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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ce5577 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64981 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64981) diff --git a/old/64981-0.txt b/old/64981-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b456463..0000000 --- a/old/64981-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1990 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Negro Journalism, by George W. Gore - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Negro Journalism - An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press - -Author: George W. Gore - -Release Date: April 02, 2021 [eBook #64981] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/American - Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO JOURNALISM *** - - - - - - Negro Journalism - - An Essay on the History and Present - Conditions of the Negro Press - - [Illustration] - - By - GEORGE W. GORE, JR. - Junior in Course in Journalism - De Pauw University - - [Illustration] - - Greencastle, Indiana - 1922 - - Price 35 Cents - - Copyright, 1922 - By George W. Gore - - - - -PREFACE - - -This pamphlet does not pretend to be a detailed or scholarly discussion -of the subject. Lack of experience and funds have limited the author to -a mere outlining or suggesting of the field. In fact, this essay is only -the expansion of a term paper submitted in fulfillment of a semester -requirement in the Course in Journalism. - -The main purpose of this essay is to show the various stages of -development through which the Negro press has evolved with a view of -furnishing a background for the better understanding of its present -status. It is written, too, to present the problems and inherent -possibilities of Negro Journalism; to point out the progress which is -being made today; and to suggest future possibilities. If this attempt, -amateur and incomplete as it may be, in any measure awakens an interest -in the achievements and efforts of Negro newspapers and magazines it has -served its purpose. - -For the period up to 1890, the author frequently has referred to _The -Afro-American Press_ and Its Editors by I. Garland Penn—a work which -is an authority on the subject for the period covered by it. A large -part of the biographical data and information on present day newspapers -was obtained from the Negro Year Book and communications. I especially -wish to thank those editors and publishers who so kindly gave me the -information which I desired. - -I am also very grateful to The Chicago Defender and The Southern Workman -of Hampton, Va., for the loan of some cuts. - -Especially do I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and helpful -criticism of my instructor, Prof. L. E. Mitchell, director of the Course -in Journalism, in DePauw University. - - GEORGE W. GORE, JR. - -Greencastle, Indiana. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -Transcriber’s Note: Chapter numbering in this table of contents doesn’t -correspond to the chapter numbering in the text (due, it seems, to a -late insertion of the preface as an extra chapter). - - I. PREFACE— - - II. EARLY ATTEMPTS (1827-1847)— - - 1. Discussion of nine pioneer papers. - - 2. Biographic sketches of their editors. - - III. THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865)— - - 1. Discussion of eleven papers. - - 2. Biographic sketches of editors. - - IV. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (OR THE PERIOD OF FREEDOM) (1865-1880)— - - 1. Discussion of principal papers and their editors. - - 2. Statistics as to paper published. - - V. THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1880-1900)— - - 1. Discussion of papers established that still exist. - - 2. The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers. - - VI. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-)— - - 1. Journalism regarded as a vocation. - - 2. Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and - advertisements. - - 3. News service and syndicates. - - VII. PRESENT DAY NEWSPAPERS— - - 1. Discussion of mechanical equipment, news handling, etc. - - 2. Circulation and staffs. - - 3. Twelve best Negro newspapers. - - VIII. DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS— - - 1. Early attempts. - - 2. Daily editions for special periods. - - 3. Present day dailies. - - IX. NEGRO MAGAZINES— - - 1. Precursors. - - 2. Discussions of the development. - - 3. Present day publications—characteristics, size, circulation, - and aim. - - X. JOURNALISM AND NEGRO SCHOOLS— - - 1. High School and College papers. - - 2. College courses in Journalism—Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce. - - 3. Training in printing—Tuskegee and Hampton. - - XI. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE— - - 1. Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement. - - XII. APPENDIX—LIST OF NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES PUBLISHED TODAY. - - - - -A History of Negro Journalism In the United States - - - - -CHAPTER I - -EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS - - -[Sidenote: FREEDOM’S JOURNAL] - -Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began _The Genius of Universal -Emancipation_, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to -publish _The Liberator_, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first -publication was _Freedom’s Journal_[1], issued March 16, 1827. It was -in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine -by twelve inches. _Freedom’s Journal_ was a thorough-going abolitionist -sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile -attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and -Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness -Exalteth a Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations -on the immorality of slavery. - -[Sidenote: JOHN RUSSWURM FIRST EDITOR] - -The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first Negroes to graduate from a -college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826. -Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published _The Journal_ until -1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of _The Liberia -Herald_. - -[Sidenote: THE COLORED AMERICAN] - -A period of about eight years elapsed before the founding of a second -Negro newspaper. In January, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began the -publishing of _The Weekly Advocate_. The name was changed in March, -however, to _The Colored American_, and under that name it continued to -be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor, Rev. Cornish, was one -of the leading Negro journalists of the period. He had been associated -with _Freedom’s Journal_, and throughout a period of twenty years he was -actively connected with some newspaper. - -[Sidenote: ADVOCATED EMANCIPATION] - -The subscription price of _The Colored American_ was two dollars per year -in advance. Its objects were, according to its flag, “the moral, social -and political elevation of the free Colored people; and the peaceful -emancipation of the enslaved.” The paper was well received by the -American press of the period, and many favorable comments on it appeared -from time to time. - -[Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR] - -The first two Negro newspapers had their headquarters in New York City, -but their successor was established in Albany, N. Y. _The Elevator_ came -into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper was -strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential supporters -and backers was Horace Greeley of _The New York Tribune_. - -[Sidenote: THE NATIONAL WATCHMAN] - -Contemporaneous with _The Elevator_ appeared _The National Watchman and -Clarion_, which was established in Troy, N. Y., in the latter part of -1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. It was short-lived, -as was also _The People’s Press_ which was published by Thomas Hamilton -in New York City the following year. - -[Sidenote: THE MYSTERY] - -Following the lead taken by the empire state, Pennsylvania became a -field of activity for the Negro journalist. In 1843, _The Mystery_ was -published at Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard -College. At first it was conducted as the personal property of its -editor, but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary -to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change -Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor. - -Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was fined for -his statements; but his popularity was so great that the fine was paid by -popular subscription. - -_The Mystery_ ceased publication under that name in 1848, at which time -it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. - -[Sidenote: STATEMENT BY N. Y. SUN, ORIGIN OF THE RAM’S HORN] - -As the result of a statement by the editor of _The New York Sun_, “The -_Sun_ shines for all white men and not for colored men,” in January, -1847, _The Ram’s Horn_ was begun. Its editor was Willis Hodges, who -according to _The Afro-American Press and Its Editor_[2], furnished the -money necessary to publish the first issue by whitewashing in New York -City for two months. Within a short period of time the circulation of -the paper reached two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription -price was $1.50 to subscribers within the state, and $1 a year to those -outside the state. Its motto was—“We are men, and therefore interested in -whatever concerns men.” The publication was a five column folio, printed -on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848. - -[1] March 21, 1828, the name was changed to _Rights of All_. - -[2] Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865) - - -[Sidenote: DOUGLASS FOUNDS NORTH STAR] - -With the founding of the _North Star_, at Rochester. N. Y., November -1, 1847, a new era in Negro Journalism was begun. The new paper was -conducted on a much higher plane than any of the preceding publications. -The editor of the _North Star_ was Frederick Douglass, a man who stood -head and shoulders above his colleagues. In fact, Douglass is in Negro -Journalism what Bennett, or Pulitzer, or Greeley, or Dana is in American -Journalism. The personal fame of the man gave his paper at once a place -among the first journals of the country. - -The columns of the _North Star_ were filled with contributions from -correspondents in Europe and the West Indies, as well as from all parts -of the United States. It was the first Negro newspaper to have any -considerable circulation among the American people outside of its own -race group. - -[Sidenote: LIFE OF FRED DOUGLASS] - -The life of the founder of this paper is a most interesting one. Born -a slave at Tuckahoe, Md., February, 1817, he escaped from his master -in 1833, going first to New York City, and then to New Bedford, Mass. -In 1841, he was sent out as a lecturer under the auspices of the -Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was one of the most prominent -anti-slavery agitators of his day; a series of lectures on the immorality -of human slavery was given by him in England. Douglass’ power as a writer -was great, and his ready and vigorous use of the English language was -always effective. The paper was discontinued shortly after the abolition -of slavery. - -[Sidenote: THE IMPARTIAL CITIZEN] - -Around the brilliancy of the _North Star_ moved several satellites, which -somewhat reflected the light of the major planet. Among these was _The -Impartial Citizen_, published at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848, by Samuel -Ward. It is said that the paper was conducted on a high plane and was -ably edited. - -[Sidenote: COLORED MAN’S JOURNAL RUNS TEN YEARS] - -The suspension of _The Ram’s Horn_ in 1848 left the Negroes of New York -City without a newspaper. However, in 1851, Louis H. Putman began the -publication of _The Colored Man’s Journal_. It was backed by a friend who -financially supported it, and as a result the paper was able to run for -a period of ten years—a record unequalled during the period before the -Emancipation by any paper with the exception of the _North Star_. - -[Sidenote: ALIENATED AMERICAN] - -_The Alienated American_, edited by W. H. Day, was the first Negro -newspaper published in Ohio. It entered upon its career in Cleveland, -Ohio, in 1852, five years after its editor was graduated from Oberlin -College. _The Alienated American_ was one of the best journals published -by Negroes in the nineteenth century. - -Day was a prolific, scholarly writer. His publication was a creditable -one and realized a good support. The paper ceased publication in 1856, -when its editor made a trip to England. - -[Sidenote: A. M. E. CHURCH BUYS THE MYSTERY] - -In 1848, the African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased _The Mystery_ -of Pittsburgh, Pa., of which Martin Delaney was editor. During the -four years of its existence in Pittsburgh, the paper was known as the -_Christian Herald_. In 1852, the paper was moved to Philadelphia, and its -name was changed to _Christian Recorder_. Rev, M. M. Clarke became its -first editor. - -[Sidenote: CHRISTIAN RECORDER OLDEST NEGRO NEWSPAPER] - -The beginning of the _Christian Recorder_ in 1852, marks the founding of -the oldest Negro newspaper in existence today. It is also significant in -that it marks the first serious attempt in Negro Journalism to establish -a religious newspaper. The early years of the paper were beset with many -difficulties, and oftimes the paper was not issued regularly. Not until -Elisha Weaver became editor in 1861 did it appear weekly. The size of the -paper has increased from 5 columns, 4 pages, 12 by 16 inches, in 1848, to -its present size, 4 columns, 16 pages, 10 by 16 inches. - -The present circulation of the paper is about 5,000. Its editor is R. -R. Wright Jr., who received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of -Pennsylvania in 1911. - -[Sidenote: NEGRO JOURNALISM ON PACIFIC COAST] - -The year 1855 saw Negro Journalism starting on the Pacific coast. Within -a space of less than thirty years Negro Journalism had made its way -from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboard. The first publication was -established at San Francisco under the name of _The Mirror of the Times_. -Its editor was Judge Gibbs. It was published for seven years, and in 1862 -was merged into _The Pacific Appeal_. - -[Sidenote: THE HERALD OF FREEDOM] - -Another contemporary of the _North Star_ was _The Herald of Freedom_, -published in 1855, in Ohio, by Peter H. Clark. It was short-lived but -during its existence it was one of the best advocates of Abolition. -Its editor was a man of good common sense and vast knowledge. After the -suspension of his paper, Clark was associated with Douglass on the _North -Star_. - -[Sidenote: THE ANGLO-AFRICAN] - -Thomas Hamilton, the publisher of the short-lived _People’s Press_, again -attempted a publication in New York City. On July 23, 1859, he began -publishing _The Anglo-African_. The paper was well printed and in the -opinion of Frederick Douglass “had more promise and more journalistic -ability about it, than any of the other papers.” The motto of the papers -of the period was highly indicative of their editorial outlook and -policy. Practically every paper had its motto, and _The Anglo-African_ -was no exception. Its motto was: “Man must be free; if not through law, -then above the law.” - -[Sidenote: ADVOCATES HAYTIAN EMIGRATION] - -In 1860, the paper was bought by James Redpath—the object of his purchase -being to advocate the Haytian Emigration Movement. With the change in -ownership the paper was known as _The Weekly Anglo-African_. Later, in -1861, the paper reverted to the Hamilton family, being published by -Robert Hamilton. The original name of the paper was resumed, and under -its new publisher became an ardent supporter of the Republican party. -With the freeing of the slaves, _The Anglo-African_ began to advocate the -need of educational facilities for the freedman, especially in the South. -The paper was suspended shortly after Emancipation. - -[Sidenote: COLORED CITIZEN ORGAN OF NEGRO SOLDIERS DURING WAR] - -During the period of the Civil War only two Negro newspapers were -established, one of which was _The Colored Citizen_, published at -Cincinnati, Ohio, by John P. Sampson. It was issued in the interest of -the Negro soldiers fighting in the war. It was commonly referred to as -the “Soldiers’ Organ,” and was widely disseminated among the soldiers. -Sampson was well educated—being a product of the Boston public school -system—and as an editor he was both able and enterprising. _The Colored -Citizen_ was suspended the latter part of 1865. - -[Sidenote: THE PACIFIC APPEAL] - -In 1862, _The Pacific Appeal_ came into being in San Francisco, but it -was not a new publication, however, it was merely the successor to _The -Mirror of the Times_. Its editor was William H. Carter. It became the -index of the activities of the Negroes on the Pacific coast. The paper’s -motto was: “He who would be free, himself must strike the blow.” It was -a six column folio, well-printed, and contained editorials which on the -whole were sober and sound. - -[Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR, EDITED BY BELL] - -The second paper established on the western coast was _The Elevator_, -which was begun by Phillip Bell, April 18, 1865, in San Francisco, -Cal. The paper stated its mission thus: “We shall labor for the civil -and political enfranchisement of the Colored people—not as a distinct -and separate race, but as American citizens.” The publisher encouraged -advertisements and quoted his rates as being 60 cents for one insertion -and 25 cents for each subsequent insertion. - -[Sidenote: BELL A MAN OF LEARNING] - -Bell had been connected with the journalistic field for twenty-five -years, and as a result was experienced in the work. His editorials -were of a high quality. His paper was neatly printed and contained -contributions relating to science, art, literature and drama. In fact, it -is said that Bell himself was well-versed in belles-lettres and dramatic -criticism. By many of his contemporaries he was considered the Napoleon -of the Negro press. Although he died in 1889, his paper continued for -many years thereafter. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1865-1880) - - -[Sidenote: EMANCIPATION GOAL OF NEGRO PRESS] - -With the emancipation, a new period in Negro Journalism is begun. For -nearly forty years newspapers had been published by Negroes who had -obtained their freedom, but the circulation of these papers among the -race group of necessity was limited. Emancipation marked the realization -of the goal of the Negro press prior to that time, and with the ushering -in of freedom many of the newspapers ceased publication. There was, -however, still another great, if not even more important task for the -Negro press—the education of the masses of illiterate. This task the -surviving newspapers, together with many new ones, set out to accomplish. - -[Sidenote: FIRST SOUTHERN NEGRO NEWSPAPER] - -The first notable development of the period was the beginning of Negro -newspapers in the South, where the large majority of Negroes were -located. The first Negro newspaper published in the South was _The -Colored American_ of Augusta, Ga., issued for the first time in October, -1865. The following paragraph from its prospectus will suffice to show -the paper’s attitude and policy: - -[Sidenote: COLORED AMERICAN’S PROSPECTUS] - -“It (_The Colored American_) is designated to be a vehicle for the -diffusion of Religious, Political and General Intelligence. It will be -devoted to the promotion of harmony and good-will between the whites and -Colored people of the south, and untiring in its advocacy of Industry and -Education among all classes; but particularly the class most in need of -our agency. - -“Accepting, at all times, the decision of public sentiment and -Legislative Assemblies, and bowing to the majesty of law, it will -fearlessly remonstrate against legal and constitutional proscription by -appeal to the public sense of justice.”