diff options
31 files changed, 17 insertions, 36543 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da0e43a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65867 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65867) diff --git a/old/65867-0.txt b/old/65867-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7d5aacf..0000000 --- a/old/65867-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15262 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some -Account Of The Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the -Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account Of The Present - Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many - Considerable Parts of the World - Vol. L. Part 1. For the Year 1757 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 18, 2021 [eBook #65867] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Michael Ciesielski, Eleni - Christofaki and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING -SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PRESENT UNDERTAKINGS, STUDIES, AND LABOURS, OF THE -INGENIOUS, IN MANY CONSIDERABLE PARTS OF THE WORLD *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - -Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation -inconsistencies have been silently repaired. The Errata of the original -edition have been corrected. Other changes made can be found at the end -of the book. Formatting and special characters are indicated as follows: - - [Sidenotes] - _italic_ - +spaced font+ - - - - - PHILOSOPHICAL - TRANSACTIONS, - GIVING SOME - ACCOUNT - OF THE - Present Undertakings, Studies, _and_ Labours, - OF THE - INGENIOUS, - IN MANY - Considerable Parts of the WORLD. - - - VOL. L. +PART I.+ For the Year 1757. - - - _LONDON._ - - Printed for +L. DAVIS+ and +C. REYMERS+, - Printers to the +ROYAL SOCIETY+, - against _Gray’s-Inn Gate_, in _Holbourn_. - - M.DCC.LVIII. - - - - - THE - CONTENTS - TO - PART I. VOLUME L. - - - I. _AN Account of the Earthquake felt in_ New England, _and - the neighbouring Parts of_ America, _on the 18th of_ November - _1755. In a Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. by Mr. - Professor_ Winthrop, _of_ Cambridge _in_ New England. Page 1. - - II. _The strange Effects of some effervescent Mixtures; in a Letter - from Dr._ James Mounsey, _Physician of the_ Russian _Army, - and F.R.S. to Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S. Communicated by Mr._ Baker. - p. 19. - - III. _Extract of a Letter of_ J. Wall, _M.D. to the Rev. - Dr._ Lyttelton, _Dean of_ Exeter, _and F.R.S. concerning the - good Effects of_ Malverne _Waters in_ Worcestershire. p. 23. - - IV. _An Account of the_ Carlsbad _Mineral Waters in_ - Bohemia: _In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ - Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. by the Rev._ Jeremiah - Milles, _D.D. F.R.S._ p. 25. - - V. _An Essay towards ascertaining the specific Gravity of living - Men. By_ Mr. John Robertson, _F.R.S._ p. 30. - - VI. _An Instance of the Gut_ Ileum, _cut thro’ by a Knife, - successfully treated by Mr._ Peter Travers, _Surgeon, at_ - Lisbon. _Communicated by_ John Huxham, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 35. - - VII. _An Account of a Visitation of the leprous Persons in the - Isle of_ Guadaloupe: _In a Letter to Mons._ Damonville, - _Counsellor and Assistant-Judge at_ Martinico, _and in the - Office of King’s Physician at_ Guadaloupe. _By_ John Andrew - Peyssonel, _M.D. F.R.S. Translated from the_ French. p. 38. - - VIII. _An Account of the late Discoveries of Antiquities at_ - Herculaneum; _in an Extract of a Letter from_ Camillo Paderni, - _Keeper of the_ Herculanean Museum, _and F.R.S. to_ Thomas - Hollis, _Esq; dated_ Naples, Dec. 16, 1756. p. 49. - - IX. _An Account of some Trees discovered underground on the Shore - at_ Mount’s-Bay _in_ Cornwall: _In a Letter from the Rev. - Mr._ William Borlase, _F.R.S. to the Rev. Dr._ Lyttelton, - _Dean of_ Exeter. p. 51. - - X. _Experiments on applying the Rev. Dr._ Hales’_s Method of - distilling Salt-water to the Steam-Engine. By_ Keane Fitzgerald, - _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 53. - - XI. _Extract of a Letter of Mr._ Abraham Trembley, _F.R.S. - to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. Translated from the_ - French. p. 58. - - XII. _A brief Botanical and Medical History of the_ Solanum - Lethale, Bella-donna, _or_ Deadly Nightshade, _by Mr._ - Richard Pulteney. _Communicated by Mr._ William Watson, - _F.R.S._ p. 62. - - XIII. _An Account of some of the Antiquities discovered at_ - Herculaneum, &c. _In a Letter to_ Thomas Birch, _D.D. Secret. - R.S. By_ John Nixon, _A.M. F.R.S._ p. 88. - - XIV. _An Account of the Effects of a Storm of Thunder and Lightning, - in the Parishes of_ Looe _and_ Lanreath, _in the County - of_ Cornwall, _on the 27th Day of_ June _1756. Communicated - to the Rev._ Jeremiah Milles, _D.D. F.R.S. in two Letters, one - from the Rev. Mr._ Dyer, _Minister of_ Looe, _and the - other from the Rev. Mr._ Milles, _Vicar of_ Duloe, _in_ - Cornwall. p. 104. - - XV. _An Account of the Peat-pit near_ Newbury _in_ - Berkshire; _in an Extract of a Letter from_ John Collet, _M.D. - to the Right Reverend_ Richard _Lord Bishop of_ Ossory, - _F.R.S._ p. 109. - - XVI. _An Account of the Alterations making in the_ Pantheon - _at_ Rome: _In an Extract of a Letter from_ Rome _to_ - Thomas Hollis, _Esq; Communicated by_ John Ward, _LL.D. R.S. - Vice-Præs._ p. 115. - - XVII. _An Account of a new medicinal Well, lately discovered - near_ Moffat, _in_ Annandale, _in the County of_ - Dumfries. _By Mr._ John Walker, _of_ Borgue-house - _near_ Kirkudbright _in_ Scotland. p. 115. - - XVIII. _An Account of the State of the Thermometer at the_ Hague - _on the 9th of_ January _1757. Extracted from a Letter of - Mr._ Abraham Trembley, _F.R.S. to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. - R.S._ p. 148. - - XIX. _Experimental Examination of_ Platina. _By_ William - Lewis, _M.B. F.R.S. Paper_ V. ibid. - - XX. _Experimental Examination of_ Platina. _By_ William - Lewis, _M.B. F.R.S. Paper_ VI. p. 156. - - XXI. _An Account of the Temple of_ Serapis _at_ Pozzuoli - _in the Kingdom of_ Naples: _In a Letter to_ John Ward, - _LL.D. and R.S. Vice-Præs. by the Rev._ John Nixon, _M.A. - F.R.S._ p. 166. - - XXII. _Some Remarks on a_ Parthian _Coin with a_ - Greek _and_ Parthian _Legend, never before published. In a - Letter from the Rev._ John Swinton, _M.A. of_ Christ-Church, - Oxon, _F.R.S. to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S._ - p. 175. - - XXIII. _An Account of a Red Coral from the_ East-Indies, _of a - very singular Kind: In a Letter from Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S. to - Mr._ Peter Collinson, _F.R.S._ p. 189. - - XXIV. _An Account of the Effects of a Storm at_ Wigton _in_ - Cumberland. _Communicated by Mr._ Philip Miller, _F.R.S._ p. 194. - - XXV. _An Account of the Effects of Lightning upon the Steeple and - Church of_ Lestwithiel, Cornwall; _in a Letter to the Right - Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. By - Mr._ John Smeaton, _F.R.S._ p. 198. - - XXVI. _An Account of the Case of the late Right Honourable_ - Horace _Lord_ Walpole; _being a Sequel to his own Account - published in the_ Philosophical Transactions, _Vol._ xlvii. - _p._ 43 _and_ 472. p. 205. - - _Postscript to Dr._ Whytt_’s Observations on Lord_ - Walpole_’s Case_. p. 385. - - XXVII. _An Account of the Virtues of Soap in dissolving the Stone, - in the Case of the Rev. Mr._ Matthew Simpson. _Communicated - by_ John Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 221. - - XXVIII. _An Account of the Impressions of Plants on the Slates of - Coals: In a Letter to the Right Honorable_ George _Earl of_ - Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. from Mr._ Emanuel Mendes da - Costa, _F.R.S._ p. 228. - - XXIX. _A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from_ Chelsea Garden, - _presented to the_ Royal Society _by the worshipful Company of - Apothecaries, for the Year_ 1756, _pursuant to the Direction of - Sir_ Hans Sloane, _Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. nuper Præses, by_ - John Wilmer, _M.D. clariss. Societatis Pharmaceut. Lond. Socius, - Hort._ Chels. _Præfect. & Prælector Botan._ p. 236. - - XXX. _Remarks on the Opinion of_ Henry Eeles, _Esq; concerning the - Ascent of Vapour, published in the_ Philosoph. Transact. _Vol._ xlix. - _Part_ i. _p._ 124. _By_ Erasmus Darwin, _M.D. Communicated by Mr._ - William Watson, _F.R.S._ p. 240. - - XXXI. _An Account of a new-discovered Species of the Snipe or - Tringa: In a Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. - R.S. from Mr._ Geo. Edwards, _Librarian of the College of - Physicians_. p. 255. - - XXXII. _Observationes de Corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, - aliisque Animalculis Marinis: Quas Regiæ Societati Londinensi - offert_ Job Baster, _Med. Doct. Acad. Cæsar. Reg. Societ. Lond. & - Scient. Holland. Socius._ p. 258. - - XXXIII. _Remarks on Dr._ Job Baster’s Observationes de - Corallinis, &c. _In a Letter to the Right Hon._ George _Earl - of_ Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. from Mr._ John Ellis, - _F.R.S._ p. 280. - - XXXIV. _An Account of an extraordinary Operation performed in the - Dock-Yard at_ Portsmouth: _Drawn up by Mr._ John Robertson, - _F.R.S._ p. 288. - - XXXV. _Observations on an Evening, or rather Nocturnal, Solar_ - Iris. _By Mr._ George Edwards, _Librarian of the College of - Physicians_. p. 293. - - XXXVI. _The Effects of the_ Opuntia, _or Prickly Pear, and of - the_ Indigo _Plant, in colouring the Juices of living Animals. - Communicated by_ H. Baker, _F.R.S._ p. 296. - - XXXVII. _An Account of an extrordinary Shower of black Dust, that - fell in the Island of_ Zetland _20th_ October 1755. _In a - Letter from Sir_ Andrew Mitchell, _of_ Westshore, _Bart. - to_ John Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 297. - - XXXVIII. _A Description of some Thermometers for particular Uses. By - the Right Honourable the Lord_ Charles Cavendish, _V.P.R.S._ p. 300. - - XXXIX. _Observationes Anatomico-Medicæ de Monstro bicorporeo - Virgineo A. 1701. die 26_ Oct. _in_ Pannonia, _infra_ - Comaromium, _in Possessione_ Szony, _quondam Quiritum_ - Bregetione, _in lucem edito, atque A. 1723. die 23_ Febr. Posonii - _in Cœnobio Monialium_ S. Ursulæ _morte functo ibidemque - sepulto. Authore_ Justo Johanne Torkos, _M.D. Soc. Regalis - Socio._ p. 311. - - XL. _Observations on the Origin and Use of the Lymphatic Vessels of - Animals: Being an Extract from the_ Gulstonian _Lectures, read - in the Theatre of the College of Physicians of_ London, _in_ - June 1755. _By_ Mark Akenside, _M.D. Fellow of the College of - Physicians, and of the Royal Society_. p. 322. - - XLI. _A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, - _President, the_ Council, _and_ Fellows, _of the_ Royal - Society, _concerning the Variation of the Magnetic Needle; with a - Sett of Tables annexed, which exhibit the Result of upwards of Fifty - Thousand Observations, in Six periodic Reviews, from the Year 1700 to - the Year 1756, both inclusive; and are adapted to every Five Degrees - of Latitude and Longitude in the more frequented Oceans. By_ - William Mountaine _and_ James Dodson, _Fellows of the Royal - Society_. p. 329. - - XLII. _An account of some extraordinary Tumors upon the Head of a - labouring Man, now in_ St. Bartholomew’s _Hospital. By_ James - Parsons, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 350. - - XLIII. _An Extract of the Register of the Parish of_ Great - Shefford, _near_ Lamborne, _in_ Berkshire, _for Ten Years: - With Observations on the same: In a Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. - Secret. R.S. from the Rev. Mr._ Richard Foster, _Rector of_ - Great Shefford. p. 356. - - XLIV. _A remarkable Case of an Aneurism, or Disease of the principal - Artery of the Thigh, occasioned by a Fall. To which is prefixed a - short Account of the Uncertainty of the distinguishing Symptoms of - this Disease. By_ Jos. Warner, _F.R.S. and Surgeon to_ Guy’s - Hospital. p. 363. - - XLV. _Farther Experiments for increasing the Quantity of Steam in a - Fire-Engine. By_ Keane Fitz-Gerald, _Esq; F.R.S._ p. 370. - - XLVI. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 27_ Martii, _Ann. 1755. - habita Ulissipone in Domo Patrum Congregationis Oratorii à_ Joanne - Chevalier _ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, Regiæ_ Londinensis - _Societatis Socio, Regiæque_ Parisiensis _Scientiarum Academiæ - correspondente_. p. 374. - - XLVII. _Eclipsis Lunæ Die_ 4 Februarii, _Ann._ 1757. - _habita Ulissipone à_ Joanne Chevalier _Presbytero - Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæ_ Londinensis _Societatis Socio, - Regiæque Scientiarum_ Parisiensis _Acadaemiæ correspondente, et - a_ Theodoro de Almeida _ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, ac - Physicæ publico Professore_ p. 376. - - _Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ a_ - Joanne Chevalier, _&c._ p. 377. - - XLVIII. _Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ - à_ Joanne Chevalier, _Presbytere Congregationis Oratorii, - Regiæque_ Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Anno_ 1757. p. 378. - - XLIX. _A remarkable Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in a - Mortification: In a Letter to_ William Watson, _M.D. F.R.S. from Mr._ - Richard Grindall, _Surgeon to the_ London _Hospital_. p. 379. - - L. _A Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. from_ John - Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S. inclosing Two Papers communicated to him by_ - Robert Whytt, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 383. - - 1. _Some Observations on the lithontriptic Virtue of the_ Carlsbad - _Waters, Lime-water, and Soap: In Letter to Dr._ John Pringle, - _F.R.S. from Dr._ Robert Whytt, _F.R.S. and Professor of Medicine - in the University of_ Edinburgh. p. 386. - - 2. _An Instance of the Electrical Virtue in the Cure of a Palsy. By - Mr._ Patrick Brydone. p. 392. - - LI. _An Account of some fossil Fruits, and other Bodies, found in the - Island of_ Shepey. _By_ James Parsons, _M.D. F.R.S._ p. 396. - - LII. _Observations on the Comet, that appeared in the Months of_ - September _and_ October 1757, _made at the Royal Observatory by_ Ja. - Bradley, _D.D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal Academy - of Sciences at_ Paris. p. 408. - - LIII. _The Resolution of a General Proposition for determining - the_ horary _Alteration of the Position of the Terrestrial - Equator, from the Attraction of Sun and Moon: With some Remarks on - the Solutions given by other Authors to that difficult and important - Problem. By Mr._ Tho. Simpson, _F.R.S._ p. 416. - - LIV. _Remarks upon the Heat of the Air in_ July 1757, _in an Extract - of a Letter from_ John Huxham, _M.D. F.R.S. to_ William Watson, _M.D. - F.R.S. dated at_ Plymouth _19th of the same Month. With additional - Remarks by Dr._ Watson. p. 428. - - LV. _Remarks upon the Letter of Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S. to_ Philip - Carteret Webb, _Esq; F.R.S. printed in the_ Philosophical Transactions, - _Vol._ xlix. _Part_ ii. _p._ 806. _By Mr._ Philip Miller, _F.R.S._ - p. 430. - - LVI. _An Answer to the preceding Remarks. By Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S._ - p. 441. - - LVII. _A Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secr. R.S. concerning - the Number of the People of_ England; _by the Rev. Mr._ Richard - Forster, _Rector of_ Great Shefford _in_ Berkshire. p. 457. - - LVIII. _A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, - _President of the_ Royal Society, _from the Rev._ William Brakenridge, - _D.D. F.R.S. containing an Answer to the Account of the Numbers and - Increase of the People of_ England, _by the Rev. Mr._ Forster. - p. 465. - - - - -ERRATA. - - -_Page_ 95. _line_ 24. _read_ even the ends of the umbilici. - -_Page_ 96. _line_ 5. _read_ exposed the extremity of the umbilicus. - -_Page_ 168. _line_ 4. _after_ as _dele_ well as. - -_Page_ 328. _line_ 9 _from the bottom, for_ stream _read_ steam. - -_In the Tables of the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, Anno_ 1756, - - Lat. Long. - 0--70E _for Var._ 3¼W _read_ 2¾W. _Read the same in p._ 333. - 15N 35W ---- 3½W ---- 2½W - 5S 40E ---- 17W ---- 18W - 30S 15E ---- 18W ---- 17½W - 35S 10W ---- 5½W ---- 5W - 35S 45E ---- 26½W ---- 26W - - - - -PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. - - -I. _An Account of the Earthquake felt in_ New England, _and the -neighbouring Parts of_ America, _on the 18th of_ November 1755. _In a -Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. by Mr. Professor_ Winthrop, -_of_ Cambridge _in_ New England. - -[Read Jan. 13, 1757.] - -Reverend Sir, - -I Beg leave to lay before you the best account I am able to give of the -great earthquake, which shook New England, and the neighbouring parts -of America, on Tuesday the 18th day of November 1755, about a quarter -after four in the morning. I deferred writing till this time, in order -to obtain the most distinct information of the several particulars -relating to it, both here and in the other places where it was felt; -and especially the extent of it. - -The night, in which this earthquake happened, was perfectly calm and -serene. In the evening there was a fog over the marshes bordering on -the river Charles, which runs through this town: but this I found -intirely dissipated at the time of the earthquake, the air being then -quite clear, and the moon, which wanted but 36ʰ of the full, shining -very bright. The earthquake began with a roaring noise in the N.W. -like thunder at a distance; and this grew fiercer, as the earthquake -drew nearer; which was almost a minute in coming to this place, as -near as I can collect from one of my neighbours, who was then on the -road in this town. He tells me, that, as soon as he heard the noise, -he stopt, knowing, that it was an earthquake, and waiting for it; -and he reckoned he had stood still about 2’, when the noise seemed -to overtake him, and the earth began to tremble under him: but, as I -doubted, whether it were so long, I counted several numbers to him -as slowly as a clock beats seconds; and then he said, he believed he -could have counted half an hundred, at that rate, before the noise and -shake came up to him. By his account, as well as that of others, the -first motion of the earth was what may be called a pulse, or rather an -undulation; and resembled (to use his own comparison) that of a long -rolling, swelling sea; and the swell was so great, that he was obliged -to run and catch hold of something, to prevent being thrown down. The -tops of two trees close by him, one of which is 25, the other 30 feet -high, he thinks waved at least ten feet (and I depend on his judgment -in this particular, because he judged right of the height of the trees, -as I found by actual mensuration); and there were two of these great -wavings, succeeded by one, which was smaller. This sort of motion, -after having continued, as has been conjectured, about a minute, abated -a little; so that I, who was just then waked, and, I suppose, most -others, imagined, that the height of the shock was past. But instantly, -without a moment’s intermission, the shock came on with redoubled noise -and violence; though the species of it was altered to a tremor, or -quick horizontal vibratory motion, with sudden jerks and wrenches. The -bed, on which I lay, was now tossed from side to side; the whole house -was prodigiously agitated; the windows rattled, the beams cracked, as -if all would presently be shaken to pieces. When this had continued -about 2’, it began to abate, and gradually kept decreasing, as if it -would be soon over: however, before it had quite ceased, there was a -little revival of the trembling and noise, though no-ways comparable -to what had been before: but this presently decreased, till all, by -degrees, became still and quiet. Thus ended this great shock. It was -followed by another about an hour and a quarter after, viz. at 5ʰ 29’. -This, though comparatively small, was very generally perceived, both as -to its noise and trembling, by those who were awake. On the Saturday -evening following, viz. the 22d of November, at 27’ after eight, there -was a third, more considerable than the second, but not to be compared -with the first. And on Friday the 19th of December in the evening, -exactly at ten o’ clock, there was a fourth shock, much smaller than -either of the former, though, like them, preceded by the peculiar noise -of an earthquake. The whole lasted but a few seconds; but the jarring -was great enough to cause the window-shutters and door of the room, in -which I then was, to clatter. The sky was perfectly clear, and there -was a very gentle and scarcely-perceptible gale at S.W. These four are -the only shocks, that I have been sensible of from the 18th of November -last to this date; tho’ more are said to have been felt in other parts -of the country to the northward of us. - -As to the duration of the great shock, people have differed widely, -viz. from 1’ to 6 or 7. Our printed accounts have generally fixed it -to about 2’, or 3 at the most; but as these were only the uncertain -guesses of persons, who had no rule to guess by, no dependence can -be had on them. I am well satisfied, that with us it continued 4’, -or rather 4’ 1-half; taking in the whole of the time, from the first -agitation of the earth till it was become perfectly quiet; tho’ the -violence of the shock did not last above half so long. This I am -assured of, partly from the observations of some gentlemen, who were -up, and looked on their watches, when it began and ended; one of whom -tells me it was 4’, and another, that it was near 5; and partly from -my own observations, which were as follow. The preceding noon I had -adjusted both my clock and watch to the apparent time, by a meridian -line; and the following noon I found, that the watch had kept time -exactly. Being awaked by the earthquake, I lay till the violence -of it seemed to be over for the second time, the first abatement -happening just after I waked. Till then I forbore to rise, because the -agitation was so vehement, that I concluded it would be difficult, if -not impracticable, to go from the bed to the chimney, without being -thrown down; and therefore thought it best not to attempt it. The -space of time, in which I lay awake, I cannot think to be much, if any -thing, less than 2’. This was the conjecture I formed at that