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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7ed33d --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65856 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65856) diff --git a/old/65856-0.txt b/old/65856-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4514d1e..0000000 --- a/old/65856-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,805 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cincinnati's "Old Cunny", by Linden F. -Edwards - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Cincinnati's "Old Cunny" - A Notorious Purveyor of Human Flesh - -Author: Linden F. Edwards - -Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65856] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CINCINNATI'S "OLD CUNNY" *** - - - - - CINCINNATI’S “OLD CUNNY” - A NOTORIOUS PURVEYOR OF HUMAN FLESH - - - BY - LINDEN F. EDWARDS - - - Prepared by the Staff of the - Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County - 1955 - - [Illustration: Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen - County] - -One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the -direction of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne -and Allen County. - - BOARD·OF·TRUSTEES·OF·THE·SCHOOL·CITY·OF·FORT·WAYNE - - _B.F. Geyer, President_ - _Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary_ - _W. Page Yarnelle, Treasurer_ - _Willard Shambaugh_ - _Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs_ - - PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY - -The members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees -of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers) together with -the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate -City of Fort Wayne. - - _James E. Graham_ - _Mrs. Glenn Henderson_ - _Mrs. Charles Reynolds_ - - - - - FOREWORD - - -In the following publication Linden F. Edwards relates the evil deeds of -Ohio’s most notorious resurrectionist, William Cunningham. The paper was -originally published in THE OHIO STATE MEDICAL JOURNAL, Volume 50, May, -1954. The author has graciously granted permission to reproduce the -article. - -The Boards and the Staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen -County present this publication in the hope that it will interest local -readers. - - [Illustration: Linden F. Edwards] - - -The son of Albert R. and Mary E. (Hare) Edwards, Linden Forest Edwards -was born in Lewisville, Ohio, on November 25, 1899. He received the -bachelor of arts degree in 1922 and the master of science degree in 1923 -from Ohio State University. Dr. Edwards continued graduate study at the -University of Michigan, the University of Illinois, and Ohio State -University. In 1928 the degree of doctor of philosophy was conferred on -Linden Edwards by Ohio State University. - -Dr. Edwards has had considerable experience in the teaching profession. -His former positions follow: instructor in zoology, Ohio State -University, 1923-25; instructor in anatomy, University of Illinois, -1925-29. Since 1929 he has served in various capacities in the College -of Medicine at Ohio State University. - -Dr. Edwards is a member of the following professional organizations: -International Association for Dental Research, American Association of -Anatomists, Ohio Academy of Science, Columbus Dental Society, American -Association of the History of Medicine, and the Franklin County (Ohio) -Historical Society. He was a member of Sigma Xi, Omicron Kappa Upsilon, -and Gamma Alpha. He is also a past president of the Ohio Academy of -Medical History. - -Linden F. Edwards has published several books: ANATOMY FOR PHYSICAL -EDUCATION, CONCISE ANATOMY, and SYNOPSIS OF ANATOMY. He has also written -the chapter entitled “Anatomy” in Trapozzano’s REVIEW OF DENTISTRY FOR -STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS and has coauthored the chapter entitled “The -Maxillary Sinus” in Orban’s ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY. He has also -published scientific papers in the field of human anatomy. In recent -years he has developed an interest in the history of medicine, -particularly in the history of anatomy. - -Dr. Edwards married Elizabeth Smith on September 2, 1925, and has one -daughter. He currently holds the post of professor of anatomy in the -College of Medicine at Ohio State University. - - - - -For the sake of accuracy and to be truly interpretative the historical -account of any era should include a record of the evil deeds of -disreputable characters as well as the good deeds of honorable ones, -albeit the tendency is to disregard the former in order to glorify the -latter, because of their greater appeal to the pride and esteem of their -fellow countrymen. - -The medical colleges and the good citizens of Cincinnati during the -nineteenth century could well boast of their outstanding professors of -anatomy, such notables for example, as Doctors Cilley, Clendenin, Cobb, -Comegys, Gobrecht, Gross, Judkins and others too numerous to -mention—names which still grace the rolls of “Ohio’s Medical Hall of -Fame.” It is not the object of this paper to detract one iota from the -laurels of these professors of anatomy; rather, the purpose is to depict -some of the deeds and something of the character of a villainous -individual by the name of William Cunningham, a “professional -resurrectionist,” upon whom the professors relied for procuring their -anatomical material. - - - - - THE DRAY-MAN