[3] - -[Sidenote: SHUFTEN’S EDITORIAL ON THE RACE PROBLEM] - -The editor of the paper was J. T. Shuften, who was ably assisted by Dr. -James Lynch. Shuften was credited by _The New York World_ as having -written the best article of the time on the “Negro Question.” The paper -was short-lived and suspended February, 1866. - -[Sidenote: PRECURSORS IN SOUTHERN STATES] - -With the beginning of Negro Journalism in the South, papers sprung up in -other states: _The Colored Tennessean_ and _The True Communicator_, of -Baltimore, Md., being among the more noted ones. Many of the papers were -short-lived; others changed hands and names frequently and continued for -several years. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS GROW IN INFLUENCE AND CIRCULATION] - -The year 1868 saw the founding of _The Charleston Leader_, at Charleston, -S. C. By 1870, the Negro press began to make itself felt. _The People’s -Journal_, with a circulation of over 10,000 was being edited by Dr. R. -L. Perry. In Mississippi, James J. Spellman and John Lynch began _The -Colored Citizen_. December, 1870, marked the founding of _The New Orleans -Louisianian_, by P. B. S. Pinchback[4], who in 1873 became governor of -Louisiana, being the only Negro ever to hold this position. - -[Sidenote: EDITORS HIGHLY EDUCATED] - -August 1861, John J. Freeman started _The Progressive American_, in New -York City, which existed for ten years. The one outstanding achievement -of this paper is the fact that as a result of its fight for Negro -teachers in the public schools twenty-three were appointed. Between 1865 -and 1880, over 30 newspapers of more or less merit came into existence; -Negro newspapers were being published in 21 states. The papers of the -period were ably edited and were the product of some of the most highly -educated Negroes. - -[3] Pinchback died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 22, 1921. - -[4] Afro-American Press. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1880-1900) - - -[Sidenote: NUMBER OF PAPERS INCREASES] - -The last twenty years of the nineteenth century were marked by an -increase in the number of papers published. More than 150 papers were -being published by Negroes in thirty different states before the dawn of -the new century. To trace the history of all of these papers would be -useless, if not well nigh impossible, as but few of them were long-lived -or permanent. Most of them were started for the achievement of a single -end, and having served the temporary need disappeared. There are, -however, several papers which were established during this period that -demand treatment because of their longevity and present existence. - -[Sidenote: PHILADELPHIA TRIBUNE] - -Among this group is _The Philadelphia Tribune_, founded by Christopher -J. Perry in 1884. Perry, who was sole owner of his paper, had had much -experience in Journalism before becoming a publisher. His work as editor -of the Colored Department of _The Sunday Mercury_, had established his -reputation as a journalist. - -[Sidenote: REMARKABLE SUCCESS UNDER PERRY] - -Since its founding, its editor has worked unceasingly towards its -development and as a result the success of the paper has been remarkable. -Today the paper exists, and in spite of the death of its founder in -1920, is still carried on by his heirs. Today _The Philadelphia Tribune_ -occupies an enviable position among Negro papers, and is undoubtedly one -of the twelve best Negro papers in the United States. At the time of -his death, Christopher Perry was president of The National Negro Press -Association. - -[Sidenote: THE AGE OLDEST NEGRO PAPER IN NEW YORK CITY] - -The oldest Negro newspaper published in New York City at the present time -is _The New York Age_. It was founded in 1888 by T. Thomas Fortune, the -living dean of Negro newspaper editors. Fortune began his journalistic -career as a boy in the office of a white paper published in Marianna, -Fla. His first editorship came in 1880, when he became connected with -_The New York Globe_. Under the guidance of Fortune, _The Age_ was -perhaps the greatest Negro newspaper of the period. Garland Penn, in his -_Afro-American Press_ (published in 1891), styles, Fortune as “the most -noted man in Afro-American journalism.” - -[Sidenote: RICHMOND PLANET EDITED BY MITCHELL] - -_The Richmond Planet_, founded by John Mitchell, Jr., in 1884, is another -Negro newspaper that has enjoyed longevity. Mitchell seems to have been a -born newspaperman, and practically all of his life he has devoted himself -to journalism. Despite his location in the Southland, Mitchell has ever -been a bold and fearless writer. Today _The Richmond Planet_ still -exists, with John Mitchell, Jr., at its head, and has a circulation of -over 25,000. - -[Sidenote: SMITH AND THE CLEVELAND GAZETTE] - -_The Cleveland Gazette_ was begun in August, 1883, with H. C. Smith -as sole owner. It was considered as one of the best edited papers in -the United States. Smith was an ardent politician, and his editorials -advocating Republicanism were exceptionally pointed and well put. The -paper was one of the few Negro papers of the period that was a financial -success. _The Cleveland Gazette_ is still published by H. C. Smith. It -has a circulation of approximately 20,000. - -[Sidenote: WILLIAM CHASE AND THE BEE] - -Perhaps the strongest Negro newspaper ever published in Washington, D. -C., is _The Washington Bee_, of which William Calvin Chase is editor -and founder. Chase is especially noted for his bull-dog tenacity in -exposing and attacking fraud. He has always been one of the “big guns” in -editorial artillery. Chase is still editor of his paper, and _The Bee_ -buzzes as of old. - -[Sidenote: THE FREEMAN FIRST ILLUSTRATED NEGRO WEEKLY] - -The first illustrated Negro newspaper was _The Indianapolis Freeman_, -founded by Edward Cooper of Indianapolis, Ind., July 14, 1888. The paper -consisted of eight pages, and gave a complete review of the doings of -Negroes everywhere. The extensive use of cuts and illustrations made -the paper famous. As an all around newspaperman, Cooper was without a -peer, and under his management the paper reached a pre-eminent position -in Negro Journalism. Today _The Freeman_ is owned and controlled by -George L. Knox, and it still enjoys a wide range of popularity. The paper -features theatricals and sports. The present circulation is about 30,000. - -[Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN FOUNDED IN 1893] - -The founding of _The Afro-American_ in 1893, by W. M. Alexander marks -the beginning of a paper which today figures most conspicuously in Negro -Journalism. About 1896, the paper came into the hands of J. H. Murphy, -Sr.,[5] who is now its managing editor at the age of eighty. More will -be said of _The Afro-American_ in connection with the chapter on Present -Day Papers. - -[Sidenote: LEADING PAPERS IN 1897] - -A list of the leading Negro newspapers in America in 1897, compiled by -J. T. Haley in his book _Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge_, includes -the following: _The Colored American_, Washington, D. C.; _The New -York Age_; _The Indianapolis Freeman_; _The Cleveland Gazette_; _The -Boston Courant_; _The Richmond_ (Va.) _Planet_; _The Huntsville_ (Ala.) -_Gazette_; _The Southern Age_, Atlanta, Ga.; _The Progress_, Helena, -Ark.; _The Elevator_, San Francisco, Cal.; _The Colorado Statesman_, -Denver, Colo.; _The Appeal_, Chicago, Ill.; _The Afro-American_, -Baltimore, Md., and _The Denver_ (Colo.) _Star_. - -[Sidenote: ORGANIZATION OF NEGRO CORRESPONDENTS] - -It would be improper to close a discussion of the period without -mentioning the organizing of the “Associated Correspondents of Race -Papers” on April 23, 1890. The object of the organization was to -establish a better medium of communication from the capital. This step -was perhaps the first real effort for unison among Negro newspapers, and -marked a growing spirit of journalistic co-operation and interdependency. - -[5] Murphy died in April, 1922, at the age of 80 years. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-⸺) - - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM BECOMING A PROFESSION] - -Without doubt the first two decades of the twentieth century mark the -highest progress in Negro Journalism. More papers have been established, -and better papers have been produced. A realization of the power of -the press has grown as the period of freedom has increased and race -consciousness has been developed. More men with capital have invested in -newspapers. Publishers and editors began for the first time to consider -Journalism a profession from which a living could be derived. - -[Sidenote: LACK FUNDS AND NEED EQUIPMENT] - -Lack of adequate funds to fully develop a well-balanced newspaper has -been and still is the greatest drawback to the Negro publisher. Until in -very recent years, no Negro newspaper did all of its mechanical work. -In many cases the newspaper office merely collected and arranged the -news, and then carried it to some publishing concern. In other cases, -the paper was printed by a publishing house, although the “forms” were -made-up in the paper’s own shop. Thus, Negro newspapers have not been -independent concerns. - -[Sidenote: LACK OF LIVE NEWS STORIES] - -In his effort to seriously make journalistic progress, the publisher of -a Negro newspaper has always found it difficult to obtain sufficient -live material to fill up his sheet. There have been no news bureaus or -syndicates to supply him with the type of news needed to make his paper -a real newsy sheet. In his endeavor to “pad out” in order to continually -fill the standard size of his paper, the Negro publisher has been -compelled to “clip” news previously featured by the daily newspapers -or rewrite news from other Negro papers—a task rendered difficult by -the corresponding dearth of real news in all Negro papers during “dull” -seasons. - -[Sidenote: POOR ORGANIZATION A SERIOUS HANDICAP] - -Prior to and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the organization -of the average Negro newspaper amounted to a printer-editor, perhaps an -assistant whose duties were varied and manifold, an office girl, who in -addition to keeping books, also performed the duties of copy-reader, -and two or three agents who worked part time on a percentage basis. The -typographical and grammatical structure of many of the papers suffered -greatly through the lack of having a staff sufficiently trained and -equipped with the proper facilities for turning out a well-edited, -well-printed sheet. - -Dependence on a small, under-paid and inefficient organization—a -condition analogous, and in many instances worse than that which exists -on the small town newspaper—has seriously handicapped the Negro newspaper -of the past. - -[Sidenote: NEWS BUREAUS AND SYNDICATES FOUNDED] - -The past twenty years have witnessed the evolution of a new Negro -press. Stronger papers have been begun, and news syndicates and news -associations have been founded. Examples of the latter are: The Hampton -Institute Service, The Tuskegee Institute Press Service, Allen’s News -Agency, The R. W. Thompson News Agency, The National Negro Press -Association and The Associated Negro Press. Especially is the last named -organization rendering a great service and filling a great need. - -[Sidenote: ASSOCIATED NEGRO PRESS] - -The Associated Negro Press has been in existence less than four years but -during that time it has rapidly grown and achieved great success. Today -it has a membership of more than 100 newspapers. The establishment of -the A. N. P. was the first effort in Negro Journalism to assemble and -distribute regularly general news from all sections of the United States -and other countries affecting Colored people. Through the work of this -organization big news stories now appear simultaneously in all of the -leading Negro newspapers. The A. N. P. maintains executive offices in -Chicago and permanent bureaus in Washington and New York. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS OF THE PERIOD] - -Among the present day papers established in this period are: _The Boston -Guardian_, _The Nashville Globe_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Chicago -Defender_, _The Detroit Leader_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_, _The St. -Louis Argus_, _The Dallas Express_, _The Cleveland Advocate_, _The Negro -World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Indianapolis Recorder_, and _The -Chicago Whip_. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -PRESENT DAY PAPERS - - -[Sidenote: 250 SECULAR WEEKLIES] - -Today over 250 secular Negro newspapers are being published in the -United States, with a total circulation of over one million five hundred -thousand copies. These papers are published in 34 states and in the -district of Columbia. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS HAVE JOURNALISTIC APPEARANCE] - -Papers published in the larger centers where the Negro population is -large, such as New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, -St. Louis, Washington, Detroit, Indianapolis, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, -Nashville and Atlanta have developed to a high degree. Their make-up on -the whole is good; their news stories for the most part conform with -accepted journalistic style; their leads are of the summary type; their -headlines, although somewhat sensational, are usually well constructed; -their news treatment is becoming more impersonal; on the whole they are a -great improvement over the Negro papers of the past. - -[Sidenote: DEFENDER HOUSED IN $200,000 PLANT] - -Negro newspaper offices are being transformed from mere receiving -stations for news to newspaper plants. During May, 1921, _The Chicago -Defender_, one of the leading Negro newspapers, moved into a new building -fitted up by its owner, Robert S. Abbott, at an expense of over $200,000. -The new _Defender_ plant compares favorably with that of any paper of -its size in the United States. Its equipment includes four linotype -machines, each equipped with two magazines, geared to cast seven lines -per minute. The press on which _The Defender_ is printed is a 32-page and -color machine, made by the celebrated Goss Printing Press Company. It is -driven by a 30 H.P. motor and six men are required for its operation. It -prints, folds and counts the papers all in one operation at a speed of -35,000 copies per hour. The paper’s circulation is over 200,000. - -[Illustration: Abbott, Editor and Owner of The Chicago Defender, Chicago, -Illinois] - -[Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN EMPLOYS 21] - -Another paper which is representative of the new order of things in Negro -Journalism is _The Afro-American_ of Baltimore, Md. _The Afro-American_ -was among the first Negro papers to own and operate its own plant. Today -the plant consists of a three-story building, Goss Press, three linotype -machines, etc. The paper has twenty-one active employees and over two -hundred agents in the state. The sworn circulation of the paper for -1920-21 was twenty thousand and one hundred copies weekly. - -[Sidenote: TRIBUNE OWNS $100,000 PLANT] - -From a humble beginning in 1884, _The Philadelphia Tribune_ has grown -until today it has its own hundred thousand dollar plant, fully equipped -to do modern job and commercial work in addition to printing the paper. -Christopher J. Perry remained sole owner of the paper from its founding -to the time of his death. Today the paper is being published by his -children, and is continuing along the conservative lines which have -characterized the paper for more than 35 years. - -[Illustration: First page of the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro weekly -newspaper with a $200,000 plant and a subscription list which is over -175,000. A view of the plant is also shown.] - -[Sidenote: BETTER STAFFS AND NEWS] - -In the past, the editorial page has been the one redeeming feature of -the average Negro newspaper. Today the papers are beginning to have -well-balanced staffs, reporters, city editors, cartoonists, etc. News -stories are being better written, copy is being handled more carefully, -accuracy is being insisted upon, and make-up in general is being improved. - -[Sidenote: SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT] - -Papers printed in different parts of the country vary quite significantly -in their make-up and quality. The best papers are probably published in -the Middle West and the East. The Southern press is still in the rear, -although signs are evident that it is beginning to wake up. At the -present four Southern papers have a very high national rating. They are -_The Afro-American_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Nashville Globe_ and -_The Dallas Express_. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS HAVING OVER 30,000] - -Seven papers have over 30,000 subscribers. The list includes the -following papers in the order named: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Negro -World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The New -York News_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_ and _The Birmingham Reporter_. - -[Sidenote: TWELVE LEADING NEGRO WEEKLIES] - -Any attempt to select the leading Negro newspapers of necessity must be -more or less arbitrary, and dependent upon prejudices toward certain -types of journalism. A probable list of the best twelve weeklies might -include: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Afro-American_, _The Cleveland -Advocate_, _The Philadelphia Tribune_, _The New York Age_, _The -Pittsburgh Courier_, _The Chicago Whip_, _The St. Louis Argus_, _The -Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Detroit Leader_ and -_The Boston Guardian_. