diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 02:14:21 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 02:14:21 -0800 |
| commit | b3cd4edb6cc43b19284f7bb9991a46c41123b4f6 (patch) | |
| tree | 913ce8ce9b6adbb237ef8abe09cf12b4335bf3a0 | |
| parent | 6aa51c3a975c899cce8056d8f4fbd4bb318da17c (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h.zip | bin | 889581 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/62782-h.htm | 2735 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/cover.png | bin | 28232 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/cover_epub.jpg | bin | 139402 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig0.png | bin | 32647 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig1.png | bin | 44101 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig10.png | bin | 44062 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig11.png | bin | 37919 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig12.png | bin | 33806 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig13.png | bin | 63875 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig2.png | bin | 54990 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig3.png | bin | 54138 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig4.png | bin | 95681 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig5.png | bin | 84040 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig6.png | bin | 18245 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig7.png | bin | 13654 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig8.png | bin | 52546 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782-h/images/fig9.png | bin | 55895 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782.txt | 1885 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62782.zip | bin | 32963 -> 0 bytes |
23 files changed, 17 insertions, 4620 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7dba278 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62782 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62782) diff --git a/old/62782-h.zip b/old/62782-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 882bb53..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/62782-h.htm b/old/62782-h/62782-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 644ab93..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/62782-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2735 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Sweet Clover: Utilization, by AUTHOR—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; - text-indent: 1.5em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -hr.r25 {width: 25%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-left: 37.5%; margin-right: 37.5%;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;} -.tblcnt tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdl2 {text-align: left; padding-left: 1.5em;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - -.bdb {border-bottom: 1px solid;} -.bdl {border-left: 1px solid;} -.bdt {border-top: 1px solid;} -.bbox {border: 1px solid; padding: 1em; width: 30em; margin: 12px auto;} -.bbox2 {border: 5px double; padding: 1em; width: 30em; margin: 6px auto;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.vbot {vertical-align: bottom;} -.dropcap {float: left; padding-right: 0.25em; font-size: 2.5em;} -.hidden {display: none;} -.wsnw {white-space: nowrap;} -sub {font-size: .8em;} -sup {font-size: .8em;} - -.caption p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: center;} -.captionj p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, h3, h4, .caption2, .caption3, .caption4 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2, .caption2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -h3, .caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -h4, .caption4 {font-size:1.15em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmt2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.pmb2 {margin-bottom: 2em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} -.illowp47 {width: 47%;} -.illowp68 {width: 68%;} -.illowp70 {width: 70%;} -.illowp89 {width: 89%;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820 - Sweet Clover: Utilization - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: July 28, 2020 [EBook #62782] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 820 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from images provided by USDA through -The Internet Archive. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - -<div class="figcenter illowp47" id="cover" > - <img class="w100" src="images/cover.png" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>« 1 »</span></p> - - -<div class="bbox2"> -<h1>SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION</h1> - - -<h2>H. S. COE</h2> - -<p class="center pmb2">Assistant Agronomist, Forage-Crop Investigations</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig0" > - <a id="frontis"></a><img class="w100" src="images/fig0.png" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3 pmt4">FARMERS' BULLETIN 820<br /> -<span class="smaller">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</span></p> - - -<p class="caption4">Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry</p> - -<p class="caption4 pmb4">WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief</p> - - -<table style="width:100%" summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Washington, D. C.</td> - <td class="tdr">May 1917</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class="tdr smaller pmb4">WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>« 2 »</span></p> - - -<div class="bbox pmb4"> -<div class="dropcap">S</div> -<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">S</span>WEET CLOVER may be utilized for feeding purposes, as -pasturage, hay, or ensilage. With the possible exception -of alfalfa on fertile soil, sweet clover, when properly -handled, will furnish as much nutritious pasturage -from early spring until late fall as any other legume. It seldom -causes bloat.</p> - -<p>Stock may refuse to eat sweet clover at first, but this distaste -can be overcome by keeping them on a field of young -plants for a few days.</p> - -<p>As cattle crave dry roughage when pasturing on sweet -clover, they should have access to it. Straw answers this -purpose very well.</p> - -<p>An acre of sweet clover ordinarily will support 20 to 30 -sholes.</p> - -<p>On account of the succulent growth, it is often difficult, -in humid climates, to cure the first crop of the second season -into a good quality of hay.</p> - -<p>When seeded without a nurse crop, one cutting of hay -may be obtained the first year in the North and two or -three cullings in the South. Two cuttings are often obtained -in the South after grain harvest. The second year -a cutting of hay and a seed crop usually are harvested.</p> - -<p>Sweet clover should never be permitted to show flower -buds before it is cut for hay. It is very important that -the first crop of the second season be cut so high that a new -growth will develop. When the plants have made a growth -of 36 to 40 inches it may be necessary to leave the stubble -10 to 12 inches high.</p> - -<p>In cutting the first crop of the second season it is a good -plan to have extension shoe soles made for the mower, so -that a high stubble may be left. In some sections of the -country sweet clover as a silage plant is gaining in favor -rapidly.</p> - -<p>This crop has given excellent results as a feed for cattle -and sheep. Experiments show that it compares favorably -with alfalfa.</p> - -<p>Sweet clover has proved to be a profitable soil-improving -crop. The large, deep roots add much humus to the soil -and improve the aeration and drainage. As a rule, the yield -of crops following sweet clover is increased materially.</p> - -<p>Being a biennial, this crop lends itself readily to short -rotations.</p> - -<p>Sweet clover is a valuable honey plant, in that in all sections -of the country it secretes an abundance of nectar.</p> - -<p>This bulletin discusses only, the utilization of sweet clover. -A discussion of the growing of the crop may be found in -Farmers' Bulletin 797.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>« 3 »</span></p> - -<h1 class="nobreak">SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h1> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> The growing of this crop has been discussed in a previous publication, Farmers' -Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; Growing the Crop."</p></div> - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - - -<table class="tblcnt" style="width: 35em;" summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="smaller tdr">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">General statement of the uses of sweet clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GENERAL_STATEMENT_OF_THE_USES_OF_SWEET_CLOVER">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a pasture crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_PASTURE_CROP">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover hay</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET-CLOVER_HAY">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a silage crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SILAGE_CROP">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a soiling crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SOILING_CROP">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a feed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_FEED">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a soil-improving crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SOIL-IMPROVING_CROP">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover in rotations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_IN_ROTATIONS">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover as a honey plant</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_HONEY_PLANT">32</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GENERAL_STATEMENT_OF_THE_USES_OF_SWEET_CLOVER">GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE USES OF SWEET CLOVER.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The utilization of sweet clover as a feed for all classes of live stock -has increased rapidly in many parts of the country, owing primarily -to the excellent results obtained by many farmers who have used -this plant for pasturage or hay, and also to the fact that feeding and -digestion experiments conducted by agricultural experiment stations -show that it is practically equal to alfalfa and red clover as -a feed.</p> - -<p>As a pasture plant, sweet clover is superior to red clover, and possibly -alfalfa, as it seldom causes bloat, will grow on poor soils, and is -drought resistant. The favorable results obtained from the utilization -of this crop for pasturage have done much to promote its culture -in many parts of the United States. On account of the succulent, -somewhat stemmy growth of the first crop the second year, difficulty -is often experienced in curing the hay in humid sections, as it -is necessary to cut it at a time when weather conditions are likely to -be unfavorable. When properly cured the hay is relished by stock.</p> - -<p>At the present time sweet clover is used to only a limited extent -for silage, but its use for this purpose should increase rapidly, as the -results thus far obtained have been very satisfactory.</p> - -<p>In addition to the value of sweet clover as a feed, it is one of the -best soil-improving crops adapted to short rotations which can be -grown. When cut for hay, the stubble and roots remain in the soil, -and when pastured, the uneaten parts of the plants, as well as the -manure made while animals are on pasture, are added to the soil and -benefit the succeeding crops. In addition to humus, sweet clover, in -common with all legumes, adds nitrogen to the soil. This crop is -grown in many sections of the country primarily to improve soils, and -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>« 4 »</span> -the benefits derived from it when handled in this manner have justified -its use, as the yields of succeeding crops usually are increased -materially.</p> - -<p>The different species of sweet clover are excellent honey plants, as -they produce nectar over a long period in all sections of the United -States.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig1" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig1.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—Cattle pasturing on sweet clover.</p></div> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_PASTURE_CROP">SWEET CLOVER AS A PASTURE CROP.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>With the possible exception of alfalfa on fertile soils, no other -leguminous crop will furnish as much nutritious pasturage from -early spring until late fall as sweet clover when it is properly -handled. Live stock which have never been fed sweet clover may -refuse to eat it at first, but this distaste is easily overcome by turning -them on the pasture in the spring, as soon as the plants start -growth (<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>). Many cases are on record where stock have preferred -sweet clover to other forage plants. The fact that it may -be pastured earlier in the spring than many forage plants and that -it thrives throughout the hot summer months makes it a valuable -addition to the pastures on many farms. Sweet clover is an especially -valuable forage plant for poor soils where other crops make -but little growth, and it is upon such soils that thousands of acres of -this crop are furnishing annually abundant pasturage for all kinds -of live stock. In many portions of the Middle West, where the conditions -are similar to those of southeastern Kansas, it bids fair to -solve the serious pasturage problems. Native pastures which will -no longer provide more than a scant living for a mature steer on 4 or -5 acres, when properly seeded to sweet clover will produce sufficient -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>« 5 »</span> -forage to carry at least one animal to the acre throughout the season. -In addition to this, a crop of hay or a seed crop may be harvested -from a portion of the land when it is so fenced that the stock may be -confined to certain parts of the field at specific times. Land which is -too rough or too depleted for cultivation, or permanent pastures -which have become thin and weedy, may be improved greatly by -drilling in, after disking, a few pounds of sweet-clover seed per acre. -Not only will the sweet clover add considerably to the quality and -quantity of the pasturage but the growth of the grasses will be improved -by the addition of large quantities of humus and nitrogen -to the soil.</p> - -<p>Sweet clover has proved to be an excellent pasture crop on many -of the best farms in the North-Central States. In this part of the -country it may be seeded alone and pastured from the middle or latter -part of June until frost, or it may be sown with grain and pastured -after harvest.</p> - -<p>When sweet clover has been seeded two years in succession on -separate fields, the field sown the first year may be pastured until the -middle of June, when the stock should be turned on the spring -seeding. When handled in this manner excellent pasturage is provided -throughout the summer, and a hay or seed crop may be harvested -from the field seeded the previous season.</p> - -<p>Some of the best pastures in Iowa consist of a mixture of Kentucky -bluegrass, timothy, and sweet clover. On a farm observed near -Delmar, Iowa, stock is pastured on meadows containing this mixture -from the first part of April to the middle of June. From this -time until the first part of September the stock is kept on one-half -to two-thirds the total pasture acreage. The remainder of the pasture -land is permitted to mature a seed crop. After the seed crop is harvested -the stock again is turned on this acreage, where they feed on -the grasses and first-year sweet-clover plants until cold weather. The -seed which shatters when the crop is cut is usually sufficient to reseed -the pastures. By handling his pasture land in this manner, the -owner of the farm has always had an abundance of pasture and at -the same time has obtained each year a crop of 2 to 4 bushels of recleaned -seed to the acre from one-third to one-half of his pasture -land. This system has been in operation on one field for 20 years and -not until the last two year's has bluegrass showed a tendency to -crowd out the sweet clover. It is essential that sufficient stock be -kept on the pastures to keep the plants eaten rather closely, so that -at all times there will be an abundance of fresh shoots.</p> - -<p>Whenever the first crop of the second year is not needed for hay -or silage it can be used for no better purpose than pasturage. In -fact, it is better to pasture the fields until the middle of June, as this -affords one of the most economical and profitable ways of handling -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>« 6 »</span> -the first crop. In addition to its value for pasture, grazing induces -the plants to send out many young shoots close to the ground, so -that when the plants are permitted to mature seed a much larger -number of stalks are formed than would be the case if the first crop -were cut for hay. The hay crop is likely to be cut so close to the -ground that the plants will be killed, whereas but little danger of -killing the plants arises from close pasturing early in the season. -Excellent stands of sweet clover will produce an abundance of pasturage -for two to three mature steers per acre from early spring -to the middle of June.</p> - -<p>Cattle which are pasturing on sweet clover alone crave dry feed. -Straw has been found to satisfy this desire and straw or hay should -be present in the meadow at all times, After stock are removed -from the field it is an excellent plan to go over it with a mower, -setting the cutter bar so as to leave the stubble 6 to 8 inches high. -This will even up the stand, so that the plants will ripen seed at -approximately the same date.</p> - -<p>Experiments by many farmers in the Middle West show that sweet -clover is an excellent pasture for dairy cattle. When cows are turned -on sweet clover from grass pastures the flow of milk is increased and -its quality improved. Other conditions being normal, this increase in -milk production will continue throughout the summer, as the plants -produce an abundance of green forage during the hot, dry months -when grass pastures are unproductive. If pastures are handled properly -they will carry at least one milk cow to the acre during the -summer months.</p> - -<p>In many parts of the country sweet clover has proved to be an -excellent pasturage crop for hogs. When it is utilized for this purpose -it usually is seeded alone and pastured for two seasons. The -hogs may be turned on the field the first year as soon as the plants -have made a 6-inch growth. From this time until late fall an -abundance of forage is produced, as pasturing induces the plants to -send out many tender, succulent branches. Pasturing the second -season may begin as soon as growth starts in the spring. If the -field is not closely grazed the second season it is advisable to clip it -occasionally, leaving an 8-inch stubble, so as to produce a more succulent -growth.</p> - -<p>An acre of sweet-clover pasture ordinarily will support 20 to 30 -shotes in addition to furnishing a tight cutting of hay (<a href="#fig2">fig. 2</a>). -For the best growth of the hogs, they should be fed each day 2 -pounds of grain per hundredweight of the stock. Hogs are very -fond of sweet clover roots and should be ringed before being turned -on the pasture. The tendency to root may generally be overcome -by adding some protein to the grain ration. Meat meal serves -this purpose very well.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>« 7 »</span></p> - -<p>The Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an interesting -pasturing experiment with spring pigs in 1910, In this experiment, -pigs weighing approximately 38 pounds each were pastured -for a period of 141 days on two plats of red clover, a plat of Dwarf -Essex rape, and a plat of yellow biennial sweet clover. The pigs -pasturing on each plat received a ration of ear corn. The ration -given to the pigs on one plat of red clover and on that of rape was -supplemented with meat meal to the extent of one-tenth of the ear corn -ration. The feed given to the pigs pasturing on sweet clover -was supplemented with meat meal at the same rate during only the -last 57 days of the test. The red clover was seeded in 1908 and reseeded -in 1909, so that the plat contained a very good stand of plants -at least one year old. The sweet clover was seeded in the spring of -1910, while the rape was sown on April 4, 1910, in 24-inch rows. -The pigs were turned on the forage plats on June 22.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig2" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig2.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Hogs pasturing on sweet clover.</p></div> -</div> - - -<p>The results of this experiment, as presented in <a href="#Table_I">Table I</a>, show that -sweet clover carried more pigs to the acre and produced cheaper gains -and a greater net profit per acre than either red clover or rape. To -judge from the date of seeding of the plants tested, it was to be expected -that the pigs pasturing on the sweet clover would not gain as -rapidly at first as those pasturing on the other forage plants, as the -growth of the sweet clover at this time was undoubtedly much less -than that of the other crops. This assumption is borne out by the -results given for the first 84 days of the test. During this period -the pigs on the rape made a net gain of $11.55 per acre and those on -the red clover $6.86 per acre more than those on the sweet clover. In -these computations corn was valued at 50 cents per bushel and hogs -at $6 per hundredweight. During the latter part of the experiment -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>« 8 »</span> -there was but a scant growth of red clover on the plats, while the -sweet clover produced an abundance of forage, and during this -period of the experiment the pigs pasturing on sweet clover made a -net gain of $10.14 per acre more than those pasturing on red clover -and $17.41 per acre more than those pasturing on rape. (<a href="#Table_I">Table I</a>.) -The difference in net profits probably would have been greater had -white sweet clover been used instead of yellow sweet clover, as it -makes a larger growth and contains approximately the same ratio -of food elements.</p> - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_I"></a><span class="smcap">Table I.