BOGEYMAN - - -More stories were told about Cunningham than of any other of the -resurrectionists in Ohio, of his grave robbing episodes and of his -escapades in eluding law officers. He was the bogeyman of all -ill-behaved children in the environs of Cincinnati during the period -when he plied his trade in corpses, which was between the years 1855 and -1871. He was known locally by various names, including Old Man Dead and -The Ghoul, but he was more familiarly called “Old Cunny,” not simply -because it was a contraction of his real name but since he was as -cunning as the proverbial fox, and due to his adroitness and daring, he -was deserving of the cognomen. - -He was born in Ireland in 1807 and is described as having been a big -raw-boned man with muscles like Hercules, a protruding lower jaw and an -insatiable thirst for hard liquor. During the day he was ostensibly a -dray-man, but at night he plied his trade as a professional -resurrectionist, supplying the medical colleges of Cincinnati with -cadavers which he and his hired helpers exhumed from the local -cemeteries. - -According to a Cincinnati physician, who knew him in a business way, -“Cunny was an expert in his business.... Usually he took the body to -town in a buggy sitting in the seat beside him. The corpse was dressed -up in an old coat, vest and hat. He would hold the reins in his right -hand while he would steady the corpse with his left arm around the waist -of his silent companion. Whenever people passed and the corpse would -gravitate forward and downward Cunny would slap his inoffensive partner -in the face and say to him ‘Sit up! This is the last time I am going to -take you home when you get drunk. The idea of a man with a family -disgracing himself in this way!’”[1] - - - - - OLD CUNNY’S CUNNINGNESS - - -Illustrative of Old Cunny’s cleverness are the following incidents -related about him. One night between the hours of eleven and twelve -o’clock he and two of his confederates stopped at a saloon in Carthage -to have a drink. His identity being known by almost everyone in the -environs of Cincinnati and his nightly movements always arousing -suspicion, after he and his helpers had departed several of the patrons -of the saloon organized themselves into a posse and proceeded to follow -the ghouls to the cemetery used by the City Infirmary in the rear of -that institution. The party in pursuit surrounded the cemetery just as -the ghouls were in the act of raising two subjects from their graves and -commenced firing promiscuously at them. His two helpers escaped into an -adjoining woods but Old Cunny stood his grounds and obstinately refused -to obey the command to hold up his hands. Finally when one of the -members of the party drew a bead on him with a rifle which failed to go -off when the cap snapped he reluctantly gave himself up and begged them -to spare his life. - -Old Cunny was then piled into his conveyance and accompanied by his -captors was forced to drive back to Carthage. On their return to that -village, he persuaded his captors to stop at the saloon where he bought -them several drinks. When they were properly mellowed, he was released -and permitted to return to Cincinnati with his empty wagon. However, -instead of continuing toward that city, he circumvented the route and -returned to the cemetery, during which time his doughty captors merrily -dispersed to their homes. Meanwhile, his helpers, having been well -trained in their duty, had returned to the scene of their ghoulish task, -had hooked the two subjects from their graves, and placed them in sacks -all ready for transportation to one of the medical colleges.[2] - - - - - TWO BODIES TWICE SNATCHED - - -On another occasion, he and two of his helpers were apprehended on -Reading Road near Walnut Hills with their booty which consisted of two -bodies which they had just exhumed from a cemetery near Hartley and were -concealed in gunny sacks. The three were immediately placed under arrest -and taken to the Ninth Street police station and the bodies were -delivered to a near-by funeral establishment for subsequent -identification. - -The following morning the suspects were released on bail, and that -afternoon two unassuming individuals, unknown to the attendant in -charge, called at the undertaker’s establishment and claiming they were -from the coroner’s office, demanded the bodies for the purpose of -holding an inquest on them. The two bodies were released without -hesitation. Upon the arrival of the proprietor, when told of the -incident he contacted the coroner’s office only to learn that the bodies -in question had not been sent for or been seen. Inasmuch as there were -no corpi delicti as evidence, no case could be made out against Old -Cunny, and he and his confederates were released.[3] - -In the CINCINNATI DAILY GAZETTE, under date of November 22, 1870, is a -news item to the effect that a body delivered to one of the medical -colleges of that city “was stolen by the enterprising sawbones of a -rival establishment during the night. Old Cunny was therefore compelled -to make another midnight expedition last night much to his disgust—not -that he dislikes the business, but that he is now getting old, and that -which was once pleasant recreation has now become somewhat of a burden.” -Wonder if it ever occurred to that reporter that there is a strong -likelihood that Old Cunny himself might have been the guilty one who -“stole” the body and re-sold it to a rival institution? Such episodes -were known to occur. - -Evidently not all of Old Cunny’s contraband was destined for the anatomy -laboratories in Cincinnati, as judged from a news item in the CINCINNATI -DAILY GAZETTE, dated January 20, 1870. According to this news report -“Cunningham, the resurrectionist, deposited a box at the U. S. express -office marked ‘Glass with care, C. O. D. Dr. M. P. Hayden, Leavenworth, -Kan.’ Suspicions of the company’s agents were excited, and when they -opened the box it contained the body of a negro woman prepared for the -dissecting knife and served up in a sack. The freight was returned to -Mr. Cunningham.” - - - - - A GHASTLY REVENGE - - -Old Cunny’s villainous nature is well illustrated in a story told of him -when he took ghastly revenge on some frolicking medical students who had -played some sort of a joke on him. According to the story, he became so -enraged with the students that he knowingly dug up the body of a -smallpox victim which he delivered to the dissecting room, as a result -of which the unprotected students promptly became infected with the -disease.[4] - -Although Cunningham probably was booked in the police records of -Cincinnati more often than any other of its citizens during his time, -not all of the charges brought against him were based on his -resurrection activities. As mentioned previously, he was addicted to -strong liquor, and because of that weakness he was occasionally booked -on charges of drunkenness and disturbance of the peace. Thus, for -example, in the CINCINNATI DAILY GAZETTE on January 13, 1870, we read -that “William Cunningham, an express driver, who will be remembered by -all who have attended the medical colleges in this city, managed to get -arrested last night. He first fired his brain with whisky then fired off -an enormous revolver on Central Avenue.” The report goes on to say that -he had on his person more than seventy dollars in greenbacks, a sum -according to the write-up slightly larger than usual for station-house -visitors. - - [Illustration: ... fired off an enormous revolver....] - -Evidence that Old Cunny enjoyed a lucrative income from his nefarious -business is furnished by an editorial in the CINCINNATI DAILY ENQUIRER -on February 21, 1871. It comments upon the poor conditions of the -Wesleyan Cemetery in that city, pointing out that “several of the graves -look as though they had been robbed by a professional body-snatcher. The -heads of the graves about two feet square in area are sunken lower than -the rest.... Indeed, after a consideration of the ease with which any -one can get into the grounds, it is not a matter of surprise if Cunny or -some other professional has often paid nocturnal visits to the Wesleyan -and obtained subjects for the various medical colleges.” It then goes on -to say that “When men of small means, and endowed with a bare living, -can afford to purchase fine residences and building sites, can drive -home four-hundred dollar carriages right from the manufacturer, things -do begin to look somewhat suspicious.” It may be assumed that, by -inference, the editorial writer refers to none other than William -Cunningham. - - - - - “THE CHAMPION RESURRECTIONIST CAUGHT” - - -As is the usual fate of all culprits who fail to learn that “crime does -not pay,” the law finally caught up with the hero of this tale. Old -Cunny’s end is best described in a feature article which appeared in the -August 31, 1871, issue of the CINCINNATI DAILY ENQUIRER, entitled “The -Champion Resurrectionist Caught.” Under this caption it is pointed out -that - - “Everybody knows ‘Old Cunny,’ the resurrectionist, whose occupation - for many years past has been to supply the various medical colleges of - the city with subjects for dissection, and, who, it is understood, has - amassed quite a handsome competency at his contraband employment. - - “Twelve or fifteen years ago, when he was in the prime of manhood, - Cunny was so adroit and careful, though daring withal, that he carried - on the business almost without molestation. But of late years his - increasing age and infirmity have several times thrown him into the - hands of the officers, though by singular good fortune he has hitherto - escaped punishment.” - -The news item then goes on to state that - - “Yesterday morning about one o’clock, the attention of two police - officers was attracted by the figure of an old man driving at a rapid - rate down a Cincinnati street followed by a crowd of men and boys - running after him, hooting and hollowing ‘Stop him! Shoot him!’ and - the like. The officers called him to stop, but he only laid whip to - his horse and drove past them. The horse, however, was lame, and the - load in the wagon seemingly heavy and after a short race one of the - officers grasped the bridle while the other took charge of the driver. - The driver was Old Cunny, who, returning after a night’s work at his - ghoulish employment, had been delayed on his road home by an accident - to his vehicle. In the wagon was found a sack containing the dead body - of a man, while a similar package on the seat beside him contained the - remains of a child, a boy ten or twelve years old.” - -Cunny was taken to the police station and ensconced behind iron bars; -his contraband was put in charge of the coroner, and he entered a plea -of not guilty. After paying bail to the sum of $300.00, he was released -from custody to answer to the charge of illegal possession of dead human -bodies at the next session of the Common Pleas Court. - -On