diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 06:06:47 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 06:06:47 -0800 |
| commit | 4534050498914e8e2fce8610517c61f6ffe79a22 (patch) | |
| tree | 406d2ecdc6ad20a20b1215653839a0d8abc2beea | |
| parent | 5e7ababd908a2e478cabe150bb2991dea2fe3e05 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-8.txt | 833 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-8.zip | bin | 14542 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h.zip | bin | 743163 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/63170-h.htm | 1024 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/cover.png | bin | 104056 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/cover_epub.jpg | bin | 264006 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/fig1.png | bin | 12822 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/fig2.png | bin | 128427 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/fig3.png | bin | 117190 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63170-h/images/fig4.png | bin | 100364 -> 0 bytes |
13 files changed, 17 insertions, 1857 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97ccb14 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63170 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63170) diff --git a/old/63170-8.txt b/old/63170-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 307381c..0000000 --- a/old/63170-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,833 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover (1947), by -Eugene Amos Hollowell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover (1947) - -Author: Eugene Amos Hollowell - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63170] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA LEAFLET NO. 160 (1947) *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Emphasis is denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - -=CRIMSON CLOVER= - -LEAFLET No. 160 - -U.S.DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE - - Issued June 1938. - Revised January 1947 - - - - -=CRIMSON CLOVER= - - -By E. A. Hollowell, senior agronomist, Division of Forage Crops and -Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, -Agricultural Research Administration - - - - -=Contents= - - Page - Adaptation 3 - Seedbed Preparation 3 - Fertilizers 3 - Seed Sources and Varieties 4 - Dixie Crimson Clover 4 - Rate and Time of Seeding 5 - Inoculation 5 - Unhulled Seed 5 - Companion Crops 6 - Diseases and Insects 6 - Utilization 6 - Seed Production 7 - -[Illustration: Figure 1.--Principal crimson clover regions of the -United States. The dotted area shows where crimson clover was generally -grown before 1938. The cross-hatched area shows where production can be -extended by using favorable cultural and fertilizer treatments and adapted -varieties.] - -CRIMSON clover (_Trifolium incarnatum_) is the most important winter -annual legume of the central section of the Eastern States. This crop can -be grown over a much larger area by using seed of adapted varieties for -each section, by using better cultural methods, and by fertilizing the -soil (fig. 1). Besides being an excellent pasture plant and furnishing -plenty of hay, it protects the soil during fall, winter, and spring, -prevents soil washing, and provides green manure for soil improvement. -This legume has the distinct advantage of producing large quantities of -seed that can be easily harvested and sown without the use of expensive -machinery. Crimson clover is a native of Europe and is widely grown in -France, Hungary, and other central and southern European countries. Seed -was introduced into this country as early as 1819, but it was not until -1880 that the plant became important. The acreage has been steadily -increasing. During the 5-year period 1940-45 the annual purchase of seed -through markets in the United States has ranged from 6 to 18 million -pounds. In 1935 about 2 million pounds were used. In addition, large -quantities of home-grown seed are handled from farm to farm. - -The common name of this clover is derived from the bright crimson color of -the blossoms. Other such common names as German clover and scarlet clover -are frequently used. In general the leaves and stems resemble those of red -clover, but are distinguished by the rounded tips of the leaves and more -hair on both leaves and stems. When crimson clover is planted in fall the -leaves develop from the crown and form a rosette, which enlarges whenever -weather conditions are favorable. In spring, flower stems develop rapidly -and end their growth with long pointed flower heads. Seed forms and the -plant dies with the coming of hot summer weather. The seed is yellow and -is about twice as large as red clover seed and more rounded. - - - - -=Adaptation= - - -Crimson clover does well in cool, humid weather and is tolerant of winter -conditions where the temperature does not become severe or too changeable. -It may be planted from midsummer to late fall. In the northern part of the -region early seeding and growth are necessary for the seedlings to survive -the winter. It will thrive both on sandy and clay soils and is tolerant of -ordinary soil acidity. On very poor soils, stands are difficult to obtain -and the growth is stunted. The use of phosphate and potash fertilizers and -manure on such soils will help to obtain good stands. - -Crimson clover may also be grown successfully as a summer annual in -northern Maine, Michigan, and Minnesota. Winter culture can be extended -into Kentucky, southern Missouri, southern Indiana, and Ohio, provided -varieties are grown that are adapted to these sections and the seed is -sown in fertile soils early in August. - - - - -=Seedbed Preparation= - - -The most important and difficult part of producing a large crop is getting -a stand. Enough soil moisture to sprout the seed and establish the -seedlings is the greatest factor in obtaining a stand. When established, -common crimson clover usually produces a good crop. - -Seedings may be made alone or combined