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A. (Reinert -August) Jernberg</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: A Nation in the Loom</p> -<p> The Scandinavian Fibre in Our Social Fabric: An Address by Rev. R. A. Jernberg</p> -<p>Author: R. A. (Reinert August) Jernberg</p> -<p>Release Date: November 16, 2020 [eBook #63785]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: US-ascii</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NATION IN THE LOOM***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="pgx" title="">E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Martin Pettit,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (https://www.pgdp.net)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (https://archive.org)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/nationinloomscan00jern - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="pgx" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/title.jpg" alt="title page" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>A NATION IN THE LOOM.</h1> - -<p class="bold space-above">The Scandinavian Fibre in Our Social Fabric.</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">An Address</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">BY</p> - -<p class="bold2 space-above">REV. R. A. JERNBERG</p> - -<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">At his Inauguration as Professor in the Danish-Norwegian<br /> Department -on Mrs. D. K. Pearsons' Professorship<br />Endowment in the Chicago Theological<br />Seminary</span>,</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">WITH</p> - -<p class="bold2 space-above">THE CHARGE,</p> - -<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">By President</span> H. C. SIMMONS.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="bold">PUBLISHED BY VOTE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.</p> - - -<p class="bold space-above">CHICAGO:<br /><span class="smcap">P. F. Pettibone & Co., Printers</span>,<br />1895.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<h2>SERVICES OF INAUGURATION.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>The services of the inauguration of Professors R. A. Jernberg and W. B. -Chamberlain took place on Monday evening, April 15, 1895, in the First -Congregational Church, Chicago, Ill. The President of the Seminary, -Rev. Franklin W. Fisk, D.D., LL.D., presided.</p> - -<p>The Program was as follows:</p> - -<blockquote><p>1. Organ Voluntary, "Benediction."</p> - -<p>2. Te Deum in B minor, Solos, Quartet and Chorus.</p> - -<p>3. Invocation and Reading of Scripture, by Rev. G. S. F. Savage, -D.D.</p> - -<p>4. Hymn, "I Love Thy Kingdom, Lord."</p> - -<p>5. Declaration of Faith, by Professor Jernberg.</p> - -<p>6. Charge to Professor Jernberg, by President H. C. Simmons.</p> - -<p>7. Inaugural Prayer, by Professor G. N. Boardman, D.D., LL.D.</p> - -<p>8. Address, by Professor Jernberg.</p> - -<p>9. Hymn, "America."</p> - -<p>10. Declaration of Faith, by Professor Chamberlain.</p> - -<p>11. Charge to Professor Chamberlain, by Rev. James Gibson Johnson, -D.D.</p> - -<p>12. Inaugural Prayer, by President Franklin W. Fisk, D.D., LL.D.</p> - -<p>13. Address, by Professor Chamberlain.</p> - -<p>14. Anthem, "Send out Thy Light."</p> - -<p>15. Benediction.</p> - -<p>16. Postlude, "Prelude and Fugue."</p></blockquote> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>THE CHARGE.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p><i>Professor Jernberg</i>:</p> - -<p>It is with pleasure I am permitted to give to you to-night a few words -of what is technically called a "charge."</p> - -<p>Perhaps more than any other I am responsible for setting in motion the -forces that caused you to come to this seminary for your last year's -course of theological training, and begin while yet a theological -student the work of instruction in the department over which to-night -you are inaugurated a professor in this Seminary.</p> - -<p>Two summers we had you in North Dakota, while yet a student in -theology, and we feel a little proud that our young State proves so -good a place to discover and develop the qualities that make a good -professor in a Theological Seminary. You are the second we have fitted -for such a position, as Professor Gillette of Hartford was called -directly from a North Dakota pastorate at Grand Forks. We feel like -saying to our friends: Send us the men for our churches and we will -send you back professors for your Theological Seminaries, Presidents -for colleges, State Superintendents for the Home Missionary Society, -and for our Sunday School Society; for we have furnished men for all -these positions.</p> - -<p>Having discovered you, I have always felt a deep interest in you and in -the work to which you have been called. The people whom you represent, -and for whom this department is founded, are a most interesting people, -and destined to have a very great influence upon the future of our -great Northwestern States. In North Dakota, seventy per cent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> of our -people are of Scandinavian origin. In Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, the -Dakotas, and on to the Pacific Ocean, these sturdy people from the -north of Europe, of Protestant faith, of industrious and frugal life, -form a large element in the population. Strong in body, accustomed -to hardships, readily falling into our American ways of thought and -life, they make the very best of American citizens. Through our public -schools and other influences these people are becoming one with us in -all that makes citizenship. Thousands of them are beginning to feel -that our American churches are sure to gather in their young people, -if they are kept in line with religious work. They feel that there is -something lacking in the Old Country churches. The life and movement -is different. They attend our Sunday Schools and our evening meetings. -They sing our songs; and their young people mingle with ours in the Y. -P. S. C. E.</p> - -<p>In one of our North Dakota towns where this work had been going on in -connection with one of our churches, a former pastor of the English -Lutheran Church in Fargo visited these people, and told them that they -must withdraw their children from our Sunday School, and withdraw from -our evening service and hold one of their own in English. While they -obeyed him for a little while, in less than a month the children were -back in our Sunday School, and the people back to our service.</p> - -<p>These people like the freedom and simplicity of our Congregational -Churches. As earnest Christians to-day the world over care less and -less to be known as followers of John Robinson, or John Calvin, or John -Wesley, or John Knox, however glorious and worthy of honor are these -men, but rather to be known as disciples of Jesus Christ, so these -people will care less and less to be known by the name of the great and -intrepid reformer of the 16th century, but rather by that name above -every name, which makes us all brethren, marching under one banner and -bent on executing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> the commission the Master left us,—to conquer the -world for Him.</p> - -<p>My brother: From this great northern belt of states, where these your -people live, if I mistake not, are to come the strongest type of men -into the great centers of life of this nation. By their sturdy manhood -they are to give a vigor and moral tone that is needed in these great -centers of power. If you will train and send out from this Seminary -preachers of the Gospel of Christ among these people, who shall hold up -the Gospel in its simplicity and yet in demonstration of the Spirit and -with power from God, you will not only do a work for your countrymen -that will be welcomed by them, and will result in bringing them and -us nearer together as a people, but a work for our country that needs -more than ever to be done <i>now</i>. You will help to make the nation's -life throb with the pulsations of a faith in God that is seen to be -the foundation of a great brotherhood gathered out of these different -nationalities, and made one by the breaking down of dividing barriers. -This, if I mistake not, is the mission of your department in this -Seminary: Not to give these people a new Gospel—they have the same -Gospel with us—but to bring them into fellowship and co-operative -work with us in making the moral force of their life felt with ours, -in keeping this nation in the way of righteousness, and of faith in -God. This department in this Seminary may yet become in its influence -upon the religious life of the Northwest, second to none in the results -achieved. North Dakota perhaps stands first to-day of all the States, -in its successful fight in overthrowing the power of the open saloon; -and this has been achieved largely by the power of the Scandinavian -vote which is on the side of law and order.</p> - -<p>Our fathers coming over the sea left behind them in large measure the -forms of church life of the old countries from which they came, but -they kept their faith in God.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> They shaped for themselves the forms -of worship as they thought best adapted for the conditions of their -new life. They drew them fresh from the Divine Word. They have built -up for themselves and for us a church life and a national life, that -have grown together into the life we now have. Shall we not expect that -coming into our political and social life, these Scandinavian peoples -will also readily assimilate our methods of religious worship and work? -It is ours at least to place before them an open door and invite them -into that liberty, that equality, that fraternity in Christian life and -doctrine, which as a people it has been our privilege under God not -only to proclaim, but I trust also in some degree to make real. May the -blessing of God be with you in this work and upon the Seminary of which -you now become an installed professor.