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS - - -[Sidenote: FIRST DAILY CAIRO GAZETTE] - -The first attempt of the Negro journalist to publish a daily newspaper -was _The Cairo_ (Ill.) _Gazette_, which was first issued April 23, 1882. -The editor was W. S. Scott. The paper was issued regularly for six -months when the plant was destroyed by fire. It was a readable sheet, -contained much original matter, and had a good force of reporters. - -[Sidenote: COLUMBUS MESSENGER] - -The next attempt was _The Columbus Messenger_, published at Columbus. Ga. -It was first issued as a daily in 1888. It was edited by B. T. Harvey, a -graduate of Tuskegee Institute. The sheet was 12 by 20 inches. - -[Sidenote: DAILIES ISSUED FOR SHORT PERIODS] - -Several newspapers have issued daily editions for short periods. _The -Knoxville_ (Tenn.) _Negro World_ was issued daily as an advertising -medium for two weeks. About 1890 _The Public Ledger_ of Baltimore, Md., -was issued daily by Wesley Adams, for a short period. _The Nashville -Globe_ published a daily during the $30,000 Y. M. C. A. campaign in -Nashville, Tenn., June 1-12, 1913. It proved a tremendous success for the -twelve days and had an average circulation of 5,000 per day. During the -World War _The Herald_ of Baltimore, Md., edited by W. T. Andrews, was -issued daily. - -[Sidenote: DAILIES IN FORM OF “BROADSIDES”] - -Three daily papers are being published at present. Two of these, _The -Richmond_ (Va.) _Colored American_ and _The Washington Colored American_ -are published by the American Publicity Bureau, Inc. and The National -Negro Publicity Bureau, Inc., respectively with D. Eugene Taylor listed -as general manager of both. In form these papers are “broadsides”—a -bulletin type of sheet printed on only one side. They are printed on a -sheet measuring 24 inches by 36 inches. The news is set in two double -columns, running down the center of the page between a double column of -advertising on each side. - -[Sidenote: DAILY STANDARD] - -The third paper is _The Indianapolis Daily Standard_ which began -publication the latter part of April, 1922, under the editorship of C. C. -Shelby. It is a 7 column, 4-page paper and retails at 2 cents per copy. - -[Sidenote: DRAWBACKS TO NEGRO DAILY] - -The slow development of the Negro daily is due chiefly to the fact: (1) -That the field of such papers is already covered to a large extent by -the American daily press; and (2) That a daily paper, with a restricted -field from which to gather news, and denied the service of the Associated -Press, is well nigh impossible. With the further development of the -Associated Negro Press more Negro dailies may be possible. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -NEGRO MAGAZINES - - -[Sidenote: EARLY MAGAZINES] - -The magazine field has not been entered as rapidly or as fully by the -Negro journalist as the newspaper field. The first Negro magazine, -nevertheless, early followed the beginning made by the first Negro -newspaper. In 1837, the first magazine—_The Mirror of Liberty_—was -published by David Ruggles. It was devoted to the advancement of the free -Negroes in the North, and was issued quarterly from New York City. - -[Sidenote: ANGLO-AFRICAN MAGAZINE] - -The next serious attempt to publish a Negro magazine was in 1856, when -Thomas Hamilton, of New York City, issued _The Anglo-African Magazine_, -which was the outgrowth of his newspaper, The Anglo-African. It was -devoted to literature, science, statistics and contained articles on the -abolition of slavery. It existed for about four years. - -[Sidenote: A. M. E. REVIEW OLDEST MAGAZINE] - -The oldest Negro magazine, like the oldest newspaper, was established -by the A. M. E. Church. In 1884, that denomination began the publishing -of _The A. M. E. Review_ in Baltimore, Md. Today it still exists and is -published in Philadelphia, Pa. - -[Sidenote: OUR WOMEN AND CHILDREN] - -Another noteworthy periodical is _Our Women and Children_, first -published in 1888, by Dr. William J. Simmons. It was unique in that it -practically confined itself to the feminine world. Its contributors were -chiefly women and the articles which appeared on its pages concerned -themselves primarily with questions which affected home-life. - -[Sidenote: OVER 100 MAGAZINES IN EXISTENCE] - -Many other Negro magazines have been attempted; many of more or less -note, but of the magazines established prior to 1900, scarcely a one, -if any, are in existence today. Of the leading present day magazines, -none can boast of as long a period of publication as the present day -newspapers. At present about one hundred magazines are being published by -Negroes. However, this number includes school periodicals, church organs -and fraternal organs, and only a small fraction of the total number are -purely literary or secular publications. - -[Sidenote: THE CRISIS EDITED BY DR. DUBOIS] - -Among the foremost Negro magazines of general literature is _The Crisis_, -published at New York City, under the editorship of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, -perhaps the leading literary figure among the race today. While the -publication is the official organ of the National Association for the -Advancement of Colored People, it contains short stories, essays, -sketches and poetry of a high literary quality. - -[Sidenote: SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NUMBER] - -A special feature of _The Crisis_ is the emphasis it places on higher -education. Each July it publishes an educational number containing the -photographs of Negro college graduates from white Northern institutions -during the past school year. The issue also contains a resume of the -educational progress of the year. - -[Sidenote: THE MESSENGER, A JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE] - -_The Messenger_, published in New York City by Phillip Randolph and -Chandler Owen, is devoted to economic, political and sociological -subject-matter, with special emphasis upon the Negro and his relation to -the labor problem. The tremendous influence of this magazine, devoted -as it is to such a special field, is clearly shown by the fact that at -present it has a circulation of over 26,000. - -[Sidenote: A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO MUSIC AND SPORTS] - -Another magazine which confines itself to a limited field is _The -American Musician and Sportsman Magazine_. This publication is printed -in Philadelphia, Pa., by William A. Potter, editor. It is intended to -afford opportunity for the expression of opinion on things musical, -and in addition to its emphasis on music it deals with all branches of -professional and amateur sports. The magazine has a circulation of 5500. - -[Sidenote: JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY] - -One of the most scholarly periodicals published by Negroes is _The -Journal of Negro History_ edited by Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D., at -Washington, D. C. The publication treats in a thorough-going and detailed -manner the history of the Negro race. - -[Sidenote: BROWNIES’ BOOK FOR NEGRO YOUTH] - -_The Brownies’ Book_, a magazine devoted to the activities of the Negro -youth, is also published in New York City and has at its head Dr. DuBois -and Augustus Dill. It contains stories, the life and deeds of famous men -and women of the Negro race, and current events of the world told in -language suitable for children. In a similar manner to _The Crisis_, it -features the photographs of Negro high school graduates. - -[Sidenote: FEATURED NEGRO SHORT STORIES] - -Two magazines of national importance and published in Chicago, Ill., -are _The Half-Century_, edited by Katherine Williams Irmin and _The -Favorite_, edited by Fenton Johnson. Both of these periodicals feature -literary material and short stories dealing with Negro life. - -[Sidenote: THE RADIATOR] - -Another periodical dealing with a special field is _The Radiator_, a -bi-monthly insurance magazine, edited by Sadie T. Mossell at Durham, N. -C. Its purpose is to disseminate news and information to Negro insurance -companies and workers. - -[Sidenote: LEADING PRESENT DAY MAGAZINES] - -Other magazines published at the present time are: _The Journal of the -National Medical Association_, issued quarterly by the National Medical -Association at Tuskegee Institute, Ala.; _The Pullman Porter’s Review_, -Chicago, Ill.; _The Search Light_, Raleigh, N. C.; _The Rainbow_, New -York City, and _The Crusader_, New York City. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -TRAINING IN NEGRO SCHOOLS - - -[Sidenote: ELEMENTARY TRAINING IN HIGH SCHOOLS] - -Definite steps are being taken by Negro schools and colleges to -provide academic training in Journalism. Even in the high schools, -the development of a vague appreciation of, and elementary training -in Journalism is afforded by the publishing of school papers, under -the supervision of the English department. Such schools as Dunbar High -School, Washington, D. C.; Summer High School, St. Louis, Mo.; Central -High School, Louisville, Ky.; Pearl High School, Nashville, Tenn., and -Langston High School, Hot Springs, Ark., illustrate the point. - -[Sidenote: COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS] - -What is true of the high schools is true of the Normal and Industrial -schools and colleges on a larger scale. Approximately one hundred -periodicals are published by such institutions at least once a month. -Some of these are purely the product of the student body; a few of them -are the product of both students and faculty; still others are the -publication of the administration and faculty, and under the supervision -of a university editor. Many of the latter have developed to the -place where they are nationally known. Such periodicals as _The Fisk -University News_, _The Southern Workman_ (Hampton Institute), _Howard -University Record_ (quarterly), _The Tuskegee Student_ and _The Atlanta -University Bulletin_ (quarterly) are among the best Negro publications in -the United States. - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM COURSES AT FISK UNIVERSITY] - -This, however, is not all. The training of Negro journalists is -being attempted through college courses. Fisk University, Nashville, -Tenn., perhaps, was the first school to give such courses. Under the -professorship of Isaac Fisher, one of the foremost Negro editors today, -four courses in Journalism are offered. The course as outlined in the -latest Fisk University catalog includes: (1) Essentials in Newspaper -Technique—a course including practise in writing, editing, and methods -of presentation; (2) The Law of Journalism—a study of libel, copyright, -rights and duties of the press in reporting judicial proceedings, and -the liabilities of the publisher, editor, reporter and contributor; (3) -Ethics of Journalism—lectures discussing the proper responsibility to -the public on the part of newspaper writers; (4) Art of Newspaper and -Magazine Making—a course devoted to the studying of actual work of making -a newspaper and magazine, with laboratory practice to supplement the -theory studied. - -[Sidenote: PROFESSIONAL TRAINING] - -What will in all probabilities mark the real beginning of professional -training in Journalism among Negroes is the opening of the proposed -School of Journalism by Howard University, Washington, D. C. Owing to a -limitation of finances, unfortunately the school has not yet been put in -operation. - -[Sidenote: PROPOSED COURSES AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY JOURNALISM SCHOOL] - -The course as outlined in the Howard University catalog is based upon -two years of college work, including a reading knowledge of at least -two modern languages, and advanced work in English Composition. The -professional work covers two years and leads to the degree of Bachelor -of Science in Journalism. The subjects offered are: Practice in Writing, -Newspaper Technique, Newspaper Editing, The History of Journalism, -Advertising, Journalistic French, Journalistic German, Journalistic -Spanish, Elements of Law, Freehand and Applied Drawing, and certain -college courses in History, Economics, Sociology, Literature and Politics. - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM AT WILBERFORCE] - -While it does not have a separate department in Journalism, Wilberforce -University offers courses in journalistic writing as a part of the work -in the department of English. Three courses are given at present: -Business English, Short Story Writing and Editorial Writing. - -[Sidenote: PRINTING] - -On the mechanical side of newspaper publishing, work is offered in -printing at Hampton Institute (Va.), Tuskegee Institute (Ala.), and -Wilberforce University (Ohio). Many of the present printer-editors are -products of these schools. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE - - -From its small beginning in 1827, Negro Journalism has steadily grown -in the United States. Today it stands as a definite factor in Negro -life. In truth, the Negro press reflects the growing race consciousness -of eleven million American citizens of African descent. The status of -the Negro newspaper is fixed—it is here to stay. While daily newspapers -may devote space to “News of Interest to Colored People;” yet they can -never take the place of the newspapers which are published solely for -the race group. The appeal of the Negro newspaper is direct and racial. -In a manner similar to that of the rural press, the Negro paper has an -unlimited field because of its personal relationship to its readers. - -During the first half century of Negro Journalism, it is doubtful if -any of the papers were financial successes; in truth, most of them were -published as purely partisan or propagandists organs, and were supported -through the contributions of sympathizers. Today Negro newspapers are -conducted on business principles and pay reasonable returns to their -investors. - -Papers in the large cities have built up enormous subscription lists of -bona fide, paid-up subscribers. Likewise, they carry a large amount of -well-paying advertisements, and as a result of these sources of income -they are able to give attractive remuneration to their publishers, -editorial staff and business staff. No longer must the Negro journalist -necessarily be an unpaid worker. Trained journalists can obtain -respectable salaries and find as many openings as their fellow workers on -metropolitan dailies and national weeklies and monthlies. - -That the calibre of the work done on Negro publications will continue -to improve is highly probable in view of the fact that every year an -increasing number of trained young men and women are entering the -field, and bringing with them burning enthusiasm and high professional -ideals. The Courses in Journalism in the Negro colleges, also, will -soon be having a telling effect on the future Negro journalist. Already -a few of the twentieth century Negro youths are being attracted to the -professional study of Journalism, preferring the possibilities of its -virgin field to the overcrowded professions of law, teaching, medicine -and theology. - -The future of Negro Journalism is limited only by the zeal and -conscientious effort which its workers bestir themselves to exert. A -marvelous growth and success has been recorded within the past 95 years, -but greater achievement is yet to be accomplished. Negro semi-weeklies, -and eventually dailies in the larger cities, will undoubtedly be -developed within the next decade. The size of many of the present -weeklies will be increased of necessity. Better news stories and more -real news will be the result of the successful functioning of such news -syndicates as the Associated Negro Press. - -The decreasing of illiteracy among the Negroes will continue to be -carried forward by the Negro press, with a mutual benefit to the race -and its publications. Higher standards of literacy will bring greater -appreciation for reading and thereby create a stronger support for the -Negro publisher. - -In the immediate future, perhaps, the great field for development -in Negro Journalism is in the South where the great mass of Negro -population, despite the Northern immigration, resides. There Negro -Journalism needs and will continue to need its best trained editors and -managers. There it will need men of sound judgment and common sense; men -of purpose and high professional ideals; men of broad sympathy and great -patience. - - - - -PARTIAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES - - - ALABAMA - - The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham - The Emancipator Montgomery - The Mobile Forum Mobile - The Mobile Advocate Mobile - The Mobile Weekly Press Mobile - The Negro Leader Uniontown - The Times Plaindealer Birmingham - The Voice of the People Birmingham - The Voice of the Negro Dothan - - ARKANSAS - - Hot Springs Echo Hot Springs - Arkansas Banner Little Rock - The Appreciator-Union Fort Smith - The Negro Advocate Fordyce - The Interstate Reporter Helena - The Opinion-Enterprise Marianna - Western Review Little Rock - White River Advocate Newport - The School Herald Warren - - ARIZONA - - The Phoenix Tribune Phoenix - - CALIFORNIA - - The Eagle Los Angeles - The Liberator Los Angeles - The Citizens Advocate Los Angeles - Oakland Sunshine Oakland - The Western Outlook Oakland - The New Age Los Angeles - The Western Review Sacramento - - COLORADO - - Colorado Statesman Denver - The Denver Advocate Colorado Springs - The Rising Sun Pueblo - - CONNECTICUT - - Hartford Herald Hartford - - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - - The Washington Eagle Washington - The Washington Bee Washington - - FLORIDA - - Florida Sentinel Jacksonville - Labor Templar Jacksonville - West Florida Bugle Marianna - The Tampa Bulletin Tampa - Metropolitan Tallahassee - The Palatka Advocate Palatka - The Colored Citizen Pensacola - - GEORGIA - - The Savannah Journal Savannah - The Savannah Tribune Savannah - The Americus Chronicle Americus - The Athens Clipper Athens - The Atlanta Post Atlanta - The Atlanta Independent Atlanta - Rome Enterprise Rome - The Advocate Brunswick - The Augusta News Augusta - Supreme Circle News Albany - - ILLINOIS - - Inter-State Echo Danville - The Broad Axe Chicago - The Chicago Defender Chicago - The Chicago Idea Chicago - The Peoples Advocate Chicago - The Searchlight Chicago - The Whip Chicago - The Forum Springfield - The Weekly Star Mound City - The Illinois Conservator Springfield - Advance Citizens Springfield - - INDIANA - - The Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis - The Indianapolis Recorder Indianapolis - The Indianapolis Ledger Indianapolis - The Indianapolis World Indianapolis - The Terre Haute Citizen Terre Haute - National Defender and Sun Gary - The Gary Dispatch Gary - - IOWA - - Iowa State Bystander Des Moines - Buxton Gazette Buxton - - KANSAS - - The Topeka Plaindealer Topeka - The Negro Star Wichita - Wichita Protest Wichita - The Coffeyville Globe Coffeyville - Hutchinson Blade Hutchinson - - KENTUCKY - - The Kentucky Reporter Louisville - The Columbian Herald Louisville - The Louisville News Louisville - Kentucky Home Finder Louisville - Lexington Weekly News Lexington - The Torchlight Danville - Saturday News Hopkinsville - The New Age Hopkinsville - - LOUISIANA - - The Advance Messenger Alexandria - The News-Enterprise Shreveport - The Watchman Shreveport - - MARYLAND - - The Afro-American Baltimore - The Crusader Baltimore - The Herald-Commonwealth Baltimore - - MASSACHUSETTS - - The Guardian Boston - The Boston Chronicle Boston - - MICHIGAN - - The Michigan Age Ann Arbor - The Detroit Leader Detroit - - MINNESOTA - - The National Advocate Minneapolis - The Appeal St. Paul - - MISSISSIPPI - - The Cotton Farmer Scott - The Delta Lighthouse Greenville - The Natchez Weekly Herald Natchez - The National Star Vicksburg - The Star Columbus - The Morning Star Columbus - The Mississippi Monitor Meridan - The Light Vicksburg - The New Era Indianola - The Weekly Times Hattiesburg - The Weekly Reporter Natchez - Central Mississippi Signal