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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65621 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65621)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report on the Migration of Birds in the
-Autumn of 1879, by John A. Harvie-Brown
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Report on the Migration of Birds in the Autumn of 1879
-
-Author: John A. Harvie-Brown
-        John Cordeaux
-
-Release Date: June 15, 2021 [eBook #65621]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from files generously provided by The
-             Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS
-IN THE AUTUMN OF 1879 ***
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber Note
-
-Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_.
-
-
-
-                            THE ZOOLOGIST.
-
-                             THIRD SERIES.
-
-            Vol. IV.]          MAY, 1880.          [No. 41
-
-
-
-
-                REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN THE
-
-                          AUTUMN OF 1879.[1]
-
-
-              By John A. Harvie-Brown and John Cordeaux.
-
-
-[Footnote 1: I would here direct attention to another paper of mine
-bearing upon this subject, which was read at the meeting of the
-Glasgow Natural History Society on Sept. 30th, 1879, and forms part
-of its 'Proceedings' for the Session 1879-80, now in the press. It
-forms a Report upon Migration of 1878, Journal of the severe winter
-of 1879-80, and Observations on the effects of the weather, under the
-different species of Mammals and Birds noticed. I read a similar Report
-on 1879-80 at the meeting of the same Society in March last.--_J. A.
-H.-B_.]
-
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-
-                                                   PAGE
-
-  _EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND_                          161
-    Separate Report of Each Species Observed        162
-
-  _EAST COAST OF ENGLAND_                           172
-    Separate Report of Each Species Observed        173
-
-  _WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND_                          189
-    Separate Report of Each Species Observed        190
-
-
-
-
-_EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND._
-
-
-Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instructions were sent to
-twenty-six lighthouses on the east coast of Scotland. Thirteen stations
-have sent in returns, and thirteen have either sent in none, or have
-returned blank forms, owing to unusual scarcity of birds. The stations
-from which co-operation was asked are the following, commencing with
-the most northerly. Those from which returns have been received are
-marked with a *.
-
-  *North Unst, Shetland; white and red sectors, fixed. Robert Burnett.
-   Whalsey Skerries, Shetland; white, revolving every minute.
-   Bressay Sound, Shetland; red and white alternately, rev. every minute.
-  *Sumburgh Head, Shetland; white, fixed. William Anderson.
-  *North Ronaldshay, Orkney; white, flash every 10 seconds. John Tulloch.
-   Start Point, Orkney; red, fixed.
-  *Auskerry, Orkney; white, fixed. Charles C. Irvine.
-  *Hoy Sound (Low), Orkney; white, fixed. Alex. Harp.
-       "     (High) Orkney; red and white sectors, fixed. W. Gordon.
-   Cantick Head, Orkney; white, revolving every minute.
-  *Pentland Skerries, Orkney; white, fixed. D. M'Donald.
-  *Dunnet Head, Caithness; white, fixed. George M'Lachlan.
-   Holborn Head, Caithness; white and red, flash every 10 sec. D. Charleson.
-  *Noss Head, Caithness; white and red, revolving every ½ m. Alex. Creig.
-  *Tarbet Ness, E. Ross-shire; white, int. visible every 2½ m. W. Davidson.
-   Cromarty, E. Cromarty; red, fixed. Robert S. Ritson.
-   Chanonry Point, Elgin; white and red sectors, revolving every minute.
-   Covesea Skerries, Elgin; white and red sectors, revolving every minute.
-   Kinnaird Head, Aberdeen; white and red sectors, fixed. F. Harvey.
-   Buchan Ness, Aberdeen; white, flash every 5 seconds. Thomas Gallie.
-  *Girdleness, Aberdeen; white, fixed. Wm. Gulcher.
-   Montroseness, Forfar; white, fixed. Patrick E. Reid.
-  *Bell Rock, off Coast of Fife; white and red revolving. James Jack.
-  *Isle of May, Firth of Forth; white, fixed. Joseph Agnew.
-  *Inch Keith, Firth of Forth; white, revolving every minute. R. Grierson.
-   St. Abbs Head, Berwick; white, flash every 10 seconds. Robert Seater.
-
-A general scarcity of birds is reported by a great majority of the
-observers on our east coast, which partly accounts for the absence
-of returns from several stations. Those sent in have been carefully
-prepared by the various reporters so far as materials allowed.
-Excluding Swans, Geese, Ducks, and Rock-birds, notes have been made on
-about twenty-eight different species.
-
-
-SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.
-
-At North Ronaldshay, an Owl--species unknown, but probably the
-Short-eared Owl, _Asio acciptrinus_--was seen on Nov. 3rd, flying
-south, at 10 a.m.; and at Dunnet Head a Horned Owl, also probably of
-the same species, struck three times, but got away. This was at 6 p.m.
-
-From Pentland Skerries we have all the records of hawks. Two early
-records (July 7th and 14th) may refer to autumn migration or not. Thus,
-"a black hawk" was seen on July 7th at 3 p.m., and on the 14th another
-of the same at 7 p.m. On Sept. 17th one hawk struck at 11.30 p.m. The
-species is probably, the Sparrowhawk, _Accipter nisus_.
-
-Accounts forwarded by other correspondents, however, show that Hobbies
-(_Falco subbuteo_, Linn.), visited the Lewis in some numbers this
-year.[2] At Sumburgli Head the appearance of a White-tailed Eagle is
-recorded, but is only of local interest, as these birds are known to
-breed near that station. That a migration, however, does take place
-amongst Eagles, and mostly of this species, is undoubted. Mr. D. Dewar,
-an experienced ornithologist, writes me:--"Every winter, for this
-longtime back, when we have a strong east wind in November, Eagles and
-Rough-legged Buzzards appear over Loch Tay. In November, this year,
-I saw four Eagles together, all White-tailed, and three Rough-legged
-Buzzards along with them."
-
-[Footnote 2: I have referred more fully to this in my "Report
-on Scottish Ornithology" for the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow for
-1879-80.--_J. A. H.-B_.]
-
-Swift, _Cypselus apus_.--Only one at Sumburgh Head on May 25th,
-doubtless on the spring migration. Two were seen at 10 a.m., wind light
-S.W., breeze and haze. "Swifts, however, do not breed in Shetland"
-(_vide_ Saxby's 'Birds of Shetland,' p. 147).
-
-Swallow, _Hirundo rustica_.--I have returns from four stations,
-Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Tarbet Ness, and Isle of May. At the
-northernmost station (Sumburgh Head) "a number were seen flying about,"
-at 11 am., wind at W.S.W., fresh and hazy. But this record was on
-June 12th, so probably refers to the spring migration. Their earliest
-appearance noted is August 21st, when four struck at Auskerry at 1
-a.m., wind S.E., strong with fog; the latest Oct. 27th, when two were
-killed at Tarbet Ness at 7.10 p.m., wind N.W., light with fog. This
-shows migration between Aug. 21st and Oct. 27th. A "rush" appears to
-have taken place at the Isle of May on Sept. 19th, at 2 a.m., wind
-light E. with fog, when a flock of young birds was seen and four of
-them were wounded against the glass. Swallows migrate in August and
-September with an E. to S.E. wind, light to strong. In October my only
-record at Tarbet Ness gives wind N.W., light with fog. When the wind
-has been N.W., S.E. or E. there has been fog; when, in summer, at
-Sumburgh Head, W.S.W., there has been haze and rain. The last Swallow
-was seen in Berwickshire by Mr. J. Hardy on the 30th Sept. 1879.
-
-Martin, _Hirundo urbica_.--From Pentland Skerries one record in which
-this species is distinguished from the Swallow. On August 25th one
-struck at 2.30 p.m. during a light W. wind with haze. The last was seen
-in Berwickshire by Mr. J. Hardy on the 3rd October, 1879.
-
-Wren, _Troglodytes europæus_.--At North Ronaldshay five seen during the
-daytime on Nov. 21st, fresh breeze (direction not noted) with haze.
-Reported as usually appearing in large numbers at Auskerry, but the
-above-mentioned were the only ones seen.
-
-Goldcrest, _Regulus cristatus_.--The almost total absence of this
-species is specially remarked at the Isle of May. Usually they are
-abundant. These birds were decidedly scarce in Scotland throughout the
-summer.
-
-Robin, _Erythaca rubecula_.--Only two records of this species on the
-east coast. At Tarbet Ness one was killed on August 6th at 10 p.m.,
-wind light E. breeze, fog and rain; and at Inch Keith one struck on
-August 10th at 11.30 p.m., in similar weather, but with wind light W.
-
-Wheatear, _Saxicola œnanthe_.--The most northerly station of the two
-recorded is Pentland Skerries, and to the south the Bell Rock. Between
-Sept. 7th--when great numbers struck and were lost at the latter
-station, and birds continued passing or flying round lantern between
-midnight and dawn, wind S.E. and variable, fog and haze--and Sept.
-17th, Wheatears or "Stonechats" were on passage. If any rush took place
-it was between Sept. 7th and 11th, on which latter day fourteen were
-seen and two killed. Winds veered from S. and S.E. on. Sept. 9th and
-7th, to W. and S.W. on the 11th, 13th and 17th. All the birds passed at
-night between 8 p.m. and dawn.
-
-Titmice.--At only one station were Titmice observed on our east coast,
-_viz._, at the Isle of May, were some were seen on Sept. 15th at 10
-a.m., wind light W. with haze. From Auskerry, however, there is the
-general report that they are in most years abundant there, though none
-have been seen this season.
-
-Song Thrush, _Tardus musicus_.--Recorded from a number of stations
-from North Ronaldshay in the north to Auskerry, Pentland Skerries,
-Dunnet Head, Noss Head, Girdleness, and Bell Rock in the south. The
-greatest numbers noted were at Pentland Skerries, but great numbers
-also were noted at North Ronaldshay and the Bell Rock, where many
-"struck and were lost." Their earliest appearance recorded is on Sept.
-16th, when four struck at Noss Head between 8 p.m. and 10 p.m., wind
-S., moderate with haze. The latest date is Oct. 25th, when numbers,
-along with Blackbirds, struck at North Ronaldshay. The time thus
-occupied was from Sept. 16th to Oct. 25th. A rush took place during
-October, and the greatest rush, perhaps, between Oct. 14th and 25th. At
-North Ronaldshay, on Oct. 1st, numbers struck, along with Blackbirds,
-and were flying about all night. Others seen at Girdleness, the Bell
-Rock, at Pentland Skerries, and Dunnet Head. Thrushes migrated when
-the wind was between E. through S.E., S.S.W. to N.W., but principally
-when southerly. Fog, haze, and rain on all the dates given. Time of
-migration, after dark and before dawn at all dates.
-
-Blackbird, _Turdus merula_.--Appeared at North Ronaldshay and the Bell
-Rock between Oct. 1st and Nov. 25th. A rush during this time recorded
-on three dates:--Oct. 1st, "Numbers flying about all night," at North
-Ronaldshay, wind S.E., strong, "along with Thrushes." Oct. 14th, four
-(two males and two females) killed; number flying about between 8 a.m.
-and dawn; wind N.E., fresh, with haze and rain. Nov. 25th, numbers,
-along with Thrushes, flying about all night; wind light E. breeze, haze.
-
-Ring Ouzel (or "Mountain Blackbird"), _Turdus torquatus_.--Reported
-from Sumburgh Head only, where one struck at 4 a.m.; wind light N. at 5
-a.m., S.W. gale at 4 p.m.; weather clear. A number of the same species
-were seen in the country about the same time, and supposed to be young
-birds. At Auskerry, where they generally pass in large numbers, none
-were observed.
-
-Besides the above, "large Thrushes," probably Fieldfares,[3] passed or
-were caught at Auskerry, in October; four on the 15th between 1 and
-4 a.m., wind light N., clear; six on the 16th between 2 and 4 a.m.,
-wind S.S.W., strong, haze; and two on the 22nd at 3 a.m., wind strong
-S.W., and haze. Large numbers struck the lantern at the Bell Rock, and
-were lost in the sea between midnight and dawn on Sept. 7th, and again
-at the same station on Oct. 14th, between 3 a.m. and dawn. These were
-mixed in flocks of Blackbirds, Thrushes, and "various" other species.
-
-[Footnote 3: Afterwards identified as such by the head, wings and tail
-sent in later communication.]
-
-The great scarcity of Thrushes in Scotland all summer was caused by
-the severe winter of 1878-79 and late spring of 1879, a consequent
-"crowding down" upon lower latitudes taking place during that breeding
-season. I have referred very fully to this in my first Report on
-Scottish Ornithology for the Natural History Society of Glasgow for
-1878-79 (now in MS., ready for press), read Sept. 30th, 1879. This
-scarcity is still felt. In the birch-woods of the west coast I saw
-small flocks on Oct. 28th, 1879.
-
-Rook, _Corvus frugilegus_.--At Sumburgh Head numbers were seen about
-9 am on Nov. 2nd, wind N.N.W., strong to fresh, with sleet and snow
-showers. "Rooks do not breed in Shetland, but are often seen in the
-spring time, but very seldom in the fall, crossing, as is supposed,
-between Norway and Scotland." At Dunnet Head about 100 Rooks, mostly
-young birds, were seen at 12 noon, with fresh breeze from S.E. to S.W.
-
-Starling, _Sturnus vulgaris_.--Noted at only two stations. At Pentland
-Skerries on October 19th six struck between 6 p.m. and 4 a.m., wind
-S.W. and rain; on the 26th one at 8 p.m., wind W., and clear; and on
-Nov. 20th two at 6 a.m., wind S.W., strong and haze. At Dunnet Head, on
-Oct. 20th, seven struck and four were killed at night, wind N.W. and
-N.E., haze.
-
-Siskin, _Carduelis spinus_.--At Inch Keith three young birds struck at
-1 a.m. on Sept. 16th, wind light W., fog.
-
-Lark, _Alauda arvensis_.--Pretty generally recorded, but scarcer than
-usual; the northernmost station Pentland Skerries. They are also noted
-at Tarbet Ness and Girdleness. The most counted was thirty-six at
-Pentland Skerries between 5 p.m. and 4 a.m. on October 13th-14th, and
-the next largest number was sixteen, on Sept. 15th, between 8 and 10
-p.m. Their earliest appearance was on August 16th, when four struck
-at midnight at Tarbet Ness, wind light S.E. and haze; the latest Nov.
-19th, when nine struck (four killed) at the same station at 8.10 p.m.,
-wind S.W., light and haze. The time occupied is thus between August
-16th and Nov. 19th. A rush took place between Oct. 13th and 14th, or
-say about the middle of October, and again about November 19th at
-Pentland Skerries, Tarbet Ness, and Girdleness.
-
-Larks migrated or came most under notice in S.W. winds, but also in
-S.E., N.E. (as at Pentland Skerries, when thirty-six were seen), and W.
-Our data from the Scotch coasts are too limited this year to admit of
-conclusions, unaided by the English returns. Haze and fog are recorded
-on all the days noticed. All records give hours of passing at night
-from 6 p.m. in October, and from 8 10 p.m. in November till 4 or 5 a.m.
-
-Woodpecker, _Picus (major?)_.--At Inch Keith two struck and an adult
-bird was killed at 9 p.m. on Sept. 15th, wind W., light breeze and fog.
-
-Lapwing, _Vanellus cristatus_.--Reported to have left the vicinity of
-Hoy Sound in the third week of September. At Auskerry thirty or forty
-were seen about 3 p.m. on Sept. 11th, wind light W. and haze, and at
-Tarbet Ness a large flock was seen at 11 a.m., when the wind was N.W.,
-light and haze on Oct. 12th.
-
-Plover, _Charadrius pluvialis_.--At Pentland Skerries a flock was
-seen at 1.15 a.m. on Sept. 3rd, wind S.W., almost calm, with fog,
-and another flock at 2 p.m. on Dec. 7th, wind N.W. and clear. These
-represent earliest and latest dates. At Dunnet Head about 160 Plovers
-passed with S.E. wind and rain. At Tarbet Ness a large flock seen
-at 4 p.m., wind N.W., fresh and haze on Oct. 12th. Plovers remained
-unusually late on the high hills of Perthshire this autumn. On Oct.
-15th I saw three on the hills around Glen Queich, and two flocks on
-the 16th. On the 14th was a snowstorm and ice a quarter of an inch in
-thickness on hill puddles.
-
-Heron, _Ardea cinerea_.--At Girdleness on October 23rd two Herons were
-seen at 3.30 p.m., wind S.W., clear.
-
-Curlew, _Numenius arquata_.--Only three records, one of which no
-doubt refers to local migration or to late spring or summer. On June
-29th a flock was seen at Pentland Skerries at 7.40 p.m. At Sumburgh
-Head, on July 30th, "a number crying very loud" were heard about 11
-a.m., wind W.S.W. (gale on Aug. 1st), with haze and rain. At Pentland
-Skerries, on Dec. 11th, a flock was noted at 7.40 p.m. during light W.
-wind and clear. Did the migration last from July 30th to Dec. 11th?
-Curlews appear to migrate from early dawn to dusk, as far as records
-show. These birds were nearly a month late in arriving on our coast in
-Stirlingshire.
-
-Sandpiper (sp.?).--At Pentland Skerries three struck and were killed;
-wind strong S.W. and haze.
-
-Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticola_.--The most northerly station was North
-Ronaldshay. Thence southward, but nowhere in large numbers, seen or
-struck at Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, Tarbet Ness,
-Girdleness, and Isle of May. The largest number seen at any station
-at the same time being five at Tarbet Ness on December 3rd. A single
-bird is noted at Dunnet Head as early as Sept. 17th. None again till
-Oct. 15th, when one was killed at North Ronaldshay at 9 p.m., wind
-N.E., moderate, with sleet. The latest recorded was Dec. 3rd, when, as
-related above, five were seen at Tarbet Ness at 11.30 a.m., wind strong
-W., with snow. The length of time occupied in migration was between
-Sept. 17th and Dec. 3rd. "Rushes" of migrants took place between Oct.
-15th and 21st, but the reports are very meagre, being in most cases
-instanced by single birds striking at North Ronaldshay, Auskerry,
-Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Again a rush between Nov. 11th and
-19th at North Ronaldshay and Girdleness; and again between Dec. 1st and
-3rd at North Ronaldshay and Tarbet Ness. In two cases only have more
-than single birds been recorded. The migration took place principally
-when the wind was between S. and W.; but I have records of their
-flights also in strong N. wind with snow, on Dec. 1st, at Tarbet Ness;
-in N.E., moderate breeze with sleet, on Oct. 15th at North Ronaldshay;
-and again, with an E. light breeze and clear, on Dec. 21st, at the same
-station. When the wind has been S.W. or W., there has been fog or haze;
-when S., rain, as in November, on the 14th and 15th. Woodcocks appear
-to migrate principally at night, and are observed during the hours
-between evening dusk and morning grey, or, in other words, between 7.30
-p.m. and 5 a.m. Exceptions occur, as at 11 a.m. at North Ronaldshay
-11.30 a.m. at Tarbet Ness, 2 p.m. at North Ronaldshay, and 3.30 p.m. at
-Girdleness; these last being all in daylight. A flight came inland in
-Stirlingshire about Nov. 22nd, on which day a party of five guns, of
-which party I was one, killed eighteen in Torwood Covers.
-
-Snipe, _Gallinago scolopacina_.--At the Isle of May one was seen at 10
-a.m. on August 6th, with light S.E. wind, fog and rain. Snipe scarce or
-much scattered, owing to wet season. Entirely disappeared from inland
-localities when the hard frost of beginning of December set in, and few
-returned all winter.
-
-Water Rail, _Rallus aquaticus_.--One record at Girdleness; on August
-17th, one was seen at 8 p.m., wind E. with rain.
-
-Grey Geese.--At Dunnet Head, on Sept. 3rd, thirteen Grey Geese were
-seen "going north" at 3 p.m., wind S.E., fresh, haze and rain.
-
-Bernacle Goose, _Bernicla brenta_.--At Dunnet Head a mixed flock of old
-and young (twenty-five) seen going W. on Sept. 7th, and five more on
-the 14th, during the day, wind light W. Fog on the 7th; clear on the
-14th. _Anatidæ_ were a month earlier in appearing on Loch Tay in the
-autumn of 1879. Geese were reported as unusually abundant from many
-localities.
-
-Swans.--Three Swans seen at North Ronaldshay flying south at 2.30 p.m.,
-with W.N.W. fresh wind and clear, and again at same place at 9.30 a.m.,
-on Nov. 27th, swimming on the water; wind strong N.E., and clear. At
-Pentland Skerries eight were seen at 2 p.m. on Oct. 26th; wind light W.
-and clear. At Dunnet Head three old and one young seen going S.W., at
-1 p.m., breeze light, on Sept 14th; and three old birds again on Sept.
-22nd.
-
-Ducks.--At Tarbet Ness a large flock of ducks passed inland at 10 a.m.,
-with a N. gale and snow, on Nov. 12th. At Girdleness, two ducks seen at
-4.40 a.m., wind S.W., and haze, on Oct. 16th. At Tarbet Ness a large
-flock seen at 9.15 a.m., wind W., strong and snow, on Dec. 5th. At
-Dunnet Head seven ducks (Widgeon) stayed on the lake three days from
-Oct. 25th; arrived with W. to N.W. breeze and cloudy.
-
-Guillemot, _Uria troile_.--At Pentland Skerries a flock seen on June
-25th, at 7.15 p.m.; wind E.N.E., and light haze. (Compare with notes on
-W. coast at Cape Wrath and elsewhere.)
-
-Puffin, _Mormon fratercula_.--At North Unst innumerable Puffins seen on
-evening of April 24th.
-
-Common Skua (or "Bonxie"), _Stercorarius catarrhactes_.--At North Unst,
-usually appear about middle of April. "We do not see more than six or
-eight in a season."
-
-Petrel, _Thalassidroma pelagica_.--Seen at North Unst in August, and at
-Dunnet Head on Oct. 10th, wind strong W., and haze, at 11 p.m.
-
-Tern, _Sterna_.--Only one record. One struck at Pentland Skerries at
-8.30 p.m. on Sept. 8th; wind strong S., and fog.
-
-Terns always appear upon our Stirlingshire coast the end of August and
-beginning of September, remaining usually about a fortnight to three
-weeks.
-
-The unusual scarcity of migrants is very generally reported upon at
-almost all the east coast stations. The remarks of the reporters,
-comparing the observations with former years, generally show this to
-be the case. Thus, commencing with our most northerly station. North
-Unst, I find it stated that, in most seasons, "Land birds, as Snow
-Buntings, Stonechats, and Starlings, strike the lantern." It is also
-stated that--"Until the last three years, large flocks of Iceland Gulls
-were seen during the month of April, going N.W. A few returned this
-way." They are seen, however, every year in some numbers in October.
-At Sumburgh Head, Mr. Anderson says, "In twenty-one years I have not
-seen so few birds strike the lantern"; and Mr. Tulloch, writing from
-North Ronaldshay, says, "We have had so much of N.W. winds here this
-fall, that I think the birds have been kept more towards the south."
-Similar complaints of scarcity of migrants reach me from Auskerry, Hoy
-Sound (High), Holborn Head, Ness Head, and Isle of May; and an entire
-_absence_ of all birds--"since the schedules came to hand"--is reported
-at several of these stations. The reason assigned by Mr. Tulloch is no
-doubt the correct one. From other stations local influences probably
-have more to do with the scarcity, as, for instance, the unfavourable
-positions of the lanterns. Thus, Cromarty is "situated on the point of
-the town of Cromarty, and almost among the houses." During seventeen
-years that the present principal light-keeper has been there, he
-does not think that more than a dozen birds have struck the glass.
-Altogether, few of our Scottish stations are situated in as favourable
-positions for observation as the lightships of the English coast.
-Perhaps the Bell Rock and Isle of May are the most favourable in the
-south, and the Pentland Skerries and some of the Orkney and Shetland
-stations in the north.
-
-Besides the records under the various species which have been
-identified, there are many records of birds striking or passing, which
-were not identified. It is from a comparison of these and the other
-records that I arrive at the conclusion that the above stations are the
-most favoured. Thus, large numbers of birds struck the lantern of Bell
-Rock, and were lost between midnight and dawn on Oct. 7th, and again on
-the 14th, between 3 a.m. and dawn; on both occasions in foggy, hazy, or
-rainy weather, &c., as is almost invariably the case. I have not been
-able to trace from actual data, except in a few cases, the direction
-of the flight of the migrants, as such has not, as a rule, been noted
-by the reporters. It would be an advantage to have this done next
-season, under the column in the schedule for "General Observations."
-The species which have appeared in greatest numbers are Thrushes and
-Blackbirds, Larks, Wheatears, and Swallows; whilst Hooded Crows--noted
-as most numerous on the English east coast--are absent from all the
-Scottish returns, and Rooks occur only in one very far north instance,
-_viz._, at North Unst.
-
-The line of flight of the _Anatidæ_ is generally from N. to S., as
-explained further on by Mr. Cordeaux. I may mention here that this
-holds generally also on the west coast of Scotland, but that the
-lines of flight of the _Insessores_ are influenced by local causes,
-and configuration and trend of the west coast. Thus the direction,
-according to previous experience, is often from N.W. to S.E. When
-migrating over or near land the lines of flight follow the great
-valleys and then the coast-lines, often cutting off promontories, as
-at the Ross of Mull. These are probably birds having a starting-point
-more to the N.W.,--the Hebrides, Iceland, and North America,--and
-others which in their migrations from east to west overshoot the land
-and "hark back"; but we will speak more of this in our remarks under
-"West Coast." Land birds have passed at all hours of the day and
-night, flying generally low, and in almost all kinds of weather. The
-_Anatidæ_, as a rule, fly much higher, and consequently are only seen,
-or almost only, in clear weather.
-
-Almost all records of birds caught or killed, or striking at the
-lanterns, are noted on dark or cloudy nights, with fog, haze or rain,
-or snow and sleet. The isolated stations, such as the Bell Rock, are
-most deadly; many are stunned and killed, and blown into the sea, at
-such localities. Birds on such nights often remain around the lights
-all night or rest on the window-sills of the tower and the balconies,
-or endeavour to obtain entrance to the tower. Whenever dawn appears
-they resume their flight towards the nearest land.
-
-A great northward rush appears to have taken place at Bell Rock
-lighthouse between the 2nd and 11th of March, 1880, as noted in the
-duplicate schedule by Mr. James Jack, lately received by me. On the
-2nd March great numbers of birds were seen flying about the lantern,
-apparently of various species, of which Blackbirds, Thrushes, and
-Mavises were recognised; wind S., light breeze, heavy sleet; sexes
-unidentified; a great number continued to strike hard on lantern all
-night from 10 p.m., and rebounding off, fell into the sea. On the 9th,
-great numbers, including Lapwings, Thrushes, Mavises, "Snowflecks,"
-Rooks and "Sea-piets," from 5 a.m. till good daylight, when all
-disappeared in the fog; observer could not say in which direction
-they flew; wind S.E., light breeze, fog, and rain. This has been the
-largest migration seen this year; very large numbers of each species
-seen. On the 11th March great numbers of Lapwings, Curlews, Blackbirds,
-and "Sea-piets," from 12 midnight till first streak of day, when all
-disappeared; cannot say in which direction; wind N.E., light breeze,
-and haze. A few struck lantern-lights and flew off again; sexes not
-made out. A perceptible increase in our birds at inland localities took
-place about this time, and notes on migration taken at various inland
-localities corroborate the rush at coast stations. Curlews were seen
-passing inland on March 6th for first time. Great Tits much increased
-in numbers, as also Chaffinches, Starlings, Thrushes, Blackbirds, &c.
-
-
-
-
-_EAST COAST OF ENGLAND._
-
-
-Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were sent to
-thirty-seven lighthouses and lightvessels on the east coast of England.
-Twenty-five stations have sent in returns, and twelve have failed to
-do so. The stations from which co-operation was asked are as follows,
-commencing with the most northerly. Those from which returns have been
-received are marked with a *.