</span>—Relative merits of Dwarf Essex rape, red clover, and yellow sweet -clover when pastured by spring pigs for 141 days, June 22 to November 10, -1910.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Forage tested, plat area, and ration.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Number of hogs.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Initial weight per hog.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Total gain, all hogs.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Average daily gain per hog.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="2">Supplementary feed required for 100 pounds of gain.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Total cost of 100 pounds of gain.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Net profit per acre.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdt bdl">Shelled corn.</td> - <td class="bdb bdt bdl">Meat meal.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rape (Dwarf Essex, 0.9 acre), and ear corn<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> plus one-tenth meat meal.</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">18</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">37.8</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">2,801.7</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">1.10</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">292.5</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">33.99</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">$3.79</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">......</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Reduced to acre basis.</td> - <td class="bdl">20</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">3,113.0</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">$88.64</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Clover (medium red, 0.8 acre) and ear corn alone<a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>.</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">15</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">39.0</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">1,790.0</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">.84</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">370.6</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">None.</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">3.71</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">......</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Reduced to acre basis.</td> - <td class="bdl">18.75</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">2,237.5</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">51.20</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Clover (medium red, 0.8 acre) and ear corn<a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> plus one-tenth meat meal.</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">15</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">39.0</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">2,394.0</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">1.13</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">299.3</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">34.77</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">3.84</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">......</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Reduced to acre basis.</td> - <td class="bdl">18.75</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">2,992.5</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">64.55</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet clover<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> (yellow biennial, 0.8 acre) and ear corn<a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> plus one-tenth meat meal.</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">18</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">37.8</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">2,594.0</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">1.02</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">313.6</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">24.70</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">3.70</td> - <td class="bdl vbot">......</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl2">Reduced to acre basis.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">22.60</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">3,242.5</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">74.50</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Corn valued at 50 cents per bushel, meat meal at $2.50 per hundredweight.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Hogs valued at $6 per hundredweight.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> During the first 84 days of the test, practically two-thirds of the time, a limited ration of corn was -given, while during the last 57 days the pigs received a full feed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> The pigs pasturing on sweet clover received meat meal only during the last 57 days of the experiment.</p></div> - -<p>An experiment reported by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment -Station shows that a mixture of rape and sweet clover makes an -exceptionally fine pasture for hogs. In this experiment the mixture -of rape and sweet clover produced more pasturage than alfalfa and -was preferred to alfalfa by the hogs. It was seeded at the rate of 6 -pounds of Dwarf Essex rape and 10 pounds of sweet clover to the -acre.</p> - -<p>Sheep relish sweet clover and make rapid gains when pastured on -it. Care must be taken to see that pastures are not overstocked with -sheep, as they are likely to eat the plants so close to the ground as to -kill them. This is especially true the first year, before the plants -have formed crown buds. Yellow biennial sweet clover probably -would not suffer from this cause as much as the white species, because -the plants make a more prostrate growth and are not likely -to be eaten so closely to the ground.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>« 9 »</span></p> - -<p>Horses and mules do well on sweet-clover pastures. On account of -the high protein content sweet clover provides excellent pasturage for -young stock. No cases of slobbering have been noted with horses.</p> - - -<h3>TAINTING MILK AND BUTTER.</h3> - -<p>Milk may be tainted occasionally when cows are pasturing on sweet -clover. However, the large majority of farmers who pasture sweet -clover on an extensive scale report very little or no trouble. The -flavor imparted to milk at times is not disliked by all people, as some -state that it is agreeable and does not harm the market value of dairy -products in the least. This trouble is experienced for the most part -in the early spring. The tainting of milk may be avoided by taking -the cows off the pasture two hours before milking and keeping them -off until after milking the following morning.</p> - - -<h3>BLOATING.</h3> - -<p>Unlike the true clovers and alfalfa, sweet clover seldom causes -bloat; in fact, with the exception of the summer of 1915, only a few -authentic cases of bloat have thus far been recorded in sections where -large acreages are pastured with cattle and sheep. A number of -cases of bloat wore reported in Iowa during the abnormally wet -season of 1915. No satisfactory explanation for this comparative -freedom from bloating has been offered. It is held by some that the -coumarin in the plants prevents bloating, but this has not been -established experimentally.</p> - - -<h3>TREATMENT FOR BLOAT.</h3> - -<p><i>Cattle.</i>—If the case of bloat is not extreme, it may be sufficient to -drive the animals at a walk for a quarter or half an hour. In urgent -cases the gas must be allowed to escape without delay, and this -is best accomplished by the use of the trocar. In selecting the place -for using the trocar, the highest point of the distended flank equally -distant from the last rib and the point of the hip must be chosen. -Here an incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made -with a knife through the skin, and then the sharp point of the trocar, -being directed downward, inward, and slightly forward, is thrust -into the paunch. The sheath of the trocar should be left in the -paunch as long as any gas continues to issue from it. In the absence -of a trocar an incision may be made with a small-bladed knife and -a quill used to permit the gas to escape. Care must be taken to see -that the quill does not work down out of sight into the incision.</p> - -<p>Another remedy consists in tying a large bit, the diameter of a -pitchfork handle, in the mouth, so that a piece of rubber tubing may -be passed through the mouth to the first stomach to allow the gas -to escape.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>« 10 »</span></p> - -<p>When the animal is not distressed and the swelling of the flank is -not great, or when the most distressing condition has been removed -by the use of the trocar, it is best to administer internal medicine. -Two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should be given every -half hour in a quart of cold water, or half an ounce of chlorid of -lime may be dissolved in a pint of tepid water and the dose repeated -every half hour until the bloating has subsided.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> See "Diseases of Cattle," a special report of the Bureau of Animal Industry.</p></div> - -<p>For acute bloating the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station -recommends 1 quart of a 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> per cent solution of formalin, followed -by placing a wooden block in the animal's mouth and by gentle -exercise if the animal can be gotten up.</p> - -<p><i>Sheep.</i>—Gas may be removed quickly from bloated sheep by using -a small trocar. The seat of the operation is on the most prominent -portion of the left flank.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET-CLOVER_HAY">SWEET-CLOVER HAY.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>When sweet-clover hay is cut at the right time and cured properly -it is eaten readily by all classes of live stock. As the hay is rich in -protein, growing stock make gains on it comparable to the gains of -those fed on alfalfa. The quantity and quality of the milk produced -when the hay is fed to cows are approximately the same as when other -legumes are used. Hay which is cut the first year is fine stemmed -and leafy and resembles alfalfa in general appearance. Unless it -is cut at the proper time the second year, it will be stemmy and unpalatable. -Feeding experiments show that it contains practically -as much digestible protein as alfalfa and more than red clover, but -the hay is not as palatable as red clover or alfalfa when the plants -are permitted to become coarse and woody. When sweet clover is -seeded in the spring without a nurse crop in the northern and -western sections of the United States, a cutting of hay may be obtained -the same autumn. When it is seeded with a nurse crop in -these regions, the rainfall during the late summer and early fall will -largely determine whether the plants will make sufficient growth to -be cut for hay. On fertile, well-limed soils in the East, in the eastern -North-Central States, in Iowa, and in eastern Kansas a cutting of -hay is commonly obtained after grain harvest when the rainfall is -normal or above normal. In many sections of the country two, and -at times three, cuttings of hay may be obtained the second year -(<a href="#fig3">fig. 3</a>).</p> - -<p>In the South two, and sometimes three, cuttings may be obtained -the first year if the seeding is done without a nurse crop. When the -seed is sown in the spring with oats, two cuttings may be secured -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>« 11 »</span> -after oat harvest. Three cuttings may be obtained the second year, -although it is the common practice to cut the first crop for hay and -the second crop for seed.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="YIELDS_OF_SWEET-CLOVER_HAY">YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER HAY.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The total yields of sweet clover per acre for the season are usually -less than those of alfalfa except in the semiarid unirrigated portions -of the country. Sweet clover ordinarily yields more to the acre -than any of the true clovers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig3" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig3.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Cutting sweet clover for hay in western Kansas.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>When the seed is sown in the spring in the North without a nurse -crop, yields of 1 to 3 tons of hay of good quality may be expected -the following autumn, The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment -Station obtained 2,700 pounds of hay per acre in the fall from spring -seeding, while the United States Department of Agriculture obtained -3,000 pounds of hay per acre in August from May seeding -in Maryland. Yields of 1 to 2 tons, and occasionally 3 tons, have -been obtained in Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, the Dakotas, and -other States. In Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas yields of 1 to 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> tons -are often obtained after grain harvest when weather conditions are -favorable.</p> - -<p>The first crop the second season yields 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 3 tons of hay to the -acre in the northern and western sections of the United States. The -second crop of the second season will yield from three-fourths to 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> -tons to the acre, although this crop usually is cut for seed.</p> - -<p>When sweet clover is seeded in the South without a nurse crop -on fairly fertile soil that is not acid, three cuttings of hay, averaging -at least a ton to the cutting, may be secured the year of seeding. -When the seed is sown in the early spring on winter grain, two cuttings, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>« 12 »</span> -yielding at least 1 ton to the cutting, may be obtained. The -first crop the second season yields on an average 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 3 tons of hay -to the acre. In 1903 the Alabama Canebrake Station obtained 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> -tons of hay after oat harvest and a total yield of 3 tons per acre from -the same field in 1904.</p> - - -<h3>TIME TO CUT SWEET CLOVER FOR HAY.</h3> - -<p>The first season's growth of sweet clover does not usually get -coarse and woody and therefore may be cut when it shows its -maximum growth in the fall, In regions where more than one -crop may be obtained the first season, the first crop should be cut -when the plants have made about a 30-inch growth.</p> - -<p>The proper time to cut the first crop the second season will vary -considerably in different localities, depending very much upon the -rainfall, the temperature, and the fertility of the soil. In no event -should the plants be permitted to show flower buds or to become -woody. In the semiarid sections of the country sweet clover does -not grow as rapidly as in more humid regions. Neither do the -plants grow as rapidly on poor soils as upon fertile soils. In the -drier sections the best results usually are obtained by cutting the -first crop when the plants have made a growth of 24 to 30 inches. -On fertile, well-limed soils in many sections of the country a very -rapid growth is made in the spring, and often the plants will not -show flower buds until they are about 5 feet high. On such soils -it is very essential that the first crop be cut when the plants have -made no more growth than 30 to 32 inches if hay is desired which is -not stemmy and if a second growth is to be expected.</p> - - -<h3>HEIGHT OF STUBBLE TO BE LEFT WHEN CUTTING FOR HAY.</h3> - -<p>It is not necessary to leave more than an ordinary stubble when -cutting the sweet-clover hay crop in the fall of the year of seeding. -A stubble 4 or 6 inches in height, however, will serve to hold drifting -snow and undoubtedly will be of some help in protecting the -plants from winter injury. While sweet clover without question is -more hardy than red clover, usually more or less winterkilling -occurs, and any protection which may be afforded during cold -weather will be of considerable benefit.</p> - -<p>While the first crop in the second year comes from the crown buds, -the new branches which produce the second crop of the second year -come from the buds formed in the axils of the leaves on the lower -portions of the stalks which constitute the first crop, as shown in -<a href="#fig4">figure 4</a>. These branches usually commence growth when the plants -are about 24 inches high. In fields where the stand is heavy and -where the lower portions of the plants are densely shaded, these -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>« 13 »</span> -shoots are soon killed from lack of necessary light. (Figs. <a href="#fig4">4</a> and <a href="#fig5">5</a>.) -The branches which are first to appear and which are first to be -killed are those closest to the ground. It is therefore very important -when cutting this crop to cut the plants high enough from the -ground to leave on the stubble a sufficient number of buds and young -branches to produce a second crop.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp68" id="fig4" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig4.png" alt="" /> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—Sweet-clover plants, showing the direct relation that exists between the thickness -of stand, the time of cutting, and the height at which the stubble must be cut -if a second crop is to be expected. The plant at the left was cut 10 day later than -the plant at the right. Note the height at which it was necessary to cut this plant -so that a second crop would develop and also the scars on the stubble where young -shoots had started earlier and were killed from lack of sunlight. When the stand is -thin the young shoots will survive, as they did on the plant at the right, even though -the field is cut at a later date.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Examination of hundreds of acres of sweet clover in different sections -of the United States during the summers of 1915 and 1916 -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>« 14 »</span> -showed that the stand on at least 50 per cent of the fields was partly -or entirely killed by cutting the first crop the second season too close -to the ground. A direct relation exists between the thickness of the -stand, the height of the plants, and the height at which the stubble -should be cut if a second crop is to be harvested. It is very essential -to examine the fields carefully before mowing, so as to determine -the height at which the plants should be cut in order to leave at least -one healthy bud or young branch on each stub. In fact, the stand -should be cut several inches above the young shoots or buds, the -stubble may die back from 1 to 3 inches if the plants are cut during -damp or rainy weather.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="fig5" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig5.png" alt="" /> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Stubble of sweet clover collected in fields where 90 per cent of the plants had -been killed by cutting too closely to the ground. The heavy stands in these fields were -not cut until the plants had made a growth of 36 to 40 inches. Note the scars on the -stubble where young shoots started, but died from lack of light.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>« 15 »</span></p> - -<p>When fields of sweet clover contain only a medium-heavy stand -and when the plants have made no more than a 30-inch growth, a 5 -to 6 inch stubble usually will be sufficient to insure a second crop, -but where fields contain heavy stands—15 to 25 plants to the square -foot—it may be necessary to leave an 8-inch stubble. In many -fields examined in northern Illinois in June, 1916, heavy stands had -been permitted to make a growth of 36 to 40 inches before cutting. -In a number of these fields a very large percentage of the plants -were killed when an 8 to 12 inch stubble was left. (See <a href="#fig5">fig. 5</a>.) -A careful examination of such fields showed that the young branches -had started on the lower portions of the stalks and had died from -lack of light before cutting. In semiarid regions, where the plants -do not make as rapid growth as in humid sections, they may, as a -rule, be clipped somewhat closer to the ground without injury.</p> - -<p>On account of the difference in the growth that sweet clover makes -on different types of soil and on account of the difference in the -thickness of the stand obtained in different fields, it is impossible to -give any definite rule as to the proper height to cut the first crop.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig6" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig6.png" alt="" /> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Shoe sole to be placed on the inner shoe of the mower, so that a high stubble -may be left when mowing sweet clover: <i>A</i>, End view of the back part of the sole; -<i>B</i>, side view of the sole, showing general shape; <i>C</i>, shape of the front end of the pole -when it is to be used on mowers having shoes of the type used on Deering machines; -<i>D</i>, forward end of the sole represented in <i>B</i>. The toward end of the sole shown in -<i>B</i> and <i>D</i> should be made for machines having shoes of the type used on McCormick -mowers.</p></div> -</div> - -<h3>MOWER CHANGES FOR CUTTING SWEET CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>It is good practice to replace the shoe soles of the mower with -higher adjustable soles, so that a stubble up to 12 inches in height -may be left when cutting sweet clover, Shoe soles such as are -shown in figures 6 and 7 may be made on any farm provided -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>« 16 »</span> -with a blacksmith's forge, or they can be made at any blacksmith -shop at a cost which should not exceed $2.50. Preferably -they should be of strap iron, about one-fourth of an inch thick and -2 inches wide; however, old pieces of iron or steel which may be -found on the farm will serve the purpose.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig7" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig7.png" alt="" /> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>—Shoe sole to be Used on the outer shoe of the mower, so that a high stubble -may be left when cutting sweet clover; <i>A</i>, End view of the back part of the sole; -<i>B</i>, side view of the sole, showing general shape; <i>C</i>, forward end of the sole to be used -on certain Deering machines; <i>D</i>, end view of the front part of sole shown in <i>B</i>.