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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07da943 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65335 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65335) diff --git a/old/65335-0.txt b/old/65335-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 18d7b50..0000000 --- a/old/65335-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1200 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Arms and Armor of the Pilgrims, 1620-1692, -by Harold L. Peterson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Arms and Armor of the Pilgrims, 1620-1692 - -Author: Harold L. Peterson - -Release Date: May 13, 2021 [eBook #65335] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE PILGRIMS, -1620-1692 *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. - Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. - - -[Illustration] - -Fotoset and Lithographed by COLORTONE PRESS, Washington 9, D. C. - - - - - ARMS AND ARMOR - OF THE - PILGRIMS 1620-1692 - - - by - Harold L. Peterson - - [Illustration: Patrero or “murderer”] - - Published by Plimoth Plantation, Inc. and the Pilgrim Society, - Plymouth 1957 - -[Illustration: _A seventeenth century musketeer ready to fire his -matchlock. From Jacques de Gheyn_, Maniement d’Armes, _1608_.] - -The average colonist landing on the wild shores of North America in the -early 1600’s set great store by his arms and armor. The Pilgrims were -no exception. They were strangers in a vast and largely unknown land, -inhabited by wild beasts and peopled by savages who were frequently -hostile. Greatly outnumbered by known enemies and possibly facing -dangers of which they were not yet aware, these Englishmen placed -their main hope for survival on the possession of superior weapons and -protective armor. On the more peaceful side, their firearms were also -valuable, for they provided fresh meat for the table and furs for sale -back home. - -Because the colonist was so dependent on his arms he soon learned to -select the most efficient kinds that he could obtain. In so doing he -pushed the evolution of military materiel far ahead of contemporary -Europe and developed a high degree of skill, particularly in the use of -firearms. - -The military supplies which the Pilgrims brought with them may be -divided into three major categories: defensive armor, edged weapons, -and projectile weapons. A completely armed man, especially in the first -years, was usually equipped with one or more articles from each of the -three groups, usually a helmet and corselet, a sword, and a musket. - - -ARMOR - -Of all the pieces of defensive armor, the most popular was the helmet. -Almost everyone wore one when he prepared for trouble. Most of those -worn at Plymouth were undoubtedly open helmets which left the face -uncovered, although it is possible that a few completely closed -helmets were also used. These open helmets were of three principal -types: the cabasset, the morion, and the burgonet. The cabasset was -a simple, narrow brimmed helmet with a keeled bowl and a tiny apical -peak pointing to the rear. The morion had a larger crescentic brim -pointed at the front and back and a high comb along the center-line -of the bowl. The better specimens of both these helmets were forged -from a single billet of steel, and both were very efficient defenses. -The curving lines of the bowls caused most blows to glance off without -imparting their full impact, and the comb of the morion presented an -extra buffer of metal through which a sword would have to cut before -it reached the bowl. Inside each helmet was a quilted lining held in -place by a row of rivets around the base of the crown which acted much -like the modern helmet liner in holding the steel shell away from the -wearer’s head. - -[Illustration: _Cabasset._] - -[Illustration: _Morion._] - -The burgonet was a slightly more complicated helmet than the morion or -cabasset, and it was made in a variety of styles. Basically, it was an -open-faced helmet which covered more of the head than the other two. -Usually it had a peak or umbril somewhat like the visor of a modern cap -over the eyes, a comb on the bowl, and movable plates to protect the -cheeks and ears. Often there was a defense for the face in the form of -a single adjustable bar which passed through a hole in the umbril or by -three bars fashioned like a muzzle and attached to the umbril which was -pivoted at the sides so it could be raised or lowered. One form of the -burgonet which became popular in the second quarter of the 17th century -was known as the lobster tail burgonet because the wearer’s neck was -protected by a series of overlapping plates which somewhat resembled -those on a lobster’s abdomen or “tail.” - -A fourth and final type of helmet was known as a “pikeman’s pot.” This -greatly resembled the morion, but had a broad flat brim instead of a -narrow crescentic one. As its name indicates, it was worn primarily -by pikemen in conjunction with a specific type of corselet which was -generally designated pikeman’s armor. - -This armor consisted of five elements in addition to the helmet. There -was a gorget to protect the neck and to support the weight of a back -plate and a breastplate which were fastened together by straps which -passed over the shoulders and attached by hooks at the front and by a -belt that passed around the waist. At the lower edge of the breastplate -were fastened two hinged plates called tassets which protected the -thighs. Although each of these plates was made from a single sheet of -metal they were embossed to resemble a series of overlapping plates, -complete with false rivets. - -Of all the forms of body armor worn in America during the early -1600’s, the pikeman’s suit was undoubtedly the most popular. There -are numerous references to it in the contemporary documents. A -tasset from such a suit was found behind the fireplace in the John -Howland house near Plymouth and is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. In -the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston there are a helmet, a -back plate and a tasset from another suit which belonged to an early -colonist, and portions of similar suits have been found in Pennsylvania -and at Jamestown, Virginia. - -Men armed with muskets might sometimes wear pikeman’s armor, but -more often they wore simpler corselets consisting only of breast and -back-plates. With these corselets they wore either a cabasset, a morion -or a burgonet. - -The weight of the corselets worn by the Pilgrims depended largely on -the quality of the breastplate. The helmets and other pieces were -sufficient to stop a sword blow or turn an Indian’s arrow but still -quite light. Breastplates, however, were made according to three -standards depending on what weapons they were supposed to offer -protection against. The lightest forms were labeled pike proof or -high pike proof; the next heavier were called pistol proof, and the -heaviest were musket proof. The musket proof breastplates are quite -scarce. Often they are ⅜ of an inch thick and bear a dent caused by a -bullet fired at them as a test when they were made. Pistol proof plates -are much lighter and are much more plentiful. They also often bear a -testing dent and sometimes the letter “P” as a proof mark. - -[Illustration: _Burgonet_] - -[Illustration: _Lobstertail burgonet._] - -Most modern Americans tend to think of armor in terms of brightly -polished steel. Sometimes it was finished bright, but by the 17th -century it was more often black, brown, or dark blue. This was -especially true of those suits destined for active service in the -field. A brightly polished piece of armor needed constant care to -guard it from rust and maintain a good appearance. Blacking, russeting -or bluing it helped protect it and made it easier to maintain. The -black finishes were sometimes obtained through the use of soot and -oil, sometimes by paint. The russet and blue finishes were produced by -artificial oxidation. - -[Illustration:_English pikeman’s armor bearing the cypher of James I -(1603-1625). The waist belt is now missing._] - -[Illustration: _Simple corselet with a bullet proof breastplate._] - -This defensive armor, though popular at first, was soon discarded by -the Pilgrims. The men who set out on the first exploring expedition -when the _Mayflower_ touched at Cape Cod were all armed with corselets. -They found them efficient protection against the arrows of the Indians, -but when they at length discovered a quantity of Indian corn, they were -so encumbered and weary from the weight of their arms that they could -not carry back as much of the booty as they desired. Soon they found -that they could usually dodge arrows unless taken by surprise, and so -gradually they began to decide in favor of freer movement and less -weight. The corselet retained its popularity for the first ten years, -but a compromise in the form of a heavy buff leather or quilted coat -began to make its appearance. By the time of the Pequot War in 1637, -the presence of “unarmed” men, as those without armor were called, -became more and more frequent. The helmet was the last piece of plate -armor to be discarded, but following King Philip’s War (1675-1678) that -too was abandoned, and plate armor disappeared from the scene except -for ceremonial occasions. - -[Illustration: _Capt. Miles Standish’s rapier and scabbard._] - - -EDGED WEAPONS - -The edged weapons brought to America by the Pilgrims were of four -principal types, swords, daggers, pikes and halberds. The bayonet was -almost unknown on this continent at the time. Of all these arms, swords -were by far the most plentiful. Every soldier, whether he was armed -with a musket, pike or halberd or served a cannon, was required to -carry a sword. Thus, since almost every able-bodied man was supposed to -perform military service, all had to be familiar with the weapon, and a -large supply was necessary. - -Both thrusting and cutting swords were used. The thrusting swords, -known as rapiers, had long straight blades, diamond-shaped in cross -section, with sharp points and only rudimentary edges. Some had guards -fashioned of numerous bars bent in graceful curves and loops, and these -are called swept-hilted rapiers. Others had a solid cup-shaped plate -between the hand and the blade augmented by extra bars and branches. -These are called cup-hilted rapiers. - -Fortunately, one of the cup-hilted rapiers used by the Pilgrims has -survived. It belonged to Captain Miles Standish, the doughty military -advisor of the colony, and it is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. It -is a very good example of the Dutch-English style of cup hilt, the -shallow iron cup and supplementary branches, the knuckle-bow, and the -pommel are decorated with crudely incised designs of leaves and masks. -The grips are covered with black leather. Originally they were wound -with twisted wire in the spiral grooves, but the wire is now missing. -The scabbard also has been preserved, and that is most unusual for -swords of this period. It is made of wood, almost cylindrical, covered -with black leather. There is an iron ferrule at the throat (which -has now slipped several inches down the scabbard) and an iron tip. -Interestingly, Standish is known to have been a short man whose enemies -sometimes called him “Captain Shrimp,” and this sword is about six -inches shorter than the average rapier, which would have made it easier -to handle for a small man. - -Probably even more plentiful than the rapiers were the cutting -swords. Most of these were shorter weapons with single-edged blades, -sometimes straight and sometimes slightly curved. Two of these weapons -have survived and are preserved in Pilgrim Hall. The older and more -spectacular of these belonged to Gov. John Carver and was made near the -beginning of the century. It has a massive hilt with guard and pommel -of iron encrusted with floral decorations of silver. The decoration and -workmanship are typically English. The blade is straight with a single -edge and a narrow fuller or groove along the back. The second sword -is considerably smaller and later. It came from the Brewster family -and may have belonged to Elder William Brewster, although he must -have purchased it late in life. It has a lighter iron guard without -ornamentation and a slightly curved singled-edged blade, also