whether similar -items came into existence in this country too. No war prisoners money or -medal originating in the last war is known to the author. In his -collection, however, five related items are found, four small tokens and -one large medal, which are deserving the historian’s and medallist’s -attention. All of them picture war prisons of ill fame. Four pertain to -the Revolutionary War, the fifth to the Civil War. Thus it is pertinent -to consider them all in this connection. - - [Illustration: No. 3A - The Old Provoost, New York] - -Nos. 3 A, 3 B, 4 and 5 are copper tokens, each 31 millimeters in -diameter. They are not “historical” items in that they have come down to -us as immediate witnesses from the period of the Revolutionary War. They -are rather medallic creations of an outspoken commercial character, but -nevertheless “historical” tokens. Nos. 3 A and 3 B are identical with -No. 1 of a series of fourteen “Historical Tokens” issued by August B. -Sage, a well-known New York coin dealer, in 1859. No. 4 in the present -numbering is identical with No. 2, and No. 5 with No. 5 of the same -series. On the first page of his _Catalogue of Coins, Medals and -Tokens_, No. 1, of February 1859, Mr. Sage announced that “this series -will consist of about 25 tokens, each one giving a correct -representation of some public building around which there is anything of -an historical interest.” No more than fourteen tokens were actually -issued of this series. All of them were advertised in Mr. Sage’s later -catalogue of June 1859. They were executed in copper plain edge and in -copper and brass with reeded edges. In 1859, the set was offered for -sale for $4.00. Mules in copper, brass, and tin are known. Of No. 1 and -No. 6 two dies were made: in both cases the original die showed some -mistakes in picture or legend which were corrected in the second die. In -Chapman’s catalogue of the Bushnell collection a specimen of No. 1 in -silver is listed as No. 462. It was described as of “weak impression, -but very rare.” - -No. 3 A shows on its obverse a three-story building. On top a -fourth-story attic is added with four dormer windows. Above the roof -rises an octagon-shaped tower surrounded by a balustrade and surmounted -by a cupola ending in a cross. On the front side of the building at the -level of the main floor an empty space is visible. It was probably -designated in the draft for a gate or entrance door which is, however, -missing. The building is surrounded by a fence. In the lowest part of -the obverse, a large asterisk is placed between two smaller ones. The -top space contains the inscription: THE OLD PROVOOST, N. Y. The reverse -has the following legend arranged in five lines A/ BRITISH/ BRISON/ -DURING THE/ REVOLUTION. The third word reads _B_rison, and not Prison. -This inscription is placed within the chain of shackles in a wreath-like -arrangement. The endings converge but do not meet, in the lower part of -the obverse. Between the open ends one reads: NO. 1, and underneath in -smaller letters parallel to the rim: AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS. - - [Illustration: No. 3B - The Old Provoost, New York - (Revised Edition)] - -No. 3 B, of the same type and make looking almost identical with, but -differing in details from No. 3 A, must be considered as a “revised -edition” of the latter. The obverse is identical with that of No. 3 A -with only one deviation: No. 3 B has an entrance door instead of the -empty space in the front wall of the building. The reverse shows more -divergencies. The wording and arrangement of the main inscription are -identical with that of No. 3 A. But the mistake in the word PRISON is -here corrected, the B having been replaced by a P. In 3 B the -surrounding open chain occupies only the upper half of the margin, while -the title of the token series takes its place in the corresponding space -in the lower half: “AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS.” The half-circles -of the chain in the upper part and of the series title in the lower part -thus form a kind of wreath surrounding the main inscription of five -lines. The numeral, No. 1, appears here in the lower part and is -separated from the last line of the inscription, REVOLUTION, by a small -asterisk between two brief exergual lines. Asterisk and lines are -missing in No. 3 A. - -Both types of the token, 3 A as well as 3 B, have on the obverse below -the left corner of the fence, the initial L, representing the name of -the engraver, George H. Lovett, who is listed in the New York City -Directory of 1859 as die-sinker at 131 Fulton Street. He executed all -the Sage tokens and several very pretty Washington medals. - -The medallic picture of the “Old Provoost” is undoubtedly based on -Alexander J. Davis’s (1803-1892) drawing that was engraved by Alexander -Anderson (1775-1870) and reproduced in _The New York Mirror_ of -September 10, 1831, in John Pintard’s article, “The Old Jail.” - -The site of this “modern bastille” was City Hall Park. It was built as -the second jail, in succession, in the City of New York in 1757 and -completed in 1759. In the revolutionary period it was memorable during -the occupation of the City by the British forces, from 1776 to 1783, as -a British military prison, known as “Provost” and later as “Martyr’s -Prison”, still later as “Debtor’s Prison”. In 1830 it was reconstructed -and fitted to receive public records, henceforth known as “Register’s -Office” or “Hall of Records”. It was finally demolished in 1903 to make -way for the Subway. Coins, buttons, and human bones were found in the -excavation. A tablet, erected in 1907, on a granite monument in the Park -still marks the site of the “Old Provost.” - -This British military prison, under the superintendence of the ill-famed -Captain Cunningham, Provost-Marshall—from whom it took its name—and his -deputy, Sergeant Keefe, was the scene of great brutalities to American, -or, in the language of the times, “rebel” prisoners during the -Revolution. The Provost was destined, as John Pintard, the meritorious -New York historian, tells us, for the more notorious rebels, civil, -naval, and military. An admission into this prison was enough to appall -the stoutest heart. On the second floor, called derisively “Congress -Hall,” prisoners of note were confined, citizens of distinction and many -American officers, among them the famous Colonel Ethan Allen and Judge -Fell, of Bergen county, New Jersey. Could these dumb walls speak, John -Pintard exclaims, what scenes of anguish, what tales of agonizing woe, -might they disclose. In his aforementioned article he gave a vivid -account of the “Old Jail’s” history well known to him from the personal -reminiscences of many a distinguished prisoner still living in his day. - -For naval “rebels” a similar function as that of the “Old Provost” for -civil and military “rebels” was fulfilled by “prison-ships.” On board of -such vessels seamen were subjected to every possible hardship, to compel -them to enter into the British service. As is well known, prison-ships -were old vessels-of-war which had been condemned as unseaworthy, and -unfit for store or hospital ships, and converted to this, the last use -to which they could be applied. One of them has gained medallic -interest, the “_Old Jersey Prison Ship_,” which was included as No. 5 in -A. B. Sage’s series of “Historical Tokens.” It is No. 4 in the present -essay. - - [Illustration: No. 4 - The Old Jersey Prison Ship] - -On the obverse the center of the medallic space is occupied by a -representation of the _Jersey_ as it is found on contemporary -engravings. In the upper space one reads: THE OLD JERSEY. Underneath the -ship an anchor is pictured between two skulls and bones. The engraver’s -initial L is missing on this token. The reverse shows the same -arrangement as found in all Sage’s prison tokens. The open shackles in -half-circle in the upper space together with the half-circular -designation AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS surround the following -legend: A/ BRITISH/ PRISON/ DURING THE/ REVOLUTION. The last word stands -between two ornamental lines, the lower consisting of three big stars -flanked on each side by a group of three small stars. Underneath one -reads: No. 5. - -The prison-ship _Jersey_ built in 1736 was a fourth-rate ship of the -line, mounting sixty guns, and carrying a crew of four hundred men. She -was first used as one of the Channel fleet, later sent repeatedly to the -Mediterranean Sea, to Spain, the West Indies, Newfoundland, and was -active in several naval engagements. Already in 1747 the _Jersey_ was -laid up as evidently unfit for active service. On the renewal of -hostilities with France, in 1756, she was refitted for service and again -operated in the Mediterranean. She continued in active service until -1763 when she returned to England and was laid up once more. But in 1766 -the _Jersey_ was again commissioned and sailed for America in 1769. At -that time, the active duty of that ship appears to have been brought to -a close, since she remained out of commission from 1769 to 1776. In this -year the _Jersey_ was ordered, without armament, to New York as a -hospital-ship. In the latter part of the year 1781 she was fitted as a -prison-ship and was used for that purpose during the remainder of the -Revolutionary War. “She remained until the termination of the British -authority in New York, when she was abandoned to the fate to which she -was justly entitled, and was subsequently overwhelmed in the mud of the -Wale bogt, where she remains to this day.” An abundant literature of -memoirs, letters, and lists of the prisoners tells the story of this -prison-ship and its inmates by whose blood and sufferings the -independence of the United States and the civil and religious privileges -all of us can now enjoy, were achieved and purchased. - - [Illustration: No. 5 - City Hall, Wall Street, New York] - -Two more of Sage’s tokens have undertaken to memorialize other Civil War -prisons. In design and execution they are similar to the tokens -described here. No. 2 of Sage’s “Historical Token” series pictures on -its obverse a large building and has the following inscription: CITY -HALL, WALL ST. N. Y. ERECTED IN 1700/ DEMOLISHED/ 1812. The obverse is -very similar to that of No. 3 A, the uncorrected No. 1 of Sage’s -historical series, two skull and bones emblems having been added. A -specimen is in the author’s collection. I. N. Phelps Stokes’ -_Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909_ (Vol. VI, 1928. p. 539, s. -v. City Hall) does not give, however, any evidence that this building -was used as a British prison during the Revolution. It is different in -the case of _Livingston’s Sugar-House_. which was located on the South -side of Liberty Street, New York City, adjoining the Dutch Church -graveyard east of Nassau Street. This building was chosen by Mr. Sage as -the subject of another token, No. 2 in his series “Odds and Ends,” -executed in the very same manner as all the other tokens. Its obverse -bears the inscription: OLD SUGAR HOUSE LIBERTY ST., N. Y. FOUNDED 1689/ -DEMOLISHED 1840. - - - 2. Historical Medals - -In contrast to the aforementioned tokens, No. 6 and No. 7 are historical -medals in the specific meaning of this term. No description or mention -of either of them have come to this writer’s attention. - -The medal No. 6 measures forty-four millimetres in diameter and was -struck in silver, bronze, and white metal. The American Numismatic -Society has a specimen of each type in its collection. The obverse shows -the “Old Sugar House, Rose Street, N. Y.,” a large five-story building, -of which the front and side are visible. The space between the third and -fourth story of the front is occupied by the number 1763, the year of -its foundation, as the legend says. The space between the uppermost -window on the gable front and the two lower windows has as inscription -these letters: BRS. All windows are grated. Above the representation of -the building one reads the following half-circular inscription: OLD -SUGAR HOUSE ROSE ST. N. Y. Below, there appears this inscription: -FOUNDED 1763 DEMOLISHED 1892. On the reverse the half-circular legend, A -BRITISH PRISON, is placed above a small representation of the frontside -of the gable. The latter shows the uppermost window in the highest -corner, and underneath two more grated windows in a row. Above the left -window the initial I, above the right one the initial S are visible. The -lower part of the reverse is occupied by a key in horizontal situation -being the ill-famed prison-key, underneath shackles are placed. The -ornamental arrangement is in symmetrical correspondence with that in the -upper part. In the middle of the space one reads in two lines: DURING -THE/ REVOLUTION. - - [Illustration: No. 6 - Old Sugar House, Rose Street, New York] - -The “Old Sugar House Rose Street, N. Y.,” which stood on the corner of -Rose and Deane Streets in New York City, was erected by Henry Cuyler, -Jr., for his heir, Barnet Rynders Cuyler, probably in 1763. This date, -which appears on the medal twice, is based on an authority “who had -opportunity to observe.” John Austin Stevens stated from personal -recollection “that he saw the date 1769 high upon the brick wall in iron -figures.” The good engraving which is reproduced in James G. Wilson’s -_Memorial History of the City of New York_ and may well have been the -model for the engraver of the medal, shows the year 1767 on the wall of -the building. As disputed as the date of its erection is also its use as -prison during the Revolution. Wilson writes: “The date and the -architect’s initials are still to be seen on the side of the building, -worked in wrought-iron characters, quaint and old. The Rhinelander -family has owned the property since 1790, and much of the land around it -has been in their possession much longer than that. When first erected -the house was used as a sugar-house, but the great interest in the old -building is in the memory of the use to which it was put in -revolutionary times. The grated windows, the dungeon-like underground -cellars, the general air of solidity and impregnability which impress -the observer at first sight, bear out the assertion, which has become a -creed among the neighbors, that during the Revolution the sugar-house -was diverted from its legitimate use and turned into a British prison, -where many an American patriot suffered not only imprisonment, but -cruelties and starvation.” This was written by Wilson in 1892 in -commemoration of the then recent demolition of the structure. It seems -that it was the very same occasion that caused the issuance of the -medal, bearing the year of the building’s demolition. Nevertheless, the -use of the Rhinelander sugar-house as a prison during the Revolution was -“denied by Stevens and others, who have presented testimony to disprove -it,” as Stokes tells us. It seems almost impossible to decide the issue -which, in turn, renders the historical justification of the issuance of -the medal also doubtful. - - [Illustration: No. 7 - Libby Prison Medal - (Obverse)] - -No. 7 is the only medal known to the author referring to a military -prison in the Civil War. No specimen of it is found in the museum of the -American Numismatic Society. Nor do the catalogues, guide-books, and -other pamphlets published by the Libby Prison War Museum Association in -Chicago mention this medal that was probably issued by this very -association. There is nothing about it in the files of the Chicago -Historical Society. The Chicago newspapers of 1893 might have some -article or note. But as they are not indexed it would take a great deal -of time and labor to search through them. - -The very heavy medal measures seventy-one millimetres in diameter. It is -made of type metal, coated with a bluish-black lacquer. The obverse -shows in its upper part the following legend: LIBBY PRISON; and in the -lower part: WAR MUSEUM/ CHICAGO 1893. The space in the center is -occupied by the picture of Libby Prison as it stood in its original -place in Richmond, Virginia. Four prisoners’ tents are visible in the -foreground. Of course, no barbed wire, and not even a fence are -indicated. Instead sentries can be seen in front of the main building as -well as of the tent-barracks, their number being six _in toto_. The -picture is that well known from contemporary drawings or etchings. - - [Illustration: No. 7 - Libby Prison Medal - (Reverse)] - -The reverse of the medal bears an extensive legend in eighteen lines. -These are surrounded by a circular panel, showing on top clasped hands, -at the bottom crossed sabres. The panel inscription reads: NO -SECTIONALISM—1861—NO NORTH—NO SOUTH—1865—NO ANIMOSITY. The eighteen-line -legend gives an historical account of Libby Prison and its -transformation into the Chicago War Museum: - - 1845 - LIBBY PRISON RICHMOND, VA. - ERECTED IN 1845 BY LUTHER LIBBY. - -OCCUPIED BY LIBBY AND SON, SHIPCHANDLERS AND GROCERS. IN 1861 TAKEN BY -THE CONFEDERATED AND CONVERTED INTO A PRISON. FROM 1861 TO 1864, 40,000 -UNION PRISONERS WERE CONFINED IN IT. LARGEST NUMBER AT ONE TIME 1400. - -FOR OFFICERS EXCLUSIVELY IN 1864-5. FEBRUARY 9 1864, 109 UNION OFFICERS -MADE THEIR ESCAPE BY THE CELEBRATED TUNNEL PLANNED BY COL. THOS. E. -ROSE. MOVED TO CHICAGO IN 1889, CONVERTED INTO A NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM -OWNED BY THE LIBBY PRISON WAR MUSEUM A’SSN. - - C. F. GUNTHER. PRES; - L. MANASSE. VICE PRES; - C. E. KREMER. SEC. AND TREAS. - 1893 - -The history of Libby Prison as sad as it is romantic is too well known -to be retold here even briefly. The New York Public Library has in its -Americana collection no less than 222 items on Civil War prisoners and -prisons. Many of them are devoted exclusively or partially to Libby -Prison. The selected bibliography appended to this article will guide -historically interested readers. With reference to the medal under -consideration it is surprising that the famous commander of the prison, -Major Thomas P. Turner, found no mention in its historical legend. He -“was always a gentleman,” as one of the former prisoners wrote in his -memoirs. - -In view of the fact that the medal is dedicated to the Libby Prison War -Museum in Chicago, the history of the removal of the building from -Richmond may be of interest. The following quotation is an excerpt from -the pertinent introductory chapter in the now rare _Catalogue and -Program_ of the Libby Prison War Museum, first published probably in -1889 and later reprinted in the early eighteen-nineties: - - “The removal of Libby Prison from Richmond, Va. to Chicago was a - project never before equaled in the history of building moving and one - that will not be surpassed for years to come. This famous old - structure as a Confederate prison is too well known to need the - repetition of its history, and it is enough to state that it was the - palace prison of the South, and during the late war it held more than - 40,000 Union officers and enlisted men as prisoners. The project of - removing Libby Prison to Chicago was thought of by a well-known - Chicago business man who interested a syndicate of his business - associates, and as a result they visited Richmond in the latter part - of 1888 and took a thorough look over the ground.... Mr. Louis M. - Hallowell, a well-known and experienced Philadelphia architect, was - engaged to work on the spot. He made all of the working plans for - taking the structure apart, shipping it to the cars and rebuilding it - in Chicago. The work commenced in December, 1888, and as the building - was taken apart each board, beam, timber and block of stone was - numbered and lettered in such a manner that there was not the least - trouble about placing these parts correctly together again in - rebuilding.... Sending to Chicago required 132 twenty-ton cars ... the - re-erection of Libby Prison ... was completed early in September. The - Museum was opened to the public September 21, 1889.... It contains the - most complete and valuable collections of Confederate relics in - existence.” - -The museum was situated on Wabash Avenue between 14th and 16th Streets. -The enterprise proved a failure, however. The Libby Prison War Museum -was torn down in 1899, according to information received from the -Chicago Historical Society. The Coliseum was erected on the site. The -prison wall on the Wabash Avenue is now incorporated in the facade of -the Coliseum, all other material used having been disposed of. - -The officers of the Libby Prison War Museum Association whose names -appear on the medal, are identifiable from their advertisements on the -covers of the _Catalogue_. The President, C. J. Gunther, was a -confectioner who advertised his candies; the Vice President, L. Manasse, -an optician; and the secretary-treasurer was a member of the law firm, -Schuyler and Kremer, “attorneys at law and proctors in Admiralty.” - -One would expect to learn that the medal was struck on some occasion -connected with the Libby Prison War Museum, either on the completion of -its rebuilding in Chicago or on its opening. This was, however, not the -case. There is no other indication as to when the medal was executed -except the year 1893 appearing on its reverse. It proves that the medal -must have been struck in connection with the Columbian Exposition held -in that year in Chicago. This is all that could be explored of its -history. - -Finally a token should be mentioned that refers to Civil War prisons, -though indirectly only. It is representative of a whole group of similar -tokens. In 1864-1865 a special committee of the United States Sanitary -Commission published the gruesome results of an inquiry into the -privations and sufferings of United States officers and soldiers during -their war imprisonment. It aroused, of course, the public at that time. -The United States Sanitary Commission, established in 1861, to cooperate -with the army, arranged a series of great fairs, popularly termed -“Sanitary Fairs,” in order to raise funds for the relief of sickness, -the improvement of hospital sanitation, and the promotion of the health -conditions among the armed forces in general. The Commission distributed -during the war supplies to the value of fifteen million dollars, and -funds amounting to five million more were received into its treasury, at -least two-thirds of which were obtained from the numerous “Sanitary -Fairs.” The first was held at Chicago in 1863, and many other cities -followed. - -Tokens of the kind of that pictured here as No. 8 were given to the -“cheerful givers.” The obverse of No. 8 shows Washington’s head facing -the right, at each side four stars, the legend being: GEO. WASHINGTON / -PRESIDENT. The reverse has the following inscription in nine lines, the -first three and last one curved: GOD LOVETH A CHEERFUL GIVER / GREAT -FAIR / IN AID OF THE / U. S. / SANITARY / COMMISSION / NANTUCKET / MASS. -/ AUGUST 1864. The size is twenty-four millimeters. Specimens were -struck in silver, copper, brass, nickel, and tin. - - [Illustration: No. 8 - “Sanitary Fair” Token] - -To be sure, the present essay represents but a very modest contribution -to the discipline of medallic history. If through the methodological -approach of a specific problem it would aid in stimulating further -research in this little cultivated field, the author would consider this -a highly gratifying reward. - - - - - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - Prisoners of War in General - -William E. S. Flory, Prisoners of War: A Study in the Development of - International Law. Washington, D. C.: American Council on Public - Affairs, 1942. - - A good survey of all legal aspects of the subject, with a selected - bibliography. - -Georges Werner, “Les Prisonniers de Guerre,” in Académie de Droit - International: Receuil des Cours, 1928, Vol. I, Paris: Librairie - Hachette, 1929, pp. 1-107. - - Scholarly juridical treatise on all legal problems concerning - prisoners of war. - -Franz von Liszt, Das Völkerrecht. Twelfth edition by Max Fleischmann. - Berlin: Julius Springer, 1925, pp. 480-488. - - The standard German work on International Law, with a selected - bibliography. - -André Warnod, Prisonnier de Guerre: Notes et Croquis Rapportés - d’Allemagne. Paris: Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1915. - - Experiences in a German internment camp, with interesting drawings by - the author as illustrations. - -[Alexander] Backhaus, Die Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland. - Siegen-Leipzig-Berlin: Verlag Hermann Montanus, 1915. - - About 250 photographs from German prison camps with explanatory - comments. - -[Anonymous]: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Feindesland. Berlin and - Leipzig: 1919. - - Official accounts of the German government concerning prisoners of war - in France and England. - -Clemens Plassmann, Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Frankreich, - 1914-1920. Berlin: Verlag der Reichsvereinigung ehemaliger - Kriegsgefangener, 1921. - - A systematical discussion of all legal and social problems concerning - the German prisoners of war in France, 1914-1920. - -Dora Coith, Kriegsgefangen: Erlebnisse einer Deutschen in Frankreich. - Leipzig: Hesse und Becker Verlag, 1915. - - Description of experiences in a French war prison of a German civil - internee. - -Robert Guerlain, A Prisoner in Germany. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., - 1944. - - Account of a French soldier who spent more than a year as a prisoner - of war in one of the vast prison camps in Germany, 1940-1941. - - - I. Internment Camp Money - -Bruno Röttinger, Das deutsche Gefangenenlagergeld sowie Gruben und - Zechengeld 1914/1918. (Volume V of Dr. Arnold Keller’s - Notgeldbücher). Frankfurt a. M.: Adolph E. Cahn, 1922. V + 42 pp. - - The most complete check-list of all kinds and varieties of the German - internment camp money superseding previously published lists. - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916: Catalogues, Nos. LXVII, - January, 1917, pp. 99-129, nos. 864-1188, plates IX-XI (Germany, - Austria-Hungary); pp. 152-154, nos. 1387-1400 (Germany); LXX, - March, 1918, pp. 66-70, nos. 745-801 (Germany); pp. 129-131, nos. - 1441-1465 (Austria-Hungary); LXX, pp. 166-168, nos. 1797-1831 a - (France); LXXIII, January, 1919, pp. 19-27, nos. 171-259 (France); - pp. 55-58, nos. 535-573 (Germany); pp. 78-79, nos. 770-773 - (Austria); pp. 104-106, nos. 1049-1064 (France); LXXV, December, - 1919, pp. 10-12, nos. 90-112 (France); pp. 91-96, nos. 832-882 - (Germany); pp. 99-100, nos. 906-917 (Austria-Hungary). - - Many complete sets listed with very fine numismatic descriptions. - -[Anonymous], “The Numismatic Side of the European War.” The Numismatist, - XXIX (July, 1916), p. 328. - - On internment camp money of Freistadt, Grodig, and Kleinmünchen. - -[Anonymous], “Europe’s War Legacy to Collectors.” The Numismatist, XXIX - (1916), pp. 498-499. - - On Austrian war prisoners money “in the war prisoners’ camp at - Braunau, and struck in nickel-aluminum. All are of the same type and - have a small square hole in the center.” Also on war prisoners money - used in the camps at Danzig-Troyl, Prussia, and Kleinmünchen, Austria, - with reproduction of several sets. - -[Anonymous], “European War Prison Camp Tokens.” The Numismatist, XXX - (1917), pp. 18-19. - - Particularly on the prisoners money of the “k. u. k. Offiziersstation - für Kriegsgefangene Mühling,” (1915), with reproductions. - -J. Hunt Deacon, “Isle of Man Internment Camp Money.” The Numismatic - Scrapbook Magazine, IX (June, 1943), pp. 313-314. - - On internment camp money issued in the present war. - -J. Hunt Deacon, “More Internment Camp Money.” The Numismatic Scrapbook - Magazine, IX (July, 1943). pp. 428 f. - - On present war money issued for civilian internment camps. - -Robert Guerlain, A Prisoner in Germany. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., - 1944. - - On pp. 71-73, information is found on prices and currency in German - prison camps, during the period of 1939 to 1941. - - - II. European War-Prisoner Medals - - - German Capture Medal by Ludwig Gies - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916. Catalogue LXV, April 1916, - p. 82, no. 809. - - The description reads: - - Prisonniers de guerre. - - Médaille uniface coulée en bronze par L. G(ies). Un soldat allemand - amène un soldat français, un russe, un anglais, un belge, un serbe et - un indigène. Br. mm. 64. Médaille très intéressante. fl. 18. - -Max Bernhart, Die Münchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart. Munich-Berlin: - R. Oldenbourg, 1917. - - A photographic reproduction, 60 millimeters in diameter, is found on - Plate 15, no. 102. - - - French War-Prisoner Medal of 1916 - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916. Catalogue LXXIII, p. 8 no. - 52. - - The description reads: - - Pour nos prisonniers. - - Médaille portative par O. Yencesse. Un poilus assis en attitude - accablée. Légende POUR NOS-PRISONNIERS. Rev. Une colombe portant dans - son bec un rameau d’olivier, en bas. 1916. Métal argenté mm. 26, coins - arrondis. fl. 3.50. - - - German Camp Douglas Medal - -[Anonymous], “German Prisoners’ Art School,” in The New York Times, - Sunday, August 20, 1916, p. 12. - -[Anonymous], “Some Interesting Medallic Issues,” The Numismatist, XXIX - (March, 1916), p. 124, no. 4. - - - III. American War Prison Tokens and Medals - - - Civil War Prisons and Prisoners - -Richard F. Hemmerlein, Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War. Boston: - The Christopher Publishing House, 1934. - - A general survey of the history of the prisons and the treatment of - prisoners during the Civil War, with select bibliography. - - - A. B. Sage’s Historical Prison Tokens - -Augustus B. Sage, Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens, No. 1, New - York: February, 1859, p. 1. - - Advertisement and description of the series of Sage’s “Historical - Tokens,” nos. 1-10. - -A. B. Sage, Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens, New York: June, - 1859. - - On inner front-cover advertisement and description of the series of - Sage’s “Historical Tokens,” nos. 1-14, and of another token series, - “Odds and Ends.” These data, though of general numismatic interest, - are not reproduced in L. Forrer’s Biographical Dictionary of - Medalists. Hence they are given here in full. - - - Historical Tokens: - - No. 1. The Old Provoost Prison, 2 dies. - No. 2. The Old City Hall, Wall Street. - No. 3. Faneuil Hall, Boston. - No. 4. Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia. - No. 5. Old Jersey Prison Ship. - No. 6. State House, Philadelphia, 2 dies. - No. 7. Mount Vernon, Washington’s Residence. - No. 8. Old Hasbrook House, Newburgh. - No. 9. Richmond Hill House, N. Y. - No. 10. Washington’s Head Quarters, Tappan. - No. 11. Washington’s Head Quarters, Valley Forge. - No. 12. Sir Henry Clinton’s House, N. Y. - No. 13. The Old Swamp Church. - No. 14. The Charter Oak. - -“Upon receipt of $4.00, we will send a complete set of the above tokens - to any place in the United States. The series will be continued - from time to time.“ - - - Odds and Ends: - - No. 1. Crystal Palace. - No. 2. Old Sugar House. - No. 3. Paul Morphy. - - “The above series will be continued from time to time. Struck in good - copper, and sold at the low price of 25 cents each.” - -S. H. and H. Chapman, Catalogue of the Celebrated and Valuable - Collection of American Coins and Medals of the Late Charles I. - Bushnell. Philadelphia: Chapman, 1882, p. 31, nos. 459-462: - “Sage’s Historical Tokens.” - -L. Forrer, Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, Vol. V. London: Spink - and Son, 1912, p. 296. - - Forrer’s pertinent account on Sage’s “Historical Tokens” must be - corrected in accordance with the data given in the present essay. - - - “The Old Provoost” of New York - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909. - Vol. III, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918. p. 972, s. v. New Gaol - (“Goal”). - -John Pintard, “The Old Jail.” The New York Mirror: A Weekly Journal, - Devoted to Literature and the Fine Arts, Vol. IX, No. 10 (New - York, September 10, 1831), p. 73. - - With a reproduction of “The Old Provoost,” drawn by Alexander J. Davis - and engraved by Alexander Anderson. - -Frank Bergen Kelley, Historical Guide to the City of New York. Revised - Edition. New York: The New York Commercial Tercentenary - Commission, 1913, p. 55. - - - “The Old Jersey Prison Ship” - -Albert G. Greene (editor), Recollections of the Jersey Prison-Ship: - Taken, and Prepared for Publication, from the Original Manuscript - of the Late Captain Thomas Dring, of Providence, R. I., One of the - Prisoners. New York: P. M. Davis, 1831. Re-edited by Henry B. - Dawson. Morrisania, N. Y.: H. B. Dawson, 1865. - - Especially p. 14, note 3; p. 196; reproduction of an engraving of the - “exterior view of the ship,” facing p. 16. - -[Anonymous], 1888. A Christmas Reminder: Being the Names of about Eight - Thousand Persons, A Small Portion of the Number Confined on Board - the British Prison Ships during the War of the Revolution. - Brooklyn, N. Y.: Society of Old Brooklynites. 1888. - - Containing the names of the “prisoners confined on board the British - ship Jersey.” - -Henry R. Stiles, Letters from the Prisons and Prison-Ships of the - Revolution. (The Wallabout Prison-Ship Series, No. 1). New York: - Privately printed, 1865. - - Includes letters written on the Jersey. - - - Livingston’s Sugar House - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909. - Vol. V, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1926, pp. 1042 (1777); 1234 - (1789). - -Thomas E. V. Smith, The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s - Inauguration, 1789. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Co., 1889, - pp. 36-37. - - - Rhinelander Sugar-House - -James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of the City of New York from - Its First Settlement to the Year 1892, Vol. II, New York: New York - History Company, 1892, p. 452 and note 1. - - With a good picture of the Rhinelander Sugar House. A picture of - Livingston’s Sugar House is found, ibidem, p. 457. - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909, - Vol. IV, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1922, p. 790 (anno 1769); cf. - Vol. V, 1926, pp. 1234 (1789); 1699 (Febr. 4, 1831). - -Henry Collins Brown, Book of Old New York. New York: Privately printed, - 1913. - - Opposite p. 308, a good photograph of the Rhinelander Sugar House. - - - Libby Prison and Libby Prison War Museum - -Will Parmiter Kent, The Story of Libby Prison: Also Some Perils and - Sufferings of Certain of Its Inmates. Second edition. Chicago, - Ill.: The Libby Prison War Museum Association [1890]. - - Profusely illustrated. On the cover pictures of Libby Prison “as it - was” and “as it is.” - -[Anonymous], Libby Prison War Museum: Catalogue and Program. Chicago: - Libby Prison War Museum Association, [no year given]; reprinted - several times. - -[Anonymous], A Trip through the Libby Prison War Museum. Chicago: Libby - Prison National War Museum Association, 189?. - -Frank E. Moran, A Thrilling History of the Famous Underground Tunnel of - Libby Prison. New York: Reprinted from the Century Magazine, - 1889-1893. - -F. F. Cavada, Libby Life: Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Richmond, - Va., 1863-64. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1865. - - Most comprehensive description with contemporary illustrations, among - them a reproduction of the best contemporary engraving of Libby Prison - in Richmond, Va. - -Louis Palma di Cesnola, Ten Months in Libby Prison. [Pamphlet, no place, - no date]. [New York, 1865]. - - Description of prison life in Libby prison, 1863-1864. - -Isaac N. Johnston, Four Months in Libby, and the Campaign against - Atlanta. Cincinnati: J. N. Johnston, 1864. - -A. O. Abbott, Prison Life in the South at Richmond, Macon, Savannah, - during the Years 1864 and 1865. New York: Harper and Brothers, - 1865. - - Description of the life in Libby Prison by a former prisoner, on pp. - 22-41. - -Cullen B. (“Doc”) Aubery, Recollections of a Newsboy in the Army of the - Potomac, 1861-1865; His Capture and Confinement in Libby Prison. - [Milwaukee, Wisc.: Doc Aubery, 1904]. - - Memoirs of Libby Prison and its commanders by a former prisoner of - war. - - - United States Sanitary Commission - -United States Sanitary Commission, Narrative of Privations and - Sufferings of United States Officers and Soldiers While Prisoners - of War in the Hands of the Rebel Authorities. Boston: “Little’s - Living Age,” 1865. - - Official report of a commission of inquiry, with an appendix - containing the testimony. See also Arthur C. Cole, The Irrepressible - Conflict, 1850-1865 (A History of American Life, Vol. VII) (New York, - 1934), pp. 322 f., 331 f. - -W. S. Baker, Medallic Portraits of Washington with Historical and - Critical Notes. Philadelphia: Robert M. Lindsay, 1885, pp. 150 - ff., especially No. 364, p. 154. - - -The present bibliography has been completed on April 1, 1945. - -The author wishes gratefully to acknowledge the courtesy of the American -Numismatic Society (Mr. Sawyer Mc. A. Mosser, Librarian) and of the New -York Historical Society (Mr. John T. Washburn, Chief of the Reading -Room) in permitting him use of their collections, without which this -study could never have been completed. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - -***** This file should be named 62642-0.txt or 62642-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/6/4/62642/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; } -.fnblock div.fncont { margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:0em; margin-top:1em; text-align:justify; } -.fnblock dl { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; } -.fnblock dt { text-align:justify; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: War Prisoner Money and Medals - -Author: Guido Kisch - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62642] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="War Prisoner Money and Medals" width="500" height="761" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="smallest">WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS</span></h1> -<p class="center">By -<br /><span class="sc">Guido Kisch</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter">Reprinted from -<br />THE NUMISMATIST -<br />1963</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">I</span> -<br />Internment Camp Money</h2> -<p>The guarantee of humane treatment for prisoners of war is an -achievement of modern international law. This interesting and important -legal problem was discussed at great length at several international -conferences at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth -century. A kind of ethical and legal code resulted consisting of a -comprehensive body of rules and regulations, both written and unwritten. -The International Red Cross played an important part in the -development and crystallization of those humanitarian ideals as they -are embodied today in the provisions of the international law concerning -prisoners of war. Its rules have been explicitly or tacitly accepted -and to a great extent put into practice by most of the civilized nations -of the world. Their disregard, as in the recently reported case of 115 -helpless American military prisoners of war murdered in cold blood by -the Germans near Malmedy, or in the notorious death camps of Oswiecim -and Belsen-Bergen, is a relapse into barbarism, characteristic of the -Hitlerite hordes. As a rule, however, the status of prisoners of -war is universally respected and they receive a fair treatment from all -nations, in accordance with the rules of international law. They may -be employed by their captors for certain labors, but must be accorded -fair living conditions.</p> -<p>Considerations of war economy and corresponding military precautions -created the necessity of issuing special money for the use of -prisoners of war. A shortage in currency is often an unavoidable result -of national war conditions. It would be greatly increased, of course, if -the actual use of national currency would be permitted also to the rising -numbers of captives. The issuance of special currency for the exclusive -use of war prisoners is therefore an act of national defense in wartime. -The use of this special type of money, for which both paper and metal -are employed, is restricted in a twofold way. Its circulation is limited -to war prisoners, and—even more strictly—to definite internment camps. -The prisoners’ specially made money, often easily distinguishable -through a round or square hole in the center, is excluded from general -monetary circulation. The prisoner is not able to buy articles in the -ordinary channels of the national commerce. Moreover, he is left without -means in case of escape.</p> -<p>These are the ideas and motives underlying the issuance of separate -money for prisoners of war.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="529" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>Austrian War-Prisoner Money -Used in the Officers Prison Camp Mühling</b> -<br />(Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society)</p> -</div> -<p>During the First World War such money was produced by the warring -nations of Europe. In Germany, where 635,000 allied prisoners -were confined at the end of the war, it was called <i>Gefangenenlagergeld</i>; -in France, with the greatest number of German war prisoners (400,000), -it was known as <i>monnaies des camps de prisonniers</i>. In Germany production -reached tremendous amounts and resulted in almost unbelievable -varieties, far surpassing the needs dictated by war economy and military -policy. Röttinger’s catalogue of German internment camp money lists -about 1360 different places of issue and authorities competent to issue -such money. There were thousands of types and varieties. All kinds of -material were used and all types of style imaginable were represented. -From these facts another motif comes to light which prompted that mass -production of war prisoner money. Apparently this new type of currency -quickly attracted the attention of numismatists, first in the lands -of its origin, then in the adjacent neutral countries, and later in the -entire world. The interest of collectors and students once awakened was -soon exploited by the German government through a mass export of -complete sets of prisoner currency to foreign countries. Thus a means was -provided of obtaining valuable and badly needed foreign exchange for a -worthless kind of currency. In fact it was a practically worthless kind -of money, worthless even from the numismatic point of view. For the -almost innumerable varieties impaired the collector’s interest who could -not entertain any hope ever to obtain a complete collection. While Germany -continued this practice for the duration of the war, in line with -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -her general inflationary policy, Austria-Hungary seems to have kept -the issuance of her war prisoner money within the limits of the actual -war needs.</p> -<p>The hypothesis of the partly inflationary character of the German -internment camp money during the First World War and of its doubtful -numismatical value, as set forth here, is borne out by several other observations. -There were very few complete or almost complete collections of -“Gefangenenlagergeld” even in Germany, the most important ones -being that of the <i>Reichswirtschaftsmuseum</i> in Leipzig, where one specimen -of each type of <i>Notgeld</i> was officially deposited by the <i>Reich</i> as -issued, and that of a private collector, Doctor Arnold Keller of Berlin, -the publisher of <i>Dr. Arnold Kellers Notgeldbücher</i>. In Holland, there -was also a collection outstanding because of its completeness, namely -that of Mr. Paul Daub of Utrecht, a private collector. The American -Numismatic Society, in due recognition of the given situation, rightfully -did not care to acquire complete sets of this money, either during -or after the war, but contented itself with a few specimens only. There -have been a few private collectors in the United States none of whom -seems to have attained great achievements in this field. None the less, -the interest is still kept alive to some degree in collectors’ circles through -the “International Emergency Money Club” of New York City, the -only club of its kind in existence, founded in 1936 in New York City, -with an active membership of thirty in 1942.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="162" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>Different Types of War Prisoner Money</b></p> -</div> -<p>Beginning as early as January 1917 the well known firm of J. Schulman -of Amsterdam offered complete sets of such money in a series of -consecutive catalogues on war money, entitled <i>La Guerre Européenne -1914-1917</i>. Here collectors could obtain almost all sets available which -were probably secured from the official authorities of issuance in Germany. -The international reputation of the firm of Schulman in Amsterdam -is too well established to permit reflection on the ethics of its business -transactions. Merely for the sake of clarity it should be stated that -none is implied here.</p> -<p>Obviously, numismatic interest turned quickly to the items of this -previously little known type of war emergency money. In the very beginning, -most probably, everyone thought that it would be a quickly -passing numismatic phenomenon. No one could at that time realize the -dimensions that production of war prisoner money would finally reach. -All this notwithstanding, the literature on this special kind of money is -scarce, incomplete and widely scattered. The appended select bibliography -might therefore be welcome to those interested in this field of -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -collecting which probably will be revived soon after the return of peace. -It is needless to state that no claim is being made of completeness in the -bibliographical data offered below.</p> -<p>No doubt, in the present war, too, internment camp money has been -issued. Scanty news on such money issued in Great Britain, particularly -in the Isle of Man internment camp for civilian and soldier prisoners -of war, has already been brought to the attention of numismatists. -A member of the Czechoslovak State Council in London, Mr. Ernest -Frischer, recently informed the present writer that internment camp -money is in use in the ill-famed concentration camp of Terezin (Theresienstadt) -in Bohemia, where about 50,000 Jews are being held by their -German “Protectors.” According to information received by the War -Department in Washington, on the other hand, “no special type of -money is issued for the use of prisoners of war held in this country. -However, prisoners of war are issued 'canteen checks,’ a form of script -which is given them in lieu of cash. This script is redeemable for -merchandise at prison camp post exchanges. This script is not uniform, -each of the several Service Commands procuring it and issuing it to -camps within its jurisdiction. No photographs of the canteen checks -are available.”</p> -<p>Naturally, more detailed and definite information will be available -only after the termination of hostilities and the restoration of unimpeded -research channels.</p> -<h3 id="c2">II -<br />European War-Prisoner Medals</h3> -<p>With regard to war prisoner medals, the numismatic situation is completely -different from that outlined here for internment camp money. -True, there may have been also a “mass production” of such medallic -items in Europe during the war of 1914-1918. But it never could have -paralleled that of the emergency money for internment camps.</p> -<p>Two motives, above all, caused the issuance of war prisoner medals: -the raising of funds for the support of prisoners of war or the amelioration -of their condition; and the creation of the commemorative tokens -or medals for presentation to captives after their liberation. It is doubtful -and highly improbable, that the “mass production” of such medals -ever reached in quantity a volume equal to that of war prisoners money. -The number issued may well run into hundreds, at most a few thousands, -but certainly not many thousands. For, to the best of this author’s -knowledge, no commemorative war medal in the form of an official decoration -to be given to all war prisoners in general was issued by any of -the states participating in the First World War. Nor did any of -the European states that remained neutral and held members of the -belligerents in internment camps, issue commemorative medals for -internees. This suggestion may well deserve the attention of the United -Nations’ military authorities. After the present war a special commemorative -medal of honor should be issued, intended for those who had -to endure the great hardships of captivity for their country, often suffering -undescribable physical and mental restraint. Such a token of -gratitude would show to these heroes that they, too, had not been forgotten -and that their sacrifice is duly appreciated and will permanently -be remembered.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<p>It seems that in the last European war prisoner medals were issued -privately only. The extensive search for such medals carried on by the -author in numismatic literature and dealers’ catalogues as well as -through interviewing of collectors and dealers, yielded only four items. -Three are of German origin, only one is French. None of these medals -has aroused as yet the attention or curiosity of numismatists in general -or of collectors of medals in particular.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="519" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>German Capture Medal by L. Gies</b></p> -</div> -<p>Because of its medallic representation a typically German “war -medal” will be mentioned first. No specimen was available to this writer. -None is found in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society in -New York City. It is a unilateral bronze medal, measuring 64 millimeters -in diameter, designed by the German artist. Ludwig Gies, whose -initials L.G. appear on the obverse. It is one of the numerous “war -medals” created by him in the beginning of the First World War. It -depicts the act of capture. A German soldier is shown capturing and -taking away a French, a Russian, an English, Belgian, Serbian, and a -colonial native prisoner of war. A brief description, but no reproduction -of this medal, is found in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXV, of April -1916, p. 82, No. 809. It is pictured among the artist’s other war medals -in Max Bernhart’s <i>Die Muenchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart</i>, Plate -15, No. 102, wherefrom the reproduction is made.