-
-   Berwick.
-  *Longstone, on the most easterly of the Farn Islands; white light,
-     revolving every 30 seconds.
-  *Farn Islands (two lights); white, revolving every 30 seconds.
-  *Coquet Island, coast of Northumberland; two white lights in same
-     tower.
-   Souter Point.
-  *Teesmouth, No. 5 Buoy Lightvessel; one white light, fixed.
-  *Whitby, High Light; while, fixed.
-   Flamborough Head; two white, one red flash, revolving every half
-     minute.
-   Spurn Point.
-  *Spurn, Lightvessel, six miles S.S.E. of Spurn Point; white,
-     revolving every minute.
-   Bull, Lightvessel, mouth of Humber.
-  *Outer Dowsing, Lightvessel, 53 miles E.S.E. Spurn; red light,
-     revolving every 90 seconds.
-  *Inner Dowsing, Lightvessel, 17 miles E. Sutton, on Lincolnshire coast;
-     green, 20 seconds.
-   Dudgeon, Lightvessel, 35 m. E. Skegness, Lincolnshire coast; white,
-     fixed.
-  *Leman and Ower, Lightvessel, 48 miles E.N.E. of Cromer; two white
-     lights, one fixed, one revolving.
-  *Hunstanton, Lighthouse, white, fixed.
-  *Cromer, Lighthouse; white, revolving every minute.
-   Hasborough, Lighthouse; white, fixed.
-   Winterton, Lighthouse; white, fixed.
-  *Newarp, Lightvessel, 12 miles N.E. Winterton; white, three quick
-     flashes, and 36 seconds in a minute dark.
-  *Cockle, Lightvessel, 3 miles E. Yarmouth; white, revolving each minute.
-  *Lowestoft, Lighthouse; white, revolving 30 seconds, and red fight,
-     fixed.
-  *Corton, Lightvessel, 4 miles E. Lowestoft; red, revolving 20 seconds.
-  *Orfordness, Lighthouse; white, fixed.
-  *Shipwash, Lightvessel, 8 miles S.S.E. of Orfordness; white, fixed.
-   Languard Point, Lighthouse, entrance to Harwich River.
-   Cork, Lightvessel, 5 miles off mouth of Harwich River.
-  *Galloper, Lightvessel, 40 miles S.S.E. of Orfordness; two white,
-     horizontal, fixed.
-  *Kentish Knock, Lightvessel, 33 miles N.E. of North Foreland; white,
-     revolving each minute.
-  *Nore, Lightvessel, mouth of Thames; white, revolving 30 seconds.
-  *North Foreland, Lighthouse; white, fixed.
-  *Goodwin, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, revolving, three quick
-     flashes in succession, 36 seconds darkness.
-  *Gull-stream, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, revolving 20 seconds.
-  *East-side, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands, 13 miles E. of Deal; green,
-     revolving 15 seconds.
-  *South-sand Head, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, fixed.
-   South Foreland, Lighthouse; white, fixed.
-   Dungeness Point; white, fixed.
-
-Great credit is due to the observers of the various stations for
-the careful manner in which, as a rule, the returns have been
-made out. Taking them altogether the reports show truthful,
-accurate, and painstaking observation. Excluding the _Anatidæ_,
-Swans, Geese and Ducks, notes have been taken of about thirty-two
-different species.
-
-
-SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.
-
-Of _Raptores_ two only are mentioned, the Sparrowhawk and the
-Short-eared Owl. Of the former one visited the Inner Dowsing on
-Oct. 1st, at 8 p.m. At the Gull-stream on Sept. 19th one alighted
-on deck and was caught. At the South-sand Head on Sept. 23rd
-a very large Sparrowhawk stopped to rest on the rail, going W. At
-the same station on Oct. 2nd another settled on the lantern, also
-leaving for the west. These may have been hawks in passage, or
-pirates beating in the track of small migrants. The Short-eared
-Owl occurs only at Teesmouth; on Sept. 29th one passed at daybreak,
-one on Oct. 1st at 7 a.m., and another on the 16th at 3 p.m.
-
-I saw the first Short-eared Owl on the Lincolnshire coast on
-Oct. 30th. Twelve were seen at Spurn the same morning. It
-thus appears that the migration of this species has extended just
-over a month, from Sept. 29th to Oct. 30th.
-
-Flycatcher, _Muscicapa grisola_.--At the Galloper on Sept. 13th,
-from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m., hazy, 200 to 300 birds, mostly Flycatchers;
-twenty killed against glass of lantern. At the Kentish Knock on Sept.
-18th two dozen Flycatchers through night around lantern, rain, going
-S.W. at daylight; none killed. At the Nore, Aug. 22nd, at sunrise,
-mixed with Larks, and again on Sept. 7th, same hour, without Larks.
-At the Gull-stream, on Sept. 17th, at 3.20 a.m., E., thick rain,
-large quantities of Flycatchers; lantern surrounded by birds. On Oct.
-11th-12th, 11 p.m. to 5 a.m., N.N.E., rain, large numbers of Larks,
-Starlings and Flycatchers in vicinity of light; many struck and went
-overboard. Time of migration extending over fifty-two days.[4]
-
-[Footnote 4: I find the following reference to this species in my
-note-book:--"Did not observe any Flycatchers, old or young, in this
-neighbourhood after the end of August: up to this time they were
-exceptionally numerous."--_J. C._]
-
-Song Thrush, Redwing, Fieldfare, Blackbird, and Ring Ouzel.--With the
-exception of the last, which is reported from Heligoland, the _Turdidæ_
-are noticed at fourteen stations extending over the whole coast-line.
-At the Longstone, on Sept. 11th, four Redwings killed at 3 a.m., gloomy
-and thick; on Oct. 30th and 31st Thrushes, Blackbirds and Redwings
-passed, wind E. and N. At the Farn Islands, Oct. 14th, Redwings, 9
-a.m.; 15th, Thrushes and Blackbirds, N.N.E. half a gale; 22nd, several
-Blackbirds; 30th, same, and flocks of Redwings all day, E.; Nov. 20th,
-Fieldfares all day, E. strong; 22nd, same; Dec. 5th, 3 p.m., snow.
-Blackbirds and Thrushes. At Teesmouth on Dec. 1st, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.,
-snow. Redwings, Thrushes and Fieldfares, going from N. to S.W.; Dec.
-2nd, a few Redwings. At Teesmouth lighthouse on Oct. 1st, at daylight,
-forty to fifty Thrushes, and twenty to thirty at 9 a.m. on the 7th; on
-Dec. 4th, at 6 a.m., one Blackbird struck the glass and was killed.
-At Spurn on Dec. 2nd, 9 a.m., large numbers of Thrushes. At the Outer
-Dowsing, Sept. 24th, four Blackbirds; on the 29th, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.,
-six Thrushes. At the Leman and Ower on Dec. 16th, Thrushes in company
-with Larks and Starlings all through the night. At Cromer on Oct.
-24th three Thrushes struck the lantern during the night; on the 30th
-four, and on Nov. 16th five others. At the Newarp, Nov. 28th, 9 a.m.,
-six Blackbirds passed. At the Kentish Knock, Nov. 18th, one Thrush
-killed. At the Nore, Nov. 7th, four Blackbirds, going W.S.W.; Nov. 3rd,
-Fieldfares. At the North Foreland, Nov. 21st, 1 a.m., E.S.E., snow, one
-Blackbird killed. At the Gull-stream, Nov. 21st, cloudy and showers of
-snow, Starlings, Blackbirds, and Thrushes in the vicinity of light from
-1 to 4 a.m.; six Starlings, four Thrushes, and one Blackbird killed.
-At the South-sand Head, Oct. 12th, dense fog, many Thrushes; several
-killed. General line of migration, with few exceptions, E. to W.,
-carried on both by day and night; a considerable proportion, however,
-appear to arrive from daybreak to 10 a.m. Migration of Thrush extending
-over seventy-seven days, from Oct. 1st at Teesmouth to Dec. 16th at the
-Leman and Ower; of Redwing, sixty-five days, from Sept. 11th at the
-Longstone to Dec. 2nd at Teesmouth; of Fieldfare, twenty-eight days,
-from Nov. 3rd at the Nore to Dec. 1st at Teesmouth;[5] of Blackbird,
-seventy-two days, from Sept. 24th at the Outer Dowsing to Dec. 5th at
-Farn Islands.[6] On Oct. 29th, S.E. and E., _Tardus iliacus_ crossed
-Heligoland in large numbers, "thousands and thousands" passing on
-overhead; the same day, _T. torquatus_, "a few"; _T. merula_ and _T.
-musicus_, "limited numbers"; "_T. iliacus_ descending from invisible
-heights down to about one hundred feet above island,--three hundred
-feet above the sea,--then all of them passing on; when atmosphere got
-clear again, in afternoon, passage ceased." Again on the night of the
-30th, N.N.E., "enormous number of _Turdidæ_ passing overhead."
-
-[Footnote 5: Mr. W. Eagle Clarke reports that on the 24th of January
-last large numbers of Fieldfares were seen between Easington and
-Kilnsea, near Spurn Point, and as they were the first seen in the
-neighbourhood this season they were no doubt immigrants, more
-particularly as the locality in which they were seen is one where they
-are only observed during or immediately after arrival. Large flocks
-appeared also in North-East Lincolnshire during the last fortnight in
-January, so far as my own observations go, composed entirely of old
-birds. Mr. Gätke also writes, "All January through, night from 10th to
-11th, great many from the east; 21st to 24th, the same."--_J. C._]
-
-[Footnote 6: Numbers of fine old cock Blackbirds arrived at Spurn
-during the latter part of January, and early in February at the same
-time with the Fieldfares.--_J. C._]
-
-Redbreast, Whitethroat, Wren.--The same notes in the reports applying
-generally to the three species, it is not necessary to treat them
-separately. At Coquet Island, on Sept. 13th, 11 p.m., two Redbreasts
-struck glass, not killed. At Hunstanton, on Oct. 13th, 1 p.m., fog,
-a Wren and Redbreast seen. At Cromer, May 23rd, 1 a.m., a great many
-Wrens; two killed, also one Redbreast; May 27th, 11 p.m., Wrens and
-Whitethroats, five killed (these last notes are referable to the spring
-migration); Sept. 12th, Wrens and three Redbreasts strike glass. At
-Spurn this autumn the Common Wren did not appear before the middle of
-December; they usually arrive about the end of October.[7] Redbreasts
-were very numerous at Spurn on Oct. 30th, wind blowing very fresh from
-N.E. None reported from Heligoland, but a great many Accentor modularis
-on Oct. 29th, wind S.E. and E.
-
-[Footnote 7: A friend, the owner of several steam-tugs, informs me that
-he has frequently known the Common Wren to come on board his vessels
-when far from land on the North Sea.--_J. C._]
-
-Golden-crested Wren.--Most exceptionally scarce; only one mentioned,
-at the Cockle, on Oct. 16th, at 3 p.m., wind N.N.E., when one came
-on board and was caught. Three were seen in a garden near Spurn on
-Oct. 27th and 28th; none, so far as I am aware, on any part of the
-Lincolnshire and Durham coasts, neither are they mentioned in the
-Heligoland report.
-
-Titmice.--At the Gull-stream, Sept. 17th, 3.20 a.m., thick, rain,
-E., several Titmice seen round lantern amongst the Flycatchers. Mr.
-Gätke remarks, "There have been no Parus major all this autumn, and
-we have actually seen only one bird"; early in October, "daily some
-_Parus ater_, that come here rarely but when there is an appearance of
-easterly winds."
-
-Wheatear.--At Hunstanton, May 24th, 11 p.m. to 2 a.m., drizzly
-rain, forty-one small birds killed, amongst them three Wheatears.
-At Cromer, Aug. 16th, 1 a.m., several Wheatears; four killed.
-
-Titlark, _Anthus sp.?_--At Spurn, May 25th, 1 a.m., rain,
-several Titlarks killed (referable to the spring migration), At
-the South-sand Head, Oct. 12th, 3 a.m., N.E., dense fog, Titlarks,
-amongst thousands of other birds, around and passing lantern.
-
-Shore Lark, _Otocorys alpestris_.--On Dec. 19th two were shot,
-from a small flock on the Humber side of Spurn Point; these
-were received in the flesh on the 22nd by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, of
-Leeds.[8] At Heligoland, on Oct. 1st, "some flights"; 5th, "some
-score"; 8th, "a great many"; 10th, "many flights"; on the 24th
-likewise, and again on the 29th, "many."
-
-[Footnote 8: Mr. Clarke subsequently informed me that on March 18th,
-this year, he saw a flock of about twenty Shore Larks at Spurn, and
-that during the past winter thirty-three have been shot there, in the
-proportion of two males to one female.--_J. C._]
-
-Sky Lark, _Alauda arvensis_.--None reported north of the Humber, and
-a negative return from Heligoland. South of the Humber, from every
-station making returns, and showing a gradual increase towards the more
-southern stations, where they crossed in immense numbers. Earliest date
-of passage, July 24th, at the Goodwin, 10 a.m., ninety to a hundred
-flying N.W. to the nearest land, and again at the same station on Aug.
-4th. After this no further notice till Sept. 17th, when the regular and
-normal migration of this species appears to have set in and continued
-without intermission till Dec. 27th. Leaving out the two earliest dates
-as exceptional, we shall find that the immigration of the Larks to our
-east coast was continued over 102 days. During October, November and
-December (first fortnight) they crossed continually, passing from E. to
-W., also from points S. of E. to others N. of W., over the narrowest
-part of the North Sea, as is shown in the returns of the most southern
-lightships--Galloper, Kentish Knock, Nore, North Foreland, Goodwin,
-Gull-stream, East Side, and South-sand Head; time, any hour of the day
-or night; direction of wind, variable. It would be quite impossible
-in a limited space to give anything like a detailed statement of the
-immigration of Larks, so a few extracts from my summary of the reports
-must suffice. There was a "great rush" of Larks and other species
-between Oct. 12th and 23rd. On the 16th October more birds appear to
-have crossed than on any day during the autumn. There was again a
-"final rush" of the laggards just preceding and during the outbreak of
-severe weather early in December. At the Newarp, Sept. 29th to Oct.
-27th, on fourteen days, going W., no particular hour, some striking
-lantern at night. At the Cockle, Sept. 28th to Oct. 17th, as a rule,
-very early in the morning (4.30 to 9.20 a.m.), on foggy, thick nights
-stopping to hover round lantern, some strike and are killed; Oct.
-9th to 16th, "great rush." At the Corton, Oct. 22nd and 23rd, flocks
-passing all day to N.W.; Nov. 11th, many hundreds during day; and again
-on Dec. 25th, all day from N.E. to S.W., Ducks and Larks; Dec. 27th,
-hundreds of Larks during afternoon. At the Shipwash, from Oct. 9th
-to 16th; all day on 15th and 16th. At the Galloper,[9] from Oct. 8th
-to 24th, Larks, Starlings and Chaffinches, generally during night;
-between these dates 135 of these species killed against lantern. At the
-Kentish Knock, Oct. 23rd, N.W., hazy, Larks and Chaffinches through
-night, "in clouds," sixty picked up on deck, and probably double this
-number falling overboard; Dec. 1st, from noon to 2.30 p.m., thick snow
-falling, Larks, Curlews, Starlings, Ducks, Chaffinches and Linnets,
-too numerous to mention; they came in clouds from N.E. to W.S.W. At
-the Nore, Aug. 4th to Dec. 6th and 7th, on forty-four days; on Dec.
-6th and 7th, by hundreds all day, often mixed with Starlings, Linnets
-and Sparrows. At the North Foreland, on Sept. 17th, a few; Oct. 16th,
-midnight, misty, fourteen Larks and ten Starlings; 17th, between 3 and
-4 a.m., ten Larks and nine Starlings struck. At the Goodwin, Sept. 17th
-to Dec. 7th, on nineteen days, going W. or N.W. or W.N.W.; Oct. 13th
-and 15th, in shoals throughout night; 13th to 22nd, "great rush." At
-the Gull-stream, Oct. 16th to 22nd, "great rush," flocks two hundred
-yards apart, passing westward. At the East-side, Oct. 9th to Dec. 12th,
-on seven days, E. to W.; on Sept. 23rd, going N. to S., with a N.E.
-wind blowing. At the South-sand Head, Oct. 12th, 3 a.m., dense fog,
-"great rush," thousands of Larks and other birds, many killed; Dec.
-1st, 3 p.m., dense fog and snow, "final rush," Larks, Starlings, and
-fifty Curlews; twelve Starlings caught on board, but no Larks. Mr. J.
-H. Gurney, jun., writing from Lowestoft, says, "On Wednesday (Oct.
-22nd), the arrival of Larks here was regular throughout the day." On
-Oct. 29th, at Spurn Point, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, of Leeds, says, "Sky
-Larks arriving and passing south in thousands the whole day." Immense
-numbers also arrived on the Lincolnshire coast in the last fortnight of
-October. (At Heligoland, Oct. 29th, S.E., and E., "_Alauda arboreus_,
-many.")
-
-[Footnote 9: Birds passing this station were all passing to E. or
-E.S.E. or S.E. in October. On Nov. 24th great numbers of Larks and
-Starlings were observed passing to N.N.E. See general remarks at end of
-report.--_J. C._]
-
-Snow Bunting, _Plectrophanes nivalis_.--None at stations south of the
-Humber. At the Longstone, Sept. 5th, 8.30 a.m., wind S., one was seen
-on the rocks; my correspondent remarks, "Earliest date I have ever seen
-a Snow Bunting on these islands (Farn Isles)." At the Farn Islands,
-Oct. 3rd, 11.30 a.m., three Snow Buntings flying N.W.; Oct. 25th,
-afternoon, in flocks flying W. At Teesmouth, Nov. 7th to Dec. 20th,
-several flocks between these dates flying N.W. At Spurn, Snow Buntings
-were first seen on the 28th. October; and large flocks of from 400 to
-500 in the Lincolnshire marshes during the first week in November. At
-Heligoland on Oct. 30th, N.N.E., "_Emberiza nivalis_, a great many,"
-and on the 31st, S.E., calm, overcast, "Snow Buntings and Finches."
-Leaving out the Farn Island date as exceptional,[10] we find the
-regular migration of this species to have commenced on Oct. 25th and
-finished Dec. 20th--fifty-seven days.
-
-[Footnote 10: In a note to Yarrell's 'British Birds' (vol. ii., p. 6,
-4th ed.), Prof. Newton cites, on my authority, the occurrence of a
-Snow Bunting on the Lincolnshire coast on Sept. 16th, 1875, as perhaps
-the earliest date for England. The Farn Island bird must now take
-precedence by eleven days.--_J. C._]
-
-Chaffinch, _Fringilla cœlebs_.--Has occurred at several stations,
-and both north and south of the Humber. At the Longstone, Sept. 28th
-and Oct. 1st, 6 a.m. till noon, S. strong, rain and mist, flocks of
-Finches and other birds going W. At the Outer Dowsing, Oct. 18th, at
-noon, going E. to W.; Oct. 24th, 7 p.m., overcast, rain, thirty round
-lantern, two killed. At the Leman and Owers, Oct. 7th, N.N.E., gloomy,
-mixed flocks of Larks, Chaffinches and Starlings during day and night.
-At the Newarp, Sept. 26th to Oct. 23rd, on several days. At the Cockle,
-odd birds, on three days, strike lantern or come on board. At the
-Kentish Knock, Oct. 23rd and Dec. 1st (see Sky Lark). At the Goodwin,
-Sept. 17th, 9 to 11 p.m., overcast, hazy, flying round lantern.
-Migration extending from Sept. 17th to Dec. 1st--seventy-six days.
-
-Linnet, _Linota cannabina_.--None registered north of the Shipwash, off
-the Essex coast, where from Oct. 9th to 16th flocks passed daily, all
-hours, going E. to W. At the Nore, Oct. 14th to Nov. 12th, invariably
-mixed with Larks. At the Gull-stream, Oct. 15th to 22nd, many flocks.
-
-Twite, _Linota flavirostris_.--One station only, the Kentish Knock,
-Oct. 24th, misty with rain, "Mountain Linnets," Larks and Starlings
-through the night; sixty picked up on deck, as many more went
-overboard. Nov. 8th, one caught on deck.
-
-Tree Sparrow, _Passer montanus_.--Flocks of Sparrows[11] were noticed
-at several stations south of the Humber. At the Outer Dowsing, on
-Sept. 29th, at noon, and Oct. 13th, 2 p.m., travelling from E. to W.
-At the Kentish Knock, Oct. 22nd to Nov. 8th, going from S.E. to N.W.;
-on Nov. 8th two came on board. At the Nore, Oct. 27th and Nov. 15th,
-on latter day mixed with Larks. At the Goodwin, Oct. 6th and 22nd,
-passing to W.N.W. At the Gull-stream, Oct 16th, large numbers of
-Sparrows and Linnets going W.; also on the 24th, 3.30 p.m., flocks
-200 yards apart. At the East-side, Nov. 8th, 9 a.m., a flock going
-E. to W. At the South-sand Head, Oct. 8th, "French Sparrows"; 16th,
-the same, some settled on board. Time of migration Sept. 29th to Nov.
-15th--forty-eight days. During September and October Tree Sparrows
-usually arrive in North-East Lincolnshire in flocks containing many
-hundreds. This year has been quite an exceptional one, and only a few
-stragglers have been seen. I suspect the persistence of north-westerly
-winds in the autumn has driven these and the great body of our
-immigrants much further southward than is usual. The returns indeed
-show this to be the case.
-
-[Footnote 11: It is not improbable that in some of the returns the
-entries may refer to the Common Sparrow. We know, however, that Passer
-montanus is such a constant and regular migrant to our east coast
-in the autumn that in the majority of cases it will refer to this
-species.--_J. C._]
-
-House Sparrow, _Passer domesticus_.--Only once mentioned, at the
-Corton, Sept. 28th, 7.50 a.m., large flock going west, males and
-females. As the female of the preceding is undistinguishable from the
-male, this entry undoubtedly refers to the Common Sparrow. We know
-that the House Sparrow is a migrant across Heligoland,[12] and my own
-observations on the Lincolnshire coast tend to the same conclusion.
-
-[Footnote 12: See a letter by Mr. Gätke in 'The Times,' March 31st,
-1877, on the "Migration of Sparrows."]
-
-Starling, _Sturnus vulgaris_.--Next to the Lark, the Starling
-occupies the most prominent position in the reports. It is noticed
-both north and south of the Humber at seventeen stations:--the
-Longstone, Coquet Island, Teesmouth, Outer Dowsing, Inner
-Dowsing, Leman and Ower, Cromer, Newarp, Cockle, Galloper,
-Kentish Knock, Nore, North Foreland, Goodwin, Gull-stream,
-East-side, and South-sand Head. Enormous numbers passed the
-southern stations in October, November and December. Sometimes
-in separate flocks, sometimes mixed with other birds. They
-crossed at all hours of the day and night, and in all winds and
-weather. Earliest recorded, Cromer, June 10th, 2 a.m., "quantity";
-the Newarp, 7 a.m., on July 4th, going E. to W.; these were
-young birds.[13] Leaving out the earliest dates as referring to the
-migration of the young, we find that the regular immigration
-on to our east coast commenced on Sept. 22nd, when four were
-killed against the lantern of the Longstone at 3 a.m., to Dec. 16th
-at the Leman and Ower--eighty-six days; migration E. to W. The
-Starling, like the Lark, appears to have a particular facility for
-immolating itself against the lanterns. At the Leman and Ower
-large nmnbers of Starlings, along with Larks and Chaffinches, were
-taken in October; at the Galloper (see Sky Lark); also at the
-North Foreland, and many other instances too numerous to
-mention. At Heligoland this year there have been no young
-Starlings during July; Mr. Gätke says he may perhaps have seen
-a hundred, and this is all.
-
-[Footnote 13: This bears out Mr. Gätke's observation in a letter
-dated Heligoland, 1879, when he says, "Hundreds of thousands of young
-Starlings from end of June to end of July. Hundreds of thousands of
-old birds during October, November, and later; young and old strictly
-divided in their migrations."]
-
-Hooded Crow, _Corvus cornix_; Rook, _C. frugilegus_; Daw, _C.
-monedula_.--The migration of Rooks is not noted on the English coast
-north of the Humber; south of this they were noticed at nearly every
-station as either Rooks or "Black Crows," to distinguish them from
-the Hoodie or Grey Crow. Immense numbers of both Rooks and Grey Crows
-crossed on Oct. 16th from daylight to dark, travelling from E. to
-W. Noticeably at the Inner Dowsing, on Oct. 16th, large number of
-Crowds, from N.E. to W.; at Hunstanton, on the 17th, Hooded Crowds and
-Rooks all day; at the Newarp, on the 16th; at the Cockle, the same
-day "height of rush," Crows and Rooks, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., going W.,
-and again on the 22nd, 23rd and 24th, large numbers of Crows, Rooks,
-Starlings and Larks, from daylight to dark, passing W.; again on Nov.
-8th, large flocks of Crows. At the Corton, on Oct. 16th and 22nd,
-continuous flocks of Crows, Daws and Larks all day, E. to W., also
-Nov. 8th and 11th and Dec. 27th. At the Shipwash, Oct. 15th and 16th,
-constant on 15th, till 12 a.m.; on 16th, 9 a.m. to 3.20 p.m., from
-S.S.E. to N.N.W. At the Goodwin, Oct. 15th to 21st, Crows "in shoals."
-At the South-sand Head, Oct. 16th, Rooks, 9.30 a.m., going W.N.W. and
-N.W.; and seven other stations. In the returns it is impossible in
-many cases, under the general entry of "Crows," to separate the Hooded
-Crow from the Rook. It appears, however, that immense numbers of the
-_Corvidæ_ crossed the North Sea; Rooks at stations south of the Humber,
-and Hooded Crows at both northern and southern stations from Oct.
-15th to Nov. 19th. Both Rooks and Hooded Crows appear to have started
-simultaneously on Oct. 15th, and passed across the North Sea from E. to
-W. in almost continuous flocks on the 16th and 17th; and after these
-dates in more scattered detachments, less and less to Nov. 19th. And
-again during the latter, part of December; the last entry is on Dec.
-27th at the Corton, Crows passing E. and W. in afternoon and Larks
-in hundreds. Daws are only mentioned at two stations; the Corton on
-Oct. 10th and 2:2nd, continuous flocks of Daws and Crows all day; also
-at the Shipwash on the 16th. At the Inner Dowsing on Oct. 22nd four
-Crows remained all night on globe above the lantern, and five took up
-their position in the same quarter on the night of Nov. 8th, leaving at
-daylight for the Lincolnshire coast. The wind on the North Sea on Oct.
-16th was N. to N.E., force 4 to 7.
-
-Cuckoo, _Cuculus canorus_.--On Sept. 17th, 10 p.m., at the North
-Foreland, wind E., overcast, misty a Cuckoo struck the south side of
-the lantern, but was not killed.
-
-Swallow, _Hirundo rustica_.--The spring migration was noticed at two
-stations--the Cockle, June 8th, 9.20 a.m., five Swallows passed towards
-land; also on July 1st at 4.30 a.m., ten passing to W.S.W.; at the
-South-sand Head, July 6th, twenty at 3.30 a.m., flying towards N.N.W.
-The autumn migration was observed at several stations both north and
-south of the Humber. At Coquet Island, Aug. 15th, midnight, S.E.,
-three Swallows struck glass of lantern, but were not killed; on the
-20th great numbers were seen flying about, two striking glass after
-dark, but were not killed. At Whitby, on Oct. 4th, 9.30 a.m., flock
-going south. At Hunstanton, on Sept. 10th, 2 p.m., a flock alighted
-on lantern and gallery; and on Oct. 12th, 3 p.m., fog, twelve came up
-to light and dispersed in various directions. At the North Foreland,
-on Sept. 9th, 10th and 11th, about forty passed each day; and on the
-21st, about one hundred flew round the lantern top for an hour. At
-the South-sand Head on Sept. 28th, twelve. Swallows passed. Migration
-extending from Aug. 15th to Oct. 12th--fifty-nine days.