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Then these soles are to be placed on machines that have shoes of -the type used on the Deering mower, the forward 8 inches of the -sole for the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to a blunt point -and bent in such a manner that it will hook into the slot in the shoe. -(<a href="#fig6">Fig. 6</a>, <i>C</i>.) When the soles are to be placed on mowers having -shoes of the type used on McCormick machines, the forward 8 inches -of the sole for the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to about 1 -inch in width, bent forward so that it will fit against that portion -of the shoe where it is to be bolted, and have a hole of the proper -size bored for the bolt three-fourths of an inch from the end. (Fig.6, <i>B</i> and <i>D</i>.) -The bottom of the sole should be rounded, so as to -run smoothly on the ground when the cutter bar is raised to cut at -different heights. The back portion of the sole should be upright -and should have holes bored in it, so that it may be set for the -cutter bar to rest at different heights from the ground. Preferably -the lower hole of the upright should be located so that when the -bolt in the shoe is run through it the cutter bar will be 6 inches from -the ground. It should be long enough to permit four or five holes, -1 inch apart, to be bored above the lower one. (<a href="#fig6">Fig. 6</a>, <i>A</i>.)</p> - -<p>With some makes of machines it is not advisable to raise the cutter -bar higher than 10 inches from the ground, but when this is true -the cutter bar may be tipped upward, so that a 12-inch stubble is left.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>« 17 »</span></p> - -<p>The forward end of the shoe sole to be used on the outer shoe -should be tapered gradually to 1 inch from the end. The forward -inch should be one-fourth of an inch in width and bent slightly upward -and inward, so that a hook will be formed to fit into the slot -in the front end of the shoe. (<a href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a>, <i>B</i>.) The rest of the sole should -curved, so that it will run smoothly on the ground when the cutter -bar is set to cut at different heights. The upright which is bolted -to the sole should preferably be made of three-eighths by 1 inch -material and should have six holes, 1 inch apart, bored in it, so that -the outer end of the cutter bar may be raised to the same height as -the inner end. On practically all standard makes of mowers the -outer shoe sole hooks into the shoe instead of bolting to it, as is the -case with the inner sole on some machines. A wheel is used in place -of a shoe sole on the outer end of the cutter bar on some machines. -When this is the case, the upright to which this wheel is attached -should be lengthened. On other machines the forward end of the -sole hooks into a slot in the shoe in the same manner as the inner -sole. In this event the front end of the sole should be bent slightly -upward and outward. (<a href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a>, <i>C</i>.)</p> - -<p>Before shoe soles are made for any mower a careful examination -should be made of the shoes to determine the exact size required -and the manner in which they should be attached to the forward -ends of the shoes.</p> - - -<h3>CURING AND HANDLING SWEET-CLOVER HAY.</h3> - -<p>One of the greatest difficulties in curing sweet clover is the fact -that the plants usually are ready to be cut for hay at a time of the -year when weather conditions are likely to be unfavorable for -haymaking. Little trouble is experienced in curing this crop in the -drier sections of the country where the methods used for alfalfa are -employed. The curing of sweet clover is more difficult than the -curing of either red clover or alfalfa, as the leaves are very apt to -shatter before the stems are cured. Every possible means should be -employed to save the leaves, as these constitute the best part of the -hay. (See <a href="#Table_II">Table II</a>.)</p> - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_II"></a><span class="smcap">Table II.</span>—Average analyses of the leaves of four samples of well-cured -white sweet-clover hay.</p> - -<p class="center">[Analyses made by the Bureau of Chemistry.]</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Samples.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="6">Constituents (per cent).</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl">Moisture.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Ash.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Ether extract.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Protein.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Crude fiber.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Nitrogen-free<br />extract.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Leaves.</td> - <td class="bdl">8.70</td> - <td class="bdl">10.92</td> - <td class="bdl">3.09</td> - <td class="bdl">28.20</td> - <td class="bdl">9.28</td> - <td class="bdl">39.78</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Stems.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">8.70</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">8.08</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.70</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">10.16</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">39.45</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">33.06</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>« 18 »</span></p> - -<p>The hay collected for the above analyses represented the first cutting -the second season. The plants had made a 30 to 36 inch growth -at the time of cutting. It will be seen that the protein content of -the leaves is almost three times as great as that of the stems.</p> - -<p>In the drier sections of the country or when the first crop of the -year of seeding is cut for hay in the North-Central States the mower -may be started in the morning as soon as the dew is off. The hay -should remain in the swath until the following day, or until it is -well wilted, when it should be raked into small windrows. After -remaining in the windrows for a day it may be placed in small cocks -to cure. Cocks made from hay which has dried to this stage will -not shed water well and therefore should be covered if it is likely -to rain. It is important that the cocks be made small enough to be -thrown on the rack entire, as many leaves will be lost if it is necessary -to tear them apart.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig8" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig8.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—Sweat clover curing in the cock.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>When sweet clover is permitted to dry in the swath, a large percentage -of the leaves will be lost in windrowing and loading unless -handled with the utmost care. Hay in this condition should never -be raked while perfectly dry and brittle, but should be raked into -the windrow in the early morning or in the evening, when it is -slightly damp from dew. It may then be hauled to the barn or stack -after remaining in the windrow for a day.</p> - -<p>One of the most successful methods for handling sweet-clover hay, -especially in regions where rains are likely to occur at haying time, -is to permit the plants to remain in the swath until they are well -wilted or just before the leaves begin to cure. The hay should then -be raked into windrows and cocked at once (<a href="#fig8">fig. 8</a>). The cocks -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>« 19 »</span> -should be made as high and as narrow as possible, as this will permit -better ventilation. In curing, the cocks will shrink from one-third -to one-half of their original size. It may take from 10 days to 2 -weeks to cure sweet clover by this method, but when well cured all -the leaves will be intact and the hay will have an excellent color and -aroma. When sweet clover is cocked at this time the leaves will -cure flat and in such a manner that the cocks will readily shed -water during heavy rains (<a href="#fig9">fig. 9</a>).</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp89" id="fig9" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig9.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>—A cock of sweet-clover hay which has cured<br />in excellent condition and retained -all of its leaves.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>When sweet-clover hay is to be stacked it is highly desirable that -some sort of foundation be made for the stack, so as to prevent the -loss of the hay which otherwise would be on the ground. Several -feet of straw or grass are often used for this purpose, but still better -is a foundation of rails, posts, or boards placed in such a manner -that air may circulate under the stack.</p> - -<p>A cover should be provided for the stacks, either in the form of a -roof, a canvas, or long green grass. If none of these means is practicable -a topping of perfectly green sweet clover will cure with the -leaves flat and will turn water nicely.</p> - -<p>It is well known that hay made from either red clover or alfalfa -will often undergo spontaneous combustion if put into the barn -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>« 20 »</span> -with too much external moisture upon it. No instances of spontaneous -combustion in sweet-clover hay have been noted, but this may -be due to the fact that comparatively little sweet-clover hay is stored -in barns. The same precautions, therefore, should be taken with -sweet-clover hay as with red clover or alfalfa.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SILAGE_CROP"></a>SWEET CLOVER AS A SILAGE CROP.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>In some sections of the country sweet clover is gaining in favor as -a silage crop, either alone or in mixtures with other plants. The -silage made from this plant will keep better than that made from -most legumes, as it does not become slimy, as is so often the case with -red clover or alfalfa silage. It produces a palatable feed, which -should contain more protein than well-matured corn silage.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig10" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig10.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—Filling the silo with sweet clover.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>When sweet clover makes sufficient growth after grain harvest, -or when seeded alone, it is not necessary to cut it for silage until -fall. At this time it may be run into the silo alone or in mixture -with corn. Excellent results have been obtained by placing alternate -loads of corn and sweet clover in the silo. (<a href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>.)</p> - -<p>When the first crop the second season is not needed for pasturage, -ensiling may prove to be the most economical and profitable way of -handling it, as it is necessary to cut this crop for hay at a time of -the year when the weather conditions in humid regions are very -likely to be unfavorable for haymaking. The large percentage of -leaves which usually are lost from shattering when harvesting the -hay will be saved when the crop is run into the silo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>« 21 »</span></p> - -<p>The first crop the second season will produce approximately two-thirds -as much silage to the acre as corn when it is cut at the time it -should be cut for hay. The second crop may then be harvested for -seed. When sweet clover is handled in this manner, approximately -two-thirds of the total corn acreage which would be cut for silage -may be permitted to mature, as the first crop of sweet clover will replace -the corn silage, while the seed crop ordinarily will bring as -much per acre as the corn. In addition to this, the roots and stubble -will add large quantities of vegetable matter to the soil.</p> - -<p>Some farmers do not cut sweet clover for silage until it is in full -bloom. When this is done, 10 to 12 tons of silage will be obtained -per acre, but the plants will be killed by the mowing.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig11" > - <img class="w100" src="images/fig11.png" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p>Fig. 11.—Cutting sweet clover with a grain binder for silage.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>When the green plants are ensiled, the crop preferably should be -cut with a grain binder. (See illustration on title-page and <a href="#fig11">fig. 11</a>.) -This will solve the difficulty of cutting a high stubble and will at the -same time bind the plants so that they may be run through the silage -cutter without difficulty. Green plants, and especially the first crop -of the second season, contain too much moisture to be run into the -silo immediately after cutting. In some cases quantities of juice -have been pressed out of the bottom of the silo, and as a result the -silage settled considerably. <a id="juice">Analyses of the juice</a> from one silo -showed that it contained 0.23 per cent protein and 2 per cent carbohydrates. -This loss of juice may be overcome by permitting the -bundles to remain in the field just as they come from the binder until -the plants are wilted thoroughly. Straw or corn stover may be -placed in the bottom of the silo to absorb some of the juice. If the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>« 22 »</span> -plants contain too much moisture it may be a good plan to mix some -corn stover with the sweet clover as it is run into the silo.</p> - -<p>Several silos in Illinois have been filled with sweet-clover straw. -When this is done it is necessary to add sufficient water to moisten -the dry stems. These stems become soft in a short time and ensile -in good condition. When the seed crop is thrashed with either a -grain separator or a clover huller the stems are broken and crushed -sufficiently to render it unnecessary to run them through a silage cutter. -Care must be taken when ensiling the straw to add sufficient -water, if molding is to be avoided. It will probably be necessary to -add water at the blower and also at the top of the silo. It is essential -to tramp the straw thoroughly, so as to exclude as much air as -possible. After the silo is filled it should be covered with a layer -of green plants and thoroughly soaked with water.</p> - -<p><a href="#Table_III">Table III</a> gives analyses of several sample of sweet-clover silage -as compared to corn silage.</p> - - - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_III"></a><span class="smcap">Table III.</span>—<i>Composition of sweet-clover silage and well-matured corn silage.</i></p> - - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="3">Kind of silage.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="3">Number of analyses.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="6">Constituents (per cent).</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Water.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Ash.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Crude Protein.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" colspan="2">Carbohydrates.</td> - <td class="bdb bdt bdl" rowspan="2">Fat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl" style="width:4.5em;">Fiber.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Nitrogen-<br />free<br />extract.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">White sweet clover;</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">First year's growth<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">1</td> - <td class="bdl">73.7</td> - <td class="bdl">1.73</td> - <td class="bdl">3.17</td> - <td class="bdl" colspan="2">20.8</td> - <td class="bdl">0.65</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">First crop, second season<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">1</td> - <td class="bdl">73.7</td> - <td class="bdl">2.57</td> - <td class="bdl">2.05</td> - <td class="bdl">8.06</td> - <td class="bdl">12.32</td> - <td class="bdl">1.27</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Straw<a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">3</td> - <td class="bdl">73.7</td> - <td class="bdl">1.19</td> - <td class="bdl">2.70</td> - <td class="bdl">13.59</td> - <td class="bdl">8.33</td> - <td class="bdl">.50</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Corn, well matured<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></td> - <td class="bdb bdl">121</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">73.7</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">1.70</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">2.10</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">6.30</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">15.40</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.80</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Analysed by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Analysed by the Bureau of Chemistry.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Analyses compiled by Henry and Morrison.</p></div> - - - -<p>As shown in <a href="#Table_III">Table III</a> the analyses of the first and second years' -growth of sweet clover compare favorably in food elements with -corn silage. It is to be expected that the silage made from the sweet -clover straw would contain less protein and carbohydrates than that -made from the entire plants, as most of the leaves shatter from sweet -clover before the seed crop is cut. Considerable protein and carbohydrates -were lost from the silage made from the first crop the second -season, as the plants were run into the silo as soon as they were -cut. Much juice was pressed from the bottom of this silo. An -analysis of this juice is given on <a href="#juice">page 21</a>.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SOILING_CROP"></a>SWEET CLOVER AS A SOILING CROP.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>As a soiling crop sweet clover has been used to only a very limited -extent. The amperage yields of green matter vary from 6 to 15 tons -per acre, The season for soiling may commence when the plants -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>« 23 »</span> -are 12 to 15 inches high and continue until flower buds appear. An -area of such a size that the plants may be cut every four or five -weeks should be selected. The plants should not be cut closer to the -ground than 4 inches during the first part of the season and 9 to 12 -inches during the latter part of the season. On account of the high -protein content and the large amount of forage produced on a relatively -small area, sweet clover may profitably be fed in this manner -when more desirable soiling crops are not to be had.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_FEED">SWEET CLOVER AS A FEED.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>PALATABILITY OF SWEET CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>The woody growth of sweet clover as it reaches maturity and the -bitter taste due to coumarin have been the principal causes for live -stock refusing to eat it at first. On this account many farmers have -assumed it to be worthless as a feed. It is a fact that stock seldom -eat the hard, woody stems of mature plants, but it is true also that -stock eat sparingly of the coarse, fibrous growth of such legumes as -red or mammoth clover when they have been permitted to mature -and have lost much of their palatability. All kinds of stock will -eat green sweet clover before it becomes woody, or hay which has -been cut at the proper time and well cured, after they have become -accustomed to it. Many cases are on record in which cattle have -refused alfalfa or red clover when sweet clover was accessible. Milch -cows have been known to refuse a ration of alfalfa hay when given -to them for the first time. Western range cattle which have never -been fed corn very often refuse to eat corn fodder, or even corn, for -a short time, and instances have come under observation in which -they ate the dried husks and left the corn uneaten. When these -cattle were turned on green grass the following spring they browsed -on the dead grass of the preceding season's growth, which, presumably -more closely resembled the grass to which they were accustomed. -Such preliminary observations should never be taken as -final, even when they represent the results of careful investigators. -When cowpeas were first introduced into certain sections of this -country much trouble was experienced in getting stock to eat the -vines, either when cured into hay or made into ensilage. This difficulty, -however, was soon overcome.</p> - -<p>It is very true that stock which have never been pastured on sweet -clover or fed on the hay must become accustomed to it before -they will eat it, but the fact that sweet clover is now being fed to -stock in nearly every State indicates that the distaste for it can be -overcome easily and successfully. As sweet clover usually starts -growth earlier in the spring than other forage plants and as the -early growth presumably contains less coumarin than older plants, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>« 24 »</span> -stock seldom refuse to eat it at this time. Properly cured hay is -seldom refused by stock, especially if it is sprinkled with salt water -when the animals are salt hungry.</p> - - -<h3>COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Sweet clover, like most legumes, contains a relatively high percentage -of protein, thus making it a source of that valuable constituent -of feeds needed for growing stock and for the production of milk. -<a href="#Table_IV">Table IV</a> shows the relative composition and digestibility of sweet -clover as compared to some other feeds.</p> - - - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Table IV.</span>—Composition and digestibility of sweet clover compared with that of -other forage crops.</p> - -<h4>AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS.</h4> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="3">Kinds of forage.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="3">Number of<br />analyses.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="6">Constituents (per cent).</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Water.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Ash.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Crude<br />Protein.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" colspan="2">Carbohydrates.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Fat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl" style="width:4.5em;">Fiber.