September 12, 1871, there appears a statement in the same newspaper -to the effect that Cunningham had been indicted on five counts. No -record could be found as to whether or not he appeared in Court to -answer these charges or whether or not he was found guilty and -sentenced. The next news we hear of him is in the October 23, 1871, -issue of the newspaper in which it is mentioned for the first time that -Old Cunny was a patient in the Cincinnati Hospital and that he “regarded -the announcement of his demise yesterday morning as an error.” The news -item goes on to say that he was suffering a temporary derangement of his -system from the use of too much poor whisky but that he promised to be -out in a few days ready for business, which he claimed was being sadly -neglected during his illness. - - - - - AN APPROPRIATE FINIS - - -It is not known whether or not he was able to fulfill his promise. -However, it is known from the announcement in the local daily press that -Old Cunny met his demise on November 2, 1871, at the age of 64.[5] -According to Juettner that was not the end, however, of his earthly -remains; for on authority of this author, prior to Cunningham’s death, -he had sold his body to the Medical College of Ohio, and when he died it -was turned over to that institution by his “bereaved widow” who managed -to get an additional $5.00 bill for his giant carcass. This author also -made the claim that, at the time when he wrote the statement, “the -skeleton of Old Cunny is to this day the _pièce de résistance_ in the -museum of the Medical College of Ohio.”[6] - -Juettner’s claim as to the eventual fate of Old Cunny’s skeleton has -been verified by a statement received recently from the Department of -Anatomy, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, where the -skeleton is now housed. - -This is not the last we hear of Old Cunny’s widow, who has been -described as being “a bony, brawny-jawed Irish woman, with a mouth like -an alligator.” She had evidently taken up Old Cunny’s business where he -left off, judging from a news item that appeared in the OHIO STATE -JOURNAL of December 6, 1878, under the date line Cincinnati, December 5. -According to this news report, a gang of resurrectionists consisting of -five persons was arrested in that city, included among which were two -women, one of whom was “the widow of Cunningham, of former notoriety in -this business.” - -Upon such depraved characters as the Cunninghams did the anatomists of -the nineteenth century have to rely for the procurement of their -anatomical subjects prior to the passage of anatomy laws, which made it -unnecessary to resort to the nefarious and odious practice of body -snatching. Inasmuch as the identities of the procurers and of the bodies -which they delivered to the medical colleges were unknown to the anatomy -professors, all business transactions having been carried on through an -intermediary person—usually the janitor—the professors were consequently -absolved of being a principal or accessory to the crime of body -snatching. Granted that anyone who would be so wanton as to make his -livelihood by desecrating places of human sepulture was deserving of all -the villifying names hurled at him; nevertheless we should not lose -sight of the fact that the sins of commission of the ghoulish -resurrectionists were made possible by sins of omission of the public -and of their representatives in the legislative halls, who refused for -so many years to support an anatomy law, which, as time has proved, -abolished the need for resurrectionists. - - - - - REFERENCES - - -[1]Juettner, Otto: Daniel Drake and His Followers (Cincinnati, 1909), p. - 395. - -[2]Cincinnati Daily Gazette, December 24, 1870. - -[3]Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, February 3 and 4, 1871. - -[4]Juettner, loc. cit., 395. - -[5]Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, January 3, 1872. - -[6]Juettner, loc. cit., 395. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Conjecturally restored the reference to footnote 5 to the least - implausible place in the text. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CINCINNATI'S "OLD CUNNY" *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-family:cursive; font-size:110%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; font-family:cursive; } -dl.pcap { font-family:cursive; font-size:80%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cincinnati's "Old Cunny", by Linden F. Edwards</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Cincinnati's "Old Cunny"</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>A Notorious Purveyor of Human Flesh</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Linden F. Edwards</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65856]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CINCINNATI'S "OLD CUNNY" ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cincinnati’s “Old Cunny” A Notorious Purveyor of Human Flesh" width="600" height="883" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="cur small">CINCINNATI’S “OLD CUNNY” -<br /><span class="smaller">A NOTORIOUS PURVEYOR OF HUMAN FLESH</span></span></h1> -<p class="center"><span class="b cur"><span class="smaller">BY</span> -<br />LINDEN F. EDWARDS</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter">Prepared by the Staff of the -<br />Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County -<br />1955</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County" width="600" height="872" /> -</div> -<p