-
-Swift, _Cypselus apus_.--The autumn migration of Swifts, so remarkable
-in 1879 for the great numbers seen at various places on the north-east
-coast (see Zool. Jan. 1880, p. 8), was observed at only two stations.
-At Teesmouth, great numbers flying about during the last three days of
-August. At the Nore, on Aug. 1st and 2nd, between 6 and 7 a.m., and
-again on the 20th; last on Oct. 10th, 9 a.m., Swifts mixed with Larks.
-At Heligoland, Martins and Swifts, "rather great numbers during August;
-particularly noted on the 10th, wind S.E., Swifts a great many; on the
-20th, the same."
-
-Charadriidæ.--The burst of severe weather during the early days in
-December brought an immense influx of Plovers to our east coast from
-the north; large flocks are noticed at this time at the more northern
-stations, more particularly at Coquet Island on Nov. 26th and Dec.
-6th, northerly and westerly winds, force from 6 to 8. There is only
-one notice south of the Humber, and this early in the season. At the
-Shipwash, Oct. 12th, flock of thirty Lapwings, going westward.
-
-Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticola_.--Was observed at the Farn Islands, Oct.
-22nd, 30th (great flight), Nov. 1st, Dec. 2nd, N.E. to N.N.E. At Coquet
-Island, Sept. 29th, S.W., strong, one; and Oct. 24th, also one; about
-noon on both days. At Teesmouth, Nov. 2nd, three at daylight. At the
-Outer Dowsing, a station more than fifty miles from the nearest land,
-on Dec. 12th, two flying W. At Heligoland, Oct. 30th, N.N.W., early at
-dawn, great many Woodcocks; about 100 killed. Great numbers were shot
-on the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coast on the morning of Oct. 31st,
-sixty at Spurn Point alone; wind very fresh from N.E. on the previous
-night with drizzly rain. The migration of Woodcocks extended from Sept.
-29th at Coquet Island to Dec. 12th at the Outer Dowsing--seventy-five
-days. The "great flight," at Heligoland on the morning of Oct. 30th;
-east coast of England, on the night of the 30th.
-
-Snipe, _Gallinago media_.--At the Longstone, Sept. 17th, 2.30 a.m.,
-misty, one struck the lantern and was killed. At the Farn Islands, on
-Dec. 2nd, 10th and 19th. At the North Foreland, on Nov. 14th, 1.30
-a.m., N., moderate gale, and again on the 21st, at 5 a.m., snow.
-Snipe were killed. Very large numbers arrived in Holderness and North
-Lincolnshire, from the middle to the end of November, just preceding
-the outbreak of severe weather in December. They left the district
-again, almost to a bird, before the middle of the month.
-
-Curlew, _Numenius arquatus_.--Curlews were in large flocks at Teesmouth
-on Sept. 27th. At the Inner Dowsing, Sept. 1st, three going from N.E.
-to S.W. At Hunstanton, on Oct. 13th, 4 a.m., fog, one struck glass of
-lantern and was taken. At the South-sand Head, Aug. 13th to 29th, large
-flocks, 100 to 200 in a flock, going S. and S.W. The Curlew migrates
-early in the autumn, Aug. 13th to Sept. 29th. Most of these entries
-will probably refer to young birds, the old Curlews coming later in
-October and November. At Heligoland, Oct. 30th, many passed over.
-
-Anatidæ.--Between Dec. 4th and 20th Swans passed the Teesmouth from
-N. to S. in some numbers; on the 4th, six; the 8th, five (four old and
-one young); 14th, nine (eight old and one young); 15th, forty-three;
-16th, three; 18th, two; the 20th, ten at 10 a.m., and ninety-five at 11
-a.m. On the 18th a flock of thirty was seen near Spurn, one old white
-bird acting as pilot, the remainder all young, in the brown plumage.
-Two Bewick's Swans were shot on the Humber on the 8th. Four passed the
-Kentish Knock, on Dec. 4th, 2.15 p.m., N.E. to S.W. Two Swans, which
-may have been "escaped birds" from some private waters, passed the
-Teesmouth on Sept. 30th, 10 a.m., flying S.E. Geese were observed at
-several stations both north and south of the Humber, going south from
-Aug. 18th to Dec. 13th, the main body passing south during the last
-half of November and in December. Brent or "Black Geese" are noted at
-the Corton, going south, July 18th, twelve; July 30th, two flocks of
-from thirty to forty; on Sept. 17th, thirty. These are very early dates
-for Brent Geese,[14] Mr. Cotton, the observer, might have possibly been
-led into an error by passing flocks of black Scoters. As, however,
-"black ducks" are frequently mentioned in his return, this could hardly
-be the case, and he appears very well able to discriminate between the
-two. At the Corton, Dec. 4th, hundreds of black geese from N.E. to
-S.W. from sunrise to noon--_i.e._, towards the mouth of the Thames or
-Essex coast. As might have been expected, large flocks of Ducks are
-constantly noted, so frequently indeed, as to defy repetition; this is
-more particularly the case in the returns from the lightships. They are
-noted sometimes flying S., from the land or to the land, and in fact in
-every direction. Many of these would be local flocks going to and from
-their feeding grounds. Immense numbers, however, coming from the north,
-passed along the coast in November and December. At Coquet Island,
-on Dec. 14th, 3 a.m., N.W., blowing a gale, two Eider Ducks (spelt
-phonetically, "Ida" in the report) struck lantern and one was killed.
-
-[Footnote 14: Major C. Russell, writing from Essex, says, "The earliest
-occurrence of Brent Geese on our coast I ever remember hearing of was
-Sept. 29th, when many years ago one of our coast gunners, still living,
-killed ten at a shot."]
-
-Red-throated Diver, _Colymbus septentrionalis_.--Red-throated
-Divers and Mergansers are mentioned in the report from Teesmouth
-during November. With regard to the first of these, Mr. Gätke sends
-the following curious note, dated Dec. 22nd, 1879:--"_Colymbus
-septentrionalis_, almost by the million. During the last forty years
-there have never, during a single autumn, been a fiftieth part of what
-we see here now every day--all passing along, principally during the
-forenoon, east of the island in an E. by N. direction, which I think
-they continue till coming to the Holstein coast, then strike off in a
-northerly course up to the extreme north of Jutland, and from thence
-cross over to the Dutch coast, perhaps next morning to renew the trip.
-There are constantly so many that one scarcely can believe them always
-to be fresh birds."
-
-Procellaridæ.--At the Longstone, on Sept. 18th, at 3 a.m., two Petrels
-were caught against the lantern-windows. At Coquet Island, on Nov. 4th,
-3 a.m., one killed against the lantern. At the Goodwin, Oct. 11th, five
-were seen with many Larks and Starlings round the lantern at night.
-Greater numbers of Procellaria glacialis have been seen off Heligoland
-during the autumn than has been the case for the last twenty years.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Independent of the notes of each species, as already given,
-numerous flocks of small birds were seen passing the stations, but
-too far distant to determine the species. This was specially the
-case at the Spurn, on Dec. 3rd and 8th; at the Cockle, on Oct. 9th;
-and at the South-sand Head, on Sept. 20th. At the Kentish Knock,
-on Nov. 20th, half-a-dozen small birds came on board at midnight,
-which, from the written description in the margin, were probably
-Greenfinches. It is, however, impossible to give even a guess at
-another species which visited another lightvessel on Sept. 20th,
-"Fifty very small birds--in fact, the smallest of British birds--like
-a Sky Lark, but a deal smaller." From the date, they may
-have been either Titlarks or Flycatchers.
-
-No rare migrants have been noticed, but this was scarcely to be
-expected. In this respect the budget of notes supplied by that veteran
-ornithologist Herr Gätke bears a striking contrast to our east coast
-reports. On that small island, so favourably situated for observation,
-Mr. Gätke has trained up quite a host of practical observers, and any
-rare visitant will have to be very sharp if it succeeds in escaping
-detection. Quoting from Mr. Gätke's letter dated Dec. 22nd, we have,
-on Sept. 17th, _Sylvia fuscata_, though not got; _Anthus Richardi_
-on the 18th; _A. cervinus_ on the 20th; _Picus leuconotus_ on the
-21st; then some days S.W. with rain and no birds; 26th, calm and
-clear, _Emberiza pusilla_; 27th, E.N.E., _Anthus Richardi_, _Emberiza
-pusilla_ (two shot), _E. aureola_ (seen); 28th, _E. pusilla_ (two
-seen), _E. rustica_ (one shot); 29th, _Sylvia superciliosus_ (one);
-30th, _Emberiza pusilla_ (one); Oct. 1st, _E. pusilla_ (one); Nov. 2nd,
-3rd and 4th, westerly winds and nothing, but daily some _Parus ater_;
-on the 5th, again, _Anthus cervinus_ (seen and heard); northerly winds,
-sometimes N.E. on the 8th, a Leaf Warbler seen at close quarters, but
-not procured by Aeuckens, the Heligoland birdstuffer, which Mr. Gätke
-feels tolerably certain was a very rare visitant; the same day there
-were two or three _E. rustica_, and one each of _A. pusilla_ and _A.
-cervinus_. The rare Leaf Warbler was again seen on the 9th, but could
-not be obtained; an _Emberiza rustica_ was also seen. On the 10th, _E.
-pusilla_ shot and _E. rustica_ seen. On the 12th, _Muscicapa parva_
-and _Motacilla lugubris_, which latter comes there rarely in autumn.
-On the 14th, _Sylvia superciliosus_ was shot by Mr. Gätke's eldest
-son, and two more were seen by Aeuckens in a garden where shooting was
-not permitted. On the 18th, one very fine _E. pusilla_ shot. On the
-20th _Lestris affinis_ was seen close by, but not shot, as it would
-have fallen in the sea and drifted away. This is the third, if not the
-fourth, known occurrence of the Siberian Herring Gull at Heligoland. On
-the 24th a large Redpoll was shot, which Mr. Gätke thinks can only be
-the Greenland bird, _Linota Hornemanni_.
-
-A summary of the various returns show that four species, Larks,
-Starlings, Rooks and Hooded Crows, in the order given respectively, far
-outnumber any other, and of these four the Lark far exceeds the rest
-in migratory numbers. As a rule, the lines of migration followed have
-been from E. to W., or S.E. to N.W. direct on to the English coast. To
-the middle of October we find birds rarely coming from points north of
-east; after this date they appear to come occasionally from directions
-north of east, between east and due north. The line of migration of
-the _Anatidæ_ has been from north to south, crossing the line of the
-_Insessores_ at right angles.
-
-There is one remarkable exception to the general rule of an east to
-west route in the case of the lightvessel on the Galloper Bank, forty
-miles S.S.E. of Orfordness. All entries in this return show birds
-passing to the E. or S.S.E. or S.E. during October. We can only account
-for this anomalous line by supposing the birds which cross the Galloper
-have previously struck the English coast at some higher latitude,
-and after skirting the coast line shot off again somewhere near
-Orfordness and crossed the North Sea to the Belgian and French coasts
-between Nieuport and Dunkerque. On Nov. 24th a great quantity of Larks
-and Starlings passed the Galloper towards the N.N.E, a line which if
-persevered in would eventually bring them to the Dutch coast.
-
-At the East-side from the 2nd to the 5th of November flocks of "Crows"
-were observed passing from the S. to the N., or from the French to
-the Suffolk coast. The great body of the immigrants during 1879 have
-crossed at the more southern stations, the four lightships on the
-Goodwin Sands, also the Nore, the Shipwash and Kentish Knock showing a
-constant and continuous stream on to the south-east coast. These birds
-would all cross at the narrowest part of the North Sea directly from E.
-to W. to the English coast. The long prevalence of north-westerly winds
-in October and November may to a great extent have deflected the lines
-of migration much farther to the south than is generally the case.
-
-Migrants have passed the stations at all hours of the day and night,
-flying at no great altitude and in almost all winds and weather. When
-the nights are dark and cloudy, no stars appearing, in rain, fogs and
-snowstorms, flocks of birds during the night migrations will crowd
-round the lanterns of the lightships; many strike the glass and are
-killed, falling on deck or pitching overboard. On these nights birds
-will often remain for hours in the vicinity of a light, circling round
-and round, evidently having lost their way; at the first break in the
-clouds, the stars becoming visible, or the first streak of early dawn,
-they will resume their flight to the nearest land.
-
-The "great rush" of immigrants was from the 12th to the 23rd of
-October. The "final rush" took place just preceding and during the
-first burst of winter, early in December.
-
-The occurrences when birds travel dead to windward are very rare
-indeed, and then only with light winds. In the great majority of cases
-birds migrate flying within two to four points of the wind, sometimes
-with a "beam" wind, or even a point or two "abaft of beam." If the wind
-changes during the actual passage, birds will change the direction of
-their flight to suit the wind. Thus at the Shipwash, on Oct. 16th, from
-9.50 a.m. to 1.20 p.m. the wind was N.N.W., flocks constantly passing
-from S.E. to N.W. from 1.20 to 3.20 p.m. the wind blew from N.N.E., and
-the birds passed S.S.E. to N.N.W. If subsequent observations should
-prove the correctness of this rule, it will go far to account for all
-the irregularities of migration--the "why" birds are seen in great
-numbers in one year in any locality, and perhaps absent altogether in
-following seasons.
-
-Subsequent to the writing of this report I have received several
-communications showing a large and very remarkable influx of immigrants
-on to the east coast of England in January and the first fortnight in
-February, 1880. On Jan. 24th great numbers of Fieldfares were seen near
-Spurn Point, between Easington and Kilnsea, and since this date they
-are reported as very numerous in the locality; with the Fieldfares
-came many fine old cock Blackbirds. In North-East Lincolnshire, also,
-during the last fortnight in January I saw many very large flocks of
-Fieldfares, apparently entirely composed of old birds; before this time
-scarcely any had been seen. Mr. Gätke writes from Heligoland:--"_T.
-pilaris_ all January, through night from 10th to 11th, great many;
-also Oystercatchers and other waders coming from the E; also from
-21st to 24th, the same." These dates agree very well with the time
-of their arrival on our east coast. Short-eared Owls arrived in some
-numbers at Spurn in the last week in January. A very large flock of
-Snow Buntings was seen on the 8th February. On the Lincolnshire side I
-noticed an immense flock of the same species, fresh arrivals, on the
-5th; and on the 11th thousands, also hundreds of Larks. This final and
-third "rush" of immigrants so late in the winter is curious, and may
-perthaps be explained by the comparatively milder winter over Northern
-Europe, compared with what we have experienced in the central and
-southern zones of Europe. We have indeed a recent precedent for this in
-the winter of 1877-78, when, after a long continuance of mild weather
-in Scandinavia, a sharp and sudden outburst of real winter drove the
-Fieldfares, as Mr. Gätke says, over Heligoland, on the night from the
-27th to 28th January, in "countless flights."
-
-
-
-
-_WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND._
-
-
-Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were forwarded to
-thirty-eight lighthouses on the west coast of Scotland and the Isles.
-Twenty-four stations have sent in returns, and fourteen have either
-sent none, or have returned blank forms, owing to the scarcity of
-birds. The stations from which co-operation was asked are as follows,
-commencing with the most northerly and those from which returns have
-been received are marked with a *:--
-
-  *Cape Wrath, Sutherland; white and red alt., rev. every minute.
-     J. M'Gill.
-  *Rhu Stoir, W. Cromarty; white, interval 1 minute. William Wither.
-  *Butt of Lewis, Lewis; white, fixed. George Edgar.
-   Stornoway, Lewis; 2 lights, white, rev. ½ m., & white, fixed. R. Murray.
-  *Island Glass, Harris; white, fixed. William Lines.
-   Ushenish, North Uist; red, fixed.
-  *Monach Island; same tower, upp. white fl., low. red, fixed.
-     J. Youngclause.
-   Barra Head, Barra; white, interval 2½ minutes.
-   Rona, Skye; white fl., every 12 seconds. David Dunnett.
-   Kyleakin, Rosshire; white and red, fixed. David M'Culloch.
-  *Isle Ornsay, Skye; white, fixed. David Ross.
-  *Ardnamurchan Point, Argyleshire; white, fixed. David Laidlaw.
-  *{Hynish, Skerryvore Signal Tower, Tyree; no lights.† William Crow.
-   {Skerryvore, off Tyree; white, revolving every minute.    "
-  *Dhuheartach, S.W. of Ross of Mull; white, with red sector, fixed.
-     J. Ewing.
-  *Sound of Mull, Tobermory; red, green, & white sectors, fixed.
-     W. M'Lellan.
-   Corran Ferry, Loch Eil; red and white sectors, fixed. Thomas Tulloch.
-   Lismore Island, Oban; white, fixed.
-  *Fladda, Easdale; white, with a red sector, fixed. James Langton.
-  *Rhuvaal, Islay; white, with red sector, fixed. David Spink.
-  *M'Arthur's Head, Islay; white and red sectors, fixed. Thos. Sutherland.
-  *Skervuile, Jura; white, revolving every ½ minute. John Ewing.
-  *Rhinns of Islay, Islay; white fl. every 5 seconds. Andrew Lyall.
-   Lochindaul, Islay; white and red sectors, fixed. William Mail.
-   Mull of Kintyre; white, fixed. James Thompson.
-   Sanda, Kintyre Sound; red, fixed.
-  *Devaar, Kintyre; white, revolving every ½ minute. Charles Black.
-  *Pladda, Arran; 2 lights 8 yards apart, white, fixed. Thomas Grierson.
-  *Lamlash, Arran; green, fixed. David Waters.
-   Turnberry, Ayrshire; white fl. every 12 seconds. Charles Black.
-  *Corsewall, Wigtown; white and red alternate every minute. R. Laidlaw.
-  *Loch Ryan, Wigtown; white, fixed. Ralph Ewing.
-  *Portpatrick, Wigtown; white, fixed. James Beggs.
-  *Mull of Galloway, Wigtown; white, intervals. M. Morrison.
-  *Little Ross, Kirkcudbright; white fl., every 5 seconds. W. A. Mackay.
-   Point of Ayr, Isle of Man; white and red alternate every min. J. Blythe.
-   Douglas Head, Isle of Man; white, fixed. Alexander M'Donald.
-   Chickens Rock, Isle of Man; white, revolving every ½ minute.
-
-    † This station included by mistake, but retained for convenience,
-        bracketed with the next.
-
-Thanks are due to the various observers for the careful way in which
-the schedules have been filled in. Excluding the Natatores, notes have
-been taken on about thirty species.
-
-
-SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.
-
-Hawk.--At Dhuheartach on Oct. 5th, two struck lantern at 8 a.m., light
-S.E. wind, and haze; and another on the 8th, at 7 a.m., calm, with fog.
-At Mull of Galloway, on July 18th, a Sparrowhawk was killed at 11 p.m.,
-S.E., light and calm, thick haze; and one on Aug. 15th, at 1 a.m., wind
-variable, light air, fog and haze.
-
-Owl.--I have only two records--one seen at Dhuheartach on May 30th, at
-4 p.m., wind N.W., fog; and the other at the same place on Oct. 20th,
-at 3 p.m., wind E.S.E., fresh, with haze.
-
-Swallow, _Hirundo rustica_, L.--The most northerly station noted this
-year on our west coast is Rhu Stoir, but two records here evidently
-refer to the spring migration, being June 6th and 10th, when two
-were seen on each day. The most northerly station noted during the
-autumn migration is Ardnamurchan; thence southwards at Skerryvore,
-Dhuheartach, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, and Loch Ryan. The
-earliest date on which they were recorded is 29th July, when one was
-seen at Dhuheartach at 6 p.m.; wind N., fresh, with clear weather.
-The latest record is Sept. 25th, when forty or fifty were seen at
-Rhuvaal, at 4 p.m.; wind S.W., fresh, with rain. The length of time
-thus occupied by the migration along the west coast of Scotland was,
-approximately, fifty-eight days. The greatest rush took place between
-the 20th Aug. and 25th Sept.; and, as far as shown, at Ardnamurchan
-and Rhuvaal. At Ardnamurchan, twenty rested all night on Aug. 20th,
-and left in the morning. At Rhuvaal forty to fifty were seen, as
-related above. Swallows appeared to migrate principally when the
-wind is southerly (S.W. to S.E.), in light, variable, or fresh head-
-or side-winds, and hazy weather. Exceptions are found, however, at
-Dhuheartach on July 26th, when the wind was N., fresh, and weather
-clear; and at Skerryvore on Aug. 17th, when one appeared at the lantern
-about 10 p.m. (two hours after lighting up) in a N.W. light breeze,
-with showers. Swallows migrate mostly by day, resting all night. My
-returns show that they passed at all hours, but mostly before dark.
-
-Martin, _Hirundo urbica_.--Martins are noticed at two stations only,
-_viz._, Butt of Lewis and Corsewall. The migration lasted between July
-29th and Aug. 16th, or during eighteen days (but data are defective).
-They travelled during the day, resting around the lighthouses at night,
-with S. to S.E. and S.W. winds; the only one killed was when wind was
-N.N.E., at Corsewall.
-
-Wren.--The records are few of this species: usually noticed on
-migration in large numbers; they appeared at Monach Island and
-Dhuheartach. The earliest date is Aug. 17th, when "some" struck at
-10 p.m., and between that and 3 a.m.; wind W., and haze. The latest
-date is Dec. 9th, when one was seen at 3 p.m., with S.W. breeze, and
-showers. In fourteen years Mr. Edgar never saw a Wren at the Butt of
-Lewis lighthouse.
-
-Goldcrest, _Regulus cristatus_.--At Mull of Galloway on July 18th,
-alighting all night and resting. Mr. Edgar's letter of 20th Sept.
-supplies the information that he has never seen Goldcrests at the
-Butt of Lewis--a negative fact of value in tracing their exact lines
-of flight. Perhaps in our next reports observers will state in their
-remarks if any of the species noticed in this one have hitherto been
-rare, or entirely absent from their stations in past years.
-
-Robin.--Appeared at Kyleakin, and thence southwards at Skerryvore,
-Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, and Corsewall. The largest number
-recorded at Corsewall, where fifteen struck on Sept. 15th, at 11 p.m.;
-wind S.W., light breeze, and haze. The earliest date is Sept. 10th--one
-at Skervuile, at midnight; wind S.W., light, and cloudy. The latest is
-at Rhuvaal, on Dec. 4th at 9 a.m., when one was seen; wind variable,
-light breeze, clear. Thus, time occupied is between Sept. 10th and Dec.
-4th. A rush took place in September between 10th and 21st, but no
-large numbers are recorded; in October another rush between 7th and
-18th; on the former date numbers migrated with Larks and other species
-not known, and many were killed and fell into the sea at Skervuile.
-At Skerryvore one seen at 7 p.m.; wind S., fresh, with fog and rain.
-In September I have records on six days at four stations; in October
-two at two stations, and in December one at one station--Rhuvaal; they
-passed or struck mostly at night or morning, but a few through the day;
-winds mostly southerly, and hazy or foggy; a few in cloudy and clear.
-
-Hedgesparrow.--At M'Arthur's Head, on Sept. 28th, one struck at 1 a.m.;
-wind N.W., strong, with haze and rain.
-
-Wheatear.--Wheatears or "Stonechecks" are recorded from Skerryvore as
-the most northerly station this year, and thence southward at Rhuvaal,
-Skervuile, Turnberry, Corsewall, and Mull of Galloway. The earliest
-appearance noted is on Aug. 15th, and the latest on Sept. 28th; thus
-the migration extended over forty-four days. The greatest rush was
-between Aug. 17th and 22nd. The migration took place entirely at night,
-and principally with southerly winds--S., S.W., and to W.; fewer in
-northerly or easterly winds. The favoured stations were Skerryvore,
-Rhuvaal, and Skervuile.
-
-Titmice.--The negative information that Mr. Edgar never saw any Titmice
-at the Butt of Lewis lighthouse is worthy of record. I have notes of
-their occurrence at M'Arthur's Head and Lamlash; in each case a single
-bird struck the lantern, Nov. 16th and Aug. 17th, at 6 p.m. and 10 a.m.
-respectively; both during west wind, and light air.
-
-Fieldfare.--Occurred at Monach Island and Douglas Head, and is reported
-as usually seen at Butt of Lewis, though not this year. At Monach
-Island a number struck, and fifteen were killed, between 8 p.m. and 4
-a.m., on Oct. 21st and 22nd; wind S.W., fresh, and drizzling rain. At
-Douglas Head one was seen on Oct. 16th, at 10 a.m.; wind N., moderate
-breeze, and cloudy.
-
-Thrush.--The most northern station is, for 1879, Isle Ornsay. Mr.
-Edgar; however, adds the general information that in most years the
-Butt of Lewis yields large numbers at the lantern; thence southward
-at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay, Lochindaul, Lamlash,
-Corsewall, and Point of Ayre. The earliest date is Sept. 19th, when a
-mixed flock of Thrushes and Blackbirds passed in variable winds, and
-clear, at Lamlash. The latest date is Dec. 3rd, when "Thrushes" passed
-Lochindaul in the "daytime." But this may be due to local influences
-and hard frost then registered. The next latest date is Nov. 24th,
-when one was seen in the daytime, 2 p.m.; wind N.E., fresh, clear;
-this would give sixty-six days for the passage, or, taking the later
-date of Dec. 3rd, seventy-six days. The rushes were on Sep. 19th (_ut
-sup._); a "great rush" Oct. 21st to 28th. On Oct. 21st at Point of Ayr,
-two hundred "along with Blackbirds" seen at 1.80 p.m.; wind N. and
-N.W., strong, clear, with occasional showers. Also at the Rhinns of
-Islay, five seen, and so through records of Oct. 22nd, 18th to 28th,
-when three hundred "dark grey birds larger than a common Thrush!!?"
-(probably Missel Thrush, _Turdus viscivorus_) were seen at Point of
-Ayr; wind S.S.E., light, and hazy; and at Skerryvore about forty
-(of which ten killed) at 7 p.m.; wind S.E., light breeze, and haze.
-Thrushes travel with winds from S.E. to S.W. by preference, but also
-with winds from W. to N.E., through N.; observed most, as with most
-other species at lanterns, in hazy and rainy weather, but the great
-rush took place in "clear, with occasional showers," and "hazy and
-fine." Returns show that out of sixteen dates reported upon, only three
-show a diurnal migration, but one of these three is the rush of three
-hundred "dark grey birds larger than a common Thrush"[15] on Oct. 28th,
-at Point of Ayr.
-
-[Footnote 15: We shall refer to these under "Birds unknown," but we
-have thought it advisable to enter them here also; they can easily be
-erased in future comparisons if better data come to hand.]
-
-Blackbird.--The northernmost locality is Rhuvaal, where one struck on
-Dec. 1st, at 2 p.m., wind N.E., fresh; thence southwards at M'Arthur's
-Head, Skervuile, Pladda, Lamlash, Corsewall, Mull of Galloway and Point
-of Ayr. The earliest date is Aug. 26th, at M'Arthur's Head. The latest
-date is Dec. 1st, at Rhuvaal. The time thus occupied by the migration
-was ninety-seven days. The rushes took place between 13th and 21st
-Oct., and the most favoured locality recorded is Point of Ayr, where on
-Oct. 21st two hundred "mixed Thrushes and Blackbirds" were seen at 1.30
-p.m.; wind N.N.W., strong, and clear, with occasional showers. They
-were visible at the various stations in all winds, apparently from W.
-to E. and from S. to N.N.W. They appeared at all hours of the day and
-night, but most of the records apply to night migration.