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Nitrogen-<br />free<br />extract.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Green crop:</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Sweet clover<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">18</td> - <td class="bdl">75.6</td> - <td class="bdl">2.1</td> - <td class="bdl">4.4</td> - <td class="bdl">7.0</td> - <td class="bdl">10.2</td> - <td class="bdl">0.7</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Alfalfa<a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">143</td> - <td class="bdl">74.7</td> - <td class="bdl">2.4</td> - <td class="bdl">4.5</td> - <td class="bdl">7.0</td> - <td class="bdl">10.4</td> - <td class="bdl">1.0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Red Clover<a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">85</td> - <td class="bdl">73.8</td> - <td class="bdl">2.1</td> - <td class="bdl">4.1</td> - <td class="bdl">7.3</td> - <td class="bdl">11.7</td> - <td class="bdl">1.0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hay (moisture-free basis):</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">White sweet clover<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">37</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">8.2</td> - <td class="bdl">17.6</td> - <td class="bdl">28.2</td> - <td class="bdl">43.0</td> - <td class="bdl">3.0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Yellow sweet clover<a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">3</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">6.4</td> - <td class="bdl">15.8</td> - <td class="bdl">35.6</td> - <td class="bdl">39.0</td> - <td class="bdl">2.6</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Alfalfa<a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">211</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">9.6</td> - <td class="bdl">17.4</td> - <td class="bdl">29.8</td> - <td class="bdl">40.3</td> - <td class="bdl">2.9</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Red clover<a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td> - <td class="bdl">99</td> - <td class="bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdl">7.0</td> - <td class="bdl">15.6</td> - <td class="bdl">27.7</td> - <td class="bdl">44.9</td> - <td class="bdl">3.9</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2 bdb">Timothy<a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></td> - <td class="bdb bdl">194</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">6.2</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">8.2</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">32.5</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">49.9</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">3.2</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<h4 class="pmt2">DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS WHEN FED TO SHEEP.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></h4> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Kinds of forage.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Dry matter in 100 pounds.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="4">Digestible nutrients in 100 pounds<br />of air-dried hay.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Nutritive ratio.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl">Protein.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Carbo-<br />hydrates.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Fat.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Dry matter.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">White sweet-clover hay</td> - <td class="bdl">92.2</td> - <td class="bdl">11.88</td> - <td class="bdl">36.68</td> - <td class="bdl">0.49</td> - <td class="bdl">56.1</td> - <td class="bdl">1:3.2</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pea hay</td> - <td class="bdl">93.1</td> - <td class="bdl">11.24</td> - <td class="bdl">48.55</td> - <td class="bdl">.71</td> - <td class="bdl">62.5</td> - <td class="bdl">1:4.5</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Alfalfa hay (second cutting)</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">92.2</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">11.73</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">42.38</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.72</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">60.90</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">1:3.8</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Analyses taken from Henry and Morrison's "Foods and Feeding."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Analyses compiled by the Bureau of Chemistry.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> Experiments conducted by the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> The nutritive ratio is the ratio which exists between the digestible crude protein and the combined -digestible carbohydrates and fat.</p></div> - -<p><a href="#Table_IV">Table IV</a> shows that the percentage composition of both green and -cured sweet clover compares favorably with that of alfalfa and red -clover.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most interesting point shown in this table is that the -fiber content of white sweet clover, whether green or cured into hay, -is no greater than that of alfalfa. It is understood, however, that -the plants collected for these analyses were taken when they were at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>« 25 »</span> -the proper stage for curing into hay. <a href="#Table_IV">Table IV</a> also shows that the -digestible nutrients of sweet clover when fed to sheep compare favorably -with alfalfa. It was stated that the sweet-clover hay used -for this experiment was stemmy and that it had not been cut until -it had become woody. The pea hay had passed the best stage for -cutting when it was harvested, while the alfalfa hay was in excellent -condition.</p> - -<p>In a feeding experiment with sheep conducted by two students at -the Iowa State College it was found that the protein digested in -sweet-clover feed alone was 69 per cent and that the addition of corn -to the hay ration increased the digestibility of sweet clover to 82 -per cent. Alfalfa and red clover showed similar increases of the -digestibility of the protein content when corn was added to the ration. -The percentage of digestibility figured for the protein in the corn -was the average of a number of digestion experiments. The probability -is that the digestibility of the corn was also increased by the -presence of the hay in the ration, so that not all the increase in the -digestibility should be credited to the hay constituents of the different -rations.</p> - - -<h3>FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWEET CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Few agricultural experiment stations have carried on definite feeding -experiments to determine the value of sweet clover compared -with other feeds.</p> - -<p>The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station reported an -experiment in which lambs were fed on sweet-clover hay in comparison -with alfalfa, pea-vine, and prairie hay. In this experiment the -lambs made a better gain at a less cost when fed sweet-clover hay -than when fed pea-vine hay, but not as large a gain as when fed -alfalfa hay. The results of this experiment are shown in <a href="#Table_V">Table V</a>.</p> - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_V"></a><span class="smcap">Table V.</span>—Feeding experiment with lambs in South Dakota, showing the comparative -value of different kinds of hay as roughage.</p> - -<p class="center">[Grain ration consists of oats and corn in all cases; roughage varies.]</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Roughage fed.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Number of lambs.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Duration of test.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="2">Average weight.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="2">Required for 1 pound of gain.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Average daily gain per head.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl" style="width:4.5em;">At begin-<br />ning.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">At end.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Grain.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Hay.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl">Days.</td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Prairie hay</td> - <td class="bdl">16</td> - <td class="bdl">67</td> - <td class="bdl">83.6</td> - <td class="bdl">107.9</td> - <td class="bdl">5.09</td> - <td class="bdl">2.35</td> - <td class="bdl">0.36</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pea-vine hay</td> - <td class="bdl">10</td> - <td class="bdl">67</td> - <td class="bdl">83.6</td> - <td class="bdl">107.3</td> - <td class="bdl">5.40</td> - <td class="bdl">3.15</td> - <td class="bdl">.35</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alfalfa hay</td> - <td class="bdl">5</td> - <td class="bdl">67</td> - <td class="bdl">81.4</td> - <td class="bdl">119.4</td> - <td class="bdl">3.36</td> - <td class="bdl">3.02</td> - <td class="bdl">.56</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl"><span class="wsnw">Sweet-clover hay</span></td> - <td class="bdb bdl">10</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">67</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">84.7</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">113.6</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">4.42</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">3.19</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.43</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station also performed an, -interesting experiment with lambs. A number of pens of 10 to 40 -lambs each were fed different mixtures of feeds for 14 weeks. Those -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>« 26 »</span> -receiving sweet-clover hay, corn, and a small amount of oil meal made -an average gain of 30.7 pounds per head, as compared with 20.3 pounds -for those receiving native-grass hay, oats, and oil meal. Those receiving -alfalfa hay and corn made a gain of more than 34 pounds -per head. The results obtained with four pens of lambs in this -experiment are given in <a href="#Table_VI">Table VI</a>.</p> - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Table VI.</span>—Results of feeding tests of lambs in Wyoming covering 14 weeks.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Ration.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Number of lambs.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Average gain per head.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="6">Required for 100 pounds of gain.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl">Sweet-clover hay.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Native hay.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Alfalfa hay.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Corn.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Oats.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Oil meal.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet-clover hay, corn, and oil meal (old process)</td> - <td class="bdl">10</td> - <td class="bdl">30.7</td> - <td class="bdl">637.5</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">293.2</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">20.5</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Native-grass hay, oats, and oil meal (old process)</td> - <td class="bdl">40</td> - <td class="bdl">20.3</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">606.7</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">460.5</td> - <td class="bdl">25.0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alfalfa hay and corn</td> - <td class="bdl">10</td> - <td class="bdl">34.4</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">557.5</td> - <td class="bdl">261.6</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdl">.....</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Do</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">40</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">34.3</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">557.3</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">286.5</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">.....</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The sweet-clover hay used in this experiment was described as -stemmy and more than a year old; yet it was eaten up clean by the -lambs.</p> - -<p>The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an -experiment in which steers were fed corn silage and various kinds -of hay, including sweet clover. The steers which were fed corn silage -and sweet-clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.45 pounds, at -a cost of $4.34 per hundred pounds of gain, whereas the steers which -were fed corn silage and red-clover hay made an average daily gain -of 2.29 pounds, at a cost of $4.55 per hundred. The steers that were -fed corn silage and alfalfa hay made an average daily gain of 2.49 -pounds, at a cost of $4.30 per hundred. In computing the cost of -the gains, corn silage was valued at $3 per ton, alfalfa, red-clover, -and sweet-clover hay at $10 per ton, and prairie hay at $6 per ton. -The results of this experiment, as given in <a href="#Table_VII">Table VII</a>, show that -sweet-clover hay is practically equal to red-clover and alfalfa and -greatly superior to prairie hay for roughage for steers.</p> - -<p class="center"><a id="Table_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Table VII.</span>—Feeding experiments with steers in South Dakota, showing the -value of sweet-clover hay as compared with some other kinds of hay.</p> - -<p class="center">[Corn silage fed in all cases; kind of hay varies.]</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb" rowspan="2">Roughage.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Number of steers.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Duration of test.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="2">Average weight.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Average daily gain.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" colspan="2">Feed per pound of gain.</td> - <td class="bdt bdb bdl" rowspan="2">Cost per 100 pounds of gain.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb bdl">At begin-<br />ning.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">At end.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Silage.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Hay.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Days.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"><i>Pounds.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Red-clover hay</td> - <td class="bdl">4</td> - <td class="bdl">91</td> - <td class="bdl">775</td> - <td class="bdl">983</td> - <td class="bdl">2.29</td> - <td class="bdl">25</td> - <td class="bdl">1.5</td> - <td class="bdl">$4.55</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl wsnw">Sweet-clover hay</td> - <td class="bdl">4</td> - <td class="bdl">91</td> - <td class="bdl">774</td> - <td class="bdl">997</td> - <td class="bdl">2.45</td> - <td class="bdl">23</td> - <td class="bdl">1.5</td> - <td class="bdl">4.34</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Alfalfa</td> - <td class="bdl">4</td> - <td class="bdl">91</td> - <td class="bdl">775</td> - <td class="bdl">1,005</td> - <td class="bdl">2.49</td> - <td class="bdl">23</td> - <td class="bdl">1.6</td> - <td class="bdl">4.30</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Prairie hay</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">4</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">91</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">769</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">951</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">2.01</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">29</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">1.5</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">4.79</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>« 27 »</span></p> - -<p>The results of these various experiments are being duplicated -every year by many feeders. Each year in the Middle West and -Northwest many cattle that bring high prices are being fed with -no other roughage than sweet-clover hay. Steers which have been -pastured entirely on sweet clover have brought in the Chicago market -$1 per hundredweight more than ordinary grass-pastured stock -marketed from the same locality and at the same time.</p> - -<p>Excellent results were obtained in Lee County, Ill., from feeding -steers sweet-clover silage made from plants which had matured -a seed crop. For this experiment 91 head of steers 2 and 3 -years old, averaging 1,008 pounds per head, were purchased at the -Kansas City stock yards on November 16, 1915, at a cost of $6.30 -per hundred. These steers were shipped to a farm at Steward -and immediately turned on 120 acres of cornstalks. They were -fed nothing in addition to the cornstalks until January 14, 1916, -when they were put into the feed lot. While they were not weighed -when turned into the feed lot, the owner of the steers stated that in -his estimation they had gained but little, if any. During the 60 -days these steers were in the feed lot they were fed 25 bushels of -snapped corn twice a day and as much sweet-clover silage as they -would eat. These animals had access to sweet-clover straw during -the first part of the feeding period, but after this was consumed they -had only oat straw as roughage. At the end of the feeding period -they were sold on the Chicago market at the average price of $8.25 -per hundred, netting approximately $30 per head. The average -weight of these steers in the Chicago yards was 1,177 pounds, 169 -pounds more than when purchased in Kansas City.</p> - -<p>A most remarkable feature of this experiment is the fact that the -steers were fed almost entirely material which would have been considered -of little value by the average farmer. The corn which was -fed tested 44 per cent moisture at the Rochelle, Ill., elevator, and 20 -cents per bushel was the best price offered for it.</p> - -<p>Presumably on account of wet weather during the fall of 1915, the -sweet-clover seed crop was a failure in that section; in fact, the crop -had been cut for seed and part had been thrashed before it was -decided that the seed yield was not sufficient to pay for the thrashing. -The remainder of the crop was then run into the silo and fed to the -steers. The leaves fall and the stems of this plant become hard and -woody as the seed matures. The crop therefore would have been -worthless for feed had it not been placed in the silo. As a rule, -stock readily eat sweet-clover straw when the stems are broken and -crushed by the hulling machines. The sweet-clover straw which -was used as roughage during the first part of the feeding period -was from that part of the seed crop which had been thrashed.</p> - -<p>An interesting feeding experiment was conducted on a farm at -Rochelle, Ill. On September 7, 1913, 29 head of 2-year-old steers, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>« 28 »</span> -averaging 836 pounds, were turned on 40 acres of sweet clover which -had been seeded that spring with barley. These animals were pastured -on the sweet clover until November 1 without additional feed. -During this time they made exceptionally large gains. From November -1 to December 11, 28 head of these steers had access to an 80-acre -field of cornstalks. On December 11 they were put into the feed -lot. During the time these steers were on the cornstalks they barely -held their gain, but during the first 30 days they were in the feed lot -they made an average daily gain of almost 3 pounds. In this period -they received 215 bushels of corn-and-cob meal and 16<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> tons of silage -made from the first-year growth of sweet clover. During the next -30 days they received 388 bushels of corn-and-cob meal and much -less sweet-clover, silage. During this time they made an average -daily gain of 2 pounds. When the corn-and-cob meal ration was -increased the steers ate less silage. These cattle dressed 55<sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub> per cent -at a Chicago packing house.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_SOIL-IMPROVING_CROP">SWEET CLOVER AS A SOIL-IMPROVING CROP.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Unlike many legumes, sweet clover will make a good growth on -soils too depleted in humus for profitable crop production. In -addition to its ability to grow and to produce a considerable quantity -of forage on such soils, it will add much humus to them. The -extensive root systems do much toward breaking up the subsoil, -thereby providing better aeration and drainage. The effect of the -large, deep roots in opening up the subsoil and providing better -drainage is often very noticeable in the spring, as the land upon -which sweet clover has grown for several years will be in a condition -to plow earlier than the adjacent fields where it has not been grown. -The roots are often one-eighth of an inch in diameter at a depth -of 3 feet, and they decay in five to eight weeks after the plants die. -(Figs. <a href="#fig12">12</a> and <a href="#fig13">13</a>.) The holes made by the roots are left partly -filled with a fibrous substance which permits rapid drainage. -Sandy soils are benefited materially by the addition of humus and -nitrogen, while hardpan often is broken up so completely that -alfalfa or other crops will readily grow on the land. The roots -add much organic matter to the layers of soil below the usual depth -of plowing, while those in the surface soil, together with the stubble -and stems, when the crop is plowed under, add more humus than -possibly any other legume which may be grown in short rotations. -Not only does this crop add organic matter to the soil, but in common -with other legumes it has the power of fixing atmospheric -nitrogen by means of the nitrogen-gathering bacteria in the nodules -on the roots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>« 29 »</span></p> - -<table summary="images"> -<tr> - <td> - <a id="fig12"></a> - <img src="images/fig12.png" alt="" /> - </td> - <td> </td> - <td class="vbot"> - <a id="fig13"></a> - <img src="images/fig13.png" alt="" /> - </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—A portion of a root of sweet - clover, collected 30 days after the seed crop had been cut. The cortex - was so decayed that it remained in the ground when the root was - removed. Note that the pith has largely disappeared and that the - half-rotten central cylinder is allthat remains.