with winter grains, ryegrass, or -grass sod. It is possible also to seed between the rows of cultivated -crops, but it is difficult to make an ideal seedbed. Furthermore, the crop -plants in the row shade the clover seedlings and use some of the available -moisture. If the row crop is planted in wider rows and seeded more thinly, -the clover will become better established. When planted between the rows -of other crops, the seed is usually broadcast on the surface and covered -by cultivating or harrowing. Drilling the seed after the soil surface has -been stirred usually gives more complete stands than broadcasting, and it -may be done with a small one-horse drill. The seed should not be planted -more than one-half to three-fourths of an inch deep, respectively, in clay -and sandy soils. - -Crimson clover is often seeded following a grain crop. This is a surer -method of establishing a stand than planting between the rows of -cultivated crops, provided the seedbed is well prepared. After the grain -crop is harvested the soil is plowed or disked and allowed to settle. -This is followed by light harrowing or disking to kill weed seedlings. -Before the clover is seeded the sod should be firmly packed, because a -loose cloddy seedbed will not produce good stands. The seed may be either -drilled or broadcast, but drilling will give more uniform stands. - - - - -=Fertilizers= - - -Good stands and growth cannot be expected on very poor soils. Soil -conditions can be improved by adding phosphate and potash fertilizers and -manure or by turning under such crops as cowpeas, soybeans, or lespedeza. -In many soils of low fertility the use of a complete fertilizer will -encourage early seedling growth and establishment. On fertile sods crimson -clover may be successfully grown without fertilizer, but on most sods -applications of 200 to 400 pounds per acre of phosphate and 50 to 100 -pounds of potash pay in obtaining good stands and vigorous growth (fig. 2). - -[Illustration: Figure 2.--Effect of phosphate application on good soil: -Treated (left); untreated (right).] - -Frequently a single large application of phosphate and potash fertilizer -is sufficient to produce two crops of crimson clover before it becomes -necessary to make another application. In some soils the addition of such -minor elements as boron may improve growth and increase seed yields. Since -the need for minor elements varies from place to place, their use should -be based on the recommendations of the agricultural experiment station of -the State in which the clover is planted. - - - - -=Seed Sources and Varieties= - - -Before World War II more than half the crimson clover seed used in the -United States was imported, principally from Hungary and France. Since -1938 domestic production has rapidly increased, reaching more than 18 -million pounds in 1942. Tennessee produced more than half the home supply. -Nearly all the crimson clover may be called common crimson clover, since -it does not represent strains or varieties having special characteristics. -White-flower strains and several others that differ slightly in maturity -have been selected but have not been used. - - - - -=Dixie Crimson Clover= - - -Dixie crimson clover is a new hard-seeded variety that has given promising -results in extensive trials. It is more widely adapted than common crimson -clover, as it grows well in the Gulf coast section and appears to be -slightly more winter-hardy than common crimson. Dixie has successfully -volunteered to good stands when grown in pastures with Bermuda grass, with -small grains for grazing, and in rotation with such cultivated crops as -sorghum or late-planted corn. - -Seed of Dixie shattered in harvesting operations has successfully produced -good volunteer stands in fall. When used in rotations with cultivated -crops, the seed must be matured before the seedbed is prepared for the -following crop. When Dixie is used in pasture, care should be taken to -prevent close grazing at the time of blooming, since it may limit the -quantity of seed produced and cause thin fall stands. Summer-growing -grasses must be either closely grazed or clipped in fall to give the -clover seedlings a chance to become established. - -The seed and plants of Dixie cannot be distinguished from common -crimson clover, and the variety may be readily contaminated by either -cross-pollination or mechanical mixtures. For these reasons the farmer -buying Dixie should buy only certified seed. - - - - -=Rate and Time of Seeding= - - -Under ordinary conditions 12 to 15 pounds of hulled seed to the acre will -give good stands unless there is lack of soil moisture. Depending upon the -quantity of chaff and pieces of stems, 45 to 60 pounds of unhulled seed -is comparable with 15 pounds of hulled seed. Crimson clover may be sown -from the middle of July until November, depending upon the location, with -the expectation of obtaining a good stand. The later it is seeded the less -growth can be expected and the more readily winterkilling occurs. Early -establishment becomes more important as plantings are extended northward. -Seeding crimson clover either immediately before or following heavy rains, -if possible, increases its chances of making a stand. Spring planting -in or south of the Corn Belt usually results in a short, stunted growth -followed by little blossoming and low yield. - - - - -=Inoculation= - - -In many areas where crimson clover has been grown successfully for several -years it is not necessary to inoculate the seed with bacterial cultures -for the production of nodules. But either the seed or the soil must be -inoculated if crimson clover has not been grown. If the plants are not -inoculated they will develop slowly, become yellow, and die. Inoculated -plants are able to obtain about two-thirds of then nitrogen from the air -through then root nodules. The plants may be artificially inoculated by -applying cultures of the bacteria to the seed or by scattering soil from a -field where inoculated crimson clover has been grown. Two hundred to three -hundred pounds