</p> -<p>The medal reproduced here as No. 1, another German war prisoner -medal, is a silver medal, of 37.67 grams, measuring forty-one millimeters -in diameter. The obverse depicts the full figure of a German -prisoner of war, dressed in his uniform, on which a sign PG (French: -<i>prisonnier de guerre</i>) is visible. Standing on the shore of a river, being -of course the Rhine, he holds his hands stretched out to express his fervent -longing for his home country. Not only the mountains of the latter -are visible on the opposite shore but also the home village with its -little church in the foreground. The inscription in the left upper space -of the medal, before the soldier’s eyes, reads: SEHNSUCHT (longing). -The reverse bears the following inscription in a quadrangular space surrounded -by ornaments: VOLKSBUND/ZUM SCHUTZE/DER DEUTSCHEN/KRIEGS -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -u. ZIVIL/GEFANGENEN, meaning, “National Society -for the Protection of German Military and Civil Prisoners of War.” -On the rim of the medal name and place of the producing firm are -visible: C. Poellat, Schrobenhausen. The designer’s name does not appear -on the medal. No year is given. In accordance with the aims of -the issuing society the medal was probably destined to promote interest -in and support of the German prisoners of war in enemy land. No records -or accounts of the activities of this society were available in this -country. Nevertheless it is safe to assume the following. Sending of -food parcels from Germany was possible only in the first years of war. -But even later, in the period of grave food shortage, funds were still -needed and actually raised for clothing, and particularly for books, -which were continuously sent to prisoner camps in great quantities. A -specimen of this medal is in the collection of Dr. Bruno Kisch, New York -City.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="239" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 1 -<br />German Volksbund for Prisoners Medal</b></p> -</div> -<p>There is a French counterpart to this medal. A small medal, 26 -millimeters in diameter, similar to No. 1 in its motives, but apparently -more artistically designed, is known to have been struck in France. No -specimen is available in this country. According to the brief description -in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXXIII it was designed by O. Yencesse -and executed in a silvery white metal. The obverse shows a French -soldier seated in an attitude of despondency. The inscription reads: -POUR NOS—PRISONNIERS. that is: “For Our Prisoners.” On the -reverse a dove is visible bearing in its bill an olive branch. Below is the -date 1916. The motive of the issuance of this medal was patently fund -raising.</p> -<p>No. 2 is a medal made of hard white metal, and struck for the German -prisoners of war interned at Douglas, Isle of Man, to commemorate -their detention there. Its diameter measures 46 millimeters. On the -top there is a rectangular vertical loophole. The obverse shows the -Douglas prison camp, in the foreground its barracks and huts, also an -unfolded banner is visible; in the background a fortress at the left of -the beholder, and a lighthouse at the right. Between the fortress and the -lighthouse is the Manx triskelion or triquerta, occupying a prominent -place in the upper center. The entire picture on the obverse is enclosed -by a surrounding wreath of barbed wire. The reverse has a wreath of -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -leaves with a panel in the middle. The inscription reads, in the upper -segment: WELTKRIEG 1914-1915 (“World War 1914-1915”); in the -lower: DOUGLAS ISLE OF MAN; in the middle: ERINNERUNG AN -DIE KRIEGSHAFT (“In commemoration of war detention”). No -artist’s name is given. Specimens of this medal are found in the museum -of the American Numismatic Society, New York City, and in this writer’s -collection. The first mentioned specimen is in an (original) plain -wooden case with no ornament. Other wooden cases are known, on the -cover of which an inlaid design is visible representing an open-jawed -snake as the symbol of war. The words <i>Weltkrieg 1914/15</i> are added -on the case. This medal was pictured and briefly, though not exactly, -described in <i>The New York Times</i> of August 26, 1916. In <span class="sc">The Numismatist</span> -of March 1916, a reproduction with a few explanatory lines was -also published, the medal having been exhibited at the January meeting -of the New York Numismatic Club.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="285" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 2 -<br />German Camp Douglas Medal</b></p> -</div> -<p>Douglas, Peel and Knockaloe had been chosen as sites for the detention -camps on the Isle of Man. Here many an alien who for years had -followed some profession or trade in Great Britain was interned in 1914 -for the duration of the war. The English and German Relief Committees -with the active cooperation of the American Young Men’s Christian -Association succeeded in performing what seemed to the <i>New York -Times</i> correspondent at that time to have been an unheard-of feat under -the existing conditions: the establishment of an art school for prisoners -of war at Camp Douglas. Beside wooden boxes done in chip carving -and in wood intaglio, the commemorative medals for German war prisoners -were certainly the most artistic objects produced there. Through a -strange irony of fate, they were strictly “made in England.” “Some -day they will be of historic value,” said the <i>New York Times</i> correspondent -in concluding his article. The art school was established in -1915. From the inscription on the medals “1914-1915” it is clear that -they must have been designed and executed in the latter year, three -years before the war came to an end.</p> -<p>No other war prisoners medals dating back to the First World War -have come to the attention of the present author. Yet, there may be -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -some that eluded him. He therefore would appreciate any additional -information that readers should be kind enough to send him (address: -415 West 115th Street, New York 25, N. Y.)</p> -<h3 id="c3">III -<br />American War-Prison Tokens and Medals</h3> -<h4>1. “Historical Tokens”</h4> -<p>The study of European money and medals issued for prisoners of war -in 1914-1918, aroused—little wonder—the curiosity as to whether similar -items came into existence in this country too. No war prisoners money or -medal originating in the last war is known to the author. In his collection, -however, five related items are found, four small tokens and one -large medal, which are deserving the historian’s and medallist’s attention. -All of them picture war prisons of ill fame. Four pertain to the -Revolutionary War, the fifth to the Civil War. Thus it is pertinent to -consider them all in this connection.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="274" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 3A -<br />The Old Provoost, New York</b></p> -</div> -<p>Nos. 3 A, 3 B, 4 and 5 are copper tokens, each 31 millimeters in diameter. -They are not “historical” items in that they have come down to us -as immediate witnesses from the period of the Revolutionary War. They -are rather medallic creations of an outspoken commercial character, but -nevertheless “historical” tokens. Nos. 3 A and 3 B are identical with -No. 1 of a series of fourteen “Historical Tokens” issued by August B. -Sage, a well-known New York coin dealer, in 1859. No. 4 in the present -numbering is identical with No. 2, and No. 5 with No. 5 of the same -series. On the first page of his <i>Catalogue of Coins, Medals and Tokens</i>, -No. 1, of February 1859, Mr. Sage announced that “this series will consist -of about 25 tokens, each one giving a correct representation of some -public building around which there is anything of an historical interest.” -No more than fourteen tokens were actually issued of this series. All of -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -them were advertised in Mr. Sage’s later catalogue of June 1859. They -were executed in copper plain edge and in copper and brass with reeded -edges. In 1859, the set was offered for sale for $4.00. Mules in copper, -brass, and tin are known. Of No. 1 and No. 6 two dies were made: in -both cases the original die showed some mistakes in picture or legend -which were corrected in the second die. In Chapman’s catalogue of the -Bushnell collection a specimen of No. 1 in silver is listed as No. 462. It -was described as of “weak impression, but very rare.”</p> -<p>No. 3 A shows on its obverse a three-story building. On top a fourth-story -attic is added with four dormer windows. Above the roof rises an -octagon-shaped tower surrounded by a balustrade and surmounted by a -cupola ending in a cross. On the front side of the building at the level -of the main floor an empty space is visible. It was probably designated -in the draft for a gate or entrance door which is, however, missing. The -building is surrounded by a fence. In the lowest part of the obverse, a -large asterisk is placed between two smaller ones. The top space contains -the inscription: THE OLD PROVOOST, N. Y. The reverse has -the following legend arranged in five lines A/ BRITISH/ BRISON/ DURING -THE/ REVOLUTION. The third word reads <i>B</i>rison, and -not Prison. This inscription is placed within the chain of shackles in a -wreath-like arrangement. The endings converge but do not meet, in the -lower part of the obverse. Between the open ends one reads: NO. 1, and -underneath in smaller letters parallel to the rim: AUG. B. SAGE’S -HISTORICAL TOKENS.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="254" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 3B -<br />The Old Provoost, New York</b> -<br />(Revised Edition)</p> -</div> -<p>No. 3 B, of the same type and make looking almost identical with, but -differing in details from No. 3 A, must be considered as a “revised edition” -of the latter. The obverse is identical with that of No. 3 A with -only one deviation: No. 3 B has an entrance door instead of the empty -space in the front wall of the building. The reverse shows more divergencies. -The wording and arrangement of the main inscription are -identical with that of No. 3 A. But the mistake in the word PRISON -is here corrected, the B having been replaced by a P. In 3 B the surrounding -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -open chain occupies only the upper half of the margin, while -the title of the token series takes its place in the corresponding space in -the lower half: “AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS.” The half-circles -of the chain in the upper part and of the series title in the lower -part thus form a kind of wreath surrounding the main inscription of -five lines. The numeral, No. 1, appears here in the lower part and is -separated from the last line of the inscription, REVOLUTION, by a -small asterisk between two brief exergual lines. Asterisk and lines are -missing in No. 3 A.</p> -<p>Both types of the token, 3 A as well as 3 B, have on the obverse below -the left corner of the fence, the initial L, representing the name of the -engraver, George H. Lovett, who is listed in the New York City Directory -of 1859 as die-sinker at 131 Fulton Street. He executed all the -Sage tokens and several very pretty Washington medals.</p> -<p>The medallic picture of the “Old Provoost” is undoubtedly based on -Alexander J. Davis’s (1803-1892) drawing that was engraved by Alexander -Anderson (1775-1870) and reproduced in <i>The New York Mirror</i> -of September 10, 1831, in John Pintard’s article, “The Old Jail.”</p> -<p>The site of this “modern bastille” was City Hall Park. It was built -as the second jail, in succession, in the City of New York in 1757 and -completed in 1759. In the revolutionary period it was memorable during -the occupation of the City by the British forces, from 1776 to 1783, -as a British military prison, known as “Provost” and later as “Martyr’s -Prison”, still later as “Debtor’s Prison”. In 1830 it was reconstructed -and fitted to receive public records, henceforth known as “Register’s -Office” or “Hall of Records”. It was finally demolished in 1903 to make -way for the Subway. Coins, buttons, and human bones were found in -the excavation. A tablet, erected in 1907, on a granite monument in the -Park still marks the site of the “Old Provost.”