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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65859 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65859)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Architecture of the North
-Louisiana River Parishes, Volume I: Ouachita Parish, by F. Lestar Martin
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Architecture of the North Louisiana River Parishes, Volume I:
-       Ouachita Parish
-
-Editor: F. Lestar Martin
-
-Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65859]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net 
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTH
-LOUISIANA RIVER PARISHES, VOLUME I: OUACHITA PARISH ***
-
-
-
-
-
-         THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTH LOUISIANA RIVER PARISHES
-
-
-                                VOLUME I
-                            OUACHITA PARISH
-
-    [Illustration: Map showing location of Ouachita Parish]
-
-                       Dedicated To The Memory Of
-                          WILLIAM KING STUBBS
-                              (1910-1986)
-                 Who practiced Architecture in Ouachita
-                        Parish for over 50 years
-
-
-
-
-                          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
-
-
-                       LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY
-                     SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE
-
-                                STUDENTS
-
-  Peter Aamodt
-  Lance Ballard
-  Andrea Beaver
-  George Bendeck
-  Paul Bratton
-  Jeff Brown
-  Steve Butler
-  Tom Clark
-  Darryl Cockerham
-  Steve Dixon
-  Jim Funderburk
-  Charles Gaushell
-  Scott Gay
-  Amy Grafton
-  John Greer
-  Harmon Haley
-  Juan Hidalgo
-  Billy Mack Hogue
-  Donna Hammons
-  Rico Harris
-  Teresa Harris
-  Johnny Hembree
-  Teresa Henderson
-  Keith Matthews
-  Brian McGuire
-  Philip Morse
-  Roberto Mossi
-  Cheong Muikit
-  Laura Netto
-  Jn Obasi
-  David Peterson
-  Wayne Renaud
-  Terry Roye
-  Ken Smith
-  Lloyd Smith
-  Shawn Sprinkel
-  Alexis Torres
-  Brian Veal
-  Ellen Wilson
-
-                                FACULTY
-
-                  F. Lestar Martin, Professor, Editor
-           Peter Schneider, Head, Department of Architecture
-     Dr. Joseph Strother, Director, School of Art and Architecture
-
-            Partial funding for publication was provided by:
-
-               Central Bank of Monroe—West Monroe—Ruston
-           Convention and Visitors Bureau of Ouachita Parish
-                Downtown Development Authority of Monroe
-
-This book was also has been financed (in part) with Federal funds from
-the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, administrated
-through the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, Office of
-Cultural Development, Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. The
-contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies
-of the Department of the Interior.
-
-This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification
-and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil
-Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,
-the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the
-basis of race, color, national origin, or handicap in its federally
-assisted programs.
-
-
-                       LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY
-                                 Ruston
-                                  1988
-
-
-
-
-                            INTRODUCTION...
-
-
-A most useful tool for understanding the culture of a region is the
-study of its architecture. Buildings in which people live, work, learn,
-and worship reflect their tastes, economics status, and aspirations. And
-it is through research of extant architecture of an area that knowledge
-of past culture is ascertained.
-
-The Louisiana Tech University Department of Architecture has received
-grants from the State Division of Historic Preservation and the Division
-of the Arts to conduct field surveys of various parishes in North
-Louisiana. The purpose of the surveys has been to ascertain the types,
-location and quality of buildings 50 years or more in age. The
-architecture students toured the highways and back roads and
-photographed houses, outbuildings, churches, schools and commercial
-buildings. They interviewed occupants and area historians in search of
-information concerning original builder/owners. Each building was then
-documented, and the compilation of documentation was cataloged by the
-Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation in Baton Rouge.
-
-Each student was required to prepare eight pen or pencil sketches of
-buildings of individual choice. The original drawings, of which there
-are now over 1300, were placed in the William King Stubbs Architectural
-Archives, the permanent collection of North Louisiana architectural
-drawings at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston.
-
-The Ouachita Parish publication is the initial volume of a series
-entitled “The Architecture of the North Louisiana River Parishes.” The
-Ouachita River divides the parish into two distinct regions, the western
-portion being hilly country with the eastern portion being flat river
-delta terrain.
-
-Thus, a unique opportunity exists to study in one parish various
-lifestyles and cultures as reflected in historic architecture. Not only
-is there the rural architecture of the western hills which contrast with
-the rural architecture of the delta lands, but these elements may be
-examined in relation to the urban architecture of Monroe and West
-Monroe—The Twin Cities on the Ouachita.
-
-Following is the history of the settlement of the parish and
-descriptions of the areas west of the Ouachita, east of the Ouachita,
-and the urban fabric of the Twin Cities. A catalog of extant buildings
-according to plan type and characteristic details concludes the booklet.
-
-So, join us now for a tour of the architecture of Ouachita Parish.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 1. Rear view of Cadeville Masonic Lodge, west
-    of the Ouachita._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 2. A rural bungalow, east of the Ouachita._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 3. In the old city cemetery, Monroe._]
-
-
-
-
-         THE SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF OUACHITA PARISH....
-
-
-    [Illustration: _Map of Monroe and West Monroe, 1895_.]
-
-
-18th AND 19TH CENTURY SETTLEMENT
-
-The area now identified as Ouachita Parish had been occupied by
-aborigines since pre-historic times. Early European explorers included
-DeSoto (1542), La Salle (1682), and Bienville (1703). But it remained
-for Don Juan Filhoil with a commission from the Spanish governor to
-establish the first permanent settlement on the banks of the Ouachita.
-When Filhoil arrived in 1783, he named the site for the outpost Prairie
-des Canots for the Indian and trapper canoes gathered there. The
-military post was later named Ft. Miro in honor of the Spanish governor
-of Louisiana.
-
-A colonization scheme formulated by the Spanish government enticed the
-Marquis de Maison Rouge to establish a settlement further north near the
-conflux of the Ouachita River and Bayou Bartholomew, the site of the
-present town of Sterlington. But this settlement lost its position as a
-rival for the seat of parish government after Filhoil laid out a plot in
-1811 for a town on his plantation adjacent to Ft. Miro.
-
-An exciting event occurred at the townsite in May, 1819, one which was
-to have a two-fold effect on the 400 inhabitants of Ft. Miro. The event
-was the docking of the _James Monroe_, the first steamboat to ply the
-Ouachita to this northerly point.
-
-The ensuing excitement effected a village name change to “Monroe.” And
-for nearly a century the Ouachita River and steam powered boats combined
-to form a great highway of commerce and transportation for the region.
-
-Overland transportation systems developed throughout the territory
-during the 1800’s. The earlier Indian trails often became bridle paths.
-In 1839 a road was cut through from Monroe to Vicksburg, but it was
-passable only in dry weather. Stage coach service was initiated in 1849.
-During this era a road was established westward through the hills beyond
-the river; another went northward toward Arkansas. These westerly roads
-later became wagon roads bringing caravans of wagons from Jackson and
-Claiborne Parishes to river trade centers such as the former town of
-Trenton, two miles north of the present town of West Monroe. But it
-would be the advent of the Vicksburg to Shreveport railroad in the
-1880’s which would provide the communication link between the east and
-west portions of the Ouachita Parish. In 1853 the state legislature
-granted the first charter for the construction of the Vicksburg, Texas,
-and the Pacific Railroad through North Louisiana. The first passenger
-service from Vicksburg to Monroe was in 1860. The tracks were destroyed
-by Union forces in the Civil War but were reconstructed and replaced in
-service by 1870. In 1882 the railroad bridge spanning the Ouachita was
-opened. It contained wood planking for vehicular and pedestrian
-circulation. Rail passenger service from Monroe to Shreveport commenced
-on July 10, 1884.
-
-Ironically, the installation of the railroad service initiated the
-demise of two regional institutions, the town of Trenton on the west
-side of the river and the steamboat industry. Trenton, which had been
-platted into town lots in 1851, declined with the location of the
-railroad two miles south. Cottonport, a tiny community at the bridgehead
-on the west side of the Ouachita, changed its name to West Monroe and
-eventually developed into an important business and industrial
-community.
-
-Steamboat traffic on the Ouachita, which had begun in 1819, yielded to
-the speed and flexibility of railroad service. The glamorous
-steamboating era of nearly a century of luxurious but sometimes tragic
-travel came to an end in the 1910’s.
-
-
-20TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENT
-
-Thus, the parish of Ouachita, which had been created in 1807 and which
-was subsequently divided into nine parishes, entered the 20th century as
-a rural agricultural region containing small urban entities. Surrounding
-Monroe were large plantations with cotton production as the major source
-of wealth. But with the discovery of gas by Louis Locke in 1916 in
-Morehouse Parish, the area became known as the Monroe Gas Field, one of
-the largest gas fields in the world at the time. With this wealth came
-progress—paved streets, “skyscrapers” and a salt water natatorium in the
-city of Monroe. And the parish prospered as well. Industries using
-available natural gas and paper mills using yellow pine from the nearby
-hilly region located in the area.
-
-Transportation routes have continued to unite the parish to the region
-and to the world. U.S. Highway 80 was constructed in the 1930’s as a
-major east-west artery. Delta Air Lines began in Monroe as a small
-cotton dusting operation. And Interstate 20, completed in the 1960’s,
-now serves as an important coast-to-coast transportation route.
-
-Ouachita Parish has been called the “mother parish” of northeast
-Louisiana. It has contributed much to the welfare of the region, and it
-continues to offer the leadership of a pacemaker parish as the
-twenty-first century approaches.
-
-    [Illustration: _Map of Ouachita Parish, 1980’s_.]
-
-
-
-
-                        WEST OF THE OUACHITA....
-
-
-    [Illustration: Map]
-
-
-CONTRASTS ACROSS THE RIVER
-
-The rolling piney hill landscape of Ouachita Parish west of the river
-contrasts with the delta overflow land east of the river. This contrast
-was reflected in settlement patterns with different land allocations and
-building techniques. The delta lands had been acquired by pioneers in
-the late 18th century and a plantation economy evolved. The less
-productive western hilly area was settled in the 19th century as small
-farm holdings. The eastern lands were subject to river overflows; houses
-were elevated and were generally of wood frame construction. Pioneer
-houses west of the river were often constructed of logs on wood or stone
-piers in close proximity to the ground.
-
-Thus, contrasting cultures existed on opposite banks of the river. In
-this section the architecture of the western bank will be explored
-through an explanation of its extant architecture as evidenced in
-housing, out-buildings, churches and commercial buildings.
-
-
-THE LOG HOUSE, 19TH CENTURY
-
-The early North Louisiana pioneers were more concerned with the erection
-of a shelter for protection from the elements and wildlife than they
-were with architectural styles. Folk houses were constructed of either
-horizontal logs or wood frame.
-
-The typical log folk house plans of the mid 19th century in the hilly
-country were the single pen (room) wide and the dogtrot. The dogtrot
-plan consisted of the two single pens (rooms) separated by a floored and
-roofed but open walled space. (The designation “pen” is used only in
-reference to the rooms built of log construction).
-
-Folk house plans constructed of wood frame during the 19th century were
-the one room, two room, saddlebag, dogtrot, central hall and later the
-gable front and wing. These house types will be examined subsequently.
-
-Pictured on this page are examples of log construction. In figure 4 the
-logs were split; the inner room wall surface would be even. In figure 5
-may be seen several elements of folk log house construction in the
-drawing of a house being dismantled. This dogtrot with open passage
-between pens had an attached porch, square logs with square notches, an
-end exterior chimney (base visible), three inch round pole roof rafters
-and gallery door openings with the head occurring at the seventh log. In
-figure 6 a close-up detail shows the square hewn logs and square notches
-on this dogtrot.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 4. Log notch detail (Bldg. 76)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 5. An 1880’s square notch log dogtrot (Bldg.
-    6)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 6. Square notch detail (Bldg. 6)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig 7. An 1898 central-hall house with integral
-    gallery (Bldg. 55)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 8. Late 1890’s gable-front-and-wing house
-    (Bldg. 15)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 9. Late 1880’s two room house with vertical
-    board and batten siding (Bldg. 77)._]
-
-
-THE WOOD FRAME HOUSE, 19TH CENTURY
-
-During the late 19th century and early 20th century wood frame
-construction was used to build high style and vernacular houses in the
-Greek Revival and Queen Anne styles. Figure 7 depicts a late vernacular
-Greek Revival house with a symmetrical plan, and figure 8 shows a Queen
-Anne house with asymmetrical plan.
-
-The central hall plan in figure 7 has a steep roof with an integral
-gallery. Windows are six lights over six lights. A wing was attached to
-the rear. The original chimney is still visible.
-
-The gable front and wing plan house in figure 8 was popular in the
-period from 1890 to 1920. The key feature was the forward wing which
-occupied a portion of the full gallery and the resultant half porch.
-Often the front wall of the wing was angled, or cut away, but the full
-roof gable remained. Or, an additional polygonal bay was added. Note the
-Queen Anne scroll and trim on the porch. This replaced the simple 6″ ×
-6″ square post of older house forms. This house plan sometimes featured
-a central hall.
-
-Though in a deteriorated state, the two room house in figure 9 has
-features worth noting. The siding is vertical board and batten, a
-technique of construction which appeared with the erection of lumber and
-railroad worker housing in the 1880’s. The front covered area does not
-extend the full width of the core; therefore, it is termed a “porch” in
-contrast to the “gallery” of the previous two examples. Also, it is
-“attached” and not “integral” with the main core roof structure.
-
-
-THE WOOD FRAME HOUSE, 20TH CENTURY
-
-The 20th century houses shown on this page exhibit a quest for
-individuality and contemporary expression. Figure 10 depicts a typical
-central hall plan. The roof is hip and not the usual gable. This detail
-required a shorter gallery which was not flush with the extreme end
-walls. The front door is flanked by full width windows. Shutters were
-added to the front gallery windows.
-
-The bungalow plan appeared in North Louisiana in the mid 1910’s. This
-two room wide and two or more room deep house type (figure 11)
-proliferated in rural and urban areas. In its simplest form there was a
-forward facing gable with a porch. Here is depicted a half porch. Double
-windows were used.
-
-The 1930’s house illustrated in figure 12 is typical of the one room
-wide, several room deep shotgun plan found throughout much of Louisiana.
-This plan type became the typical house type for workers in New Orleans
-after the Civil War. It was seldom found in the hill parishes away from
-the waterways. In the shotgun depicted in figure 12 plywood siding has
-been installed over the original horizontal siding on the porch.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 10. A 1910’s central hall house with attached
-    gallery (Bldg. 3)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 11. The typical bungalow, two rooms wide with
-    gable front (Bldg. 52)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 12. Circa 1930 shotgun, one room wide with
-    gable front (Bldg. 50)._]
-
-
-THE FARM OUTBUILDING
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 13. A transverse crib barn with wood shingles
-    (Bldg. 73)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 14. Animal shelter with round logs, saddle
-    notches (Bldg. 47)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 15. Storage building with wood floor and an
-    addition with dirt floor (Bldg. 40)._]
-
-The small farms in the hill country were to a large extent
-self-supporting. Certain elements, such as food staples and clothing,
-were purchased at area or regional stores. But the rural farmer needed
-additional facilities to provide for his other needs. Facilities were
-built on the farm separate from the dwelling itself.
-
-Farm outbuildings may be placed in two categories, dwelling-related
-outbuildings and farm-related outbuildings. Dwelling-related buildings
-were used on a daily basis and included the well house, smoke house,
-storage room, chicken house, privy, and sometimes the storm shelter.
-Farm related buildings, those necessary for agriculture and caring for
-livestock, included barns (single crib, double crib, transverse crib),
-storage buildings and often the potato house, blacksmith shop and syrup
-mill. “Crib” is a term used as a designation for room in farm
-outbuildings.
-
-The drawings on this page depict the nature of the construction of farm
-outbuildings. They are basic structures erected by the farmer and his
-neighbors from available materials. Usually they are in the rear of the
-dwelling. Style and quality and finish of materials were not of great
-importance. These buildings were altered as needed.
-
-The largest outbuilding was the barn which was used for the protection
-of horses and cattle and the storage of wagons and farm equipment. The
-transverse crib barn in figure 13 included, in addition to the log crib,
-an open wagon shed, a sealed storage area and a loft for hay storage.
-Note the wood shingle roof and combination of rough sawn horizontal
-siding, logs, and vertical plank siding.
-
-The small building in figure 14 is similar in design to a smoke house
-but was probably used for animal shelter. The round logs have saddle
-notches and no chinking between logs. Ventilation was thus provided. The
-side addition gave storage area.
-
-The clean, simple storage building in figure 15 was constructed of flush
-sawn siding with a raised floor. The opening was for ventilation and
-light. The side addition has a dirt floor.
-
-
-THE RURAL PLACES OF ASSEMBLY AND COMMUNITY
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 16. 1920’s rural church with single tower
-    (Bldg. 20)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 17. The 1885 Cadeville Masonic Lodge. (Bldg.