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INAUGURAL ADDRESS.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="bold">A NATION IN THE LOOM.</p> - -<p class="center">THE SCANDINAVIAN FIBRE IN OUR SOCIAL FABRIC.</p> - -<p>The analysis of the elements that enter into the composition of -nations, and the effect of their combinations, is one of the most -fascinating studies in universal history. The loom of time has been -weaving garments for this old world of ours, and the nations of the -earth have clothed him with the glory of their sons and daughters, as -long as the fibre of their manhood or womanhood could stand the wear. -When age and use have worn them thin, and the strength of their fibre -has passed away, the cast-off garments have been flung to the rag-man, -old Father Time, who has been able sometimes to use the pieces that -still were good for some new robe with which to drape the captious -old shoulders. This is history. The weaving of these robes must never -cease, for the wearing of them uses them up, and their durability -always depends on the stuff out of which they are made. The latest -piece, which is still in the loom, is the nation into whose texture we -are now weaving our lives and characters, and those of some seventy -millions more of all kinds of men and women. Since our own go in with -the rest, we may be pardoned for the interest which some of us feel in -the improvement of the fibre from which the nation is made, and our -anxiety that it be of the right kind. Our present inquiry concerns the -quality of a part of our social fabric, the Scandinavian element in -our population. What has been its use and its influence in the older -nations, and by what processes does it find its place in the new? </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<p>The world was old and had worn out many nations, when out of the -north, liberated from the snow and ice of Ultima Thule, there came -the Norseman like the very whirlwind from his frozen home. He was -like naught that the world had seen in all the ages before his time. -His joy and happiness he found in battle, his sweetest pleasure in a -violent death, for only through this portal could he hope to enter -the company of heroes who dwelt with Odin in the glory of Valhalla, -and there continue the joys of earth in daily battles and nightly -feasting. "Is there any people," says Taine, "Hindu, Persian, Greek or -Gaelic which has founded so tragic a conception of life? Is there any -which has filled its infantine mind with such gloomy dreams? Is there -any which has so entirely banished the sweetness from enjoyment, the -softness from pleasure. Energy, tenacious and mournful energy, such -was their chosen condition." The individuality of that vigorous race -stamped its mark upon every nation which it conquered, and upon every -institution which it touched. Scarcely a nation in the Europe of that -time but felt their influence, and scarcely one on the continent to-day -who is not indebted to them. But the influence which the Scandinavians -had upon the Anglo-Saxon race can be traced more clearly still than -its effect upon continental nations. The name of England or Englaland -came from the North, from the province of Angeln, which was a part of -Denmark until our own times. The Angles gave to the land their language -also, which was further strengthened by a later infusion of the Danish -tongue; so that wherever the English language shall be spoken until the -end of time, there will men mould their thoughts in the forms which the -Vikings used, and express the keenest feelings of their inmost hearts -in the vigorous speech which the Norsemen taught us, years before the -Norman conquest. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - -<p>Having put the impress of his personality so indelibly upon English -life, it goes without saying that the Norseman's influence reached -America with the first Englishman who landed here, if, indeed, it had -not been here already since the days of Eric the Red among the Iroquois -Indians. But contenting ourselves with the established testimony of -history, there are still surprises in store for us. Not many of those -who trace their descent back to the Pilgrim Fathers would think perhaps -of ascribing to their Scandinavian origin any share of the character -which made these pioneers the moulding and determining force of this -country's history. But a single witness will establish such a claim. -John Fiske in his "Discovery of America" says: "The descendants of -these Northmen (who came to England) formed a very large proportion -of the population of the East Anglian counties, and consequently of -the men who founded New England. The East Anglian counties have been -conspicuous for resistance to tyranny and for freedom of thought." -In another place he says, "While every one of the forty counties of -England was represented in the great Puritan exodus, the East Anglian -counties contributed to it far more than all the rest. Perhaps it would -not be far out of the way to say, that two-thirds of the American -people who can trace their ancestry to New England, might follow it -back to the East Anglian shires of the mother country." So far John -Fiske. But having done that, it might be possible for these same -excellent people, if the record could only be found, to trace their -descent back from the East Anglian counties to the mountains and plains -of the Scandinavian peninsulas.</p> - -<p>We may observe then that the difference of race is not so great as we -sometimes think. What wonder is it that the Scandinavian immigrant -assimilates so readily with the native population in this country as -he does. Has he not come to his kith and kin, to share with them in -the fruitage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> of the early sowing and careful planting of his fathers, -which has found its fullest and freest development in the United -States? Not that the seed has died or been destroyed over there in -its native soil. The Scandinavian who comes here does not pose as -the victim of oppression and persecution at home. Unlike most of the -immigrants of his class, he is used to having a voice in the affairs -of his country. He usually elects his own representative to the -legislature, he manages the affairs of his district, town or city with -a liberty almost as great as our own. Gladstone calls the constitution -of Norway the most liberal in all the world. The burdens of public -responsibility which come to the Scandinavian on his arrival to America -are not new therefore, and to his honor be it said that he appreciates -their importance quite as much as many of those who are born here. He -soon learns to think of this country as his own. In the hour of peril -when this nation called upon its sons to save its life, the Norsemen -who had made their homes here responded as freely to the call as those -who knew no other land, and gave their lives for their adopted country -as cheerfully as these.</p> - -<p>In speaking of the development of the Scandinavians in the United -States, it must be evident, therefore, that the premises from which we -start are very different from those in the case of almost any other -foreigners among us; for the development of the qualities which many of -them bring from their native lands would mean anything but the peace, -prosperity or happiness of this. But the Scandinavian, however crude or -untutored he may appear, is recognized even by those who love him least -as having in him the elements that are the terror of evil doers. When -the anarchists of Haymarket fame were on trial for their lives in this -city, their counsel requested that no Scandinavian should be accepted -on the jury, saying, that he would challenge every talesman of Norse -blood on the ground of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> nationality. The Scandinavians everywhere -felt complimented by the challenge, and the lawyer was certainly -correct in his estimate of them.</p> - -<p>The most serious charge that can be brought against the Scandinavians -in this country as a class is, that they are behind the times. Since -the days of Gustavus Adolphus and his work for the Reformation the -northern nations have had little influence upon the life of Europe. -Charles XII. of Sweden for a time disturbed the peace of Russia, -and Napoleon managed to mix up the Scandinavian countries in his -difficulties with England, but with these exceptions no great interest -has been felt for the world outside by the people of the North. While -the great world south of him was moving forward through revolutions -of governments and of thought, the Scandinavian sat still at home, -pondering the question how the stones around him might be made bread. -In the onward march of the world he was almost forgotten up there in -the frozen north, and in his isolation his ideas and his interests -narrowed down to the affairs of his own little circle, which to him -became of supreme importance. Class distinctions, almost as severely -marked as by the Hindu caste system, gradually divided each little -community, and they still remain in a great measure, in spite of the -modern renaissance which the Scandinavian countries have experienced -during the present century. In religious affairs there has been until -recently a regime as autocratic almost as that of the Czar. All -Scandinavians since 1550 until the latter half of this century were -by reason of their nativity members of the Lutheran church. When one -ventures to separate himself from that church he voluntarily ostracises -himself from the society in which he has had a standing hitherto, -and is made to feel that his religious views are revolutionary and -anarchistic, refusing obedience to appointed authority in spiritual -things. This pressure unquestionably hinders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> the work of the -reformed churches in Scandinavia no less perhaps than the intolerant -dogmatism of the State Church, which unblushingly arrogates to itself -the monopoly of Christian truth and the right to teach it. These -characteristics have been intensified and stereotyped by the isolation -of the people, so that the work of bringing those who come to this -country into sympathy with the social and religious ideas of life here -must of necessity be a work of time and of patient education.