-
-Starling.--The records of the Starling are very general; the most
-northern station given is Butt of Lewis, where the remark is made
-that they generally strike. This year, however, the most northern is
-Ardnamurchan Point, thence southward at Dhuheartach, Sound of Mull,
-M'Arthur's Head, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, Corsewall, Portpatrick,
-Mull of Galloway, and Point of Ayr. The earliest date on record is Aug.
-11th, at M'Arthur's Head and Loch Ryan; at the former, one struck at 10
-p.m., in S. wind, fresh, with haze; at the latter, two struck at 11.30
-p.m.; wind E., light, with fog. The latest date is Dec. 18th, when one
-was caught at Skervuile at 11 p.m.; wind S.W., fresh, with haze. Thus
-the time occupied in passage was one hundred and thirty days, but the
-last date may have been due to local influence and keen frost at that
-time registered. The next latest date is Nov. 23rd, which would make
-the time spent in passage one hundred and four days. Rushes took place
-more frequently than with most species noted; thus, Sept. 19th, Oct.
-12th to 25th, and Nov. 11th and 17th, may all be characterised as dates
-of rushes. The most favoured localities were Corsewall and Portpatrick,
-for frequency of records; and Ardnamurchan Point, Dhuheartach,
-Portpatrick, and Point of Ayr, for numbers of individuals. Starlings do
-not seem to have any choice of wind, as far as returns show. We find
-them migrating with N., W., and S.E. winds in almost equal proportions,
-with a preference--but very slight--to W. winds. They also pass or
-strike in E., S., and N.W. winds, but in fewer numbers. We do not think
-any deductions can be drawn from these data. But Starlings breed at
-many of the lighthouses or in their vicinity, so it is not always easy
-to determine whether, in every instance, they are on migration or not
-(as remarked by more than one reporter, _e.g._, Mr. Edgar, at the Butt
-of Lewis, &c.). Out of seventeen dates reported on, only three show
-migration to have taken place during the day, _viz._, at Portpatrick
-(in two instances), and Ardnamurchan Point (3 p.m. in a gale).
-
-Finches.--At Dhuheartach on Aug. 24th, one hundred were seen and twenty
-killed between p.m. and 2 a.m., wind N.N.W., with haze; on Oct. 4th,
-six seen in afternoon, wind light and variable, with clear weather;
-again, on Oct. 8th, two were killed at 7 a.m., calm, with fog. The
-above are all the returns of "Finches."
-
-Linnet.--Only two records. At Rhuvaal on Sept. 9th, thirty to forty
-old and young, were seen around the lantern at 10 a.m.; wind E. to N.,
-breeze to stormy, with haze; and at Lamlash on same date and at same
-hour, fifty were seen; wind fresh breeze from W., and clear.
-
-Yellowhammer.--At Lamlash on Aug. 17th, one struck at 10 a.m., in light
-W. wind, and fog.
-
-Snow Bunting.--At Monach Island, farthest north recorded, and at
-Dhuheartach and Corsewall. Earliest appearance Sept. 19th, when a
-flock was seen at Monach Island at noon, with S.W. light wind, and
-clear weather. Latest date Dec. 10th, when one was caught at Corsewall
-at 10 p.m.; wind variable, light, and haze; thus, time occupied was
-eighty-two days. A. rush took place probably about Sept. 19th, when a
-flock was seen at Monach Island,--but our data are scanty,--and another
-about Nov. 10th, when a flock passed Corsewall. Other dates of record
-are Oct. 10th and 18th; they passed in N.W. and N. winds, in clear or
-cloudy weather; also in September in S.W., with clear weather, and
-variable wind, with clear or haze. All the records are during the
-night, except one at 12 noon, at Monach Island on Sept. 19th; wind
-S.W., clear.
-
-Lark.--The most northern station noted this year was Dhuheartach, and
-thence southward they are noticed at M'Arthur's Head, Skervuile, Rhinns
-of Islay, Lamlash and Corsewall. The earliest date is Aug. 17th, when
-twenty struck at Dhuheartach between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m.; wind W., with
-haze. The latest date is Dec. 6th, when one struck at 9 p.m.; wind
-S.E., fresh, and haze, at Corsewall; the time thus occupied was one
-hundred and twelve days (but the last was no doubt due to the severe
-frost inland at that time). The previous date is Nov. 18th, which would
-make the time only seventy-nine days. The greatest rush appears to have
-been in October, about the 12th to 24th, but the numbers observed are
-so small that it is difficult to judge. The locality most favoured was
-Dhuheartach, whence I have returns on eight different dates, between
-Aug. 17th and Nov. 24th. An earlier rush took place about Aug. 17th
-to 21st, at Dhuheartach and Skervuile. A later rush about Nov. 15th
-to 18th at Dhuheartach, Skervuile, and Rhinns of Islay, but of small
-dimensions. Larks appear to migrate principally when the wind is W.
-to S.W., or late in the season, when still more southerly, say S.
-Exceptions occur at Dhuheartach on Nov. 24, when wind was N.E., fresh,
-and weather clear; at Rhinns of Islay on Nov. 7th, wind N.W., light
-breeze; at Skervuile on Oct. 10th, when wind was N.; they migrate in
-calm, variable, light, or fresh winds, and are noticed at lanterns
-principally in haze and fog. They migrate mostly at night, at all
-hours, but the majority pass between 7.30 p.m. and 4 a.m. Those passing
-during the day were travelling when the wind was N. or N.E.; those
-passing at night when the wind was S. to W. So the returns show; but
-whether this indicates any _law of migration_ or not remains to be
-proved by further observation.
-
-Lapwing.--The most northern station which they were observed to pass
-at this season was Rhu Stoir; thence southward, they are reported at
-Isle Ornsay, Lochindaul, Devaar, Pladda, and Portpatrick. The earliest
-date given is Aug. 20th, when "flocks" were seen during the day in N.
-wind and clear weather; the latest is Dec. 11th, when one was killed at
-Pladda, at 2 a.m., wind S.E., light breeze, with haze. The next latest
-date given is Nov. 14th, when twenty-two were seen at 8.30 a.m. at
-Portpatrick, wind S.E., and haze. The time occupied, therefore, this
-year is from eighty-six to one hundred and thirteen days. Rushes took
-place about the 20th to 25th August, when several flocks passed Isle
-Ornsay and Lochindaul; again, Sept. 16th to 25th, a flock at Devaar,
-Portpatrick and Chickens Rock; another rush at Rhu Stoir, Portpatrick
-and Lochindaul about Oct. 27th. Lapwings travelled in clear or haze,
-rain, or showers, principally in S. and S.E. winds, on the west coast;
-but also in N. wind on Aug. 20th, and in W. and S.W. at Rhu Stoir and
-Lochindaul on Oct. 23rd and Nov. 1st respectively They appear to travel
-equally by day and night.
-
-Plover.--Three stations give returns of this species, _viz._,
-Skerryvore, Rhinns of Islay, and Portpatrick. The earliest date is July
-27th, at Portpatrick. The latest date is Oct. 18th, at Skerryvore. The
-time thus occupied by the migration was fifty-three days. The principal
-rush took place about the beginning of September, and the favoured
-station was Portpatrick, where they were always observed prssing inland
-with a S. to S.W. wind, light or strong breeze, during the daytime.
-Individuals struck lantern of Rhinns of Islay at night, when wind was
-N., N.W., or S.E.
-
-Oystercatcher, _Hæmatopus ostralegus_.--At Isle Ornsay on Nov. 18th,
-one struck at 10.30 p.m.; wind S., light, with haze, and rain.
-
-Heron.--At Dhuheartach on Oct. 8th, one seen at 7 a.m.; calm, fog. At
-Rhuvaal, Oct. 1st to 30th, "Storks" (afterwards identified as Herons)
-passed at 9 a.m.; wind variable, light, with showers.
-
-Curlew.--Island Glass is the most northern station noted for this
-species; southwards at Dhuheartach, Pladda, Portpatrick and the Mull
-of Galloway. The earliest date recorded is Aug. 3rd, when eighteen
-were seen passing Portpatrick at 10 a.m., wind E.S.E., strong breeze,
-with haze; the latest date is Nov. 20th, when eight were seen passing
-Island Glass, flying southward, at 2 p.m., wind light S.W., with clear
-weather Thus the time occupied was one hundred and nine days. A rush
-took place in August--say 3rd to 26th--and again in November, 15th to
-20th. Dhuheartach seemed to be a favourite station. Curlews migrated in
-all winds, and "boxed the compass" from E.S.E., through S. to S.W., W.
-and N.N.W.; they passed mostly at night. Two exceptions were at 10 a.m.
-on Aug. 3rd, and 2 p.m. on Nov. 20th, at Portpatrick and Island Glass
-respectively.
-
-Whimbrels ("Small Curlews"), _Numenius phæopus_.--At Lochindahl on
-Sept. 20th, seen for several days in flocks; wind S. to W., and rainy.
-
-Sandpiper (sp.?)--At Rhinns of Islay on Aug. 22nd, one struck at 1
-a.m.; wind S.E., light, and haze.
-
-Turnstone, _Strepsilas interpres_.--At Rhinns of Islay on Nov. 8th, one
-struck at night; wind S.W., fresh, and haze.
-
-Snipe.--At Isle Ornsay, a single Snipe takes position as the
-northernmost recorded at the lighthouses of the west coast in 1879, as
-late as Oct. 20th, killed at 10 p.m.; wind N., clear. Thence, records
-at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay, Pladda, Mull of Galloway,
-and Douglas Head. The earliest date, Aug. 20th ("sp. not known"), 4
-a.m. at Pladda; wind S.E., strong breeze, and haze.[16] As a doubt
-occurs, next earliest date--a long jump later--is Oct. 11th at Rhinns
-of Islay when one was killed between 12 p.m. and 3 a.m.; wind N.,
-light, with haze. The latest date is Nov. 15th, when, at Rhinns of
-Islay, sixteen were killed between 6 p.m. and 4 a.m., wind S., breezes
-and haze; and another record occurs at Pladda. Thus from Oct. 11th to
-Nov. 15th marks thirty-five days for passage. Snipe are thus seen to
-make a rapid passage. (Local migrations occur earlier from moors to
-lowland marshes in Scotland, September always producing home-bred birds
-in our lowland marshes.) Rush of foreign birds middle of November,
-1879, as far as we can judge; but on Oct. 18th "numbers" kept about all
-night round lantern of Skerryvore; wind S.E., light breeze, fog, and
-rain. Migration mostly at night, judging from records, but also by day.
-
-[Footnote 16: This may have been a Sandpiper.]
-
-Woodcock.--The northernmost station on west coast in 1879 is Island
-Glass; thence southwards at Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay, Lochindaul,
-Devaar, Corsewall, Mull of Galloway, and Douglas Head. Small numbers
-recorded in all cases, except at Lochindaul, when about forty passed
-during the daytime on Dec. 12th, when the wind was variable, light,
-and the weather clear. The earliest date was Oct. 11th; one killed at
-Rhinns of Islay at 10 p.m., wind N., light, clear; the latest Dec.
-12th. Too few data to fix rushes, except the one in December, which
-no doubt was directly caused by the severe frosts then recorded; wind
-N. and W., except on two occasions, on Oct. 7th at Douglas Head, wind
-E.; and on Oct. 30th at Mull of Galloway, wind E.; and on two others,
-_viz._, variable and light, when (in the hard frost) the forty were
-seen.
-
-Corn Crake, _Crex pratensis_.--Heard for first time at Lochindaul, June
-2nd; at Kyleakin, June 9th, wind S.W., clear; and at Skerryvore, June
-20th, wind strong S.E., with fog.
-
-Wild Geese (sp.?).--At Monach Island a flock "mixed old and young"
-passed south at 10 a.m. on Dec. 13th, wind S.S.W., fresh breeze, with
-haze; this is the most northerly station noted. Thence southward they
-were seen at Kyleakin (passing N.W.) at 8 a.m., wind N.W., fresh
-breeze, and clear weather; also at Sound of Mull, M'Arthur's Head and
-Devaar. The earliest date is Aug. 17th (passing N.W.), and the latest
-Dec. 15th (twenty-four passing W., at Sound of Mull). A migratory
-movement is thus seen to have extended over one hundred and nineteen
-days. A rush took place on Oct. 20th and 21st, at Sound of Mull and
-M'Arthur's Head; and again on December 18th, 14th and 15th, at Monach
-Island, M'Arthur's Head, and Sound of Mull respectively; the direction
-of their flight was usually W. or N.W. On Dec. 13th a flock passed
-S.; most passed with a S., S.S.W. or S.W. breeze, in cloudy or clear
-weather; in two instances with a N.W. wind. They were observed during
-daylight.
-
-Wild Swan.--At Devaar on Dec. 11th, six seen at 4 p.m., light airs,
-with haze; and on Jan. 4th, three were seen flying south, in clear
-weather, at Rhuvaal lighthouse. We say nothing of the reported
-occurrence of _Cygnus americanus_ on our coasts, but think the record
-(p. 111) premature.
-
-Wild Duck.--At Butt of Lewis a Duck was killed on Dec. 1st, at 8 p.m.,
-wind E., light and clear. Others occurred in November and December at
-Rhuvaal and Devaar. At Rhuvaal, between Nov. 1st and 30th, three or
-four hundred Ducks passed between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m.; wind variable,
-light, and showery weather. Most of the migration seems to have been
-observed through the day. In none of the reports are the species
-identified, being described as either "Ducks" or "Wild Ducks."
-
-Widgeon, _Anas penelope_.--At Monach Island on Oct. 27th, a few were
-seen at 12 noon; wind S.S.E., fresh, and clear.
-
-Sheldrake, _Tadorna vulpanser_.--At Pladda, on May 23rd, six (two males
-and four females) seen at 1 p.m., wind N.E., light, and haze; remained
-on the island till the middle of June.
-
-Eider Duck.--At Rhu Stoir on June 30th, two males and two females seen
-at 11 a.m.; wind S., fresh breeze, showers. At Dhuheartach on Dec. 3rd,
-twenty seen at 10 p.m.; wind N.E., light, clear. At Devaar on Dec.
-13th, twelve seen at 1 p.m.; wind N.N.W., light breeze, haze.
-
-Storm Petrel.--At Butt of Lewis in July, August, and September, an
-occasional bird at the glass, always at night, always in hazy or rainy
-weather, generally "haze and rain" together; wind in three out of four
-instances S.W., and once on July 3rd, W.N.W., stormy. At Rhu Stoir a
-good many were observed "not on passage" between 17th and 20th Aug.
-between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m., wind N. to E., light, haze and rain; and at
-Rhinns of Islay on Sept. 17th, one struck at 2 a.m., wind S., light,
-and haze.
-
-Sea-fowl.--The following notes upon sea-fowl as observed at several
-stations--notably at Cape Wrath--will, we think, prove interesting:--At
-Cape Wrath, Mr. M'Gill reports all the sea-fowl as deserting their
-breeding-haunts there on Aug. 16th, and both old and young flying
-westwards. He roughly estimated the numbers which passed within his
-ken as follows:--300 to 400 Guillemots, 800 to 900 Razorbills, 800 to
-900 Puffins, 100 Scarts, and 300 Sea-gulls. This was performed in an
-east wind, during hazy or rainy weather (see also under Solan Goose),
-and all left Cape Wrath in one day and about the same time, _viz._, 10
-a.m. The Gulls passed continuously between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. Notes from
-other stations can hardly be considered as applying to anything but
-local daily migration in search of food, as is constantly witnessed at
-any rock-bird station on the coast; thus, at Rhu Stoir large numbers
-passed towards S.W., and are specially noted on June 12th to 15th; also
-at Kyleakin, a large flock passed southward at 2 p.m., wind S.E. When
-at the Shiant Isles this summer, at the end of June, I witnessed a
-regular departure of thousands of Puffins to their feeding-grounds in
-the Little Minch, about 9 to 10 a.m.
-
-Sea Gulls.--At Cape Wrath on Aug. 10th, three hundred passed west
-between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.; wind E., haze, and rain. "Sea Gulls bred
-at the station, and all left on the same day, both young and old. The
-migration goes all to the west."
-
-Kittiwake, _Rissa tridactyla_.--At Skervuile on May 31st, two at noon
-flying north; calm, clear.
-
-Tern.--At Dhuheartach, six seen on the evening of Aug. 27th, wind S.,
-cloudy; and four at the same station on the morning of Sept. 4th.
-
-Birds unknown.--At Portpatrick on July 12th, a flock of small birds
-passed overhead at 8.30 a.m., wind S.S.E., fresh, and rainy; and on
-Oct. 13th a flock passed inland at 4.20 p.m., wind S.W., and rain;
-on Nov. 13th "a flock of birds not known" passed inland, wind E. by
-N., and clear. At Pladda on Aug. 20th, one Snipe, species not known,
-at 4 a.m., wind S.E., strong, and haze; and another on Nov. 15th.
-At Skervuile, on Nov. 14th, a number from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m., wind
-variable, light, and haze; and others on Oct. 7th at Skervuile; "many
-killed and fell into the sea."
-
-Red-breasted Merganser.--At Corsewall, on July 20th, a "strange Duck"
-(since identified as a Red-breasted Merganser) was killed at glass at 2
-a.m.; wind E., light, with haze.
-
-Solan Goose, _Sula bassana_.--At Cape Wrath and other stations upon our
-coasts, an extraordinary annual migration of Solan Geese is witnessed.
-Mr. M'Gill has reported to me specially on that of 1879, and kept as
-accurate a record as possible of the numbers which he estimated to
-pass westward. He writes as follows:--"The number of Solan Geese that
-migrate past Cape Wrath is beyond anyone's power to number, but I have
-come as near to it as possible. The first half of July the flocks were
-composed of old birds, and the rest of the time they were mixed old and
-young." Mr. M'Gill then gives the following list of Solan Geese seen
-passing west on fifteen days, between 14th July and 9th August, which I
-reproduce here:--
-
-  July 14th.  600 to 700.   9 a.m. to 8 p.m.   Wind E. Clear.
-   "  15th.   200.          9 a.m. to 8 p.m.    "   E. Haze.
-   "  16th.    40 to  90.  12 noon to 7 p.m.    "   E. Haze.
-   "  22nd.   200 to 400.  10 a.m. to 7 p.m.    "  N.-N.E. Fog, rain.
-   "  24th.   100 to 200.   8 a.m. to 6 p.m.    "   S.W. Clear.
-   "  26th.   300 to 400.  11 a.m. to 7 p.m.    "   S.W. Haze.
-   "  28th.    90 to 100.   7 a.m. to 8 p.m.    "   S.W. Haze, rain.
-   "  31st.    60 to  80.  10 a.m. to 5 p.m.    "   S. Haze, showers.
-  Aug. 1st.   100 to 300.   8 a.m. to 6 p.m.    "   W. Haze, rain.
-   "   3rd.   300 to 400.   9 a.m. to 6 p.m.    "   E. Clear.
-   "   4th.    60 to  70.  10 a.m. to 7 p.m.    "   E. Fog, clear.
-   "   5th.    20 to  30.   8 a.m. to 5 p.m.    "   N.E. Fog, rain.
-   "   7th.    40 to  50.   9 a.m. to 6 p.m.    "   N. Fog, rain.
-   "   8th.    20 to  40.   8 a.m. to 7 p.m.    "   N. Fog, rain.
-   "   9th.    20.          9 a.m. to 5 p.m.    "   N. Haze.
-
-Thus it will be seen that from 2150 to 3080 were estimated to pass
-westward within view of Cape Wrath, between July 14th and August 9th,
-during fifteen days occupied on migration. All which were observed
-passed during the day--say between 7 a.m. and 10 p.m.--and apparently
-in all winds and weather. From the Butt of Lewis Mr. Edgar supplies the
-general information that the Solan Geese pass the station, arriving
-first in May, and leaving in the latter end of October, but giving no
-particulars as to direction of flight. At Mull of Galloway Solan Geese
-are reported as passing, on July 19th, in flocks. Mr. N. B. Morrison
-reports as follows:--"Saw them flying past to W.S.W. in wedge-shaped
-flocks as if on a passage, or changing locality." This was during
-the forenoon; wind S., light, and haze. "At 1 p.m. it began to rain,
-and continued for twenty-four hours; rain guage at 9 a.m. of 20th,
-1·72 inches. On 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, very strong breeze, and
-showers; wind W.N.W. to S.W." Again at same station (Mull of Galloway)
-flocks continued passing all day; wind S.E., fresh, fog, and rain,
-flying in same direction. On 8th and 9th, wind S., gale; 10th, wind
-W., strong. In a later note Mr. M'Gill believes "that the Solan Geese
-strike the land first at Cape Wrath," and that the Geese which pass it
-are from Suliskerry.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-On the west coast of Scotland, also, many observers make particular
-mention of the scarcity of autumnal migrants in 1879. At several
-principal and important stations this scarcity is of course most
-remarked upon, such as Butt of Lewis, Monach Island, Island Glass,
-Skerryvore, and Dhuheartach. During long experience at these and other
-stations, the several observers do not remember such great scarcity of
-birds during the autumn migration. From other observers' remarks it
-would appear that several of the west coast stations are not suitable
-for observations being made, from their land-locked situations or other
-local influences, such as Kyleakin, Sound of Mull, Corran Ferry, and
-others.
-
-Many birds are killed at the lanterns of the more isolated lighthouses
-and are blown into the sea. Thus, in 1877, at Skerryvore, in the
-month of October, the number of birds killed was six hundred, chiefly
-the Common and "Mountain Thrush" (Ring Ouzel), but including also
-Blackbirds, Snipes, Larks, and one Wild Duck. The observer, Mr. W.
-Crow, was of opinion that about two hundred more were killed and
-blown into the sea. They came every night from the 1st to the 6th,
-about 8 p.m., and went away at daylight. "I would estimate," he says,
-"the number about the light on each of the above nights to be about a
-thousand." The direction of the wind was from S.S.E. to S., with haze;
-and no migration of birds was observed during the day. On Dhuheartach
-lighthouse rock, "two Hawks are seen every morning" while the migration
-lasts, which come to prey upon the small birds resting on the rock. A
-considerable flight of migrants took place about Oct. 7th, as upon the
-east coast.
-
-The direction of the flight of migrants appears to be from east to
-west at the north coast stations, but from N.W. and N.N.W. to S.W. or
-S.S.W. at the stations farther south; and this is borne out by previous
-observations in former years by my west coast observers at Tyree and
-elsewhere. Our observers have not usually reported the direction taken
-by the migrants, but there are enough data to prove the above lines.
-It would appear, therefore, that birds when passing from east to west
-often overshoot the land, and are compelled to turn back upon a new
-course, according to the direction of the wind. In 1878, Mr. W. Boyd
-(since deceased) wrote regarding the migration in Mull as follows:--"In
-the month of October I was fishing on Loch Assapol, near Bunessan.
-Almost every day I saw flock after flock of little birds--Larks,
-Buntings, Robins, and even Wrens--flying across the loch. All these
-birds were steering the same course, having apparently come from the
-outlying Hebrides, _viá_ Tyree, Iona, up the Rose of Mull, and were
-steering for the mainland. Fresh arrivals of different species of Ducks
-rested and then passed on. Wild Swans and Geese were seen far up in
-the air, all taking a bee-line for the south." On another occasion
-Mr. Boyd visited Tyree in December, 1878, and both he and a companion
-remarked "the extraordinary scarcity of common birds, and the unusual
-number of winter visitors." One day every Snipe they put up, instead
-of flying a bit and settling again, rose high in air, and went off
-due south-east as far as they could see, right across the sea, to
-Mull. The remark was then made, "The sooner we go south for powder and
-provisions the better; we are going to have an arctic winter," which,
-as is well remembered, was a perfectly correct surmise. It will thus
-be seen that the flights of wildfowl almost invariably are from N. to
-S. on both coasts, but that the smaller birds--land birds--as they fly
-lower, are more influenced by the configuration of the coast-lines, and
-also, no doubt, by the direction of the wind at the time. Our data are
-at present too scanty to lay down with precision the minutiæ of their
-lines of flight, but another year's observations will probably greatly
-assist us. The same rules, as to time of day or night at which birds
-strike the lantern, holds upon the west coast which also obtain on the
-east, and the same remarks as to weather also hold good.
-
-The above remarks upon the direction of the flights upon our west
-coast may prove of value in a comparison with Mr. Cordeaux's notes
-upon the direction of the flights at the Galloper Bank. We are aware
-here that birds pass overland on migration, crossing Scotland between
-the Firths of Clyde and Forth, as they have been heard on calm nights
-crying as they passed over from W. to E., or from points N. of W. to
-points S. of E.; and day-flights have often been observed passing here
-from N.N.W. towards S.S.E., or from N.W. to S.W. I would instance here
-Bramblings, _Fringilla montifringilia_, natives of Northern Europe.
-(See Gray's 'Birds of the West of Scotland,' p. 137. The "column"
-of Bramblings there described as on migration were not "proceeding
-in a north-easterly direction," however, as stated by Mr. Gray, but
-were coming from a north-westerly direction, and were proceeding in a
-south-easterly direction.)
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-Transcriber Note
-
-Minor typos were corrected. Several quotaion closures were missing and
-added in the most likely place. Table of Contents added to assist reader.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN
-THE AUTUMN OF 1879 ***
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report on the Migration of Birds in the Autumn of 1879, by John A. Harvie-Brown</div>
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-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Report on the Migration of Birds in the Autumn of 1879</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John A. Harvie-Brown and John Cordeaux</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 15, 2021 [eBook #65621]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
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-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas compiled from files generously provided by The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN THE AUTUMN OF 1879 ***</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="cover" style="width: 274px; margin-bottom: 4em;">
-  <img src="images/cover.png" width="274" height="445"
-    alt="Report on the Migration of Birds in the Autumn of 1879, by Harvie-Brown &amp; John Cordeaux." />
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">-161-</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="caption1">THE ZOOLOGIST.</p>
-
-<p class="tdc">THIRD SERIES.</p>
-
-<div class="bbox2 tdc" style="width: 30em; margin: 0 auto; height: 2em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
-<div class="txtlf">Vol. IV.]</div>
-<div class="txtrt">[No. 41</div>
-MAY, 1880.
-</div>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h1 class="nobreak">REPORT ON THE<br />
-MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN THE<br />
-AUTUMN OF 1879.<span class="smaller"><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h1>
-</div>
-
-
-<h2>By John A. Harvie-Brown and John Cordeaux.</h2>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> I would here direct attention to another paper of mine bearing upon this
-subject, which was read at the meeting of the Glasgow Natural History Society on
-Sept. 30th, 1879, and forms part of its 'Proceedings' for the Session 1879-80, now
-in the press. It forms a Report upon Migration of 1878, Journal of the severe
-winter of 1879-80, and Observations on the effects of the weather, under the different
-species of Mammals and Birds noticed. I read a similar Report on 1879-80 at the
-meeting of the same Society in March last.&mdash;<i>J. A. H.-B</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<table class="pmb4 tblcont" summary="TOC">
-<tr>
-  <td></td>
-  <td class="tdr smaller">PAGE</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><i>EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND</i></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#EAST_COAST_OF_SCOTLAND">161</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Separate Report of Each Species Observed</span></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_1">162</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><i>EAST COAST OF ENGLAND</i></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#EAST_COAST_OF_ENGLAND">172</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Separate Report of Each Species Observed</span></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_2">173</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><i>WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND</i></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#EAST_COAST_OF_SCOTLAND">189</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Separate Report of Each Species Observed</span></td>
-  <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_3">190</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-
-
-<h2 id="EAST_COAST_OF_SCOTLAND"><i>EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND.</i></h2>
-
-
-<p>Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instructions were
-sent to twenty-six lighthouses on the east coast of Scotland.