time; -though, it being but conjecture, I would not lay very great stress -upon it, were it not supported by concurring observations. On the -second abatement I rose, and lighting a candle, looked on my watch, -and found it to be 15’ after four. The shock then was not quite over, -but the windows continued rattling for about a minute longer, as near -as I can remember; for the shock went off very gradually. As soon as -I had looked on the watch, I went directly to the clock, which was in -another chamber, that I might see whether that agreed with the watch, -and found that it was stopt at 4ʰ 11’ 35’'. Its stopping, however, was -not immediately owing to the violence of the shock, though several -clocks, and watches too, at Boston, are said to have been stopped by -it, but to the following accident: Having some time before used a -pretty long glass tube, in a particular experiment, I had shut it up -in the clock-case for security; and this tube, being overthrown by the -earthquake, lodged against the pendulum, and stopt its motion. By this -accident, the beginning of the earthquake, I conceive, is determined -with all the exactness, that can be desired; for, so far as I can -learn, the first shake was violent enough to overset so tall, slender -a body, and standing in a position so near a perpendicular, as that -tube; and it was impossible for the pendulum to make one oscillation, -after the tube had struck against it. But I am not able to fix the -end, nor consequently the duration, with the same exactness: however, -from the time, when the clock stopt, to my looking on the watch, it was -about 3’ 1-half; and the jarring was not quite over till about a minute -after this: so that I think I speak within bounds, if I say, that this -shock with us lasted at least 4’. In other places, its duration might -possibly be different. I was careful to note the time, when we had it, -as exactly as I could, in hopes, that, by comparing it with the like -accounts from distant places, we might be able to judge, with a good -degree of exactness, of the course of this earthquake, the place of its -origin, and the velocity of its progress. But all the accounts of the -time, which I have yet seen, are so very lax, that no just conclusions -can be drawn from them, with respect to either of these points. What -I have been able to collect with relation to them, I shall set down -presently. - -Those, who suppose the duration much shorter, as 1’ 1-half, or 2’, -urge, that a minute is a longer space of time than most people are -aware of; which is very true: but it should also be considered, that -if we judge the length of any space of time by the number of ideas, -which pass through our minds in that time; a very great fright,--a -fright so great, as to take intire possession of the mind for a time, -and shut out every idea except that of the present danger, will make -us judge the time to be much shorter than it really is. And this, I -make no doubt, was the case with many; the surprise, into which they -were thrown, being such, as to keep out every idea, except that, -which happened to strike their minds with the greatest force at the -beginning. Thus, several perceived no noise distinct from that, which -was occasioned by the crackling of their houses, and the disturbance of -the moveables in them; while others, who were waked by the noise, and -ran from one room to another, have told me, that they felt nothing at -all of the shake. For this reason, the conjectures, which persons in -these circumstances made, as to the duration of the shock, ought not to -be put into the balance with the actual observations made by watches. - -The course of this earthquake seems to have been nearly from N.W. to -S.E. My neighbour before-mentioned, who was then abroad, and informed -me, that the noise began about the N.W. told me at the same time, that -it passed off towards the S.E. and that he heard the noise in that -quarter gradually abating, as it became more distant, for about the -same space of time after the shock was over here, as he heard it in -the N.W. before the shock began here. Other accounts, which I have -since met with, agree with this. Those, who were in such clear open -places, could make the best judgment in this matter; for such, as were -within doors, or surrounded with buildings, might easily be misled by -the various reflections of the sound. I am induced to give the greater -credit to this information by what I observed myself: for a key, which -was thrown from off a shelf in my house, was found at a place on the -floor, which bore very near N.W. of the place, from which it fell; -though the situation of it before its fall was such, that it might have -been thrown in any direction, except towards the S.E. - -An account, which we have lately received from the West-Indies, -agrees very well with the supposition, that our earthquake proceeded -south-eastward. The account is, that 'on the 18th of November, about -two o’clock in the afternoon, the sea withdrew from the harbour of -St. Martin’s, leaving the vessels dry, and fish on the banks, where -there used to be three or four fathom water; and continued out a -considerable time; so that the people retired to the high land, -fearing the consequence of its return; and when it came in, it arose -six feet higher than usual, so as to overflow the low lands. There -was no shock felt at the above time.’ As this extraordinary motion of -the sea happened about 9ʰ after our great shock, it seems very likely -to have been occasioned by the same convulsion of the earth. Now if -this earthquake went off south-eastward into the Atlantic, it must -have passed considerably to the eastward of St. Martin’s; and, in -fact, it did not reach that island, there being no shock felt there. -The motion of the sea then was owing to a great agitation raised at a -considerable distance in some part or other of the ocean, where the -earthquake passed, and from thence propagated to that island. Nor is -the length of time greater than what seems to be necessary for this -effect. The earthquake itself, at the rate it moved with us, would be -some hours in going from hence to the distance of St. Martin’s: for -sound would be about 2¼ʰ in moving to such a distance; and the progress -of the earthquake was slower than that of sound, as appears from hence, -that the roar of this earthquake arrived here near a minute before -the shake. The rest of the 9ʰ might well be spent in conveying the -motion excited in the water, from the place where it was excited, to -St. Martin’s; for the waves raised thereby could not move with near the -velocity of sound. - -It is worthy of remark, that, of the five great earthquakes, which -this country has felt since its settlement by the English, two have -gone nearly in the same track as this last did. The first, which was -on June 2. 1638, 'came from the northward, and passed southward.’ By -the description given of it, it was very much like our late earthquake, -only perhaps not quite so violent. 'The noise and shakes of the -earthquake, October 29. 1727, seemed,’ it is said, 'to come from the -north-westward, and to go off south-easterly; and so the houses seemed -to reel.’ As to the great earthquakes of 1658 and 1662, we have no -account of the courses, which they went in. But, from the other three, -it may be reasonably conjectured, that the source of our earthquakes, -or the place in which they originate, is in some part of Canada, or -perhaps beyond it. - -The extent of this earthquake seems to have been greater than that of -any of our former earthquakes. This province of the Massachusetts-bay, -or rather the province of New Hampshire, about the latitude of 43° -north on the sea-coast, seems to have been the center of it, or the -place of its greatest violence, and the shake to have been less -considerable each way from hence towards the S. W. and N. E. By the -accounts we have from the S. W. the shock was less at New York than it -was with us; and still less at Philadelphia, which is farther towards -the S. W. By the best information I can procure, the limit toward the -S. W. was Chesopeak-bay in Maryland, the shock having been felt on -the eastern side of that bay, and not on the western. For the other -limit toward the N. E. we are informed, that the earthquake was felt -at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia, though in a much less degree than -with us. It shook off a few bricks from the tops of some chimnies, but -was not perceived by vessels on the water. And a letter from Halifax -says, 'The earthquake, which happened in the W. extended itself to this -place, tho’ scarcely perceivable here.’ But it was not at all felt by -our army, which lay encamped at Seganecto, about 100 miles N. from -Halifax. Thus Halifax seems to have been very near the N. E. limit. -I am not able to ascertain its eastern and western limits; but it -extended to all our back inland settlements; and was perceived, though -in a very small degree, by our army at Lake George, distant from hence -about 130 miles N. W. by W. But it was not felt at all at the British -fort of Oswego, situate on the south-eastern shore of Lake Ontario, -and distant from hence about 230 miles W. by N. So great was the shock -in the Atlantic, 70 leagues to the E. of Cape Anne, that the people on -board a vessel there were suddenly surprised, just at the time of our -earthquake, supposing they had run a-ground; till, on throwing over the -lead, they found they had more than 50 fathom water. The extent of the -earthquake E. and W. from Halifax to Lake George was about 550 miles; -and its extent along the sea-coast, from N.E. to S.W. at least 800 -miles. But if the agitation of the water at St. Martin’s was occasioned -by our earthquake continued into the Atlantic, as was conjectured -above, its extent, in a direction toward the S. S. E. must have been at -last 1900 miles. - -I shall now proceed to mention the principal effects of this -earthquake, for which I can find sufficient vouchers; for many strange -things have been related, which, upon examination, appear to be without -foundation. Besides the throwing down of glass, pewter, and other -moveables in the houses, many chimnies were levelled with the roofs -of the houses, and many more shattered, and thrown down in part. Some -were broken off several feet below the top, and, by the suddenness and -violence of the jerks, canted horizontally an inch or two over, so as -to stand very dangerously. Some others were twisted, or turned round -in part. The roofs of some houses were quite broken in by the fall of -chimnies; and the gable ends of some brick buildings thrown down, and -many more cracked. Throughout the whole country, the stone fences were -more or less thrown down. The vane upon the public market-house in -Boston was thrown down; the wooden spindle, which supported it, about -five inches in diameter, and which had stood the most violent gusts of -wind, being snapt off. A new vane, upon one of the churches in Boston, -was bent at its spindle two or three points of the compass; and another -at Springfield, distant about 80 miles westerly from Boston, was bent -to a right angle. A distillers cistern, made of plank, almost new, and -very strong put together, was burst to pieces by the agitation of the -liquor in it; which was thrown out with such force, as to break down -one whole side of the shed, that defended the cistern from the weather; -as also to stave off a board or two from a fence at the distance of -eight or ten feet from it. In some parts of the country, particularly -at Pembroke and Scituate, about 25 miles S.E. from hence, there were -several chasms or openings made in the earth, from some of which water -has issued, and many cart-loads of a fine whitish sort of sand. These -are the principal effects of this earthquake on the land, some of which -argue a very quick and violent motion of the earth. Tho’ the degree of -violence was doubtless different in different places, yet, that I might -make some estimate of it with us, I measured the greatest distance on -the ground, to which any of the bricks, which were thrown off from the -tops of my chimnies, had reached, and found it to be 30 feet, and the -height from which they fell was 32 feet. Now since bodies fall thro’ 16 -feet nearly in 1" of time; and the times, in which they fall through -other heights, are in the subduplicate ratio of those heights; it -follows, that the velocity, wherewith those bricks were thrown off, was -that of above 21 feet in 1" of time: for the subduplicate ratio of 32 -to 16 is the same as the simple ratio of 30 to a little more than 21. -But the velocity was less at less heights: for the key before spoken -of, as thrown from off a shelf in a chamber in my house, was not thrown -so far, in proportion to the height thro’ which it fell, as the bricks -were from the top of the chimnies; and in my lower rooms nothing was -thrown down, but a small bell in the garret was made to ring by it. -Hence it appears, that our buildings were rocked with a kind of angular -motion, like that of a cradle; the upper parts of them moving swifter, -or thro’ greater spaces in the same time, than the lower; the natural -consequence of an undulatory motion of the earth. - -But the agitation occasioned by this earthquake was not confined to -the land: it was very sensible on the water, and even at considerable -distances in the ocean. The vessels in our harbours were so shaken, -that it seemed to those, who were in them, as if they were beating on -the bottom. Some, that were in the bay, coming in from sea, thought -they had run upon rocks or sands. One very uncommon effect of this -concussion is related by several of our seafaring men, that almost -immediately after the earthquake, large numbers of fish of different -sorts, both great and small, came up to the surface of the water, some -dead, and others dying. - -The center of our former earthquakes, as well as of this, seems to -have been near the river Merrimac, about the latitude of 43° north, -and 40 miles north from hence; many shocks having been felt in that -neighbourhood, which did not extend to this place. The late Rev. Mr. -Plant of Newbury, which is situated at the mouth of that river, has -given a very particular journal, in _Philos. Transact._ Nº. 462. of the -shocks felt there from 1727 to 1741, few of which were perceived here -or at Boston. I remember none after the memorable 29th October 1727, -beside that on 30th January 1728, about two in the afternoon; and that -on 5th September 1732, which, by his account, did considerable damage -at Montreal in Canada, but it was very small at Boston. That also on -6th February 1737, about a quarter past four in the afternoon, which -he calls a considerable shock, was perceived at Boston; and so was -that on 7th December following, a little before 11 in the night. From -the conclusion of Mr. Plant’s journal, till the earthquake which is -the subject of this letter, I know of none, but that which happened on -Sunday June 3, 1744, at a quarter after ten in the morning. The roar of -this was as loud as any I ever heard, but the shake not so great. The -day was very fair and hot, with a little wind in the morning at W.S.W. -which in the afternoon came round to N.N.W. The season preceding was -hot and dry, there having been no rain from 23d May. On the 1st June, -at four in the afternoon, Hauksbee’s thermometer stood at 5,2; on the -2d, at five in the afternoon, it was at 1, with high wind at S.W.; on -the 3d, at eight in the morning, it was at 19,8; and at six 1-half in -the afternoon at 3,8. From the 1st June to the 2d, at the hours just -mentioned, the barometer had fallen from 29,92 to 29,82; from which -time it continued rising till the 4th at eight in the morning, when it -was got up to 30,12; being, at the time of the earthquake, at 29,94. -The rest of the month the weather was in general very hot, with many -thunder-showers. - -As the late Hon. Judge Dudley, who has given a very just account of -the great earthquake of 29 Oct. 1727, in _Philos. Trans._ Nº. 437, -has inserted an account of the weather in the preceding part of that -year; and as our last earthquake happened at the same time of the year -as that did, within 8 or 9 days (regard being had to the difference -between the Julian and Gregorian styles); I hope it will not be -disagreeable, if I give an account of our weather the last year: in -doing which, I shall follow, as near as may be, Mr. Dudley’s method, -setting down the particulars in corresponding columns, that so a -comparison may more easily be made between these two years. - -WEATHER in - - 1727, O. St. | 1755, N. St. - | - January and February | January, but especially - very moderate. | February, very moderate. - | - Beginning of March, a | 4th of March the greatest - great deal of snow, and | storm of snow we had - some cold weather: afterwards,| all winter. The whole - pleasant, rain at | month colder than February. - times, and once thunder | - and lightning. | - | - April, for the most part, | April, nothing very remarkable. - fair, pleasant. Plentiful | No hot weather. - rain, beginning and end | Each of these four - of the month. | months afforded more - | snow and rain, than the - | common quantity, taken - | at a medium for 7 years - | together. - | - May, beginning, pleasant; | First 20 days of May, - then a great deal of | dry; 14 to 18 inclusive, - rain; afterwards, cold and | uncommonly hot; latter - very dry. | part, frequent thunder-showers. - | The whole month drier - | than the medium. - | - June, abundance of | June, ten thunder showers; - thunder and lightning. | 15 to 20 inclusive, - | uncommonly cool. The - | driest June since 1749. - | - July, very dry; a great | July, seven thunder-showers, - deal of thunder and lightning.| and a little more - | rain than the medium. - | - August, exceeding hot | August, not very hot; - and dry. One plentiful | much drier than the medium. - rain. | - | - September, till the middle, | September, variable; - very hot. More hot | 10 to 14 inclusive, uncommonly - weather than in any summer. | hot; several - Middle, a violent | other days uncommonly - north-east storm, with a | cool. Upon the whole, - great deal of rain. | the summer rather cool - | than hot. The hottest - | weather was in the middle - | of May. No great - | rains; but rather more - | than the medium. - | - October, a pretty deal | October, a great deal - of cold weather. | of cold weather. Thunder-showers - 23, a great deal of rain, | on the 13th - with the S. wind. | and 17th. Snow on the - 25, at night a hard frost. | 20th, 25th, 29th, & 30th. - 26, Winterish weather, | But the quantity of rain - and a little snow. | and snow in the whole - 28, Cold. Wind N.W. | month less than the medium. - 29, Cold. Little wind | - at N.W. Evening quite | - calm, and a clear sky. | - -November began with cold and wet, there falling, in the eleven first -days 3,404 inches of rain; and on the 11th in the morning there was -thunder and lightning with the rain; and at a quarter past two in the -afternoon, the barometer was at 29,46; which was lower than it had been -since the 15th of October. From thence, till the day of the earthquake, -my diary stands thus: - -November 1755. - - |Hauksb.| - D. H. Barom.|Therm. |Wind.|Weather. |Rain, &c. - -------+------+-------+-----+------------------------------+---------- - 12 7¾ M|29,78 |63,7 | W 1|Very fair. Somewhat foggy. | ,003 - 2¾ E| 82 |51,7 | W 1|Fair. | - 13 9 M|30,14 |68 | NW 2|Very fair. | - 6¼ E| 21 |56,8 |NNW 1|Clear. | - 14 8½ M| 42 |69,4 | 0|Fair. | - 1½ E| 45 |59 | NE 2|Very cloudy. | - 8¾ E| 5 | . . | NE 1|Clear. | - 15 8½ M| 4 |74,6 | 0|Cloudy. Hazy. White frost. | - 4 E| 32 |60,5 | E 1|Very fair. | - 16 0¼ M| 27 |70,8 | 0|Foggy. | - 2 E| 28 |59,9 | N 1|Fair. | ,013 - 9¼ E| 32 | .. | N 1|Fair with clouds. Foggy. | - 17 8 M| 3 |70,1 | N 1|Cover’d. Foggy. | - 1½ E| 27 |59 | E 1|Very fair. Evenᵍ somewhᵗ foggy.