class="smaller cur">One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published -under the direction of the governing Boards of the Public -Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="ssn">BOARD·OF·TRUSTEES·OF·THE·SCHOOL·CITY·OF·FORT·WAYNE</span></p> -<dl class="undent smallest"><dt><i>B.F. Geyer, President</i></dt> -<dt><i>Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary</i></dt> -<dt><i>W. Page Yarnelle, Treasurer</i></dt> -<dt><i>Willard Shambaugh</i></dt> -<dt><i>Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs</i></dt></dl> -<p class="center"><span class="ssn">PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY</span></p> -<p class="smaller cur">The members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees of the -School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers) together with the following -citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate City of Fort Wayne.</p> -<dl class="undent smallest"><dt><i>James E. Graham</i></dt> -<dt><i>Mrs. Glenn Henderson</i></dt> -<dt><i>Mrs. Charles Reynolds</i></dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2> -<p>In the following publication Linden F. Edwards relates the -evil deeds of Ohio’s most notorious resurrectionist, William -Cunningham. The paper was originally published in THE OHIO -STATE MEDICAL JOURNAL, Volume 50, May, 1954. The author -has graciously granted permission to reproduce the article.</p> -<p>The Boards and the Staff of the Public Library of Fort -Wayne and Allen County present this publication in the hope that it -will interest local readers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="791" /> -<p class="pcap">Linden F. Edwards</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iv">iv</div> -<p class="tb">The son of Albert R. and Mary E. (Hare) Edwards, Linden -Forest Edwards was born in Lewisville, Ohio, on November 25, -1899. He received the bachelor of arts degree in 1922 and the -master of science degree in 1923 from Ohio State University. Dr. -Edwards continued graduate study at the University of Michigan, -the University of Illinois, and Ohio State University. In 1928 the -degree of doctor of philosophy was conferred on Linden Edwards -by Ohio State University.</p> -<p>Dr. Edwards has had considerable experience in the teaching -profession. His former positions follow: instructor in zoology, -Ohio State University, 1923-25; instructor in anatomy, University -of Illinois, 1925-29. Since 1929 he has served in various capacities -in the College of Medicine at Ohio State University.</p> -<p>Dr. Edwards is a member of the following professional -organizations: International Association for Dental Research, -American Association of Anatomists, Ohio Academy of Science, -Columbus Dental Society, American Association of the History of -Medicine, and the Franklin County (Ohio) Historical Society. He -was a member of Sigma Xi, Omicron Kappa Upsilon, and Gamma -Alpha. He is also a past president of the Ohio Academy of Medical -History.</p> -<p>Linden F. Edwards has published several books: ANATOMY -FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION, CONCISE ANATOMY, and SYNOPSIS -OF ANATOMY. He has also written the chapter entitled “Anatomy” -in Trapozzano’s REVIEW OF DENTISTRY FOR STATE BOARD -EXAMINATIONS and has coauthored the chapter entitled “The -Maxillary Sinus” in Orban’s ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY. -He has also published scientific papers in the field of human -anatomy. In recent years he has developed an interest in the -history of medicine, particularly in the history of anatomy.</p> -<p>Dr. Edwards married Elizabeth Smith on September 2, 1925, -and has one daughter. He currently holds the post of professor -of anatomy in the College of Medicine at Ohio State University.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<p class="tb">For the sake of accuracy and to be truly interpretative -the historical account of any era should include a record of -the evil deeds of disreputable characters as well as the good -deeds of honorable ones, albeit the tendency is to disregard -the former in order to glorify the latter, because of their -greater appeal to the pride and esteem of their fellow countrymen.</p> -<p>The medical colleges and the good citizens of Cincinnati -during the nineteenth century could well boast of their -outstanding professors of anatomy, such notables for example, -as Doctors Cilley, Clendenin, Cobb, Comegys, Gobrecht, -Gross, Judkins and others too numerous to mention—names -which still grace the rolls of “Ohio’s Medical Hall of Fame.” -It is not the object of this paper to detract one iota from the -laurels of these professors of anatomy; rather, the purpose -is to depict some of the deeds and something of the character -of a villainous individual by the name of William Cunningham, -a “professional resurrectionist,” upon whom the professors -relied for procuring their anatomical material.</p> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">THE DRAY-MAN BOGEYMAN</span></h2> -<p>More stories were told about Cunningham than of any -other of the resurrectionists in Ohio, of his grave robbing -episodes and of his escapades in eluding law officers. He -was the bogeyman of all ill-behaved children in the environs -of Cincinnati during the period when he plied his trade in -corpses, which was between the years 1855 and 1871. He -was known locally by various names, including Old Man Dead -and The Ghoul, but he was more familiarly called “Old Cunny,” -not simply because it was a contraction of his real name -but since he was as cunning as the proverbial fox, and due -to his adroitness and daring, he was deserving of the cognomen.