with a -narrow fuller at the back. This sword, too, is typically English. - -[Illustration: _Detail of the Standish rapier hilt._] - -[Illustration: _Swept-hilted rapier excavated at Jamestown. Those used -at Plymouth would have been similar_. National Park Service.] - -[Illustration: _The cutting swords of Governor Carver, Elder Brewster -and John Thompson._] - -[Illustration: _Quillon or left-hand dagger._] - -A third surviving cutting sword preserved at Pilgrim Hall is a -broad-sword which belonged to John Thompson who came to Plymouth in -1623. Like the Carver sword, this weapon also dates from the opening -years of the 17th century. The hilt is smaller, but the metal parts -are of iron decorated with the same typically English floral sprays in -silver. The blade on this specimen, however, is what sets it apart. It -is much longer and double-edged, a sword suitable for use on horseback -as well as on foot. - -These swords were more than mere military decorations. They were -highly necessary weapons. In a period when firearms were inaccurate -and loading and firing were time-consuming operations, the outcome of -most battles was determined largely by hand-to-hand combat. The musket, -once it had been fired, was then of no use for it had no bayonet. At -such times the sword became the principal weapon, and a soldier’s life -depended upon his skill with it. - -There are numerous records indicating the use of swords by the -Pilgrims. On their first expedition ashore, they used them to “hew -and carve the ground a foot deep.” In one interesting coincidence, a -sword’s hilt figured in the death of two persons. In 1646 a privateer -commanded by Captain Thomas Cromwell put into Plymouth. While there, -one of the sailors assaulted the captain who had been trying to -restore order during a brawl. In the course of the struggle, Cromwell -seized the man’s rapier and struck him on the head with its hilt. The -cross guard pierced his skull and killed him. Since the man had been -a notorious trouble-maker, Cromwell was acquitted in a trial by a -council of war. Some three years later, however, Cromwell fell from his -horse and landed upon the hilt of his own rapier which so injured him -internally that he died shortly thereafter. - -In addition to their swords, many men also carried knives or daggers. -Miles Standish and his followers used knives effectively in liquidating -the trouble-makers at Wessagusset, and there are numerous other -references to their presence at Plymouth. - -Unfortunately no specimens used by the Pilgrims or their 17th century -descendants at Plymouth have survived. There is a knife that belonged -to John Thompson in Pilgrim Hall, but it is a table or general utility -knife, and not a weapon. In all probability the most popular form of -dagger employed at Plymouth was the quillon or left-hand dagger. This -weapon had a simple cross-guard or quillons, probably with a ring -opposite the grips on one side. It had a straight blade which tapered -evenly to a point, and it was designed to be held in the left hand -while the rapier was held in the right. - -In addition to these edged weapons which were worn on the belt, there -were also weapons with long wooden hafts, known as pole arms. Of these, -two forms were principally used at Plymouth, the pike and the halberd. -The pike was a spear with a simple leaf-shaped head attached by long -straps to a wooden pole some fourteen feet long. The halberd was a -combination of axe and spear, and its haft was much shorter, perhaps -six or seven feet, exclusive of the head. - -[Illustration: _Halberd from the cellar of the John Alden house. The -haft is modern._] - -[Illustration: _Pike._] - -In European armies pikemen played a very prominent role. Offensively -they were used for shock tactics in charges against the enemy. -Defensively, with the butts of their pikes driven into the ground, they -formed movable semi-fortresses behind which musketeers could retreat in -the face of a cavalry charge. - -Because of this prominence as a weapon in Europe, the Pilgrims -brought some pikes with them to Plymouth, but they quickly found them -disappointing. Although the pike was effective in the set tactics -of Europe, it was of little use against an enemy who would neither -charge nor stand against a charge and whose forces were never arranged -in compact formation but scattered and always on the move. A weapon -fourteen feet long was also difficult to handle in the woods where -there was little room for maneuvering. Thus the Pilgrims first -abandoned the full pike for the half pike, which was only six or eight -feet long. As late as 1646 the Plymouth fathers still required one -half pike for every four men on military duty, but after the outbreak -of King Philip’s War in 1675, the settlers of Plymouth agreed with -their neighbors in Massachusetts Bay “... it is found by experience -that troopers & pikemen are of little use in the present war with the -Indians ... all pikemen are hereby required ... to furnish themselves -with firearms....” - -The history of the halberd at Plymouth is quite different from that -of the pike. At this period it was primarily an emblem of rank, and -as such it survived long after its usefulness in warfare ceased. -Halberds were carried by sergeants as symbols of their authority and by -ceremonial guards. In Virginia, for instance, Lord Delaware had fifty -halberdiers to form his guard when he was governor. This was a vastly -larger number than normal in America, but most colonial governors, -including John Winthrop in Boston, had a few attendants so armed. -Plymouth was no exception. As late as 1675 it was ordered that four -halberds be carried before the governor on the first day of the General -Court, and two on succeeding days. It is known also that the sergeants -at Plymouth had them, and there is a possibility that court officials -also carried them. - -At least one of the halberds from the Plymouth colony has survived and -is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. It was probably made about 1600-1610 -and was found in the cellar of the John Alden house. The haft is a -modern replacement. - - -FIREARMS - -The projectile arms of the Pilgrims were their most important weapons. -The American Indian usually preferred to do battle against Europeans -in loose formation and at long range, resorting to hand-to-hand combat -only in surprise attacks or when he believed that the enemy had been -sufficiently decimated and disorganized by his sniping tactics. In -addition to their value in warfare, projectile arms were also important -in providing the settlers with fresh meat. For these reasons, the -evolution of design in such weapons was swifter and more striking than -in any other form of military equipment. - -The most common type of firearm that came to America on the _Mayflower_ -was the musket. This was a smooth-bored weapon, usually slightly more -than five feet long with a caliber ranging between .69 and .80. The -majority of those that the original settlers brought with them were -matchlocks. They were fired by pressing the lighted end of a slow match -made of a loosely woven rope soaked in nitre into the powder in the -priming pan. This was effected by fastening a length of the match to a -forked holder known as the serpentine on the outside of the lock which -corresponded to the hammer on a modern gun. Pressure on the trigger -caused the serpentine to swing in an arc toward the priming pan, thus -bringing the match into contact with the powder. - -Although the mechanism was simple, the loading of a matchlock was a -long and complicated procedure. After having fired his musket, the -first task of the soldier was to remove his match (which according to -regulations was lighted at both ends) so that he would not accidentally -ignite any of his powder. To do this he loosened the thumb screw -which clamped the match in the fork of the serpentine and grasped -the cord with his left hand, holding one of the lighted ends between -his second and third fingers and the other end between his third and -fourth fingers. Then, seizing the barrel of the gun with the thumb -and forefinger of the same hand, he would hold it while he loaded. -Having thus prepared the piece to receive the charge, he would use his -right hand to open one of the wooden cylinders on his bandolier or the -nozzle of his powder flask, depending on which he carried, and pour the -contents down the barrel. Next came a ball from his pouch or from his -mouth if it was during an action, and finally, a wad of tow or paper. -All this was forced home with a rammer. Then he would prime the piece -by filling the flash pan with fine-grained powder from a little flask -which was suspended from his belt, close the pan cover, and carefully -blow away any loose powder. - -The gun was then loaded, but several actions were still necessary -before it could be fired. The match had to be returned to the serpentine -and adjusted. The coal on its end had to be blown into activity. If -the gunner was forced to wait any length of time before firing, he had -to change the adjustment of the match continually to insure that it -would strike the pan and also to prevent it from burning down to the -serpentine and going out. If it did go out, he relighted it from the -coal at the other end of the match which was kept burning for that -purpose. - -[Illustration:_Three matchlock muskets. From left to right: An Italian -musket, 1580-1610 believed to have been used at Plymouth before 1637 -when it was sold to a nearby garrison house; German musket, 1600-1630; -German musket, 1640-1670._] - -[Illustration: _Soldier blowing on his match to make the coal glow well -before firing. From De Gheyn._] - -From this it may be seen that the matchlock was in many ways inferior -to the Indian’s bow. Its chief advantage lay in the panic produced -by the flash, smoke, smell and noise of the explosion of the charge. -Also, a gun could be loaded with several bullets and wound a number of -enemies at one time. The ball from a matchlock musket was superior to -an arrow in the size of the hole it tore, the bones it smashed, and -the amount of blood it spilled. The bow was superior in accuracy and -rapidity of fire. Moreover, it was light and easy to carry while the -gun was heavy and clumsy. The bow was constantly ready for use except -perhaps during a long rain, while the slow-match required, in the best -of weather, constant attention to keep it burning; and in dampness, -rain, and wind, it was useless. The light from the match also prevented -ambush at night, and the smell forestalled a surprise attack in the day -time unless the foe happened to be up-wind. - -Although matchlocks were the dominant type of weapon brought over on -the _Mayflower_, there were also a few flint arms. Modern authorities -differentiate between the true flintlock and its more primitive or -regional forms, the snaphaunce, the English lock, the so-called “dog” -lock, the Baltic lock, and the miquelet. These distinctions are purely -modern, however. The contemporary writers called all firearms which -ignited the powder by striking flint against steel “snaphances.” Thus -it is impossible to determine at this date exactly what form of flint -arm is referred to in a given instance, and so a generic term must be -used. - -Flint arms were much more efficient than matchlocks. They were faster, -more dependable, and less cumbersome. The powder in the priming pan -was ignited by striking a piece of flint held by the cock against a -piece of steel, called the frizzen or battery. The frizzen was poised -directly over the pan so that the sparks produced by the contact of the -flint and steel would drop into the powder. Flint arms could function -in ordinary dampness and even in a light rain. There was no match to -light and keep free from ash in advance of any expected action. And -since there was no match, there was no light or smell to betray an -ambush. - -It is difficult to determine exactly when flint arms superseded -matchlocks as the standard military firearm at Plymouth. There were a -few flint arms in the _Mayflower_ in 1620, for flints are specifically -mentioned among the military stores on board. Miles Standish, a -professional soldier, naturally had the best weapon available. Edward -Winslow, in describing the first encounter between the colonists and -the Indians, noted that Standish with his “snaphance” and one or two -other Pilgrims, who were apparently equipped with flint arms, fired -at the Indians and held them at bay while a brand from the fire was -carried to the others so they could light their matches. - -For the first ten years the supremacy of the matchlock was probably not -seriously threatened. From 1630 until the outbreak of King Philip’s -War in 1675, however, the change is plainly visible. There are more -references to matches than to flints in inventories and court records -until the beginning of the Pequot War, but the tales of snap-shooting -increase, and during the war the stories of ambushes and surprise -attacks throughout New England indicate that flint arms were becoming -more plentiful. In 1643 the Plymouth General Court ordered that every -soldier should be supplied with either a matchlock or a “snaphance.” By -1645 Governor William Bradford could report that the Plymouth troops -had been sent to a muster at Seacunk “well armed all with snaphance -peeces.” In 1645, also, while matchlocks were allowed for private arms, -the Plymouth General Court allowed only “snaphances” or “firelocks” for -Town arms. - -With the coming of King Philip’s War, the era of the matchlock at -Plymouth was definitely past. The campaigns of that war, forays into -the wilderness, night attacks, ambushes, battles in the rain, and -encounters between individuals which required snap-shooting indicate -clearly that the “snaphance” was the principal weapon. In 1677, towards -the end of the war, the Plymouth General Court outlawed the matchlock -completely as an acceptable weapon. In abandoning matchlocks at this -time, Plymouth was years ahead of Europe where the clumsy firearm -persisted until after 1700. - -In addition to the matchlock and flint arms in general use, there were -undoubtedly a few wheel lock arms in Plymouth. The wheel lock was the -second ignition system chronologically, having been developed shortly -after 1500. It was an efficient system, operating much like a modern -cigarette lighter with the spark produced by holding a piece of pyrites -against a revolving rough-edged wheel. The wheel lock, however, was an -expensive weapon, costing twice as much as a matchlock and half as much -again as a flint arm. This did not necessarily preclude its purchase -by the Pilgrims since those colonists were not so apt to economize -on something which affected their life expectancy as closely as did -their firearms. There are no records which state positively that there -were wheel locks at Plymouth, and no authentic wheel lock used there -has survived. The term “firelock” which is used occasionally in the -documents very often was used to denote a wheel lock, and in the case -of the 1646 order mentioned above, it almost certainly had that meaning. - -The Pilgrims also brought two other principal kinds of hand firearms -with them, the fowling piece and the pistol. The fowling piece, or -birding piece as it was often called, was usually a huge gun. In 1621 -Edward Winslow wrote from Plymouth to prospective colonists in England -and advised them concerning their needs. Regarding these fowlers, he -counseled, “Let your piece be long in the barrel; and fear not the -weight of it, for most of our shooting is from stands.” This was in -keeping with the best contemporary sporting theory which contended -that barrels five and a half or six feet long would increase the range -of the gun and produce a flatter trajectory for the bullet. Such guns -were almost always flint arms, although there may have been a few wheel -locks. - -[Illustration:_A flint musket with the so-called dog lock, about 1637; -a later flintlock musket, about 1690; a wheel lock musket, 1620-1650; -the long fowler which belonged to John Thompson._] - -[Illustration: _John Thompson’s “dog lock” pistol._] - -Fortunately one such fowling piece which belonged to a Plymouth -settler, John Thompson, has survived, and is preserved in the Old -Colony Historical Society Museum at Taunton, Massachusetts. It is -88½ inches long with a 73½ inch barrel of .84 caliber. The lock is a -primitive form of flintlock known to collectors today as an “English -lock.” The stock is oak and was undoubtedly made in this country. - -In addition to their long guns, the Plymouth settlers also brought -some pistols. Inventories of their estates contain listings of such -hand guns, including one “double pistol.” All the pistols would have -been either wheel locks or flint arms. The matchlock was almost never -used for pistols by Europeans, although it is frequently found on -Oriental hand guns. Once more it is a weapon of John Thompson that has -survived to show what at least one of the Plymouth pistols looked like. -Preserved in Pilgrim Hall, it is a most interesting weapon. Many of the -pieces are missing from the lock, but enough survive to indicate it -was the type of flintlock that is often called a “dog lock” by modern -collectors because of the little dog catch which held the cock in -the half-cock position. The barrel is brass with interesting moulded -decorations, and the wooden stock has a butt closely resembling those -found on many wheel lock pistols of the first quarter of the 17th -century. - -These were the kinds of firearms which the Plymouth colonists used -in the years from 1620 till 1690. Before leaving the subject, however, -it would be well to mention one form which was not used but which -has become intimately associated with the Pilgrims in popular -imagination—the blunderbuss. This colorful weapon with the flaring -muzzle was developed on the Continent of Europe about the middle of -the 17th century, some thirty years after the _Mayflower_ landed -at Plymouth. It was some years later before it reached England. -As a weapon, it was a highly specialized arm. The flared muzzle -was designed to spread the shot in a wide pattern and thus do as -much damage as possible to a closely packed group of enemies at -comparatively short range. It was of no use against scattered foes at a -distance. Actually, it was the direct ancestor of the modern riot gun -or the shot gun used by prison guards. It was not popular in America -until about 1700 when the growth of cities and increasing population -created here the conditions under which it was effective. - - -AMMUNITION AND EQUIPMENT - -The ammunition which the colonists fired from their guns consisted of -round balls of lead propelled by charges of black powder. The powder -was weak by modern standards and thus comparatively large loads were -used. When it was ignited it gave off clouds of white smoke which -smelled strongly of sulphur. Usually for military purposes a single -ball was used, but sometimes, especially for hunting, a number of small -shot, much like present day buck shot, were used. These were called -swan shot by the men who used them. - -There were several ways of carrying this ammunition. The powder was -normally either in a flask or bandolier; the shot in a soft leather -pouch. When going into action, a soldier often took his bullets from -his pouch and put them in his mouth so he could spit them into the -barrel of his gun and save time in loading. - -[Illustration: _Powder flasks._] - -[Illustration] - -The flask was usually a box of wood, often covered with leather and -bound with iron. Normally it was either roughly triangular or shaped -like a flattened horn. There was a nozzle at the end with two valves, -one at the base and one at the end. This enabled the user to measure -out one nozzle-full of powder at a time, and the nozzle was calculated -to hold just about enough powder for a normal load. Usually two flasks -were used, a large one for the propelling charge within the gun, and a -small one holding finer powder for use in the priming pan. - -A bandolier was a somewhat more complicated piece of equipment. It -consisted of a leather belt worn over the shoulder from which were -suspended little cylinders of wood, metal or hard leather. Each of -these cylinders held enough powder for one charge. Also attached to the -belt were a bullet pouch and often a small flask for priming powder. - -Theoretically the bandolier afforded a faster and more convenient -method of carrying ammunition. Actually, it had many disadvantages. -The cylinders rattled against each other, making so much noise it was -sometimes impossible to hear commands. Occasionally the musket would -become tangled in the loops. And worst of all, hanging in front as they -did, they would sometimes ignite from the musket discharge and the -whole string of charges would explode, which was most unpleasant and -disconcerting to the wearer to say the least. Despite these drawbacks, -bandoliers were quite popular at Plymouth, and they are frequently -mentioned in wills and inventories. - -As the 17th century wore on, there came two other developments in the -means of carrying ammunition. The use of flasks made of cows’ horns -increased in popularity as the cattle population grew. Such horn flasks -had been used to some extent by the poorer classes in Europe, but in -America they became very popular because they could be made locally and -did not require great skill or craftsmanship. By the beginning of the -18th century such horn flasks or powder horns as they were then called -completely dominated the flask picture. The other development was the -practice of wrapping charges of powder in cylinders of paper which -could be carried in a pouch. These were the first true cartridges. -They had been used in Europe primarily for mounted troops for several -decades before the Pilgrims landed. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is -credited with having been the first general to supply his infantry with -them early in the 17th century. However this may be, paper cartridges -began to appear at Plymouth sometime after 1637, and by the beginning -of King Philip’s War in 1675, they were fairly common. They were not -widely used by European infantry until after 1700. - -[Illustration: _Musketeer wearing a bandolier. Note how he pours the -charge from one cylinder down the muzzle. From De Gheyn._] - -[Illustration: _Full scale model of a sakeret mounted in Plimoth -Plantation’s reconstruction of the first fort._] - - -CANNON[1] - -In addition to their small arms, the Pilgrims also brought some heavy -ordnance. On a commanding hill overlooking the bay and landing site, -they built a meeting house and fort with places for their cannon on an -upper deck. On February 21, 1621, William Bradford and Edward Winslow -relate how “the Master came on shore, with many of his saylors, and -brought with him one of the great peeces, called a Minion, and helped -us to draw it up the hill, with another peece that lay on shore, and -mounted them, and a Saker and two Bases.” In 1627 Isaak De Rasieres -visited Plymouth and noted that the Pilgrims had six cannon of -unspecified types in their fort and four “patreros” mounted in front of -the governor’s house at the intersection of the two streets of the town. - -[1] In the preparation of this section I am much indebted to Mr. Edwin -N. Rich of Wellfleet, Mass., a life-long student of early artillery who -prepared the drawings from which the cannon in the reconstructed fort -were made. - -These guns were probably not new, and they may well have been part -of the armament of the _Mayflower_ itself. The largest of the cannon -mentioned by name was a minion. This would have been a brass gun, which -weighed between 800 and 1200 pounds. It would have had a bore of about -2.9 inches diameter and fired an iron ball weighing 3½ pounds for -distances up to 1600 yards. The saker was slightly smaller, probably -weighing 650 to 800 pounds. It would have had a bore of about 2.7 -inches in diameter and shot a 2¾ pound ball up to 1700 yards. Since -cannon designations were used rather loosely by the artillerists of the -time, there is room for considerable differences in these dimensions. -On Burial Hill in Plymouth are two early English cannons, one a minion -and the other a small saker or sakeret. These guns were used as the -models for those mounted in Plimoth Plantation’s reconstruction of the -original fort. Since it is presumed that the Pilgrims’ guns came from -the armament of the _Mayflower_ and since they were dragged up the hill -and mounted immediately, it has been assumed that they were placed on -carriages from the ship, and so naval carriages of the period have been -reproduced for the reconstructed fort. - -[Illustration: _Full scale model of a minion in Plimoth Plantation’s -reconstruction of the first fort._] - -The loading and firing of one of these cannon was a complicated -procedure, requiring the assistance of several men. The recoil from the -discharge would normally drive the piece back away from the gun port. -If it did not roll back far enough, the crew would seize the ropes -or “training tackle” and haul it into a position that would permit -them to load it. First a wet sponge on the end of a long handle was -run down the barrel to put out any sparks that might remain from the -previous shot. Then came the powder which was handled in one of two -ways. Sometimes the proper amount was fastened ready-to-use in a cloth -bag or cartridge. At other times it was brought loose to the cannon in -a wooden bucket with a purse-like leather top closed by a drawstring. -From this “budge barrel,” as it was called, the powder was dipped and -inserted into the barrel by means of a copper ladle on a long wooden -handle. After the powder was rammed home, a wad, was inserted and -rammed, and finally the projectile which was forced home by a rammer. - -This projectile might be either a solid ball or one of the more deadly -anti-personnel missiles such as grape shot or cannister. Grape shot -was made up of a series of small balls grouped on a wooden stand -and wrapped with burlap or canvas. Upon firing, the stand and cloth -disintegrated, and the balls spread out over a wide area. Cannister -shot was based on the same principle. In this form, however, the small -balls or other iron fragments were enclosed in a thin metal cylinder -which came apart upon firing. Other missiles included cross bar and -chain shot, in which spheres or hemi-spheres were joined by a bar or -several links of chain. These were particularly useful against ships -because they revolved in flight and cut rigging. It is doubtful if the -Pilgrims had all of these forms of projectiles with them in 1620. Some -of them were just then developing. But by 1690, any or all of them -might well have been used at Plymouth. - -[Illustration: _Some seventeenth century artillery projectiles. From -left to right: solid shot; fragment of shell, stand of grape shot._] - -Once the gun was loaded, a few more steps were necessary before it -could be fired. It was primed by pouring powder from a flask or horn -into the touch hole. Then the crew again seized the training tackle and -pulled the gun back into position. The gunner aimed it by directing the -way in which the men pulled the ropes and by shifting the position of -the wedges under the breech of the barrel. Then he took a forked staff, -known as a linstock, which held a length of burning match similar to -that used in the matchlock muskets. He touched the lighted end of the -match to the powder in the touch hole and fired his gun. - -[Illustration: _“Patrero” or “murderer” viewed from above. For a side -view see title page._] - -[Illustration: _Side view of base._] - -The two bases in the fort and the four “patreros” in front of the -governor’s house were much smaller guns. Both types were made of iron, -and both were breech-loaders. The guns of this category were called by -a great variety of names, and the situation is even more confused than -with the larger pieces. The type of base used by the Pilgrims, however, -was probably a gun some 4½ feet long, which weighed about 200 pounds. -It would have had a bore about 1¼ inches in diameter and fired either a -lead ball weighing 5 ounces or an iron one weighing 3 ounces. In order -to load it, the ball was placed in the breech end of the barrel, and a -separate chamber filled with powder was placed behind it and fastened -securely with a wedge. The “patreros” were probably of the type known -also as “murderers.” These differed from the bases in that the bore -expanded in diameter from breech to muzzle. Instead of a single ball, -these guns were normally loaded with small shot, short lengths of iron -bar, or broken pieces of iron and stone. The expanding bore helped -spread these projectiles as they left the muzzle and thus made the -murderer a vicious anti-personnel weapon at short ranges. Both the base -and the murder were mounted in forked swivels of iron set in a wooden -pedestal. - -[Illustration: _Base viewed from above._] - -[Illustration: _The first fort as reconstructed by Plimoth Plantation -contains a collection of arms and armor of the period. Woodcut by -Thomas Nason._] - -These were the weapons which the Pilgrims brought from Europe to win -their new home. They came without sufficient arms “... nor every man a -sword to his side; wanting many muskets, much armour, &c.” Once in this -country, however, the need not only for enough weapons but also for -good weapons was soon felt. Forced by their dependence on their arms, -the settlers soon threw away their armour and their pikes, discarded -their matchlocks for more efficient guns, and began to use paper -cartridges well before these innovations were generally adopted in -Europe. - - * * * * * - -This booklet has been published by two organizations devoted to the -study and interpretation of all aspects of Pilgrim history. - - -PLIMOTH PLANTATION - -Plimoth Plantation was founded in 1948 as a non-profit educational -organization to foster public understanding of the Pilgrims of -Plymouth. To this end the corporate organization, Plimoth Plantation, -is re-creating the Plimoth Plantation of 1627, the farming community -from which sprang the Old Colony of New Plymouth. It is a functioning -village, over half completed (in 1969), in which guides and hostesses -in Pilgrim dress carry on the tasks necessary for daily living and -sheep and chickens wander the narrow street. It is open to the public -from April through November and is visited by more than 250,000 people -per year. - -The Plantation also owns and exhibits two re-created Pilgrim houses -near Plymouth Rock, the Mayflower II and a small sailing craft—a -Shallop—of the type used by the Pilgrims for coastal trading. - -These public exhibits are backed by a strong research and publication -program covering the European background of the Pilgrim story to the -end of the 17th century. - -The Plantation seeks the support of all who wish to help perpetuate the -Pilgrim tradition. Those interested in membership should address the -Membership Director, Box 1620, Plymouth, Mass. 02360. - - -THE PILGRIM SOCIETY - -The Pilgrim Society, Plymouth, Massachusetts, was organized in 1820. -Its main purposes have been to insure a universal appreciation of -the Pilgrims and their contributions to the American heritage. In -Pilgrim Hall, one of the oldest museums in the country, there is -displayed a collection of Pilgrim relics and material bearing on the -history of Plimoth Colony. Every effort is made to enlarge and improve -this collection and to preserve in the library of Pilgrim Hall a -comprehensive history of the Pilgrims and the colony they founded. The -Society supplies its members with “Pilgrim Society Notes” containing -articles which would otherwise remain undiscovered among the papers of -the students of Pilgrim and Colonial history. - -The Society was, in its earlier years, responsible for the erection -of the Forefathers Monument, which stands on a hill behind the Town -overlooking Plymouth Bay; and for preserving as a park the area -directly behind Plymouth Rock, known as Cole’s Hill, which served the -Pilgrims as a burying ground during the first precarious winter in the -settlement. Today the Society is custodian of these memorials and of -others erected by various societies in the Town of Plymouth to honor -the Pilgrim Fathers. - -Annually on Forefathers Day, December 21st, the Society celebrates the -Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth with a suitable observance of the -occasion at the Annual Meeting of the Society which many of the members -attend. - -Those interested in applying for membership are invited to communicate -with the Secretary of the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth. Dues are $5.00 -per year, and the money thus attained, together with admission fees to -Pilgrim Hall and a modest endowment supply the funds for the activities -of the Society. - - _Those interested in a documented and more detailed study of arms - and armor in all the colonies should see the author’s book_, Arms - and Armor in Colonial America, 1526-1783, _the Stackpole Company. - Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1956._ - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE PILGRIMS, -1620-1692 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Peterson—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -h1,h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; } - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .49em; } -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: avoid;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} - -.blockquot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -.bbox {border: 2px solid;} -.center {text-align: center;} - -img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } - -div.figcontainer { clear: both; margin: 0em auto; text-align: center; max-width: 100%;} -div.figsub { display: inline-block; margin: 1em 1em; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; } - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Arms and Armor of the Pilgrims, 1620-1692, by Harold L. Peterson</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Arms and Armor of the Pilgrims, 1620-1692</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Harold L. Peterson</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 13, 2021 [eBook #65335]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE PILGRIMS, 1620-1692 ***</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center">Copyright 1957 by Plimoth Plantation, Inc. and the Pilgrim Society</p> -<p class="center">Fotoset and Lithographed by COLORTONE PRESS, Washington 9, D. C.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[Pg 1]</span></p> -<h1>ARMS AND ARMOR<br />OF THE<br />PILGRIMS 1620-1692</h1> - -<p class="f120">by<br />Harold L. Peterson</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="PATRERO" src="images/i001.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="225" /> - <p class="f120">Patrero or “murderer”</p> -</div> - -<p class="center space-above2">Published by Plimoth Plantation, Inc. and the Pilgrim Society,</p> -<p class="center">Plymouth 1957</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[Pg 2]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="560" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center"><i>A seventeenth century musketeer ready to fire his - matchlock.<br /> From Jacques de Gheyn</i>, Maniement d’Armes, <i>1608</i>.</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[Pg 3]</span> -The average colonist landing on the wild shores of North America in the -early 1600’s set great store by his arms and armor. The Pilgrims were -no exception. They were strangers in a vast and largely unknown land, -inhabited by wild beasts and peopled by savages who were frequently -hostile. Greatly outnumbered by known enemies and possibly facing -dangers of which they were not yet aware, these Englishmen placed -their main hope for survival on the possession of superior weapons and -protective armor. On the more peaceful side, their firearms were also -valuable, for they provided fresh meat for the table and furs for sale -back home.</p> - -<p>Because the colonist was so dependent on his arms he soon learned to -select the most efficient kinds that he could obtain. In so doing he -pushed the evolution of military materiel far ahead of contemporary -Europe and developed a high degree of skill, particularly in the use of -firearms.</p> - -<p>The military supplies which the Pilgrims brought with them may be -divided into three major categories: defensive armor, edged weapons, -and projectile weapons. A completely armed man, especially in the first -years, was usually equipped with one or more articles from each of the -three groups, usually a helmet and corselet, a sword, and a musket.