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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..968ae34 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65828 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65828) diff --git a/old/65828-0.txt b/old/65828-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5a7541f..0000000 --- a/old/65828-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2214 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular -Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 26, Vol. I, June 28, -1884, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth - Series, No. 26, Vol. I, June 28, 1884 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 12, 2021 [eBook #65828] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 26, VOL. I, JUNE 28, -1884 *** - - - - - -[Illustration: - -CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL - -OF - -POPULAR - -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART - -Fifth Series - -ESTABLISHED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, 1832 - -CONDUCTED BY R. CHAMBERS (SECUNDUS) - -NO. 26.—VOL. I. SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 1884. PRICE 1½_d._] - - - - -OUR HEALTH. - -BY DR ANDREW WILSON, F.R.S.E. - - -III. SOME FOOD-DANGERS, AND HOW TO AVOID THEM. - -In connection with the subject of food and health, an important topic -naturally intervenes in the course of such discussion, in the shape -of the relation which impure foods bear to the production of illness -and disease. Pure air and pure water are required by natural and -common consent as necessities of existence; but the purity of the food -we consume is no less a paramount condition of physical well-being. -Food-impurities may be ranked under diverse heads. Adulteration -of foods is thus a common cause of illness. The food, rendered of -poor quality, does not contain the necessary amount of nutritious -material; or it may impart disease from its being impregnated with -matters foreign to its composition, and which have been added thereto -for purposes of unfair trade-profit. For example, when one hears -of alum and sulphate of copper being added to bread, it is evident -that a serious form of adulteration is thus practised; while equally -reprehensible modes of procedure are known to be in vogue when flour is -treated so as to yield more than its legitimate quantity of bread; when -rice, potatoes, and other starchy matters are added to the bread in the -course of manufacture; or when flour of damaged or inferior quality -is used. Similarly, when milk is adulterated with water, treacle, -turmeric, and so forth, a cause of ill-health is clearly discovered. If -tea be ‘faced’ with black-lead, or with Prussian-blue, turmeric, and -China clay, there can be no question of the fraudulent and dangerous -nature of such a practice; and when we read of preserved green peas -being largely adulterated with sulphate of copper, and that a one-pound -tin of green peas has been found to contain two and a half grains of -this poisonous compound, it becomes evident that legislation directed -against this worst of frauds—food-adulteration—is both necessary and -highly requisite as an active feature of social law. - -Into questions connected with the adulteration of food, we need not -enter. Such topics necessarily belong to the sphere of the analytical -chemist and of the sanitary inspector. Where adulteration is suspected, -the wisest course for the public to pursue is carefully to note the -place and date of purchase of the suspected article—full evidence on -this head is necessary—and to supply the sanitary authorities of the -town or district with a sample of the substance in question. This -clue will be followed up independently by the authorities; and if -adulteration be present, means will be taken to substantiate the charge -and to prosecute offenders. There should be no leniency shown where -cases of food-adulteration can be satisfactorily proved. Such practices -form the worst of all frauds; they involve not merely commercial -dishonesty, but include fraud against the health and well-being of the -community and nation at large. - -Other forms of food-impurity are well known, and demand attention -from the public; inasmuch as, by the exercise of ordinary knowledge, -many of these latter dangers to health may be avoided. Of impurities -in water, we shall treat hereafter; hence nothing need be said at -present regarding this class of food-dangers. Our milk-supply and -our meat-supply, however, are matters over which every householder -may and should exercise supervision. Special dangers attach, for -example, to the incautious treatment of milk. If milk is suspected to -be adulterated, or of poor quality, the determination of the error or -fraud is a matter of scientific examination; and with regard to the -detection of milk-dangers, arising from disease-contagion, the same -remark holds good. It is indeed unfortunate that the first information -we usually receive regarding a milk-supply which is thoroughly impure -or hurtful, is derived from the effects of such diseased matter on -the human frame. In this case, we are unfortunately able only to -prevent the spread of an epidemic of disease—the prevention of the -epidemic itself is impossible, save, indeed, by the vigilance of the -dairyman or farmer in keeping the milk he sells free from all source -of contamination. Epidemics of typhoid fever, for instance, are, as -a rule, only made known by the occurrence of a series of cases in a -given district. On being traced out, these cases are usually found to -have been supplied with milk from one and the same source. When the -surroundings of the dairy or farm are inspected, sewage-contamination -is usually found. Leakage of drains into a water-supply is a common -occurrence; and as this infected water is used in cleansing the -milk-vessels, the origin of the epidemic is clearly enough accounted -for. In some cases, dairies have been found to be constructed in a -thoroughly insanitary manner, and cleanliness—the first condition -where milk is concerned—is by no means always observed. The remedy for -these errors and negligences in connection with this all-important -article of diet, lies in one direction only—namely, a system of rigid -and continuous dairy inspection. Such inspection is never complained -of by those tradesmen who take a pride in their occupation, and who -endeavour, by ordinary attention to business, to secure the purity of -the milk they sell. It might be added also, that if other articles -of food are duly liable to official examination, and if the articles -sold by grocer and butcher are duly supervised and examined, there is -no reason why the premises of the dairyman should not be similarly -inspected. We do not, as a rule, contract serious illness from impure -coffee, or even from a poor quality of butcher-meat; but a dirty dairy -and an infected milk-supply may, in a single day, sow the germs of a -fever which may prostrate a village or community, and entail all the -misery and hardship which serious illness inevitably carries in its -train. - -The domestic care of milk is a second topic to which the attention of -the householder should be directed. It cannot be too clearly borne in -mind that milk, of all fluids, is singularly apt to absorb deleterious -matters. Sewage-emanations and other gases, paint, metallic matters, -&c., are all readily taken up by milk. Hence the absolute necessity -for seeing that when milk is received into our homes, it is stored in -a safe and sanitary position. Milk should never be stored in metallic -vessels in the first place; and it should not be kept in cupboards or -other receptacles which are situated in the neighbourhood of sinks, -closets, or open drains. Too frequently, such carelessness in the -home-treatment of the milk-supply leads to illness, which is all the -more serious, because its origin is unsuspected. - -With regard to the liability of milk, taken from cows suffering from -various diseases, to produce illness in man, many and varied opinions -exist. A general rule, and one in the observance of which great safety -exists, is, that milk from an animal in any way affected with disease -should never be sold to the public. Where uncertainty exists, it is a -matter of sheer common-sense to err on the safe side, and to incur no -risk whatever. It is only fair to add, that milk from cows suffering -from ‘foot-and-mouth’ disease has been consumed in many cases without -injury resulting. But opposed to this fact, we find cases in which -the use of such milk has been followed by throat-ailments and other -troubles in man. The milk of over-driven cows—‘heated milk,’ as it is -called—has been known to produce colic and diarrhœa in children. It -is also probable that while some persons in robust health may escape, -others are liable to be affected by milk taken from diseased animals. -Pigs to which the milk of cows, ill with ‘foot-and-mouth’ disease, -has been given, are seized with that disease in a few hours. The safe -rule, therefore, appears to be that already mentioned. If a cow is -affected with any disorder or disease, the milk of the animal should -not be consumed by man. Only by attention to this rule can outbreaks of -disease in man be avoided, and the public safety fully secured. - -The flesh of animals is liable to acquire under certain conditions -diseased properties. Hence, it is necessary that we should be on our -guard against such sources of illness. Thus, certain fevers to which -pigs, sheep, and cattle are subject render their flesh unfit for human -food; and there are certain parasites inhabiting the flesh of fish -which may also be productive of disease when the meat in question has -been eaten by man. - -Good meat in a fresh state should be firm and elastic to the touch. -The characteristic odour of fresh meat should be present, and the -meat-tissue should be dry, or at the most merely moist. The appearance -of good meat is marbled, and its action on blue litmus-paper is -acid—that is, it turns the blue paper to a red colour. Bad meat, on the -other hand, is usually extremely moist, or even wet; it has a sodden -feel, and the presence of dark spots in the fat is a suspicious sign. -The marrow of the bones, instead of being light red in colour, as in -fresh meat, is brown-tinted, and often shows black spots. Tested by -litmus-paper, bad meat is either neutral or alkaline, and turns red -litmus-paper to blue, or does not alter either red or blue test papers. -The odour of bad meat is highly distinctive; and its colour, as a rule, -is suspiciously dark. - -Regarding those animal-diseases which are believed to unfit the flesh -for human use, considerable diversity of opinion exists. For example, -the flesh of animals suffering from _pleuro-pneumonia_ is regarded, -almost universally, as unfit for consumption; although opinions exist -which regard such flesh as harmless. Here, as in the case of milk, -already alluded to, it is probable diversity of opinion arises from the -different conditions under which the results of eating such flesh have -been studied. In some cases, it is true, no evil results have accrued -from this practice; Loiset showing that during nineteen years, at least -eighteen thousand oxen suffering from pleuro-pneumonia were killed and -used in Lyons, as food, without any known evil results. But it should -be remembered that the disease has its advanced as well as its initial -stages; and in any case the opinions expressed with regard to the -harmless character of the flesh, can only apply to cases in which the -animals have been killed in an early phase of the disorder. The disease -known as ‘braxy’ in sheep presents a similar conflict of opinions. Over -fifty per cent. of young sheep in Scotland are stated by Mr Cowan in -his Essay (1863) to perish from this disease. The disorder is a fever, -attended by very characteristic symptoms; but ‘braxy mutton’ is eaten -nevertheless by Scottish shepherds with impunity—although an important -precaution is observed in this case by steeping the mutton in brine for -six or eight weeks, and then drying it. The chief danger which appears -to arise in man from the use of diseased meat is the development of -blood-disorders and of blood-poisoning. ‘Carbuncular disease’ has -increased in Scotland since 1842, when pleuro-pneumonia first appeared; -and this affection has apparently increased since lung-diseases in -animals have become common. On the whole, then, it may be urged that -even with opinions of weight which allege the harmless character, -in certain cases, of the flesh of diseased animals, there are risks -involved which make the rule, that meat under such circumstances should -be rejected, a highly safe and commendable practice both for public and -trade attention. - -In the case of the _parasites_ which may affect meat under certain -circumstances, there is fortunately no diversity of opinion to be -encountered. The question of ‘braxy mutton’ may be debatable; in that -of meat infested with parasites, no argument is permissible. All -parasitic animals are liable to induce disease of more or less serious -character in man; hence, if meat can be proved to be so infested, it -should be summarily rejected. - -The most common parasites which man is liable to acquire from flesh of -various kinds are certainly _tapeworms_, which have been frequently -described, and the dangers from which are well known. More serious in -its nature is the _Trichina spiralis_, a minute worm, found chiefly in -the muscles of the pig. This worm, if eaten by man with pork, develops -with great rapidity within the human digestive system, and produces -enormous numbers of young, which, boring their way through the tissues -to the muscles of the patient, cause serious and often fatal illness. -Once in the muscles, no further change ensues to the worms, which -simply degenerate into mere specks of lime. It is this _trichina_ -which produces the disease known as _trichinosis_. Fatal epidemics of -this disease are not uncommon on the continent, especially where the -unsanitary practice of eating uncooked or dried sausages is greatly in -vogue. - -Regarding the prevention of the diseases caused by parasites, one -stringent rule should be invariably kept in mind—namely, that all -flesh-meat should be _thoroughly cooked_ before it is consumed. The -practice of eating underdone meat and smoked provisions is attended -with great danger. A degree of heat sufficient to cook meat thoroughly, -may, as a rule, be trusted to destroy parasitic life which the flesh -may contain—although, of course, no one would sanction the employment -as food of any meat known to be parasitically infested. To this -necessary precaution may be added the advice, that drinking-water -should never be taken from ponds, lakes, canals, or rivers in which -vegetable matter grows freely, as such water is liable to contain -parasitic germs; and all vegetables used for food, and especially -those used raw—as in the case of salads—should be thoroughly washed -before use. Our dogs being liable to harbour certain forms of internal -parasites highly injurious to man, should also have their health and -feeding inspected and supervised. And it may be lastly mentioned, by -way of encouragement in sanitary reform, and in the care and selection -of our flesh-foods, that as far back as the reign of Henry III. the -desirability of securing meat free from parasites was clearly known. -In the reign of that monarch, butchers who were convicted of selling -‘measly pork’ were sentenced to exposure in the pillory as a punishment -for their misdeeds. - - - - -BY MEAD AND STREAM. - - -CHAPTER XXXV.—THE MAID WAS IN THE GARDEN. - -Madge was glad that it was in her power to comfort Philip, most glad, -because, in spite of the relief which he found in her presence, a vague -fear was beginning to creep into her mind that somehow this power was -slowly weakening. Was it his fault or hers? Was it the knowledge that -the confidence which they had desired to keep perfect between them -was no longer perfect? Was it the knowledge that she had accepted a -secret which could not be shared with him that, disturbing her mind, -suggested changes in him which had no existence? Maybe, maybe, and yet -... relieved as he had been for a little while, there was no mistake, -there was no mistake about the weary look in his eyes when he was going -away, or about his nervously lingering manner of saying ‘Good-night,’ -as if he were afraid to leave her, lest the bogeys which had arisen in -his path should seize upon him the moment he should be alone. - -She had many bitter reflections that night before she went to sleep: -first, about the position in which she was placed against her will; and -next about the customs which allowed a woman so few opportunities to -give practical assistance to the man she loved. If he had been only a -labourer and she a washerwoman, then she could have been of some real -value to him. As it was, she must stay at home, await his coming when -the struggle was over, give him sympathy when he was in difficulty, and -nurse him when he was sick. That was all. She wanted to be by his side -in the heat of the struggle, helping him with hands and head as well as -heart. She wished that his enterprise had assumed some other form than -its present one, so that she might have had a full share in the actual -work of it. To her it was absurd that, because she wore petticoats and -happened to be above the necessity to earn a living, she should be -excluded from his office, or go to it under the penalty of bringing -ridicule upon him. She knew how many times in those weary chambers, and -in that weary office during this period of worry and disappointment, he -must long for her to cheer and steady him as only she could do. - -As for Wrentham, she had not much faith in him, although, having no -specific charge to make against him, and aware of Philip’s confidence -in him, she remained silent. She could only have said: ‘I do not -like him;’ and Philip would have laughed at her, or chid her for -being ungracious to his friend. She had not forgiven Wrentham for the -accident with the horse; and she was not yet satisfied about it, for -she could not forget what Uncle Dick had said in his passion. - -‘If I wanted to kill anybody, do you know what I’d do?—that is, -supposing I could go about it in cold blood. Well, I’d keep a -mettlesome mare in the stable for three or four days, feed her high, -and then ask the man I wanted to hurt to take a ride on her. Five -hundred to one but he’d come back in a worse plight than Philip did. -And that’s what I’d have said the man was trying on, if they hadn’t -been such close friends.’ - -Uncle Dick did not repeat this angry exclamation; but Madge could not -forget it, and the remembrance of it made her this night the more -discontented that she could not be always with Philip during the ordeal -through which he was passing. - -However, there was one way in which she might render him practical -assistance; that was, by setting Caleb Kersey’s mind at ease, and so -enabling him to serve his master with a light heart, which is always a -brave one. She had delayed speaking to Sam Culver until she could tell -him that Caleb was not only working steadily but was successful, and -could offer Pansy a comfortable home. She would not wait any longer: -she would speak to them both in the morning. That thought helped her to -sleep. For the time, the more serious business which she had to do with -Mr Hadleigh held only a distant place in her mind. - - * * * * * - -Caleb had not been making progress in his wooing, and when he became -aware of that fact, he grew discontented with the nature of things in -general and especially with himself. The discontent with the condition -of his fellow-labourers which had earned for him an ill repute amongst -the farmers, had some grains of reason in it. There was no doubt that -the majority of the labourers had large families and scant fare; that -their cottages were in many instances examples of the deplorable state -of ruin into which roof and walls may fall and still be reckoned fit -for human habitation; whilst in harvest-time, when there was an influx -of labouring men, women, and children from the large towns and from -Ireland, the lodging arrangements were disreputable. But in the present -case, he could discover no reason to justify his discontent, and that -made him feel bad. - -He had never been a regular churchgoer, and for some time he had -ceased going altogether; but lately he had become so punctual in his -attendance, that the beadle-sexton, the clerk, with old Jerry and young -Jerry Mogridge, had held more than one consultation on the subject in -the taproom of the _Cherry Tree_. They shook their heads very wisely, -and thought that there must be something wrong about this sudden -conversion. But the vicar, who had as quick an eye for every face in -his congregation as the thorough shepherd has for every sheep in his -flock, was pleased, and concluded that there was some good spirit at -work in the Agitator’s mind. He would not speak to him yet. He knew how -easily a hesitating sheep may be frightened away by over-zeal on the -part of the shepherd. He would wait until the man felt quite at his -ease. - -So, in a distant corner of the church, Caleb sat Sunday after Sunday, -his eyes fixed on the back of Pansy’s hat, and brightening when any of -her movements enabled him to catch a glimpse of her face. At first he -merely dawdled along the road in the wake of Pansy and her father on -their way home, until they entered the gates of Ringsford. There it -was Sam’s custom to halt and gossip with the gatekeeper; whilst Pansy -hastened home by a bypath through the trees, in order to have dinner -ready for her father. Then Caleb, by hurrying to the home-field and -crossing it, would catch another glimpse of her before she entered the -cottage. - -He was ashamed of dogging their steps in this fashion, and could -not help himself. Several times he made up his mind to speak to the -gardener, and find some excuse for walking along with them; but he -could not yet muster courage to grasp so much joy, although it was well -within his reach. One bright day, however, he was as usual standing in -the porch to see Pansy as she went out, and receive from her as usual a -bashful glance and timid smile, which made the food he lived on for the -week, when he was almost startled by her father speaking to him: - -‘Come up the road a bit wi’ us, Kersey, if you have naething better -ado.’ - -Caleb muttered that he was ready, and muttered still more awkwardly to -Pansy that he hoped he saw her quite well. - -‘Quite well, thank you,’ was the demure reply; and there was no further -conversation. - -She took her place on one side of her father, Caleb walked on the -other. But she was there quite close to him, and—although decidedly ill -at ease—he began to feel a degree of content which he had not known for -many days. - -The gardener had been amongst those who had observed Caleb’s conversion -in the matter of church attendance, and being already sensible of the -young man’s intelligent appreciation of his flowers, he was willing to -credit him with having turned over a new leaf, and had charitably set -aside his doubts of him. - -‘Man, Kersey,’ said Sam, as soon as they were free from the crowd, ‘I -have got one of the bonniest geraaniums that ever mortal set een on, -and I want you to see it for yoursel’. I wouldna have asked you to come -on the Sabbath, if it hadna been that I can never get sight of you on a -week-day noo.’ - -‘I don’t suppose there can be any harm in looking at the flower,’ -said Caleb, restraining the much more decided opinion he would have -expressed on the subject if Pansy had not been there, or if he had been -able to guess what she might have thought of it. One strong principle -of his creed was that the more beautiful things men look at, the more -refined their natures will become, and that for this purpose Sunday was -the most appropriate day. - -‘That’s just my opinion,’ was the satisfied comment of the gardener; -‘and I wonder you that’s fond o’ flowers, dinna take to studying them -in earnest. Do you know anything at all about botany?’ - -‘Nothing,’ was the honest and regretful reply, for it was not easy to -confess absolute ignorance in her presence. - -‘Then you’ll just have to come whiles to see me, and I’ll learn -you something about it. You will have to come especially in the -spring-time; and it’s wonderful how soon you’ll find a real pleasure in -it—especially in the geraaniums.’ - -In this way Caleb became a prospective pupil of the gardener, and after -this he walked home with the father and daughter every Sunday. And -Pansy became more and more shy in his presence, and blushed more deeply -at his coming; whilst his heart swelled and throbbed, and the words he -wanted to speak played tantalisingly about his tongue, but found no -voice. By-and-by there was a curious change in Pansy. Her shyness and -her blushes disappeared: she spoke to him in much the same manner as -she did to Jacob Cone or Jerry Mogridge or any of the other men about -the place. At first he was disposed to be pleased with the change, -for it seemed to make him more at home when he visited the cottage. -Presently he began to fancy that she tried to keep out of his way, and -he did not understand it. Then one day she had a basket of flowers to -take up to the house for the young ladies, and Caleb accompanied her. -As they neared the house, he surrendered the basket to her, and he had -only done so when they met Coutts. - -‘Ah, early birds!’ he said, with his cynical smile; ‘good-morning.—Will -you give me a flower for my button-hole, Pansy?—Thank you. That is a -very pretty one—it will make me think of you all day.’ - -He passed on, and Pansy was blushing as she used to do when Caleb spoke -to her. - -Caleb drew a long breath, and with it inhaled the poison which -distorted all his thoughts. He spoke no word; but the gloom which fell -upon him spoiled him for work, and checked his visits to the cottage -until he heard that warning cry from Philip: - -‘Trust her, man; trust her. That is the way to be worthy of a worthy -woman.’ - -The words seemed to rouse him from a wretched nightmare and to clear -his eyes and head. The words kept ringing in his ears, and when he -peered through the black span which lay between this day and the one on -which Pansy gave Coutts Hadleigh the flower, he felt that the darkness -was due to films on his own eyes, not to change in the atmosphere. - -He straightened his shoulders and raised his head: he was able to look -his future in the face again. - -‘I will trust her,’ he said to himself bravely. When he went to Gray’s -Inn in obedience to his master’s instructions, he had only to say: -‘Thank you, sir; you have done me a deal of good, and I’ll do what you -tell me.’ - -‘Spoken like the sensible fellow I always believed you to be,’ rejoined -Philip, much relieved. He would have rejoiced, but he was at the time -too much distracted by his own affairs to be able to feel elated by -anything. ‘There will be no more sulks, then, no more losing heart and -seeing mountains in molehills?’ - -‘I hope not.’ - -‘That’s right; and ... look here, Caleb. I have a notion, from -something you said, that I know the man you have been worrying yourself -about. Take my word for it, if my guess is right, he is much too -cautious a fellow—to put it on no higher ground—and too careful of -himself, to be a poacher. He likes a joke, though; and if I were you, -I would not let him see that he was making me uneasy. You understand—he -might for the fun of the thing get up some hoax.’ - -Caleb thought he understood, and at anyrate the main point was quite -clear to him—he was to trust her. And he kept faith with himself in -that respect. Whenever she seemed cold to him, he blamed himself for -bothering her at the wrong time. She had other things to take up her -attention—all the work of the cottage, many odd jobs to do for her -father, besides the hens to look after and their eggs to gather for -the breakfast-table of the Manor. When she seemed to be trying to keep -out of his way, he set it down to the fact that she had something -particular to do. He found excuses for every change, real or imaginary, -that had come over her manner of treating him. Come what might of it, -he would trust her. - -Then there was a bright forenoon on which Philip sent him out to -Ringsford to fetch a small box, and he had an hour to spare before he -had to start for his return train. So he went over to the cottage. The -sun was gleaming whitely on the little green in front, and the grass -was sparkling with frozen dewdrops. There was Pansy—eyes in their -brightness rivalling the flashing dewdrops, cheeks aglow with healthful -exercise, and sleeves tucked up above the elbows—hanging out the -clothes she had just taken from the tub. - -Caleb halted at the corner of the green. He had never in this world -seen anything so graceful as that lithe figure moving actively about in -the clear sunlight casting the clothes over the lines, now reaching up -on tiptoe to place a peg in some high place, and again whipping up her -basket and marching farther along with it. - -She had covered one long line and taken a clothes-pole to raise it. -That was a feat of strength, and Caleb sprang to her side. - -‘Let me do that for you, Pansy.’ - -‘Gracious!’ was the startled exclamation; and at the same moment he -planted the pole upright, the clothes thus forming a screen between -them and the vine-house where Sam Culver was at work. - -‘You didn’t expect to see me here at this time of day,’ he said, -laughing, but already beginning to feel awkward, and looking everywhere -except where he most desired to look—in her face. ‘I had to come down -for this box; and as there was time enough, I thought I’d come round -this way.’ - -She laughed a little, too, at her scare, and then began to hang out -more clothes on another line as hastily as if she had not a minute to -spare. He looked on, his eyes glancing away whenever she turned towards -him. She also began to feel a little awkward, and somehow she did not -fasten the pegs on the line with such deft firmness as she had done -before he made his presence known. - -‘Father is in the vine-house,’ she said by-and-by, compelled to seek -relief by saying something. - -‘I wish you would let me do something for you,’ was his inconsequent -reply. - -‘Something for me!’ - -‘Yes, carry the basket—anything.’ - -‘The basket is empty, and I have to go back to the washhouse.’ - -‘I will go with you.’ - -‘But there is nothing to do except wring out the clothes.’ - -‘Let me help you with that.’ - -‘Pretty work it would be for you!’ This with a nervous little laugh, -which she evidently intended to convey an impression of good-natured -ridicule. - -‘It doesn’t matter what it is, so being it is for you.’ - -She stooped quickly, seizing one handle of the basket; he took the -other, and they lifted it between them. He looked straight in her face -now, and he fancied that the colour faded from her cheeks. - -‘Father is in the vine-house,’ she repeated, looking in another -direction. - -‘I want to tell you something, Pansy.’ He was a little husky, and -unconsciously moved the basket to and fro. - -She knew what he wanted to tell her, and she did not want to hear—at -least not then. - -‘I can’t stay—I must run in now.’ She tried to take the basket from him. - -‘Don’t go yet. I made up my mind to tell you when I was standing over -there looking at you. I was meaning to do it many a time afore, but -just when I was ready, you always got out of my way, and I couldn’t say -it when you came back.’ - -‘I wish you’d let me go. I don’t want to hear anything—I’m in a hurry. -Won’t father do?’ - -She was nervous; there were signs even of distress in her manner, and -she could not look at him. - -‘Ay, your father will do,’ he answered earnestly, ‘if you say that I -may tell him we have agreed about it.’ - -‘About what?—No, no, no; you must not tell him that. We are not agreed. -We never will agree about _that_.’ - -She was frightened, dropped the basket, and would have run away, but he -had caught her hand. He was pale, and although his heart was hammering -at his chest, he was outwardly calm. - -‘Don’t say never, Pansy,’ he pleaded in a low voice; and she was -touched by the gentleness of it, which contrasted so strangely with -the manner of the loud-voiced orator when speaking to a crowd on the -village green. ‘I’ve scared you by coming too sudden upon you. But -you’ll think about it, and you’ll give me the right word some other -time.’ - -‘There is no need to think about it—I cannot think about it,’ she -answered with tears of mingled vexation and regret in her eyes. - -‘But you’ll come to think about it after a bit, and I’ll wait—I’ll wait -until you come to it.’ - -‘I never will—I never can.’ - -‘You’re vexed with me for being so rough in my way of asking you. I -couldn’t help that, Pansy: but I’ll be patient, and I’ll wait till you -come round to it or ... until you say that you can’t do it because your -head is too full of somebody else.’ - -Pale and earnest, his lips trembled as these last words passed them. -She uttered a half-stifled ‘Oh!’ and ran into the cottage. He stood -in the bright sunlight looking after her, and the gloom fell upon his -face again. There was something in that cry which seemed to tell him -that her head was already too full of somebody else for him to find the -place he yearned to hold in her thoughts. He knew the somebody. - -(_To be continued._) - - - - -THE CHARR OF WINDERMERE. - - -The confined localisation of this delicate fish renders its natural -history somewhat difficult to ascertain. As little, or even less, -is known of its proceedings during a great portion of the year -as of the salmon itself during its sojourn in the sea. There are -several varieties of the charr in the Lake district of Cumberland, -Westmoreland, and Lancashire; but undoubtedly they are merely the same -fish changed by circumstances and general surroundings; just as the -common trout varies in appearance, size, and condition according to the -nature of the water in which it is found and the food obtained there. -Charr are found in many of the Scotch and Irish lochs; whilst in the -English Lake district they are more or less plentiful in Windermere, -Coniston, Buttermere, Hawes-water, Ennerdale, Crummock-water, -Goats-water, and one or two other tarns or meres. In the first-named -lake it is by far the most numerous; and Coniston holds a good supply, -though Sir Humphry Davy, writing thirty years ago, says: ‘The charr -is now scarce in Coniston, and quite extinct in Ullswater.’ Now it is -occasionally found in the latter; whilst in the former it is plentiful, -and, with a comparative discontinuance of the working of the lead -mines, the wash from which polluted the water, is increasing. Large -quantities of very fine fish were taken during last year. It is similar -pollution which has destroyed the fish in Ullswater. For this beautiful -lake, let us hope for a return of the olden times, when charr and trout -and skellies ‘peopled’ its waters, over which the kite and golden eagle -often flew, and down whose slopes the red-deer from Martindale fells -may even now find its way to quaff a morning’s draught. As regards -edible qualities, the Windermere and Coniston charr are the best; those -of Hawes-water and Goats-water being smaller and of inferior quality. - -Local history tells us that the love of a dainty dish induced the -monks of Furness to stock Windermere with charr, which were obtained -from some lake in the neighbourhood of the Alps; hence the fish is -still known as _Salmo alpinus_; but the correct nomenclature is _Salmo -umbla_. The same history or tradition tells us that this fish was -placed there only about two centuries ago. Against this, a manuscript -has recently been discovered, bearing date 1535, to the effect that a -certain Jacques Tallour was permitted ‘to catch and tol the fayre fish -charr in Wynandermer, and also his son Gerald.’ There is no reason to -doubt that the charr is as likely to be indigenous to some of our lakes -as our ordinary trout. During a considerable portion of the year, the -charr frequent the deepest parts of the lake, feeding upon and finding -nourishment in the minute crustaceans and larvæ found in such places. -In this respect the nature of this fish is actually the reverse of -that of the trout, which delights in the shallows, and feeds on the -flies and moths hatched on the gravel-beds and elsewhere. Nature would -doubtless ‘people’ Windermere, Coniston, and other lakes with that fish -which could best live in its deepest parts, and this fish is the charr. -Probably, specimens were removed from here to smaller sheets of water, -in some of which, however, it fails to thrive, though breeding and -increasing in numbers. There is a vast difference in appearance between -the charr of Windermere and the charr of Hawes-water: the latter thin -and flabby; the former elegantly shaped, and more graceful in outline -than the trout, not so fat and podgy as many of our spotted beauties -are; a general and a uniform shade of pinkness appears, as it were, to -shine through the skin; in some specimens, as it approaches the belly, -this hue becomes a deep red; hence the ‘red-bellied charr.’ It has, of -course, other distinctive differences, as in the shape of gill covers, -number of fin rays, &c., which have often been described. - -Unfortunately, our charr is mostly a bottom or mid-water feeder, -and cannot take high rank as a sporting fish; but on the table it -excels. In size it varies from a pound in weight downwards, though -larger specimens have often been caught. The usual size is about -three fish to the pound of sixteen ounces; though in Hawes-water and -Goats-water, about eight to the pound is considered the usual run. In -both these tarns the charr rises pretty freely at the fly, indicating -an insufficiency of food below the surface; and it is this bottom-food -which gives to them the excellent condition and flavour they attain in -the deeper and larger lakes. The same may be said of the gillaroos, -found in some of the Irish lochs. - -It is surprising that more attention has not been given to the -artificial rearing of charr. Some years ago, the Windermere Angling -Association hatched and turned into that lake some thousands of the -young fish; but the earliest note we have of their artificial rearing -was by Dr Davy, then living at Lesketh How, Ambleside. This took place -about thirty years ago, and was done in the most rough-and-ready -fashion. Still the infant fish were produced from the milt-impregnated -ova; and a few days after hatching, and with the ‘sac’ still in -attachment, the delicate ‘infants’ were transferred to Easedale tarn. -Too young to defend themselves, the fry no doubt perished. Yarrell -says that in the autumn of 1839, several charr, of some half-pound -weight each, were placed in Lily Mere, not far from Sedbergh. Twelve -months later, two of these fish, when retaken, were said to have been -two pound-weight each! They were served at the Queen-dowager’s table -at Kirkby-Lonsdale. These reputed large charr were no doubt trout, for -which the mere in question was famous. A few years since, charr were -placed in Potter Fell tarn, which is connected with the river Kent -(Westmoreland) by a small runner. One of these charr was caught with -fly in the river itself, some miles from the tarn. It had increased -in size from about four to some seven ounces in the space of twelve -months. It was kept alive, and in due course returned to the Potter -Fell. This is evidence that charr may live in a stream, and in the -absence of suitable bottom-food, adopt the habits of the trout, and -rise to the fly. On this account, they are worth cultivation; and -their delicacy and fine flavour make them more valuable than the best -trout—a fact which should be an inducement to their propagation. Potted -charr is considered amongst the greatest fish-dainties that can be set -before the gourmet. - -The charr is usually taken in nets, though often caught with artificial -baits, trolled at varying depths, after the style of the paternoster -used in perch-fishing. Commencing at the beginning of March, the -fishermen know the water the charr frequent, and soon find at what -depth they lie in shoals or schools. As the season becomes warmer, the -charr approach nearer the surface; and in genial weather, towards the -end of May or beginning of June, are at times seen basking near the -surface of the lake; not feeding, but ‘bobbing’ their noses out of -the water, causing rises or bubbles, which in calm weather are easily -discerned by the fishermen. If possible, the shoal is surrounded by -a net or nets, and a rare capture ensues. Upwards of one hundred and -eighty pound-weight of charr has thus been taken at one haul; and when -one considers they are worth wholesale from sixteen to eighteen pence -per pound, the employment cannot fail to be a lucrative one. We cannot, -however, commend the practice of netting, which is not sport, but -wholesale destruction. - - - - -SILAS MONK. - -A TALE OF LONDON OLD CITY. - - -IN FOUR CHAPTERS.—CONCLUSION. - -The streets in the old city are dark and deserted as the detective -and Walter Tiltcroft hasten through them towards Crutched Friars. The -street-lamps cast limited spaces of light upon the fronts of lofty -warehouses and counting-houses, leaving limitless spaces of shadow -about and above. The windows of these mansions have the blankness of -blind eyes; the great, black, massive office-doors are firmly closed; -and the greater doors of the warehouses are fastened with huge padlocks -and chains, like prisons, or places with dead secrets made safe in the -custody of night. Not a word is spoken. The two men, earnestly bent on -their search, walk along with the echoes of their footsteps sounding -loudly in their ears; while the tap on the pavement of Fenwick’s stick -falls with a musical ring, as though it were gifted with the power, -like a magic wand, of chasing the echoes away. When they presently -stop at the entrance to the counting-house of Armytage and Company, -the detective produces a latchkey, opens the door, and leads the way -into the house. As soon as Walter has entered and the door is closed -behind him, Fenwick draws forth a dark-lantern, which he flashes -unceremoniously in the young clerk’s face. ‘I call this light,’ says -Fenwick, ‘my eye.’ - -Walter stares at it, and blinks. - -‘It has peered into and pierced through many a dark deed.—Catch hold!’ - -Walter, with trembling expectation, takes the lantern. - -‘Throw the light upon the keyhole!’ cries Fenwick. ‘I will open the -door.’ He rattles, as he speaks, a bunch of keys. - -‘Which keyhole first?’ Walter asks. - -‘The strong-room.’ - -Walter shows the way. They pass through the clerks’ office and reach -the iron-bound door of the strong-room. The keyhole is rusty with age; -and when Fenwick stoops and applies the key, there is a grating sound -inside the lock like the grinding of teeth. As soon as the door is -thrown open, Walter, with quick-beating heart, flings the light forward -into the room; that strange fancy coming over him that his eyes will -encounter the ghostly form of the old miser, as he had imagined him -that afternoon, wrapped in the white shroud, dancing round his heap of -gold. But finding nothing except dark walls, he boldly steps in. The -high stool beside the old desk, where he has so often seen Silas Monk -sitting and poring over large ledgers, is vacant, and the ledgers are -lying about on the desk, closed. - -‘Now,’ says Fenwick, ‘give me the lantern.’ - -Walter complies, and the detective flashes the light about from ceiling -to floor. Suddenly the two men are startled by a stifled cry. Fenwick -casts his lantern angrily upon Walter’s face, as though he suspects him -of having uttered it. The clerk’s eyes are terror-stricken, and his -face deadly pale. - -‘What’s that?’ asks the detective. - -Walter clutches at Fenwick’s wrist. ‘It is the cry which I heard this -afternoon.’ - -‘What do you mean?’ - -The light of the lantern is still on Walter’s face as he answers: ‘I -was seated at my desk. The cry came from this room; but I thought it -was a fancy. At that moment Mr Armytage sent for me, and I was afraid, -if I mentioned it, that the clerks would laugh at me.’ - -‘Why?’ asks Fenwick, with surprise. ‘Do you believe in ghosts?’ - -‘N—no,’ says Walter with some hesitation. ‘But that cry did seem rather -ghostly too.’ - -‘Nonsense! It is Silas Monk.’ - -‘But it sounded,’ continued Walter, ‘as though it were in this room.’ - -‘That’s true.’ - -‘Then it must be his ghost; for there is no living being here except -ourselves.’ - -Fenwick again flashes the light from ceiling to floor, as though to -make sure of this. Then he says: ‘Kneel down, my lad. Place your ear to -the ground, and listen.’ - -Walter quickly obeys; and for some minutes a dead silence reigns in -the strong-room. The beating of his heart is all that Tiltcroft hears; -and all that he is otherwise conscious of is that Fenwick’s ‘eye’ is -watching the side of his face uppermost on the floor as he lies there -listening. Their patience is presently rewarded. Their ears are filled -with another cry, pitiable and more prolonged. - -Walter springs to his feet. ‘It is there!’ he cries. - -‘Below?’ - -‘Yes; directly beneath our feet.’ - -The detective begins to examine the flooring. Inch by inch the ‘eye’ -wanders over the ground. An antique threadbare drugget is moved on -one side; packets of papers, ledgers, and lumber are shifted from one -corner to another. At last Fenwick lights upon a circular hole about -the size of a crown-piece, scarcely an inch deep. ‘Ah!’ cries he, ‘now -we are on the track.’ He takes from his pocket a penknife, scoops -about, and turns up a ring attached to the floor. He puts his large -muscular thumb into this ring, and gives a jerk. A patch three or four -feet square in the boarding is detached. ‘A trap-door!’ cries Fenwick. -‘Stand clear.’ - -So it proves—a trap-door, which the detective quickly raises, revealing -pitch-darkness in the opening. - -‘Go below,’ says Fenwick; ‘I’ll follow.’ - -Walter looks down, hesitating. But when the light is thrown that way, -and he observes that there are steps leading into the obscurity, he -takes the lead. The descent seems endless; for he moves slowly, as -Fenwick, coming after him, throws the light upon him. Walter hears -the hard breathing of the detective, and it sounds so strange in the -stillness that he holds his own breath to listen. Suddenly the light -from the lantern falls upon something which glitters on the ground on -all sides. - -‘Gold!’ cries Walter. His feet touch the ground. He stoops and picks up -a handful of sovereigns. ‘The place is a vault, and it is paved with -gold.—What’s that?’ He points to something in one corner like a human -form. - -The detective steps forward and bends down, throwing the light upon -a ghastly wrinkled face. The small eyes glitter like the gold, as -though they had caught the reflection, and the long lean fingers are -clutching sovereigns and raking them up. Fenwick touches the miser on -the shoulder. ‘What is all this?’ asks he. ‘Have you lost your senses?’ - -The old man utters a cry of distress which has in it a ring of madness. - -‘Speak to him, my lad,’ says Fenwick. ‘He will perhaps recognise your -voice.’ - -Walter kneels and takes the old miser’s hand. ‘Mr Monk,’ says he, ‘do -you know me? I am Walter Tiltcroft, your friend.’ - -Silas Monk looks up, bursts into a wild fit of laughter, and then falls -back senseless. - -The detective lifts the old man in his strong arms as though handling -a child. ‘Ascend the ladder!’ cries he quickly to Walter, ‘and show a -light; not a moment must be lost in getting the old man home.’ - - * * * * * - -Silas Monk was taken back to his tumble-down dwelling in the -dismal row, and was tended with all possible care by his devoted -grand-daughter. His recovery to a certain point was rapid. But the -mental condition was curiously impaired. His brain had lost its force; -no recollection of the past survived. His memory seemed to have fled -into darkness, and to be resting there and sleeping—a darkness into -which it was safer not to admit a single ray of light. This was the -bitter irony displayed by nature when granting to this old miser a -further extension to his lease of life. For time out of mind, Silas -Monk had been governed by a master-passion—his only thought that of -hoarding gold. The glitter, like sunlight, had pierced his cold heart, -and had helped to keep it beating; and it would almost seem as though -the warmth which this gold had driven into his veins still lingered -there, and helped to sustain vitality, even when the memory which had -given birth to all this agitation was dead. - -It had been thought advisable by those who study the mysterious -workings of the mind, that gold should be concealed from the sight of -Silas Monk, and, if possible, even the sound of it, in order that his -memory might rest dormant and his life be prolonged. - -One evening the old man was seated in his armchair before the fire, -with closed eyes. Rachel sat on a low stool at his feet, holding his -hand. On the other side of the hearth was Walter Tiltcroft. - -‘Walter,’ said the girl in a low voice, ‘you hardly know how happy I -am, now that grandfather can give me all his love. He thinks no more -about his’——She stopped, and looked up at her grandfather’s face, -frightened that even the mention of gold should reach his ears. - -‘Ah!’ cried Walter with a sigh, ‘how many are there, I wonder, in this -old city whose minds would be less disturbed if that precious word was -forbidden to be uttered in their presence? Does not your grandfather -already look less pale and haggard than he did a few weeks ago?’ - -‘Indeed, he does,’ replied Rachel. ‘He remembers both of us when we are -near him. He seems to need nothing now except our affection.’ - -Walter took the girl’s disengaged hand and said: ‘Rachel! Let me be -near you and him. Why should we not be one, and watch over grandfather -together?’ - -At the young man’s words, a look of rapture crossed the girl’s face. -‘Dear Walter,’ cried she, ‘that is all I wish for in this world!’ -She spoke like a true and tender woman—from her heart. Seated there -by that homely fireside, with the only two beings who were dear to -her, she never thought, or cared to think, that all the gold which -Walter Tiltcroft and the detective had found in the vault below the -strong-room in Crutched Friars would one day belong to her—that, when -her grandfather died, she would be a great heiress—worth, indeed, some -thousands of pounds. All she thought of, with that look of rapture in -her face, was that she had gained Walter Tiltcroft’s love. - - * * * * * - -Meanwhile, Joe Grimrood having been accused of the robbery in Crutched -Friars, was tried, and convicted. Thereupon, he made a full confession. -For some days before committing the theft, he had watched Silas Monk -from the scaffolding, after the rest of the workmen had gone. Through -a chink in the old shutter he had observed every movement of the old -miser. He had seen Silas Monk raise the trap-door which led into the -vault; he had seen him descend with his lantern, and bring up bag -after bag of gold, and pour it out on the desk before him. Watching -in Crutched Friars, after having been shown to the door by Walter -Tiltcroft, he had seen the young clerk leave the premises. Re-entering -the house by means of a key which he had taken the precaution to -forge, he had gone straight to the strong-room, where he had met -with unexpected resistance. Silas Monk had displayed, according to -Grimrood’s statement, almost supernatural strength; defending his -gold as a tigress defends her young ones, with a savage leap at the -workman’s throat. When utterly exhausted, Grimrood had carried Silas -down into the vault and had closed the trap-door upon him. Then, having -placed all the gold with which the desk was covered, into the bags, -the burglar had decamped, making his way to the docks, and securing a -berth on board an emigrant ship which was on the point of departure for -the high seas. - -Thus it happened that, but for the shrewdness and energy of the -detective, Joe Grimrood would have started on a voyage to Australia -with, as it appeared, nearly a thousand pounds in hard cash belonging -to Silas; and the old miser himself would in all probability have been -left to die in the vault under the strong-room in Crutched Friars, -and ‘the mystery of Silas Monk’ would have remained a mystery to the -present day. - -All this occurred some years ago. Silas Monk is long dead; and Walter -Tiltcroft, who married the old miser’s grand-daughter, is now a -merchant-prince. He purchased, soon after the death of Mr Armytage, a -partnership in the great firm; and thus the gold which old Silas had -hoarded up in Crutched Friars proved the means, to a great extent, of -making Walter Tiltcroft’s fortune. - - - - -SOMETHING ABOUT THE HONEY-BEE. - -BY A BEEKEEPER. - - -To ascertain the kind of flower, plant, or shrub which the honey-bee -mostly prefers, is worth care and consideration. Having been a keeper -of bees for some years, I think it may be useful to make known -the results of my experience and observations in Somersetshire, -Hertfordshire, and Middlesex. - -I will suppose that I have purchased a new stock and hive, bar-frame -for preference, and caused it to be removed from the market-gardens -around Middlesex to a country town in Hertfordshire. My bees on arrival -examine their prospect, and what an estate-agent may call their -‘outlook,’ very minutely, going even over the walls and trees adjacent -to their own hive, and taking trial-trips of flight into the air, -straight up—very like the rising of a skylark from a field—and dropping -again almost as suddenly. Having to some extent, after a day or two, -mastered the topography of the district, they will, if on a warm day -in February, commence upon the crocuses, and work only upon them—not, -as some may suppose, dodge about irrespective of the kind of flower. -Although the casual spectator may see bees upon every description of -open flower upon one and the same day, yet they are winging their way -from different hives. Our bees have commenced on the crocus. The day -following this, they will try the common field dandelion; and the next, -the white arabis of the garden culture. Then the black-thorn; later -on, the currant and gooseberry blossoms, and the sweet ‘may’ of our -hedgerows; and of trees—lime, palm, chestnut come next. - -The hive should face the south, and the alighting-board occupy as free -a space as possible. Water should be given, even during winter—inside, -if frost is severe. - -Some beekeepers suppose that colour attracts the bee; others, that -they possess acutely the sense of smell; and much has been written on -the subject. But our readers are to suppose that we are keeping bees -between us, and that I am relating my own experiences, which point to -this—the preference of these intelligent insects for some plants over -others. I have tried to educate my bees, by inducing them on certain -days to gather from flowers presented to them in small bunches upon -the alighting-board of their hive. In two instances I succeeded. One -was with white clover, which I picked in a field a mile distant. This -appeared to cheer the bees greatly, and drove away their listlessness -and inactivity. After making an examination of my offering, they began -work in earnest; and this stimulant had the desired effect of inducing -an idle community to work well. The second experiment was much more -demonstrative. Early in the morning, before the workers came forth, -I placed by the alighting-board some bunches of alder-flower. I had -shortly the satisfaction of seeing the outgoing bees return with little -white trousers of pollen, and I watched their flight to an alder tree -at a corner of the garden, not far from their hive. This was conclusive. - -Now for some descriptions of preference shown by bees. I have grown -garden-peas of various descriptions near my hives without inducing the -bees to notice them. Yet they will greedily gather from French beans or -scarlet runners the whole day, till long after sunset. In spring-time, -the yellow gorse on uncultivated spots forms a very strong attraction -for the honey-bees; yet they never touch the blossom of the laburnum, -which to ordinary mortals smells much the same. The cultivated hyacinth -they do not care about, although they gather from the wild sort in -the woods and shady groves. Bees show great preference for the pollen -of some sorts of lilies, yet are wholly indifferent to the lily of -the valley. They gather from the field-daisy, yet are careless of the -cultivated sort. - -Stocks they prefer to pinks, and lavender to either; also the small -flower of the borage delights them; yet wild foxglove possesses little -charm. I have heard that bees like monkshood, and will gather from it, -but I have never seen them do so. If they did, their honey would be -poisonous. Bees are passionately fond of clover and certain vetches, -and they will desert any garden flowers for such natural feeding. -Wild thyme and heather, which improve the flavour of the honey, bees -perfectly revel in. Garden primroses, they do not care much for; and -auriculas, however gaudy in colour, form no kind of attraction. The -polyanthus they have a languid liking for. I have seen the wild-bees -attack the cowslip; but not the honey-bee of our hives. I saw a bee -once upon a cultivated rose; it was only resting. I have likewise a -distinct remembrance of seeing many upon the wild-rose and dog-rose, -wild clematis, honeysuckle, and blackberry blossom. - -The situation of our hive cannot always be in such a flowery land; and -the beekeeper will do well to study the different flora and trees in -the immediate neighbourhood of his hive, and endeavour to supply any -deficiencies of pollen-bearing plants, as well as to give a gentle -hint to the inhabitants of his hives of any honey-bearing plant from -which he especially wants them to gather. Of course, in wild heather -districts, there is no need to resort to planting or sowing for the -bees; they will in such places always take care of themselves. In -Somersetshire, bees find honey from the many miles of apple-orchard -stretching away to the mild county of Devon; and farmers well know that -a good bee season, with a warm and early spring, means a plentiful -show of fruit in the autumn for cider. In and around Middlesex, there -are market and fruit gardens; and in Hertfordshire, grazing and clover -lands, besides hedges lined with limes and hawthorn, and later on, -honeysuckle. - -It is always a good plan to send late swarms of the hive into -heather-bearing counties; for the bees being young, and having every -inducement to work for the approaching winter, will store better than -hives which have been ‘swarmed’ and deprived of honey, the colonies -of which are worn or fatigued with the long-continued gathering of a -summer in more southern counties. It must likewise be remembered that -bees cannot gather, or rather will not do so, late in the autumn, when -the cold prevents them sealing over with wax the top of the cell. - -And now, a last word as to the preference of our bees for certain -flowers over others, which we would imagine, with our limited powers -of the sense of smell and taste, would be preferred by these insects, -and for which we have the greater amount of regard. I have seen, upon -the approach of a bee to any flower, that it flies around the calyx -almost always before alighting upon the flower itself. This is a -cursory examination; and with its antennæ outstretched and quivering, -it is evidently scenting the honey contained within. Should this prove -a fruitful flower and of the flavour required, the bee settles on -the centre of the stamen, and clutching it with its four front-legs, -steadies itself with its longer outstretched two hindermost ones, and -withdraws the nectar by its proboscis, the rings of the body assuming -a vibratory motion the while. The bee’s proboscis is a most important -instrument. It is composed of forty cartilaginous rings, each of which -is fringed with minute hairs, having also a small tuft of hair at its -extremity, where it is somewhat serrated. Its movement is like the -trunk of an elephant, and is susceptible of extension and contraction, -bending and twisting in all directions. Thus, by rolling it about, -it searches out the calyx, pistil, and stamen of every flower, and -deposits its nectar upon the tongue, whence it passes into the gullet -at the base. The gullet or first stomach is the honey-bag. No digestion -takes place here. In shape, it is like an oil-flask, and when full, -contains about one grain. It is susceptible of contraction, and is so -arranged as to enable the insect to disgorge its contents into the -cells of the hive. A short passage leads to the ventricle or true -stomach, which is somewhat larger. This receives the food from the -honey-bag, for the nourishment of the bee and the secretion of wax. -Dzierzon says that the honey which a bee can take into her stomach will -enable her to subsist for a week under some circumstances, while under -others she will die of hunger within twenty-four hours. This opinion -of Dzierzon settles my conviction, that in the selection of the kind of -food which will enable the bee to live longest, the true guide is to be -found in the flowers for which it has the strongest preference. - - - - -BOOK GOSSIP. - - -The Norman Conquest is one of the great outstanding and predominating -facts in English history. It occasioned a sudden break in the life of -the English people, and its influence is felt in their character and -institutions even to the present day. A hundred and fifty years before -that event, the long black ships of the Norse pirates entered the wide -mouths of the Seine and the Loire, and their crews, the rudest of the -rough barbarians of Denmark and Norway, sacked the towns and pillaged -the churches of the country which was afterwards to be called by their -name. They had no science, no arts, no culture. Their physical strength -was their glory; and their weapons of war, their defence at home, -served also as their passport into the lands of the stranger whom they -plundered and slew. But they had a remarkable power of adaptation. -However foreign to them the environment into which their hardy courage -had brought them, they did not long remain untouched by it. Without -losing their own native hardihood and fearlessness, they quickly -absorbed into them the spirit of the peoples and institutions among -which they had taken root; and before a century had passed over their -heads in France, they had already become one of the great political -forces of Europe. It was this people, brave, warlike, and with strong -practical sagacity, who landed on the English shores in 1066, and -shattered the Saxon arms on the slopes of Senlac. The battle at ‘the -hoar apple tree,’ where Harold lay dead with the Norman arrow deep in -his brain, marks the beginning of a new epoch in England. - -The history of that great event, with its antecedents and consequents, -has rarely been better told than it is by Mr Wm. Hunt, in the new -volume of the ‘Early Britain Series,’ entitled _The Norman Conquest_ -(London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge). As compared with -the work of Freeman, this is in bulk but a small book; yet it contains -within it all that thousands of readers would desire to know of the -history of the Conquest. The author is extremely well-informed on his -subject, and his scholarly little book gives evidence not only of -original research but of much original thought. The pictures he draws -for us of the England that preceded the Conquest, and of the England -that followed it, are sketched with a fullness and beauty of detail -which amply exhibit the capacity and preparedness of the author for -the task which he undertook, and which he has executed so well. His -extensive reading has enabled him to take advantage of the results -obtained by all the best and more recent investigators in this section -of European history; and the Northmen both before and after their -descent on France, as well as the Saxon tribes and Danish hordes that -scoured our coasts centuries before, are portrayed with a quick and -living touch. Still more interesting is the story of the Normans after -their taking possession of England; and the strange manner in which -the Saxon head eventually conquered the Norman hand—the Saxon language -and institutions arising in more than their original vitality and force -out of the ashes, as it were, of a temporary death—is here narrated -with admirable clearness and coherency. The book is one of the best of -the very valuable series to which it belongs. - -⁂ - -The same publishing house issues another learned little volume on -_Anglo-Saxon Literature_, by Mr John Earle, Rawlinson Professor of -Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. It belongs to the series -bearing upon ‘The Dawn of European Literature,’ and is rich with -the results of the best modern scholarship on the early history and -growth of our language. The time when Latin and Greek formed the -chief essentials of learning is fast receding into the past, and -these languages are having a place assigned them more consistent -with the necessities of the modern world, which is not tolerant of -the acquisition of a kind of knowledge that in great part is archaic -and useless. Under the influence of this change, our own language is -rising into an importance which it could never attain so long as it -was regarded simply as a vulgar tongue, and the historical study of -English is becoming one of the most popular as well as one of the most -useful pursuits of our philologists. The great English Dictionary of -the Philological Society is only one evidence of this; for individual -scholars, during the last twenty years, have done not a little to lay -bare to us the inner structure of our language, and the changes and -modifications to which it has been subjected in the course of its long -descent. - -In the little work under review, Mr Earle states that Anglo-Saxon -literature is the oldest of the vernacular literatures of modern -Europe. The materials of this early literature are found chiefly in -written books and documents; but they are found also in such subsidiary -sources as inscriptions on churches and church towers, sun-dials, -crosses, and even on jewellery. One of the most remarkable in this last -category is what is known as the Alfred Jewel. It was discovered in -Newton Park, near Athelney, in 1693, and in 1718 had found its way to -the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, where it still is. It consists of an -enamelled figure enshrined in a golden frame, with a golden back to it, -and with a thick piece of rock-crystal in front, to serve as a glass to -the picture. Around the sloping rim the following legend is wrought in -the fabric: ÆLFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCEAN (‘Alfred me commanded to make’). -‘The language of the legend,’ says the author, ‘agrees perfectly with -the age of King Alfred, and it seems to be the unhesitating opinion -of all those who have investigated the subject that it was a personal -ornament of the great West-Saxon king.’ Mr Earle traces the language -from the Heathen Period—that is, from the time previous to the English -conversion to Christianity, about 597 A.D.—down to the times that -immediately succeeded upon the Norman Conquest, and gives examples -of the language during these six centuries, with translations of the -various passages adduced. All who have an interest in the study of the -English tongue, and of the changes superinduced upon it by contact -with other European vernaculars, will find Mr Earle’s volume a ready -and efficient guide. - - - - -THE MONTH: - -SCIENCE AND ARTS. - - -Projects for cutting waterways across isthmuses follow one another with -such amazing swiftness, and the project is in most cases so quickly -followed by realisation, that it would appear that before many years -have passed, all the available peninsulas of the world will have been -operated upon and transformed into islands. Our French neighbours -are at present discussing the feasibility of a gigantic undertaking -of this nature, which, if carried out, will unite the Bay of Biscay -with the Mediterranean. This projected canal, which is to be of such -dimensions that the largest ships afloat can make use of it, is to have -one entrance near Bordeaux, and the other at Narbonne. This short-cut -across France will obviate the necessity of the tedious voyage round -Spain and through the Straits of Gibraltar, and will undoubtedly be a -boon to shipping, and especially to British vessels; but the scheme is -at present only on paper. It remains to be seen whether the undertaking -is possible; by which is meant, in these days of engineering marvels, -whether it will pay. - -Like most other canal projects, this one is by no means new; indeed, a -canal already exists almost along the same line of route—namely, the -Canal du Midi, which finds an outlet at Cette in the Gulf of Lions, and -joins the river Garonne at its other extremity at Toulouse; the entire -navigable distance from Bordeaux to Cette being three hundred and -thirty-two miles. The existing canal only accommodates small vessels, -and the entire journey is by no means a rapid one, for there are more -than a hundred locks to be encountered, which gradually raise the boats -to a level of nearly eight hundred feet above the sea. Whether the -engineers of the new undertaking propose any novel means of battling -with this difficulty of level, we do not know; but it will be readily -seen that the undertaking has not the simplicity of a simple cutting, -such as the Suez Canal presents. Another formidable obstacle to the -work is the presence of certain rivers which flow right across the -track. In the present case, these are crossed by aqueducts. But what -would be the size and cost of aqueducts which would give passage to the -floating palaces which have taken the place of the small vessels of -days gone by? - -Coming nearer home, a project has been mooted for cutting a channel -from the river Tyne to the Solway; and another across the low land -which separates the Forth from the Clyde. It is true that in the latter -case a narrow passage already exists; but what is required is—according -to the opinion of a former President of the Liverpool Chamber of -Commerce, who writes to the _Times_ upon the subject—a channel which -will allow the passage of our largest merchantmen and ships of war, -so that in case of need the efficiency of our naval defences may be -practically doubled. In case of war, the advantages of quick transport -of our ships from one coast to the other is obvious, and may in a -manner be compared to the undoubted advantages which we reap from being -able to convey information quickly from place to place by telegraphic -agency. - -Some very interesting Roman relics have recently been unearthed in the -bed of the river Rhone at Geneva, where some engineering works are in -progress. The most interesting of these is a Roman altar furnished -with an inscription to the effect that the writer, a certain soldier -of the twenty-second legion, who had been shipwrecked in the waters -hard by, had raised this altar to the god of the waves, Neptune, as a -thank-offering for his escape from death. We have also to record a far -more valuable find near Rome itself—at Subiaco, where several priceless -statues supposed to have been sent by the Emperor Nero to that place -for the decoration of his villa there, have been dug up. In Britain -too, a Roman villa has just been laid bare at Woolstone, Berkshire, -where, in addition to many tesselated pavements, several graves of -the Anglo-Saxon period have been found. In London, our knowledge of -the Roman city which lies beneath the busy metropolitan streets has -been much enriched by numerous discoveries made during the recent -excavations for the completion of the Underground Railway. There is -little doubt that interest in things antiquarian is rapidly increasing -on all sides. This is not only apparent from the attention which every -fresh discovery receives, but is indicated in a most satisfactory -manner by the circumstance that the University of Cambridge has given -archæology a recognised position among the subjects for the classical -tripos examination, and has just opened a Museum which will give an -impetus to studies of the kind. - -Although interest in matters archæological shows a healthy increase, -we have to regret a decrease of interest in another important branch -of knowledge. The Royal Geographical Society, which has just held -its anniversary meeting, has had to deplore, by the mouth of its -President, Lord Aberdare, that the Council have failed in their attempt -to introduce the efficient study of geography into the curriculum of -our great public schools, such as Eton and Harrow. Prizes have been -offered; but there were few who cared to compete for them. This seems a -very extraordinary state of things in a country which is always proudly -pointing to its possessions as being so large that the sun must always -shine upon some part or other of them. But the fault probably lies with -the teachers more than with the pupils. The members of the Geographical -Society evidently understand this, for they are now about to institute -an inquiry into the systems adopted for geographical instruction in -continental schools, from which, if all reports speak truly, we may -well take a lesson. - -Professor Monier Williams’s recent lecture on India, delivered -before the University of Oxford, was full of interesting particulars -relating to the great progress in every way which that vast country -had experienced under British rule. But perhaps the most interesting -portion of his remarks was that relating to the new route to India -which will probably be opened, and which it is expected will lead -to great development of intercourse between our Eastern and Western -possessions. This route will consist of a journey from London to -Odessa; thence by steamer across the Black Sea to Batoum; then by -Russian railway—a thirty-six hours’ journey—to Baku on the Caspian; -and a day’s voyage across the Caspian to Michaelovsk. At this latter -place is the terminus of the Central Asian Railway, which some months -ago was complete for one hundred and forty-four miles, and which will -eventually land the traveller at the gate of India—Herat. The journey -from Calais to our Indian frontier will be possible in nine days, so -long at least as we remain friends with Russia. Professor Williams -considers that we shall be bound to extend our railway from its present -limit at Quetta, through Candahar, so as to meet the Russians at Herat. -He thinks that we can meet them there as friends rather than enemies; -and all will agree in trusting that his words may come true. - -During the past year, the progress made by the British Ordnance Survey -has been greater than in any previous period, an area of more than two -and a half million acres having been mapped. It is expected that the -survey of the entire kingdom will be complete by the year 1888, and -that the publication of the maps will be finished two years later. A -largely increased staff of surveyors and draughtsmen has been engaged -to insure this acceleration in the work, and considerable time has been -spent in instructing their assistants in their duties. The maps are -reduced to the six-inch scale, and are reproduced by the zincographic -process. All particulars of the work are contained in a recently -published Blue-book. - -The long-continued dispute as to the right of the telegraph department -to erect posts and wires over our crowded city streets has at last been -set at rest, and the Postmaster-general can, with certain restrictions, -do much as he likes about the matter. The Telephone Companies, who -are new-comers and have no statutory powers, have yet to fight the -question. We must for many reasons deplore the circumstance that -additions will still be made to the metallic spider-webs which cover so -many of our fine metropolitan streets. It has been suggested that the -lines could be made to follow the contour of the roads, and could be -hidden under eaves and behind coping-stones so as no longer to offend -the eye, or to present the risk of danger to life, which they now -undoubtedly do. This innovation would doubtless mean a great deal of -difficulty to telegraphic engineers, and would be naturally opposed by -them, for there is a sweet simplicity about a suspended wire; but the -gain to others would be great. - -The International Health Exhibition, London, which follows so closely -upon the Fisheries Exhibition, and occupies the same spacious site, -bids fair to be a success, although it can hardly be expected to be -quite so popular with the multitude as its predecessor. Still, there -is much to attract the far larger part of the community who long for -amusement rather than instruction, and as the financial success of -the undertaking must be dependent upon such visitors, the caterers -cannot be blamed if they have admitted within their walls many exhibits -which, by the widest stretch of the imagination, can hardly be -associated with the subject of health. For more thoughtful visitors, -there are Conferences upon all manner of questions connected with -Domestic Sanitation, questions of which the majority of people are at -present profoundly ignorant. There will also be papers read upon the -subjects of Meat-supply; Food-adulteration and Analysis; School-diet; -School-life in Relation to Eyesight; Posture in Schools; Epidemics in -Schools; and numberless other matters of social interest. As these -Conferences are under the care of different Societies and Associations, -which exist only to increase our knowledge regarding the different -subjects indicated, and which have in most cases been at work for -many years, we may be sure that much good will accrue from these -discussions. Following the procedure of the Fisheries Exhibition, a -number of pamphlets will also be issued, dealing with the multifarious -sections of the Exhibition. - -Although, as we have more than once pointed out, the general adoption -of the electric light for domestic purposes cannot be looked for in -the near future, it can easily be installed for special occasions. -An account has recently been published of a ball at a private house -in London where the rooms were illuminated during the evening by -one hundred and twenty incandescent lamps. These lamps were fed -by secondary batteries, which arrived in two vans, and which were -subsequently accommodated in an adjoining coach-house. The batteries -had been previously charged at a place ten miles distant. This use -for the light may possibly become common in cases where cost is not a -matter of first consideration. - -Another phenomenal diamond has fallen to the lot of a fortunate digger -at the Kimberley mine, South Africa. Its weight is three hundred and -two carats; but, unfortunately, it does not possess that purity of -colour, or rather absence of colour, which is the first desideratum in -a diamond. Its value is said to be about three thousand pounds; whereas -the far smaller Porter-Rhodes gem, found in the same mine about three -years ago, was valued by its owner at one hundred thousand pounds. But -the popular notion is that the value of a thing is what it will fetch, -and there are certainly very few persons in the world who would lock up -such an enormous sum for the doubtful advantage of possessing such a -thing. - -A document, which should be widely known, was recently issued by the -Board of Trade, in the form of a Report of the first year’s experience -of the Boiler Explosions’ Act of 1882. This Act, we may remind our -readers, provides that an inquiry should be held into the cause of -every boiler explosion, with a view to their prevention if possible. -The causes of the forty-five casualties of this description which were -inquired into, and which resulted in the loss of thirty-five lives -and injuries to as many more, were entirely preventable. One of the -assistant-secretaries to the Board goes so far as to say that ‘the -terms “inevitable accident” and “accident” are entirely inapplicable -to these explosions, and that the only accidental thing about many -of them is that the explosions should have been so long deferred.’ -The prevailing cause of the disasters is the unsafe condition of -the boilers through age, corrosion, wasting, &c.; and a noticeable -feature in many cases is the absence of any effort on the part of the -steam-user to ascertain the condition of the boiler, and consequently -of any attempt to repair, renew, or replace defective plates or -fittings. - -The authorities of Kew Observatory have undertaken a duty which will -be hailed with satisfaction by all watchmakers and watchowners in the -kingdom. They will undertake for a small fee to test the virtues of -any watch left in their care, and with every watch so tested, will -issue a statement of its going powers, under varied conditions of -position, temperature, &c. They will also award to watches of superior -excellence certificates of merit, which certificates will possess an -equal value with documents of the same nature which have for years -been granted by the Geneva and by the Yale College Observatories. The -Swiss and Americans have long enjoyed these facilities for obtaining -independent testimony as to the qualities of their watches, and it -is only surprising that a movement has not been made before in this -direction here at home; for English-made watches, in spite of foreign -competition, are still much sought after. - -A new method of dealing with road-sweepings and the contents of -domestic dust-bins is now on its trial in New York, and seems to be -very successful. The rubbish is carted, to the extent of forty loads -a day, to a wonderful machine, which separates the paper, rag, iron, -glass, coal, and cinder into different heaps. These are afterwards -sold, with the exception of about four hundred pounds of coal and -cinder, which are used for firing the engine attached to the machine. -The remaining refuse—of no use to anybody, and too often, under -existing systems, a possible source of disease—is reduced by fire to -impalpable ash. It has been the custom in New York for many years to -carry their rubbish out to sea and to discharge it outside the harbour. -Pilots and others have long protested against this procedure, and -affirm that the approaches to the harbour’s mouth are gradually being -silted up by the accumulation of dirt thrown in. The experiment will be -watched with interest by all those who acknowledge the importance of -improved sanitation in our large towns and cities. - -Moon’s Patent Quicksilver-wave Gold Amalgamator is the imposing title -of a clever machine which has been introduced to obviate the serious -loss of gold which is inseparable from previously existing methods of -treating the ore. From the discovery of gold in California in 1848 -to the end of 1882, the value of the gold found there was nearly -two hundred and thirty-seven million pounds sterling. It is said on -competent authority that this vast amount is less than fifty per cent. -of the gold known to be in the ore treated, more than half the precious -metal escaping in particles so fine that the machines employed could -not intercept them. In this new machine, the crushed ore, mingled with -water, is thrown in small quantities into a moving wave of quicksilver, -and not merely across a quicksilvered plate, as under the old system. -The tiniest spangles of gold are by this means speedily absorbed by or -amalgamated with the liquid metal, the two being afterwards separated -by heat in the usual manner. In one mine where Mr Moon’s machine is in -use the increase of yield is estimated at forty pounds sterling per -week, so it would seem that the cost of the appliance is soon repaid -to its purchaser. - -A very convenient combined seat and easel for the use of sketchers -has lately been brought under our notice. It packs into a very small -compass; it will hold a large picture; it fully justifies its name, -‘The Rigid,’ and actually weighs only four pounds. Its price is -moderate, and it is to be had of Messrs Reeves, London. - -Referring to a recent article in this _Journal_ on ‘Some Queer Dishes,’ -in which it was stated that the cuttle-fish is used for food in Japan -and elsewhere in the Pacific, a Portuguese correspondent writes to us -that in Portugal the cuttle-fish is used as an article of food. It is -opened, and then dried; and may be seen hanging up for sale in the -shops. The people, he remarks, consider it a delicacy; and it is, when -properly cooked, very rich and nourishing. - - - - -OCCASIONAL NOTES. - - -NEW POSTAL ORDERS. - -The system of Postal Orders, instituted in 1881, has proved so -successful, that it has been found desirable to make certain -alterations and extensions therein, with a view to affording further -facilities to the public for the ready transmission of small sums of -money through the post. On the 2d of June, a new series of Postal -Orders were issued, the former series being entirely withdrawn. The new -Postal Orders are of fourteen different denominations, instead of ten, -as formerly; and the amounts of the various denominations, together -with the rates of poundage chargeable thereon, are as follows: - - _s._ _d._ _d._ - 1 0 0½ - 1 6 0½ - 2 0 1 - 2 6 1 - 3 0 1 - 3 6 1 - 4 0 1 - 4 6 1 - 5 0 1 - 7 6 1 - 10 0 1 - 10 6 1 - 15 0 1½ - 20 0 1½ - -There can be no doubt that these classes will prove extremely useful -to the public generally, more especially as any amount of shillings -and sixpences up to twenty shillings can be transmitted by means of -only two of the above-named classes of orders. A novel feature, too, -is introduced, whereby postage-stamps not exceeding fivepence in value -are to be allowed to be affixed to the back of any one Postal Order to -make up broken sums—a feature which, it needs not much of the spirit -of prophecy to anticipate, will extensively be taken advantage of. By -this useful concession, any sum up to a pound can now be sent through -the post by means of Postal Orders, and in no case are more than two -orders required to make up the exact desired amount. It will be noticed -that the former twelve shillings and sixpence and seventeen shillings -and sixpence orders are not included amongst the new denominations -of Postal Orders; but their abolition will cause no inconvenience, -as these two denominations were of all the orders of the old series -probably the least used; and where such amounts are desired to be sent -under the new series, they can be made up by using two orders, the -poundage on which will be no more than is now charged for each of -the denominations referred to—namely, twopence. In several cases, the -poundage has been reduced, a benefit that will probably be the best -appreciated of all. A ten shillings and ten shillings and sixpence -order now only costs one penny; and the orders for fifteen and twenty -shillings have been reduced to three-halfpence, instead of twopence, -as heretofore. Compared with the former money-order rates, the Postal -Order system is remarkably cheap, and on this score, will undoubtedly -commend itself more than ever to popular favour; and it is extremely -probable that for small sums the money-order system will in future be -very little if at all used. Indeed, the Postal Order system, with its -ready convenience and cheapness, seems likely to supersede all other -methods of transmitting sums of a pound and under. - -The Act under which these changes have taken place also authorises the -issue of Postal Orders on board Her Majesty’s ships, a boon that the -seamen concerned will not be slow to appreciate. The system is also -to be extended to many of the colonies as opportunity occurs. It is -indeed now in operation in Malta and Gibraltar, where it has met with -much popularity, owing to the fact, no doubt, that the same rates are -charged on Postal Orders issued there as on Postal Orders issued in -this country. If we compare these rates with those charged on foreign -and colonial money orders, it can readily be imagined that the system -will be hailed with unmixed satisfaction by the colonies where it is -shortly to be instituted. - - -NEW METALLIC COMPOUND. - -Delta-metal, a new metal said to be not unlikely to rival steel under -certain conditions, has, according to the _Hamburg Correspondent_, been -lately submitted to the Polytechnic Association in Berlin. Delta-metal -contains iron in addition to the ordinary constituents of brass. It -takes on an excellent polish, and is much less liable to rust than -either steel or iron. When wrought or rolled, it is harder than steel, -but not when cast only. It can be forged and soldered like iron, but -not welded. It melts at about one thousand seven hundred and fifty -degrees Fahrenheit; and at from one thousand three hundred to one -thousand five hundred degrees it is remarkably malleable, and in this -condition can admirably well be pressed or stamped. For founding, it is -also well suited. The price is somewhat higher than that of the better -kinds of brass. It should be found specially serviceable for objects -exposed to rust and requiring great hardness. At present—not to mention -other cases—the small steamers for the exploration of Central Africa -are being made of delta-metal. - - -HARBOUR OF REFUGE FOR EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND. - -We have before alluded to the operations of the Committee appointed -by the Government to take evidence as to the most suitable place for -a harbour of refuge on the east coast of Scotland. The Report of the -investigators has now been published, with their final recommendations. -The towns and harbours of Wick, Fraserburgh, Peterhead, Aberdeen, -Arbroath, and Montrose, are severally reported upon, and the -advantages and disadvantages of each stated, with the result that the -reporters unanimously recommend Peterhead as the site of the proposed -harbour of refuge. That town is situated almost midway between the -great natural harbours of the Firth of Forth and Cromarty Firth, and -its bay is well adapted as a place of shelter. Its anchorage also is -excellent, the bottom of the bay being of mud with a sandy surface, -affording a good holding-ground. The harbour is to be constructed by -Scottish convict labour. - - -SUBTERRANEAN FISH. - -A fact of much interest to students of natural history is vouched -for by Cavalier Moerath, a civil engineer, formerly of Rome, and now -visiting this country. This gentleman has devoted much labour and -attention to the improvement of water-supplies in Italy. In sinking for -water with one of Norton’s Abyssinian Tube Wells, he tapped a spring -from which was pumped a tiny living fish. This fish had passed into the -tube well through the ordinary perforations of about one-eighth of an -inch. Examination proved it to have no eyes, clearly indicating that -it belonged to an order intended to inhabit subterranean waters. The -occurrence was certified to by two other gentlemen who were present -when the fish was pumped up. - -The site of the well is Fontano del Prato, near the old city of Cori, -between Rome and Naples, and the depth is about seventy feet. The soil -from which the fish came was fine sand. The strata passed through above -this sand were volcanic loose earth, clay and water, other volcanic -earth, rocks and sand, and clay. The temperature of the water was -low—about forty degrees Fahrenheit. The water was fresh. The fish, we -are informed, has been preserved in spirit, and is to be brought to -England, when it will probably be exhibited at the Health Exhibition in -London. - - -THE FASTEST PASSAGE ON RECORD. - -This great feat has just been achieved by the Guion line steamer -_Oregon_, which left New York on the 26th of April last, and arrived -at Queenstown at 5.16 on Saturday morning the 3d of May, making the -trip in six days sixteen hours and fifty-seven minutes, which is the -fastest homeward trip yet recorded. This is the more remarkable from -the fact that she had to traverse over a hundred miles at least out of -her course to avoid the icebergs, those pests of the North Atlantic. -Passengers who embarked at New York on Saturday the 26th April were -landed at Liverpool on the evening of that day week. The _Oregon_ is -another of those naval masterpieces for which the industry and skill of -Scotland are so justly celebrated, and is considered one of the finest -steamers afloat. Her highest score of miles run in one day was four -hundred and thirty-six. - - -A CANINE ‘COLLECTOR.’ - -That dogs can be taught the performance of tricks or acts showing a -remarkable amount of sagacity and intelligence, no one will pretend to -doubt, for it is a fact patent to all. But that a dog could become a -‘collector,’ and a collector of money too, is at first sight somewhat -startling. Yet such is the fact. A splendid and thoroughbred Scotch -collie, known as ‘Help,’ has been actually trained as a collector of -money for charitable contributions, or subscriptions, for the ‘Orphan -Fund of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants.’ His tutor -has been one of the guards of the night-boat train on the London, -Brighton, and south-coast line. He is described as a dog not only of -great beauty, but of gentle and winning ways, possessing marvellous -intelligence and a generous disposition. In his capacity as collector -he has travelled over the greater part of England, always returning -home to the headquarters in the City Road, London, with the proceeds -of his charitable efforts. Last year, he is reported to have crossed -the Channel, having been taken over by the captain of the steamer -_Brittany_, and introduced by him to Her Majesty’s consul at Dieppe. -In this port he is stated to have collected about six pounds ten -shillings; and on returning home he seems to have made a rather -profitable stay at Newhaven, where he collected nearly seven pounds. -In February last it was reported in the newspapers that Help had been -killed at a level crossing at Middlesborough, in Yorkshire, where he -had been run over by an ‘express’ train. This, however, turns out to -have been a mistake. A handsome Scotch collie _was_ killed as stated, -and as he resembled Help very much, the story got about that the canine -‘collector’ had lost his life on the line. But Help is at this moment -actively following his charitable avocation, in which, we believe, he -excites more interest than ever. And long may he continue to carry -on his useful career of helping the fatherless and the afflicted. -It would be interesting to know the plan or system employed for the -dog’s operations; in other words, how it is done. The animal must, of -course, always be in charge of somebody, otherwise, when he had done a -fair day’s work in collecting money, there are numbers of unprincipled -people who would speedily ease the collie of his subscriptions, if they -did not take his life as well. - - - - -WILD-FLOWERS FROM ALLOWAY AND DOON. - -BY ALEXANDER ANDERSON. - - - No book to-night; but let me sit - And watch the firelight change and flit, - And let me think of other lays - Than those that shake our modern days. - Outside, the tread of passing feet - Along the unsympathetic street - Is naught to me; I sit and hear - Far other music in my ear, - That, keeping perfect time and tune, - Whispers of Alloway and Doon. - - The scent of withered flowers has brought - A fresher atmosphere of thought, - In which I make a realm, and see - A fairer world unfold to me; - For grew they not upon that spot - Of sacred soil that loses naught - Of sanctity by all the years - That come and pass like human fears? - They grew beneath the light of June, - And blossomed on the Banks of Doon; - The waving woods are rich with green, - And sweet the Doon flows on between; - The winds tread light upon the grass, - That shakes with joy to feel them pass; - The sky, in its expanse of blue, - Has but a single cloud or two; - The lark, in raptures clear and long, - Shakes out his little soul in song. - But far above his notes, I hear - Another song within my ear, - Rich, soft, and sweet, and deep by turns— - The quick, wild passion-throbs of Burns. - - Ah! were it not that he has flung - A sunshine by the songs he sung - On fields and woods of ‘Bonnie Doon,’ - These simple flowers had been a boon - Less dear to me; but since they grew - On sacred spots which once he knew, - They breathe, though crushed and shorn of bloom, - To-night within this lonely room, - Such perfumes, that to me prolong - The passionate sweetness of his song. - The glory of an early death - Was his; and the immortal wreath - Was woven round brows that had not felt - The furrows that are roughly dealt - To age; nor had the heart grown cold - With haunting fears that, taking hold, - Cast shadows downward from their wing, - Until we doubt the songs we sing. - But his was lighter doom of pain, - To pass in youth, and to remain - For ever fair and fresh and young, - Encircled by the youth he sung. - - And so to me these simple flowers - Have sent through all my dreaming hours - His songs again, which, when a boy, - Made day and night a double joy. - Nor did they sink and die away - When manhood came with sterner day, - But still, amid the jar and strife, - The rush and clang of railway life, - They rose up, and at all their words - I felt my spirit’s inner chords - Thrill with their old sweet touch, as now, - Though middle manhood shades my brow; - For though I hear the tread of feet - Along the unsympathetic street, - And all the city’s din to-night, - My heart warms with that old delight, - In which I sit and, dreaming, hear - Singing to all the inner ear, - Rich, clear, and soft, and sweet by turns, - The deep, wild passion-throbs of Burns. - - * * * * * - -The Conductor of CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL begs to direct the attention of -CONTRIBUTORS to the following notice: - -_1st._ All communications should be addressed to the ‘Editor, 339 - High Street, Edinburgh.’ - -_2d._ For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps - should accompany every manuscript. - -_3d._ MANUSCRIPTS should bear the author’s full _Christian_ name, - Surname, and Address, legibly written; and should be written on - white (not blue) paper, and on one side of the leaf only. - -_4th._ Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied by a - stamped and directed envelope. - -_If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will do his best to -insure the safe return of ineligible papers._ - - * * * * * - -Printed and Published by W. & R. CHAMBERS, 47 Paternoster Row, LONDON, -and 339 High Street, EDINBURGH. - - * * * * * - -_All Rights Reserved._ - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 26, VOL. I, JUNE 28, -1884 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 26, Vol. I, June 28, 1884</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various </p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 12, 2021 [eBook #65828]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 26, VOL. I, JUNE 28, 1884 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">{401}</span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART</h1> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='center'> - - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#OUR_HEALTH">OUR HEALTH.</a><br /> -<a href="#BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_CHARR_OF_WINDERMERE">THE CHARR OF WINDERMERE.</a><br /> -<a href="#SILAS_MONK">SILAS MONK.</a><br /> -<a href="#SOMETHING_ABOUT_THE_HONEY-BEE">SOMETHING ABOUT THE HONEY-BEE.</a><br /> -<a href="#BOOK_GOSSIP">BOOK GOSSIP.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: SCIENCE AND ARTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</a><br /> -<a href="#WILD-FLOWERS_FROM_ALLOWAY_AND_DOON">WILD-FLOWERS FROM ALLOWAY AND DOON.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter w100" id="header" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/header.jpg" alt="Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, -and Art. Fifth Series. Established by William and Robert Chambers, 1832. Conducted by R. Chambers (Secundus)." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<div class="header"> -<p class="floatl"><span class="smcap">No. 26.—Vol. I.</span></p> -<p class="floatr"><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<em>d.</em></p> -<p class="floatc">SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 1884.</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OUR_HEALTH">OUR HEALTH.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3">BY DR ANDREW WILSON, F.R.S.E.</p> - - -<h3>III. SOME FOOD-DANGERS, AND HOW TO AVOID THEM.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> connection with the subject of food and health, -an important topic naturally intervenes in the -course of such discussion, in the shape of the -relation which impure foods bear to the production -of illness and disease. Pure air and pure -water are required by natural and common consent -as necessities of existence; but the purity -of the food we consume is no less a paramount -condition of physical well-being. Food-impurities -may be ranked under diverse heads. Adulteration -of foods is thus a common cause of illness. -The food, rendered of poor quality, does not contain -the necessary amount of nutritious material; -or it may impart disease from its being impregnated -with matters foreign to its composition, and -which have been added thereto for purposes of -unfair trade-profit. For example, when one hears -of alum and sulphate of copper being added to -bread, it is evident that a serious form of adulteration -is thus practised; while equally reprehensible -modes of procedure are known to be in vogue -when flour is treated so as to yield more than its -legitimate quantity of bread; when rice, potatoes, -and other starchy matters are added to the bread -in the course of manufacture; or when flour of -damaged or inferior quality is used. Similarly, -when milk is adulterated with water, treacle, -turmeric, and so forth, a cause of ill-health is -clearly discovered. If tea be ‘faced’ with black-lead, -or with Prussian-blue, turmeric, and China -clay, there can be no question of the fraudulent -and dangerous nature of such a practice; and -when we read of preserved green peas being -largely adulterated with sulphate of copper, and -that a one-pound tin of green peas has been found -to contain two and a half grains of this poisonous -compound, it becomes evident that legislation -directed against this worst of frauds—food-adulteration—is -both necessary and highly requisite -as an active feature of social law.</p> - -<p>Into questions connected with the adulteration -of food, we need not enter. Such topics necessarily -belong to the sphere of the analytical -chemist and of the sanitary inspector. Where -adulteration is suspected, the wisest course for -the public to pursue is carefully to note the place -and date of purchase of the suspected article—full -evidence on this head is necessary—and to supply -the sanitary authorities of the town or district -with a sample of the substance in question. This -clue will be followed up independently by the -authorities; and if adulteration be present, means -will be taken to substantiate the charge and to -prosecute offenders. There should be no leniency -shown where cases of food-adulteration can be -satisfactorily proved. Such practices form the -worst of all frauds; they involve not merely -commercial dishonesty, but include fraud against -the health and well-being of the community and -nation at large.