-    54. Rear view in fig. 1)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 18. The Red Rock General Store, circa 1910,
-    with gallery and flagpole (Bldg. 7)._]
-
-The physical area required for the small farm caused the dwellings to be
-dispersed among the hills. One result was the existence of the lonely
-farmstead and the extended neighborhoods. Community feelings developed
-and interactions occurred at places of meeting. These meetings were both
-formal and casual. The formal occasions would occur at the church,
-school, or in rare cases the Masonic Lodge. Informal gatherings occurred
-at the rural general store.
-
-The predominant religions in the hilly country west of the Ouachita were
-Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian. Church services would be held on
-Sunday. Some denominations would also have weekly prayer services.
-Additional community happenings were the annual graveyard clearing with
-“dinner on the ground” and a revival. At these events family and friends
-would discuss newsworthy events. Figure 16 is an example of the small
-rural church which was built in the region.
-
-The Masonic Lodge was once an important community establishment. The
-Cadeville Lodge, figure 17, is one of the few lodge buildings remaining
-in North Louisiana. The first floor could be used for public services or
-community meetings. But the second floor was reserved for the private
-functions of the lodge members.
-
-The general store not only provided for the physical needs of the rural
-inhabitants, but also it contributed to their emotional well-being as
-well. The store owner would stock his business by traveling to
-distribution centers, often on the Ouachita River, purchasing goods and
-selling them to area residents. The regular weekly journey from the farm
-to the store would be a time for sharing news and discussing public
-events. Thus, supplied both physically and emotionally, the family
-member, or members, would return to the rural dwelling.
-
-The general store shown in figure 18 had a porch for neighborly use,
-wide openings and a high ceiling for ventilation, and it even featured a
-flag pole in the front yard.
-
-
-
-
-                        EAST OF THE OUACHITA...
-
-
-    [Illustration: Map]
-
-
-THE RIVER PLANTATION HOUSES, 19TH CENTURY
-
-The alluvial lands on the east side of the Ouachita fostered a
-settlement pattern which contrasted greatly with that of the hilly
-country west of the river. Large holdings had been claimed during the
-latter part of the 18th century and early 19th century. The Ouachita
-River then was the only source of regional transportation. Therefore, it
-was necessary from a communication transportation aspect that the land
-holdings possess headrights on the river.
-
-The resulting land holdings tended to have narrow frontage but deep
-extent. Annual spring overflows deposited silt near the river edge, and
-this high bank was the obvious location for the main buildings of the
-holding. Thus, the land also determined the hierarchy of architectural
-development on the holding.
-
-This hierarchy of spaces on the plantation followed a definite pattern.
-First, the river landing provided an entry to the owner’s house. Behind
-the house would be the workers’ quarters, and beyond these were the
-buildings necessary for the operation of the plantation.
-
-Pictured on this page are details of two plantation houses typical of
-those which once lined the east bank of the Ouachita. The 1838 Filhoil
-raised cottage of figure 19 has a Greek Revival portico with fan light
-in the front gable, Doric columns and a balustrade. The house was
-elevated for protection from the river overflow.
-
-The Whitehall Plantation house, figure 20, was built in 1858. Greek
-Revival style details include the squared transom and sidelights at the
-front door, low roof pitch, and pedimented window trim detail on the
-front gallery, figure 21. The gallery siding was flush but beaded. The
-windows extended to the floor allowing easy passage from interior rooms
-to the gallery. Operable, slatted shutters allowed sun control,
-ventilation, privacy.
-
-Whitehall is a 1½ story house with dormers, attic rooms, and an integral
-gallery. These were typical features for the Greek Revival cottages of
-both North and South Louisiana. The central hall plan is another
-characteristic of this type, which is generally associated with American
-settlement.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 19. The 1830 Jean Baptiste Filhoil Greek
-    Revival plantation house (Bldg. 134)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 20. Whitehall Greek Revival plantation house,
-    1858 (Bldg. 127)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 21. Detail of Whitehall gallery window,
-    pilaster (Bldg. 127)._]
-
-
-“TURN OF THE CENTURY” ONE ROOM, TWO ROOMS AND SHOTGUN HOUSES
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 22. Circa 1910 two room house with integral
-    gallery (Bldg. 120)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 23. Front view of a circa 1920 one room house
-    (Bldg. 115)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 24. Side view of 1920 one room house (Bldg.
-    115)._]
-
-The alluvial lands east of the Ouachita contained two categories of
-dwellings, those of the plantation owner as previously described and the
-houses of the tenants and small land owners. The dwellings depicted on
-these and subsequent pages are typical of the latter category. The basic
-folk house plan types used were the one room, two room, shotgun and
-later the bungalow. Houses were usually constructed of wood frame with
-vertical board and batten siding or horizontal milled siding.
-
-A feature which the basic one room and two room plan dwellings had in
-common was the integral front gallery. The gallery roof framing was part
-of the roof structure of the core of the dwelling. One might notice in
-figure 22 that although two gallery columns are absent, the roof is
-still standing.
-
-The one room type is illustrated in figures 23 and 24. The front view of
-the circa 1920 house shows a side addition to the original core room.
-The side view, figure 24, shows that this was originally two rooms deep
-since the space usually occupied by the rear gallery was enclosed. The
-roof had wood shingles on wood lath. The shingles were later replaced
-with sheets of tin.
-
-The two room plan houses in figures 25 and 26 were expanded as the space
-requirements of the occupants increased. The first example has a rear
-appendage. Vertical board and batten siding was used on the addition,
-but an inconsistency in window sash selection occurred. In figure 26 the
-appendage was built as a shed addition on the side. This large two room
-house is two rooms in depth. This additional depth allows the roof to be
-higher, a definite advantage for the reduction of summer heat.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 25. Two room house with board and batten siding
-    (Bldg. 118)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 26. Circa 1910 two room house on the O.Z.O.
-    Plantation (Bldg. 129)._]
-
-The shotgun type house plan, figure 27, was used abundantly on the river
-plantations. The typical plan was one room wide and two or more rooms
-deep. There were front and rear gables. Variety occurred at the front
-gallery as evidenced in the pair of shotguns illustrated. The gallery
-might be the full width of the core allowing space for chairs and thus
-creating an extra “room” for relief from the summer heat of the interior
-rooms. This gallery also provided a place for social interaction between
-the occupants and passersby. In contrast with this situation, the porch
-on the right was of the width necessary only to protect the door from
-the elements and to provide shelter for those entering. As shown,
-shotgun houses were often in close proximity to each other. This feature
-may have had its background in the fact that the shotgun plan had been
-used in urban situations in New Orleans where property was extremely
-valuable. However, when the plan was transported to a rural situation,
-the close proximity characteristic remained.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 27. A pair of 1920’s shotgun houses (Bldg.
-    125)._]
-
-
-THE 20TH CENTURY FARM BUNGALOW HOUSE
-
-As the 20th century advanced so did the plans and techniques of
-constructing the folk house. The bungalow plan was introduced into North
-Louisiana circa 1915. This plan type was two rooms wide and two or more
-rooms deep with front and rear gables. The bungalow plan would continue
-to be a popular house type in the region until the advent of the ranch
-type plan after World War II.
-
-The dwelling pictured in figure 28 was typical of the bungalow of the
-1920’s. As previously mentioned in reference to the shotgun house, the
-type of bungalow front gallery varied. The contrast may be observed in
-figures 28 and 29—the nearly full width gallery with hipped roof and the
-half porch with gable roof. An almost universal feature of the bungalow
-house was the use of exposed rafter ends.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 28. A 1933 bungalow plan with hipped gallery
-    (Bldg. 123)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 29. Gable screened porch on a Circa 1920
-    bungalow plan house. (Bldg. 95)._]
-
-It might appear that the occupant of the two room house in figure 30
-desired to update his dwelling to have contemporary characteristics
-similar to those of the bungalow. The remaining half porch was similar
-to those of many of the bungalow houses. The currently popular double
-window was used in lieu of the usual single opening. And the rear
-extension created the multiple room depth characteristic of the
-bungalow.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 30. A 1930 house with bungalow features (Bldg.
-    143)._]
-
-
-OUTBUILDINGS
-
-As was the case with the small farms west of the river, so the
-plantations and farms east of the river required outbuildings. Several
-examples of these outbuildings are represented.
-
-On this page are shown transverse crib barns; the major openings occur
-on the end elevations. In figure 31 the typical transverse crib barn
-plan is evident with the center aisle being flanked by several cribs as
-shelter for stock. Above the opening is a loft for hay storage. This
-drawing is also descriptive of the landscape of the delta
-plantation—broad level expanses of open land in cultivation. Twentieth
-century communication systems are evident with the dirt road and
-telephone poles.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 31. Transverse crib barn in a delta landscape
-    (Bldg. 140)._]
-
-In figures 32 and 33 variations of the transverse barn are illustrated.
-A barn with side shed additions, vertical plank siding and loft storage
-would have sheltered a wagon in the center aisle (figure 32). A unique
-solution to the high water problem is evident in the barn shown in
-figure 33. The structure is raised and provides vehicle and stock
-shelter in dry seasons, but any valuable equipment could be removed as
-spring overflows inundated the land.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 32. Vertical planks on transverse crib barn
-    (Bldg. 93)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 33. A barn raised for high water protection
-    (Bldg. 112)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 34. Circa 1900 log storage building (Bldg.
-    128)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 35. Half dovetail notches on 1900 log building
-    (Bldg. 128)._]
-
-
-A LOG OUTBUILDING
-
-Log construction of outbuildings directly on the ground was not a common
-model of construction in the delta land. The obvious reason was that
-frequent overflows would tend to produce rapid decay of the wood members
-in contact with the soil. But a rare exception to this practice was
-found in the building illustrated in figures 34 and 35. The relatively
-tall log storage building has continuous timbers as cantilever supports
-for side shed roofs. Whether these sheds ever had vertical post supports
-was not obvious on site inspection.
-
-The corner wall detail, figure 35, indicates that the large hewn timbers
-were assembled using half-dovetail notches. The horizontal logs were so
-closely cut that a minimum air space between logs remained. Chinking
-material was not used to fill these spaces.
-
-
-COMMUNITY BUILDINGS ON THE PLANTATION
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 36. Commissary store on Garrett Plantation
-    (Bldg. 131)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 37. 1920’s church on the plantation (Bldg.
-    98)._]
-
-A commercial establishment which was necessary in the delta was the
-commissary. It served the same function as the general store previously
-described for the hill lands west of the river. The commissary depicted
-in figure 36 has double doors flanked by large display windows. High
-windows on the side walls provide light and cross ventilation. This,
-too, would be a place for exchange of conversation as well as purchase
-of goods.
-
-The community church would serve the plantation workers and their
-families. The buildings were generally composed of one large assembly
-room and classrooms as appendages to the main building. A porch
-protected the double entry doors. A mark of individuality might have
-been created in the treatment of the belfry. The church illustrated in
-figure 37 has a single small belfry, but often twin towers were
-constructed. In addition to this function as a summons to worship, the
-bell was often used as a community signal of momentous events such as a
-birth or death on the plantation.
-
-
-
-
-                        MONROE AND WEST MONROE,
-                   THE TWIN CITIES ON THE OUACHITA...
-
-
-    [Illustration: Map]
-
-
-THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TWIN CITIES
-
-Field research of the buildings of Ouachita Parish has revealed that
-there are three distinct characteristic types of architecture. In the
-western hilly region of the parish is the small farm type, and in the
-eastern river delta region the rural plantation type prevailed. Both of
-these have been previously described. The third category of architecture
-is the urban type, found within the environs of Monroe and West Monroe.
-
-Whereas the rural architecture, with the exception of the plantation
-owner’s house, tended to be utilitarian and unconcerned with stylistic
-trends, the urban architecture very often was reflective of the
-currently popular national architectural styles. The styles most evident
-in extant residences in Monroe and West Monroe include Greek Revival,
-Queen Anne, Colonial Revival and California Bungalow.
-
-Styles found in ecclesiastical, civic and commercial buildings include
-Victorian Gothic and the Classic Revivals of the twentieth century.
-
-Following is a sampling of the various folk and styled architecture
-found within the city limits of Monroe and West Monroe.
-
-
-19TH CENTURY HOUSES ON THE RIVER
-
-The Greek Revival house pictured in figure 38 was built circa 1835 as
-the residence of the overseer for Lower Pargoud Plantation. A companion
-residence was constructed on the Upper Pargoud Plantation and exists at
-the end of Island Drive in Monroe.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 38. The Lower Pargoud Plantation overseer’s
-    house (Bldg. 143)._]
-
-Layton Castle, figure 39, was begun before 1820 as the residence of
-Judge Henry Bry. John James Audubon was a guest in the home during his
-visits to the wilderness of North Louisiana. In 1910 the house was
-renovated to resemble a European chateau.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 39. Layton Castle, begun before 1820,
-    remodelled 1910 (Bldg. 144)._]
-
-The 1882 Cox house depicted in figure 40 was approached through an oak
-alley facing the road, which later became South Grand Street. In the
-rear was a flower garden leading to the river.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 40. The 1882 Cox House on South Grand, Monroe
-    (Bldg. 122)._]
-
-These examples of 19th century houses were originally constructed in
-rural farming areas which have subsequently been incorporated into the
-city of Monroe.
-
-
-“TURN OF THE CENTURY” QUEEN ANNE HOUSES
-
-The popular circa 1890 through 1910 house style, Queen Anne, had
-numerous identifying features. A steeply pitched roof of irregular shape
-often had a dominant front facing gable. Patterned shingles, cutaway bay
-windows and various other elements were used to avoid a smooth-walled
-appearance. The facade was asymmetrical, and often it had a partial or
-full width porch along a side wall as well as on the front.
-
-Queen Anne dwellings were also noted for their decorative detailing.
-Delicately turned porch columns and decorative spandrels with knob-like
-beads were common. Spindle work was used on railings, at porch ceilings,
-and under the roof overhangs at cutaway bays.
-
-The house in figure 41 was constructed with forward gables, a partial
-porch on the front and a cutaway bay. Decorative elements include the
-ornamented gables and a spindlework frieze between the porch posts at
-the ceiling.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 41. Queen Anne detailing on a circa 1890 house.
-    (Bldg. 145)._]
-
-Miss Julia Wossman’s house, figure 42, was moved from downtown to St.
-John Drive in the 1950’s. Note the forward gables, turned porch columns,
-the wrap-around porch, and spindlework at the cutaway front and side bay
-windows. The porch also has spindlework, brackets and knob-like beads in
-the frieze. Gables contain fish scale patterned shingles.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 42. Miss Julia Wossman’s house, circa 1890
-    (Bldg. 146)._]
-
-The houses described represent only a sampling of the full range of
-extant Queen Anne houses in the urban area of the Twin Cities.
-
-
-20TH CENTURY COLONIAL REVIVAL HOUSES
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 43. The 1905 E. L. Neville Colonial Revival two
-    story house (Bldg. 147)._]
-
-Houses built after 1900 with the characteristics described as follows
-have been designated as being Colonial Revival style. A basic
-characteristic feature of this style was the accentuated front door with
-a porch supported by slender columns. Doors often had overhead fan or
-transom lights with sidelights, and windows contained double hung sash
-with multi-pane glazing in one or both sashes. As the 20th century
-advanced, windows were grouped in pairs of even units of three.
-
-The Ernest L. Neville house on Hudson Lane, Monroe, figure 43, was
-erected as a two story house with a dominant front gable with a
-multi-paned Palladian window, complete with keystone. The half-porch is
-full height with a railed balcony and Doric columns.
-
-The circa 1914 James Harvey Trousdale house, figure 44, on Hudson Lane
-is Colonial Revival in detailing, but the dominant, nearly square,
-configuration resembles that of a 19th century Louisiana raised cottage.
-Note the full story height raised basement area with the broad entrance
-steps.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 44. The J. H. Trousdale House circa 1914 (Bldg.
-    148)._]
-
-The George Weaks House on Riverside Drive, Monroe, figure 45, was built
-during the first decade of the 20th century. The full two-story
-semicircular porch with columns and pilasters has a balustrade and broad
-dormer at the roofline. The front door is accentuated with square
-transom and sidelights. Note the elaborate expanse of entry steps at the
-porch floor. Windows are glazed with multiple upper sash panes and a
-single lower sash pane.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 45. Classical porch on circa 1900’s Weaks
-    house._]
-
-Closer examination of the Weaks House in the porch detail, figure 46,
-reveals elaborate Colonial Revival detailing. The columns have Ionic
-capitals and fluting. The curved entablature with dentils is enhanced
-further with the application of moulded wood brackets under the roof
-eaves.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 46. Ionic column capitals on Weaks house (Bldg.
-    149)._]
-
-The Neville, Trousdale, and Weaks Houses were built near the river in
-the area expanding to the north of Monroe. They, along with the Governor
-Hall house which follows, are examples of the early Colonial Revival
-period in Monroe.