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">ARMOR</h2> -</div> - -<p>Of all the pieces of defensive armor, the most popular was the helmet. -Almost everyone wore one when he prepared for trouble. Most of those -worn at Plymouth were undoubtedly open helmets which left the face -uncovered, although it is possible that a few completely closed -helmets were also used. These open helmets were of three principal -types: the cabasset, the morion, and the burgonet. The cabasset was -a simple, narrow brimmed helmet with a keeled bowl and a tiny apical -peak pointing to the rear. The morion had a larger crescentic brim -pointed at the front and back and a high comb along the center-line -of the bowl. The better specimens of both these helmets were forged -from a single billet of steel, and both were very efficient defenses. -The curving lines of the bowls caused most blows to glance off without -imparting their full impact, and the comb of the morion presented an -extra buffer of metal through which a sword would have to cut before -it reached the bowl. Inside each helmet was a quilted lining held in -place by a row of rivets around the base of the crown which acted much -like the modern helmet liner in holding the steel shell away from the -wearer’s head. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[Pg 4]</span></p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i004a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="256" /> - <p class="f120"><i>Cabasset.</i></p> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i004b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="247" /> - <p class="f120"><i>Morion.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>The burgonet was a slightly more complicated helmet than the morion or -cabasset, and it was made in a variety of styles. Basically, it was an -open-faced helmet which covered more of the head than the other two. -Usually it had a peak or umbril somewhat like the visor of a modern cap -over the eyes, a comb on the bowl, and movable plates to protect the -cheeks and ears. Often there was a defense for the face in the form of -a single adjustable bar which passed through a hole in the umbril or by -three bars fashioned like a muzzle and attached to the umbril which was -pivoted at the sides so it could be raised or lowered. One form of the -burgonet which became popular in the second quarter of the 17th century -was known as the lobster tail burgonet because the wearer’s neck was -protected by a series of overlapping plates which somewhat resembled -those on a lobster’s abdomen or “tail.”</p> - -<p>A fourth and final type of helmet was known as a “pikeman’s pot.” This -greatly resembled the morion, but had a broad flat brim instead of a -narrow crescentic one. As its name indicates, it was worn primarily -by pikemen in conjunction with a specific type of corselet which was -generally designated pikeman’s armor.</p> - -<p>This armor consisted of five elements in addition to the helmet. There -was a gorget to protect the neck and to support the weight of a back -plate and a breastplate which were fastened together by straps which -passed over the shoulders and attached by hooks at the front and by a -belt that passed around the waist. At the lower edge of the breastplate -were fastened two hinged plates called tassets which protected the -thighs. Although each of these plates was made from a single sheet of -metal they were embossed to resemble a series of overlapping plates, -complete with false rivets.</p> - -<p>Of all the forms of body armor worn in America during the early 1600’s, -the pikeman’s suit was undoubtedly the most popular. There are numerous -references to it in the contemporary documents. A tasset from such a -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span> -suit was found behind the fireplace in the John Howland house near -Plymouth and is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. In the Massachusetts -Historical Society in Boston there are a helmet, a back plate and a -tasset from another suit which belonged to an early colonist, and -portions of similar suits have been found in Pennsylvania and at -Jamestown, Virginia.</p> - -<p>Men armed with muskets might sometimes wear pikeman’s armor, but -more often they wore simpler corselets consisting only of breast and -back-plates. With these corselets they wore either a cabasset, a morion -or a burgonet.</p> - -<p>The weight of the corselets worn by the Pilgrims depended largely on -the quality of the breastplate. The helmets and other pieces were -sufficient to stop a sword blow or turn an Indian’s arrow but still -quite light. Breastplates, however, were made according to three -standards depending on what weapons they were supposed to offer -protection against. The lightest forms were labeled pike proof or -high pike proof; the next heavier were called pistol proof, and the -heaviest were musket proof. The musket proof breastplates are quite -scarce. Often they are ⅜ of an inch thick and bear a dent caused by a -bullet fired at them as a test when they were made. Pistol proof plates -are much lighter and are much more plentiful. They also often bear a -testing dent and sometimes the letter “P” as a proof mark.</p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i005a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="313" /> - <p class="f120"><i>Burgonet</i></p> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="space-below2"> </p> - <img src="images/i005b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="243" /> - <p class="f120"><i>Lobstertail burgonet.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Most modern Americans tend to think of armor in terms of brightly -polished steel. Sometimes it was finished bright, but by the 17th -century it was more often black, brown, or dark blue. This was -especially true of those suits destined for active service in the -field. A brightly polished piece of armor needed constant care to -guard it from rust and maintain a good appearance. Blacking, russeting -or bluing it helped protect it and made it easier to maintain. The -black finishes were sometimes obtained through the use of soot and -oil, sometimes by paint. The russet and blue finishes were produced by -artificial oxidation. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i006.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="628" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center"><i>English pikeman’s armor bearing the cypher of - James I (1603-1625).<br /> The waist belt is now missing.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i007a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="346" /> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="space-below2"> </p> - <img src="images/i007b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="302" /> - </div> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Simple corselet with a bullet proof breastplate.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>This defensive armor, though popular at first, was soon discarded by -the Pilgrims. The men who set out on the first exploring expedition -when the <i>Mayflower</i> touched at Cape Cod were all armed with -corselets. They found them efficient protection against the arrows of -the Indians, but when they at length discovered a quantity of Indian -corn, they were so encumbered and weary from the weight of their arms -that they could not carry back as much of the booty as they desired. -Soon they found that they could usually dodge arrows unless taken by -surprise, and so gradually they began to decide in favor of freer -movement and less weight. The corselet retained its popularity for the -first ten years, but a compromise in the form of a heavy buff leather -or quilted coat began to make its appearance. By the time of the Pequot -War in 1637, the presence of “unarmed” men, as those without armor were -called, became more and more frequent. The helmet was the last piece -of plate armor to be discarded, but following King Philip’s War -(1675-1678) that too was abandoned, and plate armor disappeared from -the scene except for ceremonial occasions. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i008.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="232" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center"><i>Capt. Miles Standish’s rapier and scabbard.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">EDGED WEAPONS</h2> -</div> - -<p>The edged weapons brought to America by the Pilgrims were of four -principal types, swords, daggers, pikes and halberds. The bayonet was -almost unknown on this continent at the time. Of all these arms, swords -were by far the most plentiful. Every soldier, whether he was armed -with a musket, pike or halberd or served a cannon, was required to -carry a sword. Thus, since almost every able-bodied man was supposed to -perform military service, all had to be familiar with the weapon, and a -large supply was necessary.</p> - -<p>Both thrusting and cutting swords were used. The thrusting swords, -known as rapiers, had long straight blades, diamond-shaped in cross -section, with sharp points and only rudimentary edges. Some had guards -fashioned of numerous bars bent in graceful curves and loops, and these -are called swept-hilted rapiers. Others had a solid cup-shaped plate -between the hand and the blade augmented by extra bars and branches. -These are called cup-hilted rapiers.</p> - -<p>Fortunately, one of the cup-hilted rapiers used by the Pilgrims has -survived. It belonged to Captain Miles Standish, the doughty military -advisor of the colony, and it is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. It is a -very good example of the Dutch-English style of cup hilt, the shallow -iron cup and supplementary branches, the knuckle-bow, and the pommel -are decorated with crudely incised designs of leaves and masks. The -grips are covered with black leather. Originally they were wound with -twisted wire in the spiral grooves, but the wire is now missing. The -scabbard also has been preserved, and that is most unusual for swords -of this period. It is made of wood, almost cylindrical, covered with -black leather. There is an iron ferrule at the throat (which has -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span> -now slipped several inches down the scabbard) and an iron tip. -Interestingly, Standish is known to have been a short man whose enemies -sometimes called him “Captain Shrimp,” and this sword is about six -inches shorter than the average rapier, which would have made it easier -to handle for a small man.</p> - -<p>Probably even more plentiful than the rapiers were the cutting -swords. Most of these were shorter weapons with single-edged blades, -sometimes straight and sometimes slightly curved. Two of these weapons -have survived and are preserved in Pilgrim Hall. The older and more -spectacular of these belonged to Gov. John Carver and was made near the -beginning of the century. It has a massive hilt with guard and pommel -of iron encrusted with floral decorations of silver. The decoration and -workmanship are typically English. The blade is straight with a single -edge and a narrow fuller or groove along the back. The second sword -is considerably smaller and later. It came from the Brewster family -and may have belonged to Elder William Brewster, although he must -have purchased it late in life. It has a lighter iron guard without -ornamentation and a slightly curved singled-edged blade, also with a -narrow fuller at the back. This sword, too, is typically English.</p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="f120 space-above2 space-below2"><i>Detail of the Standish rapier hilt.</i></p> - <img src="images/i009a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="339" /> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="f120"><i>Swept-hilted rapier excavated at Jamestown.<br /> Those - used at Plymouth would have been similar</i>.<br /> National Park Service.</p> - <p class="space-below2"> </p> - <img src="images/i009b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="341" /> - </div> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i010a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="490" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center"><i>The cutting swords of Governor Carver, - Elder Brewster and John Thompson.</i></p> - </div> - <p class="center space-above2"><i>Quillon or left-hand dagger.