</p> - -<p>Other forms of food-impurity are well known, -and demand attention from the public; inasmuch -as, by the exercise of ordinary knowledge, many -of these latter dangers to health may be avoided. -Of impurities in water, we shall treat hereafter; -hence nothing need be said at present regarding -this class of food-dangers. Our milk-supply and -our meat-supply, however, are matters over which -every householder may and should exercise supervision. -Special dangers attach, for example, to -the incautious treatment of milk. If milk is -suspected to be adulterated, or of poor quality, -the determination of the error or fraud is a matter -of scientific examination; and with regard to the -detection of milk-dangers, arising from disease-contagion, -the same remark holds good. It is -indeed unfortunate that the first information we -usually receive regarding a milk-supply which is -thoroughly impure or hurtful, is derived from -the effects of such diseased matter on the human -frame. In this case, we are unfortunately able only -to prevent the spread of an epidemic of disease—the -prevention of the epidemic itself is impossible, -save, indeed, by the vigilance of the dairyman -or farmer in keeping the milk he sells free from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">{402}</span> -all source of contamination. Epidemics of typhoid -fever, for instance, are, as a rule, only made -known by the occurrence of a series of cases in a -given district. On being traced out, these cases -are usually found to have been supplied with -milk from one and the same source. When the -surroundings of the dairy or farm are inspected, -sewage-contamination is usually found. Leakage -of drains into a water-supply is a common occurrence; -and as this infected water is used in cleansing -the milk-vessels, the origin of the epidemic -is clearly enough accounted for. In some cases, -dairies have been found to be constructed in a -thoroughly insanitary manner, and cleanliness—the -first condition where milk is concerned—is -by no means always observed. The remedy for -these errors and negligences in connection with -this all-important article of diet, lies in one direction -only—namely, a system of rigid and continuous -dairy inspection. Such inspection is never -complained of by those tradesmen who take a -pride in their occupation, and who endeavour, by -ordinary attention to business, to secure the -purity of the milk they sell. It might be added -also, that if other articles of food are duly liable -to official examination, and if the articles sold -by grocer and butcher are duly supervised and -examined, there is no reason why the premises -of the dairyman should not be similarly inspected. -We do not, as a rule, contract serious illness from -impure coffee, or even from a poor quality of -butcher-meat; but a dirty dairy and an infected -milk-supply may, in a single day, sow the germs -of a fever which may prostrate a village or -community, and entail all the misery and hardship -which serious illness inevitably carries in its -train.</p> - -<p>The domestic care of milk is a second topic to -which the attention of the householder should -be directed. It cannot be too clearly borne in -mind that milk, of all fluids, is singularly apt -to absorb deleterious matters. Sewage-emanations -and other gases, paint, metallic matters, &c., are -all readily taken up by milk. Hence the absolute -necessity for seeing that when milk is received -into our homes, it is stored in a safe and sanitary -position. Milk should never be stored in metallic -vessels in the first place; and it should not be -kept in cupboards or other receptacles which are -situated in the neighbourhood of sinks, closets, -or open drains. Too frequently, such carelessness -in the home-treatment of the milk-supply leads -to illness, which is all the more serious, because -its origin is unsuspected.</p> - -<p>With regard to the liability of milk, taken -from cows suffering from various diseases, to -produce illness in man, many and varied opinions -exist. A general rule, and one in the observance -of which great safety exists, is, that milk from an -animal in any way affected with disease should -never be sold to the public. Where uncertainty -exists, it is a matter of sheer common-sense to err -on the safe side, and to incur no risk whatever. -It is only fair to add, that milk from cows -suffering from ‘foot-and-mouth’ disease has been -consumed in many cases without injury resulting. -But opposed to this fact, we find cases in which -the use of such milk has been followed by throat-ailments -and other troubles in man. The milk of -over-driven cows—‘heated milk,’ as it is called—has -been known to produce colic and diarrhœa in -children. It is also probable that while some -persons in robust health may escape, others are -liable to be affected by milk taken from diseased -animals. Pigs to which the milk of cows, ill -with ‘foot-and-mouth’ disease, has been given, -are seized with that disease in a few hours. The -safe rule, therefore, appears to be that already -mentioned. If a cow is affected with any disorder -or disease, the milk of the animal should not be -consumed by man. Only by attention to this -rule can outbreaks of disease in man be avoided, -and the public safety fully secured.</p> - -<p>The flesh of animals is liable to acquire under -certain conditions diseased properties. Hence, it -is necessary that we should be on our guard -against such sources of illness. Thus, certain -fevers to which pigs, sheep, and cattle are subject -render their flesh unfit for human food; and -there are certain parasites inhabiting the flesh -of fish which may also be productive of disease -when the meat in question has been eaten by -man.</p> - -<p>Good meat in a fresh state should be firm and -elastic to the touch. The characteristic odour of -fresh meat should be present, and the meat-tissue -should be dry, or at the most merely moist. The -appearance of good meat is marbled, and its -action on blue litmus-paper is acid—that is, it -turns the blue paper to a red colour. Bad meat, -on the other hand, is usually extremely moist, -or even wet; it has a sodden feel, and the presence -of dark spots in the fat is a suspicious sign. The -marrow of the bones, instead of being light red -in colour, as in fresh meat, is brown-tinted, and -often shows black spots. Tested by litmus-paper, -bad meat is either neutral or alkaline, and -turns red litmus-paper to blue, or does not alter -either red or blue test papers. The odour of -bad meat is highly distinctive; and its colour, as -a rule, is suspiciously dark.</p> - -<p>Regarding those animal-diseases which are -believed to unfit the flesh for human use, considerable -diversity of opinion exists. For example, -the flesh of animals suffering from <i>pleuro-pneumonia</i> -is regarded, almost universally, as unfit for -consumption; although opinions exist which regard -such flesh as harmless. Here, as in the case of -milk, already alluded to, it is probable diversity -of opinion arises from the different conditions -under which the results of eating such flesh have -been studied. In some cases, it is true, no evil -results have accrued from this practice; Loiset -showing that during nineteen years, at least -eighteen thousand oxen suffering from pleuro-pneumonia -were killed and used in Lyons, as food, -without any known evil results. But it should -be remembered that the disease has its advanced -as well as its initial stages; and in any case -the opinions expressed with regard to the harmless -character of the flesh, can only apply to cases in -which the animals have been killed in an early -phase of the disorder. The disease known as -‘braxy’ in sheep presents a similar conflict of -opinions. Over fifty per cent. of young sheep in -Scotland are stated by Mr Cowan in his Essay -(1863) to perish from this disease. The disorder<span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">{403}</span> -is a fever, attended by very characteristic -symptoms; but ‘braxy mutton’ is eaten nevertheless -by Scottish shepherds with impunity—although -an important precaution is observed in -this case by steeping the mutton in brine for six -or eight weeks, and then drying it. The chief -danger which appears to arise in man from the -use of diseased meat is the development of blood-disorders -and of blood-poisoning. ‘Carbuncular -disease’ has increased in Scotland since 1842, -when pleuro-pneumonia first appeared; and this -affection has apparently increased since lung-diseases -in animals have become common. On -the whole, then, it may be urged that even with -opinions of weight which allege the harmless -character, in certain cases, of the flesh of diseased -animals, there are risks involved which make -the rule, that meat under such circumstances -should be rejected, a highly safe and commendable -practice both for public and trade attention.</p> - -<p>In the case of the <i>parasites</i> which may affect -meat under certain circumstances, there is fortunately -no diversity of opinion to be encountered. -The question of ‘braxy mutton’ may be debatable; -in that of meat infested with parasites, -no argument is permissible. All parasitic animals -are liable to induce disease of more or less -serious character in man; hence, if meat can -be proved to be so infested, it should be summarily -rejected.</p> - -<p>The most common parasites which man is liable -to acquire from flesh of various kinds are certainly -<i>tapeworms</i>, which have been frequently described, -and the dangers from which are well -known. More serious in its nature is the <i>Trichina -spiralis</i>, a minute worm, found chiefly in the -muscles of the pig. This worm, if eaten by man -with pork, develops with great rapidity within the -human digestive system, and produces enormous -numbers of young, which, boring their way -through the tissues to the muscles of the patient, -cause serious and often fatal illness. Once in the -muscles, no further change ensues to the worms, -which simply degenerate into mere specks of -lime. It is this <i>trichina</i> which produces the -disease known as <i>trichinosis</i>. Fatal epidemics of -this disease are not uncommon on the continent, -especially where the unsanitary practice of eating -uncooked or dried sausages is greatly in vogue.</p> - -<p>Regarding the prevention of the diseases caused -by parasites, one stringent rule should be invariably -kept in mind—namely, that all flesh-meat -should be <i>thoroughly cooked</i> before it is consumed. -The practice of eating underdone meat and smoked -provisions is attended with great danger. A -degree of heat sufficient to cook meat thoroughly, -may, as a rule, be trusted to destroy parasitic life -which the flesh may contain—although, of course, -no one would sanction the employment as food -of any meat known to be parasitically infested. -To this necessary precaution may be added the -advice, that drinking-water should never be taken -from ponds, lakes, canals, or rivers in which -vegetable matter grows freely, as such water is -liable to contain parasitic germs; and all vegetables -used for food, and especially those used raw—as -in the case of salads—should be thoroughly -washed before use. Our dogs being liable to -harbour certain forms of internal parasites highly -injurious to man, should also have their health -and feeding inspected and supervised. And it -may be lastly mentioned, by way of encouragement -in sanitary reform, and in the care and -selection of our flesh-foods, that as far back as -the reign of Henry III. the desirability of securing -meat free from parasites was clearly known. -In the reign of that monarch, butchers who were -convicted of selling ‘measly pork’ were sentenced -to exposure in the pillory as a punishment for -their misdeeds.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak x-ebookmaker-important" id="BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXV.—THE MAID WAS IN THE GARDEN.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Madge</span> was glad that it was in her power to comfort -Philip, most glad, because, in spite of the relief -which he found in her presence, a vague fear was -beginning to creep into her mind that somehow -this power was slowly weakening. Was it his -fault or hers? Was it the knowledge that the -confidence which they had desired to keep perfect -between them was no longer perfect? Was it -the knowledge that she had accepted a secret -which could not be shared with him that, disturbing -her mind, suggested changes in him -which had no existence? Maybe, maybe, and -yet ... relieved as he had been for a little while, -there was no mistake, there was no mistake about -the weary look in his eyes when he was going -away, or about his nervously lingering manner -of saying ‘Good-night,’ as if he were afraid to -leave her, lest the bogeys which had arisen in his -path should seize upon him the moment he should -be alone.</p> - -<p>She had many bitter reflections that night -before she went to sleep: first, about the position -in which she was placed against her will; and -next about the customs which allowed a woman -so few opportunities to give practical assistance to -the man she loved. If he had been only a -labourer and she a washerwoman, then she could -have been of some real value to him. As it was, -she must stay at home, await his coming when -the struggle was over, give him sympathy when -he was in difficulty, and nurse him when he was -sick. That was all. She wanted to be by his -side in the heat of the struggle, helping him with -hands and head as well as heart. She wished -that his enterprise had assumed some other form -than its present one, so that she might have had -a full share in the actual work of it. To her it -was absurd that, because she wore petticoats and -happened to be above the necessity to earn a -living, she should be excluded from his office, or go -to it under the penalty of bringing ridicule upon -him. She knew how many times in those weary -chambers, and in that weary office during this -period of worry and disappointment, he must -long for her to cheer and steady him as only she -could do.</p> - -<p>As for Wrentham, she had not much faith in -him, although, having no specific charge to make -against him, and aware of Philip’s confidence in -him, she remained silent. She could only have -said: ‘I do not like him;’ and Philip would have -laughed at her, or chid her for being ungracious -to his friend. She had not forgiven Wrentham -for the accident with the horse; and she was not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">{404}</span> -yet satisfied about it, for she could not forget -what Uncle Dick had said in his passion.</p> - -<p>‘If I wanted to kill anybody, do you know -what I’d do?—that is, supposing I could go about -it in cold blood. Well, I’d keep a mettlesome -mare in the stable for three or four days, feed -her high, and then ask the man I wanted to hurt -to take a ride on her. Five hundred to one but -he’d come back in a worse plight than Philip -did. And that’s what I’d have said the man -was trying on, if they hadn’t been such close -friends.’</p> - -<p>Uncle Dick did not repeat this angry exclamation; -but Madge could not forget it, and the -remembrance of it made her this night the more -discontented that she could not be always with -Philip during the ordeal through which he was -passing.</p> - -<p>However, there was one way in which she -might render him practical assistance; that was, -by setting Caleb Kersey’s mind at ease, and so -enabling him to serve his master with a light -heart, which is always a brave one. She had -delayed speaking to Sam Culver until she could -tell him that Caleb was not only working steadily -but was successful, and could offer Pansy a -comfortable home. She would not wait any -longer: she would speak to them both in the -morning. That thought helped her to sleep. -For the time, the more serious business which -she had to do with Mr Hadleigh held only a -distant place in her mind.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Caleb had not been making progress in his -wooing, and when he became aware of that fact, -he grew discontented with the nature of things -in general and especially with himself. The discontent -with the condition of his fellow-labourers -which had earned for him an ill repute amongst -the farmers, had some grains of reason in it. -There was no doubt that the majority of the -labourers had large families and scant fare; that -their cottages were in many instances examples -of the deplorable state of ruin into which roof -and walls may fall and still be reckoned fit for -human habitation; whilst in harvest-time, when -there was an influx of labouring men, women, -and children from the large towns and from -Ireland, the lodging arrangements were disreputable. -But in the present case, he could discover -no reason to justify his discontent, and that made -him feel bad.</p> - -<p>He had never been a regular churchgoer, and -for some time he had ceased going altogether; -but lately he had become so punctual in his -attendance, that the beadle-sexton, the clerk, with -old Jerry and young Jerry Mogridge, had held -more than one consultation on the subject in the -taproom of the <i>Cherry Tree</i>. They shook their -heads very wisely, and thought that there must -be something wrong about this sudden conversion. -But the vicar, who had as quick an eye for -every face in his congregation as the thorough -shepherd has for every sheep in his flock, was -pleased, and concluded that there was some good -spirit at work in the Agitator’s mind. He would -not speak to him yet. He knew how easily a -hesitating sheep may be frightened away by over-zeal -on the part of the shepherd. He would -wait until the man felt quite at his ease.</p> - -<p>So, in a distant corner of the church, Caleb -sat Sunday after Sunday, his eyes fixed on the -back of Pansy’s hat, and brightening when any -of her movements enabled him to catch a glimpse -of her face. At first he merely dawdled along -the road in the wake of Pansy and her father -on their way home, until they entered the gates -of Ringsford. There it was Sam’s custom to halt -and gossip with the gatekeeper; whilst Pansy -hastened home by a bypath through the trees, -in order to have dinner ready for her father. -Then Caleb, by hurrying to the home-field and -crossing it, would catch another glimpse of her -before she entered the cottage.</p> - -<p>He was ashamed of dogging their steps in this -fashion, and could not help himself. Several -times he made up his mind to speak to the -gardener, and find some excuse for walking along -with them; but he could not yet muster courage -to grasp so much joy, although it was well within -his reach. One bright day, however, he was as -usual standing in the porch to see Pansy as she -went out, and receive from her as usual a bashful -glance and timid smile, which made the food he -lived on for the week, when he was almost startled -by her father speaking to him:</p> - -<p>‘Come up the road a bit wi’ us, Kersey, if you -have naething better ado.’</p> - -<p>Caleb muttered that he was ready, and muttered -still more awkwardly to Pansy that he hoped he -saw her quite well.</p> - -<p>‘Quite well, thank you,’ was the demure reply; -and there was no further conversation.</p> - -<p>She took her place on one side of her father, -Caleb walked on the other. But she was there -quite close to him, and—although decidedly ill at -ease—he began to feel a degree of content which -he had not known for many days.</p> - -<p>The gardener had been amongst those who had -observed Caleb’s conversion in the matter of -church attendance, and being already sensible -of the young man’s intelligent appreciation of his -flowers, he was willing to credit him with having -turned over a new leaf, and had charitably set -aside his doubts of him.</p> - -<p>‘Man, Kersey,’ said Sam, as soon as they were -free from the crowd, ‘I have got one of the -bonniest geraaniums that ever mortal set een on, -and I want you to see it for yoursel’. I wouldna -have asked you to come on the Sabbath, if it -hadna been that I can never get sight of you on -a week-day noo.’</p> - -<p>‘I don’t suppose there can be any harm in -looking at the flower,’ said Caleb, restraining the -much more decided opinion he would have -expressed on the subject if Pansy had not been -there, or if he had been able to guess what she -might have thought of it. One strong principle -of his creed was that the more beautiful things -men look at, the more refined their natures will -become, and that for this purpose Sunday was -the most appropriate day.</p> - -<p>‘That’s just my opinion,’ was the satisfied comment -of the gardener; ‘and I wonder you that’s -fond o’ flowers, dinna take to studying them in -earnest. Do you know anything at all about -botany?’</p> - -<p>‘Nothing,’ was the honest and regretful reply, -for it was not easy to confess absolute ignorance -in her presence.</p> - -<p>‘Then you’ll just have to come whiles to see -me, and I’ll learn you something about it. You<span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">{405}</span> -will have to come especially in the spring-time; -and it’s wonderful how soon you’ll find a real -pleasure in it—especially in the geraaniums.’</p> - -<p>In this way Caleb became a prospective pupil of -the gardener, and after this he walked home with -the father and daughter every Sunday. And -Pansy became more and more shy in his presence, -and blushed more deeply at his coming; whilst -his heart swelled and throbbed, and the words he -wanted to speak played tantalisingly about his -tongue, but found no voice. By-and-by there was -a curious change in Pansy. Her shyness and her -blushes disappeared: she spoke to him in much -the same manner as she did to Jacob Cone or -Jerry Mogridge or any of the other men about -the place. At first he was disposed to be pleased -with the change, for it seemed to make him more -at home when he visited the cottage. Presently -he began to fancy that she tried to keep out of his -way, and he did not understand it. Then one day -she had a basket of flowers to take up to the house -for the young ladies, and Caleb accompanied her. -As they neared the house, he surrendered the -basket to her, and he had only done so when they -met Coutts.</p> - -<p>‘Ah, early birds!’ he said, with his cynical -smile; ‘good-morning.—Will you give me a flower -for my button-hole, Pansy?—Thank you. That is -a very pretty one—it will make me think of you -all day.’</p> - -<p>He passed on, and Pansy was blushing as she -used to do when Caleb spoke to her.</p> - -<p>Caleb drew a long breath, and with it inhaled -the poison which distorted all his thoughts. He -spoke no word; but the gloom which fell upon -him spoiled him for work, and checked his visits -to the cottage until he heard that warning cry -from Philip:</p> - -<p>‘Trust her, man; trust her. That is the way -to be worthy of a worthy woman.’</p> - -<p>The words seemed to rouse him from a wretched -nightmare and to clear his eyes and head. The -words kept ringing in his ears, and when he peered -through the black span which lay between this -day and the one on which Pansy gave Coutts -Hadleigh the flower, he felt that the darkness was -due to films on his own eyes, not to change in the -atmosphere.</p> - -<p>He straightened his shoulders and raised his -head: he was able to look his future in the face -again.</p> - -<p>‘I will trust her,’ he said to himself bravely. -When he went to Gray’s Inn in obedience to his -master’s instructions, he had only to say: ‘Thank -you, sir; you have done me a deal of good, and -I’ll do what you tell me.’</p> - -<p>‘Spoken like the sensible fellow I always -believed you to be,’ rejoined Philip, much relieved. -He would have rejoiced, but he was at the time -too much distracted by his own affairs to be able -to feel elated by anything. ‘There will be no -more sulks, then, no more losing heart and seeing -mountains in molehills?’</p> - -<p>‘I hope not.’</p> - -<p>‘That’s right; and ... look here, Caleb. I -have a notion, from something you said, that I -know the man you have been worrying yourself -about. Take my word for it, if my guess is right, -he is much too cautious a fellow—to put it on no -higher ground—and too careful of himself, to be -a poacher. He likes a joke, though; and if I were -you, I would not let him see that he was making -me uneasy. You understand—he might for the -fun of the thing get up some hoax.’</p> - -<p>Caleb thought he understood, and at anyrate -the main point was quite clear to him—he was to -trust her. And he kept faith with himself in that -respect. Whenever she seemed cold to him, he -blamed himself for bothering her at the wrong -time. She had other things to take up her attention—all -the work of the cottage, many odd jobs -to do for her father, besides the hens to look after -and their eggs to gather for the breakfast-table -of the Manor. When she seemed to be trying -to keep out of his way, he set it down to the fact -that she had something particular to do. He -found excuses for every change, real or imaginary, -that had come over her manner of treating him. -Come what might of it, he would trust her.</p> - -<p>Then there was a bright forenoon on which -Philip sent him out to Ringsford to fetch a small -box, and he had an hour to spare before he had to -start for his return train. So he went over to -the cottage. The sun was gleaming whitely on -the little green in front, and the grass was sparkling -with frozen dewdrops. There was Pansy—eyes -in their brightness rivalling the flashing dewdrops, -cheeks aglow with healthful exercise, and -sleeves tucked up above the elbows—hanging out -the clothes she had just taken from the tub.</p> - -<p>Caleb halted at the corner of the green. He -had never in this world seen anything so graceful -as that lithe figure moving actively about in the -clear sunlight casting the clothes over the lines, -now reaching up on tiptoe to place a peg in some -high place, and again whipping up her basket and -marching farther along with it.