-
-The Governor Luther Hall Colonial Revival home pictured in figures 47
-and 48 was erected on Jackson Street in the older section of Monroe
-circa 1906. It contains the characteristics of the style previously
-described—accentuated front door with full pedimented portico supported
-by slender columns, fan light and sidelights and multi-panes over single
-pane sashes. The Hall house also contains elaborate detailing in
-addition to these usual characteristics of the Colonial Revival style.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 47. Gov. Luther Hall’s circa 1906 home (Bldg.
-    150)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 48. Elaborate porch detail on Hall home (Bldg.
-    150)._]
-
-The detail drawing of the Governor Hall house, figure 48, is
-illustrative of elaborate, nearly excessive, detailing. The window not
-only possesses pilaster trim with an entablature and pediment, but also
-a design featuring interlocking segmental and square panes in the upper
-sash. The entry door is slightly recessed which allows space for three
-segmented arches with keystones on Doric columns. And, in addition, the
-balcony above is supported by four curved fan-like wooden brackets. Note
-the large scale column bases.
-
-The Travis Oliver house at the north end of Riverside Drive in figure 49
-is indicative of the continued popularity of the Colonial Revival style
-in the cities. Built circa 1930, this two story house, similar to those
-previously described, has a full porch with slender columns, a small
-balcony and accentuated front door with an elliptical transom and
-sidelights. But certain mutations make this Colonial Revival house
-distinct from those previously described. The lower front windows are
-wood casement with a semicircular wood fan above. Second story windows
-are large eight over eight pane double-hung sash. Most importantly, the
-house is of brick veneer construction. Those previously described have
-horizontal wood siding. The 1930’s decade witnessed the apparent
-popularity and desirability of the use of brick in preference to wood as
-an exterior cladding material.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 49. Circa 1930 Oliver house on Riverside,
-    Monroe (Bldg. 151)._]
-
-Although Colonial Revival has been a dominant style for house
-construction in the Monroe and West Monroe area during the 20th Century,
-other styles are represented and will be described following.
-
-
-VARIOUS 20TH CENTURY HOUSE STYLES
-
-During the first three decades of the 20th century, while the Colonial
-Revival houses were being built in both one and two story versions,
-other styles were being represented in the Twin Cities. The Tudor
-Revival, Prairie Style and the California Bungalow received widespread
-acceptance in the 1920’s and 1930’s. One selection each of the Tudor
-Revival and Prairie Style are illustrated herein; also depicted is an
-example of a hybrid Queen Anne-California Bungalow House.
-
-The Tudor Revival style, popular in the United States from 1890 to 1940,
-received only nominal acceptance in North Louisiana. Characteristics
-included a simple box plan with extensions, facade dominated by two or
-more prominent cross gables and windows in multiple groupings with
-multipane glazing. Also used were massive chimneys with chimney pots.
-
-The Masur Museum on South Grand Street in Monroe was constructed 1929 by
-Elmer Slagle, Sr. Depicted in figure 50 are the characteristics of the
-Tudor Revival described above. This stone veneer house has a mezzanine
-porch in the rear overlooking a formal garden and the Ouachita River.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 50. The 1929 Slagle house, now Masur Museum
-    (Bldg. 152)._]
-
-A Monroe landmark is the 1926 G. B. Cooley house also on South Grand
-Street. See figure 51. Designed by the architect Walter Burley Griffin,
-an associate of Frank Lloyd Wright, the plan was laid out to resemble
-the decks of a steamboat. Mr. Cooley, the owner, was a steamboat captain
-who plied the Ouachita for many years. The Prairie Style house has 100
-windows which may be opened to take advantage of summer breezes.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 51. Cooley house designed in the Prairie Style
-    (Bldg. 153)._]
-
-An interesting Trenton Street house in West Monroe, figure 52,
-represents a mingling of stylistic detailing. The gable has wood
-shingles similar to those used in the Queen Anne styles, and the small
-patterned window panes of that period are reused in a new form. But the
-exposed rafter ends and expansive overhangs are characteristics of the
-California Bungalow style.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 52. On Trenton Street, West Monroe, a gable
-    detail. (Bldg. 154)._]
-
-Thus, Monroe and West Monroe contain a variety of residential stylistic
-expressions as evidenced in the extant houses.
-
-
-THE 20TH CENTURY CALIFORNIA BUNGALOW HOUSE
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 53. A California Bungalow in north Monroe
-    (Bldg. 155)._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 54. An expressive West Monroe California
-    Bungalow (Bldg. 156)._]
-
-An innovation in housing design and stylistic detailing occurred in
-North Louisiana during the second decade of the 20th century. The houses
-of two California architects, Charles and Henry Greene, led to the
-establishment of a style known as “Craftsman.” Several influences—the
-English Arts and Crafts movement, interest in oriental wood architecture
-and training in the manual arts—may have encouraged the Greene brothers
-to design intricately detailed buildings. Their work and other
-California residences received publicity in the various national
-magazines. Thus, the one-story Craftsman house soon became the most
-popular and fashionable smaller house in the country. In Louisiana these
-houses have been labeled “California Bungalows.”
-
-The characteristic features occurred normally on the facades, that
-portion of the house most visible to the public. The low-pitched gabled
-roof had wide, unenclosed eaves and overhangs and roof rafters were
-exposed and decorative false beams or braces occurred under the gables.
-Porches were full or partial width across the front.
-
-The porch or gallery columns had distinctive detailing. Typically, short
-square upper columns were placed over more massive masonry piers or a
-solid porch balustrade (skirt). The columns, piers, or balustrades often
-began at ground level and extended with no interruption to a level above
-the porch floor.
-
-The California Bungalow style houses constitute the most numerous group
-of extant styled houses in the Twin Cities. As such, they represent a
-definite attempt to establish a styled expression of individuality for
-the houses of the general populace. The examples illustrated on these
-pages are representative of this style.
-
-In figure 53 a California Bungalow in north Monroe was built with the
-front gable expressed in the broad three-windowed dormer. Note the
-extensive dormer roof overhang. The full width front gallery is provided
-with screens between the straight full height wood columns; the gallery
-roof overhang contains exposed rafter ends.
-
-Another expression of the California Bungalow appeared in the circa 1930
-West Monroe house shown in figure 54. This two story house has a front
-gable and multiple groupings of windows. But the greatest expression
-occurs in the one-story gallery. It has a smaller low pitched gable roof
-with four full height square brick piers and a half height brick pier
-near the door. The balustrade continues to the side porte cochere, or
-car shelter.
-
-The freedom of design offered by the California Bungalow style allowed a
-house form beyond that of the standard simple rectangle, and the West
-Monroe circa 1920 house in figure 55 used this freedom. The roof
-contains no gables, the front porch is allowed to wrap around the side,
-and the rear porch is enclosed providing additional room. The exposed
-rafter ends support a rather deep overhang. The porch supports are
-constructed of massive wood posts on half height brick piers.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 55. A rambling California Bungalow on Trenton
-    St., West Monroe (Bldg. 157)._]
-
-Yet another expression occurs in the West Monroe circa 1926 house in
-figure 56. The high roof allows space for attic rooms. Note shed roof
-dormer.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 56. Another expression of the popular
-    California Bungalow (Bldg. 158)._]
-
-The California Bungalow style continued to be popular in the region
-until after World War II when it was supplanted by the “ranch” form
-house with a concrete slab floor.
-
-
-A 20TH CENTURY COMPLEX—IN THE CITY
-
-When the J. E. Peters house and auxiliary buildings were built in the
-late 1920’s and 1930’s, the site was on the southern limits of the city
-of Monroe, but it subsequently was included within the city boundaries.
-Thus, today a unique rural atmosphere exists within an urban context.
-
-The complex depicted in figures 57 through 60 contains a two story
-house, garage apartment, storage or quarters building and a pair of
-water storage tanks.
-
-The two story house, figure 57, contains four rooms over four rooms and
-a stair and bath facilities. The one story gallery on the front and side
-provides ample opportunity for relaxation and relief from the heat of
-the interior rooms in the summer. Note the absence of a chimney; winter
-heating would have been provided by the newly discovered natural gas.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 57. The drawings on these pages are of the same
-    site in south Monroe, the Peters house (Bldg. 126)._]
-
-In the rear of the Peters house is a 1930’s garage apartment, figure 58.
-This element is a unique feature in the history of urban residential
-architecture. The automobile became obtainable by the urban family
-during the second decade of the 20th century, and it was sheltered in a
-structure separate from the residence. The garage would usually provide
-shelter for one to two automobiles.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 58. A garage apartment adjacent to the house.
-    (Bldg. 126)._]
-
-Often an apartment would be placed above the garage, as shown. Note the
-exterior access stairway. In post World War II residences the automobile
-would be sheltered in a garage attached to the main residence;
-subsequently this garage would relinquish its walls and doors and be
-known as a “carport.” Thus, the garage apartment holds a unique place in
-America domestic architecture.
-
-The Peters store house, or quarters, figure 59, also was representative
-of the era described. This building has exposed rafter ends, five panel
-doors, milled (not brick) siding, and is raised three steps above the
-ground.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 59. The storage building in the rear (Bldg.
-    126)._]
-
-The water towers shown in figure 60 are elevated to provide gravity
-pressure for water needed on the farm complex, whether for irrigation or
-livestock or domestic use. The towers are situated in a grove of pecan
-trees.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 60. Water tanks on the farm site (Bldg. 126)._]
-
-As urbanization increased, the opportunity for complexes such as this to
-survive decreased. Holdings were subdivided into residential lots, and
-the rural feeling and inherent privacy which it provided yielded to an
-environment of urban compactness. This is the price of progress as a
-city expands.
-
-
-URBAN ECCLESIASTICAL
-
-A distinct contrast exists between the rural ecclesiastical building and
-that of the urban area. The urban congregations tended to require more
-stylized edifices for worship. This may be apparent in the examples
-illustrated herein.
-
-The 1899 St. Matthews Roman Catholic Church is an excellent example of
-the Gothic Revival style. Characteristics of this style include the
-tower with belfry and spire, the single or grouped pointed-arch windows,
-the stepped buttresses and deeply recessed openings and wooden doors.
-These characteristics are evident in the church in figure 61.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 61. The 1899 Gothic Revival St. Matthews Church
-    (Bldg. 159)._]
-
-The Tabernacle Baptist Church on Beard Street, Monroe, was a later
-version of a style conscious church building. The opening is recessed
-and has a round arch over the door. A vertical accent was obtained by
-use of the small tower, figure 62. Brick as an exterior wall finishing
-material was commonly used in the towns; this contrasted to the almost
-universal use of wood siding on churches in the rural areas of the
-parish.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 62. Tabernacle Baptist Church on Beard Street,
-    Monroe (Bldg. 160)._]
-
-
-EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
-
-There are a number of extant 50 year old educational buildings in the
-Twin Cities which are excellent examples of the various prevailing
-architectural styles. The Mediterranean style is evident in such
-elementary schools as Georgia Tucker, Lida Benton, and Barksdale Faulk.
-Jacobean Revival may be seen in the old Ouachita Parish High School
-building on South Grand; Art Deco is represented in Neville High School
-on Forsythe Avenue, Monroe. It is very fortunate that these buildings
-remain and are either still being utilized as educational facilities or
-are being converted for contemporary adaptive reuse, the latter being
-the case in the South Grand building mentioned.
-
-Georgia Tucker School, figure 63, was built in 1919 and named for Mrs.
-Georgia Tucker Stubbs, a member of a pioneer Ouachita Parish family. Its
-Mediterranean style features include monumentality, solidity, use of low
-arches and imaginative towers. It also employs a unique treatment of
-terracotta in cast panels and columns capitals. One might note the use
-of free standing decorative nonfunctional columns on the front. The
-separate entrances for grades one through three and grades four through
-six are clearly defined.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 63. Georgia Tucker School, 1919 (Bldg. 162)._]
-
-The Jacobean Revival style was used for the Ouachita Parish High School
-building depicted in figure 64. Built in the late 1920’s, this three
-story remnant of the high school complex displays monumentality and
-elaborate detailing at the South Grand Street entrance to the classroom
-building. Quoins were used at masonry corners. The roof parapet wall
-contains decorative penetrations and projections as an expression of the
-method in which the building relates to the skyline.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 64. The Jacobean Revival Ouachita Parish High
-    School building, 1920’s (Bldg. 161)._]
-
-
-URBAN COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC BUILDINGS
-
-It has been previously illustrated that the urban residential,
-ecclesiastical and educational buildings were constructed to reflect
-current stylistic trends more than their rural counterparts; a similar
-observation might be made about commercial urban and rural buildings.
-The urban commercial buildings depicted on these two pages represent
-some of the stylistic expressions of the Twin Cities from the time of
-early settlement, the 1840’s, to the period of the oil boom, the 1930’s.
-As such, they might be viewed as a summary of commercial architecture in
-the Twin Cities.
-
-The Isaiah Garrett law office, figure 65, was constructed in the 1840’s.
-Its configuration is similar to that of the small residence of the
-period, a two room core with rear wing, chimneys on end elevations, and
-an attached front gallery. This building is now the Colonial Dames
-Museum.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 65. Isaiah Garrett law office, 1840’s (Bldg.
-    163)._]
-
-The two story commercial building shown in figure 66 was built in the
-1890’s on North Grand Street. It contains large glass areas for display
-and interior light, and the second floor contains arched windows on the
-street facade but flat lintel windows overlooking the river.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 66. 1890’s commercial building on North Grand,
-    Monroe (Bldg. 164)._]
-
-T. M. Parker built a two story commercial building on DeSiard Street in
-1908, figure 67. This building was used as a hotel for a long period.
-There is a similarity in the manner in which the roof lines of the
-buildings in figures 67 and 68 were constructed, since both parapets
-have shaped and raised center sections and projecting cornices.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 67. The T. M. Parker Building on DeSiard Street
-    (Bldg. 165)._]
-
-The West Monroe 1909 two story building depicted in figure 68 was built
-with similar characteristics as those previously described, a large
-glass area on ground floors and a masonry upper facade. But this
-building contains other individualistic features. The second floor opens
-onto a balcony which overlooks the Ouachita River, and a very elaborate
-cast stone lady’s head is incorporated into the pilaster on the left
-side of the front elevation. A companion sculpture on the right pilaster
-no longer exists. One might wonder if it were a male or female likeness.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 68. A West Monroe commercial building, 1909
-    (Bldg. 166)._]
-
-Civic architecture is represented by the 1925 Ouachita Parish
-Courthouse, figure 69. Neoclassicism was used to represent monumentality
-through the application of engaged Ionic columns on the major facades.
-Broad entry terraces and steps heightened the drama of entry into the
-main floor. The roofline contains a balustrade as an expression of
-uniting the building with the skyline.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 69. The neoclassical Ouachita Parish Courthouse
-    1925 (Bldg. 167)._]
-
-The Frances Hotel, figure 70, was constructed in 1930 and named for Mrs.
-Frances McHenry, wife of a founder of Delta Airlines. Its Art Deco style
-has a pronounced verticality and linear quality. This early Monroe
-skyscraper has elaborate window and facade treatment on the first three
-floors with minimal facade decoration on the hotel room floors above.
-The building is crowned with elaboration on the facades of the top
-floor. This floor once contained a ballroom which overlooked the city
-and the river. Arched windows with elaborate projections above broke the
-skyline. And above the roof was an enormous red beacon which was visible
-for miles at night. The beacon no longer is lighted.
-
-    [Illustration: _Fig. 70. Frances Hotel, Monroe, a 1930 Art Deco
-    building (Bldg. 168)._]
-
-The buildings pictured on these and the four preceding pages are
-examples of the manner in which the designers attempted to create
-aesthetically pleasing architecture for both the distant and the near-by
-viewer. Several have interesting rooflines which integrate the built
-environment with the skyline. They also contain elements which may be
-viewed from a closer position as a person enters the building; such
-elements include steps, entry details, and intricate window trim.
-
-
-
-
-                             CONCLUSION....
-
-
-Ouachita Parish possesses a rich architectural heritage. In time, this
-heritage spans from the beginnings of Layton Castle in the early 1800’s
-to the high rise Frances Hotel of the 1930’s—and on to the present. In
-terms of style, this heritage includes the simple one room houses as
-well as representatives of Greek Revival, Queen Anne, Gothic Revival,
-Colonial Revival, Classic Revival, California Bungalow, Prairie Style,
-Tudor Revival, and Art Deco.
-
-The life styles and cultures of the inhabitants are reflected and
-expressed in this architectural heritage. These cultures included that
-of the small farms west of the river, the plantations east of the river,
-and the urban culture as seen in the architecture of Monroe and West
-Monroe. What a rich assortment exists within a 20 mile radius of the
-center of Ouachita Parish.
-
-But this heritage is in danger. As progress continues and prosperity
-grows, the architectural heritage often diminishes. Older buildings are
-seen as liabilities and become victims of the wrecking ball. These
-buildings, whether constructed of log or brick with Romanesque or Gothic
-details, will not be erected again. Therefore, the visual insights into
-past cultures which these older buildings represent are lost forever.