| ,001 - 18 4¼ M| 17 |74,1 | 0|Clear. A violent earthquake. | - 8 M| 16 |78 | 0|Very fair. Great white frost. | - 3¼ E| 11 |58,3 | E 1|Very fair and hazy. | ,017 - 10 E| 08 |69,1 | 0|Clear. Somewhat hazy. | - -From this time the barometer rose till the 20th, when, at 8¼ M. it was -up at 30,44, the sky covered, wind N 2. Then it fell till the 23d at -6½ E, when it was so low as 28,87; which was lower than it had been -since the 6th of February last. The afternoon of the 22d, and night -following, when we had another shock, it was calm, and rained 1,205 -inches. This leads me to observe, that though the _serenity_, as well -as _calmness_, of the air, is a circumstance taken notice of in many -earthquakes, both in this and in other parts of the world; yet it does -not always obtain, at least in the smaller shocks, and, so far as I -have had opportunity to observe, the _calmness_ of the air has more -constantly attended upon earthquakes, than its _clearness_. The white -frost on the morning of the earthquake, which, when melted, I found to -be of the depth of 17/1000 of an inch, was almost double of any white -frost we have had for seven years past, and about five or six times -as great as we commonly have. The barometer and thermometer underwent -no alteration at the time of the earthquake: only, my barometer, -which has an open cistern of quicksilver, and stood in a chamber, was -so agitated, that part of the quicksilver was dashed over the sides -of the cistern, and scattered upon the floor. This cistern was a -cylindric cup, whose sides were an inch higher than the surface of the -quicksilver. - -I shall not pretend to make a comparison between the weather of the -two fore-mentioned years, nor inquire how far Mr. Dudley’s conjecture -(_Phil. Trans._ Nº. 437. p. 66.), as to the influence of the weather -in producing the earthquake of 1727, might be affected by such a -comparison. I choose to leave this to you, Sir, and to the other -gentlemen of the Royal Society, who, I know, are much better able to -make a proper judgment in this matter; and beg leave to subscribe, with -the greatest respect to that illustrious Society and yourself, - - Reverend Sir, - Your most obedient, - and most humble Servant, - John Winthrop. - -Cambridge _in_ New England, 10 Jan. 1756. - - - - -II. _The strange Effects of some effervescent Mixtures; in a Letter -from Dr._ James Mounsey, _Physician of the_ Russian _Army, and F.R.S. -to Mr._ Henry Baker, _F.R.S. Communicated by Mr._ Baker. - - - Moscow, Sept. 20th, 1756. - -[Read Jan. 20, 1757.] - -MR. Butler, a paper-stainer, trying to make some discoveries for the -better fixing of colours, was put in great danger of his life by the -following experiments: - -Having put into one gallipot a quarter of an ounce of verdegris, and -into another pot two leaves of false-gold leaf, to each he poured -about a spoonful of aqua-fortis. They began immediately to ferment, -especially the gold-leaf. He was very assiduous in stirring them, to -make the solution perfect. Having nothing else at hand, he did this -with a pair of small scissars, at arm’s length, carefully turning away -his face, to prevent the fumes from entering his lungs. He was called -away, about other business, before he had quite ended his process; and -soon after washed and shifted himself: but had scarce finished before -he felt a burning pain in the ring-finger of his right hand, which -he imputed to his having inadvertently touched the aqua-fortis. This -increased every moment, and affected the whole hand with burning pain -and swelling, which very soon subsided; but then it flew into the left -hand, and, a few minutes afterwards, into the insides of his legs, -as if scalding water had been thrown on them. His stockings being -immediately pulled off, there appeared a great many red spots, as large -as six-pences, something raised above the skin, and all covered with -very small blisters. - -In about two hours after the accident, I first saw him: he was very -uneasy, complaining of pain, and great anxiety, at the pit of the -stomach, as if a burning hot iron was laid on it: so he expressed -himself. His pulse was regular, but slower and weaker than natural: -he had a nausea, and complained of a very coppery smell and taste. I -ordered some alcaline volatile medicines, and to drink small sack-whey. -He vomited once, and had four or five stools, and then his stomach grew -easy. But the scene soon began again with lancing pain in the left eye. -He continued the same medicines, drank plentifully of the whey, and was -kept in a breathing sweat, by which he found some ease at night: but -whenever the sweating lessened, the burning pains returned in broad -flakes, changing from one part of the body to the other; sometimes with -shootings in his eye, and sometimes along the penis, but he had no heat -of urine. His pulse continued regular, but weak; and in several places -of his body such kind of spots struck out as those on his legs. - -Monday, the third day, in the morning, after sleeping well, his pulse -was somewhat raised, and he continued easy till about eleven o’ clock, -when the burning pains returned, shooting from place to place; but -always so superficial, that he could not distinguish whether it was in -or under the skin. Rubbing the part affected with one’s hand gave ease: -but when the sweating went off, and the burnings and shootings became -insufferable, I always put him into a bath of hot water, with some -wood ashes, kept ready in the room; which gave him great relief. This -afternoon he felt violent burning pain in his great toes, and sometimes -in his left hand, with shootings up to the shoulder. Once he cried out, -in great pain, that his shoulder was burst; for he felt something fly -out with a sort of explosion: but, examining the part, I found nothing -particular. He observed, when the flaky burnings began, they were as if -they kindled from a point, and flashed like lightning, as he termed it. -He was very often tormented with such pains on the pit of the stomach; -and this evening had shootings thro’ the back, with a pain in the -belly. He complained of a strong sulphurous smell, which, he said, was -like to suffocate him; tho’ his breathing seemed easy, and his lungs -no way affected. In the night he was seized with great pain about the -heart, and cried out violently, that his heart was on fire: but after -taking a dose of nervous medicines, and being put into the bath, he was -soon freed from this, and passed the rest of the night tolerably well. -At the time of such violent attacks the pulse continued regular, but -still slower and softer than usual. - -Tuesday. He complained most of his toes, and now and then burning pains -in the forehead. - -Wednesday. This whole day it continued most in the toes of the left -foot; but in the evening the pain on the stomach returned, which lanced -to the left side, with dartings inwardly. He became so uneasy and -restless, that I was obliged to add some opium to the other medicines; -which answered very well. - -Thursday. The pains kept most in the toes of the left foot. - -Friday. Nothing particular, except his feeling, with sharp pain, a -spark (as he called it) fly out of his right cheek, in the same way, he -said, as that, which burst on his shoulder, but much less. He perceived -no pain in that part before this; nor any thing after, besides a -soreness, which lasted for some days. Hitherto he had been kept in -a continual sweat: his appetite was greater than his allowance, his -digestion good; and his rest indifferent. From this time he was not -attacked by any violent symptoms; and could be quiet, tho’ he did not -sweat. - -On Sunday he began to get out of bed; but was often seized with glowing -pains, suddenly affecting different parts of the body; which seldom -continued an hour in one part, but shifted from place to place: these -he was troubled with, in a less degree, even long after he went abroad. - -By care and watchfulness the violence of the symptoms were kept under; -and, by the use of antidotes for poisons of the nature of what he -received this from, the disease was overcome, and the patient recovered -his perfect health and strength. - - - - -III. _Extract of a Letter of_ J. Wall, _M. D. to the Rev. Dr._ -Lyttelton, _Dean of_ Exeter, _and F.R.S. concerning the good Effects -of_ Malverne _Waters in_ Worcestershire. - - - Worcester, Dec. 22. 1756. - -[Read Jan. 20, 1757.] - -SIR, - -THE Malverne Water much deserves encouragement, several very -extraordinary cures having been done by it lately. I propose to make -a collection of the principal, and publish them, as an appendix to my -little treatise. Amongst other remarkable instances of their great -effects are the following, which have happened this year. A poor woman, -formerly a patient in our infirmary for a fistulous ulcer in the hip, -and another in the groin, which penetrated the abdomen, has received -her cure there, tho’ she was reduced to so great a degree, as to be -thought incurable, and sent into the country on a milk-diet, _&c._ as -the last resource. The discharge from the sores was prodigiously great, -and so offensive, that she could hardly be borne in a room. The water -took off the ill smell almost instantly; the discharge soon lessened, -and grew thick and well-conditioned; her hectic symptoms went off in -proportion; and, by continuing the use of the water for five or six -months, she is cured. - -A woman with a phagedenic ulcer in the cheek, throat, and nose, from -an ozæna in the hollow of the cheek-bone, received great relief this -year, in five or six weeks time; the external ulcer, which had -almost destroyed the whole cheek, being healed in that time, and the -other parts much amended. Her affairs would not permit her a longer -continuance at the well; but she continues the use of the water at -home, and finds great relief from it there. I hope another season will -complete the cure. - -Mr. Parry, of Clent, had his skin cleared, and perfectly healed, in -five weeks; tho’, when he came to the well, he was covered with an -elephantiasis; for which he had tried most of the purging waters, and -sea-water, under the direction of Dr. Russell, without effect. So bad -was he, that he could not move a limb but the skin cracked, and ouzed -out a filthy sanies; and he left the mark of his body every night in -his bed. The waters have also had another very surprising effect on -him: for they have been his Helicon, and converted him into a poet; he -having written a poem on the occasion, which he shewed to Lord Foley -and Dr. Dalton. - -I know a Lady, who, we had great reason to fear, had an internal -cancer, who has lately received great advantage from the use of these -waters, after other things had been tried unsuccessfully. - -I could send many more instances; but the compass of a letter will not -admit of it: and I should be afraid of having tired you already, did -I not know, that it must give you pleasure to hear of its extensive -utility. I am, Sir, - - Your most obliged - humble Servant, - J. Wall. - - - - -IV. _An Account of the_ Carlsbad _Mineral Waters in_ Bohemia: _In a -Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, _President of -the R. S. by the Rev._ Jeremiah Milles, _D.D. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Jan. 20, 1757.] - -My Lord, - -MR. Watson having favoured the Society with an Account of Dr. -Sprengsfeld’s treatise on the Carlsbad waters, I have taken the liberty -to submit to your Lordship some observations on the same subject, which -I made during my stay in that place; together with some specimens of -different sorts of incrustations, which are formed by those waters. - -Carlsbad is a small town, situated on the confines of Bohemia, at the -distance of 14 German, or 28 French, leagues west of Prague. It is -remarkable for its warm mineral springs, which are said to have been -accidentally discovered, in the year 1370, by the Emperor Charles the -IVth, as he was hunting; from whom they received their present name of -Carlsbad, or Charles’s bath. These waters soon growing into repute, -occasioned the building of a small neat town, consisting chiefly of -houses calculated for the accommodation of the company, who frequent -this place in the summer time. There are two warm springs, which rise -in the middle of the town, very near each other: and tho’ they are -supposed to be of the same quality, yet, as one is much warmer, it -is thought likewise to be more efficacious than the other. The former -of these, called the Brudel, rises very near the bed of the small -river Tepel which runs thro’ the middle of the town, and is sometimes -overflowed by it. The water issues with great force from the bottom of -this spring, rising in a considerable body to the height of six feet -perpendicular; and would force itself much higher, if it were confined -within a narrower compass. The spring is inclosed with a square wall, -within which are fixed three wooden pipes, which convey the water from -the bottom of the spring into a reservoir; which distributes it into a -number of small troughs, communicating with the several bathing-houses, -which are built on both sides of the river for the use of the patients. -This spring is so impetuous, that they are obliged to pave and ramm -the bed of the river, lest it should force itself up in the channel: -and I observed one place on the river side, where it had burst thro’ -the rock; and they had been obliged to confine it, by fastening down a -large stone on the orifice. - -The water of this spring is so hot, that you cannot bear your hand in -it; and the inhabitants make use of it for scalding their pigs and -their poultry. - -The water, when put into a glass, has a bluish cast, not unlike -that of an opal: and tho’ I could not discover, that in 24 hours -it had deposited the least sediment, yet there was a thin whitish -scum collected on the surface; and I observed the same in the baths, -where it was much thicker; and was of the colour, and almost of the -consistence, of a wafer. It has a salt taste when first taken from the -water, and is made use of by the inhabitants for cleaning of teeth and -scouring silver: it is called Baden Flaum. - -Tho’ this water does not deposit any sediment, yet it is remarkable for -the speedy and strong incrustation of all bodies, which are put into -it. Little plaister figures are sold here, on purpose to verify the -experiment; which, tho’ perfectly white when put into the spring, are, -in eight-and-forty hours, entirely covered with a yellow incrustation. -The same effect is observed on the pipes and channels, thro’ which the -water is conveyed. If care were not taken to clean them four or five -times a year, they would be intirely choaked up; and in some parts, -where it has not been necessary to clean them so often, I have seen -them covered with an incrustation two inches thick. In surrounding -and covering these wooden pipes, they do not change the nature of the -wood; but it is observable, that they add great hardness and solidity -to it: so that it is affirmed a piece of deal will last a hundred years -in this water. The head spring is cleared out once in 30 or 40 years, -with a very great expence: at which time they are obliged to break off -all the stony incrustation, which had been made by the water since the -last cleaning; and if neglected would (as it has sometimes actually -done) choak the passages, and oblige the spring to find vent in some -other place. The incrustations formed by these waters are of different -kinds: that, which is made in the troughs and pipes, thro’ which the -water is conveyed after it comes above ground, is of a light sandy -nature, of a loose contexture, and a bright yellow. It is used by the -inhabitants as a gentle corrosive for eating off proud flesh. There is -another of a darker colour, and a much harder nature, which is found at -the very mouth of the spring, where it bursts out of the rock. There -are other sorts taken out of the subterraneous cavities of the spring -at the time it was cleaned. In what manner they are formed, is not so -easy to determine; unless there were an opportunity of observing in -what manner and direction they lie within the spring. They seem to be -an alabastrine spar, and are beautifully marked with strait veins of -different colours, which may be supposed to have received their tinge -from the different colour of the spring-water at the time when this -sediment, or rather scum, was formed upon it. They find pieces of this -kind most beautifully variegated; and some of them large enough, by -fineering to make tables: these polish very well, and are not much -inferior to jasper in appearance. It is a part of the manufacture of -the place, to work this sort of stone into snuff-boxes, cane-heads, and -sleeve-buttons. - -There is likewise another sort of incrustation different from all -these, which was found some years ago, in digging for the foundations -of the new parish-church, which is about 300 yards distant from the -Brudel spring. They found there the same kind of water; but it did not -rise with so great force as in the other spring: and they discovered in -the cavities large masses of a stony concretion, which were a sort of -pisolithi, most of them in a globular, but some in an oval form, from -the smallest size to the bigness of a nutmeg; the former sort lying in -masses, the latter generally single and detached: they are perfectly -white, hard, and smooth, and appear to consist of a great number of -lamellæ formed round a small nucleus. This sort of incrustation has -been found in no other place; but there are some of a browner sort, and -more irregular shapes, which are taken out of the Brudel. - -The medicinal virtues of these waters have been treated of by German -authors. They are esteemed to be particularly efficacious in removing -obstructions, and in cases of the stone and gravel; of which the -treatise lately produced to the Society contains many remarkable -proofs. They are much frequented in these and in other cases; so that -they have generally 200 persons in a season drinking the waters. The -season begins in May, and ends in August. They drink them in the -following method. They begin with a purge; and assist its operation -with ten or twelve chocolate-cups of the water, taken within five -minutes of each other. The day following they take the waters in the -same quantity, and at the same intervals, keeping themselves all the -time in a warm room; which, with the warmth of the waters, occasions -a most plentiful perspiration. This is repeated for seven or eight -days, increasing daily two or three cups of the water, till they come -to drink 25 or 30 cups a day. The operation continues from eight of -the clock in the morning till noon. Some bleed once in the middle of -the course, others not at all. After they have finished this course -of drinking, they bathe two days successively, continuing in the bath -half an hour, or longer, as their strength permits them, or their case -requires. This is the whole course; which is repeated two or three -times, or oftener, as they find necessary. The whole is concluded with -a gentle purge, tho’ the waters themselves are of a laxative nature. - -There is another spring in the town of the same nature, but not so -warm, as the Brudel: it is called the Mill-spring, and is only tepid. -Those of a warm or weak constitution make use of this instead of the -other, both for drinking and bathing. - -There are likewise several chalybeat springs in the neighbourhood of -Carlsbad; one at half a mile, and the other at two leagues distance -from the town. Both of them seem to resemble the water of the Pohun -spring at Spa; but are not near so strong. They do not use them -medicinally on the spot; but they are brought to Carlsbad, and sold, in -order to be drank with their wine. I am, - - My Lord, - With the greatest respect, - Your Lordship’s - Most obedient humble Servant, - Jeremiah Milles. - -Grosvenor-street, Jan. 19th, 1757. - - - - -V. _An Essay towards ascertaining the specific Gravity of living Men. -By Mr._ John Robertson, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Jan. 27, 1757.] - -SOME time last autumn I had occasion to draw up a few examples on the -use of a table of the specific gravities and weights of some bodies. -Among other things, that occurred then to me, I thought it might be -useful to know the specific gravity of men. In order to make some -experiments on this subject, I got a cistern made, of 78 inches in -length, 30 inches wide, and 30 inches deep: it was constructed as near -a parallelopiped as the workman could, to prevent tedious operations in -computing the horizontal sections of the cistern by the surface of the -water. I then endeavoured to find ten persons, such as I proposed to -make the experiments withal; namely, two of six feet high, two of five -feet ten inches, two of five feet eight inches, two of five feet six -inches, and two of five feet four inches. One of each height I proposed -should be a fat man, and the other a lean one; but I could not succeed -in procuring such men; and, after waiting till near the middle of -October, I was obliged to put up with such, as would submit themselves -to the experiment at that season of the year. They were all labouring -men, belonging to the ordinary of Portsmouth yard, and, except one or -two of them, who were middling sized men, were for the most part very -thin and slim made persons. I had also provided a sliding measure to -take their heights, and scales to weigh them in. Every thing being -prepared, each man stript himself in an adjoining room, and put on -a pair of trowsers for decency’s sake: his height was first taken, -then his weight, and then he immersed (fortified with a large dram of -brandy). A ruler, graduated to inches, and decimal parts of an inch, -was fixed to one end of the cistern, and the height of the water -noted before a man went in, and to what height it rose when he ducked -himself under its surface; and of these several observations is the -following table composed. - - +---+--------+-----+---------+---------+--------+---------+-------+ - | | | |Ht. Water|Ht. Water| Water | |Weight | - |Nº.|Heights.| Wt. | before | when | raised.| |Water. | - | | | |immersed.|immersed.| |Solidity.| | - | |Ft. In. | Pds.| Inches. | Inches. | Inches.| |Pounds.| - +---+--------+-----+---------+---------+--------+---------+-------+ - | 1| 6 02 | 161 | 19,30 | 21,20 | 1,90 | 2,573 | 160,8 | - | 2| 5 10⅜ | 147 | 19,25 | 21,16 | 1,91 | 2,586 | 161,6 | - | 3| 5 9½ | 156 | 19,21 | 21,06 | 1,85 | 2,505 | 156,6 | - +---+--------+-----+---------+---------+--------+---------+-------+ - | 4| 5 6¾ | 140 | 19,17 | 21,21 | 2,04 | 2,763 | 172,6 | - | 5| 5 5⅞ | 158 | 19,13 | 21,21 | 2,08 | 2,817 | 176,0 | - | 6| 5 5½ | 158 | 19,09 | 21,26 | 2,17 | 2,939 | 183,7 | - +---+--------+-----+---------+---------+--------+---------+-------+ - | 7| 5 4⅜ | 140 | 19,05 | 21,06 | 2,01 | 2,722 | 170,1 | - | 8| 5 3⅛ | 132 | 19,01 | 20,86 | 1,85 | 2,505 | 156,6 | - | 9| 5 4⅛ | 121 | 18,97 | 20,76 | 1,79 | 2,424 | 151,5 | - | 10| 5 3¼ | 146 | 18,93 | 20,66 | 1,73 | 2,343 | 146,4 | - +---+--------+-----+---------+---------+--------+---------+-------+ - -In making of these experiments, I remarked some inconveniencies, which -I did not at first advert to, and which, at that time, I could not -prevent. I intended, that each man should have got gently into the -water, immersed himself all but his head, and so have staid until the -motion of the water had ceased; then he was suddenly to have ducked -his head under, and have continued to a few seconds of time, until I -had noted the rise of the water; and, after his leaving the cistern, -another was not to go in until the water was free from motion. Could -these things have been done, as I projected, I could have recommended -the foregoing table as sufficiently complete: but I must observe, that -beside the men’s being of different sizes from what I had desired, -they were in too much haste to be dismissed (with another dram after -dressing); so that the water was not quite still when they got into -the cistern: neither could I persuade all of them to lay themselves -down gently, much less to keep their heads under water so long a time -as one second: so that, in most of the observations, the surface of -the water was far from being quite so still, as to render the measures -perfectly exact, I being obliged to catch them, as it were, by taking -the mean height between the librations. Moreover, the great area of the -cistern was no inconsiderable bar to the accuracy I expected. However, -as I do not recollect experiments of this kind any-where recorded, -these, perhaps, may give some satisfaction to such persons, who may -have the curiosity to desire some knowlege on this subject. Were I -to make any more observations of this kind, I would chuse an upright -parallelopiped, not above 18 or 20 inches in the side of the square; -into which the person should let himself down by steps nailed to the -side: for in so small an area the motion of the water would sooner -subside; neither would the librations be any thing near so large as on -a smaller surface. - -One of the reasons, that induced me to make these experiments, was -a desire of knowing what quantity of fir or oak timber would be -sufficient to keep a man afloat in river or sea water, thinking that -most men were specifically heavier than river or common fresh water; -but the contrary appears from these trials: for, excepting the first -and last, every man was lighter than his equal bulk of fresh water, -and much more so than his equal bulk of sea-water: consequently, could -persons, who fall into water, have presence of mind enough to avoid the -fright usual on such accidents, many might be preserved from drowning; -and a piece of wood, not larger than an oar, would buoy a man partly -above water so long as he had spirits to keep his hold. Some things -herein advanced will perhaps more readily appear from the following -relation. - -The Lords of the Admiralty have appointed, for the exercise of the -scholars belonging to the royal academy at Portsmouth, a small yacht; -wherein, during the summer months, those young gentlemen are taught -the practice of working a vessel at sea, under the directions of one -of the master-attendants, assisted by eight or ten seamen. The last -time this yacht was out, which was about the beginning of last October, -one of the scholars was ordered to heave the lead. The youth was about -thirteen years old, small of his age, and far from being fat; as he -was stepping on the gunnel, he fell over-board: the sea was rough, and -the yacht had great way; so that he was presently at a considerable -distance from the vessel. The skiff was immediately let down; but the -painter not being fast, the rope run an end, and the skiff went adrift. -One of the seamen jumpt over-board, got into the boat, brought her -along-side the vessel, took in another man, and then went after the -youth, whom they recovered, after he had been in the water more than -half an hour. The young gentleman, relating the affair, said, that as -he could swim very little, and judging he should sink if he strove -against the waves, he turned on his back, and committed himself to -their mercy. He kept himself perfectly calm; and observed, when a wave -was likely to break over him, to hold his breath, and to spurt out the -water forced into his mouth. His hat, which happened to be tied by a -piece of string to one of his coat button-holes, he often held up with -his hand, as a signal where he was. Just before the boat came up to him -he began to be faint, his eyes became dim, and he thought himself on -the verge of sinking. This youth, who, by his prudence, saved himself -from drowning, must, at that time, have been specifically lighter than -water. - - - - -VI. _An Instance of the Gut_ Ileum, _cut thro’ by a Knife, successfully -treated by Mr._ Peter Travers, _Surgeon, at_ Lisbon. _Communicated by_ -John Huxham, _M.D. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Jan. 27, 1757.] - - Lisbon, August 3d, 1756. - -ANtonia Josée da Costa, one of the King’s messengers, was attacked by -two men, and, after receiving two blows on the head, was stabbed with -a knife in the right hypogastric region, about three fingers breadth -above the os pubis; the external wound being larger, as the knife was -drawn obliquely towards the navel, and might be an inch and half in -length, the perforation thro’ the peritonæum about three quarters of an -inch; the intestine ileum hanging out about ten or twelve inches, and -quite pierced thro’, the wound in the gut being large enough to admit -my fore finger. After clearing the grumous blood with warm water and -Hungary water, the uninterrupted suture was made on both perforations; -then dilating the common integuments of the belly, the intestine was -reduced, leaving the ends of the two threads at the superficies of -the wound; and the external incision was sewed up by the interrupted -suture, and common dressings of lint and bandage applied. A clyster was -given him immediately after the above operation, of oil of olives, the -yolk of an egg, and warm water. - -4th. This day I found he had passed in the most excruciating pains, -attended with continual vomitings: his fever very high, pulse full -and irregular: he was bled ten ounces this morning, and the like -quantity this evening. The clysters were continued thrice a day, with -a decoction of wormwood and camomile instead of the warm water, and an -anodyne mixture of mint-water, liquid laudanum, and sugar, to be taken -occasionally; also three ounces of syrup of rhubarb, with an ounce of -the fresh-drawn oil of sweet almonds, to be taken, a common spoonful -every two hours. - -5th. The bleedings were continued twice this day, three ounces each -time, and the clysters were administered as yesterday. His pulse -and fever very high; he vomited some excrements; and towards night -complained of a singultus. - -6th. His bleedings and clysters were continued as before. Finding his -singultus and vomiting so very troublesome, I ordered him Dr. Huxham’s -tincture of the bark; which was taken, a tea-spoonful, six times a -day, in a little mint-water; which indeed greatly relieved him: his -singultus and vomiting became less frequent. - -7th. I found his skin moist, and pulse softened. I remained with him -about an hour, and found a plentiful perspiration throughout the body; -on which I omitted his bleedings: the clysters were continued; and -towards night he had a proper discharge by stool, very fœtid, and -inspissated. - -8th. I found, for the first time, he had slept last night, and seemed -much in spirits: the symptomatic fever something lessened; and he had -purged last night, and this day, eight times. - -9th. He had five stools; his neausea much abated; and a gentle -diaphoresis continued. - -10th. The singultus ceased; his vomiting very little; his pulse low, -accelerated, and thread-like in its stroke; his purging violent; and he -greatly complained of a most acute pain of the wounded parts. A paper -of the following absorbent powders was given him every three hours in -rice-water. Crabs-eyes and red coral prepared, of each one drachm, -crude opium two grains: these were made for three doses, and given as -above. - -11th. He slept well; less pain; pulse more equal; his diarrhæa much the -same. - -12th. The threads, with which I had made the suture of the intestine, -came out of themselves: the wound well-conditioned; fever very little; -his diarrhæa rather increased. He sent for me in the evening, being -much alarmed, as he thought some liquids he had taken to have passed -thro’ the wounded parts. - -13th. Yesterday he complained of great pains in his belly: the -discharge from his wound was laudable matter, and in good quantity. - -14th. He rested well, and was seemingly well beyond expectation. His -diarrhæa still continuing troublesome, he took the hartshorn decoction, -with an addition of diascordium. - -15th. I cut off the threads of the external wound, and continued -dressings of digestive in the common method. - -16th. He grew visibly better each day after; and on Sept. 7th I -discharged him from any further attendance, his wound being intirely -healed over, and he is in all respects very well, free from pain, or -any inconvenience from the wound. He was kept seven and twenty days on -chicken-broth, and never admitted to use any solids during that time: -afterwards he was indulged with young chickens, &c. - - - - -VII. _An Account of a Visitation of the leprous Persons in the Isle -of_ Guadaloupe: _In a Letter to Mons._ Damonville, _Counsellor and -Assistant-Judge at_ Martinico, _and in the Office of King’s Physician -at_ Guadaloupe. _By_ John Andrew Peyssonel, _M.D. F.R.S. Translated -from the_ French. - - -[Read Feb. 3, 1757.] - -+SIR+, - -I Received the letter, which you honoured me with, and the order for -visiting the persons afflicted with the leprosy. I was sensible of the -misfortune of being ordered upon that commission: I say misfortune; -for such you will perhaps think it, when you have read this letter. - -It is now about 25 or 30 years since a very particular disease shewed -itself in many persons in this island Grande Terre. Its beginning -is imperceptible: there appear but a few livid-red spots upon the -skins of the white people, and of a yellowish red upon the blacks. -These spots in the beginning are not accompanied with pain, or any -other symptom; but nothing can take them away. The disease increases -insensibly, and continues several years in shewing itself more and -more. These spots increase, and extend indifferently over the skin -of the whole body. Sometimes they are a little prominent, but flat. -When the disease makes a progress, the upper part of the nose swells, -the nostrils are enlarged, the nose becomes softened; tuberosities -appear upon the cheek-bones; the eyebrows are inflated; the ears grow -thick; the ends of the fingers, and even the feet and toes, swell; -the nails become scaly; the joints of the feet and hands separate and -mortify: ulcers of a deep and of a dry nature are found in the palms -of the hands and soles of the feet, which grow well, and return again. -In short, when the disease is in its last stage, the patient becomes -frightful, and falls to pieces. All these symptoms come on by very -slow degrees, one after another, and sometimes require many years to -shew themselves: the patient is sensible of no sharp pain; but feels -a kind of numbness in his hands and feet. These people perform their -natural functions all the while, eating and drinking as usual: and -even when the mortification has taken off the fingers and toes, the -only ill consequence, that attends, is the loss of those parts, that -drop off by the mortification; for the wound heals of itself, without -any application: but when it comes to its last period, the poor sick -persons are horribly deformed, and truly worthy of compassion. - -This shocking disease is observed to have several other unhappy -characters; as, 1st, that it is hereditary, and that some families are -more apt to be seized with it than others: 2dly, that it is infectious, -being communicated _per coitum_, and also caught by keeping company -with those so diseased: 3dly, that it is incurable, or at least that -no remedy has yet been found to cure it. They have in vain tried -mercurials, sudorifics, and every other regimen used in venereal -complaints, under a notion, that this leprosy was the consequence of -some venereal taint: but, instead of being of service, these methods -rather served to destroy the patients; for, far from lessening the -disease, the antivenereal medicines unlocked the distemper, the most -dreadful symptoms appeared, and all those so treated perished some -years sooner than the others, who did not take these medicines. - -A very just fear of being infected with this cruel distemper; the -difficulty of examining infected persons before the disease came to -its state; the length of time of its lying concealed, by the care -of the patients to keep it secret; the uncertainty of the symptoms, -which distinguish it in the beginning; produced an extraordinary dread -in all the inhabitants of this island. They inspected one another, -since virtue and merit had no shelter from this cruel scourge. They -called this distemper the leprosy; and consequently presented several -memoirs to the generals and intendants, laying before them all these -facts above-mentioned; their just apprehensions; the public good; the -trouble, that this distrust caused in this colony; the complaints and -hatred, that these accusations occasioned among them; the laws made -formerly against such leprous persons, and their expulsion from civil -society. They required a general visitation of all persons suspected -of this distemper, that such, as were found infected, might be removed -into particular hospitals, or into some separate places. - -These memorials were sent to court, which, giving due attention to -these just representations, issued orders for the required visitations -in the most convenient manner, for the good of the public and of the -state. - -In the mean time, the post of physician-botanist become vacant in the -island of Cayenne. The minister was pleased to name me for it; and -altho’ this island was much more fertile in philosophical discoveries -than all the others, he thought proper to change my destination, and -sent me to this isle Guadaloupe; and did not forget the article of the -leprosy in my instructions. - -When I arrived at Martinico in 1727, Monsieur Blondel de Juvencourt, -then intendant of the French isles, communicated to me both the orders -of the court, and all the memoirs, that related to this affair. A tax -was then laid upon the Negroes of the inhabitants of the Grande Terre, -to raise a necessary fund for this visitation, thus made at the expence -of the colony; and Mons. le Mercier Beausoleil was chosen treasurer of -this fund. - -Being arrived at Guadaloupe, the Count de Moyencourt, and Mons. -Mesnier, ordinator and subdelegate to this intendance, communicated -to me the order of the general and intendant. I began then to inform -myself of the necessary instructions for acquiting myself of this -dangerous commission, the disagreeable consequences of which I easily -foresaw. I had so often heard of these leprous spots, that I judged -it necessary to know, whether what was said was true: for I could not -comprehend, that a disease, which has so dreadful an end, and the -symptoms then so terrible, should continue ten or fifteen years without -any other appearance than these simple spots; which, in themselves, had -nothing very bad. I demanded an inquest to be made, in order to satisfy -myself of this fact: several surgeons, as practitioners, and several -honest inhabitants, as observers, were accordingly called together, -who all proved the same fact in this inquest; which you, Sir, may, and -must, have seen in the register of the subdelegation of this island. I -am, most sincerely, - - +SIR+, - Your most humble and obedient Servant, - Peyssonel. - -August 10. 1748. - - -RESULT _of the_ VISITATION. - -1st, NONE of the patients, whom we visited, had any fever; and they -all declared, that they found no inconvenience nor pain; but, on -the contrary, eat, drank, and slept well, performing every natural -function; which was proved by their plumpness, which appeared even when -the disease was most confirmed. - -2. The disease began to shew itself in the Negroes by reddish spots, -a little raised, upon the skin, being a dry kind of tetter, neither -branny nor scabbed, and without any running, but of a livid-red, and -very ill-conditioned. The Negroes sometimes bring these spots with -them from their own country. The spots are constantly found upon every -person troubled with this disease; and are in greater numbers, in -proportion as the disease grows more inveterate. - -3. Among the whites the disease shews itself at the beginning by spots -of a livid violet colour, without pain; which are followed by little -watery bladders, particularly upon the legs, which burst, and leave -small ulcers with pale edges, and different in their natures from the -common ulcers. - -4. In proportion as the disease increased, the hands and feet grew -larger, without any signs of inflammation; since neither redness, nor -pain, nor any oedematous appearance accompanied it; but it was the very -flesh, that increased in bulk. And this growth of the hands and feet -was not attended with any sharp pain, but only a kind of numbness. - -5. This bloated state of the hands and feet was succeeded by white -deep ulcers under the skin, which became callous and insensible; and -which emitted only a clear serous matter like water, and were but -little painful. Afterwards the ends of the fingers became dry, the -nails became scaly, and, I don’t know how, they were eaten away; the -ends of the fingers dropt off; then the joints separated without pain, -and the wounds cicatrized of themselves, without the least need of -medicines. In the increase of the distemper hardnesses and lumps were -formed in the flesh, the colour became tarnished, the nose swelled, -and the nostrils grew wide: at last the nose softened like paste, the -voice became hoarse, the eyes round and brilliant, the forehead covered -with tetters and lumps, as well as the face; the eye-brows became -very large, the countenance was horrible, the breath fœtid, the lips -swelled, large tubercles were formed under the tongue; the ears grew -thick and red, and hung down; and, such was the insensibility of all -the parts, that we run pins thro’ the hands of several, without their -feeling any thing of it. In short, we were assured, that these people -perished by degrees, falling into a mortification; and the limbs dropt -off of themselves, without any considerable pain, continuing still to -perform well their natural functions. - -6. These leprous people lived thus easy, if I may be allowed the -expression, for several years, even fifteen or twenty; for the disease -begins insensibly, and shews itself but very slowly. - -7. Antivenereal remedies, which were ordered for almost every patient -we saw, were of no service: if they sometimes palliated some symptoms, -they very often hastened the progress of the disease: besides, we never -found the parts of generation at all infected, nor any thing, that -looked like the pox about them. - -8. Some of these people had indeed particular symptoms. In some the -hair fell off; which was replaced by a finer kind: in others, worms -were found in their ulcers: want of sleep, or frightful dreams, -afflicted some; while others quite lost their voice, or it became -effeminate like that of eunuchs; and others, we found, stunk extremely. - -9. Almost all of them, being desirous of concealing their disorders, -endeavored to deceive us, by alleging false excuses for the causes of -their sores and ulcers: the greater part of them pretended, that the -rats had eaten off their toes, and that burns had caused their ulcers. -These were the figures, that every where presented to us. - -10. We were confirmed in our opinions by experience, supported by -verbal process, that this was the state of the diseased; that the -distemper could neither be the pox, nor the effect of an inveterate -one: that it had no symptom of that disease; but that it had every -character of what the ancients called leprosy, elephantiasis, or -such other names, as they were pleased to give it. So that we do not -hesitate to pronounce, that those infected with this disease, as we -have described it, ought to be treated as leprous persons, and subject -to the ordinances, which his majesty was pleased to issue against such -persons. - -11. Again, we are well assured, from our observations, that the -distemper is contagious, and hereditary; and yet the contagion is not -so active, nor poisonous, as that of the plague, small-pox, nor even as -the ring-worm, itch, scald, and other cutaneous disorders: for, if that -were the case, the American colonies would be utterly destroyed; and -these persons so infected, mixed as they are in every habitation, would -have already infected all the Negroes, whom they come near. - -12. We believe, that this contagion does not take place but by long -frequenting the company of the infected, or by carnal knowlege. -Besides, we have observed, that even such long frequenting, or -cohabiting with them, are not always sufficient to communicate the -disease; because we have seen women cohabit with their husbands, and -husbands with their wives, in the distemper, while one is sound, and -the other infected. We see families communicate and live with leprous -persons, and yet never be infected; and thus, altho’ experience, and -the information of the sick, prove the contagion, we are of opinion, -that there must be a particular disposition in people to receive the -poison of the leprosy. - -13. As to what regards the distemper’s being hereditary, it is -assuredly so. We have seen intire families infected; and almost every -child of a leprous father or mother fall insensibly into the leprosy; -and yet, in several other families, we have seen some children sound, -and others tainted; the father has died of the disease, and the -children grew old without any infection: so that, tho’ it is certainly -hereditary, yet we believe it is of the same nature with those in -families troubled with the consumption, gravel, and other hereditary -distempers; which are transmitted from father to son, without being so -very regular, as to affect every one of the family. - -14. We could never find out any certain rule of judging, at what age -the disease shews itself first in those, who were begotten by infected -parents: but we have, as far as we could, observed, with regard to -women or girls, that the symptoms begin with the menses, and continue -slightly till they have lain in of one or two children: but that then -more visible, and indeed more cruel, symptoms appeared. As to men, or -infants, there is no rule to know it in them. - -15. For the explanation of the causes, symptoms, and what we think -the most likely means of cure, we refer to a particular dissertation. -Let it suffice here to observe, that we do not imagine, that the air, -water, or manner of living, can produce it; for we have found as many -sick in the low marshy places, as in more airy saline places: and if -many Negroes were infected in the Grand Terre, where they drink the -foul waters of ponds and lakes, we see an equal number ill in places, -where they have fresh rivers and running waters; but they may prove -proper causes for unlocking, and disposing persons to receive, the -disease. - -16. We believe, and are persuaded, that the origin of this disease -among the Negroes comes from Guinea: for almost all the Negroes from -the country told us they came from thence with these reddish spots, the -first and certain signs of the distemper begun. - -17. As to the infected Whites and Mulattoes of this island, we were -informed, that the disease was not known among the Whites till about 25 -or 30 years ago; when, out of charity, they received a miserable object -from the island of St. Christoper’s, whose name was Clement; who, about -the year 1694, fled hither. It was the family of the Josselins, called -the Chaloupers, that protected him; which family, as also that of the -Poulins, we found infected by communication with this sick man, as old -Poulin declared to us. - -It is thought, that others were infected by communication with the -Negro women, especially in the beginning, when the disease is much -concealed, at a time when they did not mistrust one another; which -is very probable, since we saw many Mulatto children, born of female -Negroes, infected and leprous. - -18. However this be, this distemper has had its progress; and