</p> - -<p>One of the difficulties, perhaps the greatest, in the way of such -endeavors is the common practice of all our foreigners to colonize, -both in the city and in the country, thus creating for themselves an -environment which perpetuates indefinitely the alien characteristics -peculiar to them. The foreigner remains a foreigner still. He has -simply transplanted the environment in which he was born, minus some -of its burdens, from the Old World to the New, and he may continue the -remainder of his life in the midst of these surroundings as much an -alien, right here in Chicago, as if he had never crossed the Atlantic -Ocean. He looks with distrust and with contempt upon the institutions -of this land because he does not understand them, and he is suspicious -of every stranger who is <i>hostis</i> (an enemy) until he knows him.</p> - -<p>The foreign settlements in the country districts are, if possible, -still more unaffected by the influence of their larger environment -than the foreign colonies in the cities. In many portions of our land -it is possible to travel for miles through a foreign country, as far -as population is concerned, and not seldom is the second generation as -thoroughly foreign as their parents, so that an American may need an -interpreter at every house if he intends to transact business there. -Under such conditions it is very evident that the moral, intellectual, -or religious development of these communities would be the work of -ages, if dependent upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the forces within themselves. The cultivating -power must come from without and be shot through and through them, -so that the individuals and the families in them may somehow come -under the influence of that larger environment lying outside of their -immediate colony, or the years will only perpetuate the conditions -which in our day have become not only interesting but very serious -social problems for Americans to solve.</p> - -<p>Such an outside penetrating power is the American public school. Here -is an institution which, whatever else it does not do, certainly -fosters a spirit of patriotism and of loyalty to the flag that floats -above it. No other land can be as dear to the children educated here -as this land; no language will be more thoroughly theirs than the -language of their books and teachers; and thus it will be found that -in any foreign community where the children attend the public schools, -American ideas and standards of life are permeating it with a power -which must eventually change it into an American community.</p> - -<p>So well is this understood by those who are the guides and teachers of -certain foreign nationalities among us, and who would, if they could, -keep them forever intact from the influence of American life, that they -spare no pains to shield them from it, and withdraw their children and -youth from the teaching of the public school, putting them into schools -of their own where their foreign ideas and their foreign tongues may be -perpetuated in the next generation. This is the meaning of Protestant -parochial schools, no matter what other explanation of them is offered.</p> - -<p>The Scandinavians do not fall under censure in this matter. They -have not as a rule set up their own schools in competition with the -public school, but they have schools of a higher grade. Most of these -were first established to furnish ministers for their own churches. -Gradually, however, they have come to feel the pressure of their -larger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> environment, so that their curriculum is now usually arranged -with a view to giving all the inhabitants of the entire community the -benefit of their instruction. Thus in the Gustavus Adolphus College -in St. Peter, Minn., representatives of seven different nationalities -were in attendance last year; while the Swedish college in Rock -Island, Ill., had fifty-one Americans, fifteen Germans, two Persians -and two Hebrews among their five hundred students. The Luther College -in Decorah, Ia, claims to send more young men to the Johns Hopkins -University in Baltimore for postgraduate study than any other western -college. Several of these Scandinavian schools have come to see that -they must adapt themselves more and more to the demands upon them from -the entire community, and open the doors to all applicants for an -education without regard to nationality. The principal of one of these -schools writes: "Our school is not a Scandinavian, but an American -institution of learning in the fullest sense of that word." Perhaps in -no other sphere is the development of the Scandinavians into Americans -better illustrated than in this evolution of their higher schools, -for this tendency is not sporadic, but general; and when we remember -that there are fifty-one such institutions in the Northwest, with five -thousand young men and women studying in them, we begin to realize -their importance, with their tendency towards a universal and liberal -education, as factors in the development of the Scandinavians in this -country.</p> - -<p>It has already been intimated that this evolution of the Scandinavian -schools has been compelled by their environment in American communities -more than by any inherent desire of their own. One of these influences -has been the attractions which American schools and colleges in the -Northwest have especially offered to the Scandinavian young people. -The University of Minnesota for example, offers an attractive course -in Scandinavian literature under a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> capable teacher in that -department, and some effort in the same direction is made by the -Chicago University. Carleton College has taken a still more decided -step by establishing a complete Scandinavian department for the benefit -of the young people of that race who may prefer to attend a purely -American institution.</p> - -<p>Another influence which is permeating the densest Scandinavian -communities and is reaching the most isolated families is exerted -by the Scandinavian press. The importance of this factor will -be understood, at least in part, when we know how generally the -Scandinavians are a reading people. According to our last census there -are 933,349 of them in the United States who were born across the sea. -The one hundred and twenty-seven newspapers published for their benefit -here, have a circulation of 885,549. That is to say, if the immigrants -were the only subscribers to these papers, every one of them with the -exception of about 50,000 would be a subscriber to a newspaper in his -own tongue; and it may be added that these 50,000 really represent the -children for whom almost nothing seems to be done in this particular. -Papers like the <i>Youth's Companion</i> and <i>St. Nicholas</i> are almost -unknown to the Scandinavian children in America, but thus is the second -generation woven into our social fabric. It is evident, of course, that -these one hundred and twenty-seven Scandinavian newspapers are read by -as many of those who are born here, as by those of the other class, for -it is usually estimated by newspaper men that every copy of a weekly -paper is read on the average by five persons. No less than 4,427,740 -Scandinavians, therefore, in this country would be constant readers of -their own papers. As there are only half as many persons here who are -able to read the Scandinavian languages, it may be concluded that this -entire people is keeping abreast with the history of the great world -outside their own immediate circle, however narrow and contracted that -may be. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> - -<p>Studying a little closer the influences exerted by the Scandinavian -newspapers, we find that they are naturally published in the centers -of that population. Twenty-four of them are published in Chicago -with a circulation of 307,675, and twenty-six in the twin cities of -Minnesota with a circulation of 222,050. About half of the Scandinavian -newspapers, therefore, are published in the three cities of St. Paul, -Minneapolis and Chicago, and the readers of these papers, certainly -not less than 1,000,000 people, must come to feel the throb of life in -these great American cities. We have seen that it is possible to find -communities in the city as foreign in life and thought as those beyond -the sea, and if the influences that are scattered from the centers -of our population receive their inspiration from such surroundings, -then the newspapers cannot, from an American point of view, be a very -helpful factor in our problem; but the inspiration of the newspapers -does not come from that source. Their editors, with very rare -exceptions, are men in hearty sympathy with American institutions, and -in fullest touch with nearly every phase of American life.