-
-It is hoped that the publication of this collection of Ouachita Parish’s
-architectural heritage will make the public more aware of its valuable
-treasure as evidenced in older architecture. And in turn, it is hoped
-that this awareness will assist in the preservation of vestiges of our
-traditional past.
-
-                                                        F. Lestar Martin
-
-    [Illustration: _Bright-Lamkin-Easterling House, 1890._]
-
-
-
-
-                          CATALOG OF BUILDINGS
-
-
-The following listing contains information on extant buildings 50 years
-old in Ouachita Parish (excluding Monroe and West Monroe, cataloged in
-the La. Tech Arch. Dept.). Building number is followed by building type
-designation, porch type, siding and date.
-
- Survey     Type                             Remarks
- Number
-
- 1.     One Room       Attached porch, asb. siding, c.1930.
- 2.     Central hall   Integral gallery, c.1913.
- 3.     Central hall   Attached gallery, asbestos, c.1917.
- 4.     Central hall   Attached porch, asbestos, c.1920.
- 5.     Two room       No gallery, asbestos, c.1920.
- 6.     Dogtrot        Square logs and notches, c.1880.
- 7.     Other          Gen. store, integral gallery, vert. bd/batten,
-                       c.1910.
- 8.     Bungalow       Attached gallery, milled siding c.1926.
- 9.     Other          Liberty Baptist Church, asbestos, c.1915.
- 10.    Dogtrot        Enclosed, att. gallery, milled, c.1890.
- 11.    Central hall   Attached gallery, asphalt, c.1900.
- 12.    Two room       Attached gallery, milled, c.1910.
- 13.    Central hall   Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.
- 14.    Other          Gable front & wing, attached porch, milled, c.1910.
- 15.    Other          Gable front & wing, attached porch, milled, c.1900.
- 16.    Bungalow       Integral porch, milled, c.1930.
- 17.    Two room       Rare plan, gingerbread cols. & trim, attached
-                       gallery, milled c.1900.
- 18.    Shotgun        Shotgun, integral gallery, milled c.1920.
- 19.    One room       Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.
- 20.    Other          Mt. Horeb Church, milled, c.1920.
- 21.    Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, 1925.
- 22.    Bungalow       Integral half porch, milled, 1930.
- 23.    Other          Triple room, integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 24.    Bungalow       Integral side porch, milled, c.1931.
- 25.    Other          Bungalow type, attached porch, asbestos, c.1935.
- 26.    Central hall   Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1900.
- 27.    Dogtrot        Enclosed, part half log, attached gallery, milled,
-                       1890, Caldwell farm.
- 28.    Outbldg.       Round log w/sq. notches, shingle roof, 1880’s,
-                       Caldwell farm.
- 29.    Dogtrot        Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1900,
-                       Caldwell Farm. Log Outbuildings.
- 30.    Bungalow       Attached porch, asbestos, 1937.
- 31.    Central hall   Attached gallery, asbestos, 1925, Wallace farm.
- 32.    Shotgun        Shotgun, integral gallery, milled, 1920.
- 33.    Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, 1920.
- 34.    Bungalow       No porch, milled, 1930.
- 35.    Bungalow       Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 36.    Two room       Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 37.    Outbldg.       Transverse crib barn, tin siding, c.1930.
- 38.    Shotgun        No porch, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1920.
- 39.    Bungalow       Attached porch, vert. bd./batten siding 1930.
- 40.    Outbldg.       Storage, sawn siding, c.1930.
- 41.    Other          Gen. store, various additions, vert. bd./batten,
-                       c.1920
- 42.    Outbldg.       Round log, saddle notch corn crib, c.1920
- 43.    Shotgun        Shotgun, no porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.
- 44.    Outbldg.       Tranverse crib barn, vert. siding, 1935, Golson
-                       fam.
- 45.    Dogtrot        Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1930.
- 46.    Other          Camel-back house, no porch, milled, 1926, Marvin
-                       Spanier.
- 47.    Outbldg.       Single crib storage, round log, saddle
-                       notches, 1930, Spanier fam.
- 48.    Bungalow       Attached gallery, asbestos, 1930.
- 49.    Outbldg.       Single crib storage, half log, semi-lunate notch,
-                       c.1915, Golson fam.
- 50.    Shotgun        Shotgun, integral gallery, asbestos, c.1930.
- 51.    Outbldg.       Storage, vert. sawn, c.1930, George Hamilton.
- 52.    Bungalow       Integral half porch, asbestos, c.1930, Pat Tinsley.
- 53.    Bungalow       Attached porch, milled, 1933, John Mayes.
- 54.    Other          Two story Masonic Lodge—rare, integral gallery,
-                       sawn, c.1885.
- 55.    Central hall   Integral gallery, sawn siding, 1898, Golson fam.
- 56.    Bungalow       Integral porch, vert. bd./batten, 1933, James
-                       Young.
- 57.    Other          Latter Day Saints Church, attached portico,
-                       milled, 1910.
- 58.    Bungalow       Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.
- 59.    Other          Gen. store, attached porch, milled, 1927, Antley
-                       family.
- 60.    Outbldg.       Double crib, sawn, 1930.
- 61.    Other          Antioch Church, portico, steeple, asbestos, 1910.
- 62.    Bungalow       Integral gallery, milled, 1932, Fowler fam.
- 63.    Other          Frantom Chapel, asbestos, 1916.
- 64.    Outbldg.       Storage pen, sawn, c.1930, Burkett fam.
- 65.    Central hall   Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 66.    Two room       Attached porch, milled, 1918.
- 67.    Two room       Attached gallery, sawn, vert. bd./batten, 1905,
-                       Lovelady fam.
- 68.    Bungalow       Attached porch, vert. siding, c.1930.
- 69.    Other          Lapine Methodist Church, milled, c.1915
- 70.    Shotgun        Shotgun, integral gallery, vert. bd./batten,
-                       c.1920.
- 71.    Central hall   Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, 1897.
- 72.    Two room       Original single pen half log w/semi-lunate notch,
-                       att. gallery 1895, C. C. George.
- 73.    Outbldg.       Tranverse crib barn, square logs, square notch,
-                       sawn siding, c.1900, Griffin fam.
- 74.    Central hall   Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, 1893,
-                       Griffin fam.
- 75.    Central hall   Attached gallery, Masonite, c.1880, James Henry.
- 76.    Outbldg.       Single crib storage, round log, saddle notch,
-                       c.1920.
- 77.    Two room       Attached porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1880, John
-                       Bush.
- 78.    Single pen     Side addition, half round logs, semi-lunate notch,
-                       integral gallery, c.1890.
- 79.    Two room       Attached gallery, milled siding, c.1910.
- 80.    Bungalow       Half porch integral, milled, c.1920.
- 81.    Saddlebag      Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1880.
- 82.    Saddlebag      Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1880.
- 83.    Bungalow       Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, 1927, Amos
-                       Hollingsworth.
- 84.    Outbldg.       Half log storage pen, semi-lunate notch, c.1910.
- 85.    Other          Triple room integral gallery, asphalt, c.1890.
- 86.    Shotgun        Shotgun, integral gallery, milled, c.1930, Connie
-                       Dowdy.
- 87.    Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, c.1910.
- 88.    Two room       Original single pen w/additions, half log
-                       w/semi-lunate notch, add. vert. bd./batten,
-                       c.1880, Baugh fam.
- 89.    Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, c.1900.
- 90.    Central hall   Integral gallery, asbestos siding, c.1915, Thomas
-                       T. Jones.
- 91.    Bungalow       Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1930.
-
-                           EAST OF THE OUACHITA
-
- 92.    Two room       Attached porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.
- 93.    Other          Two story “Carolina I,” “Grecian Bend” plantation
-                       house, sawn siding, built 1866 by the Guthrie
-                       family.
- 94.    Two room       Attached gallery, milled, c.1927.
- 95.    Bungalow       Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 96.    Bungalow       “California,” integral gallery, milled, c.1930.
- 97.    Central hall   Integral gallery, milled siding, c.1930.
- 98.    Other          Church, portico, belfry, milled siding, c.1930.
- 99.    Outbldg.       Double crib barn, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.
- 100.   Central hall   “Greek Revival” plantation house integral gallery,
-                       milled siding, c.1880.
- 101.   One room       Attached porch, additions, vert. bd./batten
-                       siding, c.1900.
- 102.   Central hall   “O’Kelly House,” moved from N. 6th and Washington,
-                       Monroe; sawn siding, integral gallery, dormers
-                       added, c.1860.
- 103.   One room       Vert. sawn siding, c.1920.
- 104.   Shotgun        Shotgun, attached porch, vert. bd./batten siding,
-                       c.1910.
- 105.   Two room       Attached gallery, vert. bd/batten, c.1920.
- 106.   Other          “Little Bell Missionary Baptist Church,” milled,
-                       c.1920.
- 107.   Other          Triple room, integral porch, horiz. and vert.
-                       siding, c.1910.
- 108.   Bungalow       Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 109.   Outbldg.       Single crib storage, shed additions, c.1937.
- 110.   Central Hall   Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 111.   Two room       Attached gallery, asbestos, c.1930.
- 112.   Outbldg.       Double crib barn, vert. sawn, c.1930.
- 113.   Bungalow       Integral gallery, milled, c.1930.
- 114.   Two room       Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 115.   One room       Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.
- 116.   Two room       Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 117.   Central hall   Log room enclosed, integral gallery, sawn siding,
-                       original 1850 by Howard family, now Stubbs
-                       plantation house.
- 118.   Two room       Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1910,
-                       on Stubbs plantation.
- 119.   Two room       Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1920, on Stubbs
-                       plantation.
- 120.   Two room       Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1910, on
-                       Stubbs plantation.
- 121.   Bungalow       “California Bungalow,” milled, c.1920, on Stubbs
-                       plantation.
- 122.   Central hall   “Greek Revival,” integral gallery, milled siding,
-                       “Cox House.” 1882.
- 123.   Bungalow       Attached gallery, milled, c.1933, Henry Cyers.
- 124.   Bungalow       Integral gallery asbestos, c.1920.
- 125.   Shotgun        Two shotguns, attached and integral porches,
-                       milled, c.1920.
- 126.   Other          Two story, four room over four room, attached
-                       porch, milled, c.1927, various other buildings,
-                       water tanks.
- 127.   Central hall   “Whitehall Plantation” house, Greek Revival, sawn
-                       siding, integral gallery, dormers, fine millwork,
-                       1858. National Register.
- 128.   Outbldg.       Single crib, square log half dovetail notch,
-                       c.1900.
- 129.   Two room       Integral gallery, asbestos, c.1910, on “OZO,”
-                       McHenry Plantation, McClain and McDonald families.
- 130.   Central hall   1½ story, various additions to 1838, “Refugio”
-                       plantation house. McClain and McDonald families.
- 131.   Central hall   Integral gallery, asbestos, c.1830-50, Garrett
-                       family.
- 132.   Shotgun        Shotgun, attached porch, asphalt, c.1930.
- 133.   Central hall   Integral gallery, milled and asphalt siding,
-                       c.1880, Faulk family.
- 134.   Other          “Greek Revival,” portico gallery, additions,
-                       milled and sawn siding, built 1838 by Jean
-                       Baptiste Filhoil, grandson of Don Juan Filhoil.
-                       “Logtown” plantation house. Nat. Reg.
- 135.   Shotgun        Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.
- 136.   Shotgun        Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 137.   Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, c.1900.
- 138.   Central hall   “Boscobel,” integral gallery, sawn, Greek Revival,
-                       built c.1820. By Judge Henry Bry. Nat. Reg.
- 139.   Central hall   1½ story, integral gallery, milled, c.1900.
- 140.   Central hall   Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.
- 141.   Outbldg.       Transverse crib barn, vert. planks, c.1930.
- 142.   Central hall   Integral gallery, milled siding, c.1920.
- 143.   Two room       Like a bungalow plan, half porch attached, milled
-                       c.1930.
-
-                          MONROE AND WEST MONROE
-
- 143a.  Central hall   “Lower Pargoud overseer’s house,” integral
-                       gallery, sawn, built c.1835. Nat. Reg.
- 144.   Other          “Layton Castle,” renovated as “Chateau” in 1910’s,
-                       original raised Louisiana plantation house
-                       incorporated in house. Begun by Judge Henry Bry,
-                       c.1820’s. Nat. Reg.
- 145.   Other          “Queen Anne” gable front and wing, porches,
-                       milled, c.1890’s.
- 146.   Other          “Queen Anne” gable front and wing, porches,
-                       milled, c.1890’s.
- 147.   Other          Two story, porches, milled siding, built 1905 by
-                       Ernest L. Neville.
- 148.   Central hall   Raised, integral galleries, milled, J. H.
-                       Trousdale, Sr., 1914.
- 149.   Central hall   Two story, portico, milled, Weaks family, c.1900’s.
- 150.   Central hall   Two story, portico, milled, Gov. Luther Hall,
-                       1906. Nat. Reg.
- 151.   Central hall   Two story, portico, brick, Travis Oliver I,
-                       c.1930’s.
- 152.   Other          Two story Tudor Revival, built 1920 by Elmer
-                       Slagle, Sr. Nat. Reg.
- 153.   Other          Prairie style house designed by William Burley
-                       Griffin, 1926. Nat. Reg.
- 154.   Bungalow       “California bungalow,” shingle siding, c.1930.
- 155.   Bungalow       “California bungalow,” milled, c.1920.
- 156.   Bungalow       “California bungalow,” porches, c.1930.
- 157.   Bungalow       “California bungalow,” integral porches, milled,
-                       c.1920.
- 158.   Bungalow       “California bungalow,” integral gallery, milled,
-                       c.1926.
- 159.   Church         St. Matthew’s Roman Catholic Church, Gothic
-                       Revival, brick, 1899.
- 160.   Church         Tabernacle Baptist Church, brick, c.1935.
- 161.   School         Ouachita Parish High School, Jacobean Revival,
-                       c.1926. Nat. Reg.
- 162.   School         Georgia Tucker Grammar School, Mediterranean,
-                       brick, 1919.
- 163.   Office         Isaiah Garrett Law Office, brick, 1840’s. National
-                       Register
- 164.   Commercial     Two story brick store, 1890’s.
- 165.   Commercial     Two story brick store, built 1908 by T. M. Parker.
- 166.   Commercial     Two story brick store, 1909.
- 167.   Civic          Ouachita Parish Courthouse, Neoclassical, 1925.
-                       Nat. Reg.
- 168.   Commercial     Frances Hotel, multi-story, Art Deco, built 1930
-                       by Carl McHenry.
- 169.   Other          Queen Anne, Bright-Lamkin-Easterling house,
-                       National Register, 1890.
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Architecture of the North Louisiana River Parishes, Volume I: Ouachita Parish, by F. Lestar Martin</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Architecture of the North Louisiana River Parishes, Volume I: Ouachita Parish</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: F. Lestar Martin</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65859]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net </p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTH LOUISIANA RIVER PARISHES, VOLUME I: OUACHITA PARISH ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="The Architecture of the North Louisiana River Parishes, Volume 1: Ouachita Parish" width="1000" height="1329" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="small ssn">THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTH LOUISIANA RIVER PARISHES</span></h1>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small ssn">VOLUME I
-<br />OUACHITA PARISH</span></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="Map showing location of Ouachita Parish" width="600" height="516" />
-</div>
-<p class="center"><span class="ssn">Dedicated To The Memory Of
-<br />WILLIAM KING STUBBS
-<br />(1910-1986)
-<br />Who practiced Architecture in Ouachita
-<br />Parish for over 50 years</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...</span></h2>
-<p class="center"><span class="large">LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY
-<br />SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE</span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="large">STUDENTS</span></p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Peter Aamodt</p>
-<p class="t0">Lance Ballard</p>
-<p class="t0">Andrea Beaver</p>
-<p class="t0">George Bendeck</p>
-<p class="t0">Paul Bratton</p>
-<p class="t0">Jeff Brown</p>
-<p class="t0">Steve Butler</p>
-<p class="t0">Tom Clark</p>
-<p class="t0">Darryl Cockerham</p>
-<p class="t0">Steve Dixon</p>
-<p class="t0">Jim Funderburk</p>
-<p class="t0">Charles Gaushell</p>
-<p class="t0">Scott Gay</p>
-<p class="t0">Amy Grafton</p>
-<p class="t0">John Greer</p>
-<p class="t0">Harmon Haley</p>
-<p class="t0">Juan Hidalgo</p>
-<p class="t0">Billy Mack Hogue</p>
-<p class="t0">Donna Hammons</p>
-<p class="t0">Rico Harris</p>
-<p class="t0">Teresa Harris</p>
-<p class="t0">Johnny Hembree</p>
-<p class="t0">Teresa Henderson</p>
-<p class="t0">Keith Matthews</p>
-<p class="t0">Brian McGuire</p>
-<p class="t0">Philip Morse</p>
-<p class="t0">Roberto Mossi</p>
-<p class="t0">Cheong Muikit</p>
-<p class="t0">Laura Netto</p>
-<p class="t0">Jn Obasi</p>
-<p class="t0">David Peterson</p>
-<p class="t0">Wayne Renaud</p>
-<p class="t0">Terry Roye</p>
-<p class="t0">Ken Smith</p>
-<p class="t0">Lloyd Smith</p>
-<p class="t0">Shawn Sprinkel</p>
-<p class="t0">Alexis Torres</p>
-<p class="t0">Brian Veal</p>
-<p class="t0">Ellen Wilson</p>
-</div>
-<p class="center"><span class="large">FACULTY</span></p>
-<p class="center">F. Lestar Martin, Professor, Editor
-<br />Peter Schneider, Head, Department of Architecture
-<br />Dr. Joseph Strother, Director, School of Art and Architecture</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="large">Partial funding for publication was provided by:</span></p>
-<p class="center">Central Bank of Monroe&mdash;West Monroe&mdash;Ruston
-<br />Convention and Visitors Bureau of Ouachita Parish
-<br />Downtown Development Authority of Monroe</p>
-<p>This book was also has been financed (in part) with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department
-of the Interior, administrated through the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, Office of Cultural
-Development, Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. The contents and opinions do not necessarily
-reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior.</p>
-<p>This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties.
-Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S.
-Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or handicap in
-its federally assisted programs.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><b>LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY
-<br />Ruston
-<br />1988</b></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">INTRODUCTION...</span></h2>
-<p>A most useful tool for understanding the culture
-of a region is the study of its architecture. Buildings
-in which people live, work, learn, and worship
-reflect their tastes, economics status, and aspirations.
-And it is through research of extant architecture
-of an area that knowledge of past culture is
-ascertained.</p>
-<p>The Louisiana Tech University Department of
-Architecture has received grants from the State
-Division of Historic Preservation and the Division
-of the Arts to conduct field surveys of various
-parishes in North Louisiana. The purpose of the
-surveys has been to ascertain the types, location
-and quality of buildings 50 years or more in age.
-The architecture students toured the highways and
-back roads and photographed houses, outbuildings,
-churches, schools and commercial buildings. They
-interviewed occupants and area historians in search
-of information concerning original builder/owners.
-Each building was then documented, and the
-compilation of documentation was cataloged by the
-Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation in
-Baton Rouge.</p>
-<p>Each student was required to prepare eight pen
-or pencil sketches of buildings of individual choice.
-The original drawings, of which there are now over
-1300, were placed in the William King Stubbs
-Architectural Archives, the permanent collection of
-North Louisiana architectural drawings at Louisiana
-Tech University in Ruston.</p>
-<p>The Ouachita Parish publication is the initial
-volume of a series entitled &ldquo;The Architecture of the
-North Louisiana River Parishes.&rdquo; The Ouachita
-River divides the parish into two distinct regions,
-the western portion being hilly country with the
-eastern portion being flat river delta terrain.</p>
-<p>Thus, a unique opportunity exists to study in one
-parish various lifestyles and cultures as reflected in
-historic architecture. Not only is there the rural
-architecture of the western hills which contrast with
-the rural architecture of the delta lands, but these
-elements may be examined in relation to the urban
-architecture of Monroe and West Monroe&mdash;The
-Twin Cities on the Ouachita.</p>
-<p>Following is the history of the settlement of the
-parish and descriptions of the areas west of the
-Ouachita, east of the Ouachita, and the urban
-fabric of the Twin Cities. A <a href="#c32">catalog</a> of extant buildings
-according to plan type and characteristic details
-concludes the booklet.</p>
-<p>So, join us now for a tour of the architecture of
-Ouachita Parish.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="757" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 1. Rear view of Cadeville Masonic Lodge,
-west of the Ouachita.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="366" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 2. A rural bungalow, east of the Ouachita.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p02c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="308" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 3. In the old city cemetery, Monroe.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">THE SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF OUACHITA PARISH....</span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="imgx1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="739" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Map of Monroe and West Monroe, 1895</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c4">18th AND 19TH CENTURY SETTLEMENT</h3>
-<p>The area now identified as Ouachita Parish had
-been occupied by aborigines since pre-historic
-times. Early European explorers included DeSoto
-(1542), La Salle (1682), and Bienville (1703). But it
-remained for Don Juan Filhoil with a commission
-from the Spanish governor to establish the first
-permanent settlement on the banks of the Ouachita.
-When Filhoil arrived in 1783, he named the site
-for the outpost Prairie des Canots for the Indian
-and trapper canoes gathered there. The military
-post was later named Ft. Miro in honor of the
-Spanish governor of Louisiana.</p>
-<p>A colonization scheme formulated by the Spanish
-government enticed the Marquis de Maison
-Rouge to establish a settlement further north near
-the conflux of the Ouachita River and Bayou
-Bartholomew, the site of the present town of Sterlington.
-But this settlement lost its position as a
-rival for the seat of parish government after Filhoil
-laid out a plot in 1811 for a town on his plantation
-adjacent to Ft. Miro.</p>
-<p>An exciting event occurred at the townsite in
-May, 1819, one which was to have a two-fold effect
-on the 400 inhabitants of Ft. Miro. The event was
-the docking of the <i>James Monroe</i>, the first steamboat
-to ply the Ouachita to this northerly point.</p>
-<p>The ensuing excitement effected a village name
-change to &ldquo;Monroe.&rdquo; And for nearly a century the
-Ouachita River and steam powered boats combined
-to form a great highway of commerce and
-transportation for the region.</p>
-<p>Overland transportation systems developed
-throughout the territory during the 1800&rsquo;s. The
-earlier Indian trails often became bridle paths. In
-1839 a road was cut through from Monroe to
-Vicksburg, but it was passable only in dry weather.
-Stage coach service was initiated in 1849. During
-this era a road was established westward through
-the hills beyond the river; another went northward
-toward Arkansas. These westerly roads later
-became wagon roads bringing caravans of wagons
-from Jackson and Claiborne Parishes to river trade
-centers such as the former town of Trenton, two
-miles north of the present town of West Monroe.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-But it would be the advent of the Vicksburg to
-Shreveport railroad in the 1880&rsquo;s which would
-provide the communication link between the east
-and west portions of the Ouachita Parish. In 1853
-the state legislature granted the first charter for the
-construction of the Vicksburg, Texas, and the Pacific
-Railroad through North Louisiana. The first
-passenger service from Vicksburg to Monroe was
-in 1860. The tracks were destroyed by Union
-forces in the Civil War but were reconstructed and
-replaced in service by 1870. In 1882 the railroad
-bridge spanning the Ouachita was opened. It contained
-wood planking for vehicular and pedestrian
-circulation. Rail passenger service from Monroe to
-Shreveport commenced on July 10, 1884.</p>
-<p>Ironically, the installation of the railroad service
-initiated the demise of two regional institutions, the
-town of Trenton on the west side of the river and
-the steamboat industry. Trenton, which had been
-platted into town lots in 1851, declined with the
-location of the railroad two miles south. Cottonport,
-a tiny community at the bridgehead on the
-west side of the Ouachita, changed its name to
-West Monroe and eventually developed into an
-important business and industrial community.</p>
-<p>Steamboat traffic on the Ouachita, which had
-begun in 1819, yielded to the speed and flexibility of
-railroad service. The glamorous steamboating era
-of nearly a century of luxurious but sometimes
-tragic travel came to an end in the 1910&rsquo;s.</p>
-<h3 id="c5">20TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENT</h3>
-<p>Thus, the parish of Ouachita, which had been
-created in 1807 and which was subsequently divided
-into nine parishes, entered the 20th century as a
-rural agricultural region containing small urban
-entities. Surrounding Monroe were large plantations
-with cotton production as the major source of
-wealth. But with the discovery of gas by Louis
-Locke in 1916 in Morehouse Parish, the area
-became known as the Monroe Gas Field, one of
-the largest gas fields in the world at the time. With
-this wealth came progress&mdash;paved streets, &ldquo;skyscrapers&rdquo;
-and a salt water natatorium in the city of
-Monroe. And the parish prospered as well. Industries
-using available natural gas and paper mills
-using yellow pine from the nearby hilly region
-located in the area.</p>
-<p>Transportation routes have continued to unite
-the parish to the region and to the world. U.S.
-Highway 80 was constructed in the 1930&rsquo;s as a
-major east-west artery. Delta Air Lines began in
-Monroe as a small cotton dusting operation. And
-Interstate 20, completed in the 1960&rsquo;s, now serves
-as an important coast-to-coast transportation route.</p>
-<p>Ouachita Parish has been called the &ldquo;mother
-parish&rdquo; of northeast Louisiana. It has contributed
-much to the welfare of the region, and it continues
-to offer the leadership of a pacemaker parish as the
-twenty-first century approaches.</p>
-<div class="img" id="imgx2">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1072" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Map of Ouachita Parish, 1980&rsquo;s</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">WEST OF THE OUACHITA....</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="Map" width="1000" height="1515" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h3 id="c7">CONTRASTS ACROSS THE RIVER</h3>
-<p>The rolling piney hill landscape of Ouachita
-Parish west of the river contrasts with the delta
-overflow land east of the river. This contrast was
-reflected in settlement patterns with different land
-allocations and building techniques. The delta
-lands had been acquired by pioneers in the late
-18th century and a plantation economy evolved.
-The less productive western hilly area was settled in
-the 19th century as small farm holdings. The eastern
-lands were subject to river overflows; houses
-were elevated and were generally of wood frame
-construction. Pioneer houses west of the river were
-often constructed of logs on wood or stone piers in
-close proximity to the ground.</p>
-<p>Thus, contrasting cultures existed on opposite
-banks of the river. In this section the architecture
-of the western bank will be explored through an
-explanation of its extant architecture as evidenced
-in housing, out-buildings, churches and commercial
-buildings.</p>
-<h3 id="c8">THE LOG HOUSE, 19TH CENTURY</h3>
-<p>The early North Louisiana pioneers were more
-concerned with the erection of a shelter for protection
-from the elements and wildlife than they were
-with architectural styles. Folk houses were constructed
-of either horizontal logs or wood frame.</p>
-<p>The typical log folk house plans of the mid 19th
-century in the hilly country were the single pen
-(room) wide and the dogtrot. The dogtrot plan
-consisted of the two single pens (rooms) separated
-by a floored and roofed but open walled space.
-(The designation &ldquo;pen&rdquo; is used only in reference to
-the rooms built of log construction).</p>
-<p>Folk house plans constructed of wood frame
-during the 19th century were the one room, two
-room, saddlebag, dogtrot, central hall and later the
-gable front and wing. These house types will be
-examined subsequently.</p>
-<p>Pictured on this page are examples of log construction.
-In <a href="#fig4">figure 4</a> the logs were split; the inner
-room wall surface would be even. In <a href="#fig5">figure 5</a> may
-be seen several elements of folk log house construction
-in the drawing of a house being dismantled.
-This dogtrot with open passage between pens
-had an attached porch, square logs with square
-notches, an end exterior chimney (base visible),
-three inch round pole roof rafters and gallery door
-openings with the head occurring at the seventh
-log. In <a href="#fig6">figure 6</a> a close-up detail shows the square
-hewn logs and square notches on this dogtrot.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="470" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 4. Log notch detail (Bldg. 76).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="339" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 5. An 1880&rsquo;s square notch log dogtrot (Bldg. 6).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="561" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 6. Square notch detail (Bldg. 6).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="323" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig 7. An 1898 central-hall house with integral
-gallery (Bldg. 55).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="274" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 8. Late 1890&rsquo;s gable-front-and-wing house
-(Bldg. 15).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p05d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="348" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 9. Late 1880&rsquo;s two room house with vertical
-board and batten siding (Bldg. 77).</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c9">THE WOOD FRAME HOUSE, 19TH CENTURY</h3>
-<p>During the late 19th century and early 20th
-century wood frame construction was used to build
-high style and vernacular houses in the Greek
-Revival and Queen Anne styles. <a href="#fig7">Figure 7</a> depicts a
-late vernacular Greek Revival house with a symmetrical
-plan, and <a href="#fig8">figure 8</a> shows a Queen Anne
-house with asymmetrical plan.</p>
-<p>The central hall plan in <a href="#fig7">figure 7</a> has a steep roof
-with an integral gallery. Windows are six lights
-over six lights. A wing was attached to the rear.
-The original chimney is still visible.</p>
-<p>The gable front and wing plan house in <a href="#fig8">figure 8</a>
-was popular in the period from 1890 to 1920. The
-key feature was the forward wing which occupied a
-portion of the full gallery and the resultant half
-porch. Often the front wall of the wing was angled,
-or cut away, but the full roof gable remained. Or,
-an additional polygonal bay was added. Note the
-Queen Anne scroll and trim on the porch. This
-replaced the simple 6&Prime; &times; 6&Prime; square post of older
-house forms. This house plan sometimes featured
-a central hall.</p>
-<p>Though in a deteriorated state, the two room
-house in <a href="#fig9">figure 9</a> has features worth noting. The
-siding is vertical board and batten, a technique of
-construction which appeared with the erection of
-lumber and railroad worker housing in the 1880&rsquo;s.
-The front covered area does not extend the full
-width of the core; therefore, it is termed a &ldquo;porch&rdquo;
-in contrast to the &ldquo;gallery&rdquo; of the previous two
-examples. Also, it is &ldquo;attached&rdquo; and not &ldquo;integral&rdquo;
-with the main core roof structure.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h3 id="c10">THE WOOD FRAME HOUSE, 20TH CENTURY</h3>
-<p>The 20th century houses shown on this page
-exhibit a quest for individuality and contemporary
-expression. <a href="#fig10">Figure 10</a> depicts a typical central hall
-plan. The roof is hip and not the usual gable. This
-detail required a shorter gallery which was not
-flush with the extreme end walls. The front door is
-flanked by full width windows. Shutters were
-added to the front gallery windows.</p>
-<p>The bungalow plan appeared in North Louisiana
-in the mid 1910&rsquo;s. This two room wide and two
-or more room deep house type (<a href="#fig11">figure 11</a>) proliferated
-in rural and urban areas. In its simplest form
-there was a forward facing gable with a porch.
-Here is depicted a half porch. Double windows
-were used.</p>
-<p>The 1930&rsquo;s house illustrated in <a href="#fig12">figure 12</a> is
-typical of the one room wide, several room deep
-shotgun plan found throughout much of Louisiana.
-This plan type became the typical house type for
-workers in New Orleans after the Civil War. It was
-seldom found in the hill parishes away from the
-waterways. In the shotgun depicted in <a href="#fig12">figure 12</a>
-plywood siding has been installed over the original
-horizontal siding on the porch.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p05e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="355" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 10. A 1910&rsquo;s central hall house with attached
-gallery (Bldg. 3).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p05f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="380" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 11. The typical bungalow, two rooms wide with
-gable front (Bldg. 52).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p05g.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="491" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 12. Circa 1930 shotgun, one room wide with
-gable front (Bldg. 50).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h3 id="c11">THE FARM OUTBUILDING</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="327" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 13. A transverse crib barn with wood shingles
-(Bldg. 73).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="307" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 14. Animal shelter with round logs, saddle
-notches (Bldg. 47).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="336" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 15. Storage building with wood floor and an
-addition with dirt floor (Bldg. 40).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The small farms in the hill country were to a
-large extent self-supporting. Certain elements,
-such as food staples and clothing, were purchased
-at area or regional stores. But the rural farmer
-needed additional facilities to provide for his other
-needs. Facilities were built on the farm separate
-from the dwelling itself.</p>
-<p>Farm outbuildings may be placed in two categories,
-dwelling-related outbuildings and farm-related
-outbuildings. Dwelling-related buildings were used
-on a daily basis and included the well house, smoke
-house, storage room, chicken house, privy, and
-sometimes the storm shelter. Farm related buildings,
-those necessary for agriculture and caring for
-livestock, included barns (single crib, double crib,
-transverse crib), storage buildings and often the
-potato house, blacksmith shop and syrup mill.
-&ldquo;Crib&rdquo; is a term used as a designation for room in
-farm outbuildings.</p>
-<p>The drawings on this page depict the nature of
-the construction of farm outbuildings. They are
-basic structures erected by the farmer and his
-neighbors from available materials. Usually they
-are in the rear of the dwelling. Style and quality
-and finish of materials were not of great importance.
-These buildings were altered as needed.</p>
-<p>The largest outbuilding was the barn which was
-used for the protection of horses and cattle and the
-storage of wagons and farm equipment. The transverse
-crib barn in <a href="#fig13">figure 13</a> included, in addition to
-the log crib, an open wagon shed, a sealed storage
-area and a loft for hay storage. Note the wood
-shingle roof and combination of rough sawn horizontal
-siding, logs, and vertical plank siding.</p>
-<p>The small building in <a href="#fig14">figure 14</a> is similar in
-design to a smoke house but was probably used for
-animal shelter. The round logs have saddle notches
-and no chinking between logs. Ventilation was thus
-provided. The side addition gave storage area.</p>
-<p>The clean, simple storage building in <a href="#fig15">figure 15</a>
-was constructed of flush sawn siding with a raised
-floor. The opening was for ventilation and light.