Kosciusko - The Progressive Torchlight Greenwood - The Advance Mound Bayou - The National Defender Clarksdale - The Informer Gulfport - The National News Digest Mound Bayou - - MISSOURI - - The St. Louis Independent-Clarion St. Louis - The St. Louis Argus St. Louis - The Anchor Caruthersville - The Missouri State Register Hannibal - Kansas City Sun Kansas City - The National Mirror Kansas City - The Western Messenger Jefferson City - The St. Louis Independent News St. Louis - - NEBRASKA - - The Monitor Omaha - - NEW JERSEY - - The Eastern Observer Montclair - The Echo Red Bank - The Atlantic Advocate Atlantic City - The New Jersey Informer Newark - - NEW YORK - - The New York News New York City - The Amsterdam News New York City - The New York Age New York City - The Negro World New York City - The Commoner New York City - - NORTH CAROLINA - - The Gate City Argus Greensboro - High Point Colored American High Point - The Charlotte Advertiser Charlotte - The Voice Rocky Mount - The Raleigh Independent Raleigh - The Home News Wilmington - The Gazette Charlotte - Signs of the Times Elizabeth City - The Winston-Salem News Winston-Salem - - OHIO - - The Dayton Forum Dayton - The Cleveland Gazette Cleveland - The Cleveland Advocate Cleveland - The Union Cincinnati - The Cincinnati Journal Cincinnati - - OKLAHOMA - - The Boley Progress Boley - The Oklahoma Guide Guthrie - The Muskogee Scimetar Muskogee - Rentiesville News Rentiesville - Clearview Patriarch Clearview - The Tulsa Star Tulsa - The Oklahoma Sun Tulsa - The Black Dispatch Oklahoma City - - OREGON - - The Advocate Portland - - PENNSYLVANIA - - The Advocate Verdict Harrisburgh - The Philadelphia Courant Philadelphia - The Philadelphia Tribune Philadelphia - The Philadelphia American Philadelphia - The Public Journal Philadelphia - The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh - The Pittsburgh American Pittsburgh - The Advocate Wilkes-Barre - - RHODE ISLAND - - The Advance Providence - - SOUTH CAROLINA - - The Charleston Messenger Charleston - The New Era Charleston - The Allendale Advocate Allendale - The Southern Indicator Columbia - The Informer Columbia - The Light Columbia - The Plowman Columbia - The Negro Chronicle Greenville - The People’s Recorder Orangeburg - The Rockhill Messenger Rockhill - - TENNESSEE - - Bluff City News Memphis - East Tennessee News Knoxville - Chattanooga Defender Chattanooga - Memphis Times Memphis - The Western World Reporter Memphis - The Nashville Globe Nashville - The Nashville Clarion Nashville - - TEXAS - - Texas Guide Victoria - The Victoria Guard Victoria - The Calvert Bugle Calvert - The City Times Galveston - The Galveston New Idea Galveston - The Dallas Express Dallas - The Industrial Era Beaumont - The Herald Austin - The Watchman Austin - The Houston Informer Houston - The Houston Observer Houston - The Texas Freeman Houston - The Western Star Houston - The Houston Informer Houston - Independence Heights Record Houston - The San Antonio Inquirer San Antonio - The Gem City Bulletin Denison - The Conservative Counselor Waco - Fort Worth Hornet Fort Worth - - VIRGINIA - - The Charlottesville Messenger Charlottesville - The Colored Virginian Petersburg - The Weekly Review Petersburg - The Richmond Planet Richmond - The Virginia Headlight Charlottesville - The Virginia Advocate Roanoke - The Star Newport News - The Journal and Guide Norfolk - - WASHINGTON - - The Seattle Searchlight Seattle - - WEST VIRGINIA - - The Advocate Charleston - The Mountain Leader Charleston - The Charleston Observer Charleston - The Pioneer Press Martinsburg - - WISCONSIN - - The Wisconsin Weekly Blade Madison - - - - -[Illustration: LINOTYPE - -® TRADE MARK ® - -Every important improvement in methods of composition for the past 36 -years has been the result of LINOTYPE initiative. - -Every part of the LINOTYPE is there because the machine is better for it -and every part fits into the big scheme of simple operation. 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S. -in Commerce and Finance. - -=School of Applied Science=, four year course, granting the degree, -B. S. in Civil Engineering, B. S. in Electrical Engineering, B. S. in -Mechanical Engineering, B. S. in Architecture, B. S. in Agriculture, and -B. S. in Household Economics. - -=Evening Classes=. The work of the Junior College and the Senior Schools -may be taken in evening classes with full credit. - -=School of Music=, four year course, granting the degree of Mus. B. - -=School of Religion=, three year course, granting the degrees of B. D. -and Th. B. Courses are offered also by correspondence. - -=School of Law=, three year course, granting the degree of LL. B. - -=School of Medicine=, including Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical Colleges. -Four year courses for Medical and Dental students; three year course for -Pharmaceutical students. Following degrees granted: M. D., D. D. S., -Phar. 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Gore, Jr. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h2.nobreak { - page-break-before: avoid; -} - -hr.chap { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -div.chapter { - page-break-before: always; -} - -ul { - list-style-type: none; -} - -li { - margin-top: .5em; - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 40em; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -td { - padding-left: 2.25em; - padding-right: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.tdr { - text-align: right; -} - -.ads { - margin: auto; - max-width: 35em; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes { - margin-top: 1em; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.hanging { - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.noindent { - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.sidenote { - width: 20%; - padding: 0.5em; - margin-right: 1em; - float: left; - clear: left; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - text-align: center; - font-size: smaller; - padding: 0.5em; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Negro Journalism, by George W. Gore</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'> - <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Negro Journalism</td></tr> - <tr><td></td><td>An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press</td></tr> -</table> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: George W. Gore</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 02, 2021 [eBook #64981]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO JOURNALISM ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">Negro Journalism</p> - -<p class="titlepage">An Essay on the History and Present<br /> -Conditions of the Negro Press</p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 50px;"> -<img src="images/leaf.jpg" width="50" height="30" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">By<br /> -GEORGE W. GORE, JR.<br /> -Junior in Course in Journalism<br /> -De Pauw University</p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 50px;"> -<img src="images/leaf.jpg" width="50" height="30" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">Greencastle, Indiana<br /> -1922</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Price 35 Cents</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">Copyright, 1922<br /> -By George W. Gore</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> - -</div> - -<p>This pamphlet does not pretend to be a detailed or scholarly -discussion of the subject. Lack of experience and funds have limited -the author to a mere outlining or suggesting of the field. In -fact, this essay is only the expansion of a term paper submitted -in fulfillment of a semester requirement in the Course in Journalism.</p> - -<p>The main purpose of this essay is to show the various stages of -development through which the Negro press has evolved with a -view of furnishing a background for the better understanding of -its present status. It is written, too, to present the problems and -inherent possibilities of Negro Journalism; to point out the progress -which is being made today; and to suggest future possibilities. If -this attempt, amateur and incomplete as it may be, in any measure -awakens an interest in the achievements and efforts of Negro newspapers -and magazines it has served its purpose.</p> - -<p>For the period up to 1890, the author frequently has referred -to <i>The Afro-American Press</i> and Its Editors by I. Garland Penn—a -work which is an authority on the subject for the period covered -by it. A large part of the biographical data and information on -present day newspapers was obtained from the Negro Year Book -and communications. I especially wish to thank those editors and -publishers who so kindly gave me the information which I desired.</p> - -<p>I am also very grateful to The Chicago Defender and The Southern -Workman of Hampton, Va., for the loan of some cuts.</p> - -<p>Especially do I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and -helpful criticism of my instructor, Prof. L. E. Mitchell, director -of the Course in Journalism, in DePauw University.</p> - -<p class="right">GEORGE W. GORE, JR.</p> - -<p class="noindent">Greencastle, Indiana.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> - -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b> Chapter numbering in this table of contents doesn’t -correspond to the chapter numbering in the text (due, it seems, to a late -insertion of the preface as an extra chapter). All links go to the correct places.</p> -</div> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#PREFACE"><span class="smcap">Preface</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Early Attempts (1827-1847)</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Discussion of nine pioneer papers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Biographic sketches of their editors.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">The Abolitionist Press (1847-1865)</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Discussion of eleven papers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Biographic sketches of editors.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">The Reconstruction Period (or the Period of Freedom) (1865-1880)</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Discussion of principal papers and their editors.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Statistics as to paper published.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">The Transition Period (1880-1900)</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Discussion of papers established that still exist.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VI.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">The Dawn of a New Era (1900-)</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Journalism regarded as a vocation.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and advertisements.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>News service and syndicates.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VII.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">Present Day Newspapers</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Discussion of mechanical equipment, news handling, etc.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Circulation and staffs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>Twelve best Negro newspapers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">Daily Negro Newspapers</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Early attempts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Daily editions for special periods.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>Present day dailies.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IX.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">Negro Magazines</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Precursors.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>Discussions of the development.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>Present day publications—characteristics, size, circulation, and aim.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">X.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Journalism and Negro Schools</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>High School and College papers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>College courses in Journalism—Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>Training in printing—Tuskegee and Hampton.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XI.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">A Forecast of the Future</span>—</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">XII.</td> - <td colspan="2"><a href="#NEWSPAPERS"><span class="smcap">Appendix—List of Newspapers and Magazines Published Today.</span></a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<h1>A History of Negro Journalism<br /> -In the<br /> -United States</h1> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br /> -<span class="smaller">EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Freedom’s Journal</span></div> - -<p>Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began -<i>The Genius of Universal Emancipation</i>, and -four years before William Lloyd Garrison -started to publish <i>The Liberator</i>, Negro Journalism in America was -born. The first publication was <i>Freedom’s Journal</i><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>, issued March -16, 1827. It was in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed -weekly, about nine by twelve inches. <i>Freedom’s Journal</i> was a -thorough-going abolitionist sheet, having been called into being -to defend the Negro against the vile attacks of a New York editor -of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and Negro-hating tendencies. -This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness Exalteth a -Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations on the -immorality of slavery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">John Russwurm First Editor</span></div> - -<p>The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first -Negroes to graduate from a college in the -United States, graduated from Bowdoin College -in 1826. Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published -<i>The Journal</i> until 1829, when he went to Liberia, where he -became editor of <i>The Liberia Herald</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Colored American</span></div> - -<p>A period of about eight years elapsed before -the founding of a second Negro newspaper. -In January, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began -the publishing of <i>The Weekly Advocate</i>. The name was changed -in March, however, to <i>The Colored American</i>, and under that name -it continued to be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor, Rev. -Cornish, was one of the leading Negro journalists of the period. -He had been associated with <i>Freedom’s Journal</i>, and throughout a -period of twenty years he was actively connected with some newspaper.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Advocated Emancipation</span></div> - -<p>The subscription price of <i>The Colored American</i> -was two dollars per year in advance. -Its objects were, according to its flag, “the -moral, social and political elevation of the free Colored people;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -and the peaceful emancipation of the enslaved.” The paper was -well received by the American press of the period, and many -favorable comments on it appeared from time to time.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Elevator</span></div> - -<p>The first two Negro newspapers had their -headquarters in New York City, but their -successor was established in Albany, N. Y. <i>The Elevator</i> came -into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper -was strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential -supporters and backers was Horace Greeley of <i>The New York -Tribune</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The National Watchman</span></div> - -<p>Contemporaneous with <i>The Elevator</i> appeared -<i>The National Watchman and Clarion</i>, -which was established in Troy, N. Y., in the -latter part of 1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. -It was short-lived, as was also <i>The People’s Press</i> which was published -by Thomas Hamilton in New York City the following year.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Mystery</span></div> - -<p>Following the lead taken by the empire state, -Pennsylvania became a field of activity for -the Negro journalist. In 1843, <i>The Mystery</i> was published at -Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard College. -At first it was conducted as the personal property of its editor, -but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary -to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change -Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor.</p> - -<p>Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was -fined for his statements; but his popularity was so great that the -fine was paid by popular subscription.</p> - -<p><i>The Mystery</i> ceased publication under that name in 1848, at -which time it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal -Church.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Statement by N. Y. Sun, Origin of The Ram’s Horn</span></div> - -<p>As the result of a statement by the editor of -<i>The New York Sun</i>, “The <i>Sun</i> shines for all -white men and not for colored men,” in -January, 1847, <i>The Ram’s Horn</i> was begun. -Its editor was Willis Hodges, who according to <i>The Afro-American -Press and Its Editor</i><a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>, furnished the money necessary to publish -the first issue by whitewashing in New York City for two months. -Within a short period of time the circulation of the paper reached -two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription price was -$1.50 to subscribers within the state, and $1 a year to those outside -the state. Its motto was—“We are men, and therefore interested -in whatever concerns men.” The publication was a five column -folio, printed on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> March 21, 1828, the name was changed to <i>Rights of All</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Douglass Founds North Star</span></div> - -<p>With the founding of the <i>North Star</i>, at -Rochester. N. Y., November 1, 1847, a new -era in Negro Journalism was begun. The -new paper was conducted on a much higher plane than any of the -preceding publications. The editor of the <i>North Star</i> was Frederick -Douglass, a man who stood head and shoulders above his colleagues. -In fact, Douglass is in Negro Journalism what Bennett, or Pulitzer, -or Greeley, or Dana is in American Journalism. The personal -fame of the man gave his paper at once a place among the first -journals of the country.</p> - -<p>The columns of the <i>North Star</i> were filled with contributions -from correspondents in Europe and the West Indies, as well as -from all parts of the United States. It was the first Negro newspaper -to have any considerable circulation among the American -people outside of its own race group.