in this -visitation, which we made, we examined 256 suspected persons; that is, -89 Whites, 47 free Mulattoes, and 120 Negroes: among whom we found -22 Whites, 6 Mulattoes, and 97 Negroes, infected with the leprosy, -amounting to 125. There were six Whites and five Negroes more, whom -we could not visit, for reasons set forth in the verbal process. The -remaining persons, which were 131, appeared to us very sound: not that -we can answer for the consequences, especially with respect to the -children, who are the offspring of leprous persons; whether declared -such by us, or dead before the visitation, suspected of infection. - -This is the opinion, declaration, and result of the visitation made -by us, the physicians and surgeon appointed for that purpose. At -Basseterre, the day above-mentioned. - - PEYSSONEL. - LEMOINE. - MOULON. - -A second visitation was made in October 1748. - - - - -VIII. _An Account of the late Discoveries of Antiquities at_ -Herculaneum; _in an Extract of a Letter from_ Camillo Paderni, _Keeper -of the_ Herculanean Museum, _and F.R.S. to_ Thomas Hollis, _Esq; dated_ -Naples, Dec. 16, 1756. - - -[Read Feb. 10, 1757.] - -IT is probable, that the first volume of antique paintings will be -published at Easter; in which there will be fifty copper-plates, with -observations by the academy lately established here for illustrating -the antiquities. - -Two volumes of the ancient papyrus have been unrolled. One treats of -_rhetoric_, and the other is upon _music_; and both are written by the -same author, Philodemus. Il Signor Canonico Mazzocchi, a very learned -gentleman of this city, is now translating them from the Greek. There -are two persons constantly employed in unrolling other volumes. - -In the month of April were found two fine busts of women, the subjects -unknown. Also a young stag, of excellent workmanship, upon a base. The -height of it, from the feet to the top of the head, is three palms -and a half. Likewise its companion; but broken in many pieces; which -however I hope to restore. - -In May, a small young hog. - -In October, a female statue, of middling workmanship. Also a Silenus, -a palm and three inches high, standing upon a square base raised upon -three rows of steps, which are supported at the angles by lions claws. -He has a bald head, a long curled beard, a hairy body, and naked feet. -The drapery about him is loose and flowing: the fore-finger of each -hand is extended, and all the rest are closed. From his back arises a -branch above the head, where it divides into two, which, twisting their -foliage round it, fall and spread themselves below the shoulders, on -each of which a stand is placed to fix a lamp. In the middle, betwixt -the extremities of these two small branches, is a bird resembling a -parroquet. The whole of this figure is in a very good taste. All these -things above-mentioned are of bronze. - -In November was discovered a beautiful marble Terminus, of Greek -workmanship, as big as the life. It is drest in a chlamys; has a young -countenance; and the head is covered with a Grecian helmet. - -Many other things have also been found, as lamps, vases, and such-like, -in bronze. And we have often met with paintings. If any farther -discoveries are made, which are remarkable, you may depend on being -informed of them. - -At present my time is much taken up, in a work extremely difficult and -tedious; which is this: When the theatre was first discovered, there -were found in it, among other things, several horses in bronze, larger -than the life; but all of them bruised, and broken into many pieces. -From this sad condition they are not yet restored. But his majesty -having expressed a particular desire to see that effected, if possible, -with regard to one of them, I resolved to attempt it; and accordingly -have set about it. - - - - -IX. _An Account of some Trees discovered under-ground on the Shore at_ -Mount’s-Bay _in_ Cornwall: _In a Letter from the Rev. Mr._ William -Borlase, _F.R.S. to the Rev. Dr._ Lyttelton, _Dean of_ Exeter. - - -[Read Feb. 10, 1757.] - - Ludgvan, Jan 24. 1757. - -Reverend Sir, - -BEING an airing the other day with Mrs. Borlase, on the sands below -my house, we perceived the sands betwixt the Mount and Penzance much -washed into pits, and bare stony areas, like a broken causey. In one -of the latter, Mrs. B. as we passed by, thought she saw the appearance -of a tree; and, upon a review, I found it to be the roots of a tree, -branching off from the trunk in all directions. We made as much haste -down to the same place in the afternoon as we could, and with proper -help to make a farther examination. I measured and drew the remains; -and about 30 feet to the west found the roots of another tree, but -without any trunk, tho’ displayed in the same horizontal manner as -the first. Fifty feet farther to the north we found the body of an -oak, three feet in diameter, reclining to the east. We dug about it, -and traced it six feet deep under the surface; but its roots were -still deeper than we could pursue them. Within a few feet distance -was the body of a willow, one foot and a half in diameter, with the -bark on; and one piece of a large hazel-branch, with its bark on. -What the two first trees were, it was not easy to distinguish, there -being not a sufficiency remaining of the first, and nothing but roots -of the second, both pierced with the teredo, or augur-worm. Round -these trees was sand, about ten inches deep, and then the natural -earth, in which these trees had formerly flourished. It was a black -marsh-earth, in which the leaves of the juncus were intirely preserved -from putrefaction. These trees were 300 yards below full-sea-mark; -and, when the tide is in, have at least 12 feet of water above them: -and doubtless there are the remains of other trees farther towards -the south, which the sea perpetually covers, and have more than 30 -feet water above them. But these are sufficient to confirm the ancient -tradition of these parts, that St. Michael’s mount, now half a mile -inclosed with the sea, when the tide is in, stood formerly in a wood. -That the wood consisted of oak, very large, hazel and willow trees, -is beyond dispute. That there has been a subsidence of the sea-shores -hereabouts, is hinted in my letter to you, p. 92; and the different -levels and tendencies, which we observed in the positions of the trees -we found, afford us some material inferences, as to the degree and -inequalities of such subsidences in general; as the age, in which this -subsidence happened (near 1000 years since at least) may convince us, -that when earthquakes happen, it is well for the country, that they -are attended with subsidences; for then the ground settles, and the -inflammable matter, which occasioned the earthquake, has no longer room -to spread, unite, and recruit its forces, so as to create frequent and -subsequent earthquakes: whereas, where there are earthquakes without -proportionable subsidences, there are caverns and ducts under-ground -remaining open and unchoaked, the same cause, which occasioned the -first, has room to revive and renew its struggles, and to repeat its -desolations or terrors; which is most probably the case of Lisbon. I -am, Sir, - - Your most affectionate - and obliged humble Servant, - Wm. Borlase. - - - - -X. _Experiments on applying the Rev. Dr._ Hales’_s Method of distilling -Salt-water to the Steam-Engine. By_ Keane Fitzgerald, _Esq; F.R.S._ - - -[Read Feb. 17, 1757.] - -ON reading Dr. Hale’s account of purifying salt-water, by blowing -showers of air thro’, it occurred to me, that something of the kind -might be applied with advantage to the steam or fire-engine, by -increasing the quantity of steam, and consequently diminishing the -quantity of fuel otherwise necessary. - -As the strength of steam raised from boiling water is always in a -fluctuating state, and, by the best experiments hitherto made, has -never been found above ⅒ stronger, or weaker, than air; I was in doubt, -whether steam, produced by this method, would be sufficiently strong -for the purpose of the steam-engine. - -I made an experiment first on a small boiler, about 12 inches diameter, -made in the shape of those commonly used in steam-engines, with a -funnel at the top, of about 1 inch diameter, for the steam to pass -thro’; the aperture of which was covered with a thin plate, fixt at -one end with a hinge, and a small leaden weight to slide on the other, -in the nature of a steel-yard, to mark the strength or quantity of -the steam. A tin pipe made for this purpose, with several small holes -towards the end, passed from a small pair of bellows, through the upper -part of the boiler, to within about an inch of the bottom. The boiler -was half filled with water, which covered the holes in the pipe about -six inches. From the best observation I was capable of making with this -machine, by blowing air thro’ the boiling water, it produced about ⅙ -more steam than was produced by the same fire without blowing air thro’. - -I then applied a machine of this kind to the engine at the -York-buildings water-works, the boiler of which is 15 feet diameter. -This is a patent-boiler, a section and plan of which is annexed. It -has a double concave, with a kind of door-way or passage from one to -the other, in order to let the flame pass, as it were, thro’ and round -the water; by which means there is no-where above nine inches of water -to be heated thro’, tho’ the boiler is so large; and which, by three -years experience, has been found to require ¼ less fuel, than any other -fire-engine of equal bigness. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. I _p. 54_. _J. Mynde sc._] - -I fixt a pipe of an inch and a half diameter to a pair of double -bellows three feet diameter; which pipe reached about one foot under -the surface of the water in the boiler; to the end of which are fixed -horizontally two branches, each about eight feet long, tapering from -one inch diameter to about ¼ of an inch. These branches are bent in a -circular manner, as in the plan, to answer the form of the concave, -and are perforated with small holes about four inches distant at the -thickest part, and decreasing gradually in distance, to within ¼ of an -inch, towards the small end. The reason of these branches being made -taper, and the distance between the holes decreasing to the small end, -was in order to give the greater power to the air forced by the bellows -to discharge the water lodged in such a length of pipe; and I observed -by this method, that the water was gradually forced thro’ the holes to -the end of each branch, and seemed to throw an equal quantity of air -thro’ the water. - -The length of the pipe, to which the branches are fixed horizontally, -is about 18 feet to the nosle of the bellows: notwithstanding which -length, the steam, that passed thro’ the pipe into the bellows, was so -hot before the water boiled, as to force thro’ the leather: but this I -easily remedied, by fixing a brass cock of one inch and a half diameter -to the pipe, which hindered the steam from ascending, until the engine -was ready to work; and being opened, the air continually keeps it cold -until the engine has done working; then the cock must be shut again. - -The bellows is worked by means of a small lever, and pullies applied -to the great lever of the fire-engine, which keeps a continual -blast whilst the engine works; the strength of which is increased or -diminished, by adding or taking off the weights on the bellows. - -The effect produced, according to the best observations I could make, -was, first, a very visible alteration for the better in the working -of the engine. When the fire was stirred, as it must be every time -fuel is added, the steam generally became too fierce, which occasioned -great irregularity, and sometimes, if not watched, great damage to the -engine; and when the fire abated, the stroke became immediately much -shorter, or stopped intirely, if fuel was not soon added: whereas, by -blowing air thus thro’ the water, it keeps, with any moderate care, an -equal stroke to its full length, from the beginning to the end; and -by that means discharges a considerably greater quantity of water. A -proof of which was very evident, tho’ I could not ascertain the exact -quantity: for the engine, before this improvement, supplied but two -main pipes at once, which conveyed the water to the houses served by -them; but since could not take off the quantity of water thrown up, -part of which was obliged to be discharged into a third main. - -As to the quantity of fuel, that may be saved by this method, it is -not easy to determine from any experiment on this engine, the boiler -and fire-place of which is made very different from all others, and -the quantity of fuel already thereby greatly lessened. The fire-place, -which may be said to be within the boiler, and is but barely large -enough to contain a quantity of the roundest and strongest burning -coals sufficient to work the engine, cannot in this be made less; and -consequently will not admit such a saving from this model, as from -one properly constructed for the purpose: a proof of which I made, by -trying some coals of a weaker kind, which were also cheaper; but on -trial were not strong enough to work the engine, and had therefore -been laid by. These coals answered extremely well; and, as it was a -slower-burning coal, I found the consumption, whilst they lasted, was -between two and three bushels less in every six hours, which is about -the time the engine works each day: and I am satisfied, if the person, -who attends the engine, would take the proper care, more coals could -still be saved. For at several different times, when I had the coals -exactly measured, and marked the time, I constantly found, that it -required half a bushel in the hour less than he generally used, and the -engine threw up as much water. - -As this method of blowing air thro’ boiling water, in order to increase -the quantity of steam for a fire-engine, has, I believe, never before -been attempted, and produces already a very good effect, I am in hopes -it may be still further improved. - - - - -XI. _Extract of a Letter of Mr._ Abraham Trembley, _F.R.S. to_ Tho. -Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. Translated from the_ French. - - -[Read Feb. 17, 1757.] - - Hague, 1 Feb. 1757. - -SIR, - -I Wrote to you on the 26th of November last, concerning the earthquake -felt some time before between the Rhine and the Meuse. I have been -since informed by Professor Donati of Turin, that a slight shock had -been perceived there on the 13th of August 1756, at a quarter after -nine in the morning. It was likewise felt in other parts of Piedmont. -He has also communicated to me an extract of a letter of a professor of -Genoa, one of his friends, of which the following is a translation. - - “On the 9th of November we felt here two shocks of an earthquake; one - at 20¾ hours, according to the Italian way of reckoning; the other - at about 4½ hours at night. I did not perceive the first, being then - walking in the house; but I felt the second. I was then laid down, and - going to sleep. The direction of the undulations was from north to - south, as far as I could judge.” - -Mons. Donati took last summer, according to his custom, a journey, -in order to prosecute his researches into natural history. He was -accompanied by Dr. Ascanius, Fellow of the Royal Society; who was still -in doubt about coral’s being a composition of animals. Mons. Donati -carried him to the sea of Provence. He ordered coral to be fished up -in his presence. He placed it in a large vessel full of water; and -carried this vessel on shore; where he soon convinced Dr. Ascanius, by -his own eyes, that coral is a mass of animals of the polype-kind. - -Mons. Donati has written to me, that he has thoroughly satisfied -himself by his last observations, that the polypes are fixed to their -cells; of which he had before doubted. What he says afterwards of -coral appears to me to express with more truth and precision what we -ought to think of this kind of animals, than any of the descriptions, -which have been given since the new discoveries have changed our -sentiments on that subject. Polype-beds, and the cells, which they -contain, are commonly spoken of as being the work of polypes. They -are compared to the honeycomb made by bees. It is more exact to say, -that coral, and other coralline bodies, have the same relation to the -polypes united to them, that there is between the shell of a snail and -the snail itself, or between the bones of an animal, and the animal -itself. Mons. Donati’s words are as follow. “I am now of opinion, -that coral is nothing else than a real animal, which has a very great -number of heads. I consider the polypes of coral only as the heads of -the animal. This animal has a bone ramified in the shape of a shrub. -This bone is covered with a kind of flesh, which is the flesh of the -animal. My observations have discovered to me several analogies between -the animals of kinds approaching to this. There are, for instance, -keratophyta, which do not differ from coral, except in the bone or -part, that forms the prop of the animal. In the coral it is testaceous, -and in the keratophyta it is horny.” - -The observations, which I have made upon some kind of polype-beds, -lead me to think, that what are called polypes, in those bodies, -which are observed to come out of and return into the cells, are more -than the heads of the animal. I have seen some, which had a bag, -into which pass’d their food, which I saw them swallow; and another -bag, into which passed the grossest part of that food, after it was -digested. This is the case, for instance, of the plumed polypes, which -I described at the end of the third memoir, in the work published by me -on one kind of fresh-water polypes. - -Mons. Donati has observed divers very curious facts in the journey, -which he made into the mountains. He has, in particular, traced out an -immense bed of marine bodies. This bed crosses the highest mountains, -which separate Provence from Piedmont, and loses itself in the plains -of Piedmont. - -He has likewise observed a mass of rock, which forms the extremity of -a pretty high mountain, the foot of which is washed by the sea. This -rock is at a considerable height, intirely pierced by pholades, that -species of marine shell-fish so well known, which digs cells into the -stones. It appears from hence, that this rock was some time covered -by the sea. According to Mons. Donati, the sea has insensibly retired -from the parts, which were washed by it; and he thinks, that there -must have been a very considerable space of time between that and the -time, when this mountain, pierced by pholades, was covered by the -waters of the sea. He deduces his opinion from the following fact. -There is in this rock, pretty near the surface of the sea, a natural -cavern fill’d with earth. In this earth have been found ancient Roman -sarcophagi and lamps. It follows from hence, that even in the time of -the Romans this part of the rock, in which this cavern is situated, was -not under water. As there is but a small distance between the cavern -and the surface of the water, it follows, that the water has sunk but -very little since the time of the Romans. If it has sunk in the same -proportion since the time, when it covered the top of the rock, there -is no doubt, but that the time, when it was intirely covered by the -sea, must have been very distant. If the same manner of reasoning be -used, with respect to the bed of marine bodies, mentioned above, which -crosses the mountains, that separate Provence from Piedmont, we shall -be obliged to presume, that the time, when those mountains were under -the waters of the sea, was at a very great distance from the present. - -Mons. Donati concludes from these facts, and the consequences deduced -from them, that the Mediterranean sea is a very ancient, and not a -modern one, as Mons. de Buffon imagines. - -Those, who explain all phænomena of marine bodies found out of the -sea, by an universal deluge, do not admit the consequences drawn by -Mons. Donati from those marine bodies now under consideration. It is -plain, that most of the naturalists, who have observed a great number -of these marine bodies, are not of opinion, that all those phænomena -can be explained by a universal deluge. Upon these subjects, before we -undertake to judge, it is proper to be well informed of the nature of -marine fossile bodies, which are found in divers parts, and of their -situation and arrangement. It is necessary likewise to be acquainted -with the state of those, which are found actually under the sea, and -the revolutions, to which they are subject, while they are covered -by it. It is still farther requisite to have an attention to the -revolutions, which have been and are constantly observed, with respect -to the sea-shores, which change their situation in several parts, some -advancing upon the land, and others retiring. If all these different -facts be compared together, it will not be doubted, but there are -actually under the earth marine bodies which are found there only in -consequence of these slow revolutions, and not of an universal deluge. -Perhaps this notion might be extended to the greatest part of the -marine fossile bodies, which are known to us. - -Mons. Donati informs me, that he would be glad to present to the Royal -Society an history of coral, if he thought, that it would be agreeable -to them. - - - - -XII. _A brief Botanical and Medical History of the_ Solanum Lethale, -Bella-donna, _or_ Deadly Nightshade, _by Mr._ Richard Pultney. -_Communicated by Mr._ William Watson, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Feb. 17, 1757.] - -BELLA-DONNA is the name, which the Italians, and particularly the -Venetians, apply to this plant; and Mr. Ray[1] observes, that is so -called because the Italian ladies make a cosmetic from the juice, -or distilled water, which they use to make their complexion fair and -white. Others[2] suppose it derives its name from its intoxicating -quality. With us it is generally known by the name of Deadly -Nightshade, or Dwale, tho’ this last term is seldom used for it; and -the old French word _Morelle_, which Lobel applies to it, seems to be -quite forgotten amongst us. - - -CLASSICAL DISTRIBUTION. - -The Deadly Nightshade was very soon discovered by the revivers of -botany after the restoration of learning; and, agreeable to the fashion -of those days, it was greatly debated among commentators, whether it -was known, and by what name, to the