-The side addition has a dirt floor.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h3 id="c12">THE RURAL PLACES OF ASSEMBLY AND COMMUNITY</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p06e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="291" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 16. 1920&rsquo;s rural church with single tower
-(Bldg. 20).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p06g.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="412" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 17. The 1885 Cadeville Masonic Lodge. (Bldg.
-54. Rear view in <a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p06k.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="298" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 18. The Red Rock General Store, circa 1910,
-with gallery and flagpole (Bldg. 7).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The physical area required for the small farm
-caused the dwellings to be dispersed among the
-hills. One result was the existence of the lonely
-farmstead and the extended neighborhoods.
-Community feelings developed and interactions
-occurred at places of meeting. These meetings
-were both formal and casual. The formal occasions
-would occur at the church, school, or in rare cases
-the Masonic Lodge. Informal gatherings occurred
-at the rural general store.</p>
-<p>The predominant religions in the hilly country
-west of the Ouachita were Baptist, Methodist, and
-Presbyterian. Church services would be held on
-Sunday. Some denominations would also have
-weekly prayer services. Additional community
-happenings were the annual graveyard clearing
-with &ldquo;dinner on the ground&rdquo; and a revival. At these
-events family and friends would discuss newsworthy
-events. <a href="#fig16">Figure 16</a> is an example of the small rural
-church which was built in the region.</p>
-<p>The Masonic Lodge was once an important
-community establishment. The Cadeville Lodge,
-<a href="#fig17">figure 17</a>, is one of the few lodge buildings remaining
-in North Louisiana. The first floor could be
-used for public services or community meetings.
-But the second floor was reserved for the private
-functions of the lodge members.</p>
-<p>The general store not only provided for the
-physical needs of the rural inhabitants, but also it
-contributed to their emotional well-being as well.
-The store owner would stock his business by traveling
-to distribution centers, often on the Ouachita
-River, purchasing goods and selling them to area
-residents. The regular weekly journey from the
-farm to the store would be a time for sharing news
-and discussing public events. Thus, supplied both
-physically and emotionally, the family member, or
-members, would return to the rural dwelling.</p>
-<p>The general store shown in <a href="#fig18">figure 18</a> had a
-porch for neighborly use, wide openings and a high
-ceiling for ventilation, and it even featured a flag
-pole in the front yard.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">EAST OF THE OUACHITA...</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="Map" width="1000" height="1330" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h3 id="c14">THE RIVER PLANTATION HOUSES, 19TH CENTURY</h3>
-<p>The alluvial lands on the east side of the Ouachita
-fostered a settlement pattern which contrasted
-greatly with that of the hilly country west of the
-river. Large holdings had been claimed during the
-latter part of the 18th century and early 19th century.
-The Ouachita River then was the only source
-of regional transportation. Therefore, it was necessary
-from a communication transportation aspect
-that the land holdings possess headrights on the
-river.</p>
-<p>The resulting land holdings tended to have
-narrow frontage but deep extent. Annual spring
-overflows deposited silt near the river edge, and
-this high bank was the obvious location for the
-main buildings of the holding. Thus, the land also
-determined the hierarchy of architectural development
-on the holding.</p>
-<p>This hierarchy of spaces on the plantation
-followed a definite pattern. First, the river landing
-provided an entry to the owner&rsquo;s house. Behind the
-house would be the workers&rsquo; quarters, and beyond
-these were the buildings necessary for the operation
-of the plantation.</p>
-<p>Pictured on this page are details of two plantation
-houses typical of those which once lined the
-east bank of the Ouachita. The 1838 Filhoil raised
-cottage of <a href="#fig19">figure 19</a> has a Greek Revival portico
-with fan light in the front gable, Doric columns and
-a balustrade. The house was elevated for protection
-from the river overflow.</p>
-<p>The Whitehall Plantation house, <a href="#fig20">figure 20</a>, was
-built in 1858. Greek Revival style details include
-the squared transom and sidelights at the front
-door, low roof pitch, and pedimented window trim
-detail on the front gallery, <a href="#fig21">figure 21</a>. The gallery
-siding was flush but beaded. The windows extended
-to the floor allowing easy passage from interior
-rooms to the gallery. Operable, slatted shutters
-allowed sun control, ventilation, privacy.</p>
-<p>Whitehall is a 1&frac12; story house with dormers,
-attic rooms, and an integral gallery. These were
-typical features for the Greek Revival cottages of
-both North and South Louisiana. The central hall
-plan is another characteristic of this type, which is
-generally associated with American settlement.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="408" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 19. The 1830 Jean Baptiste Filhoil Greek
-Revival plantation house (Bldg. 134).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p07b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="309" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 20. Whitehall Greek Revival plantation
-house, 1858 (Bldg. 127).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="446" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 21. Detail of Whitehall gallery window, pilaster
-(Bldg. 127).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h3 id="c15">&ldquo;TURN OF THE CENTURY&rdquo; ONE ROOM, TWO ROOMS AND SHOTGUN HOUSES</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="307" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 22. Circa 1910 two room house with integral
-gallery (Bldg. 120).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="433" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 23. Front view of a circa 1920 one room house
-(Bldg. 115).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="343" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 24. Side view of 1920 one room house
-(Bldg. 115).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The alluvial lands east of the Ouachita contained
-two categories of dwellings, those of the
-plantation owner as previously described and the
-houses of the tenants and small land owners. The
-dwellings depicted on these and subsequent pages
-are typical of the latter category. The basic folk
-house plan types used were the one room, two
-room, shotgun and later the bungalow. Houses
-were usually constructed of wood frame with vertical
-board and batten siding or horizontal milled
-siding.</p>
-<p>A feature which the basic one room and two
-room plan dwellings had in common was the integral
-front gallery. The gallery roof framing was
-part of the roof structure of the core of the dwelling.
-One might notice in <a href="#fig22">figure 22</a> that although
-two gallery columns are absent, the roof is still
-standing.</p>
-<p>The one room type is illustrated in figures <a href="#fig23">23</a>
-and <a href="#fig24">24</a>. The front view of the circa 1920 house
-shows a side addition to the original core room.
-The side view, <a href="#fig24">figure 24</a>, shows that this was originally
-two rooms deep since the space usually occupied
-by the rear gallery was enclosed. The roof had
-wood shingles on wood lath. The shingles were
-later replaced with sheets of tin.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<p>The two room plan houses in figures <a href="#fig25">25</a> and <a href="#fig26">26</a>
-were expanded as the space requirements of the
-occupants increased. The first example has a rear
-appendage. Vertical board and batten siding was
-used on the addition, but an inconsistency in
-window sash selection occurred. In <a href="#fig26">figure 26</a> the
-appendage was built as a shed addition on the side.
-This large two room house is two rooms in depth.
-This additional depth allows the roof to be
-higher, a definite advantage for the reduction of
-summer heat.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p08e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="297" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 25. Two room house with board and batten siding
-(Bldg. 118).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p08f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="283" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 26. Circa 1910 two room house on the O.Z.O.
-Plantation (Bldg. 129).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The shotgun type house plan, <a href="#fig27">figure 27</a>, was
-used abundantly on the river plantations. The
-typical plan was one room wide and two or more
-rooms deep. There were front and rear gables.
-Variety occurred at the front gallery as evidenced
-in the pair of shotguns illustrated. The gallery
-might be the full width of the core allowing space
-for chairs and thus creating an extra &ldquo;room&rdquo; for
-relief from the summer heat of the interior rooms.
-This gallery also provided a place for social interaction
-between the occupants and passersby. In
-contrast with this situation, the porch on the right
-was of the width necessary only to protect the door
-from the elements and to provide shelter for those
-entering. As shown, shotgun houses were often in
-close proximity to each other. This feature may
-have had its background in the fact that the shotgun
-plan had been used in urban situations in New
-Orleans where property was extremely valuable.
-However, when the plan was transported to a rural
-situation, the close proximity characteristic remained.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p08g.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="285" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 27. A pair of 1920&rsquo;s shotgun houses (Bldg.
-125).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h3 id="c16">THE 20TH CENTURY FARM BUNGALOW HOUSE</h3>
-<p>As the 20th century advanced so did the plans
-and techniques of constructing the folk house. The
-bungalow plan was introduced into North Louisiana
-circa 1915. This plan type was two rooms wide
-and two or more rooms deep with front and rear
-gables. The bungalow plan would continue to be a
-popular house type in the region until the advent of
-the ranch type plan after World War II.</p>
-<p>The dwelling pictured in <a href="#fig28">figure 28</a> was typical of
-the bungalow of the 1920&rsquo;s. As previously mentioned
-in reference to the shotgun house, the type
-of bungalow front gallery varied. The contrast may
-be observed in figures <a href="#fig28">28</a> and <a href="#fig29">29</a>&mdash;the nearly full
-width gallery with hipped roof and the half porch
-with gable roof. An almost universal feature of the
-bungalow house was the use of exposed rafter ends.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="316" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 28. A 1933 bungalow plan with hipped
-gallery (Bldg. 123).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="289" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 29. Gable screened porch on a Circa 1920
-bungalow plan house. (Bldg. 95).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>It might appear that the occupant of the two
-room house in <a href="#fig30">figure 30</a> desired to update his
-dwelling to have contemporary characteristics
-similar to those of the bungalow. The remaining
-half porch was similar to those of many of the
-bungalow houses. The currently popular double
-window was used in lieu of the usual single opening.
-And the rear extension created the multiple
-room depth characteristic of the bungalow.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p09d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 30. A 1930 house with bungalow features
-(Bldg. 143).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3 id="c17">OUTBUILDINGS</h3>
-<p>As was the case with the small farms west of the
-river, so the plantations and farms east of the river
-required outbuildings. Several examples of these
-outbuildings are represented.</p>
-<p>On this page are shown transverse crib barns;
-the major openings occur on the end elevations. In
-<a href="#fig31">figure 31</a> the typical transverse crib barn plan is
-evident with the center aisle being flanked by
-several cribs as shelter for stock. Above the opening
-is a loft for hay storage. This drawing is also
-descriptive of the landscape of the delta
-plantation&mdash;broad level expanses of open land in
-cultivation. Twentieth century communication
-systems are evident with the dirt road and telephone
-poles.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p09e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="332" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 31. Transverse crib barn in a delta landscape
-(Bldg. 140).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>In figures <a href="#fig32">32</a> and <a href="#fig33">33</a> variations of the transverse
-barn are illustrated. A barn with side shed additions,
-vertical plank siding and loft storage would
-have sheltered a wagon in the center aisle (<a href="#fig32">figure 32</a>).
-A unique solution to the high water problem
-is evident in the barn shown in <a href="#fig33">figure 33</a>. The
-structure is raised and provides vehicle and stock
-shelter in dry seasons, but any valuable equipment
-could be removed as spring overflows inundated
-the land.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p09f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="327" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 32. Vertical planks on transverse crib barn
-(Bldg. 93).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p09g.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="319" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 33. A barn raised for high water protection
-(Bldg. 112).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="329" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 34. Circa 1900 log storage building (Bldg.
-128).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="623" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 35. Half dovetail notches on 1900 log building
-(Bldg. 128).</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c18">A LOG OUTBUILDING</h3>
-<p>Log construction of outbuildings directly on the
-ground was not a common model of construction in
-the delta land. The obvious reason was that frequent
-overflows would tend to produce rapid decay
-of the wood members in contact with the soil. But
-a rare exception to this practice was found in the
-building illustrated in figures <a href="#fig34">34</a> and <a href="#fig35">35</a>. The relatively
-tall log storage building has continuous
-timbers as cantilever supports for side shed roofs.
-Whether these sheds ever had vertical post supports
-was not obvious on site inspection.</p>
-<p>The corner wall detail, <a href="#fig35">figure 35</a>, indicates that
-the large hewn timbers were assembled using half-dovetail
-notches. The horizontal logs were so
-closely cut that a minimum air space between logs
-remained. Chinking material was not used to fill
-these spaces.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h3 id="c19">COMMUNITY BUILDINGS ON THE PLANTATION</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="380" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 36. Commissary store on Garrett Plantation
-(Bldg. 131).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p10d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="376" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 37. 1920&rsquo;s church on the plantation (Bldg.
-98).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>A commercial establishment which was necessary
-in the delta was the commissary. It served the
-same function as the general store previously described
-for the hill lands west of the river. The
-commissary depicted in <a href="#fig36">figure 36</a> has double doors
-flanked by large display windows. High windows
-on the side walls provide light and cross ventilation.
-This, too, would be a place for exchange of conversation
-as well as purchase of goods.</p>
-<p>The community church would serve the plantation
-workers and their families. The buildings were
-generally composed of one large assembly room
-and classrooms as appendages to the main building.
-A porch protected the double entry doors. A mark
-of individuality might have been created in the
-treatment of the belfry. The church illustrated in
-<a href="#fig37">figure 37</a> has a single small belfry, but often twin
-towers were constructed. In addition to this function
-as a summons to worship, the bell was often
-used as a community signal of momentous events
-such as a birth or death on the plantation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">MONROE AND WEST MONROE,</span>
-<br />THE TWIN CITIES ON THE OUACHITA...</h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="Map" width="1200" height="1585" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h3 id="c21">THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TWIN CITIES</h3>
-<p>Field research of the buildings of Ouachita
-Parish has revealed that there are three distinct
-characteristic types of architecture. In the western
-hilly region of the parish is the small farm type, and
-in the eastern river delta region the rural plantation
-type prevailed. Both of these have been previously
-described. The third category of architecture is the
-urban type, found within the environs of Monroe
-and West Monroe.</p>
-<p>Whereas the rural architecture, with the exception
-of the plantation owner&rsquo;s house, tended to be
-utilitarian and unconcerned with stylistic trends, the
-urban architecture very often was reflective of the
-currently popular national architectural styles. The
-styles most evident in extant residences in Monroe
-and West Monroe include Greek Revival, Queen
-Anne, Colonial Revival and California Bungalow.</p>
-<p>Styles found in ecclesiastical, civic and commercial
-buildings include Victorian Gothic and the
-Classic Revivals of the twentieth century.</p>
-<p>Following is a sampling of the various folk and
-styled architecture found within the city limits of
-Monroe and West Monroe.</p>
-<h3 id="c22">19TH CENTURY HOUSES ON THE RIVER</h3>
-<p>The Greek Revival house pictured in <a href="#fig38">figure 38</a>
-was built circa 1835 as the residence of the overseer
-for Lower Pargoud Plantation. A companion
-residence was constructed on the Upper Pargoud
-Plantation and exists at the end of Island Drive in
-Monroe.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p11c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="291" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 38. The Lower Pargoud Plantation overseer&rsquo;s
-house (Bldg. 143).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Layton Castle, <a href="#fig39">figure 39</a>, was begun before 1820
-as the residence of Judge Henry Bry. John James
-Audubon was a guest in the home during his visits
-to the wilderness of North Louisiana. In 1910 the
-house was renovated to resemble a European
-chateau.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p11d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="374" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 39. Layton Castle, begun before 1820, remodelled
-1910 (Bldg. 144).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The 1882 Cox house depicted in <a href="#fig40">figure 40</a> was
-approached through an oak alley facing the road,
-which later became South Grand Street. In the
-rear was a flower garden leading to the river.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p11e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="346" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 40. The 1882 Cox House on South Grand,
-Monroe (Bldg. 122).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>These examples of 19th century houses were
-originally constructed in rural farming areas which
-have subsequently been incorporated into the city
-of Monroe.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<h3 id="c23">&ldquo;TURN OF THE CENTURY&rdquo; QUEEN ANNE HOUSES</h3>
-<p>The popular circa 1890 through 1910 house
-style, Queen Anne, had numerous identifying
-features. A steeply pitched roof of irregular shape
-often had a dominant front facing gable. Patterned
-shingles, cutaway bay windows and various other
-elements were used to avoid a smooth-walled
-appearance. The facade was asymmetrical, and
-often it had a partial or full width porch along a
-side wall as well as on the front.</p>
-<p>Queen Anne dwellings were also noted for their
-decorative detailing. Delicately turned porch
-columns and decorative spandrels with knob-like
-beads were common. Spindle work was used on
-railings, at porch ceilings, and under the roof
-overhangs at cutaway bays.</p>
-<p>The house in <a href="#fig41">figure 41</a> was constructed with
-forward gables, a partial porch on the front and a
-cutaway bay. Decorative elements include the
-ornamented gables and a spindlework frieze
-between the porch posts at the ceiling.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="270" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 41. Queen Anne detailing on a circa 1890
-house. (Bldg. 145).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Miss Julia Wossman&rsquo;s house, <a href="#fig42">figure 42</a>, was
-moved from downtown to St. John Drive in the
-1950&rsquo;s. Note the forward gables, turned porch
-columns, the wrap-around porch, and spindlework
-at the cutaway front and side bay windows. The
-porch also has spindlework, brackets and knob-like
-beads in the frieze. Gables contain fish scale patterned
-shingles.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="340" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 42. Miss Julia Wossman&rsquo;s house, circa 1890
-(Bldg. 146).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The houses described represent only a sampling
-of the full range of extant Queen Anne houses in
-the urban area of the Twin Cities.</p>
-<h3 id="c24">20TH CENTURY COLONIAL REVIVAL HOUSES</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p12c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 43. The 1905 E. L. Neville Colonial Revival two
-story house (Bldg. 147).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Houses built after 1900 with the characteristics
-described as follows have been designated as being
-Colonial Revival style. A basic characteristic feature
-of this style was the accentuated front door
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-with a porch supported by slender columns. Doors
-often had overhead fan or transom lights with sidelights,
-and windows contained double hung sash
-with multi-pane glazing in one or both sashes. As
-the 20th century advanced, windows were grouped
-in pairs of even units of three.</p>
-<p>The Ernest L. Neville house on Hudson Lane,
-Monroe, <a href="#fig43">figure 43</a>, was erected as a two story
-house with a dominant front gable with a multi-paned
-Palladian window, complete with keystone.