-Thirteen stations have sent in returns, and thirteen have either
-sent in none, or have returned blank forms, owing to unusual
-scarcity of birds. The stations from which co-operation was asked
-are the following, commencing with the most northerly. Those
-from which returns have been received are marked with a *.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-  <p>*North Unst, Shetland; white and red sectors, fixed. Robert Burnett.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Whalsey Skerries, Shetland; white, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Bressay Sound, Shetland; red and white alternately, rev. every minute.</p>
-  <p>*Sumburgh Head, Shetland; white, fixed. William Anderson.</p>
-  <p>*North Ronaldshay, Orkney; white, flash every 10 seconds. John Tulloch.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Start Point, Orkney; red, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Auskerry, Orkney; white, fixed. Charles C. Irvine.</p>
-  <p>*Hoy Sound (Low), Orkney; white, fixed. Alex. Harp.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">-162-</span></p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (High) Orkney; red and white sectors, fixed. W. Gordon.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Cantick Head, Orkney; white, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>*Pentland Skerries, Orkney; white, fixed. D. M'Donald.</p>
-  <p>*Dunnet Head, Caithness; white, fixed. George M'Lachlan.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Holborn Head, Caithness; white and red, flash every 10 sec. D. Charleson.</p>
-  <p>*Noss Head, Caithness; white and red, revolving every &frac12; m. Alex. Creig.</p>
-  <p>*Tarbet Ness, E. Ross-shire; white, int. visible every 2&frac12; m. W. Davidson.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Cromarty, E. Cromarty; red, fixed. Robert S. Ritson.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Chanonry Point, Elgin; white and red sectors, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Covesea Skerries, Elgin; white and red sectors, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Kinnaird Head, Aberdeen; white and red sectors, fixed. F. Harvey.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Buchan Ness, Aberdeen; white, flash every 5 seconds. Thomas Gallie.</p>
-  <p>*Girdleness, Aberdeen; white, fixed. Wm. Gulcher.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Montroseness, Forfar; white, fixed. Patrick E. Reid.</p>
-  <p>*Bell Rock, off Coast of Fife; white and red revolving. James Jack.</p>
-  <p>*Isle of May, Firth of Forth; white, fixed. Joseph Agnew.</p>
-  <p>*Inch Keith, Firth of Forth; white, revolving every minute. R. Grierson.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;St. Abbs Head, Berwick; white, flash every 10 seconds. Robert Seater.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>A general scarcity of birds is reported by a great majority of
-the observers on our east coast, which partly accounts for the
-absence of returns from several stations. Those sent in have been
-carefully prepared by the various reporters so far as materials
-allowed. Excluding Swans, Geese, Ducks, and Rock-birds, notes
-have been made on about twenty-eight different species.</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_1">SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.</h3>
-
-<p>At North Ronaldshay, an Owl&mdash;species unknown, but probably
-the Short-eared Owl, <i>Asio acciptrinus</i>&mdash;was seen on Nov. 3rd,
-flying south, at 10 a.m.; and at Dunnet Head a Horned Owl, also
-probably of the same species, struck three times, but got away.
-This was at 6 p.m.</p>
-
-<p>From Pentland Skerries we have all the records of hawks.
-Two early records (July 7th and 14th) may refer to autumn
-migration or not. Thus, "a black hawk" was seen on July 7th
-at 3 p.m., and on the 14th another of the same at 7 p.m. On
-Sept. 17th one hawk struck at 11.30 p.m. The species is probably,
-the Sparrowhawk, <i>Accipter nisus</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Accounts forwarded by other correspondents, however, show
-that Hobbies (<i>Falco subbuteo</i>, Linn.), visited the Lewis in some
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">-163-</span>
-numbers this year.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> At Sumburgli Head the appearance of
-a White-tailed Eagle is recorded, but is only of local interest,
-as these birds are known to breed near that station. That a
-migration, however, does take place amongst Eagles, and mostly
-of this species, is undoubted. Mr. D. Dewar, an experienced
-ornithologist, writes me:&mdash;"Every winter, for this longtime back,
-when we have a strong east wind in November, Eagles and Rough-legged
-Buzzards appear over Loch Tay. In November, this year,
-I saw four Eagles together, all White-tailed, and three Rough-legged
-Buzzards along with them."</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> I have referred more fully to this in my "Report on Scottish Ornithology" for
-the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow for 1879-80.&mdash;<i>J. A. H.-B</i>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swift</span>, <i>Cypselus apus</i>.&mdash;Only one at Sumburgh Head on
-May 25th, doubtless on the spring migration. Two were seen at
-10 a.m., wind light S.W., breeze and haze. "Swifts, however, do
-not breed in Shetland" (<i>vide</i> Saxby's 'Birds of Shetland,' p. 147).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swallow</span>, <i>Hirundo rustica</i>.&mdash;I have returns from four stations,
-Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Tarbet Ness, and Isle of May. At
-the northernmost station (Sumburgh Head) "a number were seen
-flying about," at 11 am., wind at W.S.W., fresh and hazy. But
-this record was on June 12th, so probably refers to the spring
-migration. Their earliest appearance noted is August 21st, when
-four struck at Auskerry at 1 a.m., wind S.E., strong with fog; the
-latest Oct. 27th, when two were killed at Tarbet Ness at 7.10 p.m.,
-wind N.W., light with fog. This shows migration between Aug.
-21st and Oct. 27th. A "rush" appears to have taken place at
-the Isle of May on Sept. 19th, at 2 a.m., wind light E. with fog,
-when a flock of young birds was seen and four of them were
-wounded against the glass. Swallows migrate in August and
-September with an E. to S.E. wind, light to strong. In October
-my only record at Tarbet Ness gives wind N.W., light with fog.
-When the wind has been N.W., S.E. or E. there has been fog;
-when, in summer, at Sumburgh Head, W.S.W., there has been
-haze and rain. The last Swallow was seen in Berwickshire by
-Mr. J. Hardy on the 30th Sept. 1879.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Martin</span>, <i>Hirundo urbica</i>.&mdash;From Pentland Skerries one record
-in which this species is distinguished from the Swallow. On
-August 25th one struck at 2.30 p.m. during a light W. wind
-with haze. The last was seen in Berwickshire by Mr. J. Hardy
-on the 3rd October, 1879.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">-164-</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wren</span>, <i>Troglodytes europ&aelig;us</i>.&mdash;At North Ronaldshay five seen
-during the daytime on Nov. 21st, fresh breeze (direction not
-noted) with haze. Reported as usually appearing in large
-numbers at Auskerry, but the above-mentioned were the only
-ones seen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Goldcrest</span>, <i>Regulus cristatus</i>.&mdash;The almost total absence of
-this species is specially remarked at the Isle of May. Usually they
-are abundant. These birds were decidedly scarce in Scotland
-throughout the summer.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Robin</span>, <i>Erythaca rubecula</i>.&mdash;Only two records of this species
-on the east coast. At Tarbet Ness one was killed on August 6th
-at 10 p.m., wind light E. breeze, fog and rain; and at Inch Keith
-one struck on August 10th at 11.30 p.m., in similar weather, but
-with wind light W.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wheatear</span>, <i>Saxicola &#339;nanthe</i>.&mdash;The most northerly station
-of the two recorded is Pentland Skerries, and to the south the
-Bell Rock. Between Sept. 7th&mdash;when great numbers struck and
-were lost at the latter station, and birds continued passing or
-flying round lantern between midnight and dawn, wind S.E. and
-variable, fog and haze&mdash;and Sept. 17th, Wheatears or "Stonechats"
-were on passage. If any rush took place it was between
-Sept. 7th and 11th, on which latter day fourteen were seen and
-two killed. Winds veered from S. and S.E. on. Sept. 9th and 7th,
-to W. and S.W. on the 11th, 13th and 17th. All the birds passed
-at night between 8 p.m. and dawn.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Titmice.</span>&mdash;At only one station were Titmice observed on our
-east coast, <i>viz.</i>, at the Isle of May, were some were seen on
-Sept. 15th at 10 a.m., wind light W. with haze. From Auskerry,
-however, there is the general report that they are in most years
-abundant there, though none have been seen this season.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Song Thrush</span>, <i>Tardus musicus</i>.&mdash;Recorded from a number of
-stations from North Ronaldshay in the north to Auskerry, Pentland
-Skerries, Dunnet Head, Noss Head, Girdleness, and Bell
-Rock in the south. The greatest numbers noted were at Pentland
-Skerries, but great numbers also were noted at North
-Ronaldshay and the Bell Rock, where many "struck and were
-lost." Their earliest appearance recorded is on Sept. 16th, when
-four struck at Noss Head between 8 p.m. and 10 p.m., wind S.,
-moderate with haze. The latest date is Oct. 25th, when numbers,
-along with Blackbirds, struck at North Ronaldshay. The time
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">-165-</span>
-thus occupied was from Sept. 16th to Oct. 25th. A rush took
-place during October, and the greatest rush, perhaps, between
-Oct. 14th and 25th. At North Ronaldshay, on Oct. 1st, numbers
-struck, along with Blackbirds, and were flying about all night.
-Others seen at Girdleness, the Bell Rock, at Pentland Skerries, and
-Dunnet Head. Thrushes migrated when the wind was between
-E. through S.E., S.S.W. to N.W., but principally when southerly.
-Fog, haze, and rain on all the dates given. Time of migration,
-after dark and before dawn at all dates.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Blackbird</span>, <i>Turdus merula</i>.&mdash;Appeared at North Ronaldshay
-and the Bell Rock between Oct. 1st and Nov. 25th. A rush during
-this time recorded on three dates:&mdash;Oct. 1st, "Numbers flying
-about all night," at North Ronaldshay, wind S.E., strong, "along
-with Thrushes." Oct. 14th, four (two males and two females)
-killed; number flying about between 8 a.m. and dawn; wind
-N.E., fresh, with haze and rain. Nov. 25th, numbers, along with
-Thrushes, flying about all night; wind light E. breeze, haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Ring Ouzel</span> (or "Mountain Blackbird"), <i>Turdus torquatus</i>.&mdash;Reported
-from Sumburgh Head only, where one struck at 4 a.m.;
-wind light N. at 5 a.m., S.W. gale at 4 p.m.; weather clear. A
-number of the same species were seen in the country about the
-same time, and supposed to be young birds. At Auskerry, where
-they generally pass in large numbers, none were observed.</p>
-
-<p>Besides the above, "large Thrushes," probably Fieldfares,<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
-passed or were caught at Auskerry, in October; four on the 15th
-between 1 and 4 a.m., wind light N., clear; six on the 16th between
-2 and 4 a.m., wind S.S.W., strong, haze; and two on the 22nd at
-3 a.m., wind strong S.W., and haze. Large numbers struck the
-lantern at the Bell Rock, and were lost in the sea between midnight
-and dawn on Sept. 7th, and again at the same station on
-Oct. 14th, between 3 a.m. and dawn. These were mixed in flocks
-of Blackbirds, Thrushes, and "various" other species.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Afterwards identified as such by the head, wings and tail
-sent in later communication.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The great scarcity of Thrushes in Scotland all summer was
-caused by the severe winter of 1878-79 and late spring of 1879,
-a consequent "crowding down" upon lower latitudes taking place
-during that breeding season. I have referred very fully to this in
-my first Report on Scottish Ornithology for the Natural History
-Society of Glasgow for 1878-79 (now in MS., ready for press),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">-166-</span>
-read Sept. 30th, 1879. This scarcity is still felt. In the birch-woods
-of the west coast I saw small flocks on Oct. 28th, 1879.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Rook</span>, <i>Corvus frugilegus</i>.&mdash;At Sumburgh Head numbers were
-seen about 9 am on Nov. 2nd, wind N.N.W., strong to fresh, with
-sleet and snow showers. "Rooks do not breed in Shetland, but
-are often seen in the spring time, but very seldom in the fall,
-crossing, as is supposed, between Norway and Scotland." At
-Dunnet Head about 100 Rooks, mostly young birds, were seen
-at 12 noon, with fresh breeze from S.E. to S.W.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Starling</span>, <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>.&mdash;Noted at only two stations. At
-Pentland Skerries on October 19th six struck between 6 p.m. and
-4 a.m., wind S.W. and rain; on the 26th one at 8 p.m., wind W.,
-and clear; and on Nov. 20th two at 6 a.m., wind S.W., strong and
-haze. At Dunnet Head, on Oct. 20th, seven struck and four were
-killed at night, wind N.W. and N.E., haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Siskin</span>, <i>Carduelis spinus</i>.&mdash;At Inch Keith three young birds
-struck at 1 a.m. on Sept. 16th, wind light W., fog.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lark</span>, <i>Alauda arvensis</i>.&mdash;Pretty generally recorded, but scarcer
-than usual; the northernmost station Pentland Skerries. They
-are also noted at Tarbet Ness and Girdleness. The most counted
-was thirty-six at Pentland Skerries between 5 p.m. and 4 a.m. on
-October 13th-14th, and the next largest number was sixteen, on
-Sept. 15th, between 8 and 10 p.m. Their earliest appearance
-was on August 16th, when four struck at midnight at Tarbet
-Ness, wind light S.E. and haze; the latest Nov. 19th, when nine
-struck (four killed) at the same station at 8.10 p.m., wind S.W.,
-light and haze. The time occupied is thus between August 16th
-and Nov. 19th. A rush took place between Oct. 13th and 14th,
-or say about the middle of October, and again about November
-19th at Pentland Skerries, Tarbet Ness, and Girdleness.</p>
-
-<p>Larks migrated or came most under notice in S.W. winds, but
-also in S.E., N.E. (as at Pentland Skerries, when thirty-six were
-seen), and W. Our data from the Scotch coasts are too limited
-this year to admit of conclusions, unaided by the English returns.
-Haze and fog are recorded on all the days noticed. All records
-give hours of passing at night from 6 p.m. in October, and from
-8 10 p.m. in November till 4 or 5 a.m.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Woodpecker</span>, <i>Picus (major?)</i>.&mdash;At Inch Keith two struck and
-an adult bird was killed at 9 p.m. on Sept. 15th, wind W., light
-breeze and fog.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">-167-</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lapwing</span>, <i>Vanellus cristatus</i>.&mdash;Reported to have left the
-vicinity of Hoy Sound in the third week of September. At
-Auskerry thirty or forty were seen about 3 p.m. on Sept. 11th, wind
-light W. and haze, and at Tarbet Ness a large flock was seen at
-11 a.m., when the wind was N.W., light and haze on Oct. 12th.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Plover</span>, <i>Charadrius pluvialis</i>.&mdash;At Pentland Skerries a flock
-was seen at 1.15 a.m. on Sept. 3rd, wind S.W., almost calm, with
-fog, and another flock at 2 p.m. on Dec. 7th, wind N.W. and clear.
-These represent earliest and latest dates. At Dunnet Head about
-160 Plovers passed with S.E. wind and rain. At Tarbet Ness a
-large flock seen at 4 p.m., wind N.W., fresh and haze on Oct. 12th.
-Plovers remained unusually late on the high hills of Perthshire
-this autumn. On Oct. 15th I saw three on the hills around
-Glen Queich, and two flocks on the 16th. On the 14th was a
-snowstorm and ice a quarter of an inch in thickness on hill
-puddles.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Heron</span>, <i>Ardea cinerea</i>.&mdash;At Girdleness on October 23rd two
-Herons were seen at 3.30 p.m., wind S.W., clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Curlew</span>, <i>Numenius arquata</i>.&mdash;Only three records, one of which
-no doubt refers to local migration or to late spring or summer.
-On June 29th a flock was seen at Pentland Skerries at 7.40 p.m.
-At Sumburgh Head, on July 30th, "a number crying very loud"
-were heard about 11 a.m., wind W.S.W. (gale on Aug. 1st), with
-haze and rain. At Pentland Skerries, on Dec. 11th, a flock was
-noted at 7.40 p.m. during light W. wind and clear. Did the migration
-last from July 30th to Dec. 11th? Curlews appear to migrate
-from early dawn to dusk, as far as records show. These birds were
-nearly a month late in arriving on our coast in Stirlingshire.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sandpiper</span> (sp.?).&mdash;At Pentland Skerries three struck and
-were killed; wind strong S.W. and haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Woodcock</span>, <i>Scolopax rusticola</i>.&mdash;The most northerly station
-was North Ronaldshay. Thence southward, but nowhere in large
-numbers, seen or struck at Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet
-Head, Tarbet Ness, Girdleness, and Isle of May. The largest
-number seen at any station at the same time being five at Tarbet
-Ness on December 3rd. A single bird is noted at Dunnet Head
-as early as Sept. 17th. None again till Oct. 15th, when one was
-killed at North Ronaldshay at 9 p.m., wind N.E., moderate, with
-sleet. The latest recorded was Dec. 3rd, when, as related above,
-five were seen at Tarbet Ness at 11.30 a.m., wind strong W., with
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">-168-</span>
-snow. The length of time occupied in migration was between
-Sept. 17th and Dec. 3rd. "Rushes" of migrants took place
-between Oct. 15th and 21st, but the reports are very meagre,
-being in most cases instanced by single birds striking at North
-Ronaldshay, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May. Again
-a rush between Nov. 11th and 19th at North Ronaldshay and
-Girdleness; and again between Dec. 1st and 3rd at North Ronaldshay
-and Tarbet Ness. In two cases only have more than single
-birds been recorded. The migration took place principally when
-the wind was between S. and W.; but I have records of their
-flights also in strong N. wind with snow, on Dec. 1st, at Tarbet
-Ness; in N.E., moderate breeze with sleet, on Oct. 15th at North
-Ronaldshay; and again, with an E. light breeze and clear, on
-Dec. 21st, at the same station. When the wind has been S.W. or
-W., there has been fog or haze; when S., rain, as in November, on
-the 14th and 15th. Woodcocks appear to migrate principally at
-night, and are observed during the hours between evening dusk
-and morning grey, or, in other words, between 7.30 p.m. and
-5 a.m. Exceptions occur, as at 11 a.m. at North Ronaldshay
-11.30 a.m. at Tarbet Ness, 2 p.m. at North Ronaldshay, and 3.30
-p.m. at Girdleness; these last being all in daylight. A flight
-came inland in Stirlingshire about Nov. 22nd, on which day a
-party of five guns, of which party I was one, killed eighteen in
-Torwood Covers.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Snipe</span>, <i>Gallinago scolopacina</i>.&mdash;At the Isle of May one was
-seen at 10 a.m. on August 6th, with light S.E. wind, fog and rain.
-Snipe scarce or much scattered, owing to wet season. Entirely
-disappeared from inland localities when the hard frost of beginning
-of December set in, and few returned all winter.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Water Rail</span>, <i>Rallus aquaticus</i>.&mdash;One record at Girdleness;
-on August 17th, one was seen at 8 p.m., wind E. with rain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Grey Geese.</span>&mdash;At Dunnet Head, on Sept. 3rd, thirteen Grey
-Geese were seen "going north" at 3 p.m., wind S.E., fresh, haze
-and rain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Bernacle Goose</span>, <i>Bernicla brenta</i>.&mdash;At Dunnet Head a mixed
-flock of old and young (twenty-five) seen going W. on Sept. 7th,
-and five more on the 14th, during the day, wind light W. Fog on
-the 7th; clear on the 14th. <i>Anatid&aelig;</i> were a month earlier in
-appearing on Loch Tay in the autumn of 1879. Geese were
-reported as unusually abundant from many localities.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">-169-</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swans.</span>&mdash;Three Swans seen at North Ronaldshay flying south
-at 2.30 p.m., with W.N.W. fresh wind and clear, and again at
-same place at 9.30 a.m., on Nov. 27th, swimming on the water;
-wind strong N.E., and clear. At Pentland Skerries eight were
-seen at 2 p.m. on Oct. 26th; wind light W. and clear. At Dunnet
-Head three old and one young seen going S.W., at 1 p.m., breeze
-light, on Sept 14th; and three old birds again on Sept. 22nd.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Ducks.</span>&mdash;At Tarbet Ness a large flock of ducks passed inland
-at 10 a.m., with a N. gale and snow, on Nov. 12th. At Girdleness,
-two ducks seen at 4.40 a.m., wind S.W., and haze, on
-Oct. 16th. At Tarbet Ness a large flock seen at 9.15 a.m., wind
-W., strong and snow, on Dec. 5th. At Dunnet Head seven ducks
-(Widgeon) stayed on the lake three days from Oct. 25th; arrived
-with W. to N.W. breeze and cloudy.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Guillemot</span>, <i>Uria troile</i>.&mdash;At Pentland Skerries a flock seen
-on June 25th, at 7.15 p.m.; wind E.N.E., and light haze. (Compare
-with notes on W. coast at Cape Wrath and elsewhere.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Puffin</span>, <i>Mormon fratercula</i>.&mdash;At North Unst innumerable
-Puffins seen on evening of April 24th.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Common Skua</span> (or "Bonxie"), <i>Stercorarius catarrhactes</i>.&mdash;At
-North Unst, usually appear about middle of April. "We do not
-see more than six or eight in a season."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Petrel</span>, <i>Thalassidroma pelagica</i>.&mdash;Seen at North Unst in
-August, and at Dunnet Head on Oct. 10th, wind strong W., and
-haze, at 11 p.m.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Tern</span>, <i>Sterna</i>.&mdash;Only one record. One struck at Pentland
-Skerries at 8.30 p.m. on Sept. 8th; wind strong S., and fog.</p>
-
-<p>Terns always appear upon our Stirlingshire coast the end of
-August and beginning of September, remaining usually about a
-fortnight to three weeks.</p>
-
-<p>The unusual scarcity of migrants is very generally reported
-upon at almost all the east coast stations. The remarks of the
-reporters, comparing the observations with former years, generally
-show this to be the case. Thus, commencing with our most
-northerly station. North Unst, I find it stated that, in most
-seasons, "Land birds, as Snow Buntings, Stonechats, and
-Starlings, strike the lantern." It is also stated that&mdash;"Until
-the last three years, large flocks of Iceland Gulls were seen
-during the month of April, going N.W. A few returned this
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">-170-</span>
-way." They are seen, however, every year in some numbers in
-October. At Sumburgh Head, Mr. Anderson says, "In twenty-one
-years I have not seen so few birds strike the lantern"; and
-Mr. Tulloch, writing from North Ronaldshay, says, "We have
-had so much of N.W. winds here this fall, that I think the birds
-have been kept more towards the south." Similar complaints of
-scarcity of migrants reach me from Auskerry, Hoy Sound (High),
-Holborn Head, Ness Head, and Isle of May; and an entire
-<i>absence</i> of all birds&mdash;"since the schedules came to hand"&mdash;is
-reported at several of these stations. The reason assigned by
-Mr. Tulloch is no doubt the correct one. From other stations
-local influences probably have more to do with the scarcity, as,
-for instance, the unfavourable positions of the lanterns. Thus,
-Cromarty is "situated on the point of the town of Cromarty, and
-almost among the houses." During seventeen years that the
-present principal light-keeper has been there, he does not think
-that more than a dozen birds have struck the glass. Altogether,
-few of our Scottish stations are situated in as favourable positions
-for observation as the lightships of the English coast. Perhaps
-the Bell Rock and Isle of May are the most favourable in the
-south, and the Pentland Skerries and some of the Orkney and
-Shetland stations in the north.</p>
-
-<p>Besides the records under the various species which have been
-identified, there are many records of birds striking or passing,
-which were not identified. It is from a comparison of these and
-the other records that I arrive at the conclusion that the above
-stations are the most favoured. Thus, large numbers of birds
-struck the lantern of Bell Rock, and were lost between midnight
-and dawn on Oct. 7th, and again on the 14th, between 3 a.m. and
-dawn; on both occasions in foggy, hazy, or rainy weather, &amp;c., as
-is almost invariably the case. I have not been able to trace from
-actual data, except in a few cases, the direction of the flight of
-the migrants, as such has not, as a rule, been noted by the
-reporters. It would be an advantage to have this done next
-season, under the column in the schedule for "General Observations."
-The species which have appeared in greatest numbers
-are Thrushes and Blackbirds, Larks, Wheatears, and Swallows;
-whilst Hooded Crows&mdash;noted as most numerous on the English
-east coast&mdash;are absent from all the Scottish returns, and Rooks
-occur only in one very far north instance, <i>viz.</i>, at North Unst.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">-171-</span></p>
-
-<p>The line of flight of the <i>Anatid&aelig;</i> is generally from N. to S.,
-as explained further on by Mr. Cordeaux. I may mention here
-that this holds generally also on the west coast of Scotland, but
-that the lines of flight of the <i>Insessores</i> are influenced by local
-causes, and configuration and trend of the west coast. Thus the
-direction, according to previous experience, is often from N.W.