per acre of such soil evenly distributed at seeding time is -usually sufficient. - -When crimson clover is grown for the first time an additional inoculation -treatment is recommended if weather conditions are dry and hot after -seeding. This supplemental inoculation consists in mixing commercial -cultures with sand, soil, or cottonseed meal and broadcasting the -mixture over the soil surface during cloudy, rainy weather as the young -seedlings are emerging. A bushel-size culture mixed with 60 pounds of the -above-mentioned material is sufficient for an acre if distributed evenly. -Soil from a field where inoculated crimson clover has been grown may also -be used for the supplemental treatment. - - - - -=Unhulled Seed= - - -Using unhulled common seed increases the chance of obtaining thick stands. -When the soil is dry, light rainfall does not cause the unhulled seed to -sprout, but hulled seed germinates readily and the seedlings may die from -lack of moisture before they can become established. - -Its bulky nature makes unhulled seed more difficult to distribute -uniformly than hulled seed. It must be broadcast and may be harrowed in. -It is also difficult to market and is not generally handled by the seed -trade. But farmers can harvest seed for their own use and save the expense -of having it hulled. - - - - -=Companion Crops= - - -Rye, vetch, ryegrass, and fall-sown grain crops are often seeded with -crimson clover. Such crops are seeded at half to a third the normal rate, -and the crimson clover is seeded at half to two-thirds the normal rate. -Seeding is done at the same time, but, as a greater depth is required -for most of the seed of the companion crops, two seeding operations are -necessary. - -Farmers often use a mixture of 5 pounds of red clover and 10 pounds of -crimson clover per acre with excellent results. The first growth of the -mixture may be grazed or harvested for hay or for crimson clover seed, -while the second crop is wholly red clover. Dixie crimson clover has given -good results when planted with Johnson and Bermuda grasses. - - - - -=Diseases and Insects= - - -The most serious disease that affects crimson clover is crown rot. The -effect of this disease is seen early in spring and is characterized by -the plants dying in patches. The stems rot at the surface of the soil or -where they join the crown. Continued damp, cool weather during winter and -early spring favors the development of the disease. This disease can be -controlled by not growing clover or other legumes in rotation for 2 to 5 -years. - -Sandy soils in the southern part of the crimson clover belt are often -infested with nematodes. Nematode injury stunts and yellows the plants. -While the clover-seed chalcid, the pea aphid, and other insects sometimes -become numerous in crimson clover, insects do not ordinarily cause -appreciable damage. - - - - -=Utilization= - - -Crimson clover grows rapidly in fall and spring and furnishes an abundance -of grazing (fig. 3). If planted early and good fall growth is made, -the clover may also be grazed during the fall and winter months. Such -a practice has been successfully followed in many States where crimson -clover is providing winter pasture. Crimson clover combined with small -grains or ryegrass has been most widely used for winter grazing. Crimson -clover makes little growth during cold periods in winter. Under such -conditions, to prevent close grazing, it is necessary to remove the -animals or shift them to other fields that have not been grazed. - -[Illustration: Figure 3.--Crimson clover provides an abundance of early -spring grazing.] - -Animals grazing on crimson clover seldom bloat; however, it is advisable -not to turn them into clover fields for the first time when they are -hungry. Bloat is less likely to occur on a mixture of clover and grass -or grain then when the clover alone is grazed. As crimson clover reaches -maturity the hairs of the heads and stems become hard and tough. When -it is grazed continuously or when it is fed as hay at this stage large -masses of the hairs are liable to form into hair balls in stomachs of -horses and mules, occasionally with fatal results. If small quantities of -other feeds, particularly roughages, are fed along with the clover, the -formation of these balls will be reduced. Cattle, sheep, and swine do not -seem to be affected. - -Crimson clover makes excellent hay when cut at the early-bloom stage, -although the yield may be slightly reduced. For best yields it should be -harvested in full bloom. The hay is easily cured either in the swath or in -the windrow. Fewer leaves are lost and less bleaching occurs in windrowed -hay. Although yields as high as 2½ tons per acre are not uncommon on -fertile soil, 1½ to 2 tons is the usual harvest. - -Crimson clover is an ideal green-manure crop. For best results it should -be plowed under 2 to 3 weeks before the succeeding crop is planted. This -gives enough time for decomposition, which is rapid unless the crop is -ripe when turned under. Occasionally strips are plowed in which row -crops are to be planted, allowing the clover between the plowed strips -to mature. Seed may be harvested by hand from the clover between the row -crops, and the remaining clover straw allowed to mat and serve as a mulch, -or the entire plant may be permitted to form a mulch. - -Crimson clover may be made into silage by the same methods as are used -for other legumes and grasses. In orchards it is often allowed to mature, -after which it is disked into the soil. A volunteer stand from shattered -seed may be obtained in fall by using the Dixie variety. - - - - -=Seed Production= - - -Crimson clover is a heavy seed-producing plant, and yields of 5 to 10 -bushels per acre are common, depending upon the thickness of the stand, -the extent of growth produced, and the care used in harvesting the seed. -The florets are self-fertile, but bees increase the number of seed -per head by tripping and transferring the pollen. Placing colonies of -honeybees next to blooming fields will increase pollination. More seed is -usually produced on soils of medium fertility than on rich soils, since -fertile soils seem to stimulate the growth of stems and leaves rather than -develop flower heads. - -Large yields and ease of harvesting seed are two important reasons why -crimson clover is such an ideal legume crop. Farmers can save seed with -very little expense other than their own labor. When the seed heads are -mature they readily shatter and are easily harvested either by hand -stripping or by using horse-drawn home-made strippers. One bushel of -unhulled seed contains about 2 pounds of hulled seed, and although bulky, -it can be easily stored on the farm until fall. - -[Illustration: Figure 4.