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Life of Fred Douglass</span></div> - -<p>The life of the founder of this paper is a -most interesting one. Born a slave at Tuckahoe, -Md., February, 1817, he escaped from -his master in 1833, going first to New York City, and then to New -Bedford, Mass. In 1841, he was sent out as a lecturer under the -auspices of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was one -of the most prominent anti-slavery agitators of his day; a series -of lectures on the immorality of human slavery was given by him -in England. Douglass’ power as a writer was great, and his ready -and vigorous use of the English language was always effective. The -paper was discontinued shortly after the abolition of slavery.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Impartial Citizen</span></div> - -<p>Around the brilliancy of the <i>North Star</i> -moved several satellites, which somewhat -reflected the light of the major planet. -Among these was <i>The Impartial Citizen</i>, published at Syracuse, -N. Y., in 1848, by Samuel Ward. It is said that the paper was -conducted on a high plane and was ably edited.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Colored Man’s Journal Runs Ten Years</span></div> - -<p>The suspension of <i>The Ram’s Horn</i> in 1848 -left the Negroes of New York City without a -newspaper. However, in 1851, Louis H. Putman -began the publication of <i>The Colored -Man’s Journal</i>. It was backed by a friend who financially supported -it, and as a result the paper was able to run for a period<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -of ten years—a record unequalled during the period before the -Emancipation by any paper with the exception of the <i>North Star</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Alienated American</span></div> - -<p><i>The Alienated American</i>, edited by W. H. -Day, was the first Negro newspaper published -in Ohio. It entered upon its career in Cleveland, -Ohio, in 1852, five years after its editor was graduated from -Oberlin College. <i>The Alienated American</i> was one of the best -journals published by Negroes in the nineteenth century.</p> - -<p>Day was a prolific, scholarly writer. His publication was a -creditable one and realized a good support. The paper ceased -publication in 1856, when its editor made a trip to England.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">A. M. E. Church Buys The Mystery</span></div> - -<p>In 1848, the African Methodist Episcopal -Church purchased <i>The Mystery</i> of Pittsburgh, -Pa., of which Martin Delaney was editor. -During the four years of its existence in Pittsburgh, the paper -was known as the <i>Christian Herald</i>. In 1852, the paper was moved -to Philadelphia, and its name was changed to <i>Christian Recorder</i>. -Rev, M. M. Clarke became its first editor.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Christian Recorder Oldest Negro Newspaper</span></div> - -<p>The beginning of the <i>Christian Recorder</i> in -1852, marks the founding of the oldest Negro -newspaper in existence today. It is also -significant in that it marks the first serious -attempt in Negro Journalism to establish a religious newspaper. -The early years of the paper were beset with many difficulties, and -oftimes the paper was not issued regularly. Not until Elisha -Weaver became editor in 1861 did it appear weekly. The size of -the paper has increased from 5 columns, 4 pages, 12 by 16 inches, -in 1848, to its present size, 4 columns, 16 pages, 10 by 16 inches.</p> - -<p>The present circulation of the paper is about 5,000. Its editor -is R. R. Wright Jr., who received the degree of Ph.D. from the -University of Pennsylvania in 1911.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Negro Journalism on Pacific Coast</span></div> - -<p>The year 1855 saw Negro Journalism starting -on the Pacific coast. Within a space of less -than thirty years Negro Journalism had made -its way from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboard. The first publication -was established at San Francisco under the name of <i>The -Mirror of the Times</i>. Its editor was Judge Gibbs. It was published -for seven years, and in 1862 was merged into <i>The Pacific Appeal</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Herald of Freedom</span></div> - -<p>Another contemporary of the <i>North Star</i> was -<i>The Herald of Freedom</i>, published in 1855, -in Ohio, by Peter H. Clark. It was short-lived -but during its existence it was one of the best advocates of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -Abolition. Its editor was a man of good common sense and vast -knowledge. After the suspension of his paper, Clark was associated -with Douglass on the <i>North Star</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Anglo-African</span></div> - -<p>Thomas Hamilton, the publisher of the short-lived -<i>People’s Press</i>, again attempted a -publication in New York City. On July 23, -1859, he began publishing <i>The Anglo-African</i>. The paper was -well printed and in the opinion of Frederick Douglass “had more -promise and more journalistic ability about it, than any of the -other papers.” The motto of the papers of the period was highly -indicative of their editorial outlook and policy. Practically every -paper had its motto, and <i>The Anglo-African</i> was no exception. Its -motto was: “Man must be free; if not through law, then above -the law.”</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Advocates Haytian Emigration</span></div> - -<p>In 1860, the paper was bought by James -Redpath—the object of his purchase being -to advocate the Haytian Emigration Movement. -With the change in ownership the paper was known as -<i>The Weekly Anglo-African</i>. Later, in 1861, the paper reverted to -the Hamilton family, being published by Robert Hamilton. The -original name of the paper was resumed, and under its new publisher -became an ardent supporter of the Republican party. With -the freeing of the slaves, <i>The Anglo-African</i> began to advocate the -need of educational facilities for the freedman, especially in the -South. The paper was suspended shortly after Emancipation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Colored Citizen Organ of Negro Soldiers During War</span></div> - -<p>During the period of the Civil War only two -Negro newspapers were established, one of -which was <i>The Colored Citizen</i>, published at -Cincinnati, Ohio, by John P. Sampson. It -was issued in the interest of the Negro -soldiers fighting in the war. It was commonly referred to as the -“Soldiers’ Organ,” and was widely disseminated among the soldiers. -Sampson was well educated—being a product of the Boston public -school system—and as an editor he was both able and enterprising. -<i>The Colored Citizen</i> was suspended the latter part of 1865.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Pacific Appeal</span></div> - -<p>In 1862, <i>The Pacific Appeal</i> came into being -in San Francisco, but it was not a new -publication, however, it was merely the successor -to <i>The Mirror of the Times</i>. Its editor was William H. -Carter. It became the index of the activities of the Negroes on -the Pacific coast. The paper’s motto was: “He who would be -free, himself must strike the blow.” It was a six column folio, -well-printed, and contained editorials which on the whole were -sober and sound.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Elevator, Edited by Bell</span></div> - -<p>The second paper established on the western -coast was <i>The Elevator</i>, which was begun by -Phillip Bell, April 18, 1865, in San Francisco, -Cal. The paper stated its mission thus: “We shall labor -for the civil and political enfranchisement of the Colored people—not -as a distinct and separate race, but as American citizens.” The -publisher encouraged advertisements and quoted his rates as being -60 cents for one insertion and 25 cents for each subsequent insertion.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Bell a Man of Learning</span></div> - -<p>Bell had been connected with the journalistic -field for twenty-five years, and as a result -was experienced in the work. His editorials -were of a high quality. His paper was neatly printed and contained -contributions relating to science, art, literature and drama. -In fact, it is said that Bell himself was well-versed in belles-lettres -and dramatic criticism. By many of his contemporaries he was -considered the Napoleon of the Negro press. Although he died in -1889, his paper continued for many years thereafter.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1865-1880)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Emancipation Goal of Negro Press</span></div> - -<p>With the emancipation, a new period in -Negro Journalism is begun. For nearly forty -years newspapers had been published by -Negroes who had obtained their freedom, but -the circulation of these papers among the race group of necessity -was limited. Emancipation marked the realization of the goal of -the Negro press prior to that time, and with the ushering in of freedom -many of the newspapers ceased publication. There was, however, -still another great, if not even more important task for the -Negro press—the education of the masses of illiterate. This task -the surviving newspapers, together with many new ones, set out -to accomplish.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">First Southern Negro Newspaper</span></div> - -<p>The first notable development of the period -was the beginning of Negro newspapers in -the South, where the large majority of -Negroes were located. The first Negro newspaper published in the -South was <i>The Colored American</i> of Augusta, Ga., issued for the -first time in October, 1865. The following paragraph from its -prospectus will suffice to show the paper’s attitude and policy:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Colored American’s Prospectus</span></div> - -<p>“It (<i>The Colored American</i>) is designated to -be a vehicle for the diffusion of Religious, -Political and General Intelligence. It will -be devoted to the promotion of harmony and -good-will between the whites and Colored people of the south, and -untiring in its advocacy of Industry and Education among all -classes; but particularly the class most in need of our agency.</p> - -<p>“Accepting, at all times, the decision of public sentiment and -Legislative Assemblies, and bowing to the majesty of law, it will -fearlessly remonstrate against legal and constitutional proscription -by appeal to the public sense of justice.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Shuften’s Editorial on the Race Problem</span></div> - -<p>The editor of the paper was J. T. Shuften, -who was ably assisted by Dr. James Lynch. -Shuften was credited by <i>The New York -World</i> as having written the best article of -the time on the “Negro Question.” The paper was short-lived and -suspended February, 1866.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Precursors in Southern States</span></div> - -<p>With the beginning of Negro Journalism in -the South, papers sprung up in other states: -<i>The Colored Tennessean</i> and <i>The True Communicator</i>, -of Baltimore, Md., being among the more noted ones. -Many of the papers were short-lived; others changed hands and -names frequently and continued for several years.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Papers Grow in Influence and Circulation</span></div> - -<p>The year 1868 saw the founding of <i>The -Charleston Leader</i>, at Charleston, S. C. By -1870, the Negro press began to make itself -felt. <i>The People’s Journal</i>, with a circulation -of over 10,000 was being edited by Dr. R. L. Perry. In -Mississippi, James J. Spellman and John Lynch began <i>The Colored -Citizen</i>. December, 1870, marked the founding of <i>The New Orleans -Louisianian</i>, by P. B. S. Pinchback<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, who in 1873 became -governor of Louisiana, being the only Negro ever to hold this -position.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Editors Highly Educated</span></div> - -<p>August 1861, John J. Freeman started <i>The Progressive American</i>, -in New York City, which existed for ten years. The one outstanding -achievement of this paper is the fact that as a result of its fight -for Negro teachers in the public schools twenty-three were appointed. -Between 1865 and 1880, over 30 newspapers -of more or less merit came into existence; -Negro newspapers were being published in -21 states. The papers of the period were ably edited and were the -product of some of the most highly educated Negroes.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Pinchback died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 22, 1921.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Afro-American Press.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1880-1900)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Number of Papers Increases</span></div> - -<p>The last twenty years of the nineteenth century -were marked by an increase in the number -of papers published. More than 150 -papers were being published by Negroes in thirty different states -before the dawn of the new century. To trace the history of all -of these papers would be useless, if not well nigh impossible, as -but few of them were long-lived or permanent. Most of them were -started for the achievement of a single end, and having served the -temporary need disappeared. There are, however, several papers -which were established during this period that demand treatment -because of their longevity and present existence.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia Tribune</span></div> - -<p>Among this group is <i>The Philadelphia Tribune</i>, -founded by Christopher J. Perry in -1884. Perry, who was sole owner of his -paper, had had much experience in Journalism before becoming -a publisher. His work as editor of the Colored Department of -<i>The Sunday Mercury</i>, had established his reputation as a journalist.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Remarkable Success Under Perry</span></div> - -<p>Since its founding, its editor has worked unceasingly -towards its development and as a -result the success of the paper has been -remarkable. Today the paper exists, and -in spite of the death of its founder in 1920, is still -carried on by his heirs. Today <i>The Philadelphia Tribune</i> occupies -an enviable position among Negro papers, and is undoubtedly one -of the twelve best Negro papers in the United States. At the time -of his death, Christopher Perry was president of The National -Negro Press Association.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Age Oldest Negro Paper in New York City</span></div> - -<p>The oldest Negro newspaper published in -New York City at the present time is <i>The -New York Age</i>. It was founded in 1888 by -T. Thomas Fortune, the living dean of Negro -newspaper editors. Fortune began his journalistic career as a -boy in the office of a white paper published in Marianna, Fla. His -first editorship came in 1880, when he became connected with -<i>The New York Globe</i>. Under the guidance of Fortune, <i>The Age</i> -was perhaps the greatest Negro newspaper of the period. Garland -Penn, in his <i>Afro-American Press</i> (published in 1891), styles, -Fortune as “the most noted man in Afro-American journalism.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Richmond Planet Edited by Mitchell</span></div> - -<p><i>The Richmond Planet</i>, founded by John Mitchell, -Jr., in 1884, is another Negro newspaper -that has enjoyed longevity. Mitchell -seems to have been a born newspaperman, -and practically all of his life he has devoted himself to journalism. -Despite his location in the Southland, Mitchell has ever been a -bold and fearless writer. Today <i>The Richmond Planet</i> still exists, -with John Mitchell, Jr., at its head, and has a circulation of over -25,000.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Smith and The Cleveland Gazette</span></div> - -<p><i>The Cleveland Gazette</i> was begun in August, -1883, with H. C. Smith as sole owner. It -was considered as one of the best edited -papers in the United States. Smith was an ardent politician, and -his editorials advocating Republicanism were exceptionally pointed -and well put. The paper was one of the few Negro papers of the -period that was a financial success. <i>The Cleveland Gazette</i> is still -published by H. C. Smith. It has a circulation of approximately -20,000.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">William Chase and The Bee</span></div> - -<p>Perhaps the strongest Negro newspaper ever -published in Washington, D. C., is <i>The -Washington Bee</i>, of which William Calvin -Chase is editor and founder. Chase is especially noted for his -bull-dog tenacity in exposing and attacking fraud. He has always -been one of the “big guns” in editorial artillery. Chase is still -editor of his paper, and <i>The Bee</i> buzzes as of old.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Freeman First Illustrated Negro Weekly</span></div> - -<p>The first illustrated Negro newspaper was -<i>The Indianapolis Freeman</i>, founded by Edward -Cooper of Indianapolis, Ind., July 14, -1888. The paper consisted of eight pages, -and gave a complete review of the doings of Negroes everywhere. -The extensive use of cuts and illustrations made the paper famous. -As an all around newspaperman, Cooper was without a peer, and -under his management the paper reached a pre-eminent position -in Negro Journalism. Today <i>The Freeman</i> is owned and controlled -by George L. Knox, and it still enjoys a wide range of popularity. -The paper features theatricals and sports. The present circulation -is about 30,000.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Afro-American Founded in 1893</span></div> - -<p>The founding of <i>The Afro-American</i> in 1893, -by W. M. Alexander marks the beginning of -a paper which today figures most conspicuously -in Negro Journalism. About 1896, the paper came into the -hands of J. H. Murphy, Sr.,<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> who is now its managing editor at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -the age of eighty. More will be said of <i>The Afro-American</i> in -connection with the chapter on Present Day Papers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Leading Papers in 1897</span></div> - -<p>A list of the leading Negro newspapers in -America in 1897, compiled by J. T. Haley -in his book <i>Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge</i>, -includes the following: <i>The Colored American</i>, Washington, -D. C.; <i>The New York Age</i>; <i>The Indianapolis Freeman</i>; <i>The Cleveland -Gazette</i>; <i>The Boston Courant</i>; <i>The Richmond</i> (Va.) <i>Planet</i>; -<i>The Huntsville</i> (Ala.) <i>Gazette</i>; <i>The Southern Age</i>, Atlanta, Ga.; -<i>The Progress</i>, Helena, Ark.; <i>The Elevator</i>, San Francisco, Cal.; -<i>The Colorado Statesman</i>, Denver, Colo.; <i>The Appeal</i>, Chicago, Ill.; -<i>The Afro-American</i>, Baltimore, Md., and <i>The Denver</i> (Colo.) <i>Star</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Organization of Negro Correspondents</span></div> - -<p>It would be improper to close a discussion -of the period without mentioning the organizing -of the “Associated Correspondents of -Race Papers” on April 23, 1890. The object -of the organization was to establish a better medium of communication -from the capital. This step was perhaps the first real effort -for unison among Negro newspapers, and marked a growing spirit -of journalistic co-operation and interdependency.