</i></p> - <img src="images/i010b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="181" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span> -A third surviving cutting sword preserved at Pilgrim Hall is a -broad-sword which belonged to John Thompson who came to Plymouth in -1623. Like the Carver sword, this weapon also dates from the opening -years of the 17th century. The hilt is smaller, but the metal parts -are of iron decorated with the same typically English floral sprays in -silver. The blade on this specimen, however, is what sets it apart. It -is much longer and double-edged, a sword suitable for use on horseback -as well as on foot.</p> - -<p>These swords were more than mere military decorations. They were -highly necessary weapons. In a period when firearms were inaccurate -and loading and firing were time-consuming operations, the outcome of -most battles was determined largely by hand-to-hand combat. The musket, -once it had been fired, was then of no use for it had no bayonet. At -such times the sword became the principal weapon, and a soldier’s life -depended upon his skill with it.</p> - -<p>There are numerous records indicating the use of swords by the -Pilgrims. On their first expedition ashore, they used them to “hew -and carve the ground a foot deep.” In one interesting coincidence, a -sword’s hilt figured in the death of two persons. In 1646 a privateer -commanded by Captain Thomas Cromwell put into Plymouth. While there, -one of the sailors assaulted the captain who had been trying to -restore order during a brawl. In the course of the struggle, Cromwell -seized the man’s rapier and struck him on the head with its hilt. The -cross guard pierced his skull and killed him. Since the man had been -a notorious trouble-maker, Cromwell was acquitted in a trial by a -council of war. Some three years later, however, Cromwell fell from his -horse and landed upon the hilt of his own rapier which so injured him -internally that he died shortly thereafter.</p> - -<p>In addition to their swords, many men also carried knives or daggers. -Miles Standish and his followers used knives effectively in liquidating -the trouble-makers at Wessagusset, and there are numerous other -references to their presence at Plymouth.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately no specimens used by the Pilgrims or their 17th century -descendants at Plymouth have survived. There is a knife that belonged -to John Thompson in Pilgrim Hall, but it is a table or general utility -knife, and not a weapon. In all probability the most popular form of -dagger employed at Plymouth was the quillon or left-hand dagger. This -weapon had a simple cross-guard or quillons, probably with a ring -opposite the grips on one side. It had a straight blade which tapered -evenly to a point, and it was designed to be held in the left hand -while the rapier was held in the right. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span></p> - -<p>In addition to these edged weapons which were worn on the belt, there -were also weapons with long wooden hafts, known as pole arms. Of these, -two forms were principally used at Plymouth, the pike and the halberd. -The pike was a spear with a simple leaf-shaped head attached by long -straps to a wooden pole some fourteen feet long. The halberd was a -combination of axe and spear, and its haft was much shorter, perhaps -six or seven feet, exclusive of the head.</p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i012a.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="511" /> - <p class="center"><i>Halberd from the cellar of the<br /> John Alden house.<br /> - The haft is modern.</i></p> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i012b.jpg" alt="" width="135" height="516" /> - <p class="f120"><i>Pike.</i></p> - </div> -</div> - -<p>In European armies pikemen played a very prominent role. Offensively -they were used for shock tactics in charges against the enemy. -Defensively, with the butts of their pikes driven into the ground, they -formed movable semi-fortresses behind which musketeers could retreat in -the face of a cavalry charge. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span></p> - -<p>Because of this prominence as a weapon in Europe, the Pilgrims -brought some pikes with them to Plymouth, but they quickly found them -disappointing. Although the pike was effective in the set tactics -of Europe, it was of little use against an enemy who would neither -charge nor stand against a charge and whose forces were never arranged -in compact formation but scattered and always on the move. A weapon -fourteen feet long was also difficult to handle in the woods where -there was little room for maneuvering. Thus the Pilgrims first -abandoned the full pike for the half pike, which was only six or eight -feet long. As late as 1646 the Plymouth fathers still required one -half pike for every four men on military duty, but after the outbreak -of King Philip’s War in 1675, the settlers of Plymouth agreed with -their neighbors in Massachusetts Bay “... it is found by experience -that troopers & pikemen are of little use in the present war with the -Indians ... all pikemen are hereby required ... to furnish themselves -with firearms....”</p> - -<p>The history of the halberd at Plymouth is quite different from that -of the pike. At this period it was primarily an emblem of rank, and -as such it survived long after its usefulness in warfare ceased. -Halberds were carried by sergeants as symbols of their authority and by -ceremonial guards. In Virginia, for instance, Lord Delaware had fifty -halberdiers to form his guard when he was governor. This was a vastly -larger number than normal in America, but most colonial governors, -including John Winthrop in Boston, had a few attendants so armed. -Plymouth was no exception. As late as 1675 it was ordered that four -halberds be carried before the governor on the first day of the General -Court, and two on succeeding days. It is known also that the sergeants -at Plymouth had them, and there is a possibility that court officials -also carried them.</p> - -<p>At least one of the halberds from the Plymouth colony has survived and -is now preserved in Pilgrim Hall. It was probably made about 1600-1610 -and was found in the cellar of the John Alden house. The haft is a -modern replacement.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">FIREARMS</h2> -</div> - -<p>The projectile arms of the Pilgrims were their most important weapons. -The American Indian usually preferred to do battle against Europeans -in loose formation and at long range, resorting to hand-to-hand combat -only in surprise attacks or when he believed that the enemy had been -sufficiently decimated and disorganized by his sniping tactics. In -addition to their value in warfare, projectile arms were also important -in providing the settlers with fresh meat. For these reasons, the -evolution of design in such weapons was swifter and more striking than -in any other form of military equipment. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span></p> - -<p>The most common type of firearm that came to America on the -<i>Mayflower</i> was the musket. This was a smooth-bored weapon, -usually slightly more than five feet long with a caliber ranging -between .69 and .80. The majority of those that the original settlers -brought with them were matchlocks. They were fired by pressing the -lighted end of a slow match made of a loosely woven rope soaked -in nitre into the powder in the priming pan. This was effected by -fastening a length of the match to a forked holder known as the -serpentine on the outside of the lock which corresponded to the hammer -on a modern gun. Pressure on the trigger caused the serpentine to swing -in an arc toward the priming pan, thus bringing the match into contact -with the powder.</p> - -<p>Although the mechanism was simple, the loading of a matchlock was a -long and complicated procedure. After having fired his musket, the -first task of the soldier was to remove his match (which according to -regulations was lighted at both ends) so that he would not accidentally -ignite any of his powder. To do this he loosened the thumb screw -which clamped the match in the fork of the serpentine and grasped -the cord with his left hand, holding one of the lighted ends between -his second and third fingers and the other end between his third and -fourth fingers. Then, seizing the barrel of the gun with the thumb -and forefinger of the same hand, he would hold it while he loaded. -Having thus prepared the piece to receive the charge, he would use his -right hand to open one of the wooden cylinders on his bandolier or the -nozzle of his powder flask, depending on which he carried, and pour the -contents down the barrel. Next came a ball from his pouch or from his -mouth if it was during an action, and finally, a wad of tow or paper. -All this was forced home with a rammer. Then he would prime the piece -by filling the flash pan with fine-grained powder from a little flask -which was suspended from his belt, close the pan cover, and carefully -blow away any loose powder.</p> - -<p>The gun was then loaded, but several actions were still necessary -before it could be fired. The match had to be returned to the -serpentine and adjusted. The coal on its end had to be blown into -activity. If the gunner was forced to wait any length of time before -firing, he had to change the adjustment of the match continually to -insure that it would strike the pan and also to prevent it from burning -down to the serpentine and going out. If it did go out, he relighted it -from the coal at the other end of the match which was kept burning for -that purpose. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i015.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="625" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Three matchlock muskets. From left to right: An - Italian musket, 1580-1610 believed to have been used at Plymouth before - 1637 when it was sold to a nearby garrison house; German musket, - 1600-1630; German musket, 1640-1670.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i016.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="541" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Soldier blowing on his match to make the coal glow - well before firing.<br /> From De Gheyn.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span> -From this it may be seen that the matchlock was in many ways inferior -to the Indian’s bow. Its chief advantage lay in the panic produced -by the flash, smoke, smell and noise of the explosion of the charge. -Also, a gun could be loaded with several bullets and wound a number of -enemies at one time. The ball from a matchlock musket was superior to -an arrow in the size of the hole it tore, the bones it smashed, and -the amount of blood it spilled. The bow was superior in accuracy and -rapidity of fire. Moreover, it was light and easy to carry while the -gun was heavy and clumsy. The bow was constantly ready for use except -perhaps during a long rain, while the slow-match required, in the best -of weather, constant attention to keep it burning; and in dampness, -rain, and wind, it was useless. The light from the match also prevented -ambush at night, and the smell forestalled a surprise attack in the day -time unless the foe happened to be up-wind.</p> - -<p>Although matchlocks were the dominant type of weapon brought over -on the <i>Mayflower</i>, there were also a few flint arms. Modern -authorities differentiate between the true flintlock and its more -primitive or regional forms, the snaphaunce, the English lock, the -so-called “dog” lock, the Baltic lock, and the miquelet. These -distinctions are purely modern, however. The contemporary writers -called all firearms which ignited the powder by striking flint against -steel “snaphances.” Thus it is impossible to determine at this date -exactly what form of flint arm is referred to in a given instance, and -so a generic term must be used.</p> - -<p>Flint arms were much more efficient than matchlocks. They were faster, -more dependable, and less cumbersome. The powder in the priming pan -was ignited by striking a piece of flint held by the cock against a -piece of steel, called the frizzen or battery. The frizzen was poised -directly over the pan so that the sparks produced by the contact of the -flint and steel would drop into the powder. Flint arms could function -in ordinary dampness and even in a light rain. There was no match to -light and keep free from ash in advance of any expected action. And -since there was no match, there was no light or smell to betray an -ambush.