</p></div> - </td> - <td> </td> - <td> - <div class="captionj"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—The same root shown in <a href="#fig12">figure 12</a> - after being crushed between the thumb and forefinger. Illustrating how rapidly - sweet-clover roots decay after the plants die. The holes left in the ground by the - rapid decay of the roots facilitate drainage.</p></div> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>« 30 »</span></p> - -<p>The ability of sweet clover to reclaim abandoned, run-down land -has been demonstrated in northern Kentucky and in Alabama. In -these regions many farms were so depleted in nitrogen and humus -by continuous cropping with nonleguminous crops that profitable -yields could be obtained no longer, Through the use of this crop -many of these farms have been brought back to a fair state of fertility. -Tests at the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station show -that the increased yield of corn following sweet clover which had -occupied the land for two years was 6<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> bushels per acre. The cotton -grown on the land the second year showed an increase of 56 -pounds per acre. The combined value of the increased yields of -corn and cotton for the two years was estimated at $9.75. The -total yield of hay for the two preceding years was 6.8 tons per acre. -In another experiment at this station cotton was planted on land -that had grown sweet clover the two previous years and on land -that had received an application of 18 tons of stable manure per -acre. The sweet-clover plat produced 280 pounds of seed cotton -the first year and 120 pounds of seed cotton the second year more -than the plat which received the heavy application of manure.</p> - -<p>Land on which sweet clover had been grown for four years at the -Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station yielded 26.9 bushels of wheat -per acre as compared with 18.6 bushels on the check plat. Sweet clover -was seeded at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station in -the spring of 1912. One cutting of hay was removed that year and -the following spring the field was plowed and planted to corn. The -corn yielded 58.8 bushels per acre as compared with 41.1 bushels -per acre for an adjoining plat where rye was turned under. A number -of tests have been conducted in southeastern Kansas which show -clearly the value of sweet clover as a soil-improving crop for that -section. The yield of wheat has been increased as much as 7 bushels -per acre and that of corn as much as 22 bushels per acre by plowing -under the second-year growth of clover.</p> - -<p>Annual yellow sweet clover is rapidly gaining in favor as a green-manure -crop for orchards in the Southwest. In Arizona two plats -seeded in October and plowed under in April yielded, respectively, -16 and 17 tons of green matter to the acre. At the Arizona Agricultural -Experiment Station annual yellow sweet clover, lupines, and -alfalfa were tested as green-manure crops for orchards. In this experiment -the sweet clover clearly showed its superiority to lupines or -alfalfa for this purpose, as it yielded from 21 to 26 tons of green -matter per acre, whereas the highest yield for the lupines was 10 -tons and for the alfalfa 15 tons per acre.</p> - -<p>The use of annual sweet clover as a green-manure crop in southern -California has increased very rapidly in recent years, and this increased -use apparently has been justified by the results obtained -with it. One of the most interesting green-manure tests thus far -noted was conducted at the California Citrus Experiment Station. -In this experiment nine legume plats and eight nonlegume plats -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>« 31 »</span> -alternated with each other. The 4-year average weight of green -matter produced on the sweet-clover plat was 14<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> tons per acre, -whereas the 5-year average weight of green matter produced by -common vetch and Canada field peas was 12 tons and 9 tons, respectively, -per acre. On one series of these plats corn was planted in -rotation with the clover. The average yield of shelled corn for four -years was 46 bushels to the acre on the sweet-clover plat, as compared -with 35 bushels to the acre on the common-vetch plat and 40 bushels -per acre on the field-pea plat. One barley plat receiving each year an -application of 1,080 pounds of nitrate of soda gave an average yield -of 41 bushels per acre. The 2-year average yield of potatoes following -sweet clover was 252 bushels per acre, as compared with 171 bushels -following common vetch and 234 bushels following field peas. -Sweet clover has proved to be an excellent plant to grow in rotation -with sugar beets, as the 2-year average for the beets following it -was 19.8 tons per acre, as compared with 15.3 tons following common -vetch, and 17.6 tons following field peas.</p> - -<p>Annual yellow sweet clover makes a profitable growth only in the -South and Southwest and therefore should not be planted in any -other section of the country.</p> - -<p>In those sections of the United States where the soils are low in -humus it is to be strongly recommended that sweet clover be grown -for green manure. This method is being practiced in some sections -of the country with excellent results.</p> - -<p>It should be remembered that sweet clover will not make a satisfactory -growth on acid soils and that it is very essential to provide -inoculation if the soil is not inoculated already.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET_CLOVER_IN_ROTATIONS">SWEET CLOVER IN ROTATIONS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>As sweet clover is a biennial plant, it lends itself readily to short -rotations. It may be seeded in the spring on winter grain or with -spring grain, the same as red clover. It will produce at least as much -pasturage the following fall as red clover, and in some parts of the -country a cutting of hay may be obtained after the grain harvest. The -following year the plants will produce two cuttings of hay or one cutting -of hay and a seed crop. In some sections of the United States -this plant is replacing red clover in rotations, as it will succeed on -poorer soils than red clover and will add much more humus to the -soil. It will withstand drought better than either red clover or -alfalfa, and on this account its use in rotations may be extended into -drier sections. As a rule the beneficial effect of sweet clover on the -subsequent crops is more marked than that of other legumes. This -is especially true with corn, and whenever possible corn should follow -sweet clover in rotations. Root crops also are benefited by its use -in rotations, as the large deep roots of sweet clover open up the soil.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>« 32 »</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SWEET_CLOVER_AS_A_HONEY_PLANT">SWEET CLOVER AS A HONEY PLANT.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>A number of the leading honey plants fail to secrete nectar in part -of the territory in which they are found, but white sweet clover ranks -as a valuable source of nectar wherever found in sufficient quantity -in the United States. The period of nectar secretion usually follows -that of white and alsike clovers in the Northern States, and -consequently comes at a time when the colonies are strong enough -to get the full benefit of the secretion. The honey from white sweet -clover is light in color, with a slight green tint, the flavor being mild -and suggestive of vanilla. The characteristic flavor and color of the -honey seem to be less marked during a rapid secretion of nectar, In -the irrigated portions of the West honey from white sweet clover is -often mixed with that from alfalfa.</p> - -<p>Beekeepers have long recognized the value of sweet clover as a -source of nectar, and for years tons of seed have been sold annually -by dealers in beekeepers' supplies. It has never been found profitable -to cultivate any plant solely for nectar, and those beekeepers -who were primarily interested in the plant for bee forage have scattered -the seed chiefly in waste places and along railroad embankments -and roadsides. A number of beekeepers who were also engaged -in general farming have for years utilized the plant for forage, and -they were among the earliest to grow the plant for seed, so as to be -able to supply their fellow beekeepers. Sweet clover to-day is almost -the only plant which beekeepers seek to increase in waste lands in -their localities.</p> - -<p>The yield of nectar from sweet clover is heavy, and a number of -beekeepers now market this honey in carload lots. Sweet clover is -utilized for honey especially in Kentucky, in Iowa, and in Colorado -and adjacent States. In Alabama and Mississippi a number of beekeepers -are harvesting large crops chiefly from this source. The color -and flavor make this plant suitable for either comb or extracted honey.</p> - -<p>Yellow sweet clover is perhaps as valuable for nectar as white -sweet clover, but beekeepers have paid less attention to it. This is -probably due to the fact that the blooming period of the yellow -species often coincides with that of white and alsike clover, making -it less valuable to the beekeeper. In sections where the quantity of -white and alsike clover is limited and it is desired to plant sweet -clover for bee pasturage, a mixture of the white and yellow species -is recommended, as the yellow species will bloom from 10 to 14 days -earlier than the white.</p> - -<p>Wherever any of the species of sweet clover are cultivated, either -for forage or for seed, beekeeping is to be recommended as a valuable -source of additional income, and such locations are especially suitable -for extensive commercial beekeeping.</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="caption2">Transcriber Note</p> - - -<p>Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations may have been moved -to avoid splitting paragraphs.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. Coe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 820 *** - -***** This file should be named 62782-h.htm or 62782-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/7/8/62782/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from images provided by USDA through -The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/cover.png b/old/62782-h/images/cover.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ba5e119..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/cover.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/cover_epub.jpg b/old/62782-h/images/cover_epub.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1af063c..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/cover_epub.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig0.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig0.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0435893..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig0.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig1.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig1.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dda663c..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig1.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig10.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig10.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 15fe83b..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig10.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig11.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig11.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5c09592..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig11.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig12.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig12.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 832ee67..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig12.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig13.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig13.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 38b6d0f..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig13.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig2.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig2.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 656ffc3..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig2.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig3.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig3.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f3af366..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig3.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig4.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig4.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 59eedf6..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig4.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig5.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig5.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 56c919a..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig5.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig6.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig6.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 21b3965..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig6.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig7.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig7.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f2d1281..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig7.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig8.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig8.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2db4303..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig8.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782-h/images/fig9.png b/old/62782-h/images/fig9.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1adf1b3..0000000 --- a/old/62782-h/images/fig9.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62782.txt b/old/62782.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f15ad5f..0000000 --- a/old/62782.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1885 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820 - Sweet Clover: Utilization - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: July 28, 2020 [EBook #62782] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 820 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from images provided by USDA through -The Internet Archive. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italic_. - - - - - SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION - - - H. S. COE - - Assistant Agronomist, Forage-Crop Investigations - - [Illustration] - - - FARMERS' BULLETIN 820 - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - - Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - - WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - - - - Washington, D. C. May 1917 - - WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917 - - -SWEET CLOVER may be utilized for feeding purposes, as pasturage, hay, -or ensilage. With the possible exception of alfalfa on fertile soil, -sweet clover, when properly handled, will furnish as much nutritious -pasturage from early spring until late fall as any other legume. It -seldom causes bloat. - -Stock may refuse to eat sweet clover at first, but this distaste can be -overcome by keeping them on a field of young plants for a few days. - -As cattle crave dry roughage when pasturing on sweet clover, they -should have access to it. Straw answers this purpose very well. - -An acre of sweet clover ordinarily will support 20 to 30 sholes. - -On account of the succulent growth, it is often difficult, in humid -climates, to cure the first crop of the second season into a good -quality of hay. - -When seeded without a nurse crop, one cutting of hay may be obtained -the first year in the North and two or three cullings in the South. -Two cuttings are often obtained in the South after grain harvest. The -second year a cutting of hay and a seed crop usually are harvested. - -Sweet clover should never be permitted to show flower buds before it -is cut for hay. It is very important that the first crop of the second -season be cut so high that a new growth will develop. When the plants -have made a growth of 36 to 40 inches it may be necessary to leave the -stubble 10 to 12 inches high. - -In cutting the first crop of the second season it is a good plan to -have extension shoe soles made for the mower, so that a high stubble -may be left. In some sections of the country sweet clover as a silage -plant is gaining in favor rapidly. - -This crop has given excellent results as a feed for cattle and sheep. -Experiments show that it compares favorably with alfalfa. - -Sweet clover has proved to be a profitable soil-improving crop. The -large, deep roots add much humus to the soil and improve the aeration -and drainage. As a rule, the yield of crops following sweet clover is -increased materially. - -Being a biennial, this crop lends itself readily to short rotations. - -Sweet clover is a valuable honey plant, in that in all sections of the -country it secretes an abundance of nectar. - -This bulletin discusses only, the utilization of sweet clover. A -discussion of the growing of the crop may be found in Farmers' Bulletin -797. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION.[1] - -[1] The growing of this crop has been discussed in a previous -publication, Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; Growing the -Crop." - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page. - - General statement of the uses of sweet clover 3 - - Sweet clover as a pasture crop 4 - - Sweet clover hay 10 - - Sweet clover as a silage crop 20 - - Sweet clover as a soiling crop 22 - - Sweet clover as a feed 23 - - Sweet clover as a soil-improving crop 28 - - Sweet clover in rotations 31 - - Sweet clover as a honey plant 32 - - - - -GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE USES OF SWEET CLOVER. - - -The utilization of sweet clover as a feed for all classes of live stock -has increased rapidly in many parts of the country, owing primarily to -the excellent results obtained by many farmers who have used this plant -for pasturage or hay, and also to the fact that feeding and digestion -experiments conducted by agricultural experiment stations show that it -is practically equal to alfalfa and red clover as a feed. - -As a pasture plant, sweet clover is superior to red clover, and -possibly alfalfa, as it seldom causes bloat, will grow on poor soils, -and is drought resistant. The favorable results obtained from the -utilization of this crop for pasturage have done much to promote -its culture in many parts of the United States. On account of the -succulent, somewhat stemmy growth of the first crop the second year, -difficulty is often experienced in curing the hay in humid sections, as -it is necessary to cut it at a time when weather conditions are likely -to be unfavorable. When properly cured the hay is relished by stock. - -At the present time sweet clover is used to only a limited extent for -silage, but its use for this purpose should increase rapidly, as the -results thus far obtained have been very satisfactory. - -In addition to the value of sweet clover as a feed, it is one of the -best soil-improving crops adapted to short rotations which can be -grown. When cut for hay, the stubble and roots remain in the soil, and -when pastured, the uneaten parts of the plants, as well as the manure -made while animals are on pasture, are added to the soil and benefit -the succeeding crops. In addition to humus, sweet clover, in common -with all legumes, adds nitrogen to the soil. This crop is grown in many -sections of the country primarily to improve soils, and the benefits -derived from it when handled in this manner have justified its use, as -the yields of succeeding crops usually are increased materially. - -The different species of sweet clover are excellent honey plants, as -they produce nectar over a long period in all sections of the United -States. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--Cattle pasturing on sweet clover.] - - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A PASTURE CROP. - - -With the possible exception of alfalfa on fertile soils, no other -leguminous crop will furnish as much nutritious pasturage from early -spring until late fall as sweet clover when it is properly handled. -Live stock which have never been fed sweet clover may refuse to eat -it at first, but this distaste is easily overcome by turning them on -the pasture in the spring, as soon as the plants start growth (fig. -1). Many cases are on record where stock have preferred sweet clover -to other forage plants. The fact that it may be pastured earlier in -the spring than many forage plants and that it thrives throughout -the hot summer months makes it a valuable addition to the pastures -on many farms. Sweet clover is an especially valuable forage plant -for poor soils where other crops make but little growth, and it is -upon such soils that thousands of acres of this crop are furnishing -annually abundant pasturage for all kinds of live stock. In many -portions of the Middle West, where the conditions are similar to those -of southeastern Kansas, it bids fair to solve the serious pasturage -problems. Native pastures which will no longer provide more than a -scant living for a mature steer on 4 or 5 acres, when properly seeded -to sweet clover will produce sufficient forage to carry at least one -animal to the acre throughout the season. In addition to this, a crop -of hay or a seed crop may be harvested from a portion of the land when -it is so fenced that the stock may be confined to certain parts of -the field at specific times. Land which is too rough or too depleted -for cultivation, or permanent pastures which have become thin and -weedy, may be improved greatly by drilling in, after disking, a few -pounds of sweet-clover seed per acre. Not only will the sweet clover -add considerably to the quality and quantity of the pasturage but -the growth of the grasses will be improved by the addition of large -quantities of humus and nitrogen to the soil. - -Sweet clover has proved to be an excellent pasture crop on many of the -best farms in the North-Central States. In this part of the country it -may be seeded alone and pastured from the middle or latter part of June -until frost, or it may be sown with grain and pastured after harvest. - -When sweet clover has been seeded two years in succession on separate -fields, the field sown the first year may be pastured until the middle -of June, when the stock should be turned on the spring seeding. When -handled in this manner excellent pasturage is provided throughout the -summer, and a hay or seed crop may be harvested from the field seeded -the previous season. - -Some of the best pastures in Iowa consist of a mixture of Kentucky -bluegrass, timothy, and sweet clover. On a farm observed near Delmar, -Iowa, stock is pastured on meadows containing this mixture from the -first part of April to the middle of June. From this time until the -first part of September the stock is kept on one-half to two-thirds the -total pasture acreage. The remainder of the pasture land is permitted -to mature a seed crop. After the seed crop is harvested the stock -again is turned on this acreage, where they feed on the grasses and -first-year sweet-clover plants until cold weather. The seed which -shatters when the crop is cut is usually sufficient to reseed the -pastures. By handling his pasture land in this manner, the owner of the -farm has always had an abundance of pasture and at the same time has -obtained each year a crop of 2 to 4 bushels of recleaned seed to the -acre from one-third to one-half of his pasture land. This system has -been in operation on one field for 20 years and not until the last two -year's has bluegrass showed a tendency to crowd out the sweet clover. -It is essential that sufficient stock be kept on the pastures to keep -the plants eaten rather closely, so that at all times there will be an -abundance of fresh shoots. - -Whenever the first crop of the second year is not needed for hay or -silage it can be used for no better purpose than pasturage. In fact, -it is better to pasture the fields until the middle of June, as this -affords one of the most economical and profitable ways of handling the -first crop. In addition to its value for pasture, grazing induces the -plants to send out many young shoots close to the ground, so that when -the plants are permitted to mature seed a much larger number of stalks -are formed than would be the case if the first crop were cut for hay. -The hay crop is likely to be cut so close to the ground that the plants -will be killed, whereas but little danger of killing the plants arises -from close pasturing early in the season. Excellent stands of sweet -clover will produce an abundance of pasturage for two to three mature -steers per acre from early spring to the middle of June. - -Cattle which are pasturing on sweet clover alone crave dry feed. Straw -has been found to satisfy this desire and straw or hay should be -present in the meadow at all times, After stock are removed from the -field it is an excellent plan to go over it with a mower, setting the -cutter bar so as to leave the stubble 6 to 8 inches high. This will -even up the stand, so that the plants will ripen seed at approximately -the same date. - -Experiments by many farmers in the Middle West show that sweet clover -is an excellent pasture for dairy cattle. When cows are turned on -sweet clover from grass pastures the flow of milk is increased and its -quality improved. Other conditions being normal, this increase in milk -production will continue throughout the summer, as the plants produce -an abundance of green forage during the hot, dry months when grass -pastures are unproductive. If pastures are handled properly they will -carry at least one milk cow to the acre during the summer months. - -In many parts of the country sweet clover has proved to be an excellent -pasturage crop for hogs. When it is utilized for this purpose it -usually is seeded alone and pastured for two seasons. The hogs may be -turned on the field the first year as soon as the plants have made a -6-inch growth. From this time until late fall an abundance of forage -is produced, as pasturing induces the plants to send out many tender, -succulent branches. Pasturing the second season may begin as soon as -growth starts in the spring. If the field is not closely grazed the -second season it is advisable to clip it occasionally, leaving an -8-inch stubble, so as to produce a more succulent growth. - -An acre of sweet-clover pasture ordinarily will support 20 to 30 shotes -in addition to furnishing a tight cutting of hay (fig. 2). For the best -growth of the hogs, they should be fed each day 2 pounds of grain per -hundredweight of the stock. Hogs are very fond of sweet clover roots -and should be ringed before being turned on the pasture. The tendency -to root may generally be overcome by adding some protein to the grain -ration. Meat meal serves this purpose very well. - -The Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an interesting -pasturing experiment with spring pigs in 1910, In this experiment, pigs -weighing approximately 38 pounds each were pastured for a period of -141 days on two plats of red clover, a plat of Dwarf Essex rape, and a -plat of yellow biennial sweet clover. The pigs pasturing on each plat -received a ration of ear corn. The ration given to the pigs on one plat -of red clover and on that of rape was supplemented with meat meal to -the extent of one-tenth of the ear corn ration. The feed given to the -pigs pasturing on sweet clover was supplemented with meat meal at the -same rate during only the last 57 days of the test. The red clover was -seeded in 1908 and reseeded in 1909, so that the plat contained a very -good stand of plants at least one year old. The sweet clover was seeded -in the spring of 1910, while the rape was sown on April 4, 1910, in -24-inch rows. The pigs were turned on the forage plats on June 22. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Hogs pasturing on sweet clover.] - -The results of this experiment, as presented in Table I, show that -sweet clover carried more pigs to the acre and produced cheaper gains -and a greater net profit per acre than either red clover or rape. To -judge from the date of seeding of the plants tested, it was to be -expected that the pigs pasturing on the sweet clover would not gain -as rapidly at first as those pasturing on the other forage plants, -as the growth of the sweet clover at this time was undoubtedly much -less than that of the other crops. This assumption is borne out by the -results given for the first 84 days of the test. During this period -the pigs on the rape made a net gain of $11.55 per acre and those on -the red clover $6.86 per acre more than those on the sweet clover. In -these computations corn was valued at 50 cents per bushel and hogs at -$6 per hundredweight. During the latter part of the experiment there -was but a scant growth of red clover on the plats, while the sweet -clover produced an abundance of forage, and during this period of the -experiment the pigs pasturing on sweet clover made a net gain of $10.14 -per acre more than those pasturing on red clover and $17.41 per acre -more than those pasturing on rape. (Table I.) The difference in net -profits probably would have been greater had white sweet clover been -used instead of yellow sweet clover, as it makes a larger growth and -contains approximately the same ratio of food elements. - -Table I.--Relative merits of Dwarf Essex rape, red clover, and yellow -sweet clover when pastured by spring pigs for 141 days, June 22 to -November 10, 1910. - - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+---------------+--------+------- - | | | | |Supplementary | | - | | | | |feed required | Total | Net - | | | | | for 100 | cost |profit - | |Initial| Total |Average |pounds of gain.| of 100 | per - |Number| weight| gain, | daily +-------+-------+ pounds |acre.[3] - Forage tested, plat area, | of | per | all | gain |Shelled| Meat | of | - and ration. | hogs.| hog. | hogs. |per hog.| corn. | Meal. |gain.[2]| - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------- - | |Pounds.|Pounds.| Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.| | - Rape (Dwarf Essex, 0.9 | | | | | | | | - acre), and ear corn[4] | | | | | | | | - plus one-tenth meat meal.| 18 | 37.8 |2,801.7| 1.10 | 292.5 | 33.99 | $3.79 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 20 | .... |3,113.0| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | $88.64 - | | | | | | | | - Clover (medium red, 0.8 | | | | | | | | - acre) and ear corn | | | | | | | | - alone[4]. | 15 | 39.0 |1,790.0| .84 | 370.6 | None. | 3.71 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 18.75| .... |2,237.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 51.20 - | | | | | | | | - Clover (medium red, 0.8 | | | | | | | | - acre) and ear corn[4] | | | | | | | | - plus one-tenth meat meal.| 15 | 39.0 |2,394.0| 1.13 | 299.3 | 34.77 | 3.84 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 18.75| .... |2,992.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 64.55 - | | | | | | | | - Sweet clover[5] (yellow | | | | | | | | - biennial, 0.8 acre) and | | | | | | | | - ear corn[4] plus | | | | | | | | - one-tenth meat meal. | 18 | 37.8 |2,594.0| 1.02 | 313.6 | 24.70 | 3.70 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 22.60| .... |3,242.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 74.50 - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------- - -[2] Corn valued at 50 cents per bushel, meat meal at $2.50 per -hundredweight. - -[3] Hogs valued at $6 per hundredweight. - -[4] During the first 84 days of the test, practically two-thirds of the -time, a limited ration of corn was given, while during the last 57 days -the pigs received a full feed. - -[5] The pigs pasturing on sweet clover received meat meal only during -the last 57 days of the experiment. - -An experiment reported by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment -Station shows that a mixture of rape and sweet clover makes an -exceptionally fine pasture for hogs. In this experiment the mixture -of rape and sweet clover produced more pasturage than alfalfa and was -preferred to alfalfa by the hogs. It was seeded at the rate of 6 pounds -of Dwarf Essex rape and 10 pounds of sweet clover to the acre. - -Sheep relish sweet clover and make rapid gains when pastured on it. -Care must be taken to see that pastures are not overstocked with sheep, -as they are likely to eat the plants so close to the ground as to kill -them. This is especially true the first year, before the plants have -formed crown buds. Yellow biennial sweet clover probably would not -suffer from this cause as much as the white species, because the plants -make a more prostrate growth and are not likely to be eaten so closely -to the ground. - -Horses and mules do well on sweet-clover pastures. On account of the -high protein content sweet clover provides excellent pasturage for -young stock. No cases of slobbering have been noted with horses. - - -TAINTING MILK AND BUTTER. - -Milk may be tainted occasionally when cows are pasturing on sweet -clover. However, the large majority of farmers who pasture sweet -clover on an extensive scale report very little or no trouble. The -flavor imparted to milk at times is not disliked by all people, as -some state that it is agreeable and does not harm the market value of -dairy products in the least. This trouble is experienced for the most -part in the early spring. The tainting of milk may be avoided by taking -the cows off the pasture two hours before milking and keeping them off -until after milking the following morning. - - -BLOATING. - -Unlike the true clovers and alfalfa, sweet clover seldom causes bloat; -in fact, with the exception of the summer of 1915, only a few authentic -cases of bloat have thus far been recorded in sections where large -acreages are pastured with cattle and sheep. A number of cases of bloat -wore reported in Iowa during the abnormally wet season of 1915. No -satisfactory explanation for this comparative freedom from bloating -has been offered. It is held by some that the coumarin in the plants -prevents bloating, but this has not been established experimentally. - - -TREATMENT FOR BLOAT. - -_Cattle._--If the case of bloat is not extreme, it may be sufficient to -drive the animals at a walk for a quarter or half an hour. In urgent -cases the gas must be allowed to escape without delay, and this is -best accomplished by the use of the trocar. In selecting the place for -using the trocar, the highest point of the distended flank equally -distant from the last rib and the point of the hip must be chosen. -Here an incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made -with a knife through the skin, and then the sharp point of the trocar, -being directed downward, inward, and slightly forward, is thrust into -the paunch. The sheath of the trocar should be left in the paunch as -long as any gas continues to issue from it. In the absence of a trocar -an incision may be made with a small-bladed knife and a quill used to -permit the gas to escape. Care must be taken to see that the quill does -not work down out of sight into the incision. - -Another remedy consists in tying a large bit, the diameter of a -pitchfork handle, in the mouth, so that a piece of rubber tubing may -be passed through the mouth to the first stomach to allow the gas to -escape. - -When the animal is not distressed and the swelling of the flank is not -great, or when the most distressing condition has been removed by the -use of the trocar, it is best to administer internal medicine. Two -ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should be given every half hour -in a quart of cold water, or half an ounce of chlorid of lime may be -dissolved in a pint of tepid water and the dose repeated every half -hour until the bloating has subsided.[6] - -[6] See "Diseases of Cattle," a special report of the Bureau of Animal -Industry. - -For acute bloating the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station -recommends 1 quart of a 1-1/2 per cent solution of formalin, followed -by placing a wooden block in the animal's mouth and by gentle exercise -if the animal can be gotten up. - -_Sheep._--Gas may be removed quickly from bloated sheep by using a -small trocar. The seat of the operation is on the most prominent -portion of the left flank. - - - - -SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - - -When sweet-clover hay is cut at the right time and cured properly it -is eaten readily by all classes of live stock. As the hay is rich in -protein, growing stock make gains on it comparable to the gains of -those fed on alfalfa. The quantity and quality of the milk produced -when the hay is fed to cows are approximately the same as when other -legumes are used. Hay which is cut the first year is fine stemmed and -leafy and resembles alfalfa in general appearance. Unless it is cut at -the proper time the second year, it will be stemmy and unpalatable. -Feeding experiments show that it contains practically as much -digestible protein as alfalfa and more than red clover, but the hay is -not as palatable as red clover or alfalfa when the plants are permitted -to become coarse and woody. When sweet clover is seeded in the spring -without a nurse crop in the northern and western sections of the United -States, a cutting of hay may be obtained the same autumn. When it is -seeded with a nurse crop in these regions, the rainfall during the -late summer and early fall will largely determine whether the plants -will make sufficient growth to be cut for hay. On fertile, well-limed -soils in the East, in the eastern North-Central States, in Iowa, and -in eastern Kansas a cutting of hay is commonly obtained after grain -harvest when the rainfall is normal or above normal. In many sections -of the country two, and at times three, cuttings of hay may be obtained -the second year (fig. 3). - -In the South two, and sometimes three, cuttings may be obtained the -first year if the seeding is done without a nurse crop. When the seed -is sown in the spring with oats, two cuttings may be secured after oat -harvest. Three cuttings may be obtained the second year, although it is -the common practice to cut the first crop for hay and the second crop -for seed. - - - - -YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - - -The total yields of sweet clover per acre for the season are usually -less than those of alfalfa except in the semiarid unirrigated portions -of the country. Sweet clover ordinarily yields more to the acre than -any of the true clovers. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Cutting sweet clover for hay in western Kansas.] - -When the seed is sown in the spring in the North without a nurse crop, -yields of 1 to 3 tons of hay of good quality may be expected the -following autumn, The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station -obtained 2,700 pounds of hay per acre in the fall from spring seeding, -while the United States Department of Agriculture obtained 3,000 pounds -of hay per acre in August from May seeding in Maryland. Yields of 1 -to 2 tons, and occasionally 3 tons, have been obtained in Michigan, -Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, the Dakotas, and other States. In Illinois, -Iowa, and Kansas yields of 1 to 1-1/2 tons are often obtained after -grain harvest when weather conditions are favorable. - -The first crop the second season yields 1-1/2 to 3 tons of hay to the -acre in the northern and western sections of the United States. The -second crop of the second season will yield from three-fourths to 1-1/2 -tons to the acre, although this crop usually is cut for seed. - -When sweet clover is seeded in the South without a nurse crop on fairly -fertile soil that is not acid, three cuttings of hay, averaging at -least a ton to the cutting, may be secured the year of seeding. When -the seed is sown in the early spring on winter grain, two cuttings, -yielding at least 1 ton to the cutting, may be obtained. The first crop -the second season yields on an average 1-1/2 to 3 tons of hay to the -acre. In 1903 the Alabama Canebrake Station obtained 2-1/2 tons of hay -after oat harvest and a total yield of 3 tons per acre from the same -field in 1904. - - -TIME TO CUT SWEET CLOVER FOR HAY. - -The first season's growth of sweet clover does not usually get coarse -and woody and therefore may be cut when it shows its maximum growth in -the fall, In regions where more than one crop may be obtained the first -season, the first crop should be cut when the plants have made about a -30-inch growth. - -The proper time to cut the first crop the second season will vary -considerably in different localities, depending very much upon the -rainfall, the temperature, and the fertility of the soil. In no event -should the plants be permitted to show flower buds or to become woody. -In the semiarid sections of the country sweet clover does not grow as -rapidly as in more humid regions. Neither do the plants grow as rapidly -on poor soils as upon fertile soils. In the drier sections the best -results usually are obtained by cutting the first crop when the plants -have made a growth of 24 to 30 inches. On fertile, well-limed soils in -many sections of the country a very rapid growth is made in the spring, -and often the plants will not show flower buds until they are about -5 feet high. On such soils it is very essential that the first crop -be cut when the plants have made no more growth than 30 to 32 inches -if hay is desired which is not stemmy and if a second growth is to be -expected. - - -HEIGHT OF STUBBLE TO BE LEFT WHEN CUTTING FOR HAY. - -It is not necessary to leave more than an ordinary stubble when cutting -the sweet-clover hay crop in the fall of the year of seeding. A stubble -4 or 6 inches in height, however, will serve to hold drifting snow and -undoubtedly will be of some help in protecting the plants from winter -injury. While sweet clover without question is more hardy than red -clover, usually more or less winterkilling occurs, and any protection -which may be afforded during cold weather will be of considerable -benefit. - -While the first crop in the second year comes from the crown buds, the -new branches which produce the second crop of the second year come from -the buds formed in the axils of the leaves on the lower portions of the -stalks which constitute the first crop, as shown in figure 4. These -branches usually commence growth when the plants are about 24 inches -high. In fields where the stand is heavy and where the lower portions -of the plants are densely shaded, these shoots are soon killed from -lack of necessary light. (Figs. 4 and 5.) The branches which are -first to appear and which are first to be killed are those closest to -the ground. It is therefore very important when cutting this crop to -cut the plants high enough from the ground to leave on the stubble a -sufficient number of buds and young branches to produce a second crop. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Sweet-clover plants, showing the direct -relation that exists between the thickness of stand, the time of -cutting, and the height at which the stubble must be cut if a second -crop is to be expected. The plant at the left was cut 10 day later than -the plant at the right. Note the height at which it was necessary to -cut this plant so that a second crop would develop and also the scars -on the stubble where young shoots had started earlier and were killed -from lack of sunlight. When the stand is thin the young shoots will -survive, as they did on the plant at the right, even though the field -is cut at a later date.] - -Examination of hundreds of acres of sweet clover in different sections -of the United States during the summers of 1915 and 1916 showed that -the stand on at least 50 per cent of the fields was partly or entirely -killed by cutting the first crop the second season too close to the -ground. A direct relation exists between the thickness of the stand, -the height of the plants, and the height at which the stubble should -be cut if a second crop is to be harvested. It is very essential to -examine the fields carefully before mowing, so as to determine the -height at which the plants should be cut in order to leave at least one -healthy bud or young branch on each stub. In fact, the stand should -be cut several inches above the young shoots or buds, the stubble may -die back from 1 to 3 inches if the plants are cut during damp or rainy -weather. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Stubble of sweet clover collected in fields -where 90 per cent of the plants had been killed by cutting too closely -to the ground. The heavy stands in these fields were not cut until the -plants had made a growth of 36 to 40 inches. Note the scars on the -stubble where young shoots started, but died from lack of light.] - -When fields of sweet clover contain only a medium-heavy stand and when -the plants have made no more than a 30-inch growth, a 5 to 6 inch -stubble usually will be sufficient to insure a second crop, but where -fields contain heavy stands--15 to 25 plants to the square foot--it -may be necessary to leave an 8-inch stubble. In many fields examined -in northern Illinois in June, 1916, heavy stands had been permitted to -make a growth of 36 to 40 inches before cutting. In a number of these -fields a very large percentage of the plants were killed when an 8 -to 12 inch stubble was left. (See fig. 5.) A careful examination of -such fields showed that the young branches had started on the lower -portions of the stalks and had died from lack of light before cutting. -In semiarid regions, where the plants do not make as rapid growth as in -humid sections, they may, as a rule, be clipped somewhat closer to the -ground without injury. - -On account of the difference in the growth that sweet clover makes -on different types of soil and on account of the difference in the -thickness of the stand obtained in different fields, it is impossible -to give any definite rule as to the proper height to cut the first crop. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Shoe sole to be placed on the inner shoe of the -mower, so that a high stubble may be left when mowing sweet clover: -_A_, End view of the back part of the sole; _B_, side view of the sole, -showing general shape; _C_, shape of the front end of the pole when -it is to be used on mowers having shoes of the type used on Deering -machines; _D_, forward end of the sole represented in _B_. The toward -end of the sole shown in _B_ and _D_ should be made for machines having -shoes of the type used on McCormick mowers.] - -MOWER CHANGES FOR CUTTING SWEET CLOVER. - -It is good practice to replace the shoe soles of the mower with higher -adjustable soles, so that a stubble up to 12 inches in height may be -left when cutting sweet clover, Shoe soles such as are shown in figures -6 and 7 may be made on any farm provided with a blacksmith's forge, -or they can be made at any blacksmith shop at a cost which should not -exceed $2.50. Preferably they should be of strap iron, about one-fourth -of an inch thick and 2 inches wide; however, old pieces of iron or -steel which may be found on the farm will serve the purpose. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Shoe sole to be Used on the outer shoe of the -mower, so that a high stubble may be left when cutting sweet clover; -_A_, End view of the back part of the sole; _B_, side view of the sole, -showing general shape; _C_, forward end of the sole to be used on -certain Deering machines; _D_, end view of the front part of sole shown -in _B_.] - -Then these soles are to be placed on machines that have shoes of the -type used on the Deering mower, the forward 8 inches of the sole for -the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to a blunt point and bent -in such a manner that it will hook into the slot in the shoe. (Fig. 6, -_C_.) When the soles are to be placed on mowers having shoes of the -type used on McCormick machines, the forward 8 inches of the sole for -the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to about 1 inch in width, -bent forward so that it will fit against that portion of the shoe where -it is to be bolted, and have a hole of the proper size bored for the -bolt three-fourths of an inch from the end. (Fig. 6, _B_ and _D_.) The -bottom of the sole should be rounded, so as to run smoothly on the -ground when the cutter bar is raised to cut at different heights. The -back portion of the sole should be upright and should have holes bored -in it, so that it may be set for the cutter bar to rest at different -heights from the ground. Preferably the lower hole of the upright -should be located so that when the bolt in the shoe is run through it -the cutter bar will be 6 inches from the ground. It should be long -enough to permit four or five holes, 1 inch apart, to be bored above -the lower one. (Fig. 6, _A_.) - -With some makes of machines it is not advisable to raise the cutter bar -higher than 10 inches from the ground, but when this is true the cutter -bar may be tipped upward, so that a 12-inch stubble is left. - -The forward end of the shoe sole to be used on the outer shoe should -be tapered gradually to 1 inch from the end. The forward inch should -be one-fourth of an inch in width and bent slightly upward and inward, -so that a hook will be formed to fit into the slot in the front end of -the shoe. (Fig. 7, _B_.) The rest of the sole should curved, so that -it will run smoothly on the ground when the cutter bar is set to cut -at different heights. The upright which is bolted to the sole should -preferably be made of three-eighths by 1 inch material and should -have six holes, 1 inch apart, bored in it, so that the outer end of -the cutter bar may be raised to the same height as the inner end. On -practically all standard makes of mowers the outer shoe sole hooks into -the shoe instead of bolting to it, as is the case with the inner sole -on some machines. A wheel is used in place of a shoe sole on the outer -end of the cutter bar on some machines. When this is the case, the -upright to which this wheel is attached should be lengthened. On other -machines the forward end of the sole hooks into a slot in the shoe in -the same manner as the inner sole. In this event the front end of the -sole should be bent slightly upward and outward. (Fig. 7, _C_.) - -Before shoe soles are made for any mower a careful examination should -be made of the shoes to determine the exact size required and the -manner in which they should be attached to the forward ends of the -shoes. - - -CURING AND HANDLING SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - -One of the greatest difficulties in curing sweet clover is the fact -that the plants usually are ready to be cut for hay at a time of -the year when weather conditions are likely to be unfavorable for -haymaking. Little trouble is experienced in curing this crop in the -drier sections of the country where the methods used for alfalfa are -employed. The curing of sweet clover is more difficult than the curing -of either red clover or alfalfa, as the leaves are very apt to shatter -before the stems are cured. Every possible means should be employed to -save the leaves, as these constitute the best part of the hay. (See -Table II.) - -Table II.--Average analyses of the leaves of four samples of well-cured -white sweet-clover hay. - -[Analyses made by the Bureau of Chemistry.] - ---------+------------------------------------------------------------- - | Constituents (per cent). - +----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- -Samples.| Moisture.| Ash. | Ether | Protein.| Crude | Nitrogen-free - | | | extract.| | fiber.| extract. ---------+----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- - | | | | | | -Leaves. | 8.70 | 10.92 | 3.09 | 28.20 | 9.28 | 39.78 -Stems. | 8.70 | 8.08 | .70 | 10.16 | 39.45 | 33.06 - | | | | | | ---------+----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- - -The hay collected for the above analyses represented the first cutting -the second season. The plants had made a 30 to 36 inch growth at the -time of cutting. It will be seen that the protein content of the leaves -is almost three times as great as that of the stems. - -In the drier sections of the country or when the first crop of the year -of seeding is cut for hay in the North-Central States the mower may be -started in the morning as soon as the dew is off. The hay should remain -in the swath until the following day, or until it is well wilted, when -it should be raked into small windrows. After remaining in the windrows -for a day it may be placed in small cocks to cure. Cocks made from hay -which has dried to this stage will not shed water well and therefore -should be covered if it is likely to rain. It is important that the -cocks be made small enough to be thrown on the rack entire, as many -leaves will be lost if it is necessary to tear them apart. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Sweat clover curing in the cock.] - -When sweet clover is permitted to dry in the swath, a large percentage -of the leaves will be lost in windrowing and loading unless handled -with the utmost care. Hay in this condition should never be raked while -perfectly dry and brittle, but should be raked into the windrow in the -early morning or in the evening, when it is slightly damp from dew. It -may then be hauled to the barn or stack after remaining in the windrow -for a day. - -One of the most successful methods for handling sweet-clover hay, -especially in regions where rains are likely to occur at haying time, -is to permit the plants to remain in the swath until they are well -wilted or just before the leaves begin to cure. The hay should then -be raked into windrows and cocked at once (fig. 8). The cocks should -be made as high and as narrow as possible, as this will permit better -ventilation. In curing, the cocks will shrink from one-third to -one-half of their original size. It may take from 10 days to 2 weeks to -cure sweet clover by this method, but when well cured all the leaves -will be intact and the hay will have an excellent color and aroma. When -sweet clover is cocked at this time the leaves will cure flat and in -such a manner that the cocks will readily shed water during heavy rains -(fig. 9). - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.--A cock of sweet-clover hay which has cured in -excellent condition and retained all of its leaves.] - -When sweet-clover hay is to be stacked it is highly desirable that some -sort of foundation be made for the stack, so as to prevent the loss -of the hay which otherwise would be on the ground. Several feet of -straw or grass are often used for this purpose, but still better is a -foundation of rails, posts, or boards placed in such a manner that air -may circulate under the stack. - -A cover should be provided for the stacks, either in the form of -a roof, a canvas, or long green grass. If none of these means is -practicable a topping of perfectly green sweet clover will cure with -the leaves flat and will turn water nicely. - -It is well known that hay made from either red clover or alfalfa will -often undergo spontaneous combustion if put into the barn with too -much external moisture upon it. No instances of spontaneous combustion -in sweet-clover hay have been noted, but this may be due to the fact -that comparatively little sweet-clover hay is stored in barns. The same -precautions, therefore, should be taken with sweet-clover hay as with -red clover or alfalfa. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SILAGE CROP. - - -In some sections of the country sweet clover is gaining in favor as a -silage crop, either alone or in mixtures with other plants. The silage -made from this plant will keep better than that made from most legumes, -as it does not become slimy, as is so often the case with red clover or -alfalfa silage. It produces a palatable feed, which should contain more -protein than well-matured corn silage. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.--Filling the silo with sweet clover.] - -When sweet clover makes sufficient growth after grain harvest, or when -seeded alone, it is not necessary to cut it for silage until fall. At -this time it may be run into the silo alone or in mixture with corn. -Excellent results have been obtained by placing alternate loads of corn -and sweet clover in the silo. (Fig. 10.) - -When the first crop the second season is not needed for pasturage, -ensiling may prove to be the most economical and profitable way of -handling it, as it is necessary to cut this crop for hay at a time of -the year when the weather conditions in humid regions are very likely -to be unfavorable for haymaking. The large percentage of leaves which -usually are lost from shattering when harvesting the hay will be saved -when the crop is run into the silo. - -The first crop the second season will produce approximately two-thirds -as much silage to the acre as corn when it is cut at the time it should -be cut for hay. The second crop may then be harvested for seed. When -sweet clover is handled in this manner, approximately two-thirds of the -total corn acreage which would be cut for silage may be permitted to -mature, as the first crop of sweet clover will replace the corn silage, -while the seed crop ordinarily will bring as much per acre as the corn. -In addition to this, the roots and stubble will add large quantities of -vegetable matter to the soil. - -Some farmers do not cut sweet clover for silage until it is in full -bloom. When this is done, 10 to 12 tons of silage will be obtained per -acre, but the plants will be killed by the mowing. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Cutting sweet clover with a grain binder for -silage.] - -When the green plants are ensiled, the crop preferably should be cut -with a grain binder. (See illustration on title-page and fig. 11.) This -will solve the difficulty of cutting a high stubble and will at the -same time bind the plants so that they may be run through the silage -cutter without difficulty. Green plants, and especially the first -crop of the second season, contain too much moisture to be run into -the silo immediately after cutting. In some cases quantities of juice -have been pressed out of the bottom of the silo, and as a result the -silage settled considerably. Analyses of the juice from one silo showed -that it contained 0.23 per cent protein and 2 per cent carbohydrates. -This loss of juice may be overcome by permitting the bundles to remain -in the field just as they come from the binder until the plants are -wilted thoroughly. Straw or corn stover may be placed in the bottom of -the silo to absorb some of the juice. If the plants contain too much -moisture it may be a good plan to mix some corn stover with the sweet -clover as it is run into the silo. - -Several silos in Illinois have been filled with sweet-clover straw. -When this is done it is necessary to add sufficient water to moisten -the dry stems. These stems become soft in a short time and ensile -in good condition. When the seed crop is thrashed with either a -grain separator or a clover huller the stems are broken and crushed -sufficiently to render it unnecessary to run them through a silage -cutter. Care must be taken when ensiling the straw to add sufficient -water, if molding is to be avoided. It will probably be necessary -to add water at the blower and also at the top of the silo. It is -essential to tramp the straw thoroughly, so as to exclude as much air -as possible. After the silo is filled it should be covered with a layer -of green plants and thoroughly soaked with water. - -Table III gives analyses of several sample of sweet-clover silage as -compared to corn silage. - - - -Table III.--_Composition of sweet-clover silage and well-matured corn -silage._ - - ---------------+---------+--------------------------------------------- - | | Constituents (per cent). - | +------+------+--------+----------------+----- - Kind of | | | | | Carbohydrates. | - | Number |Water.| Ash. | Crude +------+---------+ - silage. | of | | |protein.| |Nitrogen-| Fat. - |analyses.| | | |Fiber.| free | - | | | | | | extract.| - ---------------+---------+------+------+--------+------+---------+----- - | | | | | | | - White sweet | | | | | | | - clover; | | | | | | | - First year's | | | | | | | - growth[7] | 1 | 73.7 | 1.73 | 3.17 | 20.8 | 0.65 - First crop, | | | | | | | - second | | | | | | | - season[2] | 1 | 73.7 | 2.57 | 2.05 | 8.06 | 12.32 | 1.27 - Straw[8] | 3 | 73.7 | 1.19 | 2.70 |13.59 | 8.33 | .50 - Corn, well | | | | | | | - matured[9] | 121 | 73.7 | 1.70 | 2.10 | 6.30 | 15.40 | .80 - | | | | | | | - ---------------+---------+------+------+--------+------+---------+----- - -[7] Analysed by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. - -[8] Analysed by the Bureau of Chemistry. - -[9] Analyses compiled by Henry and Morrison. - -As shown in Table III the analyses of the first and second years' -growth of sweet clover compare favorably in food elements with corn -silage. It is to be expected that the silage made from the sweet clover -straw would contain less protein and carbohydrates than that made from -the entire plants, as most of the leaves shatter from sweet clover -before the seed crop is cut. Considerable protein and carbohydrates -were lost from the silage made from the first crop the second season, -as the plants were run into the silo as soon as they were cut. Much -juice was pressed from the bottom of this silo. An analysis of this -juice is given on page 21. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SOILING CROP. - - -As a soiling crop sweet clover has been used to only a very limited -extent. The amperage yields of green matter vary from 6 to 15 tons per -acre, The season for soiling may commence when the plants are 12 to -15 inches high and continue until flower buds appear. An area of such -a size that the plants may be cut every four or five weeks should be -selected. The plants should not be cut closer to the ground than 4 -inches during the first part of the season and 9 to 12 inches during -the latter part of the season. On account of the high protein content -and the large amount of forage produced on a relatively small area, -sweet clover may profitably be fed in this manner when more desirable -soiling crops are not to be had. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A FEED. - - -PALATABILITY OF SWEET CLOVER. - -The woody growth of sweet clover as it reaches maturity and the bitter -taste due to coumarin have been the principal causes for live stock -refusing to eat it at first. On this account many farmers have assumed -it to be worthless as a feed. It is a fact that stock seldom eat the -hard, woody stems of mature plants, but it is true also that stock -eat sparingly of the coarse, fibrous growth of such legumes as red or -mammoth clover when they have been permitted to mature and have lost -much of their palatability. All kinds of stock will eat green sweet -clover before it becomes woody, or hay which has been cut at the proper -time and well cured, after they have become accustomed to it. Many -cases are on record in which cattle have refused alfalfa or red clover -when sweet clover was accessible. Milch cows have been known to refuse -a ration of alfalfa hay when given to them for the first time. Western -range cattle which have never been fed corn very often refuse to eat -corn fodder, or even corn, for a short time, and instances have come -under observation in which they ate the dried husks and left the corn -uneaten. When these cattle were turned on green grass the following -spring they browsed on the dead grass of the preceding season's growth, -which, presumably more closely resembled the grass to which they were -accustomed. Such preliminary observations should never be taken as -final, even when they represent the results of careful investigators. -When cowpeas were first introduced into certain sections of this -country much trouble was experienced in getting stock to eat the vines, -either when cured into hay or made into ensilage. This difficulty, -however, was soon overcome. - -It is very true that stock which have never been pastured on sweet -clover or fed on the hay must become accustomed to it before they will -eat it, but the fact that sweet clover is now being fed to stock in -nearly every State indicates that the distaste for it can be overcome -easily and successfully. As sweet clover usually starts growth earlier -in the spring than other forage plants and as the early growth -presumably contains less coumarin than older plants, stock seldom -refuse to eat it at this time. Properly cured hay is seldom refused by -stock, especially if it is sprinkled with salt water when the animals -are salt hungry. - - -COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER. - -Sweet clover, like most legumes, contains a relatively high percentage -of protein, thus making it a source of that valuable constituent of -feeds needed for growing stock and for the production of milk. Table -IV shows the relative composition and digestibility of sweet clover as -compared to some other feeds. - - - -Table IV.--Composition and digestibility of sweet clover compared with -that of other forage crops. - -AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS. - - -----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------- - | | Constituents (per cent). - | +------+-----+--------+----------------+----- - | | | | |Carbohydrates. | - | Number | | | +------+---------+ - Kinds of forage. | of |Water.| Ash.| Crude | |Nitrogen-| Fat. - |analyses.| | |protein.|Fiber.| free | - | | | | | extract.| - -----------------+---------+------+-----+--------+------+---------+----- - | | | | | | | - Green crop: | | | | | | | - Sweet clover[10]| 18 | 75.6 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 0.7 - Alfalfa[10] | 143 | 74.7 | 2.4 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 1.0 - Red Clover[10] | 85 | 73.8 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 7.3 | 11.7 | 1.0 - | | | | | | | - Hay (moisture- | | | | | | | - free basis): | | | | | | | - White sweet | | | | | | | - clover[11] | 37 | .... | 8.2 | 17.6 | 28.2 | 43.0 | 3.0 - Yellow sweet | | | | | | | - clover[11] | 3 | .... | 6.4 | 15.8 | 35.6 | 39.0 | 2.6 - Alfalfa[11] | 211 | .... | 9.6 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 40.3 | 2.9 - Red clover[11] | 99 | .... | 7.0 | 15.6 | 27.7 | 44.9 | 3.9 - Timothy[11] | 194 | .... | 6.2 | 8.2 | 32.5 | 49.9 | 3.2 - -----------------+---------+------+-----+--------+------+---------+----- - -DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS WHEN FED TO -SHEEP.[12] - - ----------------+----------+---------------------------------+--------- - | | Digestible nutrients in 100 | - | | pounds of air-dried hay. |Nutritive - |Dry matter+--------+--------+-------+-------+ratio.[13] - Kinds of forage.| in 100 |Protein.|Carbohy-| Fat. | Dry | - | pounds. | | drates.| |matter.