</p> - -<p>The papers among the Scandinavians, to a far greater extent than among -the Americans, are the guides and teachers of their constituency -in nearly all concerns of life. In matters political, social and -financial, they receive their inspiration largely from their better -American contemporaries, thus bringing their readers under the best -influences of the American press. In religious matters, however, this -is not so, for here the spirit of the Church holds sway. This is, -of course, to be expected in the religious journals of the Lutheran -Church, in which the impression is generally made, that the borders of -the Kingdom of God upon the earth do not extend much beyond the lines -of Lutheran faith for any man, and certainly not for a Scandinavian. -But the secular papers also feel the power of the Church, and are -practically controlled by her spirit. Her schools and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>seminaries find -generous space and frequent mention in their columns, while those -outside of her domain are quietly ignored. The health and movements of -her ministers and laymen are supposed to be items of general interest -to their readers, while those who have ventured to formally leave -the communion of the Church have thereby sold their birthright and -forfeited all further recognition. To their excuse it may be said that -in these respects the newspapers only reflect the sentiments of the -great majority of their readers, and for doing this newspapers usually -have no apologies to make in any tongue.</p> - -<p>The situation as here described may serve to show the importance of -an independent press, a journalism completely free from the least -suspicion of spiritual tyranny. There are such journals among the -Scandinavians. One or two of them are towers of strength, but the -greater number are feebly supported by a few dissenters sprinkled -over this entire land. And yet their influence is not unimportant. -In the minds of their readers they open windows that have grown dim -by the dust of ages; from the musty chambers they clear the cobwebs -that no breath of air has disturbed before. They give new visions of a -life much richer than that of the Fathers, and in this work they join -from a Christian standpoint the stream of thought and aspiration in -Scandinavian literature, which for the last century has broken away -from the narrow bounds which hitherto held it; but mostly in channels -realistic, un-Christian and often infidel.</p> - -<p>The work which these papers are doing should be encouraged more than it -is, for it means the emancipation of a race, and a larger life for our -republic.</p> - -<p>It remains to speak of another factor in the process of weaving the -Scandinavian fibre into our social fabric. That is the Church. The -only Church which until recently has had the moulding and determining -influence on the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>Scandinavian people is the Lutheran. For three -hundred and fifty years or more she has held undisputed sway over their -spiritual and intellectual life. The result fills one with sadness. -In England and America men have generally come to believe the Church -of Christ the most potent power for the help and uplift of every man -who comes under its influence. In Scandinavia they have come to think -that before a man can be lifted out of his narrow, selfish and often -stupid views of life, he must come out from the Church, for it is her -influence that is crushing all higher life out of the people. This -explains the exodus from the Church, on the one hand, of the men who -are the intellectual leaders of the North to-day, the writers of its -literature, and who go into infidelity; on the other hand of those -who still believe that in Christ alone is life, but failing to find -it in the forms and ceremonies of a lifeless church come out from it, -and are like sheep having no shepherd, though looking for the true -fold of Christ. The first class, the literati, have frankly and almost -unanimously bidden Christianity farewell. Thinking the whole of it as -hollow and emasculated as the only representative of it familiar to -them, they have no use for it themselves, and only warnings against it -for others. Apart from this hostility to the Church their endeavors -seem to be on the side of good. In books and lectures they labor -enthusiastically for the social and intellectual elevation of the -people. The second class, those who for conscience sake have separated -themselves, the dissenters, have naturally no sympathy with this -intellectual movement. They look with distrust upon an education with -Christ left out of it. While, therefore, they have broken with the -Church because of her lack of life, they are no less suspicious of the -schools, for learning to them means only the hindrance and death of -spiritual life. They do not want their preachers to be taught by men, -but only by the Holy Spirit. All other learning is vain and puffeth -up. This <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>prejudice against an educated ministry is greatly hindering -the growth of the free church work in Denmark and Norway, and among -these nationalities here. In Sweden, however, this feeling is rapidly -disappearing before the influence of educated leaders and excellent -free church seminaries.</p> - -<p>It has seemed necessary to point out these two very opposite results of -the rule of the Lutheran Church in Scandinavia in order to understand -how much she may be relied on as a factor in the development of the -Scandinavians in this country, for as she is there so she is here, only -modified by the irresistible influence of her environment.</p> - -<p>The bane of the spiritual power of the Lutheran Church is this: She -exists for herself and not for the people, she is not the means to -an end, but is herself the end. She bears testimony to this in her -attitude of opposition to every effort made by other Christian Churches -to elevate and convert the Scandinavian people. One of her ministers, -writing some years ago, and deploring the spiritual condition of his -Norwegian countrymen here in Chicago, said, that of the 40,000 of them -in the city then, all baptized and by law made members of the Church, -not more than 5,000 could be found in her places of worship. Yet he -branded every attempt by Christians of other denominations to draw some -of the remaining 35,000 away from the saloons, beer gardens and Sunday -picnics, where he said large numbers of them were to be found, as base -and un-Christian efforts to proselyte, and steal them away from their -spiritual mother. This is the spirit of the whole Church. In the first -meeting of her united factions in America in 1890, the Norwegian United -Church passed some resolutions, especially aimed at our Congregational -work, condemning and vigorously protesting against all missionary -efforts of other denominations among the Scandinavians.</p> - -<p>Lutheran preachers never miss an opportunity to tell us that the -education and spiritual training of the foreigners,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> is their business -and not ours. But, in view of the results of that training in their -old home, it seems a question quite fair to ask, if we want them -to continue that work here. When our lamented brother, Rev. M. W. -Montgomery, turned the search-light of his book "A Wind From the Holy -Spirit in Sweden and Norway," upon the religious conditions in the -Church of those countries, and showed to the world what it really was, -it caused a commotion in that Church on both sides of the sea, which -he hardly had expected. When the light shines in upon a darkness that -has not been broken for three hundred years, it wakes to activity many -drowsy creatures who vociferously protest against the intrusion. The -development of the Scandinavians in this country towards the ideas of -our American life have been in spite of the influence of their mother -Church, and not because of its help. Serious as this charge may be, it -is amply proven by the words and works of their teachers and preachers.</p> - -<p>In view of these facts, what is to be the attitude of American -Christians towards these people? Must we ask permission from the -Lutheran Church, who claims to own them, before we try to save those -who are yet in their sins? Shall they perish because they find not the -way to God through the portals of this particular church? Need we fear -the charge of proselyting, when we labor simply to win men from the -kingdom of darkness to the kingdom of light? Our Master's command was: -"Go teach all nations," and, lest we forget to go, he graciously brings -the opportunity right to our doors. Again, it seems as if the great -shepherd of the sheep had especially committed to our care that large -number of earnest Scandinavian Christians who for conscience sake have -separated themselves from the Church of their fathers, and who have no -other affiliation. They stand nearest to us in their conceptions of -faith and church polity. They themselves have recognized this kinship -of spirit by repeated expressions of confidence in us.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> Our Seminary is -the only one in all the world to whom the Danes and Norwegians of these -independent churches on both sides of the sea can go for an educated -ministry. The influence of our work for them has long been recognized -both by friends and foes as making for a Christianity in closest -sympathy with Congregational methods, and for a citizenship in touch -with American institutions.