</p> -<p>This British military prison, under the superintendence of the ill-famed -Captain Cunningham, Provost-Marshall—from whom it took its -name—and his deputy, Sergeant Keefe, was the scene of great brutalities -to American, or, in the language of the times, “rebel” prisoners -during the Revolution. The Provost was destined, as John Pintard, the -meritorious New York historian, tells us, for the more notorious rebels, -civil, naval, and military. An admission into this prison was enough to -appall the stoutest heart. On the second floor, called derisively “Congress -Hall,” prisoners of note were confined, citizens of distinction and -many American officers, among them the famous Colonel Ethan Allen -and Judge Fell, of Bergen county, New Jersey. Could these dumb -walls speak, John Pintard exclaims, what scenes of anguish, what tales -of agonizing woe, might they disclose. In his aforementioned article he -gave a vivid account of the “Old Jail’s” history well known to him -from the personal reminiscences of many a distinguished prisoner still -living in his day.</p> -<p>For naval “rebels” a similar function as that of the “Old Provost” -for civil and military “rebels” was fulfilled by “prison-ships.” On -board of such vessels seamen were subjected to every possible hardship, -to compel them to enter into the British service. As is well known, -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -prison-ships were old vessels-of-war which had been condemned as unseaworthy, -and unfit for store or hospital ships, and converted to this, -the last use to which they could be applied. One of them has gained -medallic interest, the “<i>Old Jersey Prison Ship</i>,” which was included as -No. 5 in A. B. Sage’s series of “Historical Tokens.” It is No. 4 in the -present essay.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="250" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 4 -<br />The Old Jersey Prison Ship</b></p> -</div> -<p>On the obverse the center of the medallic space is occupied by a representation -of the <i>Jersey</i> as it is found on contemporary engravings. In -the upper space one reads: THE OLD JERSEY. Underneath the ship -an anchor is pictured between two skulls and bones. The engraver’s -initial L is missing on this token. The reverse shows the same arrangement -as found in all Sage’s prison tokens. The open shackles in half-circle -in the upper space together with the half-circular designation -AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS surround the following -legend: A/ BRITISH/ PRISON/ DURING THE/ REVOLUTION. -The last word stands between two ornamental lines, the lower consisting -of three big stars flanked on each side by a group of three small stars. -Underneath one reads: No. 5.</p> -<p>The prison-ship <i>Jersey</i> built in 1736 was a fourth-rate ship of the line, -mounting sixty guns, and carrying a crew of four hundred men. She -was first used as one of the Channel fleet, later sent repeatedly to the -Mediterranean Sea, to Spain, the West Indies, Newfoundland, and was -active in several naval engagements. Already in 1747 the <i>Jersey</i> was -laid up as evidently unfit for active service. On the renewal of hostilities -with France, in 1756, she was refitted for service and again -operated in the Mediterranean. She continued in active service until -1763 when she returned to England and was laid up once more. But in -1766 the <i>Jersey</i> was again commissioned and sailed for America in 1769. -At that time, the active duty of that ship appears to have been brought -to a close, since she remained out of commission from 1769 to 1776. In -this year the <i>Jersey</i> was ordered, without armament, to New York as a -hospital-ship. In the latter part of the year 1781 she was fitted as a -prison-ship and was used for that purpose during the remainder of the -Revolutionary War. “She remained until the termination of the British -authority in New York, when she was abandoned to the fate to which she -was justly entitled, and was subsequently overwhelmed in the mud of -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -the Wale bogt, where she remains to this day.” An abundant literature -of memoirs, letters, and lists of the prisoners tells the story of this -prison-ship and its inmates by whose blood and sufferings the independence -of the United States and the civil and religious privileges all of -us can now enjoy, were achieved and purchased.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="256" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 5 -<br />City Hall, Wall Street, New York</b></p> -</div> -<p>Two more of Sage’s tokens have undertaken to memorialize other Civil -War prisons. In design and execution they are similar to the tokens -described here. No. 2 of Sage’s “Historical Token” series pictures on -its obverse a large building and has the following inscription: CITY -HALL, WALL ST. N. Y. ERECTED IN 1700/ DEMOLISHED/ 1812. -The obverse is very similar to that of No. 3 A, the uncorrected No. 1 of -Sage’s historical series, two skull and bones emblems having been added. -A specimen is in the author’s collection. I. N. Phelps Stokes’ <i>Iconography -of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909</i> (Vol. VI, 1928. p. 539, s. v. -City Hall) does not give, however, any evidence that this building was -used as a British prison during the Revolution. It is different in the -case of <i>Livingston’s Sugar-House</i>. which was located on the South side -of Liberty Street, New York City, adjoining the Dutch Church graveyard -east of Nassau Street. This building was chosen by Mr. Sage as -the subject of another token, No. 2 in his series “Odds and Ends,” -executed in the very same manner as all the other tokens. Its obverse -bears the inscription: OLD SUGAR HOUSE LIBERTY ST., N. Y. -FOUNDED 1689/ DEMOLISHED 1840.</p> -<h4>2. Historical Medals</h4> -<p>In contrast to the aforementioned tokens, No. 6 and No. 7 are historical -medals in the specific meaning of this term. No description or mention -of either of them have come to this writer’s attention.</p> -<p>The medal No. 6 measures forty-four millimetres in diameter and was -struck in silver, bronze, and white metal. The American Numismatic -Society has a specimen of each type in its collection. The obverse shows -the “Old Sugar House, Rose Street, N. Y.,” a large five-story building, -of which the front and side are visible. The space between the third -and fourth story of the front is occupied by the number 1763, the year -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -of its foundation, as the legend says. The space between the uppermost -window on the gable front and the two lower windows has as inscription -these letters: BRS. All windows are grated. Above the representation -of the building one reads the following half-circular inscription: OLD -SUGAR HOUSE ROSE ST. N. Y. Below, there appears this inscription: -FOUNDED 1763 DEMOLISHED 1892. On the reverse the half-circular -legend, A BRITISH PRISON, is placed above a small representation -of the frontside of the gable. The latter shows the uppermost -window in the highest corner, and underneath two more grated windows -in a row. Above the left window the initial I, above the right one the -initial S are visible. The lower part of the reverse is occupied by a key -in horizontal situation being the ill-famed prison-key, underneath -shackles are placed. The ornamental arrangement is in symmetrical -correspondence with that in the upper part. In the middle of the space -one reads in two lines: DURING THE/ REVOLUTION.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="265" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 6 -<br />Old Sugar House, Rose Street, New York</b></p> -</div> -<p>The “Old Sugar House Rose Street, N. Y.,” which stood on the corner -of Rose and Deane Streets in New York City, was erected by Henry -Cuyler, Jr., for his heir, Barnet Rynders Cuyler, probably in 1763. This -date, which appears on the medal twice, is based on an authority “who -had opportunity to observe.” John Austin Stevens stated from personal -recollection “that he saw the date 1769 high upon the brick wall in iron -figures.” The good engraving which is reproduced in James G. Wilson’s -<i>Memorial History of the City of New York</i> and may well have -been the model for the engraver of the medal, shows the year 1767 on -the wall of the building. As disputed as the date of its erection is also -its use as prison during the Revolution. Wilson writes: “The date and -the architect’s initials are still to be seen on the side of the building, -worked in wrought-iron characters, quaint and old. The Rhinelander -family has owned the property since 1790, and much of the land around -it has been in their possession much longer than that. When first erected -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -the house was used as a sugar-house, but the great interest in the old -building is in the memory of the use to which it was put in revolutionary -times. The grated windows, the dungeon-like underground cellars, the -general air of solidity and impregnability which impress the observer -at first sight, bear out the assertion, which has become a creed among -the neighbors, that during the Revolution the sugar-house was diverted -from its legitimate use and turned into a British prison, where many -an American patriot suffered not only imprisonment, but cruelties and -starvation.” This was written by Wilson in 1892 in commemoration -of the then recent demolition of the structure. It seems that it was the -very same occasion that caused the issuance of the medal, bearing the -year of the building’s demolition. Nevertheless, the use of the Rhinelander -sugar-house as a prison during the Revolution was “denied by -Stevens and others, who have presented testimony to disprove it,” as -Stokes tells us. It seems almost impossible to decide the issue which, in -turn, renders the historical justification of the issuance of the medal -also doubtful.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="412" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 7 -<br />Libby Prison Medal</b> -<br />(Obverse)</p> -</div> -<p>No. 7 is the only medal known to the author referring to a military -prison in the Civil War. No specimen of it is found in the museum of -the American Numismatic Society. Nor do the catalogues, guide-books, -and other pamphlets published by the Libby Prison War Museum Association -in Chicago mention this medal that was probably issued by this -very association. There is nothing about it in the files of the Chicago -Historical Society. The Chicago newspapers of 1893 might have some -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -article or note. But as they are not indexed it would take a great deal -of time and labor to search through them.</p> -<p>The very heavy medal measures seventy-one millimetres in diameter. -It is made of type metal, coated with a bluish-black lacquer. The obverse -shows in its upper part the following legend: LIBBY PRISON; -and in the lower part: WAR MUSEUM/ CHICAGO 1893. The space -in the center is occupied by the picture of Libby Prison as it stood in its -original place in Richmond, Virginia. Four prisoners’ tents are visible -in the foreground. Of course, no barbed wire, and not even a fence are -indicated. Instead sentries can be seen in front of the main building -as well as of the tent-barracks, their number being six <i>in toto</i>. The picture -is that well known from contemporary drawings or etchings.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 7 -<br />Libby Prison Medal</b> -<br />(Reverse)</p> -</div> -<p>The reverse of the medal bears an extensive legend in eighteen lines. -These are surrounded by a circular panel, showing on top clasped hands, -at the bottom crossed sabres. The panel inscription reads: NO SECTIONALISM—1861—NO -NORTH—NO SOUTH—1865—NO ANIMOSITY. -The eighteen-line legend gives an historical account of Libby -Prison and its transformation into the Chicago War Museum:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t4">1845</p> -<p class="t0">LIBBY PRISON RICHMOND, VA.</p> -<p class="t0">ERECTED IN 1845 BY LUTHER LIBBY.</p> -</div> -<p>OCCUPIED BY LIBBY AND SON, SHIPCHANDLERS -AND GROCERS. IN 1861 TAKEN BY THE CONFEDERATED -AND CONVERTED INTO A PRISON. FROM -1861 TO 1864, 40,000 UNION PRISONERS -WERE CONFINED IN IT. LARGEST NUMBER AT ONE TIME -1400.</p> -<p>FOR OFFICERS EXCLUSIVELY IN 1864-5. FEBRUARY 9 -1864, 109 UNION OFFICERS MADE THEIR ESCAPE BY -THE CELEBRATED TUNNEL PLANNED BY COL. THOS. -E. ROSE. MOVED TO CHICAGO IN 1889, CONVERTED -INTO A NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM OWNED BY THE -LIBBY PRISON WAR MUSEUM A’SSN.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">C. F. GUNTHER. PRES;</p> -<p class="t0">L. MANASSE. VICE PRES;</p> -<p class="t0">C. E. KREMER. SEC. AND TREAS.