</p> -<p>He was born in Ireland in 1807 and is described as -having been a big raw-boned man with muscles like Hercules, -a protruding lower jaw and an insatiable thirst for hard liquor. -During the day he was ostensibly a dray-man, but at -night he plied his trade as a professional resurrectionist, -<span class="pb" id="Page_2">2</span> -supplying the medical colleges of Cincinnati with cadavers -which he and his hired helpers exhumed from the local cemeteries.</p> -<p>According to a Cincinnati physician, who knew him in -a business way, “Cunny was an expert in his business.... -Usually he took the body to town in a buggy sitting in the seat -beside him. The corpse was dressed up in an old coat, vest -and hat. He would hold the reins in his right hand while he -would steady the corpse with his left arm around the waist -of his silent companion. Whenever people passed and the -corpse would gravitate forward and downward Cunny would -slap his inoffensive partner in the face and say to him ‘Sit -up! This is the last time I am going to take you home when -you get drunk. The idea of a man with a family disgracing -himself in this way!’”<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></p> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">OLD CUNNY’S CUNNINGNESS</span></h2> -<p>Illustrative of Old Cunny’s cleverness are the following -incidents related about him. One night between the hours -of eleven and twelve o’clock he and two of his confederates -stopped at a saloon in Carthage to have a drink. His identity -being known by almost everyone in the environs of Cincinnati -and his nightly movements always arousing suspicion, after -he and his helpers had departed several of the patrons of the -saloon organized themselves into a posse and proceeded to -follow the ghouls to the cemetery used by the City Infirmary -in the rear of that institution. The party in pursuit surrounded -the cemetery just as the ghouls were in the act of -raising two subjects from their graves and commenced firing -promiscuously at them. His two helpers escaped into an adjoining -woods but Old Cunny stood his grounds and obstinately -refused to obey the command to hold up his hands. Finally -when one of the members of the party drew a bead on him -with a rifle which failed to go off when the cap snapped he -reluctantly gave himself up and begged them to spare his -life.</p> -<p>Old Cunny was then piled into his conveyance and accompanied -by his captors was forced to drive back to Carthage. -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -On their return to that village, he persuaded his captors -to stop at the saloon where he bought them several -drinks. When they were properly mellowed, he was released -and permitted to return to Cincinnati with his empty wagon. -However, instead of continuing toward that city, he circumvented -the route and returned to the cemetery, during which -time his doughty captors merrily dispersed to their homes. -Meanwhile, his helpers, having been well trained in their duty, -had returned to the scene of their ghoulish task, had hooked -the two subjects from their graves, and placed them in sacks -all ready for transportation to one of the medical colleges.<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a></p> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">TWO BODIES TWICE SNATCHED</span></h2> -<p>On another occasion, he and two of his helpers were -apprehended on Reading Road near Walnut Hills with their -booty which consisted of two bodies which they had just exhumed -from a cemetery near Hartley and were concealed in -gunny sacks. The three were immediately placed under arrest -and taken to the Ninth Street police station and the bodies -were delivered to a near-by funeral establishment for subsequent -identification.</p> -<p>The following morning the suspects were released on -bail, and that afternoon two unassuming individuals, unknown -to the attendant in charge, called at the undertaker’s establishment -and claiming they were from the coroner’s office, -demanded the bodies for the purpose of holding an inquest -on them. The two bodies were released without hesitation. -Upon the arrival of the proprietor, when told of the incident -he contacted the coroner’s office only to learn that the bodies -in question had not been sent for or been seen. Inasmuch -as there were no corpi delicti as evidence, no case could be -made out against Old Cunny, and he and his confederates -were released.<a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a></p> -<p>In the CINCINNATI DAILY GAZETTE, under date of -November 22, 1870, is a news item to the effect that a body -delivered to one of the medical colleges of that city “was -stolen by the enterprising sawbones of a rival establishment -during the night. Old Cunny was therefore compelled to -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -make another midnight expedition last night much to his disgust—not -that he dislikes the business, but that he is now -getting old, and that which was once pleasant recreation has -now become somewhat of a burden.” Wonder if it ever occurred -to that reporter that there is a strong likelihood that -Old Cunny himself might have been the guilty one who “stole” -the body and re-sold it to a rival institution? Such episodes -were known to occur.