</p> - -<p>We are not deceived by our desires or our hopes; we have no thought -that our labors will overturn nations in a day, nor that on us is -laid the task of setting all things right. But having come into -the fellowship of the great needs of these people, having seen the -possibilities for their development along all the lines of a better -and higher life, we rejoice that to us it is given into each of these -factors of the school, of the press and of the Church of Christ, to -throw the influence of an institution like this not only, but the -moral force of the churches behind it as well. Perhaps our share in -the shaping and moulding of the people for whom we work may not be -large, nor greatly esteemed. But we have the satisfaction of giving -expression both in word and deed to the conviction of our hearts, that -no other power on earth can lift a people into the fullest and richest -experiences of life, political, intellectual, social or spiritual, like -the Gospel of Jesus Christ; for it is the power of God unto salvation -unto everyone that believeth, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. -And He when He is lifted up shall draw all men unto Him.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="pgx" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NATION IN THE LOOM***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 63785-h.htm or 63785-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/3/7/8/63785">http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/7/8/63785</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org</p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/old/63785-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/63785-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index edf09a6..0000000 --- a/old/63785-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63785-h/images/title.jpg b/old/63785-h/images/title.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e9327e8..0000000 --- a/old/63785-h/images/title.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63785.txt b/old/63785.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5d42395..0000000 --- a/old/63785.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1052 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Nation in the Loom, by R. A. (Reinert -August) Jernberg - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A Nation in the Loom - The Scandinavian Fibre in Our Social Fabric: An Address by Rev. R. A. Jernberg - - -Author: R. A. (Reinert August) Jernberg - - - -Release Date: November 16, 2020 [eBook #63785] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NATION IN THE LOOM*** - - -E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Martin Pettit, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/nationinloomscan00jern - - - - - -A NATION IN THE LOOM. - -The Scandinavian Fibre in Our Social Fabric. - -An Address by - -REV. R. A. JERNBERG - -At His Inauguration as Professor in the Danish-Norwegian Department on -Mrs. D. K. Pearsons' Professorship Endowment in the Chicago Theological -Seminary, - -With the Charge, by President H. C. Simmons. - -Published by Vote of the Board of Directors. - - - - - - -Chicago: -P. F. Pettibone & Co., Printers. -1895. - - - - -SERVICES OF INAUGURATION. - - -The services of the inauguration of Professors R. A. Jernberg and W. B. -Chamberlain took place on Monday evening, April 15, 1895, in the First -Congregational Church, Chicago, Ill. The President of the Seminary, -Rev. Franklin W. Fisk, D.D., LL.D., presided. - -The Program was as follows: - - - 1. Organ Voluntary, "Benediction." - - 2. Te Deum in B minor, Solos, Quartet and Chorus. - - 3. Invocation and Reading of Scripture, by Rev. G. S. F. Savage, - D.D. - - 4. Hymn, "I Love Thy Kingdom, Lord." - - 5. Declaration of Faith, by Professor Jernberg. - - 6. Charge to Professor Jernberg, by President H. C. Simmons. - - 7. Inaugural Prayer, by Professor G. N. Boardman, D.D., LL.D. - - 8. Address, by Professor Jernberg. - - 9. Hymn, "America." - - 10. Declaration of Faith, by Professor Chamberlain. - - 11. Charge to Professor Chamberlain, by Rev. James Gibson Johnson, - D.D. - - 12. Inaugural Prayer, by President Franklin W. Fisk, D.D., LL.D. - - 13. Address, by Professor Chamberlain. - - 14. Anthem, "Send out Thy Light." - - 15. Benediction. - - 16. Postlude, "Prelude and Fugue." - - - - -THE CHARGE. - -_Professor Jernberg_: - -It is with pleasure I am permitted to give to you to-night a few words -of what is technically called a "charge." - -Perhaps more than any other I am responsible for setting in motion the -forces that caused you to come to this seminary for your last year's -course of theological training, and begin while yet a theological -student the work of instruction in the department over which to-night -you are inaugurated a professor in this Seminary. - -Two summers we had you in North Dakota, while yet a student in -theology, and we feel a little proud that our young State proves so -good a place to discover and develop the qualities that make a good -professor in a Theological Seminary. You are the second we have fitted -for such a position, as Professor Gillette of Hartford was called -directly from a North Dakota pastorate at Grand Forks. We feel like -saying to our friends: Send us the men for our churches and we will -send you back professors for your Theological Seminaries, Presidents -for colleges, State Superintendents for the Home Missionary Society, -and for our Sunday School Society; for we have furnished men for all -these positions. - -Having discovered you, I have always felt a deep interest in you and in -the work to which you have been called. The people whom you represent, -and for whom this department is founded, are a most interesting people, -and destined to have a very great influence upon the future of our -great Northwestern States. In North Dakota, seventy per cent of our -people are of Scandinavian origin. In Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, the -Dakotas, and on to the Pacific Ocean, these sturdy people from the -north of Europe, of Protestant faith, of industrious and frugal life, -form a large element in the population. Strong in body, accustomed -to hardships, readily falling into our American ways of thought and -life, they make the very best of American citizens. Through our public -schools and other influences these people are becoming one with us in -all that makes citizenship. Thousands of them are beginning to feel -that our American churches are sure to gather in their young people, -if they are kept in line with religious work. They feel that there is -something lacking in the Old Country churches. The life and movement -is different. They attend our Sunday Schools and our evening meetings. -They sing our songs; and their young people mingle with ours in the Y. -P. S. C. E. - -In one of our North Dakota towns where this work had been going on in -connection with one of our churches, a former pastor of the English -Lutheran Church in Fargo visited these people, and told them that they -must withdraw their children from our Sunday School, and withdraw from -our evening service and hold one of their own in English. While they -obeyed him for a little while, in less than a month the children were -back in our Sunday School, and the people back to our service. - -These people like the freedom and simplicity of our Congregational -Churches. As earnest Christians to-day the world over care less and -less to be known as followers of John Robinson, or John Calvin, or John -Wesley, or John Knox, however glorious and worthy of honor are these -men, but rather to be known as disciples of Jesus Christ, so these -people will care less and less to be known by the name of the great and -intrepid reformer of the 16th century, but rather by that name above -every name, which makes us all brethren, marching under one banner and -bent on executing the commission the Master left us,--to conquer the -world for Him. - -My brother: From this great northern belt of states, where these your -people live, if I mistake not, are to come the strongest type of men -into the great centers of life of this nation. By their sturdy manhood -they are to give a vigor and moral tone that is needed in these great -centers of power. If you will train and send out from this Seminary -preachers of the Gospel of Christ among these people, who shall hold up -the Gospel in its simplicity and yet in demonstration of the Spirit and -with power from God, you will not only do a work for your countrymen -that will be welcomed by them, and will result in bringing them and -us nearer together as a people, but a work for our country that needs -more than ever to be done _now_. You will help to make the nation's -life throb with the pulsations of a faith in God that is seen to be -the foundation of a great brotherhood gathered out of these different -nationalities, and made one by the breaking down of dividing barriers. -This, if I mistake not, is the mission of your department in this -Seminary: Not to give these people a new Gospel--they have the same -Gospel with us--but to bring them into fellowship and co-operative -work with us in making the moral force of their life felt with ours, -in keeping this nation in the way of righteousness, and of faith in -God. This department in this Seminary may yet become in its influence -upon the religious life of the Northwest, second to none in the results -achieved. North Dakota perhaps stands first to-day of all the States, -in its successful fight in overthrowing the power of the open saloon; -and this has been achieved largely by the power of the Scandinavian -vote which is on the side of law and order. - -Our fathers coming over the sea left behind them in large measure the -forms of church life of the old countries from which they came, but -they kept their faith in God. They shaped for themselves the forms -of worship as they thought best adapted for the conditions of their -new life. They drew them fresh from the Divine Word. They have built -up for themselves and for us a church life and a national life, that -have grown together into the life we now have. Shall we not expect that -coming into our political and social life, these Scandinavian peoples -will also readily assimilate our methods of religious worship and work? -It is ours at least to place before them an open door and invite them -into that liberty, that equality, that fraternity