</p> -<p class="t4">1893</p> -</div> -<p>The history of Libby Prison as sad as it is romantic is too well known -to be retold here even briefly. The New York Public Library has in its -Americana collection no less than 222 items on Civil War prisoners and -prisons. Many of them are devoted exclusively or partially to Libby -Prison. The selected bibliography appended to this article will guide -historically interested readers. With reference to the medal under consideration -it is surprising that the famous commander of the prison, -Major Thomas P. Turner, found no mention in its historical legend. He -“was always a gentleman,” as one of the former prisoners wrote in his -memoirs.</p> -<p>In view of the fact that the medal is dedicated to the Libby Prison -War Museum in Chicago, the history of the removal of the building from -Richmond may be of interest. The following quotation is an excerpt -from the pertinent introductory chapter in the now rare <i>Catalogue and -Program</i> of the Libby Prison War Museum, first published probably in -1889 and later reprinted in the early eighteen-nineties:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“The removal of Libby Prison from Richmond, Va. to Chicago -was a project never before equaled in the history of building moving -and one that will not be surpassed for years to come. This -famous old structure as a Confederate prison is too well known to -need the repetition of its history, and it is enough to state that it -was the palace prison of the South, and during the late war it held -more than 40,000 Union officers and enlisted men as prisoners. The -project of removing Libby Prison to Chicago was thought of by a -well-known Chicago business man who interested a syndicate of his -business associates, and as a result they visited Richmond in the -latter part of 1888 and took a thorough look over the ground.... -Mr. Louis M. Hallowell, a well-known and experienced Philadelphia -architect, was engaged to work on the spot. He made all of the -working plans for taking the structure apart, shipping it to the -cars and rebuilding it in Chicago. The work commenced in December, -1888, and as the building was taken apart each board, beam, -timber and block of stone was numbered and lettered in such a -manner that there was not the least trouble about placing these -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -parts correctly together again in rebuilding.... Sending to Chicago -required 132 twenty-ton cars ... the re-erection of Libby Prison ... -was completed early in September. The Museum was opened to -the public September 21, 1889.... It contains the most complete -and valuable collections of Confederate relics in existence.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The museum was situated on Wabash Avenue between 14th and 16th -Streets. The enterprise proved a failure, however. The Libby Prison -War Museum was torn down in 1899, according to information received -from the Chicago Historical Society. The Coliseum was erected on the -site. The prison wall on the Wabash Avenue is now incorporated in the -facade of the Coliseum, all other material used having been disposed of.</p> -<p>The officers of the Libby Prison War Museum Association whose names -appear on the medal, are identifiable from their advertisements on the -covers of the <i>Catalogue</i>. The President, C. J. Gunther, was a confectioner -who advertised his candies; the Vice President, L. Manasse, an -optician; and the secretary-treasurer was a member of the law firm, -Schuyler and Kremer, “attorneys at law and proctors in Admiralty.”</p> -<p>One would expect to learn that the medal was struck on some occasion -connected with the Libby Prison War Museum, either on the completion -of its rebuilding in Chicago or on its opening. This was, however, not -the case. There is no other indication as to when the medal was executed -except the year 1893 appearing on its reverse. It proves that the medal -must have been struck in connection with the Columbian Exposition held -in that year in Chicago. This is all that could be explored of its history.</p> -<p>Finally a token should be mentioned that refers to Civil War prisons, -though indirectly only. It is representative of a whole group of similar -tokens. In 1864-1865 a special committee of the United States Sanitary -Commission published the gruesome results of an inquiry into the privations -and sufferings of United States officers and soldiers during their -war imprisonment. It aroused, of course, the public at that time. The -United States Sanitary Commission, established in 1861, to cooperate -with the army, arranged a series of great fairs, popularly termed -“Sanitary Fairs,” in order to raise funds for the relief of sickness, -the improvement of hospital sanitation, and the promotion of the health -conditions among the armed forces in general. The Commission distributed -during the war supplies to the value of fifteen million dollars, -and funds amounting to five million more were received into its treasury, -at least two-thirds of which were obtained from the numerous “Sanitary -Fairs.” The first was held at Chicago in 1863, and many other cities -followed.</p> -<p>Tokens of the kind of that pictured here as No. 8 were given to the -“cheerful givers.” The obverse of No. 8 shows Washington’s head facing -the right, at each side four stars, the legend being: GEO. WASHINGTON / -PRESIDENT. The reverse has the following inscription in -nine lines, the first three and last one curved: GOD LOVETH A -CHEERFUL GIVER / GREAT FAIR / IN AID OF THE / U. S. / -SANITARY / COMMISSION / NANTUCKET / MASS. / AUGUST -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -1864. The size is twenty-four millimeters. Specimens were struck in -silver, copper, brass, nickel, and tin.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="182" /> -<p class="pcap"><b>No. 8 -<br />“Sanitary Fair” Token</b></p> -</div> -<p>To be sure, the present essay represents but a very modest contribution -to the discipline of medallic history. If through the methodological -approach of a specific problem it would aid in stimulating further research -in this little cultivated field, the author would consider this a -highly gratifying reward.</p> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></h2> -<h3 id="c5">Prisoners of War in General</h3> -<p class="revint">William E. S. Flory, <b>Prisoners of War: A Study in the Development of International -Law</b>. Washington, D. C.: American Council on Public -Affairs, 1942.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>A good survey of all legal aspects of the subject, with a selected bibliography.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Georges Werner, “Les Prisonniers de Guerre,” in <b>Académie de Droit International: -Receuil des Cours, 1928</b>, Vol. I, Paris: Librairie Hachette, -1929, pp. 1-107.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Scholarly juridical treatise on all legal problems concerning prisoners of -war.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Franz von Liszt, <b>Das Völkerrecht</b>. Twelfth edition by Max Fleischmann. -Berlin: Julius Springer, 1925, pp. 480-488.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The standard German work on International Law, with a selected bibliography.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">André Warnod, <b>Prisonnier de Guerre: Notes et Croquis Rapportés d’Allemagne</b>. -Paris: Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1915.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Experiences in a German internment camp, with interesting drawings by -the author as illustrations.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Alexander] Backhaus, <b>Die Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland</b>. Siegen-Leipzig-Berlin: -Verlag Hermann Montanus, 1915.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>About 250 photographs from German prison camps with explanatory comments.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous]: <b>Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Feindesland</b>. Berlin and Leipzig: -1919.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Official accounts of the German government concerning prisoners of war -in France and England.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Clemens Plassmann, <b>Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Frankreich, 1914-1920</b>. -Berlin: Verlag der Reichsvereinigung ehemaliger Kriegsgefangener, -1921.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>A systematical discussion of all legal and social problems concerning the -German prisoners of war in France, 1914-1920.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p class="revint">Dora Coith, <b>Kriegsgefangen: Erlebnisse einer Deutschen in Frankreich</b>. -Leipzig: Hesse und Becker Verlag, 1915.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Description of experiences in a French war prison of a German civil internee.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Robert Guerlain, <b>A Prisoner in Germany</b>. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., -1944.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Account of a French soldier who spent more than a year as a prisoner of -war in one of the vast prison camps in Germany, 1940-1941.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c6">I. Internment Camp Money</h3> -<p class="revint">Bruno Röttinger, <b>Das deutsche Gefangenenlagergeld sowie Gruben und Zechengeld -1914/1918</b>. (Volume V of <b>Dr. Arnold Keller’s Notgeldbücher</b>). -Frankfurt a. M.: Adolph E. Cahn, 1922. V + 42 pp.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The most complete check-list of all kinds and varieties of the German internment -camp money superseding previously published lists.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">J. Schulman, <b>La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916</b>: Catalogues, Nos. LXVII, -January, 1917, pp. 99-129, nos. 864-1188, plates IX-XI (Germany, -Austria-Hungary); pp. 152-154, nos. 1387-1400 (Germany); LXX, -March, 1918, pp. 66-70, nos. 745-801 (Germany); pp. 129-131, nos. -1441-1465 (Austria-Hungary); LXX, pp. 166-168, nos. 1797-1831 a -(France); LXXIII, January, 1919, pp. 19-27, nos. 171-259 (France); -pp. 55-58, nos. 535-573 (Germany); pp. 78-79, nos. 770-773 (Austria); -pp. 104-106, nos. 1049-1064 (France); LXXV, December, 1919, pp. -10-12, nos. 90-112 (France); pp. 91-96, nos. 832-882 (Germany); pp. -99-100, nos. 906-917 (Austria-Hungary).</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Many complete sets listed with very fine numismatic descriptions.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], “The Numismatic Side of the European War.” <b>The Numismatist</b>, -XXIX (July, 1916), p. 328.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On internment camp money of Freistadt, Grodig, and Kleinmünchen.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], “Europe’s War Legacy to Collectors.” <b>The Numismatist</b>, -XXIX (1916), pp. 498-499.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On Austrian war prisoners money “in the war prisoners’ camp at Braunau, -and struck in nickel-aluminum. All are of the same type and have a -small square hole in the center.” Also on war prisoners money used -in the camps at Danzig-Troyl, Prussia, and Kleinmünchen, Austria, with -reproduction of several sets.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], “European War Prison Camp Tokens.” <b>The Numismatist</b>, -XXX (1917), pp. 18-19.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Particularly on the prisoners money of the “k. u. k. Offiziersstation für -Kriegsgefangene Mühling,” (1915), with reproductions.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">J. Hunt Deacon, “Isle of Man Internment Camp Money.” <b>The Numismatic -Scrapbook Magazine</b>, IX (June, 1943), pp. 313-314.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On internment camp money issued in the present war.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">J. Hunt Deacon, “More Internment Camp Money.” <b>The Numismatic Scrapbook -Magazine</b>, IX (July, 1943). pp. 428 f.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On present war money issued for civilian internment camps.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Robert Guerlain, <b>A Prisoner in Germany</b>. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., -1944.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On pp. 71-73, information is found on prices and currency in German -prison camps, during the period of 1939 to 1941.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c7">II. European War-Prisoner Medals</h3> -<h4>German Capture Medal by Ludwig Gies</h4> -<p class="revint">J. Schulman, <b>La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916</b>. Catalogue LXV, April 1916, -p. 82, no. 809.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The description reads:</p> -<p>Prisonniers de guerre.