-The half-porch is full height with a railed balcony
-and Doric columns.</p>
-<p>The circa 1914 James Harvey Trousdale house,
-<a href="#fig44">figure 44</a>, on Hudson Lane is Colonial Revival in
-detailing, but the dominant, nearly square, configuration
-resembles that of a 19th century Louisiana
-raised cottage. Note the full story height raised
-basement area with the broad entrance steps.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p12d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="357" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 44. The J. H. Trousdale House circa 1914
-(Bldg. 148).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The George Weaks House on Riverside Drive,
-Monroe, <a href="#fig45">figure 45</a>, was built during the first decade
-of the 20th century. The full two-story semicircular
-porch with columns and pilasters has a balustrade
-and broad dormer at the roofline. The front door
-is accentuated with square transom and sidelights.
-Note the elaborate expanse of entry steps at the
-porch floor. Windows are glazed with multiple
-upper sash panes and a single lower sash pane.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p12e.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="418" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 45. Classical porch on circa 1900&rsquo;s Weaks
-house.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Closer examination of the Weaks House in the
-porch detail, <a href="#fig46">figure 46</a>, reveals elaborate Colonial
-Revival detailing. The columns have Ionic capitals
-and fluting. The curved entablature with dentils is
-enhanced further with the application of moulded
-wood brackets under the roof eaves.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p12f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="503" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 46. Ionic column capitals on Weaks house
-(Bldg. 149).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Neville, Trousdale, and Weaks Houses
-were built near the river in the area expanding to
-the north of Monroe. They, along with the Governor
-Hall house which follows, are examples of the
-early Colonial Revival period in Monroe.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<p>The Governor Luther Hall Colonial Revival
-home pictured in figures <a href="#fig47">47</a> and <a href="#fig48">48</a> was erected on
-Jackson Street in the older section of Monroe circa
-1906. It contains the characteristics of the style
-previously described&mdash;accentuated front door with
-full pedimented portico supported by slender
-columns, fan light and sidelights and multi-panes
-over single pane sashes. The Hall house also
-contains elaborate detailing in addition to these
-usual characteristics of the Colonial Revival style.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 47. Gov. Luther Hall&rsquo;s circa 1906 home
-(Bldg. 150).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 48. Elaborate porch detail on Hall home
-(Bldg. 150).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The detail drawing of the Governor Hall house,
-<a href="#fig48">figure 48</a>, is illustrative of elaborate, nearly excessive,
-detailing. The window not only possesses
-pilaster trim with an entablature and pediment, but
-also a design featuring interlocking segmental and
-square panes in the upper sash. The entry door is
-slightly recessed which allows space for three
-segmented arches with keystones on Doric columns.
-And, in addition, the balcony above is
-supported by four curved fan-like wooden brackets.
-Note the large scale column bases.</p>
-<p>The Travis Oliver house at the north end of
-Riverside Drive in <a href="#fig49">figure 49</a> is indicative of the
-continued popularity of the Colonial Revival style
-in the cities. Built circa 1930, this two story house,
-similar to those previously described, has a full
-porch with slender columns, a small balcony and
-accentuated front door with an elliptical transom
-and sidelights. But certain mutations make this
-Colonial Revival house distinct from those previously
-described. The lower front windows are
-wood casement with a semicircular wood fan
-above. Second story windows are large eight over
-eight pane double-hung sash. Most importantly,
-the house is of brick veneer construction. Those
-previously described have horizontal wood siding.
-The 1930&rsquo;s decade witnessed the apparent popularity
-and desirability of the use of brick in preference
-to wood as an exterior cladding material.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 49. Circa 1930 Oliver house on Riverside,
-Monroe (Bldg. 151).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Although Colonial Revival has been a dominant
-style for house construction in the Monroe and
-West Monroe area during the 20th Century, other
-styles are represented and will be described following.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h3 id="c25">VARIOUS 20TH CENTURY HOUSE STYLES</h3>
-<p>During the first three decades of the 20th
-century, while the Colonial Revival houses were
-being built in both one and two story versions,
-other styles were being represented in the Twin
-Cities. The Tudor Revival, Prairie Style and the
-California Bungalow received widespread acceptance
-in the 1920&rsquo;s and 1930&rsquo;s. One selection each
-of the Tudor Revival and Prairie Style are illustrated
-herein; also depicted is an example of a hybrid
-Queen Anne-California Bungalow House.</p>
-<p>The Tudor Revival style, popular in the United
-States from 1890 to 1940, received only nominal
-acceptance in North Louisiana. Characteristics
-included a simple box plan with extensions, facade
-dominated by two or more prominent cross gables
-and windows in multiple groupings with multipane
-glazing. Also used were massive chimneys with
-chimney pots.</p>
-<p>The Masur Museum on South Grand Street in
-Monroe was constructed 1929 by Elmer Slagle, Sr.
-Depicted in <a href="#fig50">figure 50</a> are the characteristics of the
-Tudor Revival described above. This stone veneer
-house has a mezzanine porch in the rear overlooking
-a formal garden and the Ouachita River.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p13d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="295" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 50. The 1929 Slagle house, now Masur
-Museum (Bldg. 152).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>A Monroe landmark is the 1926 G. B. Cooley
-house also on South Grand Street. See <a href="#fig51">figure 51</a>.
-Designed by the architect Walter Burley Griffin, an
-associate of Frank Lloyd Wright, the plan was laid
-out to resemble the decks of a steamboat. Mr.
-Cooley, the owner, was a steamboat captain who
-plied the Ouachita for many years. The Prairie
-Style house has 100 windows which may be opened
-to take advantage of summer breezes.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p13f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="321" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 51. Cooley house designed in the Prairie Style
-(Bldg. 153).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>An interesting Trenton Street house in West
-Monroe, <a href="#fig52">figure 52</a>, represents a mingling of stylistic
-detailing. The gable has wood shingles similar to
-those used in the Queen Anne styles, and the small
-patterned window panes of that period are reused
-in a new form. But the exposed rafter ends and
-expansive overhangs are characteristics of the
-California Bungalow style.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p13h.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="312" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 52. On Trenton Street, West Monroe, a gable
-detail. (Bldg. 154).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Thus, Monroe and West Monroe contain a
-variety of residential stylistic expressions as evidenced
-in the extant houses.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<h3 id="c26">THE 20TH CENTURY CALIFORNIA BUNGALOW HOUSE</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="350" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 53. A California Bungalow in north Monroe
-(Bldg. 155).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p14b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="335" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 54. An expressive West Monroe California
-Bungalow (Bldg. 156).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>An innovation in housing design and stylistic
-detailing occurred in North Louisiana during the
-second decade of the 20th century. The houses of
-two California architects, Charles and Henry
-Greene, led to the establishment of a style known
-as &ldquo;Craftsman.&rdquo; Several influences&mdash;the English
-Arts and Crafts movement, interest in oriental
-wood architecture and training in the manual
-arts&mdash;may have encouraged the Greene brothers to
-design intricately detailed buildings. Their work
-and other California residences received publicity
-in the various national magazines. Thus, the one-story
-Craftsman house soon became the most
-popular and fashionable smaller house in the
-country. In Louisiana these houses have been
-labeled &ldquo;California Bungalows.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The characteristic features occurred normally
-on the facades, that portion of the house most visible
-to the public. The low-pitched gabled roof had
-wide, unenclosed eaves and overhangs and roof
-rafters were exposed and decorative false beams or
-braces occurred under the gables. Porches were
-full or partial width across the front.</p>
-<p>The porch or gallery columns had distinctive
-detailing. Typically, short square upper columns
-were placed over more massive masonry piers or a
-solid porch balustrade (skirt). The columns, piers,
-or balustrades often began at ground level and
-extended with no interruption to a level above the
-porch floor.</p>
-<p>The California Bungalow style houses constitute
-the most numerous group of extant styled houses in
-the Twin Cities. As such, they represent a definite
-attempt to establish a styled expression of individuality
-for the houses of the general populace. The
-examples illustrated on these pages are representative
-of this style.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<p>In <a href="#fig53">figure 53</a> a California Bungalow in north
-Monroe was built with the front gable expressed in
-the broad three-windowed dormer. Note the
-extensive dormer roof overhang. The full width
-front gallery is provided with screens between the
-straight full height wood columns; the gallery roof
-overhang contains exposed rafter ends.</p>
-<p>Another expression of the California Bungalow
-appeared in the circa 1930 West Monroe house
-shown in <a href="#fig54">figure 54</a>. This two story house has a
-front gable and multiple groupings of windows.
-But the greatest expression occurs in the one-story
-gallery. It has a smaller low pitched gable roof with
-four full height square brick piers and a half height
-brick pier near the door. The balustrade continues
-to the side porte cochere, or car shelter.</p>
-<p>The freedom of design offered by the California
-Bungalow style allowed a house form beyond that
-of the standard simple rectangle, and the West
-Monroe circa 1920 house in <a href="#fig55">figure 55</a> used this
-freedom. The roof contains no gables, the front
-porch is allowed to wrap around the side, and the
-rear porch is enclosed providing additional room.
-The exposed rafter ends support a rather deep
-overhang. The porch supports are constructed of
-massive wood posts on half height brick piers.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p14c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="313" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 55. A rambling California Bungalow on Trenton
-St., West Monroe (Bldg. 157).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Yet another expression occurs in the West
-Monroe circa 1926 house in <a href="#fig56">figure 56</a>. The high
-roof allows space for attic rooms. Note shed roof
-dormer.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/p14d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="304" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 56. Another expression of the popular California
-Bungalow (Bldg. 158).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The California Bungalow style continued to be
-popular in the region until after World War II
-when it was supplanted by the &ldquo;ranch&rdquo; form house
-with a concrete slab floor.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h3 id="c27">A 20TH CENTURY COMPLEX&mdash;IN THE CITY</h3>
-<p>When the J. E. Peters house and auxiliary buildings
-were built in the late 1920&rsquo;s and 1930&rsquo;s, the site
-was on the southern limits of the city of Monroe,
-but it subsequently was included within the city
-boundaries. Thus, today a unique rural atmosphere
-exists within an urban context.</p>
-<p>The complex depicted in figures <a href="#fig57">57</a> through <a href="#fig60">60</a>
-contains a two story house, garage apartment,
-storage or quarters building and a pair of water
-storage tanks.</p>
-<p>The two story house, <a href="#fig57">figure 57</a>, contains four
-rooms over four rooms and a stair and bath facilities.
-The one story gallery on the front and side
-provides ample opportunity for relaxation and
-relief from the heat of the interior rooms in the
-summer. Note the absence of a chimney; winter
-heating would have been provided by the newly
-discovered natural gas.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="488" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 57. The drawings on these pages are of the
-same site in south Monroe, the Peters house
-(Bldg. 126).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>In the rear of the Peters house is a 1930&rsquo;s
-garage apartment, <a href="#fig58">figure 58</a>. This element is a
-unique feature in the history of urban residential
-architecture. The automobile became obtainable
-by the urban family during the second decade of
-the 20th century, and it was sheltered in a structure
-separate from the residence. The garage would
-usually provide shelter for one to two automobiles.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="510" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 58. A garage apartment adjacent to the house.
-(Bldg. 126).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<p>Often an apartment would be placed above the
-garage, as shown. Note the exterior access stairway.
-In post World War II residences the automobile
-would be sheltered in a garage attached to the
-main residence; subsequently this garage would
-relinquish its walls and doors and be known as a
-&ldquo;carport.&rdquo; Thus, the garage apartment holds a
-unique place in America domestic architecture.</p>
-<p>The Peters store house, or quarters, <a href="#fig59">figure 59</a>,
-also was representative of the era described. This
-building has exposed rafter ends, five panel doors,
-milled (not brick) siding, and is raised three steps
-above the ground.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/p15c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="491" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 59. The storage building in the rear (Bldg. 126).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The water towers shown in <a href="#fig60">figure 60</a> are elevated
-to provide gravity pressure for water needed on
-the farm complex, whether for irrigation or livestock
-or domestic use. The towers are situated in a
-grove of pecan trees.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/p15d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="428" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 60. Water tanks on the farm site (Bldg. 126).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>As urbanization increased, the opportunity for
-complexes such as this to survive decreased.
-Holdings were subdivided into residential lots, and
-the rural feeling and inherent privacy which it
-provided yielded to an environment of urban
-compactness. This is the price of progress as a city
-expands.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<h3 id="c28">URBAN ECCLESIASTICAL</h3>
-<p>A distinct contrast exists between the rural
-ecclesiastical building and that of the urban area.
-The urban congregations tended to require more
-stylized edifices for worship. This may be apparent
-in the examples illustrated herein.</p>
-<p>The 1899 St. Matthews Roman Catholic Church
-is an excellent example of the Gothic Revival style.
-Characteristics of this style include the tower with
-belfry and spire, the single or grouped pointed-arch
-windows, the stepped buttresses and deeply recessed
-openings and wooden doors. These characteristics
-are evident in the church in <a href="#fig61">figure 61</a>.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="779" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 61. The 1899 Gothic Revival St. Matthews
-Church (Bldg. 159).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Tabernacle Baptist Church on Beard
-Street, Monroe, was a later version of a style conscious
-church building. The opening is recessed
-and has a round arch over the door. A vertical
-accent was obtained by use of the small tower,
-<a href="#fig62">figure 62</a>. Brick as an exterior wall finishing material
-was commonly used in the towns; this contrasted
-to the almost universal use of wood siding on
-churches in the rural areas of the parish.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="561" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 62. Tabernacle Baptist Church on Beard
-Street, Monroe (Bldg. 160).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<h3 id="c29">EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS</h3>
-<p>There are a number of extant 50 year old
-educational buildings in the Twin Cities which are
-excellent examples of the various prevailing architectural
-styles. The Mediterranean style is evident
-in such elementary schools as Georgia Tucker, Lida
-Benton, and Barksdale Faulk. Jacobean Revival
-may be seen in the old Ouachita Parish High
-School building on South Grand; Art Deco is
-represented in Neville High School on Forsythe
-Avenue, Monroe. It is very fortunate that these
-buildings remain and are either still being utilized
-as educational facilities or are being converted for
-contemporary adaptive reuse, the latter being the
-case in the South Grand building mentioned.</p>
-<p>Georgia Tucker School, <a href="#fig63">figure 63</a>, was built in
-1919 and named for Mrs. Georgia Tucker Stubbs, a
-member of a pioneer Ouachita Parish family. Its
-Mediterranean style features include monumentality,
-solidity, use of low arches and imaginative
-towers. It also employs a unique treatment of
-terracotta in cast panels and columns capitals. One
-might note the use of free standing decorative nonfunctional
-columns on the front. The separate
-entrances for grades one through three and grades
-four through six are clearly defined.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/p16c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="313" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 63. Georgia Tucker School, 1919 (Bldg.
-162).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Jacobean Revival style was used for the
-Ouachita Parish High School building depicted in
-<a href="#fig64">figure 64</a>. Built in the late 1920&rsquo;s, this three story
-remnant of the high school complex displays
-monumentality and elaborate detailing at the South
-Grand Street entrance to the classroom building.