in Christian life and -doctrine, which as a people it has been our privilege under God not -only to proclaim, but I trust also in some degree to make real. May the -blessing of God be with you in this work and upon the Seminary of which -you now become an installed professor. - - - - -INAUGURAL ADDRESS. - - -A NATION IN THE LOOM. - -THE SCANDINAVIAN FIBRE IN OUR SOCIAL FABRIC. - - -The analysis of the elements that enter into the composition of -nations, and the effect of their combinations, is one of the most -fascinating studies in universal history. The loom of time has been -weaving garments for this old world of ours, and the nations of the -earth have clothed him with the glory of their sons and daughters, as -long as the fibre of their manhood or womanhood could stand the wear. -When age and use have worn them thin, and the strength of their fibre -has passed away, the cast-off garments have been flung to the rag-man, -old Father Time, who has been able sometimes to use the pieces that -still were good for some new robe with which to drape the captious -old shoulders. This is history. The weaving of these robes must never -cease, for the wearing of them uses them up, and their durability -always depends on the stuff out of which they are made. The latest -piece, which is still in the loom, is the nation into whose texture we -are now weaving our lives and characters, and those of some seventy -millions more of all kinds of men and women. Since our own go in with -the rest, we may be pardoned for the interest which some of us feel in -the improvement of the fibre from which the nation is made, and our -anxiety that it be of the right kind. Our present inquiry concerns the -quality of a part of our social fabric, the Scandinavian element in -our population. What has been its use and its influence in the older -nations, and by what processes does it find its place in the new? - -The world was old and had worn out many nations, when out of the -north, liberated from the snow and ice of Ultima Thule, there came -the Norseman like the very whirlwind from his frozen home. He was -like naught that the world had seen in all the ages before his time. -His joy and happiness he found in battle, his sweetest pleasure in a -violent death, for only through this portal could he hope to enter -the company of heroes who dwelt with Odin in the glory of Valhalla, -and there continue the joys of earth in daily battles and nightly -feasting. "Is there any people," says Taine, "Hindu, Persian, Greek or -Gaelic which has founded so tragic a conception of life? Is there any -which has filled its infantine mind with such gloomy dreams? Is there -any which has so entirely banished the sweetness from enjoyment, the -softness from pleasure. Energy, tenacious and mournful energy, such -was their chosen condition." The individuality of that vigorous race -stamped its mark upon every nation which it conquered, and upon every -institution which it touched. Scarcely a nation in the Europe of that -time but felt their influence, and scarcely one on the continent to-day -who is not indebted to them. But the influence which the Scandinavians -had upon the Anglo-Saxon race can be traced more clearly still than -its effect upon continental nations. The name of England or Englaland -came from the North, from the province of Angeln, which was a part of -Denmark until our own times. The Angles gave to the land their language -also, which was further strengthened by a later infusion of the Danish -tongue; so that wherever the English language shall be spoken until the -end of time, there will men mould their thoughts in the forms which the -Vikings used, and express the keenest feelings of their inmost hearts -in the vigorous speech which the Norsemen taught us, years before the -Norman conquest. - -Having put the impress of his personality so indelibly upon English -life, it goes without saying that the Norseman's influence reached -America with the first Englishman who landed here, if, indeed, it had -not been here already since the days of Eric the Red among the Iroquois -Indians. But contenting ourselves with the established testimony of -history, there are still surprises in store for us. Not many of those -who trace their descent back to the Pilgrim Fathers would think perhaps -of ascribing to their Scandinavian origin any share of the character -which made these pioneers the moulding and determining force of this -country's history. But a single witness will establish such a claim. -John Fiske in his "Discovery of America" says: "The descendants of -these Northmen (who came to England) formed a very large proportion -of the population of the East Anglian counties, and consequently of -the men who founded New England. The East Anglian counties have been -conspicuous for resistance to tyranny and for freedom of thought." -In another place he says, "While every one of the forty counties of -England was represented in the great Puritan exodus, the East Anglian -counties contributed to it far more than all the rest. Perhaps it would -not be far out of the way to say, that two-thirds of the American -people who can trace their ancestry to New England, might follow it -back to the East Anglian shires of the mother country." So far John -Fiske. But having done that, it might be possible for these same -excellent people, if the record could only be found, to trace their -descent back from the East Anglian counties to the mountains and plains -of the Scandinavian peninsulas. - -We may observe then that the difference of race is not so great as we -sometimes think. What wonder is it that the Scandinavian immigrant -assimilates so readily with the native population in this country as -he does. Has he not come to his kith and kin, to share with them in -the fruitage of the early sowing and careful planting of his fathers, -which has found its fullest and freest development in the United -States? Not that the seed has died or been destroyed over there in -its native soil. The Scandinavian who comes here does not pose as -the victim of oppression and persecution at home. Unlike most of the -immigrants of his class, he is used to having a voice in the affairs -of his country. He usually elects his own representative to the -legislature, he manages the affairs of his district, town or city with -a liberty almost as great as our own. Gladstone calls the constitution -of Norway the most liberal in all the world. The burdens of public -responsibility which come to the Scandinavian on his arrival to America -are not new therefore, and to his honor be it said that he appreciates -their importance quite as much as many of those who are born here. He -soon learns to think of this country as his own. In the hour of peril -when this nation called upon its sons to save its life, the Norsemen -who had made their homes here responded as freely to the call as those -who knew no other land, and gave their lives for their adopted country -as cheerfully as these. - -In speaking of the development of the Scandinavians in the United -States, it must be evident, therefore, that the premises from which we -start are very different from those in the case of almost any other -foreigners among us; for the development of the qualities which many of -them bring from their native lands would mean anything but the peace, -prosperity or happiness of this. But the Scandinavian, however crude or -untutored he may appear, is recognized even by those who love him least -as having in him the elements that are the terror of evil doers. When -the anarchists of Haymarket fame were on trial for their lives in this -city, their counsel requested that no Scandinavian should be accepted -on the jury, saying, that he would challenge every talesman of Norse -blood on the ground of his nationality. The Scandinavians everywhere -felt complimented by the challenge, and the lawyer was certainly -correct in his estimate of them. - -The most serious charge that can be brought against the Scandinavians -in this country as a class is, that they are behind the times. Since -the days of Gustavus Adolphus and his work for the Reformation the -northern nations have had little influence upon the life of Europe. -Charles XII. of Sweden for a time disturbed the peace of Russia, -and Napoleon managed to mix up the Scandinavian countries in his -difficulties with England, but with these exceptions no great interest -has been felt for the world outside by the people of the North. While -the great world south of him was moving forward through revolutions -of governments and of thought, the Scandinavian sat still at home, -pondering the question how the stones around him might be made bread. -In the onward march of the world he was almost forgotten up there in -the frozen north, and in his isolation his ideas and his interests -narrowed down to the affairs of his own little circle, which to him -became of supreme importance. Class distinctions, almost as severely -marked as by the Hindu caste system, gradually divided each little -community, and they still remain in a great measure, in spite of the -modern renaissance which the Scandinavian countries have experienced -during the present century. In religious affairs there has been until -recently a regime as autocratic almost as that of the Czar. All -Scandinavians since 1550 until the latter half of this century were -by reason of their nativity members of the Lutheran church. When one -ventures to separate himself from that church he voluntarily ostracises -himself from the society in which he has had a standing hitherto, -and is made to feel that his religious views are revolutionary and -anarchistic, refusing obedience to appointed authority in spiritual -things. This pressure unquestionably hinders the work of the -reformed churches in Scandinavia no less perhaps than the intolerant -dogmatism of the State