--Crimson clover seed crop cut with a mower -equipped with a bunching attachment.] - -When the seed is mature the crop is cut with a mower (fig. 4), which -may be equipped with a bunching or windrowing attachment, or it can be -harvested with a combine. During wet seasons it is sometimes difficult -to combine the seed from standing plants. Under such conditions the -plants can be cut and windrowed and than threshed by the combine from -the windrow. As crimson clover shatters easily when ripe, cutting with -the mower when the heads are damp with dew or rain is recommended. If it -is allowed to stand too long after ripening a beating rain will shatter -much of the seed. After a few days of curing, the seed is hulled with -an ordinary clover huller, with a grain separator equipped with hulling -attachments, or by a combine equipped with pick-up attachments or used -as a stationary machine. The less the clover is handled the less seed -will be lost by shattering. Many troublesome weeds are difficult to -separate from crimson clover seed, including field peppergrass (_Lepidium -campestre_), wintercress (_Barbarea praecox_), and the bulblets of -wild onion (_Allium_ spp.), which are probably the worst. Seed of the -mustards, rapes, and turnips (_Brassica_ spp.), dock (_Rumex crispus_), -wild geranium (_Geranium dissectum_), sorrel (_Rumex acetosella_), and -catchweed (_Galium aparine_) are also found in the seed. Little barley -(_Hordeum pusillum_) is a pest in unhulled seed, and the use of such seed -will naturally increase the prevalence of this weed. - - - U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1947 - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, - U. S. Government Printing Office - Washington 25, D. C. -- Price 5 cents - - - * * * * * - - -=Transcriber Note= - - -Illustrations moved to avoid splitting paragraphs and closer to references -in the text. Minor typos may have been corrected. Table of Contents added -to facilitate searching for topics. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover -(1947), by Eugene Amos Hollowell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA LEAFLET NO. 160 (1947) *** - -***** This file should be named 63170-8.txt or 63170-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/7/63170/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/63170-8.zip b/old/63170-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a384a95..0000000 --- a/old/63170-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h.zip b/old/63170-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3a8d42b..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/63170-h.htm b/old/63170-h/63170-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 35da029..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/63170-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1024 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - USDA Leaflet No.160: Crimson Clover, by E. A. Hollowell, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.r20 {width: 20%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; font-style: normal; /* prevent italics, etc. */ - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bbox {border: solid #000 1px;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.center {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, .caption3 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -h3, .caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption {font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - -.dropcap {float: left; padding-right: 0.25em; font-size: 2.5em;} -.hidden {display: none;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.trans_notes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover (1947), by -Eugene Amos Hollowell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover (1947) - -Author: Eugene Amos Hollowell - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63170] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA LEAFLET NO. 160 (1947) *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 296px; margin-bottom: 4em;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="296" height="489" alt="USDA Leaflet No.160: Crimson Clover, by E. A. Hollowell" /> - -<div class="bbox"> -CRIMSON CLOVER<br /> -LEAFLET No. 160<br /> -U.S.DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ 2 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdr"> -Issued June 1938.<br /> -Revised January 1947<br /> -</p> - - -<h1>CRIMSON CLOVER</h1> - - -<h3>By <span class="smcap">E. A. Hollowell</span>, senior agronomist, Division of Forage Crops and Diseases, -Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural -Research Administration</h3> - -<hr class="r20" /> - -<h2>Contents</h2> - -<div class="pmb4" style="margin: 2em auto;"> -<table class="tblcont" style="width: 20em;" summary="ToC"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Adaptation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Adaptation">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seedbed Preparation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Seedbed_Preparation">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fertilizers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Fertilizers">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seed Sources and Varieties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Seed_Sources_and_Varieties">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dixie