</p> -<p>Evidently not all of Old Cunny’s contraband was destined -for the anatomy laboratories in Cincinnati, as judged -from a news item in the CINCINNATI DAILY GAZETTE, -dated January 20, 1870. According to this news report “Cunningham, -the resurrectionist, deposited a box at the U. S. -express office marked ‘Glass with care, C. O. D. Dr. M. P. -Hayden, Leavenworth, Kan.’ Suspicions of the company’s -agents were excited, and when they opened the box it contained -the body of a negro woman prepared for the dissecting knife -and served up in a sack. The freight was returned to Mr. -Cunningham.”</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">A GHASTLY REVENGE</span></h2> -<p>Old Cunny’s villainous nature is well illustrated in a -story told of him when he took ghastly revenge on some frolicking -medical students who had played some sort of a joke -on him. According to the story, he became so enraged with -the students that he knowingly dug up the body of a smallpox -victim which he delivered to the dissecting room, as a result -of which the unprotected students promptly became infected -with the disease.<a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a></p> -<p>Although Cunningham probably was booked in the police -records of Cincinnati more often than any other of its citizens -during his time, not all of the charges brought against -him were based on his resurrection activities. As mentioned -previously, he was addicted to strong liquor, and because -of that weakness he was occasionally booked on charges -of drunkenness and disturbance of the peace. Thus, for example, -in the CINCINNATI DAILY GAZETTE on January 13, -1870, we read that “William Cunningham, an express driver, -who will be remembered by all who have attended the medical -colleges in this city, managed to get arrested last night. -He first fired his brain with whisky then fired off an enormous -revolver on Central Avenue.” The report goes on to -say that he had on his person more than seventy dollars in -greenbacks, a sum according to the write-up slightly larger -than usual for station-house visitors.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="904" /> -<p class="pcap">... fired off an enormous revolver....</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>Evidence that Old Cunny enjoyed a lucrative income -from his nefarious business is furnished by an editorial in -the CINCINNATI DAILY ENQUIRER on February 21, 1871. -It comments upon the poor conditions of the Wesleyan Cemetery -in that city, pointing out that “several of the graves -look as though they had been robbed by a professional body-snatcher. -The heads of the graves about two feet square in -area are sunken lower than the rest.... Indeed, after a consideration -of the ease with which any one can get into the -grounds, it is not a matter of surprise if Cunny or some -other professional has often paid nocturnal visits to the Wesleyan -and obtained subjects for the various medical colleges.” -It then goes on to say that “When men of small -means, and endowed with a bare living, can afford to purchase -fine residences and building sites, can drive home -four-hundred dollar carriages right from the manufacturer, -things do begin to look somewhat suspicious.” It may be -assumed that, by inference, the editorial writer refers to none -other than William Cunningham.</p> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">“THE CHAMPION RESURRECTIONIST CAUGHT”</span></h2> -<p>As is the usual fate of all culprits who fail to learn -that “crime does not pay,” the law finally caught up with the -hero of this tale. Old Cunny’s end is best described in a -feature article which appeared in the August 31, 1871, issue -of the CINCINNATI DAILY ENQUIRER, entitled “The -Champion Resurrectionist Caught.” Under this caption it is -pointed out that</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“Everybody knows ‘Old Cunny,’ the resurrectionist, -whose occupation for many years past has been to supply the -various medical colleges of the city with subjects for dissection, -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -and, who, it is understood, has amassed quite a -handsome competency at his contraband employment.</p> -<p>“Twelve or fifteen years ago, when he was in the prime -of manhood, Cunny was so adroit and careful, though daring -withal, that he carried on the business almost without molestation. -But of late years his increasing age and infirmity -have several times thrown him into the hands of the officers, -though by singular good fortune he has hitherto escaped punishment.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The news item then goes on to state that</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“Yesterday morning about one o’clock, the attention of -two police officers was attracted by the figure of an old man -driving at a rapid rate down a Cincinnati street followed by -a crowd of men and boys running after him, hooting and hollowing -‘Stop him! Shoot him!’ and the like. The officers -called him to stop, but he only laid whip to his horse and -drove past them. The horse, however, was lame, and the -load in the wagon seemingly heavy and after a short race one -of the officers grasped the bridle while the other took charge -of the driver. The driver was Old Cunny, who, returning -after a night’s work at his ghoulish employment, had been -delayed on his road home by an accident to his vehicle. In -the wagon was found a sack containing the dead body of a man, -while a similar package on the seat beside him contained the -remains of a child, a boy ten or twelve years old.