-to S.E. When migrating over or near land the lines of flight
-follow the great valleys and then the coast-lines, often cutting off
-promontories, as at the Ross of Mull. These are probably birds
-having a starting-point more to the N.W.,&mdash;the Hebrides, Iceland,
-and North America,&mdash;and others which in their migrations from
-east to west overshoot the land and "hark back"; but we will
-speak more of this in our remarks under "West Coast." Land
-birds have passed at all hours of the day and night, flying
-generally low, and in almost all kinds of weather. The <i>Anatid&aelig;</i>,
-as a rule, fly much higher, and consequently are only seen, or
-almost only, in clear weather.</p>
-
-<p>Almost all records of birds caught or killed, or striking at
-the lanterns, are noted on dark or cloudy nights, with fog, haze
-or rain, or snow and sleet. The isolated stations, such as the
-Bell Rock, are most deadly; many are stunned and killed, and
-blown into the sea, at such localities. Birds on such nights often
-remain around the lights all night or rest on the window-sills of
-the tower and the balconies, or endeavour to obtain entrance to
-the tower. Whenever dawn appears they resume their flight
-towards the nearest land.</p>
-
-<p>A great northward rush appears to have taken place at Bell
-Rock lighthouse between the 2nd and 11th of March, 1880, as
-noted in the duplicate schedule by Mr. James Jack, lately received
-by me. On the 2nd March great numbers of birds were seen
-flying about the lantern, apparently of various species, of which
-Blackbirds, Thrushes, and Mavises were recognised; wind S.,
-light breeze, heavy sleet; sexes unidentified; a great number
-continued to strike hard on lantern all night from 10 p.m., and
-rebounding off, fell into the sea. On the 9th, great numbers,
-including Lapwings, Thrushes, Mavises, "Snowflecks," Rooks and
-"Sea-piets," from 5 a.m. till good daylight, when all disappeared
-in the fog; observer could not say in which direction they flew;
-wind S.E., light breeze, fog, and rain. This has been the largest
-migration seen this year; very large numbers of each species
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">-172-</span>
-seen. On the 11th March great numbers of Lapwings, Curlews,
-Blackbirds, and "Sea-piets," from 12 midnight till first streak of
-day, when all disappeared; cannot say in which direction; wind
-N.E., light breeze, and haze. A few struck lantern-lights and
-flew off again; sexes not made out. A perceptible increase in
-our birds at inland localities took place about this time, and
-notes on migration taken at various inland localities corroborate
-the rush at coast stations. Curlews were seen passing inland on
-March 6th for first time. Great Tits much increased in numbers,
-as also Chaffinches, Starlings, Thrushes, Blackbirds, &amp;c.</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="EAST_COAST_OF_ENGLAND"><i>EAST COAST OF ENGLAND.</i></h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were sent
-to thirty-seven lighthouses and lightvessels on the east coast of
-England. Twenty-five stations have sent in returns, and twelve
-have failed to do so. The stations from which co-operation was
-asked are as follows, commencing with the most northerly. Those
-from which returns have been received are marked with a *.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Berwick.</p>
-  <p>*Longstone, on the most easterly of the Farn Islands; white light, revolving every 30 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*Farn Islands (two lights); white, revolving every 30 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*Coquet Island, coast of Northumberland; two white lights in same tower.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Souter Point.</p>
-  <p>*Teesmouth, No. 5 Buoy Lightvessel; one white light, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Whitby, High Light; while, fixed.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Flamborough Head; two white, one red flash, revolving every half minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Spurn Point.</p>
-  <p>*Spurn, Lightvessel, six miles S.S.E. of Spurn Point; white, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Bull, Lightvessel, mouth of Humber.</p>
-  <p>*Outer Dowsing, Lightvessel, 53 miles E.S.E. Spurn; red light, revolving every 90 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*Inner Dowsing, Lightvessel, 17 miles E. Sutton, on Lincolnshire coast; green, 20 seconds.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Dudgeon, Lightvessel, 35 m. E. Skegness, Lincolnshire coast; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Leman and Ower, Lightvessel, 48 miles E.N.E. of Cromer; two white lights, one fixed, one revolving.</p>
-  <p>*Hunstanton, Lighthouse, white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Cromer, Lighthouse; white, revolving every minute.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Hasborough, Lighthouse; white, fixed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">-173-</span></p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Winterton, Lighthouse; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Newarp, Lightvessel, 12 miles N.E. Winterton; white, three quick flashes, and 36 seconds in a minute dark.</p>
-  <p>*Cockle, Lightvessel, 3 miles E. Yarmouth; white, revolving each minute.</p>
-  <p>*Lowestoft, Lighthouse; white, revolving 30 seconds, and red fight, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Corton, Lightvessel, 4 miles E. Lowestoft; red, revolving 20 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*Orfordness, Lighthouse; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Shipwash, Lightvessel, 8 miles S.S.E. of Orfordness; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Languard Point, Lighthouse, entrance to Harwich River.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Cork, Lightvessel, 5 miles off mouth of Harwich River.</p>
-  <p>*Galloper, Lightvessel, 40 miles S.S.E. of Orfordness; two white, horizontal, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Kentish Knock, Lightvessel, 33 miles N.E. of North Foreland; white, revolving each minute.</p>
-  <p>*Nore, Lightvessel, mouth of Thames; white, revolving 30 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*North Foreland, Lighthouse; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>*Goodwin, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, revolving, three quick flashes in succession, 36 seconds darkness.</p>
-  <p>*Gull-stream, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, revolving 20 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*East-side, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands, 13 miles E. of Deal; green, revolving 15 seconds.</p>
-  <p>*South-sand Head, Lightvessel, Goodwin Sands; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;South Foreland, Lighthouse; white, fixed.</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Dungeness Point; white, fixed.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Great credit is due to the observers of the various stations for
-the careful manner in which, as a rule, the returns have been
-made out. Taking them altogether the reports show truthful,
-accurate, and painstaking observation. Excluding the <i>Anatid&aelig;</i>,
-Swans, Geese and Ducks, notes have been taken of about thirty-two
-different species.</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_2">SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.</h3>
-
-
-<p>Of <i>Raptores</i> two only are mentioned, the Sparrowhawk and the
-Short-eared Owl. Of the former one visited the Inner Dowsing on
-Oct. 1st, at 8 p.m. At the Gull-stream on Sept. 19th one alighted
-on deck and was caught. At the South-sand Head on Sept. 23rd
-a very large Sparrowhawk stopped to rest on the rail, going W. At
-the same station on Oct. 2nd another settled on the lantern, also
-leaving for the west. These may have been hawks in passage, or
-pirates beating in the track of small migrants. The Short-eared
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">-174-</span>
-Owl occurs only at Teesmouth; on Sept. 29th one passed at daybreak,
-one on Oct. 1st at 7 a.m., and another on the 16th at 3 p.m.</p>
-
-<p>I saw the first Short-eared Owl on the Lincolnshire coast on
-Oct. 30th. Twelve were seen at Spurn the same morning. It
-thus appears that the migration of this species has extended just
-over a month, from Sept. 29th to Oct. 30th.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Flycatcher</span>, <i>Muscicapa grisola</i>.&mdash;At the Galloper on Sept.
-13th, from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m., hazy, 200 to 300 birds, mostly Flycatchers;
-twenty killed against glass of lantern. At the Kentish
-Knock on Sept. 18th two dozen Flycatchers through night around
-lantern, rain, going S.W. at daylight; none killed. At the Nore,
-Aug. 22nd, at sunrise, mixed with Larks, and again on Sept. 7th,
-same hour, without Larks. At the Gull-stream, on Sept. 17th, at
-3.20 a.m., E., thick rain, large quantities of Flycatchers; lantern
-surrounded by birds. On Oct. 11th-12th, 11 p.m. to 5 a.m., N.N.E.,
-rain, large numbers of Larks, Starlings and Flycatchers in vicinity
-of light; many struck and went overboard. Time of migration
-extending over fifty-two days.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> I find the following reference to this species in my note-book:&mdash;"Did not
-observe any Flycatchers, old or young, in this neighbourhood after the end of
-August: up to this time they were exceptionally numerous."&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Song Thrush, Redwing, Fieldfare, Blackbird</span>, and <span class="smcap">Ring
-Ouzel</span>.&mdash;With the exception of the last, which is reported from
-Heligoland, the <i>Turdid&aelig;</i> are noticed at fourteen stations extending
-over the whole coast-line. At the Longstone, on Sept. 11th, four
-Redwings killed at 3 a.m., gloomy and thick; on Oct. 30th and 31st
-Thrushes, Blackbirds and Redwings passed, wind E. and N. At
-the Farn Islands, Oct. 14th, Redwings, 9 a.m.; 15th, Thrushes and
-Blackbirds, N.N.E. half a gale; 22nd, several Blackbirds; 30th,
-same, and flocks of Redwings all day, E.; Nov. 20th, Fieldfares
-all day, E. strong; 22nd, same; Dec. 5th, 3 p.m., snow. Blackbirds
-and Thrushes. At Teesmouth on Dec. 1st, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.,
-snow. Redwings, Thrushes and Fieldfares, going from N. to S.W.;
-Dec. 2nd, a few Redwings. At Teesmouth lighthouse on Oct. 1st,
-at daylight, forty to fifty Thrushes, and twenty to thirty at 9 a.m.
-on the 7th; on Dec. 4th, at 6 a.m., one Blackbird struck the glass
-and was killed. At Spurn on Dec. 2nd, 9 a.m., large numbers of
-Thrushes. At the Outer Dowsing, Sept. 24th, four Blackbirds; on
-the 29th, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., six Thrushes. At the Leman and Ower
-on Dec. 16th, Thrushes in company with Larks and Starlings all
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">-175-</span>
-through the night. At Cromer on Oct. 24th three Thrushes struck
-the lantern during the night; on the 30th four, and on Nov. 16th
-five others. At the Newarp, Nov. 28th, 9 a.m., six Blackbirds passed.
-At the Kentish Knock, Nov. 18th, one Thrush killed. At the Nore,
-Nov. 7th, four Blackbirds, going W.S.W.; Nov. 3rd, Fieldfares.
-At the North Foreland, Nov. 21st, 1 a.m., E.S.E., snow, one Blackbird
-killed. At the Gull-stream, Nov. 21st, cloudy and showers of
-snow, Starlings, Blackbirds, and Thrushes in the vicinity of light
-from 1 to 4 a.m.; six Starlings, four Thrushes, and one Blackbird
-killed. At the South-sand Head, Oct. 12th, dense fog, many
-Thrushes; several killed. General line of migration, with few
-exceptions, E. to W., carried on both by day and night; a considerable
-proportion, however, appear to arrive from daybreak to
-10 a.m. Migration of Thrush extending over seventy-seven days,
-from Oct. 1st at Teesmouth to Dec. 16th at the Leman and Ower;
-of Redwing, sixty-five days, from Sept. 11th at the Longstone to
-Dec. 2nd at Teesmouth; of Fieldfare, twenty-eight days, from
-Nov. 3rd at the Nore to Dec. 1st at Teesmouth;<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> of Blackbird,
-seventy-two days, from Sept. 24th at the Outer Dowsing to Dec. 5th
-at Farn Islands.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> On Oct. 29th, S.E. and E., <i>Tardus iliacus</i> crossed
-Heligoland in large numbers, "thousands and thousands" passing
-on overhead; the same day, <i>T. torquatus</i>, "a few"; <i>T. merula</i> and
-<i>T. musicus</i>, "limited numbers"; "<i>T. iliacus</i> descending from
-invisible heights down to about one hundred feet above island,&mdash;three
-hundred feet above the sea,&mdash;then all of them passing on;
-when atmosphere got clear again, in afternoon, passage ceased."
-Again on the night of the 30th, N.N.E., "enormous number of
-<i>Turdid&aelig;</i> passing overhead."</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Mr. W. Eagle Clarke reports that on the 24th of January last large numbers
-of Fieldfares were seen between Easington and Kilnsea, near Spurn Point, and as they
-were the first seen in the neighbourhood this season they were no doubt immigrants,
-more particularly as the locality in which they were seen is one where they are only
-observed during or immediately after arrival. Large flocks appeared also in North-East
-Lincolnshire during the last fortnight in January, so far as my own observations
-go, composed entirely of old birds. Mr. G&auml;tke also writes, "All January through,
-night from 10th to 11th, great many from the east; 21st to 24th, the same."&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Numbers of fine old cock Blackbirds arrived at Spurn during the latter part of
-January, and early in February at the same time with the Fieldfares.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Redbreast, Whitethroat, Wren.</span>&mdash;The same notes in the
-reports applying generally to the three species, it is not necessary
-to treat them separately. At Coquet Island, on Sept. 13th, 11 p.m.,
-two Redbreasts struck glass, not killed. At Hunstanton, on
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">-176-</span>
-Oct. 13th, 1 p.m., fog, a Wren and Redbreast seen. At Cromer,
-May 23rd, 1 a.m., a great many Wrens; two killed, also one Redbreast;
-May 27th, 11 p.m., Wrens and Whitethroats, five killed
-(these last notes are referable to the spring migration); Sept. 12th,
-Wrens and three Redbreasts strike glass. At Spurn this autumn
-the Common Wren did not appear before the middle of December;
-they usually arrive about the end of October.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Redbreasts were
-very numerous at Spurn on Oct. 30th, wind blowing very fresh
-from N.E. None reported from Heligoland, but a great many
-Accentor modularis on Oct. 29th, wind S.E. and E.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> A friend, the owner of several steam-tugs, informs me that he has frequently
-known the Common Wren to come on board his vessels when far from land on the
-North Sea.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Golden-crested Wren.</span>&mdash;Most exceptionally scarce; only one
-mentioned, at the Cockle, on Oct. 16th, at 3 p.m., wind N.N.E.,
-when one came on board and was caught. Three were seen in a
-garden near Spurn on Oct. 27th and 28th; none, so far as I am
-aware, on any part of the Lincolnshire and Durham coasts, neither
-are they mentioned in the Heligoland report.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Titmice.</span>&mdash;At the Gull-stream, Sept. 17th, 3.20 a.m., thick,
-rain, E., several Titmice seen round lantern amongst the Flycatchers.
-Mr. G&auml;tke remarks, "There have been no Parus major
-all this autumn, and we have actually seen only one bird"; early
-in October, "daily some <i>Parus ater</i>, that come here rarely but
-when there is an appearance of easterly winds."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wheatear.</span>&mdash;At Hunstanton, May 24th, 11 p.m. to 2 a.m., drizzly
-rain, forty-one small birds killed, amongst them three Wheatears.
-At Cromer, Aug. 16th, 1 a.m., several Wheatears; four killed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Titlark</span>, <i>Anthus sp.?</i>&mdash;At Spurn, May 25th, 1 a.m., rain,
-several Titlarks killed (referable to the spring migration), At
-the South-sand Head, Oct. 12th, 3 a.m., N.E., dense fog, Titlarks,
-amongst thousands of other birds, around and passing lantern.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Shore Lark</span>, <i>Otocorys alpestris</i>.&mdash;On Dec. 19th two were shot,
-from a small flock on the Humber side of Spurn Point; these
-were received in the flesh on the 22nd by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, of
-Leeds.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> At Heligoland, on Oct. 1st, "some flights"; 5th, "some
-score"; 8th, "a great many"; 10th, "many flights"; on the 24th
-likewise, and again on the 29th, "many."</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Mr. Clarke subsequently informed me that on March 18th, this year, he saw a
-flock of about twenty Shore Larks at Spurn, and that during the past winter thirty-three
-have been shot there, in the proportion of two males to one female.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">-177-</span></p>
-
-<p><a id="Sky_Lark"></a><span class="smcap">Sky Lark</span>, <i>Alauda arvensis</i>.&mdash;None reported north of the
-Humber, and a negative return from Heligoland. South of the
-Humber, from every station making returns, and showing a
-gradual increase towards the more southern stations, where they
-crossed in immense numbers. Earliest date of passage, July 24th,
-at the Goodwin, 10 a.m., ninety to a hundred flying N.W. to the
-nearest land, and again at the same station on Aug. 4th. After
-this no further notice till Sept. 17th, when the regular and normal
-migration of this species appears to have set in and continued
-without intermission till Dec. 27th. Leaving out the two earliest
-dates as exceptional, we shall find that the immigration of the
-Larks to our east coast was continued over 102 days. During
-October, November and December (first fortnight) they crossed
-continually, passing from E. to W., also from points S. of E.
-to others N. of W., over the narrowest part of the North Sea,
-as is shown in the returns of the most southern lightships&mdash;Galloper,
-Kentish Knock, Nore, North Foreland, Goodwin, Gull-stream,
-East Side, and South-sand Head; time, any hour of the
-day or night; direction of wind, variable. It would be quite
-impossible in a limited space to give anything like a detailed
-statement of the immigration of Larks, so a few extracts from my
-summary of the reports must suffice. There was a "great rush"
-of Larks and other species between Oct. 12th and 23rd. On the
-16th October more birds appear to have crossed than on any day
-during the autumn. There was again a "final rush" of the laggards
-just preceding and during the outbreak of severe weather early in
-December. At the Newarp, Sept. 29th to Oct. 27th, on fourteen
-days, going W., no particular hour, some striking lantern at night.
-At the Cockle, Sept. 28th to Oct. 17th, as a rule, very early in the
-morning (4.30 to 9.20 a.m.), on foggy, thick nights stopping to
-hover round lantern, some strike and are killed; Oct. 9th to 16th,
-"great rush." At the Corton, Oct. 22nd and 23rd, flocks passing
-all day to N.W.; Nov. 11th, many hundreds during day; and again
-on Dec. 25th, all day from N.E. to S.W., Ducks and Larks;
-Dec. 27th, hundreds of Larks during afternoon. At the Shipwash,
-from Oct. 9th to 16th; all day on 15th and 16th. At the Galloper,<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
-from Oct. 8th to 24th, Larks, Starlings and Chaffinches, generally
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">-178-</span>
-during night; between these dates 135 of these species killed
-against lantern. At the Kentish Knock, Oct. 23rd, N.W., hazy,
-Larks and Chaffinches through night, "in clouds," sixty picked up
-on deck, and probably double this number falling overboard;
-Dec. 1st, from noon to 2.30 p.m., thick snow falling, Larks, Curlews,
-Starlings, Ducks, Chaffinches and Linnets, too numerous to mention;
-they came in clouds from N.E. to W.S.W. At the Nore,
-Aug. 4th to Dec. 6th and 7th, on forty-four days; on Dec. 6th and
-7th, by hundreds all day, often mixed with Starlings, Linnets and
-Sparrows. At the North Foreland, on Sept. 17th, a few; Oct. 16th,
-midnight, misty, fourteen Larks and ten Starlings; 17th, between
-3 and 4 a.m., ten Larks and nine Starlings struck. At the Goodwin,
-Sept. 17th to Dec. 7th, on nineteen days, going W. or N.W. or
-W.N.W.; Oct. 13th and 15th, in shoals throughout night; 13th to
-22nd, "great rush." At the Gull-stream, Oct. 16th to 22nd, "great
-rush," flocks two hundred yards apart, passing westward. At
-the East-side, Oct. 9th to Dec. 12th, on seven days, E. to W.; on
-Sept. 23rd, going N. to S., with a N.E. wind blowing. At the South-sand
-Head, Oct. 12th, 3 a.m., dense fog, "great rush," thousands of
-Larks and other birds, many killed; Dec. 1st, 3 p.m., dense fog
-and snow, "final rush," Larks, Starlings, and fifty Curlews; twelve
-Starlings caught on board, but no Larks. Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun.,
-writing from Lowestoft, says, "On Wednesday (Oct. 22nd), the
-arrival of Larks here was regular throughout the day." On
-Oct. 29th, at Spurn Point, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, of Leeds, says,
-"Sky Larks arriving and passing south in thousands the whole
-day." Immense numbers also arrived on the Lincolnshire coast
-in the last fortnight of October. (At Heligoland, Oct. 29th, S.E.,
-and E., "<i>Alauda arboreus</i>, many.")</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Birds passing this station were all passing to E. or E.S.E. or S.E. in October.
-On Nov. 24th great numbers of Larks and Starlings were observed passing to N.N.E.
-See general remarks at end of report.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Snow Bunting</span>, <i>Plectrophanes nivalis</i>.&mdash;None at stations south
-of the Humber. At the Longstone, Sept. 5th, 8.30 a.m., wind S., one
-was seen on the rocks; my correspondent remarks, "Earliest date
-I have ever seen a Snow Bunting on these islands (Farn Isles)."
-At the Farn Islands, Oct. 3rd, 11.30 a.m., three Snow Buntings
-flying N.W.; Oct. 25th, afternoon, in flocks flying W. At Teesmouth,
-Nov. 7th to Dec. 20th, several flocks between these dates
-flying N.W. At Spurn, Snow Buntings were first seen on the 28th.
-October; and large flocks of from 400 to 500 in the Lincolnshire
-marshes during the first week in November. At Heligoland on
-Oct. 30th, N.N.E., "<i>Emberiza nivalis</i>, a great many," and on
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">-179-</span>
-the 31st, S.E., calm, overcast, "Snow Buntings and Finches."
-Leaving out the Farn Island date as exceptional,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> we find the
-regular migration of this species to have commenced on Oct. 25th
-and finished Dec. 20th&mdash;fifty-seven days.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> In a note to Yarrell's 'British Birds' (vol. ii., p. 6, 4th ed.), Prof. Newton cites,
-on my authority, the occurrence of a Snow Bunting on the Lincolnshire coast on
-Sept. 16th, 1875, as perhaps the earliest date for England. The Farn Island bird
-must now take precedence by eleven days.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Chaffinch</span>, <i>Fringilla c&#339;lebs</i>.&mdash;Has occurred at several stations,
-and both north and south of the Humber. At the Longstone,
-Sept. 28th and Oct. 1st, 6 a.m. till noon, S. strong, rain and mist,
-flocks of Finches and other birds going W. At the Outer Dowsing,
-Oct. 18th, at noon, going E. to W.; Oct. 24th, 7 p.m., overcast,
-rain, thirty round lantern, two killed. At the Leman and Owers,
-Oct. 7th, N.N.E., gloomy, mixed flocks of Larks, Chaffinches and
-Starlings during day and night. At the Newarp, Sept. 26th to
-Oct. 23rd, on several days. At the Cockle, odd birds, on three days,
-strike lantern or come on board. At the Kentish Knock, Oct. 23rd
-and Dec. 1st (see <a href="#Sky_Lark">Sky Lark</a>). At the Goodwin, Sept. 17th, 9 to
-11 p.m., overcast, hazy, flying round lantern. Migration extending
-from Sept. 17th to Dec. 1st&mdash;seventy-six days.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Linnet</span>, <i>Linota cannabina</i>.&mdash;None registered north of the
-Shipwash, off the Essex coast, where from Oct. 9th to 16th flocks
-passed daily, all hours, going E. to W. At the Nore, Oct. 14th
-to Nov. 12th, invariably mixed with Larks. At the Gull-stream,
-Oct. 15th to 22nd, many flocks.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Twite</span>, <i>Linota flavirostris</i>.&mdash;One station only, the Kentish
-Knock, Oct. 24th, misty with rain, "Mountain Linnets," Larks and
-Starlings through the night; sixty picked up on deck, as many
-more went overboard. Nov. 8th, one caught on deck.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Tree Sparrow</span>, <i>Passer montanus</i>.&mdash;Flocks of Sparrows<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> were
-noticed at several stations south of the Humber. At the Outer
-Dowsing, on Sept. 29th, at noon, and Oct. 13th, 2 p.m., travelling
-from E. to W. At the Kentish Knock, Oct. 22nd to Nov. 8th, going
-from S.E. to N.W.; on Nov. 8th two came on board. At the
-Nore, Oct. 27th and Nov. 15th, on latter day mixed with Larks.
-At the Goodwin, Oct. 6th and 22nd, passing to W.N.W. At
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">-180-</span>
-the Gull-stream, Oct 16th, large numbers of Sparrows and Linnets
-going W.; also on the 24th, 3.30 p.m., flocks 200 yards apart.
-At the East-side, Nov. 8th, 9 a.m., a flock going E. to W. At the
-South-sand Head, Oct. 8th, "French Sparrows"; 16th, the same,
-some settled on board. Time of migration Sept. 29th to Nov. 15th&mdash;forty-eight
-days. During September and October Tree Sparrows
-usually arrive in North-East Lincolnshire in flocks containing
-many hundreds. This year has been quite an exceptional one,
-and only a few stragglers have been seen. I suspect the persistence
-of north-westerly winds in the autumn has driven these
-and the great body of our immigrants much further southward
-than is usual. The returns indeed show this to be the case.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> It is not improbable that in some of the returns the entries may refer to the
-Common Sparrow. We know, however, that Passer montanus is such a constant
-and regular migrant to our east coast in the autumn that in the majority of cases
-it will refer to this species.&mdash;<i>J. C.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">House Sparrow</span>, <i>Passer domesticus</i>.&mdash;Only once mentioned, at
-the Corton, Sept. 28th, 7.50 a.m., large flock going west, males
-and females. As the female of the preceding is undistinguishable
-from the male, this entry undoubtedly refers to the Common
-Sparrow. We know that the House Sparrow is a migrant across
-Heligoland,<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and my own observations on the Lincolnshire coast
-tend to the same conclusion.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> See a letter by Mr. G&auml;tke in 'The Times,' March 31st, 1877, on the "Migration
-of Sparrows."</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Starling</span>, <i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>.&mdash;Next to the Lark, the Starling
-occupies the most prominent position in the reports. It is noticed
-both north and south of the Humber at seventeen stations:&mdash;the
-Longstone, Coquet Island, Teesmouth, Outer Dowsing, Inner
-Dowsing, Leman and Ower, Cromer, Newarp, Cockle, Galloper,
-Kentish Knock, Nore, North Foreland, Goodwin, Gull-stream,
-East-side, and South-sand Head. Enormous numbers passed the
-southern stations in October, November and December. Sometimes
-in separate flocks, sometimes mixed with other birds. They
-crossed at all hours of the day and night, and in all winds and
-weather. Earliest recorded, Cromer, June 10th, 2 a.m., "quantity";
-the Newarp, 7 a.m., on July 4th, going E. to W.; these were
-young birds.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Leaving out the earliest dates as referring to the
-migration of the young, we find that the regular immigration
-on to our east coast commenced on Sept. 22nd, when four were
-killed against the lantern of the Longstone at 3 a.m., to Dec. 16th
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">-181-</span>
-at the Leman and Ower&mdash;eighty-six days; migration E. to W. The
-Starling, like the Lark, appears to have a particular facility for
-immolating itself against the lanterns. At the Leman and Ower
-large nmnbers of Starlings, along with Larks and Chaffinches, were
-taken in October; at the Galloper (see <a href="#Sky_Lark">Sky Lark</a>); also at the
-North Foreland, and many other instances too numerous to
-mention. At Heligoland this year there have been no young
-Starlings during July; Mr. G&auml;tke says he may perhaps have seen
-a hundred, and this is all.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> This bears out Mr. G&auml;tke's observation in a letter dated Heligoland, 1879,
-when he says, "Hundreds of thousands of young Starlings from end of June to end
-of July. Hundreds of thousands of old birds during October, November, and later;
-young and old strictly divided in their migrations."</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hooded Crow</span>, <i>Corvus cornix</i>; <span class="smcap">Rook</span>, <i>C. frugilegus</i>; <span class="smcap">Daw</span>,
-<i>C. monedula</i>.&mdash;The migration of Rooks is not noted on the
-English coast north of the Humber; south of this they were
-noticed at nearly every station as either Rooks or "Black Crows,"
-to distinguish them from the Hoodie or Grey Crow. Immense
-numbers of both Rooks and Grey Crows crossed on Oct. 16th from
-daylight to dark, travelling from E. to W. Noticeably at the Inner
-Dowsing, on Oct. 16th, large number of Crowds, from N.E. to W.;
-at Hunstanton, on the 17th, Hooded Crowds and Rooks all day; at
-the Newarp, on the 16th; at the Cockle, the same day "height of
-rush," Crows and Rooks, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., going W., and again on
-the 22nd, 23rd and 24th, large numbers of Crows, Rooks, Starlings
-and Larks, from daylight to dark, passing W.; again on Nov. 8th,
-large flocks of Crows. At the Corton, on Oct. 16th and 22nd, continuous
-flocks of Crows, Daws and Larks all day, E. to W., also
-Nov. 8th and 11th and Dec. 27th. At the Shipwash, Oct. 15th and
-16th, constant on 15th, till 12 a.m.; on 16th, 9 a.m. to 3.20 p.m.,
-from S.S.E. to N.N.W. At the Goodwin, Oct. 15th to 21st, Crows
-"in shoals." At the South-sand Head, Oct. 16th, Rooks, 9.30 a.m.,
-going W.N.W. and N.W.; and seven other stations. In the
-returns it is impossible in many cases, under the general entry of
-"Crows," to separate the Hooded Crow from the Rook. It
-appears, however, that immense numbers of the <i>Corvid&aelig;</i> crossed
-the North Sea; Rooks at stations south of the Humber, and
-Hooded Crows at both northern and southern stations from
-Oct. 15th to Nov. 19th. Both Rooks and Hooded Crows appear
-to have started simultaneously on Oct. 15th, and passed across
-the North Sea from E. to W. in almost continuous flocks on the
-16th and 17th; and after these dates in more scattered detachments,
-less and less to Nov. 19th. And again during the latter,
-part of December; the last entry is on Dec. 27th at the Corton,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">-182-</span>
-Crows passing E. and W. in afternoon and Larks in hundreds.
-Daws are only mentioned at two stations; the Corton on Oct. 10th
-and 2:2nd, continuous flocks of Daws and Crows all day; also
-at the Shipwash on the 16th. At the Inner Dowsing on Oct. 22nd
-four Crows remained all night on globe above the lantern, and five
-took up their position in the same quarter on the night of Nov. 8th,
-leaving at daylight for the Lincolnshire coast. The wind on the
-North Sea on Oct. 16th was N. to N.E., force 4 to 7.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Cuckoo</span>, <i>Cuculus canorus</i>.&mdash;On Sept. 17th, 10 p.m., at the North
-Foreland, wind E., overcast, misty a Cuckoo struck the south
-side of the lantern, but was not killed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swallow</span>, <i>Hirundo rustica</i>.&mdash;The spring migration was noticed
-at two stations&mdash;the Cockle, June 8th, 9.20 a.m., five Swallows
-passed towards land; also on July 1st at 4.30 a.m., ten passing to
-W.S.W.; at the South-sand Head, July 6th, twenty at 3.30 a.m.,
-flying towards N.N.W. The autumn migration was observed at
-several stations both north and south of the Humber. At Coquet
-Island, Aug. 15th, midnight, S.E., three Swallows struck glass of
-lantern, but were not killed; on the 20th great numbers were seen
-flying about, two striking glass after dark, but were not killed.
-At Whitby, on Oct. 4th, 9.30 a.m., flock going south. At Hunstanton,
-on Sept. 10th, 2 p.m., a flock alighted on lantern and
-gallery; and on Oct. 12th, 3 p.m., fog, twelve came up to light and
-dispersed in various directions. At the North Foreland, on
-Sept. 9th, 10th and 11th, about forty passed each day; and on the
-21st, about one hundred flew round the lantern top for an hour.