Crimson Clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Dixie_Crimson_Clover">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rate and Time of Seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Rate_and_Time_of_Seeding">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Inoculation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Inoculation">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Unhulled Seed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Unhulled_Seed">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Companion Crops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Companion_Crops">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diseases and Insects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Diseases_and_Insects">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Utilization</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Utilization">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seed Production</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Seed_Production">7</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> - -<hr class="r20" /> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 246px;"><a id="fig1"></a> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="246" height="156" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 1.</span>—Principal crimson clover -regions of the United States. The -dotted area shows where crimson -clover was generally grown before -1938. The cross-hatched area shows -where production can be extended -by using favorable cultural and -fertilizer treatments and adapted -varieties.</div> -</div> - -<div class="dropcap">C</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">C</span>rimson clover (<i>Trifolium incarnatum</i>) is the most important -winter annual legume of the central section of the Eastern States. -This crop can be grown over a much larger area by using seed of -adapted varieties for each section, by using better cultural methods, -and by fertilizing the soil (<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>). Besides being an excellent pasture -plant and furnishing plenty of -hay, it protects the soil during -fall, winter, and spring, prevents -soil washing, and provides green -manure for soil improvement. -This legume has the distinct -advantage of producing large -quantities of seed that can be -easily harvested and sown without -the use of expensive machinery. -Crimson clover is a native of -Europe and is widely grown in -France, Hungary, and other central -and southern European -countries. Seed was introduced -into this country as early as 1819, -but it was not until 1880 that the -plant became important. The -acreage has been steadily increasing. -During the 5-year period 1940-45 the annual purchase of -seed through markets in the United States has ranged from 6 to 18 -million pounds. In 1935 about 2 million pounds were used. In addition, -large quantities of home-grown seed are handled from farm to -farm.</p> - -<p>The common name of this clover is derived from the bright crimson -color of the blossoms. Other such common names as German clover -and scarlet clover are frequently used. In general the leaves and stems -resemble those of red clover, but are distinguished by the rounded tips -of the leaves and more hair on both leaves and stems. When crimson -clover is planted in fall the leaves develop from the crown and form -a rosette, which enlarges whenever weather conditions are favorable. -In spring, flower stems develop rapidly and end their growth with -long pointed flower heads. Seed forms and the plant dies with the -coming of hot summer weather. The seed is yellow and is about -twice as large as red clover seed and more rounded.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="Adaptation" id="Adaptation"><b>Adaptation</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover does well in cool, humid weather and is tolerant of -winter conditions where the temperature does not become severe or too -changeable. It may be planted from midsummer to late fall. In the -northern part of the region early seeding and growth are necessary for -the seedlings to survive the winter. It will thrive both on sandy and -clay soils and is tolerant of ordinary soil acidity. On very poor soils, -stands are difficult to obtain and the growth is stunted. The use of -phosphate and potash fertilizers and manure on such soils will help to -obtain good stands.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover may also be grown successfully as a summer annual -in northern Maine, Michigan, and Minnesota. Winter culture can -be extended into Kentucky, southern Missouri, southern Indiana, and -Ohio, provided varieties are grown that are adapted to these sections -and the seed is sown in fertile soils early in August.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Seedbed_Preparation" id="Seedbed_Preparation"><b>Seedbed Preparation</b></a></h2> - - -<p>The most important and difficult part of producing a large crop is -getting a stand. Enough soil moisture to sprout the seed and establish -the seedlings is the greatest factor in obtaining a stand. When -established, common crimson clover usually produces a good crop.</p> - -<p>Seedings may be made alone or combined with winter grains, ryegrass, -or grass sod. It is possible also to seed between the rows of -cultivated crops, but it is difficult to make an ideal seedbed. Furthermore, -the crop plants in the row shade the clover seedlings and use -some of the available moisture. If the row crop is planted in wider -rows and seeded more thinly, the clover will become better established. -When planted between the rows of other crops, the seed is usually -broadcast on the surface and covered by cultivating or harrowing. -Drilling the seed after the soil surface has been stirred usually gives -more complete stands than broadcasting, and it may be done with a -small one-horse drill. The seed should not be planted more than one-half -to three-fourths of an inch deep, respectively, in clay and sandy -soils.