Church, which unblushingly arrogates to itself -the monopoly of Christian truth and the right to teach it. These -characteristics have been intensified and stereotyped by the isolation -of the people, so that the work of bringing those who come to this -country into sympathy with the social and religious ideas of life here -must of necessity be a work of time and of patient education. - -One of the difficulties, perhaps the greatest, in the way of such -endeavors is the common practice of all our foreigners to colonize, -both in the city and in the country, thus creating for themselves an -environment which perpetuates indefinitely the alien characteristics -peculiar to them. The foreigner remains a foreigner still. He has -simply transplanted the environment in which he was born, minus some -of its burdens, from the Old World to the New, and he may continue the -remainder of his life in the midst of these surroundings as much an -alien, right here in Chicago, as if he had never crossed the Atlantic -Ocean. He looks with distrust and with contempt upon the institutions -of this land because he does not understand them, and he is suspicious -of every stranger who is _hostis_ (an enemy) until he knows him. - -The foreign settlements in the country districts are, if possible, -still more unaffected by the influence of their larger environment -than the foreign colonies in the cities. In many portions of our land -it is possible to travel for miles through a foreign country, as far -as population is concerned, and not seldom is the second generation as -thoroughly foreign as their parents, so that an American may need an -interpreter at every house if he intends to transact business there. -Under such conditions it is very evident that the moral, intellectual, -or religious development of these communities would be the work of -ages, if dependent upon the forces within themselves. The cultivating -power must come from without and be shot through and through them, -so that the individuals and the families in them may somehow come -under the influence of that larger environment lying outside of their -immediate colony, or the years will only perpetuate the conditions -which in our day have become not only interesting but very serious -social problems for Americans to solve. - -Such an outside penetrating power is the American public school. Here -is an institution which, whatever else it does not do, certainly -fosters a spirit of patriotism and of loyalty to the flag that floats -above it. No other land can be as dear to the children educated here -as this land; no language will be more thoroughly theirs than the -language of their books and teachers; and thus it will be found that -in any foreign community where the children attend the public schools, -American ideas and standards of life are permeating it with a power -which must eventually change it into an American community. - -So well is this understood by those who are the guides and teachers of -certain foreign nationalities among us, and who would, if they could, -keep them forever intact from the influence of American life, that they -spare no pains to shield them from it, and withdraw their children and -youth from the teaching of the public school, putting them into schools -of their own where their foreign ideas and their foreign tongues may be -perpetuated in the next generation. This is the meaning of Protestant -parochial schools, no matter what other explanation of them is offered. - -The Scandinavians do not fall under censure in this matter. They -have not as a rule set up their own schools in competition with the -public school, but they have schools of a higher grade. Most of these -were first established to furnish ministers for their own churches. -Gradually, however, they have come to feel the pressure of their -larger environment, so that their curriculum is now usually arranged -with a view to giving all the inhabitants of the entire community the -benefit of their instruction. Thus in the Gustavus Adolphus College -in St. Peter, Minn., representatives of seven different nationalities -were in attendance last year; while the Swedish college in Rock -Island, Ill., had fifty-one Americans, fifteen Germans, two Persians -and two Hebrews among their five hundred students. The Luther College -in Decorah, Ia, claims to send more young men to the Johns Hopkins -University in Baltimore for postgraduate study than any other western -college. Several of these Scandinavian schools have come to see that -they must adapt themselves more and more to the demands upon them from -the entire community, and open the doors to all applicants for an -education without regard to nationality. The principal of one of these -schools writes: "Our school is not a Scandinavian, but an American -institution of learning in the fullest sense of that word." Perhaps in -no other sphere is the development of the Scandinavians into Americans -better illustrated than in this evolution of their higher schools, -for this tendency is not sporadic, but general; and when we remember -that there are fifty-one such institutions in the Northwest, with five -thousand young men and women studying in them, we begin to realize -their importance, with their tendency towards a universal and liberal -education, as factors in the development of the Scandinavians in this -country. - -It has already been intimated that this evolution of the Scandinavian -schools has been compelled by their environment in American communities -more than by any inherent desire of their own. One of these influences -has been the attractions which American schools and colleges in the -Northwest have especially offered to the Scandinavian young people. -The University of Minnesota for example, offers an attractive course -in Scandinavian literature under a very capable teacher in that -department, and some effort in the same direction is made by the -Chicago University. Carleton College has taken a still more decided -step by establishing a complete Scandinavian department for the benefit -of the young people of that race who may prefer to attend a purely -American institution. - -Another influence which is permeating the densest Scandinavian -communities and is reaching the most isolated families is exerted -by the Scandinavian press. The importance of this factor will -be understood, at least in part, when we know how generally the -Scandinavians are a reading people. According to our last census there -are 933,349 of them in the United States who were born across the sea. -The one hundred and twenty-seven newspapers published for their benefit -here, have a circulation of 885,549. That is to say, if the immigrants -were the only subscribers to these papers, every one of them with the -exception of about 50,000 would be a subscriber to a newspaper in his -own tongue; and it may be added that these 50,000 really represent the -children for whom almost nothing seems to be done in this particular. -Papers like the _Youth's Companion_ and _St. Nicholas_ are almost -unknown to the Scandinavian children in America, but thus is the second -generation woven into our social fabric. It is evident, of course, that -these one hundred and twenty-seven Scandinavian newspapers are read by -as many of those who are born here, as by those of the other class, for -it is usually estimated by newspaper men that every copy of a weekly -paper is read on the average by five persons. No less than 4,427,740 -Scandinavians, therefore, in this country would be constant readers of -their own papers. As there are only half as many persons here who are -able to read the Scandinavian languages, it may be concluded that this -entire people is keeping abreast with the history of the great world -outside their own immediate circle, however narrow and contracted that -may be. - -Studying a little closer the influences exerted by the Scandinavian -newspapers, we find that they are naturally published in the centers -of that population. Twenty-four of them are published in Chicago -with a circulation of 307,675, and twenty-six in the twin cities of -Minnesota with a circulation of 222,050. About half of the Scandinavian -newspapers, therefore, are published in the three cities of St. Paul, -Minneapolis and Chicago, and the readers of these papers, certainly -not less than 1,000,000 people, must come to feel the throb of life in -these great American cities. We have seen that it is possible to find -communities in the city as foreign in life and thought as those beyond -the sea, and if the influences that are scattered from the centers -of our population receive their inspiration from such surroundings, -then the newspapers cannot, from an American point of view, be a very -helpful factor in our problem; but the inspiration of the newspapers -does not come from that source. Their editors, with very rare -exceptions, are men in hearty sympathy with American institutions, and -in fullest touch with nearly every phase of American life. - -The papers among the Scandinavians, to a far greater extent than among -the Americans, are the guides and teachers of their constituency -in nearly all concerns of life. In matters political, social and -financial, they receive their inspiration largely from their better -American contemporaries, thus bringing their readers under the best -influences of the American press. In religious matters, however, this -is not so, for here the spirit of the Church holds sway. This is, -of course, to be expected in the religious journals of the Lutheran -Church, in which the impression is generally made, that the borders of -the Kingdom of God upon the earth do not extend much beyond the lines -of Lutheran faith for any man, and certainly not for a Scandinavian. -But the secular papers also feel the power of the Church, and are -practically controlled by her spirit. Her schools and seminaries