-At the South-sand Head on Sept. 28th, twelve. Swallows passed.
-Migration extending from Aug. 15th to Oct. 12th&mdash;fifty-nine days.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swift</span>, <i>Cypselus apus</i>.&mdash;The autumn migration of Swifts, so
-remarkable in 1879 for the great numbers seen at various places
-on the north-east coast (see Zool. Jan. 1880, p. 8), was observed
-at only two stations. At Teesmouth, great numbers flying about
-during the last three days of August. At the Nore, on Aug. 1st
-and 2nd, between 6 and 7 a.m., and again on the 20th; last on
-Oct. 10th, 9 a.m., Swifts mixed with Larks. At Heligoland,
-Martins and Swifts, "rather great numbers during August; particularly
-noted on the 10th, wind S.E., Swifts a great many; on
-the 20th, the same."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Charadriid&aelig;.</span>&mdash;The burst of severe weather during the early
-days in December brought an immense influx of Plovers to our
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">-183-</span>
-east coast from the north; large flocks are noticed at this time at
-the more northern stations, more particularly at Coquet Island
-on Nov. 26th and Dec. 6th, northerly and westerly winds, force
-from 6 to 8. There is only one notice south of the Humber, and
-this early in the season. At the Shipwash, Oct. 12th, flock of thirty
-Lapwings, going westward.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Woodcock</span>, <i>Scolopax rusticola</i>.&mdash;Was observed at the Farn
-Islands, Oct. 22nd, 30th (great flight), Nov. 1st, Dec. 2nd, N.E.
-to N.N.E. At Coquet Island, Sept. 29th, S.W., strong, one; and
-Oct. 24th, also one; about noon on both days. At Teesmouth,
-Nov. 2nd, three at daylight. At the Outer Dowsing, a station more
-than fifty miles from the nearest land, on Dec. 12th, two flying W.
-At Heligoland, Oct. 30th, N.N.W., early at dawn, great many
-Woodcocks; about 100 killed. Great numbers were shot on the
-Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coast on the morning of Oct. 31st,
-sixty at Spurn Point alone; wind very fresh from N.E. on the
-previous night with drizzly rain. The migration of Woodcocks
-extended from Sept. 29th at Coquet Island to Dec. 12th at the Outer
-Dowsing&mdash;seventy-five days. The "great flight," at Heligoland
-on the morning of Oct. 30th; east coast of England, on the night
-of the 30th.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Snipe</span>, <i>Gallinago media</i>.&mdash;At the Longstone, Sept. 17th, 2.30
-a.m., misty, one struck the lantern and was killed. At the Farn
-Islands, on Dec. 2nd, 10th and 19th. At the North Foreland, on
-Nov. 14th, 1.30 a.m., N., moderate gale, and again on the 21st, at
-5 a.m., snow. Snipe were killed. Very large numbers arrived in
-Holderness and North Lincolnshire, from the middle to the end
-of November, just preceding the outbreak of severe weather in
-December. They left the district again, almost to a bird, before
-the middle of the month.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Curlew</span>, <i>Numenius arquatus</i>.&mdash;Curlews were in large flocks at
-Teesmouth on Sept. 27th. At the Inner Dowsing, Sept. 1st, three
-going from N.E. to S.W. At Hunstanton, on Oct. 13th, 4 a.m.,
-fog, one struck glass of lantern and was taken. At the South-sand
-Head, Aug. 13th to 29th, large flocks, 100 to 200 in a flock, going
-S. and S.W. The Curlew migrates early in the autumn, Aug. 13th
-to Sept. 29th. Most of these entries will probably refer to young
-birds, the old Curlews coming later in October and November.
-At Heligoland, Oct. 30th, many passed over.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Anatid&aelig;.</span>&mdash;Between Dec. 4th and 20th Swans passed the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">-184-</span>
-Teesmouth from N. to S. in some numbers; on the 4th, six; the
-8th, five (four old and one young); 14th, nine (eight old and one
-young); 15th, forty-three; 16th, three; 18th, two; the 20th, ten at
-10 a.m., and ninety-five at 11 a.m. On the 18th a flock of thirty
-was seen near Spurn, one old white bird acting as pilot, the
-remainder all young, in the brown plumage. Two Bewick's Swans
-were shot on the Humber on the 8th. Four passed the Kentish
-Knock, on Dec. 4th, 2.15 p.m., N.E. to S.W. Two Swans, which
-may have been "escaped birds" from some private waters, passed
-the Teesmouth on Sept. 30th, 10 a.m., flying S.E. Geese were
-observed at several stations both north and south of the Humber,
-going south from Aug. 18th to Dec. 13th, the main body passing
-south during the last half of November and in December. Brent
-or "Black Geese" are noted at the Corton, going south, July 18th,
-twelve; July 30th, two flocks of from thirty to forty; on Sept. 17th,
-thirty. These are very early dates for Brent Geese,<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Mr. Cotton,
-the observer, might have possibly been led into an error by passing
-flocks of black Scoters. As, however, "black ducks" are frequently
-mentioned in his return, this could hardly be the case, and he
-appears very well able to discriminate between the two. At the
-Corton, Dec. 4th, hundreds of black geese from N.E. to S.W. from
-sunrise to noon&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, towards the mouth of the Thames or Essex
-coast. As might have been expected, large flocks of Ducks are
-constantly noted, so frequently indeed, as to defy repetition; this
-is more particularly the case in the returns from the lightships.
-They are noted sometimes flying S., from the land or to the land,
-and in fact in every direction. Many of these would be local flocks
-going to and from their feeding grounds. Immense numbers, however,
-coming from the north, passed along the coast in November
-and December. At Coquet Island, on Dec. 14th, 3 a.m., N.W.,
-blowing a gale, two Eider Ducks (spelt phonetically, "Ida" in
-the report) struck lantern and one was killed.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Major C. Russell, writing from Essex, says, "The earliest occurrence of Brent
-Geese on our coast I ever remember hearing of was Sept. 29th, when many years
-ago one of our coast gunners, still living, killed ten at a shot."</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Red-throated Diver</span>, <i>Colymbus septentrionalis</i>.&mdash;Red-throated
-Divers and Mergansers are mentioned in the report from Teesmouth
-during November. With regard to the first of these,
-Mr. G&auml;tke sends the following curious note, dated Dec. 22nd,
-1879:&mdash;"<i>Colymbus septentrionalis</i>, almost by the million. During
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">-185-</span>
-the last forty years there have never, during a single autumn,
-been a fiftieth part of what we see here now every day&mdash;all passing
-along, principally during the forenoon, east of the island in an E.
-by N. direction, which I think they continue till coming to the
-Holstein coast, then strike off in a northerly course up to the
-extreme north of Jutland, and from thence cross over to the
-Dutch coast, perhaps next morning to renew the trip. There are
-constantly so many that one scarcely can believe them always to
-be fresh birds."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Procellarid&aelig;.</span>&mdash;At the Longstone, on Sept. 18th, at 3 a.m.,
-two Petrels were caught against the lantern-windows. At Coquet
-Island, on Nov. 4th, 3 a.m., one killed against the lantern. At the
-Goodwin, Oct. 11th, five were seen with many Larks and Starlings
-round the lantern at night. Greater numbers of Procellaria
-glacialis have been seen off Heligoland during the autumn than
-has been the case for the last twenty years.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>Independent of the notes of each species, as already given,
-numerous flocks of small birds were seen passing the stations, but
-too far distant to determine the species. This was specially the
-case at the Spurn, on Dec. 3rd and 8th; at the Cockle, on Oct. 9th;
-and at the South-sand Head, on Sept. 20th. At the Kentish Knock,
-on Nov. 20th, half-a-dozen small birds came on board at midnight,
-which, from the written description in the margin, were probably
-Greenfinches. It is, however, impossible to give even a guess at
-another species which visited another lightvessel on Sept. 20th,
-"Fifty very small birds&mdash;in fact, the smallest of British birds&mdash;like
-a Sky Lark, but a deal smaller." From the date, they may
-have been either Titlarks or Flycatchers.</p>
-
-<p>No rare migrants have been noticed, but this was scarcely to
-be expected. In this respect the budget of notes supplied by that
-veteran ornithologist Herr G&auml;tke bears a striking contrast to our
-east coast reports. On that small island, so favourably situated
-for observation, Mr. G&auml;tke has trained up quite a host of practical
-observers, and any rare visitant will have to be very sharp if it
-succeeds in escaping detection. Quoting from Mr. G&auml;tke's letter
-dated Dec. 22nd, we have, on Sept. 17th, <i>Sylvia fuscata</i>, though
-not got; <i>Anthus Richardi</i> on the 18th; <i>A. cervinus</i> on the 20th;
-<i>Picus leuconotus</i> on the 21st; then some days S.W. with rain and
-no birds; 26th, calm and clear, <i>Emberiza pusilla</i>; 27th, E.N.E.,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">-186-</span>
-<i>Anthus Richardi</i>, <i>Emberiza pusilla</i> (two shot), <i>E. aureola</i> (seen);
-28th, <i>E. pusilla</i> (two seen), <i>E. rustica</i> (one shot); 29th, <i>Sylvia
-superciliosus</i> (one); 30th, <i>Emberiza pusilla</i> (one); Oct. 1st, <i>E. pusilla</i>
-(one); Nov. 2nd, 3rd and 4th, westerly winds and nothing, but
-daily some <i>Parus ater</i>; on the 5th, again, <i>Anthus cervinus</i> (seen
-and heard); northerly winds, sometimes N.E. on the 8th, a Leaf
-Warbler seen at close quarters, but not procured by Aeuckens,
-the Heligoland birdstuffer, which Mr. G&auml;tke feels tolerably certain
-was a very rare visitant; the same day there were two or three
-<i>E. rustica</i>, and one each of <i>A. pusilla</i> and <i>A. cervinus</i>. The rare
-Leaf Warbler was again seen on the 9th, but could not be obtained;
-an <i>Emberiza rustica</i> was also seen. On the 10th, <i>E. pusilla</i> shot
-and <i>E. rustica</i> seen. On the 12th, <i>Muscicapa parva</i> and <i>Motacilla
-lugubris</i>, which latter comes there rarely in autumn. On the 14th,
-<i>Sylvia superciliosus</i> was shot by Mr. G&auml;tke's eldest son, and two
-more were seen by Aeuckens in a garden where shooting was not
-permitted. On the 18th, one very fine <i>E. pusilla</i> shot. On the 20th
-<i>Lestris affinis</i> was seen close by, but not shot, as it would have
-fallen in the sea and drifted away. This is the third, if not the
-fourth, known occurrence of the Siberian Herring Gull at Heligoland.
-On the 24th a large Redpoll was shot, which Mr. G&auml;tke
-thinks can only be the Greenland bird, <i>Linota Hornemanni</i>.</p>
-
-<p>A summary of the various returns show that four species,
-Larks, Starlings, Rooks and Hooded Crows, in the order given
-respectively, far outnumber any other, and of these four the Lark
-far exceeds the rest in migratory numbers. As a rule, the lines of
-migration followed have been from E. to W., or S.E. to N.W.
-direct on to the English coast. To the middle of October we find
-birds rarely coming from points north of east; after this date they
-appear to come occasionally from directions north of east, between
-east and due north. The line of migration of the <i>Anatid&aelig;</i> has
-been from north to south, crossing the line of the <i>Insessores</i> at
-right angles.</p>
-
-<p>There is one remarkable exception to the general rule of an
-east to west route in the case of the lightvessel on the Galloper
-Bank, forty miles S.S.E. of Orfordness. All entries in this return
-show birds passing to the E. or S.S.E. or S.E. during October.
-We can only account for this anomalous line by supposing the
-birds which cross the Galloper have previously struck the English
-coast at some higher latitude, and after skirting the coast line
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">-187-</span>
-shot off again somewhere near Orfordness and crossed the North
-Sea to the Belgian and French coasts between Nieuport and
-Dunkerque. On Nov. 24th a great quantity of Larks and Starlings
-passed the Galloper towards the N.N.E, a line which if persevered
-in would eventually bring them to the Dutch coast.</p>
-
-<p>At the East-side from the 2nd to the 5th of November flocks of
-"Crows" were observed passing from the S. to the N., or from the
-French to the Suffolk coast. The great body of the immigrants
-during 1879 have crossed at the more southern stations, the four
-lightships on the Goodwin Sands, also the Nore, the Shipwash
-and Kentish Knock showing a constant and continuous stream
-on to the south-east coast. These birds would all cross at the
-narrowest part of the North Sea directly from E. to W. to the
-English coast. The long prevalence of north-westerly winds in
-October and November may to a great extent have deflected the
-lines of migration much farther to the south than is generally
-the case.</p>
-
-<p>Migrants have passed the stations at all hours of the day and
-night, flying at no great altitude and in almost all winds and
-weather. When the nights are dark and cloudy, no stars
-appearing, in rain, fogs and snowstorms, flocks of birds during
-the night migrations will crowd round the lanterns of the lightships;
-many strike the glass and are killed, falling on deck or
-pitching overboard. On these nights birds will often remain
-for hours in the vicinity of a light, circling round and round,
-evidently having lost their way; at the first break in the clouds,
-the stars becoming visible, or the first streak of early dawn, they
-will resume their flight to the nearest land.</p>
-
-<p>The "great rush" of immigrants was from the 12th to the
-23rd of October. The "final rush" took place just preceding and
-during the first burst of winter, early in December.</p>
-
-<p>The occurrences when birds travel dead to windward are very
-rare indeed, and then only with light winds. In the great majority
-of cases birds migrate flying within two to four points of the wind,
-sometimes with a "beam" wind, or even a point or two "abaft of
-beam." If the wind changes during the actual passage, birds will
-change the direction of their flight to suit the wind. Thus at the
-Shipwash, on Oct. 16th, from 9.50 a.m. to 1.20 p.m. the wind was
-N.N.W., flocks constantly passing from S.E. to N.W. from 1.20
-to 3.20 p.m. the wind blew from N.N.E., and the birds passed
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">-188-</span>
-S.S.E. to N.N.W. If subsequent observations should prove the
-correctness of this rule, it will go far to account for all the
-irregularities of migration&mdash;the "why" birds are seen in great
-numbers in one year in any locality, and perhaps absent altogether
-in following seasons.</p>
-
-<p>Subsequent to the writing of this report I have received
-several communications showing a large and very remarkable
-influx of immigrants on to the east coast of England in January
-and the first fortnight in February, 1880. On Jan. 24th great
-numbers of Fieldfares were seen near Spurn Point, between
-Easington and Kilnsea, and since this date they are reported as
-very numerous in the locality; with the Fieldfares came many
-fine old cock Blackbirds. In North-East Lincolnshire, also, during
-the last fortnight in January I saw many very large flocks of
-Fieldfares, apparently entirely composed of old birds; before this
-time scarcely any had been seen. Mr. G&auml;tke writes from Heligoland:&mdash;"<i>T.
-pilaris</i> all January, through night from 10th to 11th,
-great many; also Oystercatchers and other waders coming from
-the E; also from 21st to 24th, the same." These dates agree
-very well with the time of their arrival on our east coast. Short-eared
-Owls arrived in some numbers at Spurn in the last week in
-January. A very large flock of Snow Buntings was seen on the
-8th February. On the Lincolnshire side I noticed an immense
-flock of the same species, fresh arrivals, on the 5th; and on the
-11th thousands, also hundreds of Larks. This final and third
-"rush" of immigrants so late in the winter is curious, and may
-perthaps be explained by the comparatively milder winter over
-Northern Europe, compared with what we have experienced in
-the central and southern zones of Europe. We have indeed a
-recent precedent for this in the winter of 1877-78, when, after
-a long continuance of mild weather in Scandinavia, a sharp and
-sudden outburst of real winter drove the Fieldfares, as Mr. G&auml;tke
-says, over Heligoland, on the night from the 27th to 28th January,
-in "countless flights."</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">-189-</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="WEST_COAST_OF_SCOTLAND"><i>WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND.</i></h2>
-
-
-<p>Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were
-forwarded to thirty-eight lighthouses on the west coast of
-Scotland and the Isles. Twenty-four stations have sent in
-returns, and fourteen have either sent none, or have returned
-blank forms, owing to the scarcity of birds. The stations from
-which co-operation was asked are as follows, commencing with
-the most northerly and those from which returns have been
-received are marked with a *:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-  <p>*Cape Wrath, Sutherland; white and red alt., rev. every minute. J. M'Gill.</p>
-  <p>*Rhu Stoir, W. Cromarty; white, interval 1 minute. William Wither</p>
-  <p>*Butt of Lewis, Lewis; white, fixed. George Edgar</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Stornoway, Lewis; 2 lights, white, rev. &frac12; m., &amp; white, fixed. R. Murray</p>
-  <p>*Island Glass, Harris; white, fixed. William Lines</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ushenish, North Uist; red, fixed</p>
-  <p>*Monach Island; same tower, upp. white fl., low. red, fixed. J. Youngclause</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Barra Head, Barra; white, interval 2&frac12; minutes</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Rona, Skye; white fl., every 12 seconds. David Dunnett</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Kyleakin, Rosshire; white and red, fixed. David M'Culloch</p>
-  <p>*Isle Ornsay, Skye; white, fixed. David Ross</p>
-  <p>*Ardnamurchan Point, Argyleshire; white, fixed. David Laidlaw</p>
-  <p>*{Hynish, Skerryvore Signal Tower, Tyree; no lights.&#8224; William Crow</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;{Skerryvore, off Tyree; white, revolving every minute.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</p>
-  <p>*Dhuheartach, S.W. of Ross of Mull; white, with red sector, fixed. J. Ewing</p>
-  <p>*Sound of Mull, Tobermory; red, green, &amp; white sectors, fixed. W. M'Lellan</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Corran Ferry, Loch Eil; red and white sectors, fixed. Thomas Tulloch</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Lismore Island, Oban; white, fixed</p>
-  <p>*Fladda, Easdale; white, with a red sector, fixed. James Langton</p>
-  <p>*Rhuvaal, Islay; white, with red sector, fixed. David Spink</p>
-  <p>*M'Arthur's Head, Islay; white and red sectors, fixed. Thos. Sutherland</p>
-  <p>*Skervuile, Jura; white, revolving every &frac12; minute. John Ewing</p>
-  <p>*Rhinns of Islay, Islay; white fl. every 5 seconds. Andrew Lyall</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Lochindaul, Islay; white and red sectors, fixed. William Mail</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Mull of Kintyre; white, fixed. James Thompson</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Sanda, Kintyre Sound; red, fixed</p>
-  <p>*Devaar, Kintyre; white, revolving every &frac12; minute. Charles Black</p>
-  <p>*Pladda, Arran; 2 lights 8 yards apart, white, fixed. Thomas Grierson</p>
-  <p>*Lamlash, Arran; green, fixed. David Waters</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Turnberry, Ayrshire; white fl. every 12 seconds. Charles Black.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">-190-</span></p>
-  <p>*Corsewall, Wigtown; white and red alternate every minute. R. Laidlaw</p>
-  <p>*Loch Ryan, Wigtown; white, fixed. Ralph Ewing</p>
-  <p>*Portpatrick, Wigtown; white, fixed. James Beggs</p>
-  <p>*Mull of Galloway, Wigtown; white, intervals. M. Morrison</p>
-  <p>*Little Ross, Kirkcudbright; white fl., every 5 seconds. W. A. Mackay</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Point of Ayr, Isle of Man; white and red alternate every min. J. Blythe</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Douglas Head, Isle of Man; white, fixed. Alexander M'Donald</p>
-  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Chickens Rock, Isle of Man; white, revolving every &frac12; minute</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="ind2em">
-    &#8224; This station included by mistake, but retained for convenience,
-        bracketed with the next.
-</p>
-
-<p>Thanks are due to the various observers for the careful way
-in which the schedules have been filled in. Excluding the
-Natatores, notes have been taken on about thirty species.</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="SEPARATE_REPORT_OF_EACH_SPECIES_OBSERVED_3">SEPARATE REPORT OF EACH SPECIES OBSERVED.</h3>
-
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hawk.</span>&mdash;At Dhuheartach on Oct. 5th, two struck lantern at
-8 a.m., light S.E. wind, and haze; and another on the 8th, at
-7 a.m., calm, with fog. At Mull of Galloway, on July 18th, a
-Sparrowhawk was killed at 11 p.m., S.E., light and calm, thick
-haze; and one on Aug. 15th, at 1 a.m., wind variable, light air,
-fog and haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Owl.</span>&mdash;I have only two records&mdash;one seen at Dhuheartach on
-May 30th, at 4 p.m., wind N.W., fog; and the other at the same
-place on Oct. 20th, at 3 p.m., wind E.S.E., fresh, with haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Swallow</span>, <i>Hirundo rustica</i>, L.&mdash;The most northerly station
-noted this year on our west coast is Rhu Stoir, but two records
-here evidently refer to the spring migration, being June 6th and
-10th, when two were seen on each day. The most northerly
-station noted during the autumn migration is Ardnamurchan;
-thence southwards at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Rhuvaal, Skervuile,
-Rhinns of Islay, and Loch Ryan. The earliest date on
-which they were recorded is 29th July, when one was seen at
-Dhuheartach at 6 p.m.; wind N., fresh, with clear weather.
-The latest record is Sept. 25th, when forty or fifty were seen at
-Rhuvaal, at 4 p.m.; wind S.W., fresh, with rain. The length of
-time thus occupied by the migration along the west coast of
-Scotland was, approximately, fifty-eight days. The greatest rush
-took place between the 20th Aug. and 25th Sept.; and, as far as
-shown, at Ardnamurchan and Rhuvaal. At Ardnamurchan,
-twenty rested all night on Aug. 20th, and left in the morning. At
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">-191-</span>
-Rhuvaal forty to fifty were seen, as related above. Swallows
-appeared to migrate principally when the wind is southerly
-(S.W. to S.E.), in light, variable, or fresh head- or side-winds,
-and hazy weather. Exceptions are found, however, at Dhuheartach
-on July 26th, when the wind was N., fresh, and weather
-clear; and at Skerryvore on Aug. 17th, when one appeared at
-the lantern about 10 p.m. (two hours after lighting up) in a N.W.
-light breeze, with showers. Swallows migrate mostly by day,
-resting all night. My returns show that they passed at all hours,
-but mostly before dark.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Martin</span>, <i>Hirundo urbica</i>.&mdash;Martins are noticed at two stations
-only, <i>viz.</i>, Butt of Lewis and Corsewall. The migration lasted
-between July 29th and Aug. 16th, or during eighteen days (but
-data are defective). They travelled during the day, resting around
-the lighthouses at night, with S. to S.E. and S.W. winds; the
-only one killed was when wind was N.N.E., at Corsewall.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wren.</span>&mdash;The records are few of this species: usually noticed
-on migration in large numbers; they appeared at Monach Island
-and Dhuheartach. The earliest date is Aug. 17th, when "some"
-struck at 10 p.m., and between that and 3 a.m.; wind W., and
-haze. The latest date is Dec. 9th, when one was seen at 3 p.m.,
-with S.W. breeze, and showers. In fourteen years Mr. Edgar
-never saw a Wren at the Butt of Lewis lighthouse.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Goldcrest</span>, <i>Regulus cristatus</i>.&mdash;At Mull of Galloway on July
-18th, alighting all night and resting. Mr. Edgar's letter of 20th
-Sept. supplies the information that he has never seen Goldcrests
-at the Butt of Lewis&mdash;a negative fact of value in tracing their exact
-lines of flight. Perhaps in our next reports observers will state
-in their remarks if any of the species noticed in this one have
-hitherto been rare, or entirely absent from their stations in past
-years.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Robin.</span>&mdash;Appeared at Kyleakin, and thence southwards at
-Skerryvore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, and Corsewall.
-The largest number recorded at Corsewall, where fifteen struck
-on Sept. 15th, at 11 p.m.; wind S.W., light breeze, and haze.
-The earliest date is Sept. 10th&mdash;one at Skervuile, at midnight;
-wind S.W., light, and cloudy. The latest is at Rhuvaal, on Dec.
-4th at 9 a.m., when one was seen; wind variable, light breeze,
-clear. Thus, time occupied is between Sept. 10th and Dec. 4th.
-A rush took place in September between 10th and 21st, but no
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">-192-</span>
-large numbers are recorded; in October another rush between
-7th and 18th; on the former date numbers migrated with Larks
-and other species not known, and many were killed and fell into
-the sea at Skervuile. At Skerryvore one seen at 7 p.m.; wind S.,
-fresh, with fog and rain. In September I have records on six
-days at four stations; in October two at two stations, and in
-December one at one station&mdash;Rhuvaal; they passed or struck
-mostly at night or morning, but a few through the day; winds
-mostly southerly, and hazy or foggy; a few in cloudy and clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hedgesparrow.</span>&mdash;At M'Arthur's Head, on Sept. 28th, one
-struck at 1 a.m.; wind N.W., strong, with haze and rain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wheatear.</span>&mdash;Wheatears or "Stonechecks" are recorded from
-Skerryvore as the most northerly station this year, and thence
-southward at Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Turnberry, Corsewall, and
-Mull of Galloway. The earliest appearance noted is on Aug.
-15th, and the latest on Sept. 28th; thus the migration extended
-over forty-four days. The greatest rush was between Aug. 17th
-and 22nd. The migration took place entirely at night, and
-principally with southerly winds&mdash;S., S.W., and to W.; fewer in
-northerly or easterly winds. The favoured stations were Skerryvore,
-Rhuvaal, and Skervuile.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Titmice.</span>&mdash;The negative information that Mr. Edgar never
-saw any Titmice at the Butt of Lewis lighthouse is worthy of
-record. I have notes of their occurrence at M'Arthur's Head and
-Lamlash; in each case a single bird struck the lantern, Nov. 16th
-and Aug. 17th, at 6 p.m. and 10 a.m. respectively; both during
-west wind, and light air.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Fieldfare.</span>&mdash;Occurred at Monach Island and Douglas Head,
-and is reported as usually seen at Butt of Lewis, though not this
-year. At Monach Island a number struck, and fifteen were
-killed, between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m., on Oct. 21st and 22nd; wind
-S.W., fresh, and drizzling rain. At Douglas Head one was
-seen on Oct. 16th, at 10 a.m.; wind N., moderate breeze, and
-cloudy.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Thrush.</span>&mdash;The most northern station is, for 1879, Isle
-Ornsay. Mr. Edgar; however, adds the general information that in
-most years the Butt of Lewis yields large numbers at the lantern;
-thence southward at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay,
-Lochindaul, Lamlash, Corsewall, and Point of Ayre. The
-earliest date is Sept. 19th, when a mixed flock of Thrushes and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">-193-</span>
-Blackbirds passed in variable winds, and clear, at Lamlash.
-The latest date is Dec. 3rd, when "Thrushes" passed Lochindaul
-in the "daytime." But this may be due to local influences and
-hard frost then registered. The next latest date is Nov. 24th,
-when one was seen in the daytime, 2 p.m.; wind N.E., fresh,
-clear; this would give sixty-six days for the passage, or, taking
-the later date of Dec. 3rd, seventy-six days. The rushes were on
-Sep. 19th (<i>ut sup.</i>); a "great rush" Oct. 21st to 28th. On Oct. 21st
-at Point of Ayr, two hundred "along with Blackbirds" seen at
-1.80 p.m.; wind N. and N.W., strong, clear, with occasional
-showers. Also at the Rhinns of Islay, five seen, and so through
-records of Oct. 22nd, 18th to 28th, when three hundred "dark
-grey birds larger than a common Thrush!!?" (probably Missel
-Thrush, <i>Turdus viscivorus</i>) were seen at Point of Ayr; wind
-S.S.E., light, and hazy; and at Skerryvore about forty (of which
-ten killed) at 7 p.m.; wind S.E., light breeze, and haze.