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is often seeded following a grain crop. This is a -surer method of establishing a stand than planting between the rows -of cultivated crops, provided the seedbed is well prepared. After the -grain crop is harvested the soil is plowed or disked and allowed to -settle. This is followed by light harrowing or disking to kill weed -seedlings. Before the clover is seeded the sod should be firmly packed, -because a loose cloddy seedbed will not produce good stands. The -seed may be either drilled or broadcast, but drilling will give more -uniform stands.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Fertilizers" id="Fertilizers"><b>Fertilizers</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Good stands and growth cannot be expected on very poor soils. -Soil conditions can be improved by adding phosphate and potash -fertilizers and manure or by turning under such crops as cowpeas, -soybeans, or lespedeza. In many soils of low fertility the use of a -complete fertilizer will encourage early seedling growth and establishment. -On fertile sods crimson clover may be successfully grown without -fertilizer, but on most sods applications of 200 to 400 pounds -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4 ]</a></span> -per acre of phosphate and 50 to 100 pounds of potash pay in obtaining -good stands and vigorous growth (<a href="#fig2">fig. 2</a>).</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 495px;"><a id="fig2"></a> -<img src="images/fig2.png" width="495" height="293" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 2.</span>—Effect of phosphate application on good soil: Treated (left); -untreated (right).</div> -</div> - -<p>Frequently a single large application of phosphate and potash fertilizer -is sufficient to produce two crops of crimson clover before it -becomes necessary to make another application. In some soils the -addition of such minor elements as boron may improve growth and -increase seed yields. Since the need for minor elements varies from -place to place, their use should be based on the recommendations of -the agricultural experiment station of the State in which the clover is -planted.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Seed_Sources_and_Varieties" id="Seed_Sources_and_Varieties"><b>Seed Sources and Varieties</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Before World War II more than half the crimson clover seed used -in the United States was imported, principally from Hungary and -France. Since 1938 domestic production has rapidly increased, reaching -more than 18 million pounds in 1942. Tennessee produced more -than half the home supply. Nearly all the crimson clover may be -called common crimson clover, since it does not represent strains or -varieties having special characteristics. White-flower strains and several -others that differ slightly in maturity have been selected but have -not been used.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Dixie_Crimson_Clover" id="Dixie_Crimson_Clover"><b>Dixie Crimson Clover</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Dixie crimson clover is a new hard-seeded variety that has given -promising results in extensive trials. It is more widely adapted than -common crimson clover, as it grows well in the Gulf coast section and -appears to be slightly more winter-hardy than common crimson. -Dixie has successfully volunteered to good stands when grown in pastures -with Bermuda grass, with small grains for grazing, and in rotation -with such cultivated crops as sorghum or late-planted corn.</p> - -<p>Seed of Dixie shattered in harvesting operations has successfully -produced good volunteer stands in fall. When used in rotations with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[ 5 ]</a></span> -cultivated crops, the seed must be matured before the seedbed is prepared -for the following crop. When Dixie is used in pasture, care -should be taken to prevent close grazing at the time of blooming, since -it may limit the quantity of seed produced and cause thin fall stands. -Summer-growing grasses must be either closely grazed or clipped in -fall to give the clover seedlings a chance to become established.</p> - -<p>The seed and plants of Dixie cannot be distinguished from common -crimson clover, and the variety may be readily contaminated by -either cross-pollination or mechanical mixtures. For these reasons -the farmer buying Dixie should buy only certified seed.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Rate_and_Time_of_Seeding" id="Rate_and_Time_of_Seeding"><b>Rate and Time of Seeding</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Under ordinary conditions 12 to 15 pounds of hulled seed to the -acre will give good stands unless there is lack of soil moisture. -Depending upon the quantity of chaff and pieces of stems, 45 to 60 -pounds of unhulled seed is comparable with 15 pounds of hulled seed. -Crimson clover may be sown from the middle of July until November, -depending upon the location, with the expectation of obtaining a good -stand. The later it is seeded the less growth can be expected and the -more readily winterkilling occurs. Early establishment becomes more -important as plantings are extended northward. Seeding crimson -clover either immediately before or following heavy rains, if possible, -increases its chances of making a stand. Spring planting in or south -of the Corn Belt usually results in a short, stunted growth followed by -little blossoming and low yield.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Inoculation" id="Inoculation"><b>Inoculation</b></a></h2> - - -<p>In many areas where crimson clover has been grown successfully for -several years it is not necessary to inoculate the seed with bacterial -cultures for the production of nodules. But either the seed or the -soil must be inoculated if crimson clover has not been grown. If the -plants are not inoculated they will develop slowly, become yellow, -and die. Inoculated plants are able to obtain about two-thirds of -then nitrogen from the air through then root nodules. The plants -may be artificially inoculated by applying cultures of the bacteria to -the seed or by scattering soil from a field where inoculated crimson -clover has been grown. Two hundred to three hundred pounds per -acre of such soil evenly distributed at seeding time is usually sufficient.