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Murphy died in April, 1922, at the age of 80 years.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br /> -<span class="smaller">THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-⸺)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Journalism Becoming a Profession</span></div> - -<p>Without doubt the first two decades of the -twentieth century mark the highest progress -in Negro Journalism. More papers have -been established, and better papers have been -produced. A realization of the power of the press has grown as -the period of freedom has increased and race consciousness has -been developed. More men with capital have invested in newspapers. -Publishers and editors began for the first time to consider -Journalism a profession from which a living could be derived.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Lack Funds and Need Equipment</span></div> - -<p>Lack of adequate funds to fully develop a -well-balanced newspaper has been and still -is the greatest drawback to the Negro publisher. -Until in very recent years, no Negro newspaper did all of -its mechanical work. In many cases the newspaper office merely -collected and arranged the news, and then carried it to some publishing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -concern. In other cases, the paper was printed by a publishing -house, although the “forms” were made-up in the paper’s -own shop. Thus, Negro newspapers have not been independent -concerns.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Lack of Live News Stories</span></div> - -<p>In his effort to seriously make journalistic -progress, the publisher of a Negro newspaper -has always found it difficult to obtain sufficient -live material to fill up his sheet. There have been no news -bureaus or syndicates to supply him with the type of news needed -to make his paper a real newsy sheet. In his endeavor to “pad out” -in order to continually fill the standard size of his paper, the Negro -publisher has been compelled to “clip” news previously featured -by the daily newspapers or rewrite news from other Negro papers—a -task rendered difficult by the corresponding dearth of real news -in all Negro papers during “dull” seasons.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Poor Organization a Serious Handicap</span></div> - -<p>Prior to and at the beginning of the twentieth -century, the organization of the average -Negro newspaper amounted to a printer-editor, -perhaps an assistant whose duties were varied and manifold, -an office girl, who in addition to keeping books, also performed -the duties of copy-reader, and two or three agents who worked -part time on a percentage basis. The typographical and grammatical -structure of many of the papers suffered greatly through the -lack of having a staff sufficiently trained and equipped with the -proper facilities for turning out a well-edited, well-printed sheet.</p> - -<p>Dependence on a small, under-paid and inefficient organization—a -condition analogous, and in many instances worse than that which -exists on the small town newspaper—has seriously handicapped -the Negro newspaper of the past.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">News Bureaus and Syndicates Founded</span></div> - -<p>The past twenty years have witnessed the -evolution of a new Negro press. Stronger -papers have been begun, and news syndicates -and news associations have been founded. -Examples of the latter are: The Hampton Institute -Service, The Tuskegee Institute Press Service, Allen’s News Agency, -The R. W. Thompson News Agency, The National Negro Press -Association and The Associated Negro Press. Especially is the -last named organization rendering a great service and filling a great -need.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Associated Negro Press</span></div> - -<p>The Associated Negro Press has been in -existence less than four years but during that -time it has rapidly grown and achieved great -success. Today it has a membership of more than 100 newspapers.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -The establishment of the A. N. P. was the first effort in Negro -Journalism to assemble and distribute regularly general news from -all sections of the United States and other countries affecting Colored -people. Through the work of this organization big news -stories now appear simultaneously in all of the leading Negro newspapers. -The A. N. P. maintains executive offices in Chicago and -permanent bureaus in Washington and New York.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Papers of the Period</span></div> - -<p>Among the present day papers established -in this period are: <i>The Boston Guardian</i>, -<i>The Nashville Globe</i>, <i>The Atlanta Independent</i>, -<i>The Chicago Defender</i>, <i>The Detroit Leader</i>, <i>The Pittsburgh -Courier</i>, <i>The St. Louis Argus</i>, <i>The Dallas Express</i>, <i>The Cleveland -Advocate</i>, <i>The Negro World</i>, <i>The Indianapolis Ledger</i>, <i>The Indianapolis -Recorder</i>, and <i>The Chicago Whip</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br /> -<span class="smaller">PRESENT DAY PAPERS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">250 Secular Weeklies</span></div> - -<p>Today over 250 secular Negro newspapers -are being published in the United States, -with a total circulation of over one million -five hundred thousand copies. These papers are published in 34 -states and in the district of Columbia.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Papers Have Journalistic Appearance</span></div> - -<p>Papers published in the larger centers where -the Negro population is large, such as New -York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, -Cleveland, St. Louis, Washington, Detroit, -Indianapolis, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Nashville and Atlanta have -developed to a high degree. Their make-up on the whole is good; -their news stories for the most part conform with accepted journalistic -style; their leads are of the summary type; their headlines, -although somewhat sensational, are usually well constructed; their -news treatment is becoming more impersonal; on the whole they are -a great improvement over the Negro papers of the past.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Defender Housed in $200,000 Plant</span></div> - -<p>Negro newspaper offices are being transformed -from mere receiving stations for news -to newspaper plants. During May, 1921, -<i>The Chicago Defender</i>, one of the leading Negro newspapers, moved -into a new building fitted up by its owner, Robert S. Abbott, at an -expense of over $200,000. The new <i>Defender</i> plant compares -favorably with that of any paper of its size in the United States.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -Its equipment includes four linotype machines, each equipped with -two magazines, geared to cast seven lines per minute. The press -on which <i>The Defender</i> is printed is a 32-page and color machine, -made by the celebrated Goss Printing Press Company. It is driven -by a 30 H.P. motor and six men are required for its operation. -It prints, folds and counts the papers all in one operation at a -speed of 35,000 copies per hour. The paper’s circulation is over -200,000.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="700" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Abbott, Editor and Owner of The Chicago Defender, -Chicago, Illinois</p> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Afro-American Employs 21</span></div> - -<p>Another paper which is representative of the -new order of things in Negro Journalism is -<i>The Afro-American</i> of Baltimore, Md. <i>The -Afro-American</i> was among the first Negro papers to own and operate -its own plant. Today the plant consists of a three-story building, -Goss Press, three linotype machines, etc. The paper has twenty-one -active employees and over two hundred agents in the state. -The sworn circulation of the paper for 1920-21 was twenty thousand -and one hundred copies weekly.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Tribune Owns $100,000 Plant</span></div> - -<p>From a humble beginning in 1884, <i>The -Philadelphia Tribune</i> has grown until today -it has its own hundred thousand dollar plant, fully -equipped to do modern job and commercial work in addition to -printing the paper. Christopher J. Perry remained sole owner -of the paper from its founding to the time of his death. Today -the paper is being published by his children, and is continuing -along the conservative lines which have characterized the paper -for more than 35 years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="800" height="1000" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">First page of the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro weekly newspaper with a -$200,000 plant and a subscription list which is over 175,000. A view of the plant -is also shown.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Better Staffs and News</span></div> - -<p>In the past, the editorial page has been the -one redeeming feature of the average Negro -newspaper. Today the papers are beginning -to have well-balanced staffs, reporters, city editors, cartoonists, etc. -News stories are being better written, copy is being handled more -carefully, accuracy is being insisted upon, and make-up in general -is being improved.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Sectional Differences in Development</span></div> - -<p>Papers printed in different parts of the -country vary quite significantly in their make-up -and quality. The best papers are probably -published in the Middle West and the -East. The Southern press is still in the rear, although signs are -evident that it is beginning to wake up. At the present four Southern -papers have a very high national rating. They are <i>The Afro-American</i>, -<i>The Atlanta Independent</i>, <i>The Nashville Globe</i> and <i>The -Dallas Express</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Papers Having Over 30,000</span></div> - -<p>Seven papers have over 30,000 subscribers. -The list includes the following papers in the -order named: <i>The Chicago Defender</i>, <i>The -Negro World</i>, <i>The Indianapolis Ledger</i>, <i>The Atlanta Independent</i>, -<i>The New York News</i>, <i>The Pittsburgh Courier</i> and <i>The Birmingham -Reporter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Twelve Leading Negro Weeklies</span></div> - -<p>Any attempt to select the leading Negro newspapers -of necessity must be more or less -arbitrary, and dependent upon prejudices -toward certain types of journalism. A probable list of the best -twelve weeklies might include: <i>The Chicago Defender</i>, <i>The Afro-American</i>, -<i>The Cleveland Advocate</i>, <i>The Philadelphia Tribune</i>, <i>The -New York Age</i>, <i>The Pittsburgh Courier</i>, <i>The Chicago Whip</i>, <i>The -St. Louis Argus</i>, <i>The Indianapolis Ledger</i>, <i>The Atlanta Independent</i>, -<i>The Detroit Leader</i> and <i>The Boston Guardian</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br /> -<span class="smaller">DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">First Daily Cairo Gazette</span></div> - -<p>The first attempt of the Negro journalist to -publish a daily newspaper was <i>The Cairo</i> -(Ill.) <i>Gazette</i>, which was first issued April 23, -1882. The editor was W. S. Scott. The paper was issued regularly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -for six months when the plant was destroyed by fire. It was -a readable sheet, contained much original matter, and had a good -force of reporters.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Columbus Messenger</span></div> - -<p>The next attempt was <i>The Columbus Messenger</i>, -published at Columbus. Ga. It was -first issued as a daily in 1888. It was edited -by B. T. Harvey, a graduate of Tuskegee Institute. The sheet was -12 by 20 inches.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dailies Issued for Short Periods</span></div> - -<p>Several newspapers have issued daily editions -for short periods. <i>The Knoxville</i> -(Tenn.) <i>Negro World</i> was issued daily as -an advertising medium for two weeks. About 1890 <i>The Public -Ledger</i> of Baltimore, Md., was issued daily by Wesley Adams, for -a short period. <i>The Nashville Globe</i> published a daily during the -$30,000 Y. M. C. A. campaign in Nashville, Tenn., June 1-12, 1913. -It proved a tremendous success for the twelve days and had an -average circulation of 5,000 per day. During the World War -<i>The Herald</i> of Baltimore, Md., edited by W. T. Andrews, was issued -daily.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Dailies in Form of “Broadsides”</span></div> - -<p>Three daily papers are being published at -present. Two of these, <i>The Richmond</i> (Va.) -<i>Colored American</i> and <i>The Washington Colored -American</i> are published by the American Publicity Bureau, -Inc. and The National Negro Publicity Bureau, Inc., respectively -with D. Eugene Taylor listed as general manager of both. In form -these papers are “broadsides”—a bulletin type of sheet printed on -only one side. They are printed on a sheet measuring 24 inches -by 36 inches. The news is set in two double columns, running -down the center of the page between a double column of advertising -on each side.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Daily Standard</span></div> - -<p>The third paper is <i>The Indianapolis Daily -Standard</i> which began publication the latter -part of April, 1922, under the editorship of -C. C. Shelby. It is a 7 column, 4-page paper and retails at 2 cents -per copy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Drawbacks to Negro Daily</span></div> - -<p>The slow development of the Negro daily is -due chiefly to the fact: (1) That the field -of such papers is already covered to a large -extent by the American daily press; and (2) That a daily paper, -with a restricted field from which to gather news, and denied the -service of the Associated Press, is well nigh impossible. With the -further development of the Associated Negro Press more Negro -dailies may be possible.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br /> -<span class="smaller">NEGRO MAGAZINES</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Early Magazines</span></div> - -<p>The magazine field has not been entered as -rapidly or as fully by the Negro journalist -as the newspaper field. The first Negro -magazine, nevertheless, early followed the beginning made by the -first Negro newspaper. In 1837, the first magazine—<i>The Mirror -of Liberty</i>—was published by David Ruggles. It was devoted to -the advancement of the free Negroes in the North, and was issued -quarterly from New York City.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Anglo-African Magazine</span></div> - -<p>The next serious attempt to publish a Negro -magazine was in 1856, when Thomas Hamilton, -of New York City, issued <i>The Anglo-African -Magazine</i>, which was the outgrowth of his newspaper, The -Anglo-African. It was devoted to literature, science, statistics and -contained articles on the abolition of slavery. It existed for about -four years.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">A. M. E. Review Oldest Magazine</span></div> - -<p>The oldest Negro magazine, like the oldest -newspaper, was established by the A. M. E. -Church. In 1884, that denomination began -the publishing of <i>The A. M. E. Review</i> in Baltimore, Md. Today -it still exists and is published in Philadelphia, Pa.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Our Women and Children</span></div> - -<p>Another noteworthy periodical is <i>Our Women -and Children</i>, first published in 1888, by Dr. -William J. Simmons. It was unique in that -it practically confined itself to the feminine world. Its contributors -were chiefly women and the articles which appeared on its pages -concerned themselves primarily with questions which affected home-life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Over 100 Magazines in Existence</span></div> - -<p>Many other Negro magazines have been attempted; -many of more or less note, but of -the magazines established prior to 1900, -scarcely a one, if any, are in existence today. -Of the leading present day magazines, none can boast of as long -a period of publication as the present day newspapers. At present -about one hundred magazines are being published by Negroes. -However, this number includes school periodicals, church organs -and fraternal organs, and only a small fraction of the total number -are purely literary or secular publications.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Crisis Edited by Dr. DuBois</span></div> - -<p>Among the foremost Negro magazines of -general literature is <i>The Crisis</i>, published at -New York City, under the editorship of Dr. -W. E. B. DuBois, perhaps the leading literary figure among the -race today. While the publication is the official organ of the -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, it -contains short stories, essays, sketches and poetry of a high literary -quality.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Special Educational Number</span></div> - -<p>A special feature of <i>The Crisis</i> is the emphasis -it places on higher education. Each -July it publishes an educational number containing -the photographs of Negro college -graduates from white Northern institutions during the past school -year. The issue also contains a resume of the educational progress -of the year.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Messenger, a Journal of Social Science</span></div> - -<p><i>The Messenger</i>, published in New York City -by Phillip Randolph and Chandler Owen, is -devoted to economic, political and sociological -subject-matter, with special emphasis -upon the Negro and his relation to the labor problem. The tremendous -influence of this magazine, devoted as it is to such a -special field, is clearly shown by the fact that at present it has a -circulation of over 26,000.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">A Magazine Devoted to Music and Sports</span></div> - -<p>Another magazine which confines itself to a -limited field is <i>The American Musician and -Sportsman Magazine</i>. This publication is -printed in Philadelphia, Pa., by William A. -Potter, editor. It is intended to afford opportunity for the expression -of opinion on things musical, and in addition to its -emphasis on music it deals with all branches of professional and -amateur sports. The magazine has a circulation of 5500.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Journal of Negro History</span></div> - -<p>One of the most scholarly periodicals published -by Negroes is <i>The Journal of Negro -History</i> edited by Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D., -at Washington, D. C. The publication treats in a thorough-going -and detailed manner the history of the Negro race.