-Thrushes travel with winds from S.E. to S.W. by preference, but
-also with winds from W. to N.E., through N.; observed most, as
-with most other species at lanterns, in hazy and rainy weather,
-but the great rush took place in "clear, with occasional showers,"
-and "hazy and fine." Returns show that out of sixteen dates
-reported upon, only three show a diurnal migration, but one of
-these three is the rush of three hundred "dark grey birds larger
-than a common Thrush"<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> on Oct. 28th, at Point of Ayr.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> We shall refer to these under "Birds unknown," but we have thought it
-advisable to enter them here also; they can easily be erased in future comparisons
-if better data come to hand.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Blackbird.</span>&mdash;The northernmost locality is Rhuvaal, where
-one struck on Dec. 1st, at 2 p.m., wind N.E., fresh; thence
-southwards at M'Arthur's Head, Skervuile, Pladda, Lamlash,
-Corsewall, Mull of Galloway and Point of Ayr. The earliest
-date is Aug. 26th, at M'Arthur's Head. The latest date is
-Dec. 1st, at Rhuvaal. The time thus occupied by the migration
-was ninety-seven days. The rushes took place between 13th and
-21st Oct., and the most favoured locality recorded is Point of
-Ayr, where on Oct. 21st two hundred "mixed Thrushes and
-Blackbirds" were seen at 1.30 p.m.; wind N.N.W., strong, and
-clear, with occasional showers. They were visible at the various
-stations in all winds, apparently from W. to E. and from S. to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">-194-</span>
-N.N.W. They appeared at all hours of the day and night, but
-most of the records apply to night migration.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Starling.</span>&mdash;The records of the Starling are very general; the
-most northern station given is Butt of Lewis, where the remark
-is made that they generally strike. This year, however, the most
-northern is Ardnamurchan Point, thence southward at Dhuheartach,
-Sound of Mull, M'Arthur's Head, Skervuile, Rhinns of
-Islay, Corsewall, Portpatrick, Mull of Galloway, and Point of
-Ayr. The earliest date on record is Aug. 11th, at M'Arthur's
-Head and Loch Ryan; at the former, one struck at 10 p.m., in
-S. wind, fresh, with haze; at the latter, two struck at 11.30 p.m.;
-wind E., light, with fog. The latest date is Dec. 18th, when one
-was caught at Skervuile at 11 p.m.; wind S.W., fresh, with haze.
-Thus the time occupied in passage was one hundred and thirty
-days, but the last date may have been due to local influence and
-keen frost at that time registered. The next latest date is Nov.
-23rd, which would make the time spent in passage one hundred
-and four days. Rushes took place more frequently than with
-most species noted; thus, Sept. 19th, Oct. 12th to 25th, and
-Nov. 11th and 17th, may all be characterised as dates of rushes.
-The most favoured localities were Corsewall and Portpatrick, for
-frequency of records; and Ardnamurchan Point, Dhuheartach,
-Portpatrick, and Point of Ayr, for numbers of individuals.
-Starlings do not seem to have any choice of wind, as far as
-returns show. We find them migrating with N., W., and S.E.
-winds in almost equal proportions, with a preference&mdash;but very
-slight&mdash;to W. winds. They also pass or strike in E., S., and
-N.W. winds, but in fewer numbers. We do not think any
-deductions can be drawn from these data. But Starlings breed
-at many of the lighthouses or in their vicinity, so it is not always
-easy to determine whether, in every instance, they are on
-migration or not (as remarked by more than one reporter, <i>e.g.</i>,
-Mr. Edgar, at the Butt of Lewis, &amp;c.). Out of seventeen dates
-reported on, only three show migration to have taken place
-during the day, <i>viz.</i>, at Portpatrick (in two instances), and
-Ardnamurchan Point (3 p.m. in a gale).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Finches.</span>&mdash;At Dhuheartach on Aug. 24th, one hundred were
-seen and twenty killed between p.m. and 2 a.m., wind N.N.W.,
-with haze; on Oct. 4th, six seen in afternoon, wind light and
-variable, with clear weather; again, on Oct. 8th, two were killed
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">-195-</span>
-at 7 a.m., calm, with fog. The above are all the returns of
-"Finches."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Linnet.</span>&mdash;Only two records. At Rhuvaal on Sept. 9th, thirty
-to forty old and young, were seen around the lantern at 10 a.m.;
-wind E. to N., breeze to stormy, with haze; and at Lamlash on
-same date and at same hour, fifty were seen; wind fresh breeze
-from W., and clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Yellowhammer.</span>&mdash;At Lamlash on Aug. 17th, one struck at
-10 a.m., in light W. wind, and fog.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Snow Bunting.</span>&mdash;At Monach Island, farthest north recorded,
-and at Dhuheartach and Corsewall. Earliest appearance Sept.
-19th, when a flock was seen at Monach Island at noon, with S.W.
-light wind, and clear weather. Latest date Dec. 10th, when one
-was caught at Corsewall at 10 p.m.; wind variable, light, and
-haze; thus, time occupied was eighty-two days. A. rush took
-place probably about Sept. 19th, when a flock was seen at
-Monach Island,&mdash;but our data are scanty,&mdash;and another about
-Nov. 10th, when a flock passed Corsewall. Other dates of record
-are Oct. 10th and 18th; they passed in N.W. and N. winds, in
-clear or cloudy weather; also in September in S.W., with clear
-weather, and variable wind, with clear or haze. All the records
-are during the night, except one at 12 noon, at Monach Island
-on Sept. 19th; wind S.W., clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lark.</span>&mdash;The most northern station noted this year was
-Dhuheartach, and thence southward they are noticed at M'Arthur's
-Head, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, Lamlash and Corsewall. The
-earliest date is Aug. 17th, when twenty struck at Dhuheartach
-between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m.; wind W., with haze. The latest
-date is Dec. 6th, when one struck at 9 p.m.; wind S.E., fresh,
-and haze, at Corsewall; the time thus occupied was one hundred
-and twelve days (but the last was no doubt due to the severe
-frost inland at that time). The previous date is Nov. 18th,
-which would make the time only seventy-nine days. The greatest
-rush appears to have been in October, about the 12th to 24th,
-but the numbers observed are so small that it is difficult to
-judge. The locality most favoured was Dhuheartach, whence I
-have returns on eight different dates, between Aug. 17th and
-Nov. 24th. An earlier rush took place about Aug. 17th to
-21st, at Dhuheartach and Skervuile. A later rush about Nov.
-15th to 18th at Dhuheartach, Skervuile, and Rhinns of Islay,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">-196-</span>
-but of small dimensions. Larks appear to migrate principally
-when the wind is W. to S.W., or late in the season, when still
-more southerly, say S. Exceptions occur at Dhuheartach on
-Nov. 24, when wind was N.E., fresh, and weather clear; at
-Rhinns of Islay on Nov. 7th, wind N.W., light breeze; at
-Skervuile on Oct. 10th, when wind was N.; they migrate in calm,
-variable, light, or fresh winds, and are noticed at lanterns
-principally in haze and fog. They migrate mostly at night, at
-all hours, but the majority pass between 7.30 p.m. and 4 a.m.
-Those passing during the day were travelling when the wind was
-N. or N.E.; those passing at night when the wind was S. to W.
-So the returns show; but whether this indicates any <i>law of
-migration</i> or not remains to be proved by further observation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lapwing.</span>&mdash;The most northern station which they were
-observed to pass at this season was Rhu Stoir; thence southward,
-they are reported at Isle Ornsay, Lochindaul, Devaar,
-Pladda, and Portpatrick. The earliest date given is Aug. 20th,
-when "flocks" were seen during the day in N. wind and clear
-weather; the latest is Dec. 11th, when one was killed at Pladda,
-at 2 a.m., wind S.E., light breeze, with haze. The next latest
-date given is Nov. 14th, when twenty-two were seen at 8.30 a.m.
-at Portpatrick, wind S.E., and haze. The time occupied, therefore,
-this year is from eighty-six to one hundred and thirteen days.
-Rushes took place about the 20th to 25th August, when several
-flocks passed Isle Ornsay and Lochindaul; again, Sept. 16th to
-25th, a flock at Devaar, Portpatrick and Chickens Rock; another
-rush at Rhu Stoir, Portpatrick and Lochindaul about Oct. 27th.
-Lapwings travelled in clear or haze, rain, or showers, principally
-in S. and S.E. winds, on the west coast; but also in N. wind on
-Aug. 20th, and in W. and S.W. at Rhu Stoir and Lochindaul on
-Oct. 23rd and Nov. 1st respectively They appear to travel
-equally by day and night.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Plover.</span>&mdash;Three stations give returns of this species, <i>viz.</i>,
-Skerryvore, Rhinns of Islay, and Portpatrick. The earliest date
-is July 27th, at Portpatrick. The latest date is Oct. 18th, at
-Skerryvore. The time thus occupied by the migration was fifty-three
-days. The principal rush took place about the beginning
-of September, and the favoured station was Portpatrick, where
-they were always observed prssing inland with a S. to S.W. wind,
-light or strong breeze, during the daytime. Individuals struck
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">-197-</span>
-lantern of Rhinns of Islay at night, when wind was N., N.W.,
-or S.E.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Oystercatcher</span>, <i>H&aelig;matopus ostralegus</i>.&mdash;At Isle Ornsay on
-Nov. 18th, one struck at 10.30 p.m.; wind S., light, with haze,
-and rain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Heron.</span>&mdash;At Dhuheartach on Oct. 8th, one seen at 7 a.m.;
-calm, fog. At Rhuvaal, Oct. 1st to 30th, "Storks" (afterwards
-identified as Herons) passed at 9 a.m.; wind variable, light, with
-showers.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Curlew.</span>&mdash;Island Glass is the most northern station noted
-for this species; southwards at Dhuheartach, Pladda, Portpatrick
-and the Mull of Galloway. The earliest date recorded is Aug. 3rd,
-when eighteen were seen passing Portpatrick at 10 a.m., wind
-E.S.E., strong breeze, with haze; the latest date is Nov. 20th,
-when eight were seen passing Island Glass, flying southward, at
-2 p.m., wind light S.W., with clear weather Thus the time
-occupied was one hundred and nine days. A rush took place in
-August&mdash;say 3rd to 26th&mdash;and again in November, 15th to 20th.
-Dhuheartach seemed to be a favourite station. Curlews migrated
-in all winds, and "boxed the compass" from E.S.E., through S.
-to S.W., W. and N.N.W.; they passed mostly at night. Two
-exceptions were at 10 a.m. on Aug. 3rd, and 2 p.m. on Nov. 20th,
-at Portpatrick and Island Glass respectively.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Whimbrels</span> ("Small Curlews"), <i>Numenius ph&aelig;opus</i>.&mdash;At
-Lochindahl on Sept. 20th, seen for several days in flocks; wind
-S. to W., and rainy.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sandpiper</span> (sp.?)&mdash;At Rhinns of Islay on Aug. 22nd, one
-struck at 1 a.m.; wind S.E., light, and haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Turnstone</span>, <i>Strepsilas interpres</i>.&mdash;At Rhinns of Islay on Nov.
-8th, one struck at night; wind S.W., fresh, and haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Snipe.</span>&mdash;At Isle Ornsay, a single Snipe takes position as the
-northernmost recorded at the lighthouses of the west coast in
-1879, as late as Oct. 20th, killed at 10 p.m.; wind N., clear.
-Thence, records at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay,
-Pladda, Mull of Galloway, and Douglas Head. The earliest date,
-Aug. 20th ("sp. not known"), 4 a.m. at Pladda; wind S.E.,
-strong breeze, and haze.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> As a doubt occurs, next earliest date&mdash;a
-long jump later&mdash;is Oct. 11th at Rhinns of Islay when one was
-killed between 12 p.m. and 3 a.m.; wind N., light, with haze.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">-198-</span>
-The latest date is Nov. 15th, when, at Rhinns of Islay, sixteen
-were killed between 6 p.m. and 4 a.m., wind S., breezes and haze;
-and another record occurs at Pladda. Thus from Oct. 11th to
-Nov. 15th marks thirty-five days for passage. Snipe are thus seen
-to make a rapid passage. (Local migrations occur earlier from
-moors to lowland marshes in Scotland, September always
-producing home-bred birds in our lowland marshes.) Rush of
-foreign birds middle of November, 1879, as far as we can judge;
-but on Oct. 18th "numbers" kept about all night round lantern
-of Skerryvore; wind S.E., light breeze, fog, and rain. Migration
-mostly at night, judging from records, but also by day.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> This may have been a Sandpiper.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Woodcock.</span>&mdash;The northernmost station on west coast in 1879
-is Island Glass; thence southwards at Dhuheartach, Rhinns of
-Islay, Lochindaul, Devaar, Corsewall, Mull of Galloway, and
-Douglas Head. Small numbers recorded in all cases, except at
-Lochindaul, when about forty passed during the daytime on Dec.
-12th, when the wind was variable, light, and the weather clear.
-The earliest date was Oct. 11th; one killed at Rhinns of Islay at
-10 p.m., wind N., light, clear; the latest Dec. 12th. Too few data
-to fix rushes, except the one in December, which no doubt was
-directly caused by the severe frosts then recorded; wind N. and
-W., except on two occasions, on Oct. 7th at Douglas Head, wind
-E.; and on Oct. 30th at Mull of Galloway, wind E.; and on two
-others, <i>viz.</i>, variable and light, when (in the hard frost) the forty
-were seen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Corn Crake</span>, <i>Crex pratensis</i>.&mdash;Heard for first time at Lochindaul,
-June 2nd; at Kyleakin, June 9th, wind S.W., clear; and at
-Skerryvore, June 20th, wind strong S.E., with fog.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wild Geese</span> (sp.?).&mdash;At Monach Island a flock "mixed old
-and young" passed south at 10 a.m. on Dec. 13th, wind S.S.W.,
-fresh breeze, with haze; this is the most northerly station noted.
-Thence southward they were seen at Kyleakin (passing N.W.) at
-8 a.m., wind N.W., fresh breeze, and clear weather; also at
-Sound of Mull, M'Arthur's Head and Devaar. The earliest date
-is Aug. 17th (passing N.W.), and the latest Dec. 15th (twenty-four
-passing W., at Sound of Mull). A migratory movement is thus
-seen to have extended over one hundred and nineteen days. A
-rush took place on Oct. 20th and 21st, at Sound of Mull and
-M'Arthur's Head; and again on December 18th, 14th and 15th,
-at Monach Island, M'Arthur's Head, and Sound of Mull
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">-199-</span>
-respectively; the direction of their flight was usually W. or N.W.
-On Dec. 13th a flock passed S.; most passed with a S., S.S.W.
-or S.W. breeze, in cloudy or clear weather; in two instances with
-a N.W. wind. They were observed during daylight.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wild Swan.</span>&mdash;At Devaar on Dec. 11th, six seen at 4 p.m.,
-light airs, with haze; and on Jan. 4th, three were seen flying
-south, in clear weather, at Rhuvaal lighthouse. We say nothing
-of the reported occurrence of <i>Cygnus americanus</i> on our coasts,
-but think the record (p. 111) premature.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Wild Duck.</span>&mdash;At Butt of Lewis a Duck was killed on Dec. 1st,
-at 8 p.m., wind E., light and clear. Others occurred in November
-and December at Rhuvaal and Devaar. At Rhuvaal, between
-Nov. 1st and 30th, three or four hundred Ducks passed between
-8 a.m. and 3 p.m.; wind variable, light, and showery weather.
-Most of the migration seems to have been observed through the
-day. In none of the reports are the species identified, being
-described as either "Ducks" or "Wild Ducks."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Widgeon</span>, <i>Anas penelope</i>.&mdash;At Monach Island on Oct. 27th, a
-few were seen at 12 noon; wind S.S.E., fresh, and clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sheldrake</span>, <i>Tadorna vulpanser</i>.&mdash;At Pladda, on May 23rd,
-six (two males and four females) seen at 1 p.m., wind N.E., light,
-and haze; remained on the island till the middle of June.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Eider Duck.</span>&mdash;At Rhu Stoir on June 30th, two males and
-two females seen at 11 a.m.; wind S., fresh breeze, showers. At
-Dhuheartach on Dec. 3rd, twenty seen at 10 p.m.; wind N.E.,
-light, clear. At Devaar on Dec. 13th, twelve seen at 1 p.m.;
-wind N.N.W., light breeze, haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Storm Petrel.</span>&mdash;At Butt of Lewis in July, August, and
-September, an occasional bird at the glass, always at night,
-always in hazy or rainy weather, generally "haze and rain"
-together; wind in three out of four instances S.W., and once on
-July 3rd, W.N.W., stormy. At Rhu Stoir a good many were
-observed "not on passage" between 17th and 20th Aug. between
-6 p.m. and 10 p.m., wind N. to E., light, haze and rain; and at
-Rhinns of Islay on Sept. 17th, one struck at 2 a.m., wind S.,
-light, and haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sea-fowl.</span>&mdash;The following notes upon sea-fowl as observed at
-several stations&mdash;notably at Cape Wrath&mdash;will, we think, prove
-interesting:&mdash;At Cape Wrath, Mr. M'Gill reports all the sea-fowl
-as deserting their breeding-haunts there on Aug. 16th, and both
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">-200-</span>
-old and young flying westwards. He roughly estimated the
-numbers which passed within his ken as follows:&mdash;300 to 400
-Guillemots, 800 to 900 Razorbills, 800 to 900 Puffins, 100 Scarts,
-and 300 Sea-gulls. This was performed in an east wind, during
-hazy or rainy weather (see also under Solan Goose), and all left
-Cape Wrath in one day and about the same time, <i>viz.</i>, 10 a.m.
-The Gulls passed continuously between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.
-Notes from other stations can hardly be considered as applying
-to anything but local daily migration in search of food, as is
-constantly witnessed at any rock-bird station on the coast; thus,
-at Rhu Stoir large numbers passed towards S.W., and are
-specially noted on June 12th to 15th; also at Kyleakin, a large
-flock passed southward at 2 p.m., wind S.E. When at the Shiant
-Isles this summer, at the end of June, I witnessed a regular
-departure of thousands of Puffins to their feeding-grounds in the
-Little Minch, about 9 to 10 a.m.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sea Gulls.</span>&mdash;At Cape Wrath on Aug. 10th, three hundred
-passed west between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.; wind E., haze, and rain.
-"Sea Gulls bred at the station, and all left on the same day, both
-young and old. The migration goes all to the west."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Kittiwake</span>, <i>Rissa tridactyla</i>.&mdash;At Skervuile on May 31st, two
-at noon flying north; calm, clear.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Tern.</span>&mdash;At Dhuheartach, six seen on the evening of Aug. 27th,
-wind S., cloudy; and four at the same station on the morning of
-Sept. 4th.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Birds unknown.</span>&mdash;At Portpatrick on July 12th, a flock of
-small birds passed overhead at 8.30 a.m., wind S.S.E., fresh,
-and rainy; and on Oct. 13th a flock passed inland at 4.20 p.m.,
-wind S.W., and rain; on Nov. 13th "a flock of birds not known"
-passed inland, wind E. by N., and clear. At Pladda on Aug. 20th,
-one Snipe, species not known, at 4 a.m., wind S.E., strong, and
-haze; and another on Nov. 15th. At Skervuile, on Nov. 14th,
-a number from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m., wind variable, light, and haze;
-and others on Oct. 7th at Skervuile; "many killed and fell into
-the sea."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Red-breasted Merganser.</span>&mdash;At Corsewall, on July 20th, a
-"strange Duck" (since identified as a Red-breasted Merganser)
-was killed at glass at 2 a.m.; wind E., light, with haze.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Solan Goose</span>, <i>Sula bassana</i>.&mdash;At Cape Wrath and other
-stations upon our coasts, an extraordinary annual migration of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">-201-</span>
-Solan Geese is witnessed. Mr. M'Gill has reported to me
-specially on that of 1879, and kept as accurate a record as
-possible of the numbers which he estimated to pass westward.
-He writes as follows:&mdash;"The number of Solan Geese that
-migrate past Cape Wrath is beyond anyone's power to number,
-but I have come as near to it as possible. The first half of July
-the flocks were composed of old birds, and the rest of the time
-they were mixed old and young." Mr. M'Gill then gives the
-following list of Solan Geese seen passing west on fifteen days,
-between 14th July and 9th August, which I reproduce here:&mdash;</p>
-
-<table summary="data">
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">July</td>
-  <td class="tdr">14th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">600 to 700.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;9 a.m. to 8 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">Wind E. Clear.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">15th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">200.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;9 a.m. to 8 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. Haze.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">16th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;40 to  90.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">12 noon to 7 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. Haze.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">22nd.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">200 to 400.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">10 a.m. to 7 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"  N.-N.E. Fog, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">24th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">100 to 200.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;8 a.m. to 6 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S.W. Clear.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">26th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">300 to 400.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">11 a.m. to 7 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S.W. Haze.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">28th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;90 to 100.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;7 a.m. to 8 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S.W. Haze, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">31st.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;60 to  80.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">10 a.m. to 5 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;S. Haze, showers.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">Aug.</td>
-  <td class="tdr">1st.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">100 to 300.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;8 a.m. to 6 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;W. Haze, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">3rd.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">300 to 400.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;9 a.m. to 6 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. Clear.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">4th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;60 to  70.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">10 a.m. to 7 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E. Fog, clear.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">5th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;20 to  30.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;8 a.m. to 5 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N.E. Fog, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">7th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;40 to  50.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;9 a.m. to 6 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. Fog, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">8th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;20 to  40.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;8 a.m. to 7 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. Fog, rain.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td class="tdc">"</td>
-  <td class="tdr">9th.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;20.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;9 a.m. to 5 p.m.</td>
-  <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. Haze.</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>Thus it will be seen that from 2150 to 3080 were estimated to
-pass westward within view of Cape Wrath, between July 14th and
-August 9th, during fifteen days occupied on migration. All
-which were observed passed during the day&mdash;say between 7 a.m.
-and 10 p.m.&mdash;and apparently in all winds and weather. From
-the Butt of Lewis Mr. Edgar supplies the general information
-that the Solan Geese pass the station, arriving first in May, and
-leaving in the latter end of October, but giving no particulars as
-to direction of flight. At Mull of Galloway Solan Geese are
-reported as passing, on July 19th, in flocks. Mr. N. B. Morrison
-reports as follows:&mdash;"Saw them flying past to W.S.W. in wedge-shaped
-flocks as if on a passage, or changing locality." This was
-during the forenoon; wind S., light, and haze. "At 1 p.m. it
-began to rain, and continued for twenty-four hours; rain guage
-at 9 a.m. of 20th, 1&middot;72 inches. On 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">-202-</span>
-very strong breeze, and showers; wind W.N.W. to S.W." Again
-at same station (Mull of Galloway) flocks continued passing all
-day; wind S.E., fresh, fog, and rain, flying in same direction.
-On 8th and 9th, wind S., gale; 10th, wind W., strong. In a
-later note Mr. M'Gill believes "that the Solan Geese strike the
-land first at Cape Wrath," and that the Geese which pass it are
-from Suliskerry.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>On the west coast of Scotland, also, many observers make
-particular mention of the scarcity of autumnal migrants in 1879.
-At several principal and important stations this scarcity is of
-course most remarked upon, such as Butt of Lewis, Monach
-Island, Island Glass, Skerryvore, and Dhuheartach. During long
-experience at these and other stations, the several observers do
-not remember such great scarcity of birds during the autumn
-migration. From other observers' remarks it would appear that
-several of the west coast stations are not suitable for observations
-being made, from their land-locked situations or other local
-influences, such as Kyleakin, Sound of Mull, Corran Ferry, and
-others.</p>
-
-<p>Many birds are killed at the lanterns of the more isolated
-lighthouses and are blown into the sea. Thus, in 1877, at
-Skerryvore, in the month of October, the number of birds killed
-was six hundred, chiefly the Common and "Mountain Thrush"
-(Ring Ouzel), but including also Blackbirds, Snipes, Larks, and
-one Wild Duck. The observer, Mr. W. Crow, was of opinion
-that about two hundred more were killed and blown into the sea.
-They came every night from the 1st to the 6th, about 8 p.m.,
-and went away at daylight. "I would estimate," he says, "the
-number about the light on each of the above nights to be about
-a thousand." The direction of the wind was from S.S.E. to S.,
-with haze; and no migration of birds was observed during the
-day. On Dhuheartach lighthouse rock, "two Hawks are seen
-every morning" while the migration lasts, which come to prey
-upon the small birds resting on the rock. A considerable flight of
-migrants took place about Oct. 7th, as upon the east coast.</p>
-
-<p>The direction of the flight of migrants appears to be from
-east to west at the north coast stations, but from N.W. and
-N.N.W. to S.W. or S.S.W. at the stations farther south; and
-this is borne out by previous observations in former years by my
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">-203-</span>
-west coast observers at Tyree and elsewhere. Our observers
-have not usually reported the direction taken by the migrants,
-but there are enough data to prove the above lines. It would
-appear, therefore, that birds when passing from east to west
-often overshoot the land, and are compelled to turn back upon
-a new course, according to the direction of the wind. In
-1878, Mr. W. Boyd (since deceased) wrote regarding the migration
-in Mull as follows:&mdash;"In the month of October I was
-fishing on Loch Assapol, near Bunessan. Almost every day
-I saw flock after flock of little birds&mdash;Larks, Buntings, Robins,
-and even Wrens&mdash;flying across the loch. All these birds were
-steering the same course, having apparently come from the
-outlying Hebrides, <i>vi&aacute;</i> Tyree, Iona, up the Rose of Mull, and
-were steering for the mainland. Fresh arrivals of different
-species of Ducks rested and then passed on. Wild Swans and
-Geese were seen far up in the air, all taking a bee-line for the
-south." On another occasion Mr. Boyd visited Tyree in
-December, 1878, and both he and a companion remarked "the
-extraordinary scarcity of common birds, and the unusual number
-of winter visitors." One day every Snipe they put up, instead of
-flying a bit and settling again, rose high in air, and went off due
-south-east as far as they could see, right across the sea, to Mull.
-The remark was then made, "The sooner we go south for powder
-and provisions the better; we are going to have an arctic winter,"
-which, as is well remembered, was a perfectly correct surmise.
-It will thus be seen that the flights of wildfowl almost invariably
-are from N. to S. on both coasts, but that the smaller birds&mdash;land
-birds&mdash;as they fly lower, are more influenced by the
-configuration of the coast-lines, and also, no doubt, by the
-direction of the wind at the time. Our data are at present too
-scanty to lay down with precision the minuti&aelig; of their lines of
-flight, but another year's observations will probably greatly assist
-us. The same rules, as to time of day or night at which birds
-strike the lantern, holds upon the west coast which also obtain
-on the east, and the same remarks as to weather also hold good.</p>
-
-<p>The above remarks upon the direction of the flights upon our
-west coast may prove of value in a comparison with Mr.
-Cordeaux's notes upon the direction of the flights at the
-Galloper Bank. We are aware here that birds pass overland on
-migration, crossing Scotland between the Firths of Clyde and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">-204-</span>
-Forth, as they have been heard on calm nights crying as they
-passed over from W. to E., or from points N. of W. to points S.
-of E.; and day-flights have often been observed passing here
-from N.N.W. towards S.S.E., or from N.W. to S.W. I would
-instance here Bramblings, <i>Fringilla montifringilia</i>, natives of
-Northern Europe. (See Gray's 'Birds of the West of Scotland,'
-p. 137. The "column" of Bramblings there described as on
-migration were not "proceeding in a north-easterly direction,"
-however, as stated by Mr. Gray, but were coming from a north-westerly
-direction, and were proceeding in a south-easterly
-direction.)</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-
-<div class="transnote">
-
-<p class="caption3nb">Transcriber Note</p>
-
-<p>Minor typos were corrected. Several quotaion closures were missing and
-added in the most likely place. Table of Contents added to assist reader.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN THE AUTUMN OF 1879 ***</div>
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