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to determine exactly when flint arms superseded -matchlocks as the standard military firearm at Plymouth. There were -a few flint arms in the <i>Mayflower</i> in 1620, for flints are -specifically mentioned among the military stores on board. Miles -Standish, a professional soldier, naturally had the best weapon -available. Edward Winslow, in describing the first encounter between -the colonists and the Indians, noted that Standish with his “snaphance” -and one or two other Pilgrims, who were apparently equipped with flint -arms, fired at the Indians and held them at bay while a brand from the -fire was carried to the others so they could light their matches.</p> - -<p>For the first ten years the supremacy of the matchlock was probably not -seriously threatened. From 1630 until the outbreak of King Philip’s -War in 1675, however, the change is plainly visible. There are more -references to matches than to flints in inventories and court records -until the beginning of the Pequot War, but the tales of snap-shooting -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span> -increase, and during the war the stories of ambushes and surprise -attacks throughout New England indicate that flint arms were becoming -more plentiful. In 1643 the Plymouth General Court ordered that every -soldier should be supplied with either a matchlock or a “snaphance.” By -1645 Governor William Bradford could report that the Plymouth troops -had been sent to a muster at Seacunk “well armed all with snaphance -peeces.” In 1645, also, while matchlocks were allowed for private arms, -the Plymouth General Court allowed only “snaphances” or “firelocks” for -Town arms.</p> - -<p>With the coming of King Philip’s War, the era of the matchlock at -Plymouth was definitely past. The campaigns of that war, forays into -the wilderness, night attacks, ambushes, battles in the rain, and -encounters between individuals which required snap-shooting indicate -clearly that the “snaphance” was the principal weapon. In 1677, towards -the end of the war, the Plymouth General Court outlawed the matchlock -completely as an acceptable weapon. In abandoning matchlocks at this -time, Plymouth was years ahead of Europe where the clumsy firearm -persisted until after 1700.</p> - -<p>In addition to the matchlock and flint arms in general use, there were -undoubtedly a few wheel lock arms in Plymouth. The wheel lock was the -second ignition system chronologically, having been developed shortly -after 1500. It was an efficient system, operating much like a modern -cigarette lighter with the spark produced by holding a piece of pyrites -against a revolving rough-edged wheel. The wheel lock, however, was an -expensive weapon, costing twice as much as a matchlock and half as much -again as a flint arm. This did not necessarily preclude its purchase -by the Pilgrims since those colonists were not so apt to economize -on something which affected their life expectancy as closely as did -their firearms. There are no records which state positively that there -were wheel locks at Plymouth, and no authentic wheel lock used there -has survived. The term “firelock” which is used occasionally in the -documents very often was used to denote a wheel lock, and in the case -of the 1646 order mentioned above, it almost certainly had that meaning.</p> - -<p>The Pilgrims also brought two other principal kinds of hand firearms -with them, the fowling piece and the pistol. The fowling piece, or -birding piece as it was often called, was usually a huge gun. In 1621 -Edward Winslow wrote from Plymouth to prospective colonists in England -and advised them concerning their needs. Regarding these fowlers, he -counseled, “Let your piece be long in the barrel; and fear not the -weight of it, for most of our shooting is from stands.” This was in -keeping with the best contemporary sporting theory which contended -that barrels five and a half or six feet long would increase the range -of the gun and produce a flatter trajectory for the bullet. Such guns -were almost always flint arms, although there may have been a few wheel locks. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i019.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="663" /> - <div class="blockquot"> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>A flint musket with the so-called dog lock, about - 1637; a later flintlock musket, about 1690; a wheel lock musket, - 1620-1650; the long fowler which belonged to John Thompson.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i020.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="189" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2"><i>John Thompson’s “dog lock” pistol.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Fortunately one such fowling piece which belonged to a Plymouth -settler, John Thompson, has survived, and is preserved in the Old -Colony Historical Society Museum at Taunton, Massachusetts. It is -88½ inches long with a 73½ inch barrel of .84 caliber. The lock is a -primitive form of flintlock known to collectors today as an “English -lock.” The stock is oak and was undoubtedly made in this country.</p> - -<p>In addition to their long guns, the Plymouth settlers also brought -some pistols. Inventories of their estates contain listings of such -hand guns, including one “double pistol.” All the pistols would have -been either wheel locks or flint arms. The matchlock was almost never -used for pistols by Europeans, although it is frequently found on -Oriental hand guns. Once more it is a weapon of John Thompson that has -survived to show what at least one of the Plymouth pistols looked like. -Preserved in Pilgrim Hall, it is a most interesting weapon. Many of the -pieces are missing from the lock, but enough survive to indicate it -was the type of flintlock that is often called a “dog lock” by modern -collectors because of the little dog catch which held the cock in -the half-cock position. The barrel is brass with interesting moulded -decorations, and the wooden stock has a butt closely resembling those -found on many wheel lock pistols of the first quarter of the 17th century.</p> - -<p>These were the kinds of firearms which the Plymouth colonists used -in the years from 1620 till 1690. Before leaving the subject, however, -it would be well to mention one form which was not used but which -has become intimately associated with the Pilgrims in popular -imagination—the blunderbuss. This colorful weapon with the flaring -muzzle was developed on the Continent of Europe about the middle of -the 17th century, some thirty years after the <i>Mayflower</i> landed -at Plymouth. It was some years later before it reached England. -As a weapon, it was a highly specialized arm. The flared muzzle -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span> -was designed to spread the shot in a wide pattern and thus do as -much damage as possible to a closely packed group of enemies at -comparatively short range. It was of no use against scattered foes at a -distance. Actually, it was the direct ancestor of the modern riot gun -or the shot gun used by prison guards. It was not popular in America -until about 1700 when the growth of cities and increasing population -created here the conditions under which it was effective.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">AMMUNITION AND EQUIPMENT</h2> -</div> - -<p>The ammunition which the colonists fired from their guns consisted of -round balls of lead propelled by charges of black powder. The powder -was weak by modern standards and thus comparatively large loads were -used. When it was ignited it gave off clouds of white smoke which -smelled strongly of sulphur. Usually for military purposes a single -ball was used, but sometimes, especially for hunting, a number of small -shot, much like present day buck shot, were used. These were called -swan shot by the men who used them.</p> - -<p>There were several ways of carrying this ammunition. The powder was -normally either in a flask or bandolier; the shot in a soft leather -pouch. When going into action, a soldier often took his bullets from -his pouch and put them in his mouth so he could spit them into the -barrel of his gun and save time in loading.</p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><i>Powder flasks.</i></p> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i021a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="374" /> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i021b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="352" /> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span> -The flask was usually a box of wood, often covered with leather and -bound with iron. Normally it was either roughly triangular or shaped -like a flattened horn. There was a nozzle at the end with two valves, -one at the base and one at the end. This enabled the user to measure -out one nozzle-full of powder at a time, and the nozzle was calculated -to hold just about enough powder for a normal load. Usually two flasks -were used, a large one for the propelling charge within the gun, and a -small one holding finer powder for use in the priming pan.</p> - -<p>A bandolier was a somewhat more complicated piece of equipment. It -consisted of a leather belt worn over the shoulder from which were -suspended little cylinders of wood, metal or hard leather. Each of -these cylinders held enough powder for one charge. Also attached to the -belt were a bullet pouch and often a small flask for priming powder.</p> - -<p>Theoretically the bandolier afforded a faster and more convenient -method of carrying ammunition. Actually, it had many disadvantages. -The cylinders rattled against each other, making so much noise it was -sometimes impossible to hear commands. Occasionally the musket would -become tangled in the loops. And worst of all, hanging in front as they -did, they would sometimes ignite from the musket discharge and the -whole string of charges would explode, which was most unpleasant and -disconcerting to the wearer to say the least. Despite these drawbacks, -bandoliers were quite popular at Plymouth, and they are frequently -mentioned in wills and inventories.</p> - -<p>As the 17th century wore on, there came two other developments in the -means of carrying ammunition. The use of flasks made of cows’ horns -increased in popularity as the cattle population grew. Such horn flasks -had been used to some extent by the poorer classes in Europe, but in -America they became very popular because they could be made locally and -did not require great skill or craftsmanship. By the beginning of the -18th century such horn flasks or powder horns as they were then called -completely dominated the flask picture. The other development was the -practice of wrapping charges of powder in cylinders of paper which -could be carried in a pouch. These were the first true cartridges. -They had been used in Europe primarily for mounted troops for several -decades before the Pilgrims landed. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden is -credited with having been the first general to supply his infantry with -them early in the 17th century. However this may be, paper cartridges -began to appear at Plymouth sometime after 1637, and by the beginning -of King Philip’s War in 1675, they were fairly common. They were not -widely used by European infantry until after 1700. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i023.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="615" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Musketeer wearing a bandolier.<br /> Note how he pours the - charge from one cylinder down the muzzle.<br /> From De Gheyn.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i024.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="250" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Full scale model of a sakeret mounted in Plimoth - Plantation’s reconstruction of the first fort.