fathers of botany Theophrastus -and Dioscorides. Several of the writers of that time, as Dodenæus, -Guilandinus, Fuchsius, and Cordus, were of opinion, that it was the -Mandragora morion of Theophrastus; and their sentiments were espoused -by his learned commentator Bodæus à Stapel[3], who moreover supposes -it the plant, which Dioscorides describes, lib. iv. cap. 69. under the -name of Στρύχνος μανικὸς. On the other hand, Matthiolus[4] has taken -great pains to prove, that it is not the Mandragora of Theophrastus; -and both he and Ruellius[5] are inclined to think, that the Bella-donna -was not known to either of the Grecian Fathers; who are so short, -vague, and immethodical, in their descriptions, that it is very -difficult, not to say impossible, to apply them to particular species -with justness and precision. - -Be this as it will, our restorers of botany agreed in general to rank -it with the Solana, or Nightshades; and as most of them took it to be -the Στρύχνος μανικός of Dioscorides, so we find thereto the addition -of some epithet, expressive of its deleterious quality, in most of -their writings; such as lethale, somniferum, furiosum, &c. Its general -agreement with the plants of that genus, and also the knowledge the -world soon had of its poisonous quality, when it is considered, that -systematic distributions, from the parts of fructification, had not -been thought of at that time: these, I say, were sufficient reasons for -referring it to the Nightshades. By such names therefore is it found in -most of the old writers; till Clusius, who, observing perhaps, that it -differed in its parts of fructification from the Solana, adopted the -indigenous Italian name, as a generical one, and called it Bella-donna. -Cæsalpinus, the first inventor of a botanic system, did not separate -it from the Nightshades. Morison and Ray, the revivers of method -almost an hundred years afterwards, were aware of the difference; the -former having placed it in a chapter among the _Solanis affines_, -and the latter constituted a distinct genus of it, tho’ he retained -the old name in his history of plants. Tournefort adopted Clusius’s -name _Bella-donna_, and was followed by all the systematic botanists, -who have since wrote; as Boerhaave, Rivini, Ruppius, Knaut, Magnol, -Ludwig, and Haller; until Linnæus, conformable to the 229th rule of -the Fundamenta Botanica[6], rejected it, and very expressly calls it -Atropa[7]; in which he is followed by all succeeding writers, who have -chosen his method. - -Cæsalpinus, Morison, Ray, Herman, and Boerhaave, who range these plants -according to the fruit, place the Deadly Nightshade among the _Herbæ -Bacciferæ_ in their respective systems. - -Rivinus, Ludwig, and Christian Knaut, who adopt the number and -regularity of the petals in the corolla, for their classical character, -refer it to such as have regular monopetalous flowers. Ruppius, -whose method is upon the same plan, brings it among the irregular -monopetalous ones. - -Tournefort’s method, which is established upon the figure of the -flower, takes it into the first class among such plants as have -campaniform or bell-shaped flowers. - -Dr. Van Royen, whose system is undoubtedly a very elegant attempt -towards the natural method in botany, arranges it among such as he -calls Oligantheræ; namely, such plants as have the stamina equal to, or -fewer in number than, the segments of the corolla. - -Dr. Haller, whose method is upon the plan of a natural one also, -includes the Bella-donna among the Isostemones, such plants as have the -number of the stamina equal to the segments of the corolla. - -In the sexual system of Linnæus, at this time so generally received, -and so well established, it belongs to the Pentandria monogynia, or -such plants as have five stamina and one style. The plants of this -order are arranged into five subdivisions. The Atropa comes in among -those, that have declinated stamina. According to this method, we shall -give its generical characters from the last edition of Linnæus’s Genera -Plantarum. - -The most obvious and essential character of the genus is the _globose -berry, and open calyx_[8]. The general character is as follows. - - -ATROPA Linn. Gen. Plant. Ed. 5. Nº. 222. - -The calyx is a gibbous permanent perianthium, formed of a single leaf -divided into five acute segments. - -The corolla is formed of a single bell-shaped petal, the tube of which -is very short; the limb ventricose, of an oval figure, and longer than -the calyx. The mouth is small, expanded, and divided into five pretty -equal segments. - -The stamina are five subulated filaments proceeding from the base of -the flower, and are of the same length: at the base they are connivent, -and at the top bent outwardly. The antheræ are thick and assurgent. - -The germen is of a semiovated figure: the style is filiform, of the -length of the stamina, and inclinated. The stigma is capitated, -transversely oblong, and assurgent. The fruit is a globose berry, -standing in a large cup, and containing three cells. The receptacle is -convex on both sides, and kidney-shaped. - -The seeds are numerous, and kidney-shaped also. - - -_The_ +SPECIES+. - -1. Atropa caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis integris. Linn. Spec. Plant. p. -181. - - Atropa. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 57. Roy. Lugd. 423. Hort. Ups. 45. Dalib. - Paris. 70. - - Bella-donna majoribus foliis et floribus. Tourn. Inst. 77. Boerh. - Lugd. II. 69. Miller, plate 62. - - Bella-donna dicta Solanum lethale. Hill. Herb. Britan. p. 328. tab. 47. - - Bella-donna. Clus. Pan. p. 503. Bod à Stap. p. 586. Cat. Gissen. 142. - Raii Syn. ed. 3. p. 265. Vaillant. Botan. Par. p. 20. Hall. Helv. 507. - Dale Pharmacol. 4° ed. p. 72. Wilson. Synop. p. 122. - - Solanoc ongener flore campanulato vulgatius, latioribus foliis. Hist. - Oxon. III. p. 532. sect. 13. tab. 3. fig. 4. - - Solanum somniferum. Fuchs. 689. Icon. opt. - - Solanum maniacum multis sive Bella-donna. J.B. III. p. 611. - - Solanum melanocerasos. C.B. pin. 166. - - Solanum lethale. Ger. 169. emac. 340. Park. 346. Raii. Hist. Plant. - 679. - - Solanum majus sive Herba Bella-donna. Matthiol. Oper. Omn. p. 756. - - Solanum somniferum et lethale. Lobel. Adversar. p. 102. - - _Deadly Nightshade_, or _Dwale_. - -2. Atropa caule fruticoso. Spec. Plant. 182. - - Bella-donna frutescens rotundifolia Hispanica. Tourn. Inst. 77. - - Solanum frutex rotundifolium Hispanicum. Barril. Obs. 2. Icon. 1173. - - _Round-leaved shrubby Spanish Bella-donna._ - -3. Atropa foliis sinuato-angulatis, calycibus clausis acutangulis. -Spec. Plant. 181. - - Bella-donna flore magno violaceo. Hill. Herb. Brit. 319. - - Alkekengi amplo fiore violaceo. Few. Per. 724. tab. 16. - - _Large violet-flower’d Bella-donna, or Deadly Nightshade._ - -The first of the species here enumerated is the plant in question. The -second has been found growing naturally in no other country than Spain. -The third was first discovered by Father Feuillée in Peru, and is -therefore only an inhabitant of the gardens in this part of the world. - - -_The_ +DESCRIPTION+. - -The root is perennial. It is pretty long, and divided into many -branches of a brown colour, succulent, and of a disagreeable smell. The -radical leaves are frequently a foot long, and five inches broad, of an -oval acuminated figure, and not sinuated on the edges. The stalk rises -to three or four feet: it is much divaricated and branched. The cauline -leaves stand alternately upon it, in shape like the radical, of a -dusky-green colour on the upper part, and a paler green underneath, -being a little hairy on both sides. The flowers stand on single -footstalks, in the alæ of the leaves: they are large, of a campanulated -figure, and striated, of a dusky-purple colour within, with a yellow -variegated base; the outer surface of the flower is of a greenish red. -After the flower succeeds a fine beautiful large berry, which is black -when ripe. For the rest, take in the generical character. - -Most of the old authors give us figures of this plant, which, tho’ they -convey a general idea of it, are yet scarce any of them exact. This -fault in general runs thro’ all, that I have had an opportunity of -examining; namely, that the flowers and fruit are represented by much -too large in proportion to the leaves. Morison’s is perhaps one of the -best among the old figures: it is, upon the whole, tolerable, but not -accurate on account of the before-mentioned objection. Petiver’s does -by no means represent the plant justly, in that the alæ of the leaves -are not properly filled up. The most accurate figure of all, that I -have seen, is Mr. Miller’s, in his plates adapted to the Gardeners -Dictionary, which is undoubtedly taken from nature itself. - - -+PLACE+ _of_ +GROWTH+. - -The Deadly Nightshade is found in many parts of Europe, especially in -England and in Austria; and yet in our own country it is happily not -very plentiful, inasmuch as our botanical writers usually reckon it -among the _more rare_ plants, and specify particularly the places where -they have observed it. - -Here in England it is chiefly found in uncultivated places: in -church-yards, about old walls, among rubbish in shady places, about -dunghills, in lanes, and sometimes about woods and hedges. It begins to -flower in June, and maintains a succession of flowers for two months. -The berries are ripe in September and October. - -It is of great importance, that the knowlege of poisonous plants -should be extended as much as possible, that they may the better be -avoided, and their fatal effects thro’ mistake be guarded against: -there can therefore be no impropriety in enumerating particularly -some of those places, where our English botanists have observed it. -Mr. Ray mentions its being found in the church-yard and lanes about -Fulburn in Cambridgeshire, Sutton-Colefield in Warwickshire: in -the Downs: at Cuckstone, near Rochester in Kent, all the yards and -backsides are over-run with it. _Ray. Syn._ Upon Clifton-hill, near -Nottingham; also in a quarry near the cold-bath at Mansfield. _Catal. -Notting_. In Currenwood-kins, near Burton in Kendal, and other places -in Westmorland. _Wilson’s Syn._ Dr. Wilmer found it amoung the bogs -going down to Dorking in Surrey, plentifully. In Preston church-yard, -near Feversham in Kent. Mr. Watson found it by the wood-side, under -the park-wall, between Temsford-mills and Welwyn, Hertfordshire; and -near the road between Rochester and Maidstone. Mr. Blackstone found it -in a shady gravel-pit near the old park-wood at Harefield, and in the -gardens at More-park near Rickmansworth, plentifully. _Specim. Botan._ -About Rochester and Chatham, where it grows in the joints of old -walls, and in most of the unfrequented lanes: also in Woodstock-park -in Oxforshire, and Up-park in Hampshire. I have observed it four or -five years since on the edge of Charley-forest: about Grace-Dieu, -Leicestershire. It grows about North Luffenham in Rutland. - - -_Its_ +POISONOUS QUALITY+. - -There have been many fatal instances of the narcotic and deleterious -effects of the berries of this plant. They are upon record in almost -all botanical, and many medical authors. Children have unhappily been -the principal sufferers this way, being tempted to eat by the enticing -aspect of the berries, or by mistaking them for some other fruit. The -berries, however, are not the only part of the plant, which partake of -this intoxicating and poisonous property: the whole plant is endued -with it, and that in no small degree. - -If the Bella-donna is allowed to be the Στρύχνος μανικὸς of -Dioscorides[9], this quality of it was not unknown to that writer. It -was very soon known to the first writers in the medical and botanic way -after the restoration of letters; and they have not failed to inform us -of it. - -Tragus and Fuchsius, who wrote about the middle of the sixteenth -century, both relate instances of the poisonous effects of these -berries: the former, of a man, who went mad after having eaten of them; -the latter, of two children, who perished by the same means[10]. - -Lobel[11] tells us, that the berries of this plant are present -death; and informs us of some youths, who, after eating them, became -stupified, and died as from an over-dose of opium. - -Matthiolus[12] relates, from his own knowlege, of some children -poisoned by the same means. - -Among all the instances of the intoxicating nature of this plant, there -is none more memorable than that mentioned by the Scotch historian -Buchanan[13], of the destruction of the army of Sweno; which is quoted -by almost all authors, who have wrote upon this plant. It is there -said, that the Scots mixed a quantity of the juice of these berries -with the drink, which, by their truce, they were to supply the Danes -with; which so intoxicated them, that the Scots killed the greatest -part of them while they were asleep. How far this anecdote is to be -depended upon, or whether other concurrent circumstances ought not to -be taken into the account, I cannot determine. - -Our own herbalist Gerard[14] mentions the case of three boys in the -Isle of Ely, who, having eaten of these berries, two of them died in -less than eight hours; but the third, by drinking plentifully of honey -and water, and vomiting after it, recovered. - -Bodæus à Stapel, in his comment upon Theophrastus[15], tells us of two -youths, that eat two or three of these berries, which they got in the -Leyden garden, mistaking them for black currants: one of them perished, -and the other recovered with great difficulty. - -Simon Pauli relates two or three examples to the same effect[16]. -Wepfer gives us a circumstantial account of a child about ten years -old, who was thrown into a great variety of convulsive symptoms after -eating of this fruit: but proper care being taken by vomiting, and -afterwards giving alexipharmics and anti-epileptic medicines, he -recovered[17]. - -M. Boulduc[18] laid before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, the -case of some children, who, upon eating these berries, were seized with -a violent fever, palpitations of the heart, convulsions, and lost their -senses. One of them, a little boy of four years old, died the next -morning. - -Boerhaave has instances to the same effect[19]: and it was the -misfortune of Dr. Abraham Munting, a noted botanist and professor -of physic in the university of Groningen, to have his own daughter -poisoned with the berries of the Bella-donna. - -It would be almost endless to recite all the instances to be met with -upon this head. The German Ephemerides, the Commercium Literarium, and -other periodical works, furnish us with farther proofs of the deadly -quality of the Bella-donna; and they are unhappily corroborated by -more recent instances in modern authors. The Gentleman’s Magazine[20], -Mr. Miller in his Gardeners Dictionary, and Dr. Hill in his British -Herbal[21], exhibit to us several melancholy cases of this kind. - -The effects of this plant have been so extraordinary, that several -distinct treatises have been published professedly upon it. The most -remarkable of these is that of J.M. Faber’s, printed at Augsburg in -1677, under the following title; _Strychnomania explicans Strychni -manici antiquorum, vel Solani furiosi recentiorum historiam_. In this -tract the author has collected a number of cases from various hands, -concerning the poisonous quality of the plant in question. In the year -1714. C. Sicelius published a treatise upon this plant, under the title -of _Diatribe de Bella-donna. Jenæ_. 8vo. - - -+MEDICAL HISTORY+. - -Who it was, that was bold enough to venture first upon the internal -use of this plant as a medicine, I cannot say; chance very probably -led to it, as in many other cases. In the mean time, there is reason -to believe, that it is not altogether a modern practice. One would be -led to think, by the accounts given us in Matthiolus and Bodæus, that -in their days its operation was very well known; and that they knew how -to dose it very exactly, since they give us an account of tricks being -played with it, by infusing the quantity of a scruple of the root in -wine, and intoxicating people therewith. The former of these authors -relates, that the distilled water from this plant, in a dose of about -two or three spoonfuls, was exhibited by some people in inflammations -of the viscera; and, he observes, with good success. Parkinson seems to -have transcribed this account, respecting this use of it; but neither -of them speak of it from their own knowlege. It may be questioned, -however, whether this could act otherwise than as mere water; since the -principles with which this plant is endued, do not seem capable (if one -may judge from its sensible qualities and effects upon those who have -taken it) of rising in a still. - -Mr. Ray[22], from the German Ephemerides, an. 13. obs. 64. presents -us with the relation of a shepherd in Denmark, who administered an -infusion of the berries in wine in the dysentery, which was there very -common, and very obstinate; adding, that it was attended with great -success, not only restraining the flux, but carrying off the disorder -by sweat. Mr. Ray observes further, that, correspondent with this -practice, Conrade Gesner actually prepared a syrop from the berries, -and gave it in dysenteric cases with great success. This account is -found in Gesner’s Epistles, and is quoted also by Dr. Haller[23], when -treating of this plant. Possibly its efficacy in these cases may be -accounted for, from considering it merely in the quality of an opiate; -and therefore it cannot be adviseable to use it, when safer medicines -are always at hand. - -Its external use seems to be of as long a date as its internal; and -it was on account of its cooling and repellent quality, that it came -into credit as a fucus among the Italian ladies. Matthiolus recommends -it in the erysipelas, the shingles, and other inflammatory disorders -of the skin. The leaves, applied in the form of a cataplasm, are much -celebrated by many writers, as of great use in resolving tumors, -particularly of the breast, and even such as are of a schirrous and -cancerous nature. Many of the old authors[24] mention this application -of it, among other of the cooling and narcotic herbs; such as the -common nightshade, henbane, hounds-tongue, _&c._ which it was usual -to apply on such occasions. Mr. Ray informs us, that Mr. Percival -Willughby experienced its efficacy repeatedly, in discussing hardnesses -and cancerous tumors in the breast. - -Its relaxing quality is very surprising, as appears by that memorable -case related by the last-mentioned author, of a lady’s applying a leaf -of it to a little ulcer, suspected to be of the cancerous kind, a -little below her eye, which rendered the pupil so paralytic, that it -lost all its motion for some time afterwards: and that this event was -really owing to that application, appears from the experiment’s being -repeated with the same effect three times. - -The German physicians have gone much further: they have even ventured -to give it inwardly in cancerous cases. Dr. Haller, when treating of -the quality of this plant, refers to Junker, and others of the modern -physicians, as recommending the decoction of it with caution, that it -be not given in such quantity as to cause sleep. So long since as the -year 1739. there was a thesis published at Hall, by Michael Albert, in -which the Bella-donna is proposed as a specific in cancerous cases. -What other physicians patronize this use of it, I cannot say, having -but little opportunity of consulting those academic pieces, which are -of such eminent use in compilations of this kind. Thus much is certain, -that its use, in such cases, rather gains ground; and the case, -published in the French Bibliotheque[25], printed at the Hague, of an -ulcerated cancer being radically cured by an infusion of the leaves of -this plant in water, deserves particular attention, on account of its -being so well attested. The case is extracted from an inaugural thesis -of Professor Lambergen’s, who was the physician concerned[26]. The -event was so singularly happy and successful in this instance, that we -hope it will need no apology, if we give a particular detail of it. - -The person afflicted with this miserable disease was a widow of 34 -years of age, and mother of four children. She had but weak nerves, and -had been subject to inflammatory disorders. She informed M. Lambergen, -upon examining her, that she had had a quinzy six times, which had -twice ended in suppuration: that eight years before her right breast -had suppurated, and discharged much matter: that two years after it -suppurated again; and that at the end of another year both breasts -underwent the same fate; since when the right had remained schirrous, -but was without pain, except when she handled it. She had suckled her -youngest child about six months, when she was seized with a fever; and -the left breast (with which only she could suckle since the other had -suppurated) soon swelled, inflamed greatly, was very painful, and soon -became almost as large as a child’s head. Dr. Lambergen being called -in, ordered copious bleeding, and that the child should suck as little -as possible. She took some medicines, and soon recovered. - -A year passed after this without any bad accident; when the lunar -evacuations, which she had had from her 18th year, beginning to -diminish, she felt a pricking pain in her left breast, and her right -began to swell. Upon a fright, she had a fall, which accident increased -both the pain and swelling; and she had recourse again to Dr. Lambergen. - -He found the tumors in her right breast much enlarged, and so connected -together, as to feel like one large one only. On the upper part of the -breast, upon the pectoral muscle, it felt rugged, unequal, and almost -as hard as a stone. The patient complained of a constant itching in -the part, and at times a pungent pain, which seemed to shoot from -the armpit, and end in the tumor. Under this armpit the glands were -hard and schirrous; and the left breast was not exempt from the like -indurations. A vein or two on the right breast was a little enlarged, -otherwise no alteration. It was no hotter than common; nor had it -undergone any change of colour. To mitigate the pain of the schirrous, -Dr. Lambergen ordered the following plaister: - - ℞ _Ung. Diapomphol._ ℥ ij. _Amalgam, merc. et Plumb._ ȝ iij. - _Sperm. Cet._ ȝ j. _M._ - -With this external application he prescribed likewise the following -powders, to be taken night and morning, and gave directions