</p> - -<p>She had covered one long line and taken a -clothes-pole to raise it. That was a feat of -strength, and Caleb sprang to her side.</p> - -<p>‘Let me do that for you, Pansy.’</p> - -<p>‘Gracious!’ was the startled exclamation; and -at the same moment he planted the pole upright, -the clothes thus forming a screen between them -and the vine-house where Sam Culver was at -work.</p> - -<p>‘You didn’t expect to see me here at this time -of day,’ he said, laughing, but already beginning -to feel awkward, and looking everywhere except -where he most desired to look—in her face. ‘I -had to come down for this box; and as there was -time enough, I thought I’d come round this -way.’</p> - -<p>She laughed a little, too, at her scare, and then -began to hang out more clothes on another line -as hastily as if she had not a minute to spare. -He looked on, his eyes glancing away whenever -she turned towards him. She also began to feel -a little awkward, and somehow she did not -fasten the pegs on the line with such deft firmness -as she had done before he made his presence -known.</p> - -<p>‘Father is in the vine-house,’ she said by-and-by, -compelled to seek relief by saying something.</p> - -<p>‘I wish you would let me do something for -you,’ was his inconsequent reply.</p> - -<p>‘Something for me!’</p> - -<p>‘Yes, carry the basket—anything.’</p> - -<p>‘The basket is empty, and I have to go back -to the washhouse.’</p> - -<p>‘I will go with you.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">{406}</span></p> - -<p>‘But there is nothing to do except wring out -the clothes.’</p> - -<p>‘Let me help you with that.’</p> - -<p>‘Pretty work it would be for you!’ This -with a nervous little laugh, which she evidently -intended to convey an impression of good-natured -ridicule.</p> - -<p>‘It doesn’t matter what it is, so being it is for -you.’</p> - -<p>She stooped quickly, seizing one handle of the -basket; he took the other, and they lifted it -between them. He looked straight in her face -now, and he fancied that the colour faded from -her cheeks.</p> - -<p>‘Father is in the vine-house,’ she repeated, -looking in another direction.</p> - -<p>‘I want to tell you something, Pansy.’ He -was a little husky, and unconsciously moved the -basket to and fro.</p> - -<p>She knew what he wanted to tell her, and she -did not want to hear—at least not then.</p> - -<p>‘I can’t stay—I must run in now.’ She tried -to take the basket from him.</p> - -<p>‘Don’t go yet. I made up my mind to tell -you when I was standing over there looking at -you. I was meaning to do it many a time afore, -but just when I was ready, you always got out of -my way, and I couldn’t say it when you came -back.’</p> - -<p>‘I wish you’d let me go. I don’t want to -hear anything—I’m in a hurry. Won’t father -do?’</p> - -<p>She was nervous; there were signs even of -distress in her manner, and she could not look at -him.</p> - -<p>‘Ay, your father will do,’ he answered earnestly, -‘if you say that I may tell him we have agreed -about it.’</p> - -<p>‘About what?—No, no, no; you must not tell -him that. We are not agreed. We never will -agree about <i>that</i>.’</p> - -<p>She was frightened, dropped the basket, and -would have run away, but he had caught her -hand. He was pale, and although his heart -was hammering at his chest, he was outwardly -calm.</p> - -<p>‘Don’t say never, Pansy,’ he pleaded in a low -voice; and she was touched by the gentleness of -it, which contrasted so strangely with the manner -of the loud-voiced orator when speaking to a -crowd on the village green. ‘I’ve scared you -by coming too sudden upon you. But you’ll -think about it, and you’ll give me the right word -some other time.’</p> - -<p>‘There is no need to think about it—I cannot -think about it,’ she answered with tears of mingled -vexation and regret in her eyes.</p> - -<p>‘But you’ll come to think about it after a bit, -and I’ll wait—I’ll wait until you come to it.’</p> - -<p>‘I never will—I never can.’</p> - -<p>‘You’re vexed with me for being so rough in -my way of asking you. I couldn’t help that, -Pansy: but I’ll be patient, and I’ll wait till you -come round to it or ... until you say that you -can’t do it because your head is too full of somebody -else.’</p> - -<p>Pale and earnest, his lips trembled as these last -words passed them. She uttered a half-stifled -‘Oh!’ and ran into the cottage. He stood in the -bright sunlight looking after her, and the gloom -fell upon his face again. There was something -in that cry which seemed to tell him that her -head was already too full of somebody else for -him to find the place he yearned to hold in her -thoughts. He knew the somebody.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CHARR_OF_WINDERMERE">THE CHARR OF WINDERMERE.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> confined localisation of this delicate fish -renders its natural history somewhat difficult to -ascertain. As little, or even less, is known of its -proceedings during a great portion of the year -as of the salmon itself during its sojourn in the -sea. There are several varieties of the charr in -the Lake district of Cumberland, Westmoreland, -and Lancashire; but undoubtedly they are merely -the same fish changed by circumstances and -general surroundings; just as the common trout -varies in appearance, size, and condition according -to the nature of the water in which it is -found and the food obtained there. Charr are -found in many of the Scotch and Irish lochs; -whilst in the English Lake district they are -more or less plentiful in Windermere, Coniston, -Buttermere, Hawes-water, Ennerdale, Crummock-water, -Goats-water, and one or two other tarns -or meres. In the first-named lake it is by far -the most numerous; and Coniston holds a good -supply, though Sir Humphry Davy, writing thirty -years ago, says: ‘The charr is now scarce in -Coniston, and quite extinct in Ullswater.’ Now -it is occasionally found in the latter; whilst -in the former it is plentiful, and, with a comparative -discontinuance of the working of the -lead mines, the wash from which polluted the -water, is increasing. Large quantities of very -fine fish were taken during last year. It is -similar pollution which has destroyed the fish in -Ullswater. For this beautiful lake, let us hope -for a return of the olden times, when charr and -trout and skellies ‘peopled’ its waters, over which -the kite and golden eagle often flew, and down -whose slopes the red-deer from Martindale fells -may even now find its way to quaff a morning’s -draught. As regards edible qualities, the Windermere -and Coniston charr are the best; those of -Hawes-water and Goats-water being smaller and -of inferior quality.</p> - -<p>Local history tells us that the love of a dainty -dish induced the monks of Furness to stock -Windermere with charr, which were obtained -from some lake in the neighbourhood of the -Alps; hence the fish is still known as <i>Salmo -alpinus</i>; but the correct nomenclature is <i>Salmo -umbla</i>. The same history or tradition tells us -that this fish was placed there only about two -centuries ago. Against this, a manuscript has -recently been discovered, bearing date 1535, to -the effect that a certain Jacques Tallour was -permitted ‘to catch and tol the fayre fish charr -in Wynandermer, and also his son Gerald.’ -There is no reason to doubt that the charr is -as likely to be indigenous to some of our lakes -as our ordinary trout. During a considerable -portion of the year, the charr frequent the -deepest parts of the lake, feeding upon and -finding nourishment in the minute crustaceans -and larvæ found in such places. In this -respect the nature of this fish is actually the -reverse of that of the trout, which delights in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">{407}</span> -the shallows, and feeds on the flies and moths -hatched on the gravel-beds and elsewhere. -Nature would doubtless ‘people’ Windermere, -Coniston, and other lakes with that fish which -could best live in its deepest parts, and this fish -is the charr. Probably, specimens were removed -from here to smaller sheets of water, in some -of which, however, it fails to thrive, though -breeding and increasing in numbers. There is a -vast difference in appearance between the charr -of Windermere and the charr of Hawes-water: the -latter thin and flabby; the former elegantly shaped, -and more graceful in outline than the trout, not -so fat and podgy as many of our spotted beauties -are; a general and a uniform shade of pinkness -appears, as it were, to shine through the skin; in -some specimens, as it approaches the belly, this -hue becomes a deep red; hence the ‘red-bellied -charr.’ It has, of course, other distinctive differences, -as in the shape of gill covers, number of -fin rays, &c., which have often been described.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, our charr is mostly a bottom -or mid-water feeder, and cannot take high rank -as a sporting fish; but on the table it excels. In -size it varies from a pound in weight downwards, -though larger specimens have often been caught. -The usual size is about three fish to the pound -of sixteen ounces; though in Hawes-water and -Goats-water, about eight to the pound is considered -the usual run. In both these tarns the charr rises -pretty freely at the fly, indicating an insufficiency -of food below the surface; and it is this bottom-food -which gives to them the excellent condition -and flavour they attain in the deeper and larger -lakes. The same may be said of the gillaroos, -found in some of the Irish lochs.</p> - -<p>It is surprising that more attention has not -been given to the artificial rearing of charr. -Some years ago, the Windermere Angling Association -hatched and turned into that lake some -thousands of the young fish; but the earliest -note we have of their artificial rearing was by -Dr Davy, then living at Lesketh How, Ambleside. -This took place about thirty years ago, -and was done in the most rough-and-ready -fashion. Still the infant fish were produced -from the milt-impregnated ova; and a few days -after hatching, and with the ‘sac’ still in attachment, -the delicate ‘infants’ were transferred to -Easedale tarn. Too young to defend themselves, -the fry no doubt perished. Yarrell says that in -the autumn of 1839, several charr, of some half-pound -weight each, were placed in Lily Mere, not -far from Sedbergh. Twelve months later, two of -these fish, when retaken, were said to have been -two pound-weight each! They were served at the -Queen-dowager’s table at Kirkby-Lonsdale. These -reputed large charr were no doubt trout, for which -the mere in question was famous. A few years -since, charr were placed in Potter Fell tarn, which -is connected with the river Kent (Westmoreland) -by a small runner. One of these charr was caught -with fly in the river itself, some miles from the -tarn. It had increased in size from about four -to some seven ounces in the space of twelve -months. It was kept alive, and in due course -returned to the Potter Fell. This is evidence that -charr may live in a stream, and in the absence of -suitable bottom-food, adopt the habits of the trout, -and rise to the fly. On this account, they are -worth cultivation; and their delicacy and fine -flavour make them more valuable than the best -trout—a fact which should be an inducement to -their propagation. Potted charr is considered -amongst the greatest fish-dainties that can be set -before the gourmet.</p> - -<p>The charr is usually taken in nets, though often -caught with artificial baits, trolled at varying -depths, after the style of the paternoster used in -perch-fishing. Commencing at the beginning of -March, the fishermen know the water the charr -frequent, and soon find at what depth they lie -in shoals or schools. As the season becomes -warmer, the charr approach nearer the surface; -and in genial weather, towards the end of May -or beginning of June, are at times seen basking -near the surface of the lake; not feeding, but -‘bobbing’ their noses out of the water, causing -rises or bubbles, which in calm weather are easily -discerned by the fishermen. If possible, the -shoal is surrounded by a net or nets, and a rare -capture ensues. Upwards of one hundred and -eighty pound-weight of charr has thus been -taken at one haul; and when one considers they -are worth wholesale from sixteen to eighteen -pence per pound, the employment cannot fail to -be a lucrative one. We cannot, however, commend -the practice of netting, which is not sport, -but wholesale destruction.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SILAS_MONK">SILAS MONK.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3">A TALE OF LONDON OLD CITY.</p> - - -<h3 title="CONCLUSION.">IN FOUR CHAPTERS.—CONCLUSION.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> streets in the old city are dark and deserted -as the detective and Walter Tiltcroft hasten -through them towards Crutched Friars. The -street-lamps cast limited spaces of light upon the -fronts of lofty warehouses and counting-houses, -leaving limitless spaces of shadow about and -above. The windows of these mansions have the -blankness of blind eyes; the great, black, massive -office-doors are firmly closed; and the greater -doors of the warehouses are fastened with huge -padlocks and chains, like prisons, or places with -dead secrets made safe in the custody of night. -Not a word is spoken. The two men, earnestly -bent on their search, walk along with the echoes -of their footsteps sounding loudly in their ears; -while the tap on the pavement of Fenwick’s stick -falls with a musical ring, as though it were gifted -with the power, like a magic wand, of chasing -the echoes away. When they presently stop at -the entrance to the counting-house of Armytage -and Company, the detective produces a latchkey, -opens the door, and leads the way into the house. -As soon as Walter has entered and the door is -closed behind him, Fenwick draws forth a dark-lantern, -which he flashes unceremoniously in the -young clerk’s face. ‘I call this light,’ says -Fenwick, ‘my eye.’</p> - -<p>Walter stares at it, and blinks.</p> - -<p>‘It has peered into and pierced through many -a dark deed.—Catch hold!’</p> - -<p>Walter, with trembling expectation, takes the -lantern.</p> - -<p>‘Throw the light upon the keyhole!’ cries Fenwick. -‘I will open the door.’ He rattles, as he -speaks, a bunch of keys.</p> - -<p>‘Which keyhole first?’ Walter asks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">{408}</span></p> - -<p>‘The strong-room.’</p> - -<p>Walter shows the way. They pass through the -clerks’ office and reach the iron-bound door of -the strong-room. The keyhole is rusty with age; -and when Fenwick stoops and applies the key, -there is a grating sound inside the lock like the -grinding of teeth. As soon as the door is thrown -open, Walter, with quick-beating heart, flings -the light forward into the room; that strange -fancy coming over him that his eyes will -encounter the ghostly form of the old miser, as -he had imagined him that afternoon, wrapped in -the white shroud, dancing round his heap of gold. -But finding nothing except dark walls, he boldly -steps in. The high stool beside the old desk, -where he has so often seen Silas Monk sitting -and poring over large ledgers, is vacant, and the -ledgers are lying about on the desk, closed.</p> - -<p>‘Now,’ says Fenwick, ‘give me the lantern.’</p> - -<p>Walter complies, and the detective flashes the -light about from ceiling to floor. Suddenly the -two men are startled by a stifled cry. Fenwick -casts his lantern angrily upon Walter’s face, as -though he suspects him of having uttered it. -The clerk’s eyes are terror-stricken, and his face -deadly pale.</p> - -<p>‘What’s that?’ asks the detective.</p> - -<p>Walter clutches at Fenwick’s wrist. ‘It is the -cry which I heard this afternoon.’</p> - -<p>‘What do you mean?’</p> - -<p>The light of the lantern is still on Walter’s face -as he answers: ‘I was seated at my desk. The -cry came from this room; but I thought it was -a fancy. At that moment Mr Armytage sent for -me, and I was afraid, if I mentioned it, that the -clerks would laugh at me.’</p> - -<p>‘Why?’ asks Fenwick, with surprise. ‘Do you -believe in ghosts?’</p> - -<p>‘N—no,’ says Walter with some hesitation. -‘But that cry did seem rather ghostly too.’</p> - -<p>‘Nonsense! It is Silas Monk.’</p> - -<p>‘But it sounded,’ continued Walter, ‘as though -it were in this room.’</p> - -<p>‘That’s true.’</p> - -<p>‘Then it must be his ghost; for there is no -living being here except ourselves.’</p> - -<p>Fenwick again flashes the light from ceiling to -floor, as though to make sure of this. Then he -says: ‘Kneel down, my lad. Place your ear to -the ground, and listen.’</p> - -<p>Walter quickly obeys; and for some minutes -a dead silence reigns in the strong-room. The -beating of his heart is all that Tiltcroft hears; -and all that he is otherwise conscious of is that -Fenwick’s ‘eye’ is watching the side of his face -uppermost on the floor as he lies there listening. -Their patience is presently rewarded. Their ears -are filled with another cry, pitiable and more -prolonged.</p> - -<p>Walter springs to his feet. ‘It is there!’ he cries.</p> - -<p>‘Below?’</p> - -<p>‘Yes; directly beneath our feet.’</p> - -<p>The detective begins to examine the flooring. -Inch by inch the ‘eye’ wanders over the ground. -An antique threadbare drugget is moved on one -side; packets of papers, ledgers, and lumber are -shifted from one corner to another. At last -Fenwick lights upon a circular hole about the size -of a crown-piece, scarcely an inch deep. ‘Ah!’ -cries he, ‘now we are on the track.’ He takes -from his pocket a penknife, scoops about, and -turns up a ring attached to the floor. He puts -his large muscular thumb into this ring, and -gives a jerk. A patch three or four feet square -in the boarding is detached. ‘A trap-door!’ cries -Fenwick. ‘Stand clear.’</p> - -<p>So it proves—a trap-door, which the detective -quickly raises, revealing pitch-darkness in the -opening.</p> - -<p>‘Go below,’ says Fenwick; ‘I’ll follow.’</p> - -<p>Walter looks down, hesitating. But when the -light is thrown that way, and he observes that -there are steps leading into the obscurity, he takes -the lead. The descent seems endless; for he -moves slowly, as Fenwick, coming after him, -throws the light upon him. Walter hears the -hard breathing of the detective, and it sounds so -strange in the stillness that he holds his own -breath to listen. Suddenly the light from the -lantern falls upon something which glitters on -the ground on all sides.</p> - -<p>‘Gold!’ cries Walter. His feet touch the -ground. He stoops and picks up a handful of -sovereigns. ‘The place is a vault, and it is paved -with gold.—What’s that?’ He points to something -in one corner like a human form.</p> - -<p>The detective steps forward and bends down, -throwing the light upon a ghastly wrinkled face. -The small eyes glitter like the gold, as though -they had caught the reflection, and the long lean -fingers are clutching sovereigns and raking them -up. Fenwick touches the miser on the shoulder. -‘What is all this?’ asks he. ‘Have you lost your -senses?’</p> - -<p>The old man utters a cry of distress which has -in it a ring of madness.</p> - -<p>‘Speak to him, my lad,’ says Fenwick. ‘He -will perhaps recognise your voice.’</p> - -<p>Walter kneels and takes the old miser’s hand. -‘Mr Monk,’ says he, ‘do you know me? I am -Walter Tiltcroft, your friend.’</p> - -<p>Silas Monk looks up, bursts into a wild fit of -laughter, and then falls back senseless.</p> - -<p>The detective lifts the old man in his strong -arms as though handling a child. ‘Ascend the -ladder!’ cries he quickly to Walter, ‘and show -a light; not a moment must be lost in getting the -old man home.’</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Silas Monk was taken back to his tumble-down -dwelling in the dismal row, and was tended with -all possible care by his devoted grand-daughter. -His recovery to a certain point was rapid. But -the mental condition was curiously impaired. -His brain had lost its force; no recollection of -the past survived. His memory seemed to have -fled into darkness, and to be resting there and -sleeping—a darkness into which it was safer not -to admit a single ray of light. This was the -bitter irony displayed by nature when granting to -this old miser a further extension to his lease of -life. For time out of mind, Silas Monk had been -governed by a master-passion—his only thought -that of hoarding gold. The glitter, like sunlight, -had pierced his cold heart, and had helped to keep -it beating; and it would almost seem as though -the warmth which this gold had driven into his -veins still lingered there, and helped to sustain -vitality, even when the memory which had given -birth to all this agitation was dead.</p> - -<p>It had been thought advisable by those who -study the mysterious workings of the mind, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">{409}</span> -gold should be concealed from the sight of Silas -Monk, and, if possible, even the sound of it, in -order that his memory might rest dormant and -his life be prolonged.</p> - -<p>One evening the old man was seated in his -armchair before the fire, with closed eyes. Rachel -sat on a low stool at his feet, holding his hand. -On the other side of the hearth was Walter -Tiltcroft.</p> - -<p>‘Walter,’ said the girl in a low voice, ‘you -hardly know how happy I am, now that grandfather -can give me all his love. He thinks no -more about his’——She stopped, and looked -up at her grandfather’s face, frightened that even -the mention of gold should reach his ears.</p> - -<p>‘Ah!’ cried Walter with a sigh, ‘how many -are there, I wonder, in this old city whose minds -would be less disturbed if that precious word -was forbidden to be uttered in their presence? -Does not your grandfather already look less pale -and haggard than he did a few weeks ago?’</p> - -<p>‘Indeed, he does,’ replied Rachel. ‘He remembers -both of us when we are near him. -He seems to need nothing now except our -affection.’</p> - -<p>Walter took the girl’s disengaged hand and -said: ‘Rachel! Let me be near you and him. -Why should we not be one, and watch over -grandfather together?’</p> - -<p>At the young man’s words, a look of rapture -crossed the girl’s face. ‘Dear Walter,’ cried she, -‘that is all I wish for in this world!’ She spoke -like a true and tender woman—from her heart. -Seated there by that homely fireside, with the -only two beings who were dear to her, she never -thought, or cared to think, that all the gold -which Walter Tiltcroft and the detective had -found in the vault below the strong-room in -Crutched Friars would one day belong to her—that, -when her grandfather died, she would be -a great heiress—worth, indeed, some thousands of -pounds. All she thought of, with that look of -rapture in her face, was that she had gained -Walter Tiltcroft’s love.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Meanwhile, Joe Grimrood having been accused -of the robbery in Crutched Friars, was tried, and -convicted. Thereupon, he made a full confession. -For some days before committing the theft, he -had watched Silas Monk from the scaffolding, after -the rest of the workmen had gone. Through a -chink in the old shutter he had observed every -movement of the old miser. He had seen Silas -Monk raise the trap-door which led into the -vault; he had seen him descend with his lantern, -and bring up bag after bag of gold, and pour -it out on the desk before him. Watching in -Crutched Friars, after having been shown to the -door by Walter Tiltcroft, he had seen the young -clerk leave the premises. Re-entering the house -by means of a key which he had taken the -precaution to forge, he had gone straight to the -strong-room, where he had met with unexpected -resistance. Silas Monk had displayed, according -to Grimrood’s statement, almost supernatural -strength; defending his gold as a tigress defends -her young ones, with a savage leap at the -workman’s throat. When utterly exhausted, -Grimrood had carried Silas down into the vault -and had closed the trap-door upon him. Then, -having placed all the gold with which the desk -was covered, into the bags, the burglar had -decamped, making his way to the docks, and -securing a berth on board an emigrant ship -which was on the point of departure for the -high seas.</p> - -<p>Thus it happened that, but for the shrewdness -and energy of the detective, Joe Grimrood would -have started on a voyage to Australia with, as -it appeared, nearly a thousand pounds in hard -cash belonging to Silas; and the old miser himself -would in all probability have been left to -die in the vault under the strong-room in Crutched -Friars, and ‘the mystery of Silas Monk’ would -have remained a mystery to the present day.</p> - -<p>All this occurred some years ago. Silas Monk -is long dead; and Walter Tiltcroft, who married -the old miser’s grand-daughter, is now a merchant-prince. -He purchased, soon after the death of -Mr Armytage, a partnership in the great firm; -and thus the gold which old Silas had hoarded -up in Crutched Friars proved the means, to a great -extent, of making Walter Tiltcroft’s fortune.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOMETHING_ABOUT_THE_HONEY-BEE">SOMETHING ABOUT THE HONEY-BEE.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3">BY A BEEKEEPER.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">To</span> ascertain the kind of flower, plant, or shrub -which the honey-bee mostly prefers, is worth -care and consideration. Having been a keeper of -bees for some years, I think it may be useful to -make known the results of my experience and -observations in Somersetshire, Hertfordshire, and -Middlesex.