</p> - -<p>When crimson clover is grown for the first time an additional -inoculation treatment is recommended if weather conditions are dry -and hot after seeding. This supplemental inoculation consists in -mixing commercial cultures with sand, soil, or cottonseed meal and -broadcasting the mixture over the soil surface during cloudy, rainy -weather as the young seedlings are emerging. A bushel-size culture -mixed with 60 pounds of the above-mentioned material is sufficient -for an acre if distributed evenly. Soil from a field where inoculated -crimson clover has been grown may also be used for the supplemental -treatment.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Unhulled_Seed" id="Unhulled_Seed"><b>Unhulled Seed</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Using unhulled common seed increases the chance of obtaining -thick stands. When the soil is dry, light rainfall does not cause the -unhulled seed to sprout, but hulled seed germinates readily and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span> -seedlings may die from lack of moisture before they can become -established.</p> - -<p>Its bulky nature makes unhulled seed more difficult to distribute -uniformly than hulled seed. It must be broadcast and may be -harrowed in. It is also difficult to market and is not generally -handled by the seed trade. But farmers can harvest seed for their -own use and save the expense of having it hulled.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Companion_Crops" id="Companion_Crops"><b>Companion Crops</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Rye, vetch, ryegrass, and fall-sown grain crops are often seeded -with crimson clover. Such crops are seeded at half to a third the -normal rate, and the crimson clover is seeded at half to two-thirds -the normal rate. Seeding is done at the same time, but, as a greater -depth is required for most of the seed of the companion crops, two -seeding operations are necessary.</p> - -<p>Farmers often use a mixture of 5 pounds of red clover and 10 pounds -of crimson clover per acre with excellent results. The first growth -of the mixture may be grazed or harvested for hay or for crimson -clover seed, while the second crop is wholly red clover. Dixie crimson -clover has given good results when planted with Johnson and -Bermuda grasses.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Diseases_and_Insects" id="Diseases_and_Insects"><b>Diseases and Insects</b></a></h2> - - -<p>The most serious disease that affects crimson clover is crown rot. -The effect of this disease is seen early in spring and is characterized -by the plants dying in patches. The stems rot at the surface of the -soil or where they join the crown. Continued damp, cool weather -during winter and early spring favors the development of the disease. -This disease can be controlled by not growing clover or other legumes -in rotation for 2 to 5 years.</p> - -<p>Sandy soils in the southern part of the crimson clover belt are often -infested with nematodes. Nematode injury stunts and yellows the -plants. While the clover-seed chalcid, the pea aphid, and other insects -sometimes become numerous in crimson clover, insects do not -ordinarily cause appreciable damage.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Utilization" id="Utilization"><b>Utilization</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover grows rapidly in fall and spring and furnishes an -abundance of grazing (<a href="#fig3">fig. 3</a>). If planted early and good fall growth -is made, the clover may also be grazed during the fall and winter -months. Such a practice has been successfully followed in many -States where crimson clover is providing winter pasture. Crimson -clover combined with small grains or ryegrass has been most widely -used for winter grazing. Crimson clover makes little growth during -cold periods in winter. Under such conditions, to prevent close -grazing, it is necessary to remove the animals or shift them to other -fields that have not been grazed.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 494px;"><a id="fig3"></a> -<img src="images/fig3.png" width="494" height="266" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 3.</span>—Crimson clover provides an abundance of early spring grazing.</div> -</div> - -<p>Animals grazing on crimson clover seldom bloat; however, it is -advisable not to turn them into clover fields for the first time when -they are hungry. Bloat is less likely to occur on a mixture of clover -and grass or grain then when the clover alone is grazed. As crimson -clover reaches maturity the hairs of the heads and stems become hard -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span> -and tough. When it is grazed continuously or when it is fed as hay -at this stage large masses of the hairs are liable to form into hair balls -in stomachs of horses and mules, occasionally with fatal results. If -small quantities of other feeds, particularly roughages, are fed along -with the clover, the formation of these balls will be reduced. Cattle, -sheep, and swine do not seem to be affected.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover makes excellent hay when cut at the early-bloom -stage, although the yield may be slightly reduced. For best yields it -should be harvested in full bloom. The hay is easily cured either in -the swath or in the windrow. Fewer leaves are lost and less bleaching -occurs in windrowed hay. Although yields as high as 2½ tons -per acre are not uncommon on fertile soil, 1½ to 2 tons is the usual -harvest.