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Cunny was taken to the police station and ensconced -behind iron bars; his contraband was put in charge of the -coroner, and he entered a plea of not guilty. After paying -bail to the sum of $300.00, he was released from custody to -answer to the charge of illegal possession of dead human -bodies at the next session of the Common Pleas Court.</p> -<p>On September 12, 1871, there appears a statement in -the same newspaper to the effect that Cunningham had been -indicted on five counts. No record could be found as to -whether or not he appeared in Court to answer these charges -or whether or not he was found guilty and sentenced. The -next news we hear of him is in the October 23, 1871, issue -of the newspaper in which it is mentioned for the first time -that Old Cunny was a patient in the Cincinnati Hospital and -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -that he “regarded the announcement of his demise yesterday -morning as an error.” The news item goes on to say that -he was suffering a temporary derangement of his system -from the use of too much poor whisky but that he promised -to be out in a few days ready for business, which he claimed -was being sadly neglected during his illness.</p> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">AN APPROPRIATE FINIS</span></h2> -<p>It is not known whether or not he was able to fulfill his -promise. However, it is known from the announcement in -the local daily press that Old Cunny met his demise on November -2, 1871, at the age of 64.<a class="fn" id="fr_5" href="#fn_5">[5]</a> According to Juettner -that was not the end, however, of his earthly remains; for -on authority of this author, prior to Cunningham’s death, he -had sold his body to the Medical College of Ohio, and when -he died it was turned over to that institution by his “bereaved -widow” who managed to get an additional $5.00 bill for his -giant carcass. This author also made the claim that, at the -time when he wrote the statement, “the skeleton of Old Cunny -is to this day the <i>pièce de résistance</i> -in the museum of the -Medical College of Ohio.”<a class="fn" id="fr_6" href="#fn_6">[6]</a></p> -<p>Juettner’s claim as to the eventual fate of Old Cunny’s -skeleton has been verified by a statement received recently -from the Department of Anatomy, University of Cincinnati, -College of Medicine, where the skeleton is now housed.</p> -<p>This is not the last we hear of Old Cunny’s widow, who -has been described as being “a bony, brawny-jawed Irish -woman, with a mouth like an alligator.” She had evidently -taken up Old Cunny’s business where he left off, judging from -a news item that appeared in the OHIO STATE JOURNAL of -December 6, 1878, under the date line Cincinnati, December -5. According to this news report, a gang of resurrectionists -consisting of five persons was arrested in that city, -included among which were two women, one of whom was -“the widow of Cunningham, of former notoriety in this business.”</p> -<p>Upon such depraved characters as the Cunninghams -did the anatomists of the nineteenth century have to rely for -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -the procurement of their anatomical subjects prior to the -passage of anatomy laws, which made it unnecessary to resort -to the nefarious and odious practice of body snatching. -Inasmuch as the identities of the procurers and of the bodies -which they delivered to the medical colleges were unknown -to the anatomy professors, all business transactions having -been carried on through an intermediary person—usually -the janitor—the professors were consequently absolved of -being a principal or accessory to the crime of body snatching. -Granted that anyone who would be so wanton as to make -his livelihood by desecrating places of human sepulture was -deserving of all the villifying names hurled at him; nevertheless -we should not lose sight of the fact that the sins of -commission of the ghoulish resurrectionists were made possible -by sins of omission of the public and of their representatives -in the legislative halls, who refused for so many -years to support an anatomy law, which, as time has proved, -abolished the need for resurrectionists.</p> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">REFERENCES</span></h2> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Juettner, Otto: Daniel Drake and His Followers (Cincinnati, -1909), p. 395.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>Cincinnati Daily Gazette, December 24, 1870.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a>Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, February 3 and 4, 1871.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>Juettner, loc. cit., 395.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_5" href="#fr_5">[5]</a>Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, January 3, 1872.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_6" href="#fr_6">[6]</a>Juettner, loc. cit., 395.</div> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Conjecturally restored the reference to footnote 5 to the least implausible place in the text.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CINCINNATI'S "OLD CUNNY" ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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