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">CANNON<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor"><small>[1]</small></a></h2> -</div> - -<p>In addition to their small arms, the Pilgrims also brought some heavy -ordnance. On a commanding hill overlooking the bay and landing site, -they built a meeting house and fort with places for their cannon on an -upper deck. On February 21, 1621, William Bradford and Edward Winslow -relate how “the Master came on shore, with many of his saylors, and -brought with him one of the great peeces, called a Minion, and helped -us to draw it up the hill, with another peece that lay on shore, and -mounted them, and a Saker and two Bases.” In 1627 Isaak De Rasieres -visited Plymouth and noted that the Pilgrims had six cannon of -unspecified types in their fort and four “patreros” mounted in front of -the governor’s house at the intersection of the two streets of the town.</p> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> -In the preparation of this section I am much indebted to -Mr. Edwin N. Rich of Wellfleet, Mass., a life-long student of early -artillery who prepared the drawings from which the cannon in the -reconstructed fort were made.</p></div> - -<p>These guns were probably not new, and they may well have been part -of the armament of the <i>Mayflower</i> itself. The largest of the -cannon mentioned by name was a minion. This would have been a brass -gun, which weighed between 800 and 1200 pounds. It would have had a -bore of about 2.9 inches diameter and fired an iron ball weighing 3½ -pounds for distances up to 1600 yards. The saker was slightly smaller, -probably weighing 650 to 800 pounds. It would have had a bore of about -2.7 inches in diameter and shot a 2¾ pound ball up to 1700 yards. Since -cannon designations were used rather loosely by the artillerists of the -time, there is room for considerable differences in these dimensions. -On Burial Hill in Plymouth are two early English cannons, one a minion -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span> -and the other a small saker or sakeret. These guns were used as the -models for those mounted in Plimoth Plantation’s reconstruction of the -original fort. Since it is presumed that the Pilgrims’ guns came from -the armament of the <i>Mayflower</i> and since they were dragged up the -hill and mounted immediately, it has been assumed that they were placed -on carriages from the ship, and so naval carriages of the period have -been reproduced for the reconstructed fort.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i025.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="283" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Full scale model of a minion in Plimoth Plantation’s - reconstruction of the first fort.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The loading and firing of one of these cannon was a complicated -procedure, requiring the assistance of several men. The recoil from the -discharge would normally drive the piece back away from the gun port. -If it did not roll back far enough, the crew would seize the ropes -or “training tackle” and haul it into a position that would permit -them to load it. First a wet sponge on the end of a long handle was -run down the barrel to put out any sparks that might remain from the -previous shot. Then came the powder which was handled in one of two -ways. Sometimes the proper amount was fastened ready-to-use in a cloth -bag or cartridge. At other times it was brought loose to the cannon in -a wooden bucket with a purse-like leather top closed by a drawstring. -From this “budge barrel,” as it was called, the powder was dipped and -inserted into the barrel by means of a copper ladle on a long wooden -handle. After the powder was rammed home, a wad, was inserted and -rammed, and finally the projectile which was forced home by a rammer.</p> - -<p>This projectile might be either a solid ball or one of the more deadly -anti-personnel missiles such as grape shot or cannister. Grape shot -was made up of a series of small balls grouped on a wooden stand -and wrapped with burlap or canvas. Upon firing, the stand and cloth -disintegrated, and the balls spread out over a wide area. Cannister -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[Pg 26]</span> -shot was based on the same principle. In this form, however, the small -balls or other iron fragments were enclosed in a thin metal cylinder -which came apart upon firing. Other missiles included cross bar and -chain shot, in which spheres or hemi-spheres were joined by a bar or -several links of chain. These were particularly useful against ships -because they revolved in flight and cut rigging. It is doubtful if the -Pilgrims had all of these forms of projectiles with them in 1620. Some -of them were just then developing. But by 1690, any or all of them -might well have been used at Plymouth.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i026a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="287" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Some seventeenth century artillery projectiles.<br /> - From left to right: solid shot; fragment of shell, stand of grape shot.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Once the gun was loaded, a few more steps were necessary before it -could be fired. It was primed by pouring powder from a flask or horn -into the touch hole. Then the crew again seized the training tackle and -pulled the gun back into position. The gunner aimed it by directing the -way in which the men pulled the ropes and by shifting the position of -the wedges under the breech of the barrel. Then he took a forked staff, -known as a linstock, which held a length of burning match similar to -that used in the matchlock muskets. He touched the lighted end of the -match to the powder in the touch hole and fired his gun.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i026b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="135" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>“Patrero” or “murderer” viewed from above.<br /> - <a href="#PATRERO">For a side view see title page</a>.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i027a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="455" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Side view of base.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The two bases in the fort and the four “patreros” in front of the -governor’s house were much smaller guns. Both types were made of iron, -and both were breech-loaders. The guns of this category were called by -a great variety of names, and the situation is even more confused than -with the larger pieces. The type of base used by the Pilgrims, however, -was probably a gun some 4½ feet long, which weighed about 200 pounds. -It would have had a bore about 1¼ inches in diameter and fired either a -lead ball weighing 5 ounces or an iron one weighing 3 ounces. In order -to load it, the ball was placed in the breech end of the barrel, and a -separate chamber filled with powder was placed behind it and fastened -securely with a wedge. The “patreros” were probably of the type known -also as “murderers.” These differed from the bases in that the bore -expanded in diameter from breech to muzzle. Instead of a single ball, -these guns were normally loaded with small shot, short lengths of iron -bar, or broken pieces of iron and stone. The expanding bore helped -spread these projectiles as they left the muzzle and thus made the -murderer a vicious anti-personnel weapon at short ranges. Both the base and -the murder were mounted in forked swivels of iron set in a wooden pedestal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i027b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="83" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>Base viewed from above.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i028.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="422" /> - <p class="center space-below2"><i>The first fort as reconstructed - by Plimoth Plantation contains a collection of arms and armor - of the period.<br /> Woodcut by Thomas Nason.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>These were the weapons which the Pilgrims brought from Europe to win -their new home. They came without sufficient arms “... nor every man a -sword to his side; wanting many muskets, much armour, &c.” Once in this -country, however, the need not only for enough weapons but also for -good weapons was soon felt. Forced by their dependence on their arms, -the settlers soon threw away their armour and their pikes, discarded -their matchlocks for more efficient guns, and began to use paper cartridges -well before these innovations were generally adopted in Europe.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>This booklet has been published by two organizations devoted to the -study and interpretation of all aspects of Pilgrim history.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">PLIMOTH PLANTATION</h2> -</div> - -<p>Plimoth Plantation was founded in 1948 as a non-profit educational -organization to foster public understanding of the Pilgrims of -Plymouth. To this end the corporate organization, Plimoth Plantation, -is re-creating the Plimoth Plantation of 1627, the farming community -from which sprang the Old Colony of New Plymouth. It is a functioning -village, over half completed (in 1969), in which guides and hostesses -in Pilgrim dress carry on the tasks necessary for daily living and -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span> -sheep and chickens wander the narrow street. It is open to the public -from April through November and is visited by more than 250,000 people -per year.</p> - -<p>The Plantation also owns and exhibits two re-created Pilgrim houses -near Plymouth Rock, the Mayflower II and a small sailing craft—a -Shallop—of the type used by the Pilgrims for coastal trading.</p> - -<p>These public exhibits are backed by a strong research and publication -program covering the European background of the Pilgrim story to the -end of the 17th century.</p> - -<p>The Plantation seeks the support of all who wish to help perpetuate the -Pilgrim tradition. Those interested in membership should address the -Membership Director, Box 1620, Plymouth, Mass. 02360.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">THE PILGRIM SOCIETY</h2> -</div> - -<p>The Pilgrim Society, Plymouth, Massachusetts, was organized in 1820. -Its main purposes have been to insure a universal appreciation of -the Pilgrims and their contributions to the American heritage. In -Pilgrim Hall, one of the oldest museums in the country, there is -displayed a collection of Pilgrim relics and material bearing on the -history of Plimoth Colony. Every effort is made to enlarge and improve -this collection and to preserve in the library of Pilgrim Hall a -comprehensive history of the Pilgrims and the colony they founded. The -Society supplies its members with “Pilgrim Society Notes” containing -articles which would otherwise remain undiscovered among the papers of -the students of Pilgrim and Colonial history.</p> - -<p>The Society was, in its earlier years, responsible for the erection -of the Forefathers Monument, which stands on a hill behind the Town -overlooking Plymouth Bay; and for preserving as a park the area -directly behind Plymouth Rock, known as Cole’s Hill, which served the -Pilgrims as a burying ground during the first precarious winter in the -settlement. Today the Society is custodian of these memorials and of -others erected by various societies in the Town of Plymouth to honor -the Pilgrim Fathers.</p> - -<p>Annually on Forefathers Day, December 21st, the Society celebrates the -Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth with a suitable observance of the -occasion at the Annual Meeting of the Society which many of the members -attend.</p> - -<p>Those interested in applying for membership are invited to communicate -with the Secretary of the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth. Dues are $5.00 -per year, and the money thus attained, together with admission fees to -Pilgrim Hall and a modest endowment supply the funds for the activities -of the Society.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center space-above2 space-below2"> <i>Those interested in -a documented and more detailed study of arms and armor in all the -colonies should see the author’s book</i>, Arms and Armor in Colonial -America, 1526-1783, <i>the Stackpole Company. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1956.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARMS AND ARMOR OF THE PILGRIMS, 1620-1692 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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