</p> -<p>Médaille uniface coulée en bronze par L. G(ies). Un soldat allemand -amène un soldat français, un russe, un anglais, un belge, un serbe et un -indigène. Br. mm. 64. Médaille très intéressante. fl. 18.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<p class="revint">Max Bernhart, <b>Die Münchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart</b>. Munich-Berlin: -R. Oldenbourg, 1917.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>A photographic reproduction, 60 millimeters in diameter, is found on -Plate 15, no. 102.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>French War-Prisoner Medal of 1916</h4> -<p class="revint">J. Schulman, <b>La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916</b>. Catalogue LXXIII, p. 8 -no. 52.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The description reads:</p> -<p>Pour nos prisonniers.</p> -<p>Médaille portative par O. Yencesse. Un poilus assis en attitude accablée. -Légende POUR NOS-PRISONNIERS. Rev. Une colombe portant dans -son bec un rameau d’olivier, en bas. 1916. Métal argenté mm. 26, -coins arrondis. fl. 3.50.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>German Camp Douglas Medal</h4> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], “German Prisoners’ Art School,” in <b>The New York Times</b>, -Sunday, August 20, 1916, p. 12.</p> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], “Some Interesting Medallic Issues,” <b>The Numismatist</b>, -XXIX (March, 1916), p. 124, no. 4.</p> -<h3 id="c8">III. American War Prison Tokens and Medals</h3> -<h4>Civil War Prisons and Prisoners</h4> -<p class="revint">Richard F. Hemmerlein, <b>Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War</b>. Boston: -The Christopher Publishing House, 1934.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>A general survey of the history of the prisons and the treatment of prisoners -during the Civil War, with select bibliography.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>A. B. Sage’s Historical Prison Tokens</h4> -<p class="revint">Augustus B. Sage, <b>Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens</b>, No. 1, New York: -February, 1859, p. 1.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Advertisement and description of the series of Sage’s “Historical Tokens,” -nos. 1-10.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">A. B. Sage, <b>Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens</b>, New York: June, 1859.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>On inner front-cover advertisement and description of the series of Sage’s -“Historical Tokens,” nos. 1-14, and of another token series, “Odds -and Ends.” These data, though of general numismatic interest, are not -reproduced in L. Forrer’s <b>Biographical Dictionary of Medalists</b>. Hence -they are given here in full.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c9">Historical Tokens:</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">No. 1. The Old Provoost Prison, 2 dies.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 2. The Old City Hall, Wall Street.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 3. Faneuil Hall, Boston.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 4. Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 5. Old Jersey Prison Ship.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 6. State House, Philadelphia, 2 dies.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 7. Mount Vernon, Washington’s Residence.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 8. Old Hasbrook House, Newburgh.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 9. Richmond Hill House, N. Y.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 10. Washington’s Head Quarters, Tappan.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 11. Washington’s Head Quarters, Valley Forge.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 12. Sir Henry Clinton’s House, N. Y.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 13. The Old Swamp Church.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 14. The Charter Oak.</p> -</div> -<p class="revint">“Upon receipt of $4.00, we will send a complete set of the above tokens to -any place in the United States. The series will be continued from time -to time.“</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h3 id="c10">Odds and Ends:</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">No. 1. Crystal Palace.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 2. Old Sugar House.</p> -<p class="t0">No. 3. Paul Morphy.</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p>“The above series will be continued from time to time. Struck in good -copper, and sold at the low price of 25 cents each.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">S. H. and H. Chapman, <b>Catalogue of the Celebrated and Valuable Collection -of American Coins and Medals of the Late Charles I. Bushnell</b>. Philadelphia: -Chapman, 1882, p. 31, nos. 459-462: “Sage’s Historical -Tokens.”</p> -<p class="revint">L. Forrer, <b>Biographical Dictionary of Medallists</b>, Vol. V. London: Spink -and Son, 1912, p. 296.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Forrer’s pertinent account on Sage’s “Historical Tokens” must be corrected -in accordance with the data given in the present essay.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>“The Old Provoost” of New York</h4> -<p class="revint">I. N. Phelps Stokes, <b>The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909</b>. Vol. -III, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918. p. 972, s. v. New Gaol (“Goal”).</p> -<p class="revint">John Pintard, “The Old Jail.” <b>The New York Mirror: A Weekly Journal, -Devoted to Literature and the Fine Arts</b>, Vol. IX, No. 10 (New York, -September 10, 1831), p. 73.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>With a reproduction of “The Old Provoost,” drawn by Alexander J. Davis -and engraved by Alexander Anderson.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Frank Bergen Kelley, <b>Historical Guide to the City of New York</b>. Revised -Edition. New York: The New York Commercial Tercentenary Commission, -1913, p. 55.</p> -<h4>“The Old Jersey Prison Ship”</h4> -<p class="revint">Albert G. Greene (editor), <b>Recollections of the Jersey Prison-Ship: Taken, -and Prepared for Publication, from the Original Manuscript of the Late -Captain Thomas Dring, of Providence, R. I., One of the Prisoners</b>. New -York: P. M. Davis, 1831. Re-edited by Henry B. Dawson. Morrisania, -N. Y.: H. B. Dawson, 1865.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Especially p. 14, note 3; p. 196; reproduction of an engraving of the -“exterior view of the ship,” facing p. 16.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], <b>1888. A Christmas Reminder: Being the Names of about -Eight Thousand Persons, A Small Portion of the Number Confined on -Board the British Prison Ships during the War of the Revolution.</b> -Brooklyn, N. Y.: Society of Old Brooklynites. 1888.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Containing the names of the “prisoners confined on board the British ship -Jersey.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Henry R. Stiles, <b>Letters from the Prisons and Prison-Ships of the Revolution</b>. -(The Wallabout Prison-Ship Series, No. 1). New York: Privately printed, -1865.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Includes letters written on the Jersey.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>Livingston’s Sugar House</h4> -<p class="revint">I. N. Phelps Stokes, <b>The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909</b>. Vol. -V, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1926, pp. 1042 (1777); 1234 (1789).</p> -<p class="revint">Thomas E. V. Smith, <b>The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s -Inauguration, 1789</b>. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Co., 1889, -pp. 36-37.</p> -<h4>Rhinelander Sugar-House</h4> -<p class="revint">James Grant Wilson, <b>The Memorial History of the City of New York from -Its First Settlement to the Year 1892</b>, Vol. II, New York: New York -History Company, 1892, p. 452 and note 1.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>With a good picture of the Rhinelander Sugar House. A picture of Livingston’s -Sugar House is found, <b>ibidem</b>, p. 457.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<p class="revint">I. N. Phelps Stokes, <b>The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909</b>, Vol. -IV, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1922, p. 790 (<b>anno</b> 1769); cf. Vol. V, -1926, pp. 1234 (1789); 1699 (Febr. 4, 1831).</p> -<p class="revint">Henry Collins Brown, <b>Book of Old New York</b>. New York: Privately printed, -1913.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Opposite p. 308, a good photograph of the Rhinelander Sugar House.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>Libby Prison and Libby Prison War Museum</h4> -<p class="revint">Will Parmiter Kent, <b>The Story of Libby Prison: Also Some Perils and Sufferings -of Certain of Its Inmates</b>. Second edition. Chicago, Ill.: The -Libby Prison War Museum Association [1890].</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Profusely illustrated. On the cover pictures of Libby Prison “as it was” -and “as it is.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], <b>Libby Prison War Museum: Catalogue and Program</b>. Chicago: -Libby Prison War Museum Association, [no year given]; reprinted -several times.</p> -<p class="revint">[Anonymous], <b>A Trip through the Libby Prison War Museum</b>. Chicago: -Libby Prison National War Museum Association, 189?.</p> -<p class="revint">Frank E. Moran, <b>A Thrilling History of the Famous Underground Tunnel of -Libby Prison</b>. New York: Reprinted from the Century Magazine, 1889-1893.</p> -<p class="revint">F. F. Cavada, <b>Libby Life: Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Richmond, -Va., 1863-64</b>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1865.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Most comprehensive description with contemporary illustrations, among -them a reproduction of the best contemporary engraving of Libby Prison -in Richmond, Va.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Louis Palma di Cesnola, <b>Ten Months in Libby Prison</b>. [Pamphlet, no place, -no date]. [New York, 1865].</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Description of prison life in Libby prison, 1863-1864.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Isaac N. Johnston, <b>Four Months in Libby, and the Campaign against Atlanta</b>. -Cincinnati: J. N. Johnston, 1864.</p> -<p class="revint">A. O. Abbott, <b>Prison Life in the South at Richmond, Macon, Savannah, during -the Years 1864 and 1865</b>. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1865.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Description of the life in Libby Prison by a former prisoner, on pp. 22-41.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">Cullen B. (“Doc”) Aubery, <b>Recollections of a Newsboy in the Army of the -Potomac, 1861-1865; His Capture and Confinement in Libby Prison</b>. -[Milwaukee, Wisc.: Doc Aubery, 1904].</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Memoirs of Libby Prison and its commanders by a former prisoner of war.</p> -</blockquote> -<h4>United States Sanitary Commission</h4> -<p class="revint">United States Sanitary Commission, <b>Narrative of Privations and Sufferings -of United States Officers and Soldiers While Prisoners of War in the -Hands of the Rebel Authorities</b>. Boston: “Little’s Living Age,” 1865.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Official report of a commission of inquiry, with an appendix containing -the testimony. See also Arthur C. Cole, <b>The Irrepressible Conflict, -1850-1865</b> (A History of American Life, Vol. VII) (New York, 1934), -pp. 322 f., 331 f.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="revint">W. S. Baker, <b>Medallic Portraits of Washington with Historical and Critical -Notes</b>. Philadelphia: Robert M. Lindsay, 1885, pp. 150 ff., especially -No. 364, p. 154.</p> -<hr /> -<p>The present bibliography has been completed on April 1, 1945.</p> -<p>The author wishes gratefully to acknowledge the courtesy of the American -Numismatic Society (Mr. Sawyer Mc. A. Mosser, Librarian) and of the New -York Historical Society (Mr. John T. Washburn, Chief of the Reading Room) -in permitting him use of their collections, without which this study could -never have been completed.</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - -***** This file should be named 62642-h.htm or 62642-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/6/4/62642/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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