</p> - -<p>I will suppose that I have purchased a new -stock and hive, bar-frame for preference, and -caused it to be removed from the market-gardens -around Middlesex to a country town in Hertfordshire. -My bees on arrival examine their prospect, -and what an estate-agent may call their -‘outlook,’ very minutely, going even over the -walls and trees adjacent to their own hive, and -taking trial-trips of flight into the air, straight -up—very like the rising of a skylark from a field—and -dropping again almost as suddenly. Having -to some extent, after a day or two, mastered the -topography of the district, they will, if on a warm -day in February, commence upon the crocuses, -and work only upon them—not, as some may -suppose, dodge about irrespective of the kind of -flower. Although the casual spectator may see bees -upon every description of open flower upon one -and the same day, yet they are winging their -way from different hives. Our bees have commenced -on the crocus. The day following this, -they will try the common field dandelion; and -the next, the white arabis of the garden culture. -Then the black-thorn; later on, the currant and -gooseberry blossoms, and the sweet ‘may’ of our -hedgerows; and of trees—lime, palm, chestnut -come next.</p> - -<p>The hive should face the south, and the -alighting-board occupy as free a space as possible. -Water should be given, even during winter—inside, -if frost is severe.</p> - -<p>Some beekeepers suppose that colour attracts -the bee; others, that they possess acutely the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">{410}</span> -sense of smell; and much has been written on the -subject. But our readers are to suppose that we -are keeping bees between us, and that I am -relating my own experiences, which point to this—the -preference of these intelligent insects for some -plants over others. I have tried to educate my -bees, by inducing them on certain days to gather -from flowers presented to them in small bunches -upon the alighting-board of their hive. In two -instances I succeeded. One was with white clover, -which I picked in a field a mile distant. This -appeared to cheer the bees greatly, and drove -away their listlessness and inactivity. After -making an examination of my offering, they began -work in earnest; and this stimulant had the -desired effect of inducing an idle community to -work well. The second experiment was much -more demonstrative. Early in the morning, -before the workers came forth, I placed by the -alighting-board some bunches of alder-flower. I -had shortly the satisfaction of seeing the outgoing -bees return with little white trousers of -pollen, and I watched their flight to an alder -tree at a corner of the garden, not far from their -hive. This was conclusive.</p> - -<p>Now for some descriptions of preference shown -by bees. I have grown garden-peas of various -descriptions near my hives without inducing -the bees to notice them. Yet they will greedily -gather from French beans or scarlet runners the -whole day, till long after sunset. In spring-time, -the yellow gorse on uncultivated spots forms a -very strong attraction for the honey-bees; yet -they never touch the blossom of the laburnum, -which to ordinary mortals smells much the -same. The cultivated hyacinth they do not care -about, although they gather from the wild sort -in the woods and shady groves. Bees show great -preference for the pollen of some sorts of lilies, -yet are wholly indifferent to the lily of the valley. -They gather from the field-daisy, yet are careless -of the cultivated sort.</p> - -<p>Stocks they prefer to pinks, and lavender to -either; also the small flower of the borage delights -them; yet wild foxglove possesses little charm. -I have heard that bees like monkshood, and will -gather from it, but I have never seen them do -so. If they did, their honey would be poisonous. -Bees are passionately fond of clover and certain -vetches, and they will desert any garden flowers -for such natural feeding. Wild thyme and heather, -which improve the flavour of the honey, bees -perfectly revel in. Garden primroses, they do not -care much for; and auriculas, however gaudy in -colour, form no kind of attraction. The polyanthus -they have a languid liking for. I have -seen the wild-bees attack the cowslip; but not -the honey-bee of our hives. I saw a bee once -upon a cultivated rose; it was only resting. I -have likewise a distinct remembrance of seeing -many upon the wild-rose and dog-rose, wild clematis, -honeysuckle, and blackberry blossom.</p> - -<p>The situation of our hive cannot always be in -such a flowery land; and the beekeeper will do -well to study the different flora and trees in the -immediate neighbourhood of his hive, and endeavour -to supply any deficiencies of pollen-bearing -plants, as well as to give a gentle hint to the -inhabitants of his hives of any honey-bearing -plant from which he especially wants them to -gather. Of course, in wild heather districts, there -is no need to resort to planting or sowing for the -bees; they will in such places always take care -of themselves. In Somersetshire, bees find honey -from the many miles of apple-orchard stretching -away to the mild county of Devon; and farmers -well know that a good bee season, with a warm -and early spring, means a plentiful show of fruit in -the autumn for cider. In and around Middlesex, -there are market and fruit gardens; and in -Hertfordshire, grazing and clover lands, besides -hedges lined with limes and hawthorn, and later -on, honeysuckle.</p> - -<p>It is always a good plan to send late swarms -of the hive into heather-bearing counties; for the -bees being young, and having every inducement -to work for the approaching winter, will store -better than hives which have been ‘swarmed’ and -deprived of honey, the colonies of which are worn -or fatigued with the long-continued gathering of -a summer in more southern counties. It must -likewise be remembered that bees cannot gather, -or rather will not do so, late in the autumn, when -the cold prevents them sealing over with wax the -top of the cell.</p> - -<p>And now, a last word as to the preference of -our bees for certain flowers over others, which -we would imagine, with our limited powers of -the sense of smell and taste, would be preferred -by these insects, and for which we have the -greater amount of regard. I have seen, upon -the approach of a bee to any flower, that it flies -around the calyx almost always before alighting -upon the flower itself. This is a cursory -examination; and with its antennæ outstretched -and quivering, it is evidently scenting the honey -contained within. Should this prove a fruitful -flower and of the flavour required, the bee settles -on the centre of the stamen, and clutching it -with its four front-legs, steadies itself with its -longer outstretched two hindermost ones, and -withdraws the nectar by its proboscis, the -rings of the body assuming a vibratory motion -the while. The bee’s proboscis is a most -important instrument. It is composed of forty -cartilaginous rings, each of which is fringed with -minute hairs, having also a small tuft of hair -at its extremity, where it is somewhat serrated. -Its movement is like the trunk of an elephant, -and is susceptible of extension and contraction, -bending and twisting in all directions. Thus, -by rolling it about, it searches out the calyx, -pistil, and stamen of every flower, and deposits -its nectar upon the tongue, whence it -passes into the gullet at the base. The gullet -or first stomach is the honey-bag. No digestion -takes place here. In shape, it is like an -oil-flask, and when full, contains about one -grain. It is susceptible of contraction, and is so -arranged as to enable the insect to disgorge its -contents into the cells of the hive. A short -passage leads to the ventricle or true stomach, -which is somewhat larger. This receives the -food from the honey-bag, for the nourishment of -the bee and the secretion of wax. Dzierzon says -that the honey which a bee can take into her -stomach will enable her to subsist for a week -under some circumstances, while under others she -will die of hunger within twenty-four hours.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">{411}</span> -This opinion of Dzierzon settles my conviction, -that in the selection of the kind of food which -will enable the bee to live longest, the true guide -is to be found in the flowers for which it has the -strongest preference.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOK_GOSSIP">BOOK GOSSIP.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Norman Conquest is one of the great outstanding -and predominating facts in English -history. It occasioned a sudden break in the -life of the English people, and its influence -is felt in their character and institutions -even to the present day. A hundred and fifty -years before that event, the long black ships -of the Norse pirates entered the wide mouths of -the Seine and the Loire, and their crews, the -rudest of the rough barbarians of Denmark and -Norway, sacked the towns and pillaged the -churches of the country which was afterwards -to be called by their name. They had no science, -no arts, no culture. Their physical strength was -their glory; and their weapons of war, their -defence at home, served also as their passport -into the lands of the stranger whom they -plundered and slew. But they had a remarkable -power of adaptation. However foreign to -them the environment into which their hardy -courage had brought them, they did not long -remain untouched by it. Without losing their -own native hardihood and fearlessness, they -quickly absorbed into them the spirit of the -peoples and institutions among which they had -taken root; and before a century had passed over -their heads in France, they had already become -one of the great political forces of Europe. It -was this people, brave, warlike, and with strong -practical sagacity, who landed on the English -shores in 1066, and shattered the Saxon arms on -the slopes of Senlac. The battle at ‘the hoar -apple tree,’ where Harold lay dead with the -Norman arrow deep in his brain, marks the -beginning of a new epoch in England.</p> - -<p>The history of that great event, with its antecedents -and consequents, has rarely been better -told than it is by Mr Wm. Hunt, in the new -volume of the ‘Early Britain Series,’ entitled <i>The -Norman Conquest</i> (London: Society for Promoting -Christian Knowledge). As compared with the -work of Freeman, this is in bulk but a small -book; yet it contains within it all that thousands -of readers would desire to know of the history -of the Conquest. The author is extremely well-informed -on his subject, and his scholarly little -book gives evidence not only of original research -but of much original thought. The pictures he -draws for us of the England that preceded the -Conquest, and of the England that followed it, are -sketched with a fullness and beauty of detail -which amply exhibit the capacity and preparedness -of the author for the task which he undertook, -and which he has executed so well. His -extensive reading has enabled him to take advantage -of the results obtained by all the best and -more recent investigators in this section of -European history; and the Northmen both before -and after their descent on France, as well as the -Saxon tribes and Danish hordes that scoured our -coasts centuries before, are portrayed with a quick -and living touch. Still more interesting is the -story of the Normans after their taking possession -of England; and the strange manner in which -the Saxon head eventually conquered the Norman -hand—the Saxon language and institutions arising -in more than their original vitality and force -out of the ashes, as it were, of a temporary death—is -here narrated with admirable clearness and -coherency. The book is one of the best of the -very valuable series to which it belongs.</p> - -<p class="center">⁂</p> - -<p>The same publishing house issues another -learned little volume on <i>Anglo-Saxon Literature</i>, -by Mr John Earle, Rawlinson Professor of Anglo-Saxon -in the University of Oxford. It belongs -to the series bearing upon ‘The Dawn of European -Literature,’ and is rich with the results of the -best modern scholarship on the early history and -growth of our language. The time when Latin -and Greek formed the chief essentials of learning -is fast receding into the past, and these languages -are having a place assigned them more consistent -with the necessities of the modern world, which -is not tolerant of the acquisition of a kind of -knowledge that in great part is archaic and -useless. Under the influence of this change, -our own language is rising into an importance -which it could never attain so long as it -was regarded simply as a vulgar tongue, and -the historical study of English is becoming one -of the most popular as well as one of the most -useful pursuits of our philologists. The great -English Dictionary of the Philological Society is -only one evidence of this; for individual scholars, -during the last twenty years, have done not a -little to lay bare to us the inner structure of our -language, and the changes and modifications -to which it has been subjected in the course of -its long descent.</p> - -<p>In the little work under review, Mr Earle -states that Anglo-Saxon literature is the oldest -of the vernacular literatures of modern Europe. -The materials of this early literature are found -chiefly in written books and documents; but -they are found also in such subsidiary sources -as inscriptions on churches and church towers, -sun-dials, crosses, and even on jewellery. One -of the most remarkable in this last category is -what is known as the Alfred Jewel. It was -discovered in Newton Park, near Athelney, in -1693, and in 1718 had found its way to the -Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, where it still is. -It consists of an enamelled figure enshrined in -a golden frame, with a golden back to it, and -with a thick piece of rock-crystal in front, to -serve as a glass to the picture. Around the sloping -rim the following legend is wrought in the -fabric: <span class="smcap">Ælfred mec heht gewyrcean</span> (‘Alfred -me commanded to make’). ‘The language of the -legend,’ says the author, ‘agrees perfectly with -the age of King Alfred, and it seems to be -the unhesitating opinion of all those who have -investigated the subject that it was a personal -ornament of the great West-Saxon king.’ Mr -Earle traces the language from the Heathen -Period—that is, from the time previous to the -English conversion to Christianity, about 597 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span>—down -to the times that immediately succeeded -upon the Norman Conquest, and gives examples -of the language during these six centuries, with -translations of the various passages adduced. All -who have an interest in the study of the English<span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">{412}</span> -tongue, and of the changes superinduced upon -it by contact with other European vernaculars, -will find Mr Earle’s volume a ready and efficient -guide.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: -<br /> -SCIENCE AND ARTS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Projects</span> for cutting waterways across isthmuses -follow one another with such amazing swiftness, -and the project is in most cases so quickly followed -by realisation, that it would appear that -before many years have passed, all the available -peninsulas of the world will have been operated -upon and transformed into islands. Our French -neighbours are at present discussing the feasibility -of a gigantic undertaking of this nature, which, -if carried out, will unite the Bay of Biscay with -the Mediterranean. This projected canal, which -is to be of such dimensions that the largest ships -afloat can make use of it, is to have one entrance -near Bordeaux, and the other at Narbonne. This -short-cut across France will obviate the necessity -of the tedious voyage round Spain and through -the Straits of Gibraltar, and will undoubtedly be -a boon to shipping, and especially to British -vessels; but the scheme is at present only on -paper. It remains to be seen whether the undertaking -is possible; by which is meant, in these -days of engineering marvels, whether it will -pay.</p> - -<p>Like most other canal projects, this one is by -no means new; indeed, a canal already exists -almost along the same line of route—namely, the -Canal du Midi, which finds an outlet at Cette -in the Gulf of Lions, and joins the river Garonne -at its other extremity at Toulouse; the entire -navigable distance from Bordeaux to Cette being -three hundred and thirty-two miles. The existing -canal only accommodates small vessels, and -the entire journey is by no means a rapid one, -for there are more than a hundred locks to -be encountered, which gradually raise the boats -to a level of nearly eight hundred feet above the -sea. Whether the engineers of the new undertaking -propose any novel means of battling with -this difficulty of level, we do not know; but it -will be readily seen that the undertaking has not -the simplicity of a simple cutting, such as the -Suez Canal presents. Another formidable obstacle -to the work is the presence of certain -rivers which flow right across the track. In -the present case, these are crossed by aqueducts. -But what would be the size and cost of aqueducts -which would give passage to the floating palaces -which have taken the place of the small vessels -of days gone by?</p> - -<p>Coming nearer home, a project has been mooted -for cutting a channel from the river Tyne to the -Solway; and another across the low land which -separates the Forth from the Clyde. It is true -that in the latter case a narrow passage already -exists; but what is required is—according to the -opinion of a former President of the Liverpool -Chamber of Commerce, who writes to the <i>Times</i> -upon the subject—a channel which will allow -the passage of our largest merchantmen and ships -of war, so that in case of need the efficiency of -our naval defences may be practically doubled. -In case of war, the advantages of quick transport -of our ships from one coast to the other is obvious, -and may in a manner be compared to the undoubted -advantages which we reap from being -able to convey information quickly from place -to place by telegraphic agency.</p> - -<p>Some very interesting Roman relics have -recently been unearthed in the bed of the river -Rhone at Geneva, where some engineering works -are in progress. The most interesting of these is a -Roman altar furnished with an inscription to the -effect that the writer, a certain soldier of the -twenty-second legion, who had been shipwrecked -in the waters hard by, had raised this altar to the -god of the waves, Neptune, as a thank-offering for -his escape from death. We have also to record -a far more valuable find near Rome itself—at -Subiaco, where several priceless statues supposed -to have been sent by the Emperor Nero to that -place for the decoration of his villa there, have -been dug up. In Britain too, a Roman villa has -just been laid bare at Woolstone, Berkshire, -where, in addition to many tesselated pavements, -several graves of the Anglo-Saxon period -have been found. In London, our knowledge of -the Roman city which lies beneath the busy -metropolitan streets has been much enriched by -numerous discoveries made during the recent -excavations for the completion of the Underground -Railway. There is little doubt that -interest in things antiquarian is rapidly increasing -on all sides. This is not only apparent from -the attention which every fresh discovery receives, -but is indicated in a most satisfactory manner by -the circumstance that the University of Cambridge -has given archæology a recognised position among -the subjects for the classical tripos examination, -and has just opened a Museum which will give -an impetus to studies of the kind.</p> - -<p>Although interest in matters archæological -shows a healthy increase, we have to regret a -decrease of interest in another important branch -of knowledge. The Royal Geographical Society, -which has just held its anniversary meeting, has -had to deplore, by the mouth of its President, -Lord Aberdare, that the Council have failed in -their attempt to introduce the efficient study of -geography into the curriculum of our great public -schools, such as Eton and Harrow. Prizes have -been offered; but there were few who cared to -compete for them. This seems a very extraordinary -state of things in a country which is -always proudly pointing to its possessions as being -so large that the sun must always shine upon some -part or other of them. But the fault probably -lies with the teachers more than with the pupils. -The members of the Geographical Society evidently -understand this, for they are now about -to institute an inquiry into the systems adopted -for geographical instruction in continental schools, -from which, if all reports speak truly, we may -well take a lesson.</p> - -<p>Professor Monier Williams’s recent lecture on -India, delivered before the University of Oxford, -was full of interesting particulars relating to the -great progress in every way which that vast -country had experienced under British rule. But -perhaps the most interesting portion of his remarks -was that relating to the new route to India which -will probably be opened, and which it is expected -will lead to great development of intercourse -between our Eastern and Western possessions.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">{413}</span> -This route will consist of a journey from London -to Odessa; thence by steamer across the Black Sea -to Batoum; then by Russian railway—a thirty-six -hours’ journey—to Baku on the Caspian; and a -day’s voyage across the Caspian to Michaelovsk. -At this latter place is the terminus of the Central -Asian Railway, which some months ago was complete -for one hundred and forty-four miles, and -which will eventually land the traveller at the -gate of India—Herat. The journey from Calais -to our Indian frontier will be possible in nine -days, so long at least as we remain friends with -Russia. Professor Williams considers that we -shall be bound to extend our railway from its -present limit at Quetta, through Candahar, so as -to meet the Russians at Herat. He thinks that -we can meet them there as friends rather than -enemies; and all will agree in trusting that his -words may come true.</p> - -<p>During the past year, the progress made by the -British Ordnance Survey has been greater than -in any previous period, an area of more than two -and a half million acres having been mapped. It -is expected that the survey of the entire kingdom -will be complete by the year 1888, and that the -publication of the maps will be finished two years -later. A largely increased staff of surveyors and -draughtsmen has been engaged to insure this -acceleration in the work, and considerable time -has been spent in instructing their assistants in -their duties. The maps are reduced to the six-inch -scale, and are reproduced by the zincographic -process. All particulars of the work are contained -in a recently published Blue-book.</p> - -<p>The long-continued dispute as to the right -of the telegraph department to erect posts and -wires over our crowded city streets has at last -been set at rest, and the Postmaster-general can, -with certain restrictions, do much as he likes -about the matter. The Telephone Companies, who -are new-comers and have no statutory powers, -have yet to fight the question. We must for -many reasons deplore the circumstance that additions -will still be made to the metallic spider-webs -which cover so many of our fine metropolitan -streets. It has been suggested that the lines could -be made to follow the contour of the roads, and -could be hidden under eaves and behind coping-stones -so as no longer to offend the eye, or to -present the risk of danger to life, which they now -undoubtedly do. This innovation would doubtless -mean a great deal of difficulty to telegraphic -engineers, and would be naturally opposed by -them, for there is a sweet simplicity about a suspended -wire; but the gain to others would be -great.</p> - -<p>The International Health Exhibition, London, -which follows so closely upon the Fisheries -Exhibition, and occupies the same spacious site, -bids fair to be a success, although it can hardly -be expected to be quite so popular with the -multitude as its predecessor. Still, there is much -to attract the far larger part of the community -who long for amusement rather than instruction, -and as the financial success of the undertaking -must be dependent upon such visitors, the caterers -cannot be blamed if they have admitted within -their walls many exhibits which, by the widest -stretch of the imagination, can hardly be associated -with the subject of health. For more thoughtful -visitors, there are Conferences upon all manner -of questions connected with Domestic Sanitation, -questions of which the majority of people are at -present profoundly ignorant. There will also be -papers read upon the subjects of Meat-supply; -Food-adulteration and Analysis; School-diet; -School-life in Relation to Eyesight; Posture in -Schools; Epidemics in Schools; and numberless -other matters of social interest. As these Conferences -are under the care of different Societies -and Associations, which exist only to increase our -knowledge regarding the different subjects indicated, -and which have in most cases been at work -for many years, we may be sure that much good -will accrue from these discussions. Following -the procedure of the Fisheries Exhibition, a -number of pamphlets will also be issued, dealing -with the multifarious sections of the Exhibition.