| - ----------------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------- - | | | | | | - White sweet- | | | | | | - clover hay | 92.2 | 11.88 | 36.68 | 0.49 | 56.12 | 1:3.2 - Pea hay | 93.1 | 11.24 | 48.55 | .71 | 62.5 | 1:4.5 - Alfalfa hay | 92.2 | 11.73 | 42.38 | .72 | 60.90 | 1:3.8 - (second cutting)| | | | | | - ----------------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------- - -[10] Analyses taken from Henry and Morrison's "Foods and Feeding." - -[11] Analyses compiled by the Bureau of Chemistry. - -[12] Experiments conducted by the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment -Station. - -[13] The nutritive ratio is the ratio which exists between the -digestible crude protein and the combined digestible carbohydrates and -fat. - -Table IV shows that the percentage composition of both green and cured -sweet clover compares favorably with that of alfalfa and red clover. - -Perhaps the most interesting point shown in this table is that the -fiber content of white sweet clover, whether green or cured into hay, -is no greater than that of alfalfa. It is understood, however, that -the plants collected for these analyses were taken when they were -at the proper stage for curing into hay. Table IV also shows that -the digestible nutrients of sweet clover when fed to sheep compare -favorably with alfalfa. It was stated that the sweet-clover hay used -for this experiment was stemmy and that it had not been cut until it -had become woody. The pea hay had passed the best stage for cutting -when it was harvested, while the alfalfa hay was in excellent condition. - -In a feeding experiment with sheep conducted by two students at -the Iowa State College it was found that the protein digested in -sweet-clover feed alone was 69 per cent and that the addition of -corn to the hay ration increased the digestibility of sweet clover -to 82 per cent. Alfalfa and red clover showed similar increases of -the digestibility of the protein content when corn was added to the -ration. The percentage of digestibility figured for the protein in -the corn was the average of a number of digestion experiments. The -probability is that the digestibility of the corn was also increased -by the presence of the hay in the ration, so that not all the increase -in the digestibility should be credited to the hay constituents of the -different rations. - - -FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWEET CLOVER. - -Few agricultural experiment stations have carried on definite feeding -experiments to determine the value of sweet clover compared with other -feeds. - -The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station reported an experiment -in which lambs were fed on sweet-clover hay in comparison with alfalfa, -pea-vine, and prairie hay. In this experiment the lambs made a better -gain at a less cost when fed sweet-clover hay than when fed pea-vine -hay, but not as large a gain as when fed alfalfa hay. The results of -this experiment are shown in Table V. - -Table V.--Feeding experiment with lambs in South Dakota, showing the -comparative value of different kinds of hay as roughage. - -[Grain ration consists of oats and corn in all cases; roughage varies.] - - --------------+-------+--------+----------------+---------------+------- - | | | Average weight.|Required for 1 | - | | | |pound of gain. |Average - | | +--------+-------+-------+-------+ daily - | Number|Duration| | | | | gain - Roughage fed.| of |of test.|At be- |At end.|Grain. | Hay. | per - | lambs.| |ginning.| | | | head. - --------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+------- - | | | | | | | - | | Days. |Pounds. |Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds. - Prairie hay | 16 | 67 | 83.6 | 107.9 | 5.09 | 2.35 | 0.36 - Pea-vine hay | 10 | 67 | 83.6 | 107.3 | 5.40 | 3.15 | .35 - Alfalfa hay | 5 | 67 | 81.4 | 119.4 | 3.36 | 3.02 | .56 - Sweet-clover | 10 | 67 | 84.7 | 113.6 | 4.42 | 3.19 | .43 - hay | | | | | | | - --------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+------- - -The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station also performed an, -interesting experiment with lambs. A number of pens of 10 to 40 -lambs each were fed different mixtures of feeds for 14 weeks. Those -receiving sweet-clover hay, corn, and a small amount of oil meal -made an average gain of 30.7 pounds per head, as compared with 20.3 -pounds for those receiving native-grass hay, oats, and oil meal. Those -receiving alfalfa hay and corn made a gain of more than 34 pounds per -head. The results obtained with four pens of lambs in this experiment -are given in Table VI. - - - -Table VI.--Results of feeding tests of lambs in Wyoming covering 14 -weeks. - - -------------+------+-------+----------------------------------------------- - | | | Required for 100 pounds of gain. - | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - | |Average|Sweet- | | | | | - |Number| gain |clover |Native |Alfalfa| Corn. | Oats. | Oil - Ration. | of | per | hay. | hay. | hay. | | | meal. - |lambs.| head. | | | | | | - -------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - Sweet-clover | |Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds. - hay, corn, | | | | | | | | - and oil meal| | | | | | | | - (old process)| 10 | 30.7 | 637.5 | ..... | ..... | 293.2 | ..... | 20.5 - | | | | | | | | - Native-grass | | | | | | | | - hay, oats, | | | | | | | | - and oil meal| | | | | | | | - (old process)| 40 | 20.3 | ..... | 606.7 | ..... | ..... | 460.5 | 25.0 - | | | | | | | | - Alfalfa hay | | | | | | | | - and corn | 10 | 34.4 | ..... | ..... | 557.5 | 261.6 | ..... | ..... - | | | | | | | | - Do | 40 | 34.3 | ..... | ..... | 557.3 | 286.5 | ..... | ..... - | | | | | | | | - -------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - -The sweet-clover hay used in this experiment was described as stemmy -and more than a year old; yet it was eaten up clean by the lambs. - -The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an -experiment in which steers were fed corn silage and various kinds of -hay, including sweet clover. The steers which were fed corn silage and -sweet-clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.45 pounds, at a cost -of $4.34 per hundred pounds of gain, whereas the steers which were -fed corn silage and red-clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.29 -pounds, at a cost of $4.55 per hundred. The steers that were fed corn -silage and alfalfa hay made an average daily gain of 2.49 pounds, at -a cost of $4.30 per hundred. In computing the cost of the gains, corn -silage was valued at $3 per ton, alfalfa, red-clover, and sweet-clover -hay at $10 per ton, and prairie hay at $6 per ton. The results of -this experiment, as given in Table VII, show that sweet-clover hay is -practically equal to red-clover and alfalfa and greatly superior to -prairie hay for roughage for steers. - -Table VII.--Feeding experiments with steers in South Dakota, showing -the value of sweet-clover hay as compared with some other kinds of hay. - -[Corn silage fed in all cases; kind of hay varies.] - - ------------+-------+--------+----------------+-------+---------------+------ - | | |Average weight. | |Feed per pound | Cost - | | +--------+-------+ | of gain. | per - |Number | | At | |Average+-------+-------+ 100 - | of |Duration| begin- | At | daily | | |pounds - Roughage. |steers.|of test.| ning. | end. | gain. |Silage.| Hay. | of - | | | | | | | | gain. - ------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------ - | | Days. | Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.| - Red-clover | | | | | | | | - hay | 4 | 91 | 775 | 983 | 2.29 | 25 | 1.5 | $4.55 - | | | | | | | | - Sweet- | | | | | | | | - clover hay| 4 | 91 | 774 | 997 | 2.45 | 23 | 1.5 | 4.34 - | | | | | | | | - Alfalfa | 4 | 91 | 775 | 1,005 | 2.49 | 23 | 1.6 | 4.30 - | | | | | | | | - Prairie | 4 | 91 | 769 | 951 | 2.01 | 29 | 1.5 | 4.79 - hay | | | | | | | | - ------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------ - -The results of these various experiments are being duplicated every -year by many feeders. Each year in the Middle West and Northwest many -cattle that bring high prices are being fed with no other roughage than -sweet-clover hay. Steers which have been pastured entirely on sweet -clover have brought in the Chicago market $1 per hundredweight more -than ordinary grass-pastured stock marketed from the same locality and -at the same time. - -Excellent results were obtained in Lee County, Ill., from feeding -steers sweet-clover silage made from plants which had matured a -seed crop. For this experiment 91 head of steers 2 and 3 years old, -averaging 1,008 pounds per head, were purchased at the Kansas City -stock yards on November 16, 1915, at a cost of $6.30 per hundred. -These steers were shipped to a farm at Steward and immediately turned -on 120 acres of cornstalks. They were fed nothing in addition to the -cornstalks until January 14, 1916, when they were put into the feed -lot. While they were not weighed when turned into the feed lot, the -owner of the steers stated that in his estimation they had gained -but little, if any. During the 60 days these steers were in the feed -lot they were fed 25 bushels of snapped corn twice a day and as much -sweet-clover silage as they would eat. These animals had access to -sweet-clover straw during the first part of the feeding period, but -after this was consumed they had only oat straw as roughage. At the -end of the feeding period they were sold on the Chicago market at the -average price of $8.25 per hundred, netting approximately $30 per head. -The average weight of these steers in the Chicago yards was 1,177 -pounds, 169 pounds more than when purchased in Kansas City. - -A most remarkable feature of this experiment is the fact that the -steers were fed almost entirely material which would have been -considered of little value by the average farmer. The corn which was -fed tested 44 per cent moisture at the Rochelle, Ill., elevator, and 20 -cents per bushel was the best price offered for it. - -Presumably on account of wet weather during the fall of 1915, the -sweet-clover seed crop was a failure in that section; in fact, the crop -had been cut for seed and part had been thrashed before it was decided -that the seed yield was not sufficient to pay for the thrashing. The -remainder of the crop was then run into the silo and fed to the steers. -The leaves fall and the stems of this plant become hard and woody as -the seed matures. The crop therefore would have been worthless for -feed had it not been placed in the silo. As a rule, stock readily eat -sweet-clover straw when the stems are broken and crushed by the hulling -machines. The sweet-clover straw which was used as roughage during the -first part of the feeding period was from that part of the seed crop -which had been thrashed. - -An interesting feeding experiment was conducted on a farm at Rochelle, -Ill. On September 7, 1913, 29 head of 2-year-old steers, averaging -836 pounds, were turned on 40 acres of sweet clover which had been -seeded that spring with barley. These animals were pastured on the -sweet clover until November 1 without additional feed. During this time -they made exceptionally large gains. From November 1 to December 11, -28 head of these steers had access to an 80-acre field of cornstalks. -On December 11 they were put into the feed lot. During the time these -steers were on the cornstalks they barely held their gain, but during -the first 30 days they were in the feed lot they made an average daily -gain of almost 3 pounds. In this period they received 215 bushels of -corn-and-cob meal and 16-3/4 tons of silage made from the first-year -growth of sweet clover. During the next 30 days they received 388 -bushels of corn-and-cob meal and much less sweet-clover, silage. -During this time they made an average daily gain of 2 pounds. When the -corn-and-cob meal ration was increased the steers ate less silage. -These cattle dressed 55-1/8 per cent at a Chicago packing house. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SOIL-IMPROVING CROP. - - -Unlike many legumes, sweet clover will make a good growth on soils too -depleted in humus for profitable crop production. In addition to its -ability to grow and to produce a considerable quantity of forage on -such soils, it will add much humus to them. The extensive root systems -do much toward breaking up the subsoil, thereby providing better -aeration and drainage. The effect of the large, deep roots in opening -up the subsoil and providing better drainage is often very noticeable -in the spring, as the land upon which sweet clover has grown for -several years will be in a condition to plow earlier than the adjacent -fields where it has not been grown. The roots are often one-eighth of -an inch in diameter at a depth of 3 feet, and they decay in five to -eight weeks after the plants die. (Figs. 12 and 13.) The holes made by -the roots are left partly filled with a fibrous substance which permits -rapid drainage. Sandy soils are benefited materially by the addition -of humus and nitrogen, while hardpan often is broken up so completely -that alfalfa or other crops will readily grow on the land. The roots -add much organic matter to the layers of soil below the usual depth of -plowing, while those in the surface soil, together with the stubble -and stems, when the crop is plowed under, add more humus than possibly -any other legume which may be grown in short rotations. Not only does -this crop add organic matter to the soil, but in common with other -legumes it has the power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by means of the -nitrogen-gathering bacteria in the nodules on the roots. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.--A portion of a root of sweet clover, collected -30 days after the seed crop had been cut. The cortex was so decayed -that it remained in the ground when the root was removed. Note that the -pith has largely disappeared and that the half-rotten central cylinder -is all that remains.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.--The same root shown in figure 12 after being -crushed between the thumb and forefinger. Illustrating how rapidly -sweet-clover roots decay after the plants die. The holes left in the -ground by the rapid decay of the roots facilitate drainage.] - -The ability of sweet clover to reclaim abandoned, run-down land has -been demonstrated in northern Kentucky and in Alabama. In these regions -many farms were so depleted in nitrogen and humus by continuous -cropping with nonleguminous crops that profitable yields could be -obtained no longer, Through the use of this crop many of these farms -have been brought back to a fair state of fertility. Tests at the -Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station show that the increased yield -of corn following sweet clover which had occupied the land for two -years was 6-3/4 bushels per acre. The cotton grown on the land the -second year showed an increase of 56 pounds per acre. The combined -value of the increased yields of corn and cotton for the two years was -estimated at $9.75. The total yield of hay for the two preceding years -was 6.8 tons per acre. In another experiment at this station cotton was -planted on land that had grown sweet clover the two previous years and -on land that had received an application of 18 tons of stable manure -per acre. The sweet-clover plat produced 280 pounds of seed cotton the -first year and 120 pounds of seed cotton the second year more than the -plat which received the heavy application of manure. - -Land on which sweet clover had been grown for four years at the Ohio -Agricultural Experiment Station yielded 26.9 bushels of wheat per acre -as compared with 18.6 bushels on the check plat. Sweet clover was -seeded at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station in the spring -of 1912. One cutting of hay was removed that year and the following -spring the field was plowed and planted to corn. The corn yielded -58.8 bushels per acre as compared with 41.1 bushels per acre for an -adjoining plat where rye was turned under. A number of tests have been -conducted in southeastern Kansas which show clearly the value of sweet -clover as a soil-improving crop for that section. The yield of wheat -has been increased as much as 7 bushels per acre and that of corn as -much as 22 bushels per acre by plowing under the second-year growth of -clover. - -Annual yellow sweet clover is rapidly gaining in favor as a -green-manure crop for orchards in the Southwest. In Arizona two plats -seeded in October and plowed under in April yielded, respectively, 16 -and 17 tons of green matter to the acre. At the Arizona Agricultural -Experiment Station annual yellow sweet clover, lupines, and alfalfa -were tested as green-manure crops for orchards. In this experiment the -sweet clover clearly showed its superiority to lupines or alfalfa for -this purpose, as it yielded from 21 to 26 tons of green matter per -acre, whereas the highest yield for the lupines was 10 tons and for the -alfalfa 15 tons per acre. - -The use of annual sweet clover as a green-manure crop in southern -California has increased very rapidly in recent years, and this -increased use apparently has been justified by the results obtained -with it. One of the most interesting green-manure tests thus far noted -was conducted at the California Citrus Experiment Station. In this -experiment nine legume plats and eight nonlegume plats alternated -with each other. The 4-year average weight of green matter produced -on the sweet-clover plat was 14-3/4 tons per acre, whereas the 5-year -average weight of green matter produced by common vetch and Canada -field peas was 12 tons and 9 tons, respectively, per acre. On one -series of these plats corn was planted in rotation with the clover. -The average yield of shelled corn for four years was 46 bushels to -the acre on the sweet-clover plat, as compared with 35 bushels to the -acre on the common-vetch plat and 40 bushels per acre on the field-pea -plat. One barley plat receiving each year an application of 1,080 -pounds of nitrate of soda gave an average yield of 41 bushels per acre. -The 2-year average yield of potatoes following sweet clover was 252 -bushels per acre, as compared with 171 bushels following common vetch -and 234 bushels following field peas. Sweet clover has proved to be an -excellent plant to grow in rotation with sugar beets, as the 2-year -average for the beets following it was 19.8 tons per acre, as compared -with 15.3 tons following common vetch, and 17.6 tons following field -peas. - -Annual yellow sweet clover makes a profitable growth only in the South -and Southwest and therefore should not be planted in any other section -of the country. - -In those sections of the United States where the soils are low in humus -it is to be strongly recommended that sweet clover be grown for green -manure. This method is being practiced in some sections of the country -with excellent results. - -It should be remembered that sweet clover will not make a satisfactory -growth on acid soils and that it is very essential to provide -inoculation if the soil is not inoculated already. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER IN ROTATIONS. - - -As sweet clover is a biennial plant, it lends itself readily to short -rotations. It may be seeded in the spring on winter grain or with -spring grain, the same as red clover. It will produce at least as -much pasturage the following fall as red clover, and in some parts of -the country a cutting of hay may be obtained after the grain harvest. -The following year the plants will produce two cuttings of hay or one -cutting of hay and a seed crop. In some sections of the United States -this plant is replacing red clover in rotations, as it will succeed on -poorer soils than red clover and will add much more humus to the soil. -It will withstand drought better than either red clover or alfalfa, -and on this account its use in rotations may be extended into drier -sections. As a rule the beneficial effect of sweet clover on the -subsequent crops is more marked than that of other legumes. This is -especially true with corn, and whenever possible corn should follow -sweet clover in rotations. Root crops also are benefited by its use in -rotations, as the large deep roots of sweet clover open up the soil. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A HONEY PLANT. - - -A number of the leading honey plants fail to secrete nectar in part of -the territory in which they are found, but white sweet clover ranks as -a valuable source of nectar wherever found in sufficient quantity in -the United States. The period of nectar secretion usually follows that -of white and alsike clovers in the Northern States, and consequently -comes at a time when the colonies are strong enough to get the full -benefit of the secretion. The honey from white sweet clover is light in -color, with a slight green tint, the flavor being mild and suggestive -of vanilla. The characteristic flavor and color of the honey seem to -be less marked during a rapid secretion of nectar, In the irrigated -portions of the West honey from white sweet clover is often mixed with -that from alfalfa. - -Beekeepers have long recognized the value of sweet clover as a source -of nectar, and for years tons of seed have been sold annually by -dealers in beekeepers' supplies. It has never been found profitable -to cultivate any plant solely for nectar, and those beekeepers who -were primarily interested in the plant for bee forage have scattered -the seed chiefly in waste places and along railroad embankments and -roadsides. A number of beekeepers who were also engaged in general -farming have for years utilized the plant for forage, and they were -among the earliest to grow the plant for seed, so as to be able to -supply their fellow beekeepers. Sweet clover to-day is almost the -only plant which beekeepers seek to increase in waste lands in their -localities. - -The yield of nectar from sweet clover is heavy, and a number of -beekeepers now market this honey in carload lots. Sweet clover is -utilized for honey especially in Kentucky, in Iowa, and in Colorado and -adjacent States. In Alabama and Mississippi a number of beekeepers are -harvesting large crops chiefly from this source. The color and flavor -make this plant suitable for either comb or extracted honey. - -Yellow sweet clover is perhaps as valuable for nectar as white sweet -clover, but beekeepers have paid less attention to it. This is probably -due to the fact that the blooming period of the yellow species often -coincides with that of white and alsike clover, making it less valuable -to the beekeeper. In sections where the quantity of white and alsike -clover is limited and it is desired to plant sweet clover for bee -pasturage, a mixture of the white and yellow species is recommended, as -the yellow species will bloom from 10 to 14 days earlier than the white. - -Wherever any of the species of sweet clover are cultivated, either -for forage or for seed, beekeeping is to be recommended as a valuable -source of additional income, and such locations are especially suitable -for extensive commercial beekeeping. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations may have been moved -to avoid splitting paragraphs. Many of the Tables have labels which are -displayed as italics; but due to space limitations in the text-only -version, the italicization was ignored. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. Coe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 820 *** - -***** This file should be named 62782.txt or 62782.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/7/8/62782/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from images provided by USDA through -The Internet Archive. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/62782.zip b/old/62782.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2911d18..0000000 --- a/old/62782.zip +++ /dev/null |