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is an ideal green-manure crop. For best results it -should be plowed under 2 to 3 weeks before the succeeding crop is -planted. This gives enough time for decomposition, which is rapid -unless the crop is ripe when turned under. Occasionally strips are -plowed in which row crops are to be planted, allowing the clover -between the plowed strips to mature. Seed may be harvested by -hand from the clover between the row crops, and the remaining -clover straw allowed to mat and serve as a mulch, or the entire plant -may be permitted to form a mulch.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover may be made into silage by the same methods as -are used for other legumes and grasses. In orchards it is often allowed -to mature, after which it is disked into the soil. A volunteer -stand from shattered seed may be obtained in fall by using the Dixie -variety.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="Seed_Production" id="Seed_Production"><b>Seed Production</b></a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover is a heavy seed-producing plant, and yields of 5 -to 10 bushels per acre are common, depending upon the thickness of -the stand, the extent of growth produced, and the care used in harvesting -the seed. The florets are self-fertile, but bees increase the number -of seed per head by tripping and transferring the pollen. Placing -colonies of honeybees next to blooming fields will increase pollination. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span> -More seed is usually produced on soils of medium fertility than on -rich soils, since fertile soils seem to stimulate the growth of stems and -leaves rather than develop flower heads.</p> - -<p>Large yields and ease of harvesting seed are two important reasons -why crimson clover is such an ideal legume crop. Farmers can save -seed with very little expense other than their own labor. When the -seed heads are mature they readily shatter and are easily harvested -either by hand stripping or by using horse-drawn home-made strippers. -One bushel of unhulled seed contains about 2 pounds of hulled -seed, and although bulky, it can be easily stored on the farm until fall.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 496px;"><a id="fig4"></a> -<img src="images/fig4.png" width="496" height="224" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 4.</span>—Crimson clover seed crop cut with a mower equipped with a -bunching attachment.</div> -</div> - -<p>When the seed is mature the crop is cut with a mower (<a href="#fig4">fig. 4</a>), which -may be equipped with a bunching or windrowing attachment, or it -can be harvested with a combine. During wet seasons it is sometimes -difficult to combine the seed from standing plants. Under such conditions -the plants can be cut and windrowed and than threshed by -the combine from the windrow. As crimson clover shatters easily -when ripe, cutting with the mower when the heads are damp with dew -or rain is recommended. If it is allowed to stand too long after -ripening a beating rain will shatter much of the seed. After a few -days of curing, the seed is hulled with an ordinary clover huller, with a -grain separator equipped with hulling attachments, or by a combine -equipped with pick-up attachments or used as a stationary machine. -The less the clover is handled the less seed will be lost by shattering. -Many troublesome weeds are difficult to separate from crimson -clover seed, including field peppergrass (<i>Lepidium campestre</i>), -wintercress (<i>Barbarea praecox</i>), and the bulblets of wild onion (<i>Allium</i> spp.), -which are probably the worst. Seed of the mustards, rapes, and -turnips (<i>Brassica</i> spp.), dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), wild geranium -(<i>Geranium dissectum</i>), sorrel (<i>Rumex acetosella</i>), and catchweed (<i>Galium -aparine</i>) are also found in the seed. Little barley (<i>Hordeum pusillum</i>) -is a pest in unhulled seed, and the use of such seed will naturally -increase the prevalence of this weed.</p> - - -<p class="pmt4 bdb center smaller">U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1947</p> - -<p class="pmb4 center smaller">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office<br /> -Washington 25, D. C. — Price 5 cents</p> - - -<div class="trans_notes"> - -<p class="caption3">Transcriber Note</p> - - -<p>Illustrations moved to avoid splitting paragraphs and closer to references -in the text. Minor typos may have been corrected. Table of Contents added -to facilitate searching for topics.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Leaflet No. 160: Crimson Clover -(1947), by Eugene Amos Hollowell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA LEAFLET NO. 160 (1947) *** - -***** This file should be named 63170-h.htm or 63170-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/7/63170/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/cover.png b/old/63170-h/images/cover.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f3a1196..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/cover.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/cover_epub.jpg b/old/63170-h/images/cover_epub.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 52cfd66..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/cover_epub.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/fig1.png b/old/63170-h/images/fig1.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7af48e1..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/fig1.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/fig2.png b/old/63170-h/images/fig2.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 706efee..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/fig2.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/fig3.png b/old/63170-h/images/fig3.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 00fc464..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/fig3.png +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63170-h/images/fig4.png b/old/63170-h/images/fig4.png Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1b3c6f5..0000000 --- a/old/63170-h/images/fig4.png +++ /dev/null |