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Brownies’ Book for Negro Youth</span></div> - -<p><i>The Brownies’ Book</i>, a magazine devoted to -the activities of the Negro youth, is also -published in New York City and has at its -head Dr. DuBois and Augustus Dill. It contains stories, the life -and deeds of famous men and women of the Negro race, and current -events of the world told in language suitable for children. -In a similar manner to <i>The Crisis</i>, it features the photographs -of Negro high school graduates.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Featured Negro Short Stories</span></div> - -<p>Two magazines of national importance and -published in Chicago, Ill., are <i>The Half-Century</i>, -edited by Katherine Williams Irmin -and <i>The Favorite</i>, edited by Fenton Johnson. Both of these periodicals -feature literary material and short stories dealing with -Negro life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">The Radiator</span></div> - -<p>Another periodical dealing with a special -field is <i>The Radiator</i>, a bi-monthly insurance -magazine, edited by Sadie T. Mossell at Durham, N. C. Its purpose -is to disseminate news and information to Negro insurance -companies and workers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Leading Present Day Magazines</span></div> - -<p>Other magazines published at the present -time are: <i>The Journal of the National Medical -Association</i>, issued quarterly by the -National Medical Association at Tuskegee Institute, Ala.; <i>The Pullman -Porter’s Review</i>, Chicago, Ill.; <i>The Search Light</i>, Raleigh, -N. C.; <i>The Rainbow</i>, New York City, and <i>The Crusader</i>, New York -City.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br /> -<span class="smaller">TRAINING IN NEGRO SCHOOLS</span></h2> - -</div> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Elementary Training in High Schools</span></div> - -<p>Definite steps are being taken by Negro -schools and colleges to provide academic -training in Journalism. Even in the high -schools, the development of a vague appreciation -of, and elementary training in Journalism is afforded by the -publishing of school papers, under the supervision of the English -department. Such schools as Dunbar High School, Washington, -D. C.; Summer High School, St. Louis, Mo.; Central High School, -Louisville, Ky.; Pearl High School, Nashville, Tenn., and Langston -High School, Hot Springs, Ark., illustrate the point.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">College Publications</span></div> - -<p>What is true of the high schools is true of -the Normal and Industrial schools and colleges -on a larger scale. Approximately one -hundred periodicals are published by such institutions at least once -a month. Some of these are purely the product of the student -body; a few of them are the product of both students and faculty; -still others are the publication of the administration and faculty, -and under the supervision of a university editor. Many of the -latter have developed to the place where they are nationally known.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -Such periodicals as <i>The Fisk University News</i>, <i>The Southern Workman</i> -(Hampton Institute), <i>Howard University Record</i> (quarterly), -<i>The Tuskegee Student</i> and <i>The Atlanta University Bulletin</i> (quarterly) -are among the best Negro publications in the United States.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Journalism Courses at Fisk University</span></div> - -<p>This, however, is not all. The training of -Negro journalists is being attempted through -college courses. Fisk University, Nashville, -Tenn., perhaps, was the first school to give -such courses. Under the professorship of Isaac Fisher, one of the -foremost Negro editors today, four courses in Journalism are -offered. The course as outlined in the latest Fisk University catalog -includes: (1) Essentials in Newspaper Technique—a course -including practise in writing, editing, and methods of presentation; -(2) The Law of Journalism—a study of libel, copyright, rights -and duties of the press in reporting judicial proceedings, and the -liabilities of the publisher, editor, reporter and contributor; (3) -Ethics of Journalism—lectures discussing the proper responsibility -to the public on the part of newspaper writers; (4) Art of Newspaper -and Magazine Making—a course devoted to the studying of -actual work of making a newspaper and magazine, with laboratory -practice to supplement the theory studied.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Professional Training</span></div> - -<p>What will in all probabilities mark the real -beginning of professional training in Journalism -among Negroes is the opening of the -proposed School of Journalism by Howard University, Washington, -D. C. Owing to a limitation of finances, unfortunately the -school has not yet been put in operation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Proposed Courses at Howard University Journalism School</span></div> - -<p>The course as outlined in the Howard University -catalog is based upon two years of -college work, including a reading knowledge -of at least two modern languages, and advanced -work in English Composition. The -professional work covers two years and leads to the degree of -Bachelor of Science in Journalism. The subjects offered are: -Practice in Writing, Newspaper Technique, Newspaper Editing, The -History of Journalism, Advertising, Journalistic French, Journalistic -German, Journalistic Spanish, Elements of Law, Freehand and -Applied Drawing, and certain college courses in History, Economics, -Sociology, Literature and Politics.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Journalism at Wilberforce</span></div> - -<p>While it does not have a separate department -in Journalism, Wilberforce University offers -courses in journalistic writing as a part of -the work in the department of English. Three courses are given<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -at present: Business English, Short Story Writing and Editorial -Writing.</p> - -<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap">Printing</span></div> - -<p>On the mechanical side of newspaper publishing, -work is offered in printing at Hampton -Institute (Va.), Tuskegee Institute (Ala.), and Wilberforce -University (Ohio). Many of the present printer-editors are products -of these schools.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br /> -<span class="smaller">A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>From its small beginning in 1827, Negro Journalism has steadily -grown in the United States. Today it stands as a definite factor -in Negro life. In truth, the Negro press reflects the growing race -consciousness of eleven million American citizens of African descent. -The status of the Negro newspaper is fixed—it is here to stay. -While daily newspapers may devote space to “News of Interest to -Colored People;” yet they can never take the place of the newspapers -which are published solely for the race group. The appeal -of the Negro newspaper is direct and racial. In a manner similar -to that of the rural press, the Negro paper has an unlimited field -because of its personal relationship to its readers.</p> - -<p>During the first half century of Negro Journalism, it is doubtful -if any of the papers were financial successes; in truth, most of them -were published as purely partisan or propagandists organs, and -were supported through the contributions of sympathizers. Today -Negro newspapers are conducted on business principles and pay -reasonable returns to their investors.</p> - -<p>Papers in the large cities have built up enormous subscription -lists of bona fide, paid-up subscribers. Likewise, they carry a large -amount of well-paying advertisements, and as a result of these -sources of income they are able to give attractive remuneration -to their publishers, editorial staff and business staff. No longer -must the Negro journalist necessarily be an unpaid worker. -Trained journalists can obtain respectable salaries and find as many -openings as their fellow workers on metropolitan dailies and -national weeklies and monthlies.</p> - -<p>That the calibre of the work done on Negro publications will -continue to improve is highly probable in view of the fact that -every year an increasing number of trained young men and women<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -are entering the field, and bringing with them burning enthusiasm -and high professional ideals. The Courses in Journalism in the -Negro colleges, also, will soon be having a telling effect on the -future Negro journalist. Already a few of the twentieth century -Negro youths are being attracted to the professional study of Journalism, -preferring the possibilities of its virgin field to the overcrowded -professions of law, teaching, medicine and theology.</p> - -<p>The future of Negro Journalism is limited only by the zeal and -conscientious effort which its workers bestir themselves to exert. -A marvelous growth and success has been recorded within the past -95 years, but greater achievement is yet to be accomplished. Negro -semi-weeklies, and eventually dailies in the larger cities, will undoubtedly -be developed within the next decade. The size of many -of the present weeklies will be increased of necessity. Better news -stories and more real news will be the result of the successful functioning -of such news syndicates as the Associated Negro Press.</p> - -<p>The decreasing of illiteracy among the Negroes will continue to -be carried forward by the Negro press, with a mutual benefit to -the race and its publications. Higher standards of literacy will -bring greater appreciation for reading and thereby create a stronger -support for the Negro publisher.</p> - -<p>In the immediate future, perhaps, the great field for development -in Negro Journalism is in the South where the great mass of Negro -population, despite the Northern immigration, resides. There Negro -Journalism needs and will continue to need its best trained editors -and managers. There it will need men of sound judgment and -common sense; men of purpose and high professional ideals; men -of broad sympathy and great patience.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="NEWSPAPERS">PARTIAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE -UNITED STATES</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="List of newspapers, ordered by state alphabetically"> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">ALABAMA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Birmingham Reporter</td> - <td class="tdr">Birmingham</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Emancipator</td> - <td class="tdr">Montgomery</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Mobile Forum</td> - <td class="tdr">Mobile</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Mobile Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Mobile</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Mobile Weekly Press</td> - <td class="tdr">Mobile</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Negro Leader</td> - <td class="tdr">Uniontown</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Times Plaindealer</td> - <td class="tdr">Birmingham</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Voice of the People</td> - <td class="tdr">Birmingham</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Voice of the Negro</td> - <td class="tdr">Dothan</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">ARKANSAS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hot Springs Echo</td> - <td class="tdr">Hot Springs</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas Banner</td> - <td class="tdr">Little Rock</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Appreciator-Union</td> - <td class="tdr">Fort Smith</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Negro Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Fordyce</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Interstate Reporter</td> - <td class="tdr">Helena</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Opinion-Enterprise</td> - <td class="tdr">Marianna</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Western Review</td> - <td class="tdr">Little Rock</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>White River Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Newport</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The School Herald</td> - <td class="tdr">Warren</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">ARIZONA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Phoenix Tribune</td> - <td class="tdr">Phoenix</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">CALIFORNIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">Los Angeles</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Liberator</td> - <td class="tdr">Los Angeles</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Citizens Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Los Angeles</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oakland Sunshine</td> - <td class="tdr">Oakland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Western Outlook</td> - <td class="tdr">Oakland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New Age</td> - <td class="tdr">Los Angeles</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Western Review</td> - <td class="tdr">Sacramento</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">COLORADO</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Colorado Statesman</td> - <td class="tdr">Denver</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Denver Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Colorado Springs</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Rising Sun</td> - <td class="tdr">Pueblo</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">CONNECTICUT</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hartford Herald</td> - <td class="tdr">Hartford</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Washington Eagle</td> - <td class="tdr">Washington</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Washington Bee</td> - <td class="tdr">Washington<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">FLORIDA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida Sentinel</td> - <td class="tdr">Jacksonville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Labor Templar</td> - <td class="tdr">Jacksonville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>West Florida Bugle</td> - <td class="tdr">Marianna</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Tampa Bulletin</td> - <td class="tdr">Tampa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Metropolitan</td> - <td class="tdr">Tallahassee</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Palatka Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Palatka</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Colored Citizen</td> - <td class="tdr">Pensacola</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">GEORGIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Savannah Journal</td> - <td class="tdr">Savannah</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Savannah Tribune</td> - <td class="tdr">Savannah</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Americus Chronicle</td> - <td class="tdr">Americus</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Athens Clipper</td> - <td class="tdr">Athens</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Atlanta Post</td> - <td class="tdr">Atlanta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Atlanta Independent</td> - <td class="tdr">Atlanta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rome Enterprise</td> - <td class="tdr">Rome</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Brunswick</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Augusta News</td> - <td class="tdr">Augusta</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Supreme Circle News</td> - <td class="tdr">Albany</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">ILLINOIS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Inter-State Echo</td> - <td class="tdr">Danville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Broad Axe</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Chicago Defender</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Chicago Idea</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Peoples Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Searchlight</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Whip</td> - <td class="tdr">Chicago</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Forum</td> - <td class="tdr">Springfield</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Weekly Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Mound City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Illinois Conservator</td> - <td class="tdr">Springfield</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Advance Citizens</td> - <td class="tdr">Springfield</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">INDIANA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Indianapolis Freeman</td> - <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Indianapolis Recorder</td> - <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Indianapolis Ledger</td> - <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Indianapolis World</td> - <td class="tdr">Indianapolis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Terre Haute Citizen</td> - <td class="tdr">Terre Haute</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>National Defender and Sun</td> - <td class="tdr">Gary</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Gary Dispatch</td> - <td class="tdr">Gary</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">IOWA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Iowa State Bystander</td> - <td class="tdr">Des Moines</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Buxton Gazette</td> - <td class="tdr">Buxton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">KANSAS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Topeka Plaindealer</td> - <td class="tdr">Topeka</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Negro Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Wichita</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wichita Protest</td> - <td class="tdr">Wichita</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Coffeyville Globe</td> - <td class="tdr">Coffeyville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hutchinson Blade</td> - <td class="tdr">Hutchinson<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">KENTUCKY</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Kentucky Reporter</td> - <td class="tdr">Louisville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Columbian Herald</td> - <td class="tdr">Louisville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Louisville News</td> - <td class="tdr">Louisville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky Home Finder</td> - <td class="tdr">Louisville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lexington Weekly News</td> - <td class="tdr">Lexington</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Torchlight</td> - <td