</p> - -<p>Although, as we have more than once pointed -out, the general adoption of the electric light for -domestic purposes cannot be looked for in the near -future, it can easily be installed for special occasions. -An account has recently been published of -a ball at a private house in London where the -rooms were illuminated during the evening by one -hundred and twenty incandescent lamps. These -lamps were fed by secondary batteries, which -arrived in two vans, and which were subsequently -accommodated in an adjoining coach-house. The -batteries had been previously charged at a place -ten miles distant. This use for the light may -possibly become common in cases where cost is -not a matter of first consideration.</p> - -<p>Another phenomenal diamond has fallen to the -lot of a fortunate digger at the Kimberley mine, -South Africa. Its weight is three hundred and -two carats; but, unfortunately, it does not possess -that purity of colour, or rather absence of colour, -which is the first desideratum in a diamond. Its -value is said to be about three thousand pounds; -whereas the far smaller Porter-Rhodes gem, found -in the same mine about three years ago, was -valued by its owner at one hundred thousand -pounds. But the popular notion is that the -value of a thing is what it will fetch, and -there are certainly very few persons in the -world who would lock up such an enormous sum -for the doubtful advantage of possessing such a -thing.</p> - -<p>A document, which should be widely known, -was recently issued by the Board of Trade, in the -form of a Report of the first year’s experience of -the Boiler Explosions’ Act of 1882. This Act, -we may remind our readers, provides that an -inquiry should be held into the cause of every -boiler explosion, with a view to their prevention -if possible. The causes of the forty-five casualties -of this description which were inquired into, -and which resulted in the loss of thirty-five lives -and injuries to as many more, were entirely -preventable. One of the assistant-secretaries to -the Board goes so far as to say that ‘the terms -“inevitable accident” and “accident” are entirely -inapplicable to these explosions, and that the -only accidental thing about many of them is that -the explosions should have been so long deferred.’ -The prevailing cause of the disasters is the unsafe -condition of the boilers through age, corrosion, -wasting, &c.; and a noticeable feature in many -cases is the absence of any effort on the part -of the steam-user to ascertain the condition of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">{414}</span> -the boiler, and consequently of any attempt -to repair, renew, or replace defective plates or -fittings.</p> - -<p>The authorities of Kew Observatory have -undertaken a duty which will be hailed with -satisfaction by all watchmakers and watchowners -in the kingdom. They will undertake for a -small fee to test the virtues of any watch left -in their care, and with every watch so tested, -will issue a statement of its going powers, under -varied conditions of position, temperature, &c. -They will also award to watches of superior -excellence certificates of merit, which certificates -will possess an equal value with documents of the -same nature which have for years been granted -by the Geneva and by the Yale College Observatories. -The Swiss and Americans have long -enjoyed these facilities for obtaining independent -testimony as to the qualities of their watches, -and it is only surprising that a movement has -not been made before in this direction here -at home; for English-made watches, in spite -of foreign competition, are still much sought -after.</p> - -<p>A new method of dealing with road-sweepings -and the contents of domestic dust-bins is now on -its trial in New York, and seems to be very -successful. The rubbish is carted, to the extent -of forty loads a day, to a wonderful machine, -which separates the paper, rag, iron, glass, coal, -and cinder into different heaps. These are afterwards -sold, with the exception of about four -hundred pounds of coal and cinder, which are -used for firing the engine attached to the machine. -The remaining refuse—of no use to anybody, -and too often, under existing systems, a possible -source of disease—is reduced by fire to impalpable -ash. It has been the custom in New York for -many years to carry their rubbish out to sea and -to discharge it outside the harbour. Pilots and -others have long protested against this procedure, -and affirm that the approaches to the harbour’s -mouth are gradually being silted up by the -accumulation of dirt thrown in. The experiment -will be watched with interest by all those who -acknowledge the importance of improved sanitation -in our large towns and cities.</p> - -<p>Moon’s Patent Quicksilver-wave Gold Amalgamator -is the imposing title of a clever machine -which has been introduced to obviate the serious -loss of gold which is inseparable from previously -existing methods of treating the ore. From the -discovery of gold in California in 1848 to the -end of 1882, the value of the gold found there -was nearly two hundred and thirty-seven million -pounds sterling. It is said on competent authority -that this vast amount is less than fifty per -cent. of the gold known to be in the ore treated, -more than half the precious metal escaping in -particles so fine that the machines employed -could not intercept them. In this new machine, -the crushed ore, mingled with water, is thrown -in small quantities into a moving wave of quicksilver, -and not merely across a quicksilvered plate, -as under the old system. The tiniest spangles -of gold are by this means speedily absorbed by -or amalgamated with the liquid metal, the two -being afterwards separated by heat in the usual -manner. In one mine where Mr Moon’s machine -is in use the increase of yield is estimated at -forty pounds sterling per week, so it would seem -that the cost of the appliance is soon repaid to -its purchaser.</p> - -<p>A very convenient combined seat and easel for -the use of sketchers has lately been brought under -our notice. It packs into a very small compass; -it will hold a large picture; it fully justifies its -name, ‘The Rigid,’ and actually weighs only four -pounds. Its price is moderate, and it is to be -had of Messrs Reeves, London.</p> - -<p>Referring to a recent article in this <i>Journal</i> on -‘Some Queer Dishes,’ in which it was stated that -the cuttle-fish is used for food in Japan and elsewhere -in the Pacific, a Portuguese correspondent -writes to us that in Portugal the cuttle-fish is -used as an article of food. It is opened, and then -dried; and may be seen hanging up for sale in -the shops. The people, he remarks, consider it -a delicacy; and it is, when properly cooked, very -rich and nourishing.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>NEW POSTAL ORDERS.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> system of Postal Orders, instituted in 1881, -has proved so successful, that it has been found -desirable to make certain alterations and extensions -therein, with a view to affording further -facilities to the public for the ready transmission -of small sums of money through the post. -On the 2d of June, a new series of Postal -Orders were issued, the former series being -entirely withdrawn. The new Postal Orders are -of fourteen different denominations, instead of -ten, as formerly; and the amounts of the various -denominations, together with the rates of poundage -chargeable thereon, are as follows:</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td> -<td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td> -<td class="tdc"><span class="pleft2"><i>d.</i></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 1</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">0½</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 1</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">0½</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 2</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 2</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 3</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 3</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 4</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 4</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 5</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> 7</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr">10</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr">10</td> -<td class="tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr">15</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1½</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr">20</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td> -<td class="tdl"><span class="pleft2">1½</span></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>There can be no doubt that these classes will -prove extremely useful to the public generally, -more especially as any amount of shillings and -sixpences up to twenty shillings can be transmitted -by means of only two of the above-named classes -of orders. A novel feature, too, is introduced, -whereby postage-stamps not exceeding fivepence -in value are to be allowed to be affixed to the -back of any one Postal Order to make up broken -sums—a feature which, it needs not much of -the spirit of prophecy to anticipate, will extensively -be taken advantage of. By this useful concession, -any sum up to a pound can now be sent -through the post by means of Postal Orders, and -in no case are more than two orders required -to make up the exact desired amount. It will -be noticed that the former twelve shillings and -sixpence and seventeen shillings and sixpence -orders are not included amongst the new denominations -of Postal Orders; but their abolition will -cause no inconvenience, as these two denominations -were of all the orders of the old series probably -the least used; and where such amounts are -desired to be sent under the new series, they can -be made up by using two orders, the poundage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">{415}</span> -on which will be no more than is now charged -for each of the denominations referred to—namely, -twopence. In several cases, the poundage has been -reduced, a benefit that will probably be the best -appreciated of all. A ten shillings and ten -shillings and sixpence order now only costs one -penny; and the orders for fifteen and twenty -shillings have been reduced to three-halfpence, -instead of twopence, as heretofore. Compared with -the former money-order rates, the Postal Order -system is remarkably cheap, and on this score, -will undoubtedly commend itself more than ever -to popular favour; and it is extremely probable -that for small sums the money-order system will -in future be very little if at all used. Indeed, the -Postal Order system, with its ready convenience -and cheapness, seems likely to supersede all other -methods of transmitting sums of a pound and -under.</p> - -<p>The Act under which these changes have taken -place also authorises the issue of Postal Orders on -board Her Majesty’s ships, a boon that the seamen -concerned will not be slow to appreciate. The -system is also to be extended to many of the -colonies as opportunity occurs. It is indeed now -in operation in Malta and Gibraltar, where it has -met with much popularity, owing to the fact, no -doubt, that the same rates are charged on Postal -Orders issued there as on Postal Orders issued in -this country. If we compare these rates with -those charged on foreign and colonial money -orders, it can readily be imagined that the system -will be hailed with unmixed satisfaction by the -colonies where it is shortly to be instituted.</p> - - -<h3>NEW METALLIC COMPOUND.</h3> - -<p>Delta-metal, a new metal said to be not unlikely -to rival steel under certain conditions, has, according -to the <i>Hamburg Correspondent</i>, been lately submitted -to the Polytechnic Association in Berlin. -Delta-metal contains iron in addition to the ordinary -constituents of brass. It takes on an excellent -polish, and is much less liable to rust than -either steel or iron. When wrought or rolled, it -is harder than steel, but not when cast only. It -can be forged and soldered like iron, but not -welded. It melts at about one thousand seven -hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit; and at from -one thousand three hundred to one thousand -five hundred degrees it is remarkably malleable, -and in this condition can admirably well be -pressed or stamped. For founding, it is also -well suited. The price is somewhat higher than -that of the better kinds of brass. It should be -found specially serviceable for objects exposed -to rust and requiring great hardness. At present—not -to mention other cases—the small steamers -for the exploration of Central Africa are being -made of delta-metal.</p> - - -<h3>HARBOUR OF REFUGE FOR EAST COAST OF -SCOTLAND.</h3> - -<p>We have before alluded to the operations of -the Committee appointed by the Government to -take evidence as to the most suitable place for a -harbour of refuge on the east coast of Scotland. -The Report of the investigators has now been published, -with their final recommendations. The -towns and harbours of Wick, Fraserburgh, Peterhead, -Aberdeen, Arbroath, and Montrose, are severally -reported upon, and the advantages and disadvantages -of each stated, with the result that -the reporters unanimously recommend Peterhead -as the site of the proposed harbour of refuge. -That town is situated almost midway between -the great natural harbours of the Firth of Forth -and Cromarty Firth, and its bay is well adapted -as a place of shelter. Its anchorage also is excellent, -the bottom of the bay being of mud with -a sandy surface, affording a good holding-ground. -The harbour is to be constructed by Scottish -convict labour.</p> - - -<h3>SUBTERRANEAN FISH.</h3> - -<p>A fact of much interest to students of natural -history is vouched for by Cavalier Moerath, a -civil engineer, formerly of Rome, and now visiting -this country. This gentleman has devoted much -labour and attention to the improvement of -water-supplies in Italy. In sinking for water -with one of Norton’s Abyssinian Tube Wells, he -tapped a spring from which was pumped a tiny -living fish. This fish had passed into the tube -well through the ordinary perforations of about -one-eighth of an inch. Examination proved it to -have no eyes, clearly indicating that it belonged -to an order intended to inhabit subterranean -waters. The occurrence was certified to by two -other gentlemen who were present when the fish -was pumped up.</p> - -<p>The site of the well is Fontano del Prato, -near the old city of Cori, between Rome and -Naples, and the depth is about seventy feet. The -soil from which the fish came was fine sand. -The strata passed through above this sand were -volcanic loose earth, clay and water, other volcanic -earth, rocks and sand, and clay. The temperature -of the water was low—about forty degrees -Fahrenheit. The water was fresh. The fish, we -are informed, has been preserved in spirit, and -is to be brought to England, when it will -probably be exhibited at the Health Exhibition -in London.</p> - - -<h3>THE FASTEST PASSAGE ON RECORD.</h3> - -<p>This great feat has just been achieved by the -Guion line steamer <i>Oregon</i>, which left New York -on the 26th of April last, and arrived at Queenstown -at 5.16 on Saturday morning the 3d of -May, making the trip in six days sixteen hours -and fifty-seven minutes, which is the fastest -homeward trip yet recorded. This is the more -remarkable from the fact that she had to traverse -over a hundred miles at least out of her course -to avoid the icebergs, those pests of the North -Atlantic. Passengers who embarked at New York -on Saturday the 26th April were landed at -Liverpool on the evening of that day week. The -<i>Oregon</i> is another of those naval masterpieces for -which the industry and skill of Scotland are so -justly celebrated, and is considered one of the -finest steamers afloat. Her highest score of miles -run in one day was four hundred and thirty-six.</p> - - -<h3>A CANINE ‘COLLECTOR.’</h3> - -<p>That dogs can be taught the performance of -tricks or acts showing a remarkable amount of -sagacity and intelligence, no one will pretend to -doubt, for it is a fact patent to all. But that a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">{416}</span> -dog could become a ‘collector,’ and a collector -of money too, is at first sight somewhat startling. -Yet such is the fact. A splendid and thoroughbred -Scotch collie, known as ‘Help,’ has been -actually trained as a collector of money for -charitable contributions, or subscriptions, for the -‘Orphan Fund of the Amalgamated Society of -Railway Servants.’ His tutor has been one of -the guards of the night-boat train on the London, -Brighton, and south-coast line. He is described -as a dog not only of great beauty, but of gentle -and winning ways, possessing marvellous intelligence -and a generous disposition. In his capacity -as collector he has travelled over the greater part -of England, always returning home to the headquarters -in the City Road, London, with the -proceeds of his charitable efforts. Last year, -he is reported to have crossed the Channel, -having been taken over by the captain of the -steamer <i>Brittany</i>, and introduced by him to -Her Majesty’s consul at Dieppe. In this port -he is stated to have collected about six pounds -ten shillings; and on returning home he seems -to have made a rather profitable stay at Newhaven, -where he collected nearly seven pounds. -In February last it was reported in the newspapers -that Help had been killed at a level crossing -at Middlesborough, in Yorkshire, where he -had been run over by an ‘express’ train. This, -however, turns out to have been a mistake. A -handsome Scotch collie <i>was</i> killed as stated, and as -he resembled Help very much, the story got about -that the canine ‘collector’ had lost his life on the -line. But Help is at this moment actively -following his charitable avocation, in which, we -believe, he excites more interest than ever. And -long may he continue to carry on his useful -career of helping the fatherless and the afflicted. -It would be interesting to know the plan or -system employed for the dog’s operations; in other -words, how it is done. The animal must, of -course, always be in charge of somebody, otherwise, -when he had done a fair day’s work in -collecting money, there are numbers of unprincipled -people who would speedily ease the collie -of his subscriptions, if they did not take his life -as well.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="WILD-FLOWERS_FROM_ALLOWAY_AND_DOON">WILD-FLOWERS FROM ALLOWAY AND DOON.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3"><span class="smcap">By Alexander Anderson.</span></p> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">No book to-night; but let me sit</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And watch the firelight change and flit,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And let me think of other lays</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Than those that shake our modern days.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Outside, the tread of passing feet</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Along the unsympathetic street</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Is naught to me; I sit and hear</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Far other music in my ear,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That, keeping perfect time and tune,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Whispers of Alloway and Doon.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">The scent of withered flowers has brought</div> - <div class="verse indent0">A fresher atmosphere of thought,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In which I make a realm, and see</div> - <div class="verse indent0">A fairer world unfold to me;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For grew they not upon that spot</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of sacred soil that loses naught</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of sanctity by all the years</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That come and pass like human fears?</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They grew beneath the light of June,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And blossomed on the Banks of Doon;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The waving woods are rich with green,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And sweet the Doon flows on between;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The winds tread light upon the grass,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That shakes with joy to feel them pass;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The sky, in its expanse of blue,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Has but a single cloud or two;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The lark, in raptures clear and long,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Shakes out his little soul in song.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But far above his notes, I hear</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Another song within my ear,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Rich, soft, and sweet, and deep by turns—</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The quick, wild passion-throbs of Burns.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Ah! were it not that he has flung</div> - <div class="verse indent0">A sunshine by the songs he sung</div> - <div class="verse indent0">On fields and woods of ‘Bonnie Doon,’</div> - <div class="verse indent0">These simple flowers had been a boon</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Less dear to me; but since they grew</div> - <div class="verse indent0">On sacred spots which once he knew,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They breathe, though crushed and shorn of bloom,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To-night within this lonely room,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Such perfumes, that to me prolong</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The passionate sweetness of his song.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The glory of an early death</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Was his; and the immortal wreath</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Was woven round brows that had not felt</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The furrows that are roughly dealt</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To age; nor had the heart grown cold</div> - <div class="verse indent0">With haunting fears that, taking hold,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Cast shadows downward from their wing,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Until we doubt the songs we sing.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But his was lighter doom of pain,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To pass in youth, and to remain</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For ever fair and fresh and young,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Encircled by the youth he sung.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">And so to me these simple flowers</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Have sent through all my dreaming hours</div> - <div class="verse indent0">His songs again, which, when a boy,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Made day and night a double joy.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Nor did they sink and die away</div> - <div class="verse indent0">When manhood came with sterner day,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">But still, amid the jar and strife,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The rush and clang of railway life,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">They rose up, and at all their words</div> - <div class="verse indent0">I felt my spirit’s inner chords</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Thrill with their old sweet touch, as now,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Though middle manhood shades my brow;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">For though I hear the tread of feet</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Along the unsympathetic street,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And all the city’s din to-night,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">My heart warms with that old delight,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">In which I sit and, dreaming, hear</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Singing to all the inner ear,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Rich, clear, and soft, and sweet by turns,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The deep, wild passion-throbs of Burns.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>The Conductor of <span class="smcap">Chambers’s Journal</span> begs to direct -the attention of <span class="smcap">Contributors</span> to the following notice:</p> - -<div class="blockquot_ans"> - -<p><i>1st.</i> All communications should be addressed to the -‘Editor, 339 High Street, Edinburgh.’</p> - -<p><i>2d.</i> For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps -should accompany every manuscript.</p> - -<p><i>3d.</i> <span class="smcap">Manuscripts</span> should bear the author’s full <i>Christian</i> -name, Surname, and Address, legibly written; and -should be written on white (not blue) paper, and on -one side of the leaf only.</p> - -<p><i>4th.</i> Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied -by a stamped and directed envelope.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will -do his best to insure the safe return of ineligible papers.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 26, VOL. I, JUNE 28, 1884 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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