-Quoins were used at masonry corners. The roof
-parapet wall contains decorative penetrations and
-projections as an expression of the method in which
-the building relates to the skyline.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/p16d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="596" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 64. The Jacobean Revival Ouachita Parish
-High School building, 1920&rsquo;s (Bldg. 161).</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h3 id="c30">URBAN COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC BUILDINGS</h3>
-<p>It has been previously illustrated that the urban
-residential, ecclesiastical and educational buildings
-were constructed to reflect current stylistic trends
-more than their rural counterparts; a similar observation
-might be made about commercial urban and
-rural buildings. The urban commercial buildings
-depicted on these two pages represent some of the
-stylistic expressions of the Twin Cities from the
-time of early settlement, the 1840&rsquo;s, to the period of
-the oil boom, the 1930&rsquo;s. As such, they might be
-viewed as a summary of commercial architecture in
-the Twin Cities.</p>
-<p>The Isaiah Garrett law office, <a href="#fig65">figure 65</a>, was
-constructed in the 1840&rsquo;s. Its configuration is similar
-to that of the small residence of the period, a
-two room core with rear wing, chimneys on end
-elevations, and an attached front gallery. This
-building is now the Colonial Dames Museum.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="298" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 65. Isaiah Garrett law office, 1840&rsquo;s (Bldg.
-163).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The two story commercial building shown in
-<a href="#fig66">figure 66</a> was built in the 1890&rsquo;s on North Grand
-Street. It contains large glass areas for display and
-interior light, and the second floor contains arched
-windows on the street facade but flat lintel windows
-overlooking the river.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="322" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 66. 1890&rsquo;s commercial building on North
-Grand, Monroe (Bldg. 164).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>T. M. Parker built a two story commercial building
-on DeSiard Street in 1908, <a href="#fig67">figure 67</a>. This
-building was used as a hotel for a long period.
-There is a similarity in the manner in which the
-roof lines of the buildings in figures <a href="#fig67">67</a> and <a href="#fig68">68</a> were
-constructed, since both parapets have shaped and
-raised center sections and projecting cornices.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/p17f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="290" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 67. The T. M. Parker Building on DeSiard
-Street (Bldg. 165).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The West Monroe 1909 two story building
-depicted in <a href="#fig68">figure 68</a> was built with similar characteristics
-as those previously described, a large glass
-area on ground floors and a masonry upper facade.
-But this building contains other individualistic
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-features. The second floor opens onto a balcony
-which overlooks the Ouachita River, and a very
-elaborate cast stone lady&rsquo;s head is incorporated
-into the pilaster on the left side of the front elevation.
-A companion sculpture on the right pilaster
-no longer exists. One might wonder if it were a
-male or female likeness.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/p17h.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="340" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 68. A West Monroe commercial building,
-1909 (Bldg. 166).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Civic architecture is represented by the 1925
-Ouachita Parish Courthouse, <a href="#fig69">figure 69</a>. Neoclassicism
-was used to represent monumentality through
-the application of engaged Ionic columns on the
-major facades. Broad entry terraces and steps
-heightened the drama of entry into the main floor.
-The roofline contains a balustrade as an expression
-of uniting the building with the skyline.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/p17k.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="463" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 69. The neoclassical Ouachita Parish Courthouse
-1925 (Bldg. 167).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Frances Hotel, <a href="#fig70">figure 70</a>, was constructed
-in 1930 and named for Mrs. Frances McHenry,
-wife of a founder of Delta Airlines. Its Art Deco
-style has a pronounced verticality and linear quality.
-This early Monroe skyscraper has elaborate
-window and facade treatment on the first three
-floors with minimal facade decoration on the hotel
-room floors above. The building is crowned with
-elaboration on the facades of the top floor. This
-floor once contained a ballroom which overlooked
-the city and the river. Arched windows with elaborate
-projections above broke the skyline. And
-above the roof was an enormous red beacon which
-was visible for miles at night. The beacon no longer
-is lighted.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/p17m.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="733" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Fig. 70. Frances Hotel, Monroe, a 1930 Art Deco
-building (Bldg. 168).</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The buildings pictured on these and the four
-preceding pages are examples of the manner in
-which the designers attempted to create aesthetically
-pleasing architecture for both the distant and the
-near-by viewer. Several have interesting rooflines
-which integrate the built environment with the
-skyline. They also contain elements which may be
-viewed from a closer position as a person enters
-the building; such elements include steps, entry
-details, and intricate window trim.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<h2 id="c31"><span class="small">CONCLUSION....</span></h2>
-<p>Ouachita Parish possesses a rich architectural
-heritage. In time, this heritage spans from the
-beginnings of Layton Castle in the early 1800&rsquo;s to
-the high rise Frances Hotel of the 1930&rsquo;s&mdash;and on
-to the present. In terms of style, this heritage
-includes the simple one room houses as well as
-representatives of Greek Revival, Queen Anne,
-Gothic Revival, Colonial Revival, Classic Revival,
-California Bungalow, Prairie Style, Tudor Revival,
-and Art Deco.</p>
-<p>The life styles and cultures of the inhabitants
-are reflected and expressed in this architectural
-heritage. These cultures included that of the small
-farms west of the river, the plantations east of the
-river, and the urban culture as seen in the architecture
-of Monroe and West Monroe. What a rich
-assortment exists within a 20 mile radius of the
-center of Ouachita Parish.</p>
-<p>But this heritage is in danger. As progress
-continues and prosperity grows, the architectural
-heritage often diminishes. Older buildings are seen
-as liabilities and become victims of the wrecking
-ball. These buildings, whether constructed of log
-or brick with Romanesque or Gothic details, will
-not be erected again. Therefore, the visual insights
-into past cultures which these older buildings
-represent are lost forever.</p>
-<p>It is hoped that the publication of this collection
-of Ouachita Parish&rsquo;s architectural heritage will
-make the public more aware of its valuable treasure
-as evidenced in older architecture. And in turn,
-it is hoped that this awareness will assist in the
-preservation of vestiges of our traditional past.</p>
-<p><span class="lr">F. Lestar Martin</span></p>
-<div class="img" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="744" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Bright-Lamkin-Easterling House, 1890.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c32"><span class="small">CATALOG OF BUILDINGS</span></h2>
-<p>The following listing contains information on extant
-buildings 50 years old in Ouachita Parish (excluding
-Monroe and West Monroe, cataloged in the La.
-Tech Arch. Dept.). Building number is followed by
-building type designation, porch type, siding and
-date.</p>
-<table class="center">
-<tr class="th"><th>Survey Number </th><th>Type </th><th>Remarks</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">1. </td><td class="l">One Room </td><td class="l">Attached porch, asb. siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">2. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, c.1913.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">3. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, asbestos, c.1917.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">4. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached porch, asbestos, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">5. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">No gallery, asbestos, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">6. </td><td class="l">Dogtrot </td><td class="l">Square logs and notches, c.1880.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">7. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Gen. store, integral gallery, vert. bd/batten, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">8. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled siding c.1926.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">9. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Liberty Baptist Church, asbestos, c.1915.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">10. </td><td class="l">Dogtrot </td><td class="l">Enclosed, att. gallery, milled, c.1890.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">11. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, asphalt, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">12. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">13. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">14. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Gable front &amp; wing, attached porch, milled, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">15. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Gable front &amp; wing, attached porch, milled, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">16. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral porch, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">17. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Rare plan, gingerbread cols. &amp; trim, attached gallery, milled c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">18. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, integral gallery, milled c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">19. </td><td class="l">One room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">20. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Mt. Horeb Church, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">21. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, 1925.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">22. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral half porch, milled, 1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">23. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Triple room, integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">24. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral side porch, milled, c.1931.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">25. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Bungalow type, attached porch, asbestos, c.1935.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">26. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">27. </td><td class="l">Dogtrot </td><td class="l">Enclosed, part half log, attached gallery, milled, 1890, Caldwell farm.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">28. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Round log w/sq. notches, shingle roof, 1880&rsquo;s, Caldwell farm.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">29. </td><td class="l">Dogtrot </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1900, Caldwell Farm. Log Outbuildings.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">30. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached porch, asbestos, 1937.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">31. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, asbestos, 1925, Wallace farm.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">32. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, integral gallery, milled, 1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">33. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, 1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">34. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">No porch, milled, 1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">35. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">36. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">37. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Transverse crib barn, tin siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">38. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">No porch, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span>
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">39. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached porch, vert. bd./batten siding 1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">40. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Storage, sawn siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">41. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Gen. store, various additions, vert. bd./batten, c.1920</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">42. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Round log, saddle notch corn crib, c.1920</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">43. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, no porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">44. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Tranverse crib barn, vert. siding, 1935, Golson fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">45. </td><td class="l">Dogtrot </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">46. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Camel-back house, no porch, milled, 1926, Marvin Spanier.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">47. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Single crib storage, round log, saddle notches, 1930, Spanier fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">48. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, asbestos, 1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">49. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Single crib storage, half log, semi-lunate notch, c.1915, Golson fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">50. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, integral gallery, asbestos, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">51. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Storage, vert. sawn, c.1930, George Hamilton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">52. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral half porch, asbestos, c.1930, Pat Tinsley.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">53. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached porch, milled, 1933, John Mayes.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">54. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Two story Masonic Lodge&mdash;rare, integral gallery, sawn, c.1885.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">55. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, sawn siding, 1898, Golson fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">56. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral porch, vert. bd./batten, 1933, James Young.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">57. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Latter Day Saints Church, attached portico, milled, 1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">58. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">59. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Gen. store, attached porch, milled, 1927, Antley family.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">60. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Double crib, sawn, 1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">61. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Antioch Church, portico, steeple, asbestos, 1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">62. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, 1932, Fowler fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">63. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Frantom Chapel, asbestos, 1916.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">64. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Storage pen, sawn, c.1930, Burkett fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">65. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">66. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached porch, milled, 1918.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">67. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, sawn, vert. bd./batten, 1905, Lovelady fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">68. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached porch, vert. siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">69. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Lapine Methodist Church, milled, c.1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">70. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">71. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, 1897.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">72. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Original single pen half log w/semi-lunate notch, att. gallery 1895, C. C. George.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">73. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Tranverse crib barn, square logs, square notch, sawn siding, c.1900, Griffin fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">74. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, 1893, Griffin fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">75. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, Masonite, c.1880, James Henry.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">76. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Single crib storage, round log, saddle notch, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">77. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1880, John Bush.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">78. </td><td class="l">Single pen </td><td class="l">Side addition, half round logs, semi-lunate notch, integral gallery, c.1890.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">79. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled siding, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">80. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Half porch integral, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">81. </td><td class="l">Saddlebag </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1880.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">82. </td><td class="l">Saddlebag </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1880.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">83. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten, 1927, Amos Hollingsworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">84. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Half log storage pen, semi-lunate notch, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">85. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Triple room integral gallery, asphalt, c.1890.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">86. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, integral gallery, milled, c.1930, Connie Dowdy.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">87. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">88. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Original single pen w/additions, half log w/semi-lunate notch, add. vert. bd./batten, c.1880, Baugh fam.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">89. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">90. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, asbestos siding, c.1915, Thomas T. Jones.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">91. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">EAST OF THE OUACHITA</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">92. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached porch, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">93. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Two story &ldquo;Carolina I,&rdquo; &ldquo;Grecian Bend&rdquo; plantation house, sawn siding, built 1866 by the Guthrie family.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">94. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1927.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">95. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">96. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California,&rdquo; integral gallery, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">97. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">98. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Church, portico, belfry, milled siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">99. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Double crib barn, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">100. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Greek Revival&rdquo; plantation house integral gallery, milled siding, c.1880.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">101. </td><td class="l">One room </td><td class="l">Attached porch, additions, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">102. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;O&rsquo;Kelly House,&rdquo; moved from N. 6th and Washington, Monroe; sawn siding, integral gallery, dormers added, c.1860.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">103. </td><td class="l">One room </td><td class="l">Vert. sawn siding, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">104. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, attached porch, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">105. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, vert. bd/batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">106. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Little Bell Missionary Baptist Church,&rdquo; milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">107. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Triple room, integral porch, horiz. and vert. siding, c.1910.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">108. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">109. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Single crib storage, shed additions, c.1937.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">110. </td><td class="l">Central Hall </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">111. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, asbestos, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">112. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Double crib barn, vert. sawn, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">113. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">114. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span>
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">115. </td><td class="l">One room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">116. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">117. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Log room enclosed, integral gallery, sawn siding, original 1850 by Howard family, now Stubbs plantation house.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">118. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten siding, c.1910, on Stubbs plantation.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">119. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, sawn siding, c.1920, on Stubbs plantation.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">120. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, vert. bd./batten, c.1910, on Stubbs plantation.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">121. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California Bungalow,&rdquo; milled, c.1920, on Stubbs plantation.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">122. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Greek Revival,&rdquo; integral gallery, milled siding, &ldquo;Cox House.&rdquo; 1882.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">123. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1933, Henry Cyers.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">124. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">Integral gallery asbestos, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">125. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Two shotguns, attached and integral porches, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">126. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Two story, four room over four room, attached porch, milled, c.1927, various other buildings, water tanks.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">127. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Whitehall Plantation&rdquo; house, Greek Revival, sawn siding, integral gallery, dormers, fine millwork, 1858. National Register.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">128. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Single crib, square log half dovetail notch, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">129. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, asbestos, c.1910, on &ldquo;OZO,&rdquo; McHenry Plantation, McClain and McDonald families.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">130. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">1&frac12; story, various additions to 1838, &ldquo;Refugio&rdquo; plantation house. McClain and McDonald families.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">131. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, asbestos, c.1830-50, Garrett family.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">132. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Shotgun, attached porch, asphalt, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">133. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled and asphalt siding, c.1880, Faulk family.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">134. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Greek Revival,&rdquo; portico gallery, additions, milled and sawn siding, built 1838 by Jean Baptiste Filhoil, grandson of Don Juan Filhoil. &ldquo;Logtown&rdquo; plantation house. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">135. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Attached gallery, milled, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">136. </td><td class="l">Shotgun </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">137. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">138. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Boscobel,&rdquo; integral gallery, sawn, Greek Revival, built c.1820. By Judge Henry Bry. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">139. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">1&frac12; story, integral gallery, milled, c.1900.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">140. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">141. </td><td class="l">Outbldg. </td><td class="l">Transverse crib barn, vert. planks, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">142. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Integral gallery, milled siding, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">143. </td><td class="l">Two room </td><td class="l">Like a bungalow plan, half porch attached, milled c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">MONROE AND WEST MONROE</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">143a. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Lower Pargoud overseer&rsquo;s house,&rdquo; integral gallery, sawn, built c.1835. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">144. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Layton Castle,&rdquo; renovated as &ldquo;Chateau&rdquo; in 1910&rsquo;s, original raised Louisiana plantation house incorporated in house. Begun by Judge Henry Bry, c.1820&rsquo;s. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">145. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Queen Anne&rdquo; gable front and wing, porches, milled, c.1890&rsquo;s.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">146. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Queen Anne&rdquo; gable front and wing, porches, milled, c.1890&rsquo;s.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">147. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Two story, porches, milled siding, built 1905 by Ernest L. Neville.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">148. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Raised, integral galleries, milled, J. H. Trousdale, Sr., 1914.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">149. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Two story, portico, milled, Weaks family, c.1900&rsquo;s.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">150. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Two story, portico, milled, Gov. Luther Hall, 1906. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">151. </td><td class="l">Central hall </td><td class="l">Two story, portico, brick, Travis Oliver I, c.1930&rsquo;s.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">152. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Two story Tudor Revival, built 1920 by Elmer Slagle, Sr. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">153. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Prairie style house designed by William Burley Griffin, 1926. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">154. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California bungalow,&rdquo; shingle siding, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">155. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California bungalow,&rdquo; milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">156. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California bungalow,&rdquo; porches, c.1930.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">157. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California bungalow,&rdquo; integral porches, milled, c.1920.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">158. </td><td class="l">Bungalow </td><td class="l">&ldquo;California bungalow,&rdquo; integral gallery, milled, c.1926.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">159. </td><td class="l">Church </td><td class="l">St. Matthew&rsquo;s Roman Catholic Church, Gothic Revival, brick, 1899.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">160. </td><td class="l">Church </td><td class="l">Tabernacle Baptist Church, brick, c.1935.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">161. </td><td class="l">School </td><td class="l">Ouachita Parish High School, Jacobean Revival, c.1926. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">162. </td><td class="l">School </td><td class="l">Georgia Tucker Grammar School, Mediterranean, brick, 1919.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">163. </td><td class="l">Office </td><td class="l">Isaiah Garrett Law Office, brick, 1840&rsquo;s. National Register</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">164. </td><td class="l">Commercial </td><td class="l">Two story brick store, 1890&rsquo;s.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">165. </td><td class="l">Commercial </td><td class="l">Two story brick store, built 1908 by T. M. Parker.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">166. </td><td class="l">Commercial </td><td class="l">Two story brick store, 1909.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">167. </td><td class="l">Civic </td><td class="l">Ouachita Parish Courthouse, Neoclassical, 1925. Nat. Reg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">168. </td><td class="l">Commercial </td><td class="l">Frances Hotel, multi-story, Art Deco, built 1930 by Carl McHenry.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">169. </td><td class="l">Other </td><td class="l">Queen Anne, Bright-Lamkin-Easterling house, National Register, 1890.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE NORTH LOUISIANA RIVER PARISHES, VOLUME I: OUACHITA PARISH ***</div>
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