class="tdr">Danville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Saturday News</td> - <td class="tdr">Hopkinsville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New Age</td> - <td class="tdr">Hopkinsville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">LOUISIANA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advance Messenger</td> - <td class="tdr">Alexandria</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The News-Enterprise</td> - <td class="tdr">Shreveport</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Watchman</td> - <td class="tdr">Shreveport</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MARYLAND</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Afro-American</td> - <td class="tdr">Baltimore</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Crusader</td> - <td class="tdr">Baltimore</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Herald-Commonwealth</td> - <td class="tdr">Baltimore</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Guardian</td> - <td class="tdr">Boston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Boston Chronicle</td> - <td class="tdr">Boston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MICHIGAN</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Michigan Age</td> - <td class="tdr">Ann Arbor</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Detroit Leader</td> - <td class="tdr">Detroit</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MINNESOTA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The National Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Minneapolis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Appeal</td> - <td class="tdr">St. Paul</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MISSISSIPPI</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Cotton Farmer</td> - <td class="tdr">Scott</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Delta Lighthouse</td> - <td class="tdr">Greenville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Natchez Weekly Herald</td> - <td class="tdr">Natchez</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The National Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Vicksburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbus</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Morning Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbus</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Mississippi Monitor</td> - <td class="tdr">Meridan</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Light</td> - <td class="tdr">Vicksburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New Era</td> - <td class="tdr">Indianola</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Weekly Times</td> - <td class="tdr">Hattiesburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Weekly Reporter</td> - <td class="tdr">Natchez</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Central Mississippi Signal</td> - <td class="tdr">Kosciusko</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Progressive Torchlight</td> - <td class="tdr">Greenwood</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advance</td> - <td class="tdr">Mound Bayou</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The National Defender</td> - <td class="tdr">Clarksdale</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Informer</td> - <td class="tdr">Gulfport</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The National News Digest</td> - <td class="tdr">Mound Bayou<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">MISSOURI</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The St. Louis Independent-Clarion</td> - <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The St. Louis Argus</td> - <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Anchor</td> - <td class="tdr">Caruthersville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Missouri State Register</td> - <td class="tdr">Hannibal</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kansas City Sun</td> - <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The National Mirror</td> - <td class="tdr">Kansas City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Western Messenger</td> - <td class="tdr">Jefferson City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The St. Louis Independent News</td> - <td class="tdr">St. Louis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">NEBRASKA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Monitor</td> - <td class="tdr">Omaha</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">NEW JERSEY</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Eastern Observer</td> - <td class="tdr">Montclair</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Echo</td> - <td class="tdr">Red Bank</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Atlantic Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Atlantic City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New Jersey Informer</td> - <td class="tdr">Newark</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">NEW YORK</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New York News</td> - <td class="tdr">New York City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Amsterdam News</td> - <td class="tdr">New York City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New York Age</td> - <td class="tdr">New York City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Negro World</td> - <td class="tdr">New York City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Commoner</td> - <td class="tdr">New York City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">NORTH CAROLINA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Gate City Argus</td> - <td class="tdr">Greensboro</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>High Point Colored American</td> - <td class="tdr">High Point</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Charlotte Advertiser</td> - <td class="tdr">Charlotte</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Voice</td> - <td class="tdr">Rocky Mount</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Raleigh Independent</td> - <td class="tdr">Raleigh</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Home News</td> - <td class="tdr">Wilmington</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Gazette</td> - <td class="tdr">Charlotte</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Signs of the Times</td> - <td class="tdr">Elizabeth City</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Winston-Salem News</td> - <td class="tdr">Winston-Salem</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">OHIO</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Dayton Forum</td> - <td class="tdr">Dayton</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Cleveland Gazette</td> - <td class="tdr">Cleveland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Cleveland Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Cleveland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Union</td> - <td class="tdr">Cincinnati</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Cincinnati Journal</td> - <td class="tdr">Cincinnati</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">OKLAHOMA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Boley Progress</td> - <td class="tdr">Boley</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Oklahoma Guide</td> - <td class="tdr">Guthrie</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Muskogee Scimetar</td> - <td class="tdr">Muskogee</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Rentiesville News</td> - <td class="tdr">Rentiesville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Clearview Patriarch</td> - <td class="tdr">Clearview</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Tulsa Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Tulsa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Oklahoma Sun</td> - <td class="tdr">Tulsa</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Black Dispatch</td> - <td class="tdr">Oklahoma City<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">OREGON</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Portland</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advocate Verdict</td> - <td class="tdr">Harrisburgh</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Philadelphia Courant</td> - <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Philadelphia Tribune</td> - <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Philadelphia American</td> - <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Public Journal</td> - <td class="tdr">Philadelphia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Pittsburgh Courier</td> - <td class="tdr">Pittsburgh</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Pittsburgh American</td> - <td class="tdr">Pittsburgh</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Wilkes-Barre</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advance</td> - <td class="tdr">Providence</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Charleston Messenger</td> - <td class="tdr">Charleston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The New Era</td> - <td class="tdr">Charleston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Allendale Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Allendale</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Southern Indicator</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Informer</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Light</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Plowman</td> - <td class="tdr">Columbia</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Negro Chronicle</td> - <td class="tdr">Greenville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The People’s Recorder</td> - <td class="tdr">Orangeburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Rockhill Messenger</td> - <td class="tdr">Rockhill</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">TENNESSEE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Bluff City News</td> - <td class="tdr">Memphis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>East Tennessee News</td> - <td class="tdr">Knoxville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Chattanooga Defender</td> - <td class="tdr">Chattanooga</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Memphis Times</td> - <td class="tdr">Memphis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Western World Reporter</td> - <td class="tdr">Memphis</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Nashville Globe</td> - <td class="tdr">Nashville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Nashville Clarion</td> - <td class="tdr">Nashville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">TEXAS</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Texas Guide</td> - <td class="tdr">Victoria</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Victoria Guard</td> - <td class="tdr">Victoria</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Calvert Bugle</td> - <td class="tdr">Calvert</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The City Times</td> - <td class="tdr">Galveston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Galveston New Idea</td> - <td class="tdr">Galveston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Dallas Express</td> - <td class="tdr">Dallas</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Industrial Era</td> - <td class="tdr">Beaumont</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Herald</td> - <td class="tdr">Austin</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Watchman</td> - <td class="tdr">Austin</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Houston Informer</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Houston Observer</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Texas Freeman</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Western Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Houston Informer</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Independence Heights Record</td> - <td class="tdr">Houston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The San Antonio Inquirer</td> - <td class="tdr">San Antonio<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Gem City Bulletin</td> - <td class="tdr">Denison</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Conservative Counselor</td> - <td class="tdr">Waco</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fort Worth Hornet</td> - <td class="tdr">Fort Worth</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">VIRGINIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Charlottesville Messenger</td> - <td class="tdr">Charlottesville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Colored Virginian</td> - <td class="tdr">Petersburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Weekly Review</td> - <td class="tdr">Petersburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Richmond Planet</td> - <td class="tdr">Richmond</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Virginia Headlight</td> - <td class="tdr">Charlottesville</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Virginia Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Roanoke</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Star</td> - <td class="tdr">Newport News</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Journal and Guide</td> - <td class="tdr">Norfolk</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">WASHINGTON</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Seattle Searchlight</td> - <td class="tdr">Seattle</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">WEST VIRGINIA</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Advocate</td> - <td class="tdr">Charleston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Mountain Leader</td> - <td class="tdr">Charleston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Charleston Observer</td> - <td class="tdr">Charleston</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Pioneer Press</td> - <td class="tdr">Martinsburg</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="2">WISCONSIN</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Wisconsin Weekly Blade</td> - <td class="tdr">Madison</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="ads"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;"> - -<img src="images/ad.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="center larger">LINOTYPE</p> - -<p class="center">® TRADE MARK ®</p> - -<p class="noindent">Every important improvement in -methods of composition for the -past 36 years has been the result -of <span class="smcap">Linotype</span> initiative.</p> - -<p class="smaller noindent">Every part of the <span class="smcap">Linotype</span> is there -because the machine is better for it -and every part fits into the big -scheme of simple operation. The -<span class="smcap">Linotype</span> is the machine of no -compromise.</p> - -<p class="smaller noindent"><i class="smaller">The illustration shows the Model 21, -text and display <span class="smcap">Linotype</span>. As many -as ten faces in six different sizes -are immediately available -from the keyboard.</i></p> - -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>This advertisement composed entirely on the <span class="smcap">Linotype</span></i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p>We represent at the present -time in the advertising field, -practically every paper of consequence -reaching the Colored people -of the United States.</p> - -<p>We are pleased to extend our -most cordial greetings to our -newspaper friends and will continue -to extend the same reliable -service in the future, we have -given in the past.</p> - -<p class="right">W. B. ZIFF CO.<br /> -Per E. C. Auld, General Mgr.</p> - -<table summary="addresses" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td class="center">Transportation Bldg.,<br />Chicago, Ill.</td> - <td class="center">Morton Bldg.<br />New York, N. Y.</td> - <td class="center">Bryant Bldg.<br />Kansas City, Mo.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="noindent larger">DePauw University</p> - -<p class="noindent">Greencastle, Indiana</p> - -<p class="center">OFFERS</p> - -<p>COURSES IN—</p> - -<ul> -<li>Introduction to Writing</li> -<li>News Writing</li> -<li>News Editing</li> -<li>Editorial Writing</li> -<li>Feature Writing</li> -<li>Advertising Writing</li> -<li>History of American Journalism</li> -<li>Country Weekly</li> -<li>Also Business English</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">Write for Bulletin</p> - -<p class="center">DIRECTOR<br /> -COURSE IN JOURNALISM</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="center">HOWARD UNIVERSITY</p> - -<p class="center">WASHINGTON, D. C.</p> - -<ul> -<li>Founded by GENERAL O. O. HOWARD</li> -<li>J. STANLEY DURKEE, A. M., Ph. D., D. D., President</li> -<li>EMMETT J. SCOTT, A. M., LL. D., Secretary-Treasurer</li> -</ul> - -<p class="center">COLLEGIATE AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>Junior College</b>, covering the Freshman and Sophomore years and leading to the -Senior Schools.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>Senior Schools</b>, consisting of the Schools of Liberal Arts, Education, Journalism, and -Commerce and Finance, granting respectively the degrees, A. B., or B. S., -A. B. or B. S. in Education; B. S. in Journalism; B. S. in Commerce and -Finance.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>School of Applied Science</b>, four year course, granting the degree, B. S. in Civil Engineering, -B. S. in Electrical Engineering, B. S. in Mechanical Engineering, -B. S. in Architecture, B. S. in Agriculture, and B. S. in Household -Economics.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>Evening Classes</b>. The work of the Junior College and the Senior Schools may be -taken in evening classes with full credit.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>School of Music</b>, four year course, granting the degree of Mus. B.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>School of Religion</b>, three year course, granting the degrees of B. D. and Th. B. -Courses are offered also by correspondence.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>School of Law</b>, three year course, granting the degree of LL. B.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b>School of Medicine</b>, including Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical Colleges. Four year -courses for Medical and Dental students; three year course for Pharmaceutical -students. Following degrees granted: M. D., D. D. S., Phar. C.</p> - -<p class="center"><b>Students may enter for collegiate work at the beginning of any quarter.</b></p> - -<p class="center">REGISTRATION</p> - -<table summary="Registration dates for each quarter"> - <tr> - <td>Autumn Quarter</td> - <td>Sept. 29, 30, 1922</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Winter Quarter</td> - <td>Jan. 2, 1923</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Spring Quarter</td> - <td>March 17, 1923</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">FOR CATALOG AND INFORMATION WRITE</p> - -<p class="center">F. D. WILKINSON, Registrar<br /> -HOWARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D. C.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO JOURNALISM ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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