find -generous space and frequent mention in their columns, while those -outside of her domain are quietly ignored. The health and movements of -her ministers and laymen are supposed to be items of general interest -to their readers, while those who have ventured to formally leave -the communion of the Church have thereby sold their birthright and -forfeited all further recognition. To their excuse it may be said that -in these respects the newspapers only reflect the sentiments of the -great majority of their readers, and for doing this newspapers usually -have no apologies to make in any tongue. - -The situation as here described may serve to show the importance of -an independent press, a journalism completely free from the least -suspicion of spiritual tyranny. There are such journals among the -Scandinavians. One or two of them are towers of strength, but the -greater number are feebly supported by a few dissenters sprinkled -over this entire land. And yet their influence is not unimportant. -In the minds of their readers they open windows that have grown dim -by the dust of ages; from the musty chambers they clear the cobwebs -that no breath of air has disturbed before. They give new visions of a -life much richer than that of the Fathers, and in this work they join -from a Christian standpoint the stream of thought and aspiration in -Scandinavian literature, which for the last century has broken away -from the narrow bounds which hitherto held it; but mostly in channels -realistic, un-Christian and often infidel. - -The work which these papers are doing should be encouraged more than it -is, for it means the emancipation of a race, and a larger life for our -republic. - -It remains to speak of another factor in the process of weaving the -Scandinavian fibre into our social fabric. That is the Church. The -only Church which until recently has had the moulding and determining -influence on the Scandinavian people is the Lutheran. For three -hundred and fifty years or more she has held undisputed sway over their -spiritual and intellectual life. The result fills one with sadness. -In England and America men have generally come to believe the Church -of Christ the most potent power for the help and uplift of every man -who comes under its influence. In Scandinavia they have come to think -that before a man can be lifted out of his narrow, selfish and often -stupid views of life, he must come out from the Church, for it is her -influence that is crushing all higher life out of the people. This -explains the exodus from the Church, on the one hand, of the men who -are the intellectual leaders of the North to-day, the writers of its -literature, and who go into infidelity; on the other hand of those -who still believe that in Christ alone is life, but failing to find -it in the forms and ceremonies of a lifeless church come out from it, -and are like sheep having no shepherd, though looking for the true -fold of Christ. The first class, the literati, have frankly and almost -unanimously bidden Christianity farewell. Thinking the whole of it as -hollow and emasculated as the only representative of it familiar to -them, they have no use for it themselves, and only warnings against it -for others. Apart from this hostility to the Church their endeavors -seem to be on the side of good. In books and lectures they labor -enthusiastically for the social and intellectual elevation of the -people. The second class, those who for conscience sake have separated -themselves, the dissenters, have naturally no sympathy with this -intellectual movement. They look with distrust upon an education with -Christ left out of it. While, therefore, they have broken with the -Church because of her lack of life, they are no less suspicious of the -schools, for learning to them means only the hindrance and death of -spiritual life. They do not want their preachers to be taught by men, -but only by the Holy Spirit. All other learning is vain and puffeth -up. This prejudice against an educated ministry is greatly hindering -the growth of the free church work in Denmark and Norway, and among -these nationalities here. In Sweden, however, this feeling is rapidly -disappearing before the influence of educated leaders and excellent -free church seminaries. - -It has seemed necessary to point out these two very opposite results of -the rule of the Lutheran Church in Scandinavia in order to understand -how much she may be relied on as a factor in the development of the -Scandinavians in this country, for as she is there so she is here, only -modified by the irresistible influence of her environment. - -The bane of the spiritual power of the Lutheran Church is this: She -exists for herself and not for the people, she is not the means to -an end, but is herself the end. She bears testimony to this in her -attitude of opposition to every effort made by other Christian Churches -to elevate and convert the Scandinavian people. One of her ministers, -writing some years ago, and deploring the spiritual condition of his -Norwegian countrymen here in Chicago, said, that of the 40,000 of them -in the city then, all baptized and by law made members of the Church, -not more than 5,000 could be found in her places of worship. Yet he -branded every attempt by Christians of other denominations to draw some -of the remaining 35,000 away from the saloons, beer gardens and Sunday -picnics, where he said large numbers of them were to be found, as base -and un-Christian efforts to proselyte, and steal them away from their -spiritual mother. This is the spirit of the whole Church. In the first -meeting of her united factions in America in 1890, the Norwegian United -Church passed some resolutions, especially aimed at our Congregational -work, condemning and vigorously protesting against all missionary -efforts of other denominations among the Scandinavians. - -Lutheran preachers never miss an opportunity to tell us that the -education and spiritual training of the foreigners, is their business -and not ours. But, in view of the results of that training in their -old home, it seems a question quite fair to ask, if we want them -to continue that work here. When our lamented brother, Rev. M. W. -Montgomery, turned the search-light of his book "A Wind From the Holy -Spirit in Sweden and Norway," upon the religious conditions in the -Church of those countries, and showed to the world what it really was, -it caused a commotion in that Church on both sides of the sea, which -he hardly had expected. When the light shines in upon a darkness that -has not been broken for three hundred years, it wakes to activity many -drowsy creatures who vociferously protest against the intrusion. The -development of the Scandinavians in this country towards the ideas of -our American life have been in spite of the influence of their mother -Church, and not because of its help. Serious as this charge may be, it -is amply proven by the words and works of their teachers and preachers. - -In view of these facts, what is to be the attitude of American -Christians towards these people? Must we ask permission from the -Lutheran Church, who claims to own them, before we try to save those -who are yet in their sins? Shall they perish because they find not the -way to God through the portals of this particular church? Need we fear -the charge of proselyting, when we labor simply to win men from the -kingdom of darkness to the kingdom of light? Our Master's command was: -"Go teach all nations," and, lest we forget to go, he graciously brings -the opportunity right to our doors. Again, it seems as if the great -shepherd of the sheep had especially committed to our care that large -number of earnest Scandinavian Christians who for conscience sake have -separated themselves from the Church of their fathers, and who have no -other affiliation. They stand nearest to us in their conceptions of -faith and church polity. They themselves have recognized this kinship -of spirit by repeated expressions of confidence in us. Our Seminary is -the only one in all the world to whom the Danes and Norwegians of these -independent churches on both sides of the sea can go for an educated -ministry. The influence of our work for them has long been recognized -both by friends and foes as making for a Christianity in closest -sympathy with Congregational methods, and for a citizenship in touch -with American institutions. - -We are not deceived by our desires or our hopes; we have no thought -that our labors will overturn nations in a day, nor that on us is -laid the task of setting all things right. But having come into -the fellowship of the great needs of these people, having seen the -possibilities for their development along all the lines of a better -and higher life, we rejoice that to us it is given into each of these -factors of the school, of the press and of the Church of Christ, to -throw the influence of an institution like this not only, but the -moral force of the churches behind it as well. Perhaps our share in -the shaping and moulding of the people for whom we work may not be -large, nor greatly esteemed. But we have the satisfaction of giving -expression both in word and deed to the conviction of our hearts, that -no other power on earth can lift a people into the fullest and richest -experiences of life, political, intellectual, social or spiritual, like -the Gospel of Jesus Christ; for it is the power of God unto salvation -unto everyone that believeth, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. -And He when He is lifted up shall draw all men unto Him. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NATION IN THE LOOM*** - - -******* This file should be named 63785.txt or 63785.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/3/7/8/63785 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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