relating to -the non-naturals. - - ℞ _Coral. rub. Antimon. Diaphoret. illot. Sper. Ceti a_ ȝ ij. - _Laud. gr._ vj. _M._ for 12 doses. - -Under this method the pain remitted, but the tumor inlarged, and a -little rising was observed on the upper part of it; and towards the -nipple, where there was the least hardness, a small spot was perceived, -which, at the next return of the catamenia, inflamed, and became the -seat of the most excruciating pain. Dr. Lambergen, during this period, -in the room of the powders, substituted emmenagogic pills, and ordered -the pediluvium. She lost ten ounces of blood from the foot: and by -these means the swelling of the breast diminished, and the patient -suffered very little for some days. This truce, however, was but -temporary: the rising on the upper part of the tumor began to inflame, -itched intolerably, the pain returned, was almost perpetual, and -insupportably pungent. - -In this dreadful state was the patient, when Dr. Lambergen desired the -late Dr. du Bois, Dr. Winter, physician to the house of Orange and -professor at Leyden, together with Dr. Van Arum of Leewarden, physician -in ordinary to the Princess dowager, to visit her. These gentlemen -examined her many times, and unanimously agreed, that it was now no -less than a confirmed cancer. It was Professor Winter, who acquainted -Dr. Lambergen, that he had heard M. Degner, a celebrated physician -at Nimeguen, speak of the Bella-donna, as a sovereign remedy against -inveterate schirri; adding, nevertheless, that he had never tried it -himself. - -In such a case as this, where death seemed inevitable, a dangerous -remedy is to be preferred to none at all. Dr. Lambergen therefore -determined to try it upon his patient; but, knowing the character, -which the plant bore, he resolved to try the effects of it upon himself -first. To this end, he poured ten tea-cups of water upon a scruple of -the leaves, which had been gathered and dried three years: he let it -stand all night lukewarm. Of this infusion he took half a tea-cup full, -being the twentieth part of the whole, in the morning fasting; but -perceived no effect from it. This determined him the next morning to -double the dose; which produced a slight vertigo, and for an hour or -two an uncommon dryness in his mouth. Being thus prepared, as he knew -his patient had but a weak nervous system, he determined to begin with -caution. - -It was the 14th day of January 1745, that she took the first dose, -being one tea-cup full. It had the same effect upon her, as it had had -on her physician; and moreover rendered her pulse weaker and quicker -than usual. For seven mornings successively she took the same dose, -which, in general, produced the same effect. At the same time the -plaster was renewed, with the addition of a few grains of opium. Under -this method her pain was mitigated; but, before the latter end of the -week, returned again more frequently, and more acute; so that she was -reduced to a most deplorable condition. The rising on the upper part -of the breast became livid; the place near the nipple before-mentioned -inflamed, and was very painful; and two little pointed risings were -observed upon it, together with a slight fissure or opening. As the -menstrual period was approaching, the infusion and the powders were -omitted, and the pediluvium substituted. A mixture with crabs-eyes, -spᵗ. nitri. d. and syr. e mecon. relieved the patient from some -spasmodic complaints she had at this time, and the menses returned more -copiously than ever. The 27th she took something more than a tea-cup of -the infusion, being the first dose of the second scruple: her body was -soluble; her breast less swelled, but the pain returned very acute, and -seemed to terminate in the little callous eminence on the upper part of -the breast, which now likewise became more pointed. The 28th she took -the same quantity of the infusion. The two little pointed places near -the nipple were now become two little holes, but had not discharged any -matter. The other sore on the upper part of the breast was more livid -still, and more painful, and had risen into two little whitish points. -The powders were omitted this night, as they had been now and then at -other times. The 29th, very little sleep the foregoing night, great -pain from the upper sore, the holes near the nipple were become larger, -and had run a yellowish matter. The same dose of the infusion as -before. At night she had most acute pain from the upper sore. The 30th -both sores were nearly in the same state. All remedies were this day -laid aside, except the infusion; of which she took a cup-full and an -half; but her mouth soon became so dry, that she could scarcely swallow -a little tea; and the vertigo was so violent, that she staggered: her -sight was so weakened, that she could scarcely read. Notwithstanding -this, she had no anxiety, nor nausea, nor pain; but her appetite was -less, and her pulse quicker. The 31st all the last-mentioned symptoms -continued the same: the two pointed eminences on the upper part of the -breast were become two little holes likewise, and had discharged a few -drops of good matter. - -The 1st of February the upper sore had discharged but little matter, -and that thinner than before. That near the nipple was become more -livid, and the two holes were larger; but there had been no discharge -for several days. The pulse and appetite were good, sleep natural, the -body open. The pain, indeed, was continual, but less acute. The 2d, -little alteration. The sores discharged but little. From this time -they were dressed twice in a day with _Nutritum_, and over all the -_Emp. Saturnin_. The pain was not so violent, but was felt in another -place, which began to swell. From the 6th to the 18th better and worse: -the pain more or less acute; and the catamenia passed without any bad -effects. At the end of this month the schirrus all over the breast was -much softened, and sensibly diminished. This was the opinion of Dr. du -Bois and Dr. Winter, as well as of Dr. Lambergen. - -The 1st of March an inflammation arose on the sole of the right foot, -and extended up the leg about four fingers above the heel. It ended in -two great blisters, as if from a burn, which were embrocated with wine -and oil, and nothing bad followed. To the 22d, the patient was better -and worse. The menstrual period did not pass without some disturbance. -The 26th she began with the infusion of the tenth scruple, and every -thing went on for the better to the end of the month. - -From the 1st of April to the 6th the ulcers were firm and dry; but the -pain in the breast increased. Several blisters arose on the foot, along -the leg, and even upon the thigh, on the left side. One upon the sole -of the left foot, for 24 hours discharged an incredible quantity of -thick whitish lymph. The pain from these blisters was beyond all she -had felt before. It continued the 7th, 8th, and 9th; and new blisters -arose on the thigh. The excoriated parts were all dressed with spirit -of wine. During the disturbances from these new complaints, the breast -was likewise painful, and swelled, tho’ the ulcer near the nipple was -dry, and the other discharged little or nothing. The 10th she had less -pain both in her foot and in her breast. The upper sore was closed; -the foot discharged less. From the 11th to the 15th, notwithstanding -the weather was very cold, her pain still lessened. The ulcer remained -firm, and the whole breast was softened: her foot mended; and all went -on for the better till the 18th, when the ulcer on the upper part -of the breast opened again in three places, and discharged a thick -yellowish matter. The nipple of the left breast also became inflamed, -and surrounded with pimples, which discharged a little lymph. In the -mean time the cancerous breast was more painful than on the preceding -days. The 19th the pain less, tho’ continual. Some discharge from -the foot still; but the ulcers on the thigh were healed, and another -blister arose. The 20th the upper sore on the breast closed again; but -that near the nipple seemed to threaten another opening, and in fact it -did, on the 24th, in three places. On the 20th the catamenia returned -very copiously, and superseded the use of the pediluvium. The 25th she -began with the infusion of the fourteenth scruple of the Bella-donna, -which, it is to be observed, was scarcely ever omitted. The 26th a -blister arose at the end of the fore-finger on the left hand, was very -painful, and discharged a great quantity of serous matter. The next -day both ulcers on the breast discharged a small quantity of lymph; -otherwise the breast was less painful. - -From the 28th of April to the 7th of May every thing went on for the -better: the cancerous breast was almost without pain. The ulcers ran -very little, but the excoriation and pain were much worse from the -nipple of the left breast, which also discharged a great quantity of -lymph. The 8th the upper ulcer on the right breast closed; but the -other opened again. From the 8th to the 16th no change for the worse: -on the contrary, the left breast was well; the right less painful, and -discharged but very little. From the 18th to the 22d the menstrual -period: all things on the mending hand; the ulcer healed, and the -patient had little or no pain: but, from the 23d to the 27th, the pain -returned something worse, and there was some discharge from the breast. - -The _Nutritum_ was now discontinued, as too emollient. The 27th the -infusion from the eighteenth scruple of the Bella-donna was begun with. - -From the 28th of May to the 12th of June the breast still painful: in -the mean time, however, the ulcers remained firm and dry. The tumor and -schirrosity of the breast diminished in such a manner, that, excepting -its being a little bigger than the other, it had intirely resumed its -natural form and colour. No indurations in the left breast, nor of the -glands in the right armpit. - -The 13th of June she took a journey, was absent some weeks, and -returned in perfect health. Dr. Lambergen advised her, but in vain, -to continue the infusion. Nevertheless, she was obliged now and then, -when she felt pain, to have recourse to it, and was always relieved by -it: and in the course of another year the remains of the schirrus were -totally wasted. - -It is now (1754) eight years since, and she has had no relapse, no -pain, no hardness in her breast; has married a second husband, by whom -she has had a child, which she suckled. What more can be requisite to -ascertain a cure? - - -Thus we have given a detail of this memorable case; wherein we see, -that six drachms of one of the most poisonous vegetables that the -world produces actually cured a woman, whom the most able physicians -had given up as incurable; and who must otherwise have finished her -miserable days in the most deplorable sufferings. - -It must not be omitted, that notwithstanding the daily use this woman -made of the Bella-donna, she was not accustomed to it in the manner as -people are who take opium. Dr. Lambergen always prepared the infusion -himself, and never had occasion to make it stronger than at the first, -as the patient always found the like effects from the same dose. - - -So singular and happy an event, as attended Dr. Lambergen’s -administration of this plant, certainly merits the attention of the -medical profession; and surely, one may add, entitles the medicine -to future trials. And as the authenticity of the case will not be -disputed, it is therefore greatly to be wished, that those gentlemen, -who belong to the public hospitals, and others that have frequent -opportunities of attending patients labouring under this deplorable -disease, would give it a further trial. A cancer, even in its latent, -but much more in an ulcerated state, is allowedly one of the most -terrible and formidable disorders to which human nature is liable; and -hath long been ranged, very justly, among the _opprobria medicorum_, -instances of a radical cure being rarely met with: indeed, one of the -first physicians[27] of our age tells us, that it is not known to have -been cured at all, but by a total extirpation of the part; and all, -who are conversant in physic and surgery, know very well, that that -operation is frequently no security against its return. - -I have here endeavoured, in as concise a manner as might be, to exhibit -the history of this extraordinary plant. The being able barely to -know and distinguish one plant from another, however praise-worthy in -itself, ought not to be the only view of our botanical researches: we -should do more, and endeavour to investigate, in the most attentive -manner, the properties of vegetable productions, in order to accomodate -them to the various exigencies of human life. - -Several classes of vegetables, from their merely herbaceous taste, -and, as far as we can conjecture, from their other sensible qualities, -seem to be formed by the great Author of nature principally for the -nourishment of animals: but those plants, which are endued with -principles so highly active, as, when taken in small quantities, -to be able to put an end to animal life; such deserve to be more -minutely inquired into, as under certain circumstances these -principles, properly directed, may conduce to great and good ends. -We should endeavour, therefore, diligently to inform ourselves, in -what quantities, and under what circumstances, the poison ends, and -where the medicine begins. In this respect we have certainly a notable -instance in the history before us in Professor Lambergen; whose -industry, more especially as it was attended with success, merits our -greatest acknowlegements; inasmuch as he has informed us, with no small -degree of accuracy and precision, that the plant under consideration, -which is well known to be of a highly deleterious nature, and that even -in a small quantity, may be so managed, as to be productive of good -effects, not to be found possibly by any other means. - -Some of the most efficacious medicines are such, as, being posssessed -of highly active principles, do greatly disturb the animal œconomy in -their operation: nevertheless, however rough the _modus operandi_ of -any medicine be, if its efficacy by repeated trials be approved and -confirmed, this is so far from proving a discouragement to its use, -that we ought to regard the discovery of such a one as a valuable -acquisition to the province of physic, especially if it is applicable -in desperate and obstinate cases. The Bella-donna, on the contrary, -supposing future trials should prove it as happily successful as -Professor Lambergen has experienced it, is a medicine of a different -kind; inasmuch as its operation is mild, when compared with that, which -attends the exhibition of many others: we should therefore have double -reason to rejoice at the discovery. - - - - -XIII. _An Account of some of the Antiquities discovered at_ -Herculaneum, &c. _In a Letter to_ Thomas Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. By_ -John Nixon, _A.M. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Feb. 24, 1757.] - -Reverend Sir, - -THE subject of this letter are some cursory observations made by me -last spring, upon viewing the curiosities found at Herculaneum, and -the places adjacent. I deferred putting them into any order, till I -came to town, and had seen, by perusing the Transactions of the Royal -Society, whether some abler hand had not already prevented me, and made -any further communication needless: but as I now find, that no notice -has been hitherto taken of several particulars, which, in my humble -opinion, deserved it, as tending to throw new light upon antiquity; I -beg leave to trouble you with my thoughts upon them. - -I shall begin with the museum in the King of the Two Sicilies’ palace -at Portici; wherein, amongst a great number of other ancient and -valuable remains, are these that follow, _viz._ - - -I. - -Several _tali lusorii_. The _tali_ are supposed to have been known to -the Greeks[28] by the name of Ἀϛράγαλοι as early as the Trojan war. But -as the monuments before us are undoubtedly Roman, I shall confine my -remarks upon them to the usages received among that people; and being -guided partly by what appears upon the face of these antiquities, and -partly by what the Latin classics have delivered in general upon this -subject, beg leave to observe, in the first place, that the _tali_ -had each of them but four sides, two broader, and the other two more -narrow, on which they would ordinarily rest; as the rounding of their -ends did not easily permit them to stand upon those parts. However, the -possibility of such a position (tho’ it did not occur to me to make -the experiment with these pieces) may be deduced from a passage in -Tully[29]. - -Further, with regard to the manner of distinguishing the several sides -of the _tali_, some learned[30] writers speak of it according to ideas -taken from the fashion of marking the modern dice, and (I may add) the -ancient _tesseræ_ likewise: but, as I did not observe the traces of -any engraving, painting, _&c._ upon the pieces under consideration, -it seems to me more probable, what others assert[31], that this -distinction was effected by the different configuration of the sides -themselves, and not by any numbers marked upon them. And concerning -this notation, the common opinion is, that the appearances expressing -_one_ and _six_, as also those representing _three_ and _four_, were -opposed to each other respectively. - -But leaving these (however probable) conjectures, we can with certainty -determine the number of the _tali_ used in this game to have been four; -and likewise, that among the various chances resulting from them, -the most fortunate one was that, wherein each of the sides exhibited -a different aspect. The former of these circumstances we learn from -Tully[32], as we do the latter from Martial, who, in a distich sent -with a present of a set of _tali_ to a friend, says, - - _Cum steterit nullus vultu tibi talus eodem, - Munera me dices magna dedisse tibi_[33]. - -It may further be collected from Horace, that the throw above described -had the appellation of _Venus_: for when he intimates, that the -president of the feast was elected by the _tali_[34], he must be -supposed to mean the most favourable chance upon them. But he[35] -elsewhere gives us to understand, that the chance, which determined -that election, was called _Venus_. - -Propertius is somewhat more explicite in assigning the title of this -throw, as above; and at the same time informs us further, that the -contrary (and consequently most unlucky) one was termed _canes_. - - _Me quoque per talos_ Venerem _quærente secundos, - Semper damnosi subsiluere_ canes[36]. - -Now it seems to be agreed among the antiquaries, [37]that _canis_ -on the _tali_ was unity: and indeed this opinion is countenanced -by Persius[38], who contrasts _canicula_ with _senio_. If this be -admitted, then the _canes_ of Propertius must have been the chance, -wherein all (or at least the greater number of) the _tali_ came up (as -we should express it) aces. - -There have been several other conjectures proposed by learned writers -upon this subject, which I choose to omit, for want of proper -authorities from the classics to ascertain them. This is likewise -the case with regard to the rules observed by the ancient Romans at -this diversion. It is not at all improbable, that as we have several -species of games upon the same set of dice, cards, _&c._ so they might -have the same variety on the _tali_: and if there were any laws -established by custom for the regulation of this game in public, yet -private parties might be at liberty to innovate at pleasure, and agree -upon whatever terms of play were most agreeable to their inclinations -or circumstances. In this light (according to [39]Erasmus) we are to -consider the account, which Augustus gives of himself and his friends, -in an epistle to Tiberius[40]: _Inter cænam lusimus_ γεροντικῶς -_heri et hodie: talis enim jactatis, ut quisque canem aut senionem -miserat, in singulos talos singulos denarios conferebat, quos tollebat -universos, qui Venerem jecerat_. And it is obvious to remark, that -(upon this hypothesis) the critics, perhaps, need not have been so much -embarassed (as we find they have been) in endeavouring to reconcile -this passage of Suetonius with that other of Persius[41] produced above. - -I shall conclude with noting, that in order to prevent any fraud -or slight of hand in managing the _tali_, it was usual to put them -into a box[42], and, after shaking them together, to throw them out -upon a table. Thus Martial introduces one of these _turriculæ_, as -recommending its own usefulness for the purpose above-mentioned: - - _Quærit compositos manus improba mittere talos, - Qui per me mittit, nil nisi vota facit_[43]. - -However, this caution does not seem to have been so universally -observed, but that sometimes, _viz._ when the party consisted of -ladies, it was (I presume, for a reason greatly to their honour) -superseded. Thus, in one of the first paintings found at Herculaneum, -and now in the royal apartments at Portici, we see a young female -figure exhibited, as playing at this game, with one or more of the -_tali_ lying upon the back part of her hand, while the rest appear as -having fallen off from thence towards the floor. - - -II. - -A rule with four joints, each of which contained about 5 inches -9-tenths of our measure. I think there was another in two parts, which -answered to the same proportion. - - -III. - -A weight, inscribed on one side +EME+, and on the other +HABEBIS+. - - -IV. - -A small _bolla d’oro_, which (after that in the late Dr. Middleton’s -collection, and another preserved at Rome) is the third known to be -extant in Europe. As this ornament was worn by so great a number -of young persons at Rome, and made of gold, which is so capable of -resisting the injuries of the weather, moisture, _&c._ one cannot but -wonder at the extreme scarcity of these monuments in the cabinets of -the curious. The most probable way of accounting for this (according to -[44]Dr. Middleton) is, that the value of the materials, of which these -_bullæ_ were made, induced the poor labourers, as soon as they had -found one, to sell it to the first goldsmith they met with for its real -value (however small it might be), by weight. - - -V. - -A little figure like a Faunus, excepting that about the head it had -something of the character of the minotaur, _viz._ large curls upon -the forehead, and several muscular protuberances, or _tori_, under the -throat. - - -VI. - -A figure in relievo of a man sitting with a bowl in his hand, which -has been thought a Socrates. And indeed the features of the face -bear a striking resemblance to those of that sage expressed in -ancient monuments; as the bowl might properly refer to the well-known -circumstance of his death. But the other insignia are not so suitable -to the character of the subject, as one could wish: for he holds, -partly in his hand, and partly under his arm, a short staff full of -knots, and curved at the end like a shepherd’s crook, such as we find -borne by satyrs in some Bacchanalian pieces: and the skin of a beast -appears hanging from the seat of his chair. - - -VII. - -An antique painting of a muse with a _capsula_ near her containing some -volumes, from which hang labels showing the titles of the works. The -same representation appears in another painting kept in a different -part of the palace. Signor Paderni observed to me, that these remains -would help the curious to form a more certain idea of the manner in -which the ancients affixed titles to their volumes, than they have -hitherto been able to obtain. The most complete description, that I can -recollect, of an ancient book, with its appurtenances and decorations, -is that of Martial addressed to one of his own. - - _Faustini fugis in sinum? Sapisti. - Cedro nunc licet ambules perunctus, - Et frontis gemino decens honore - Pictis luxurieris umbilicis: - Et te purpura delicata velet, - Et cocco rubeat superbus index._ L. iii. ep. 2. - -The _superbus index_ in the last verse, curiously illuminated with -scarlet, was undoubtedly the title of the book; but to what part of -it it was annexed has hitherto been difficult to ascertain: for as -(according to the paintings under consideration) it was inscribed on -a detached piece of paper or parchment, it must soon have been lost -from the book; especialty if the latter had suffered by damps, or any -other injuries similar to those, that have affected the volumes found -in Herculaneum, of which not only the title, but even the ends of the -umbilici, tho’ consisting of more solid materials, as horn, ivory, -_&c._ are intirely destroyed: so that no light could be had from the -original antiquities with relation to this point. The only means, -whereby the connoisseurs could form any conjectures in this case, must -have been, I presume, from the fashion of books among the ancients, -_viz._ their being long scrolls rolled round upon a stick with -ornaments at each end, as described in the epigram produced above. -This form required, that the books should be laid at their length upon -the shelves, where they were deposited with either their side, or one -of their ends, appearing outwardly. Now of these two positions the -latter, which exposed the extremity of the umbilicus to view, might be -thought (all circumstances duly considered) the most convenient. To -this part therefore it might with probability be conjectured, that the -index or title was fastened; but the paintings mentioned above plainly -demonstrate, that it actually was so. - -Mons. Dacier says[45], that the titles of books were anciently -inscribed upon the leathern covers, wherein they were wrapt, and -which, by the means of thongs fastened to them, kept the volumes -close and compact together. If that learned gentleman had supported -this fact by proper evidences, then it must have been concluded, upon -the joint authority of such evidences, and of the antiquities under -consideration, that the practice of the ancients was, besides the -title on the sides of the volume, to affix another on a label at one -of its extremities. And indeed this additional notation (whatever we -determine concerning its usefulness, while the books lay on a shelf in -a library) must have been very necessary, when such books stood upright -in a _capsula_ (like those in the painting before us), where no part of -them, but one end alone, could possibly be seen. - - -VIII. - -Some pieces of fine paper, coloured red on one side, and black on -the other, found upon the breast of a skeleton. Signor Paderni told -me, that they had been viewed with great admiration by such of the -virtuosi, as he had shewn them to; and that their admiration proceeded -from those fragments appearing not to be of the _charta papyracea_, but -of that of silk, cotton, or linen. And indeed, if they should prove -to have been made of any of the materials last mentioned, it would -contradict the generally received opinion (according to [46]Montfaucon), -that paper of silk or cotton, denoted by the common appellation of -_charta bombycina_, was first found out in the 9th century; as that -composed of linen rags (_ex linteolis contritis et aquâ maceratis_, as -Pancirollus[47] expresses it) was about the 12th; and that the former -supplied the place of the _charta papyracea_ in the east, as the latter -superseded the use of it in the western parts of the world. - - -IX. - -A flat piece of white glass, taken off from towards the extremity of -the sheet, as appears from the curvature and protuberant thickness of -one of its sides above the other parts. I have several observations by -me, with regard to this fragment, which I have not yet had leisure to -digest. I shall therefore proceed to the other parts of this collection. - - * * * * * - -To enter into a detail of the paintings found at Herculaneum, and -deposited in a different part of the palace at Portici, would be -tedious, as their number, when I saw them, exceeded 800; and it -would be superfluous, as the principal of them will soon make their -appearance in the world by prints taken from them, and executed in a -manner, which (as far as I could judge by the specimens shewn me) will -in no-wise discredit the originals, I shall therefore only mention two -of them, _viz._ - - -I. - -Theseus with the Minotaur dead, and lying on his back at his feet, -while several Athenian youths are embracing the knees, and kissing -the hand, of their deliverer. We may observe, that the fabulous being -above-mentioned appears in this piece with the intire body of a man, -and only the head of a bull, which agrees with the manner, in which he -is represented in an antique sardonyx of Greek sculpture in the cabinet -at Vienna, and in most of the works of the ancient artists. Tho’ I have -by me the copy of an antique gem, wherein the Minotaur is exhibited -as standing in the center of the famous labyrinth, and having below -the body of a bull as far as to the waist, and from thence upwards an -human form: which representation is further countenanced by Ovid, who -describes that monster, as - - _Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem._ - Art. Am. L. ii. _v._ 12. - - -II. - -Chiron and Achilles. The latter of these is standing, and has a -_plectrum_ in his right hand: the former seems to embrace his noble -pupil with his left arm, and with his right hand to strike the lyre, -as teaching him to play upon that instrument. But the most remarkable -circumstance in the figure of Chiron is his reposing his hinder parts -on his left haunch upon the ground. Yet this attitude, as well as the -other particulars mentioned above, is expressed in an antique gem, of -which I have seen a copy at Rome. - - * * * * * - -I shall conclude this paper with an account of the statues, which stand -in several rooms adjoining to the unfinished part of the palace, and -were found (as to the far greater number) at or near Herculaneum. - - -_In the First Room._ - -An equestrian marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus the elder, which is -intended to be placed in a large entrance on the east side of the -palace, to answer to that of his son, which is already set up on the -other side, facing the bay of Naples. - - -_In the Second._ - -Nero and Germanicus, considerably larger than the life, but squeezed -somewhat flat by the weight of the lava, or other ruins, with which -they were once overwhelmed. - -A man in a sacrificing habit. - -Two others in the toga, and two women in the palla. - -All these are of bronze. - -Statues of marble deposited here are the following, _viz._ - -At the entrance, a matron larger than nature, with strong expression in -her face. - -Two colossal trunks in a sitting posture. - -Three statues of one of the Agrippina’s. - -A Roman matron, or empress, with remains of red painting on the -extremities of her palla. - -Three other matrons. - - -_In the Third Room._ - -Bacchus. A muse. A fragment of a statue in the pallium. A fine statua -togata with the head veiled, larger than the life. - -Another very remarkable figure, whose face resembles in beauty that -commonly attributed to Venus, tho’ the dress and other insignia plainly -indicate a Pallas: for her head is covered with an helmet, below which -her hair falls down long and dishevelled. Her left arm is enveloped -with her ægis, which is large and expanded, so as to form a kind of -mantle. Her garments are thin, and fit close to her body in strait -plaits. She is in a posture of running, or striding, with her feet at a -considerable distance from each other, and her arms extended different -ways; an attitude strongly marking the utmost eagerness and haste. - -Next appears a Vertumnus. A fine figure of a philosopher. Volumnia -and Veturius. A lady with a thin stola. A Venus. A boy of exquisite -workmanship. A small statua togata. - -In another part is a Faun of bronze, reclined, with his right hand -lifted up, and his leg extended. This figure (as we were informed) was -found accompanied with seven others of the same metal, which now stand -in another chamber, _viz._ two young men in a running a posture; four -females somewhat resembling vestals in their habit, excepting that all -their heads were uncovered, and those of two of them were adorned with -_vittæ_, or filets. Lastly, a young man of a small size, cloathed, with -his arms somewhat extended. - -There remains but one more figure to be taken notice of in this -collection, _viz._ that of Serapis, with Cerberus at his right hand. -Ancient writers[48] enable us to account for this appearance, by -informing us, that Serapis (besides his other characters of Æsculapius, -Sol, Osiris, and Jupiter) was accounted the same as Dis Pater, or -Pluto. Upon this hypothesis none can doubt of the propriety of -Cerberus’s attending upon this deity in the figure before us, as well -as in three others given us by Montfaucon[49]. - -If we desire to enter into the mystical reason of this representation, -we may learn it from Porphyry, _viz._ that Serapis[50], being the same -as Pluto, had dominion over the evil dæmons; and that those beings were -figured by a dog with three heads; meaning the dæmon subsisting in the -three elements of water, earth, and air. - -Give me leave to add further, that I find, by my journal, that upon -viewing this figure, I took notice of a dissimilitude in the heads of -it: but as it did not then occur to me, that they were ever expressed -in any other form than the canine, I did not examine minutely into the -difference: but, upon recollection, I am now inclined to think, that -that monster might have the heads of three several animals in this -piece, as he has in another, given us by [51]Montfaucon: which mode of -exhibiting him was (according to that learned[52] antiquary) invented -by the Egyptians; a circumstance not to be wondered at in a people, -whose imagination teemed so plentifully with monstrous ideas of all -kinds, as theirs is known to have done. - -To the same original we may refer the serpent twisting round Cerberus -in this monument; as we see two of the same species encircling his -heads and body in that mentioned above[53]. As I know no particular -relation, that the serpent bears to Serapis, considered as Pluto, I can -regard it here only as a sacred symbol in the theology of the ancient -Egyptians; and, as such, properly attributed to an attendant of one of -their chief divinities. - -I shall trouble you but with one more observation upon this article, -_viz._ that (if I may trust my memory for a particular omitted in my -notes) this is the statue, which being the principal one found in -an ancient magnificent building discovered about seven years ago at -[54]Pozzuoli (in conjunction with other circumstances) occasioned it to -be called The Temple of Serapis. As this place seemed greatly to merit -the attention of the curious in antiquity, we procured a plan of it, -drawn by a native, who has free access to it and (if I thought it would -be acceptable to that learned Society, of which I have the honour to be -a member) the said plan should wait upon them, accompanied with some -observations upon it by, - - SIR, - Your most obedient, - humble Servant - John Nixon. - -London. Feb. 24. 1757. - -_P.S._ A long room is designed to be fitted up in the King’s palace at -Portici, for the reception of all the antiquities found at Herculaneum, -_&c._ This apartment will be lighted by thirteen windows on the side -towards the Cortile, and adorned with forty columns, partly of verde -antique, partly of alabaster with brownish veins, and other beautiful -marbles, found in divers parts of the King’s dominions. Between every -two of these columns will be placed a group, statue, or bust. The -compartments in the walls will contain the ancient paintings. The -other curiosities are to be deposited in cases made for that purpose; -and the pavement will consist intirely of the finest pieces of Mosaic -work, that have been found in Herculaneum, or any places within the -Neapolitan state. - - - - -XIV. _An Account of the Effects of a Storm of Thunder and Lightning, -in the Parishes of_ Looe _and_ Lanreath, _in the County of_ Cornwall, -_on the 27th Day of_ June, 1756. _Communicated to the Rev._ Jeremiah -Milles, _D.D. F.R.S. in two Letters, one from the Rev. Mr._ Dyer, -_Minister of_ Looe, _and the other from the Rev. Mr._ Milles, _Vicar -of_ Duloe, _in_ Cornwall. - - -[Read Feb. 24, 1757.] - -ON Sunday the 27th of June last it grew on a sudden as dark as a winter -evening: soon after, the lightning began to flash, and the thunder to -roar. The claps were near, and extremely loud; and the lightning was -more like darting flames of fire, than flames of enkindled vapour. -Happily no damage was done to the town of Looe, which lies very low; -but at Bucklawren, a village situated on the top of a hill, about two -miles from hence, a farm-house was shattered in a most surprising -manner. The house fronts the south. The windows of the hall and -parlour, and of the chambers over them, which are in the front of -the house, are sashed. The dairy window is the only one on the west -side of the house. The chimnies are on the north side; and at the -south-west corner there is a row of old elms on a line with the front, -the nearest of which is ten feet distant from the house. The lightning -seems to have had a direction from the south-west to the north-east. -It first struck the bevilled roof of the south-west corner, near the -eaves of the house; made a large breach, and tore up the floor of the -garret, near the place where it entered, and descended by the west -wall, in oblique lines, into the chamber over the parlour; but not -having sufficient vent that way, it darted in a line from S.W. to N.E. -against the north wall of the garret, where meeting with resistance, it -broke down the floor near the north wall many feet wide, and carrying -the ceiling of the parlour-chamber before it, ran down by the wall of -that room in direct lines. Where it descended on the west and north -walls it made large and deep furrows in the plaister, and even tore -out the stones and mortar. A large splinter was struck off from the -bed-post contiguous to the north wall, and the bed was set on fire. -The chimney-piece was broken into many parts; the window-frame was -moved out of the wall, every pane of glass was broken, the under -sash was torn in pieces, and a large piece of the chimney-board was -thrown out of the window against an opposite garden wall, about 20 -feet from the house. As the lightning shot thro’ the window, it found -a small cavity between the wall and the slating with which the wall -is covered, where it burst off the slates as far as it continued in -a direct line downward, and threw them at a great distance from the -house. Notwithstanding this dreadful havock, the force of the lightning -was not spent; the window gave it not a sufficient discharge. From -the chamber over the parlour, it descended by the north wall to the -room under it, which is wainscotted, tore off the cornice the whole -breadth of the room, and some mouldings from the wainscot; broke the -glasses and Delft ware in the beauffet; shivered the shelves of a -bottle-room; and, ripping off a small stock-lock from the door, burst -it open, and made its way chiefly thro’ the window, the frame of which -was moved from the wall, and the glass shattered to pieces. Near the -bottle-room there was a hole struck in the partition-wainscotting, -which divides the parlour from the hall, about eight inches long and -an inch broad: through this crevice the lightning entered the hall, -which serves at present for a kitchen, and meeting with some pewter in -its way, it flung it from the shelf about the room; threw down a large -iron bar, that stood in a corner and which seemed to have a trembling -and desultory motion; carried the tongs into the chimney, and threw a -tea-kettle, that stood there, into the middle of the floor; moved a -large brass pot out of its place, which was under a table; and then -darted thro’ the windows, carrying away a pane of glass intire out of -the upper sash to the distance of many feet. The mistress of the house -and her son were sitting at this window. They were the only persons -in the house, and providentially received no hurt. Some part of the -lightning found a way between the door and door-case of the hall. The -door is pannelled: and the lightning, in passing thro’, penetrated -into a close mortise, and split off a large splinter from the outside -of the door, close to the tenon. In its course it left a smoaky tinge -on the wall and timber, like that of fired gunpowder. A sulphureous -smell remained in the house many hours. Another (or probably a part -of the same) flash of lightning struck the dairy window, melted the -lead, and burnt the glass where it penetrated, and set the window-frame -on fire. From thence it darted in a line from S.W. to N.E. downward, -made a large hole in a plaistered partition near the floor into the -barn, shattered a large paving rag-stone in pieces, and tearing up the -ground, I suppose, sunk into the earth. The elms were affected with -the lightning, particularly that nearest the house, from the top of -which to the root appeared large furrows in the moss, which grew on the -bark, in some places in an irregular spiral, but for the most part in -a perpendicular line; and from the root of it the ground was torn up -in furrows, as if done with a plough-share, about six feet long, the -furrows gradually lessening according to their distance from the tree. -All this was done instantaneously. How amazingly swift, subtle, and -powerful is the force of lightning! I am, - - Reverend Sir, - Your most obedient Servant, - James Dyer. - - -_A Letter from the Rev. Mr._ Milles _on the same Subject_. - -ABOUT four of the clock on Sunday afternoon, the same day that the -lightning struck the farm-house at Bucklawren, it fell upon another -house called Pelyne, in the parish of Lanreath, about six miles -distant. The house fronts the east. The chimney, which is at the north -end, is cracked, and opened about two or three inches wide, from -the top to the roof, where it entered the slating thro’ a small hole -on the eastern side; forced its way thro’ the upper chamber, where -it melted an old copper skillet, a pair of sheepshears, and some odd -brass buckles and candlesticks that lay on the wall; consumed the laths -adjoining, and then made its way thro’ a small crevice in the upper -part of the window. Another and more severe part of the same lightning -descended the chimney; struck two women down who were sitting on each -side of it, without any further hurt; overturned a long table, that was -placed before the window in the ground room, upon two men, who were -sitting on the inside, with their backs towards the window. One of -these men was miserably burnt in his right arm. The lightning seems to -have struck him a little above the elbow, making a small orifice about -the bigness of a pea; the burn from thence to the shoulder is near an -inch deep. His right thigh was likewise burnt on the inside, and the -outside of his right leg, from a little below the knee, quite over the -ancle to his toes. Both knees were burnt across slightly, and his left -thigh. His shirt-sleeve, and the upper part of his waistcoat, were -reduced to tinder: the buckles in his shoes were melted in different -parts, and in different directions. He has not been able to use his -arm since; and is under the care of a surgeon, who has reduced the -wound to a hand’s breadth, which was in the beginning advancing fast -towards a mortification. The other man was but slightly wounded. The -lightning afterwards found its way thro’ the window in three different -places; melted the glass, leaving a smutty tinge, like that of fired -gunpowder. A boy, about ten years old, son to the under-tenant, was -also struck down, as he was standing at the door, but not hurt. The -father and his daughter felt no ill effects; but saw the lightning roll -on the floor, and thought the room was on fire. - - - - -XV. _An Account of the Peat-pit near_ Newbury _in_ Berkshire; _in an -Extract of a Letter from_ John Collet, _M.D. to the Right Reverend_ -Richard _Lord Bishop of_ Ossory, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Feb. 24, 1757.] - - Newbury, Decemb. 2, 1756. - -My Lord, - -NOW I am mentioning the peat, I beg leave to assure your Lordship, that -tho’ some persons have asserted, that after the peat has been cut out, -it grows again after some years; yet this is not true of the peat found -here, none of the peat-pits, which were formerly dug out, and have -lately been opened again, affording the least reason to justify such an -opinion; but, on the contrary, the marks of the long spade (with which -they cut out the peat) are still plainly visible all along the sides -of the pits, quite down to the bottom; and are now as fresh as if made -but yesterday, tho’ cut above fifty years ago: which shews also, that -our peat is of too firm a texture to be pressed together, and to give -way, so as to fill again the empty pits: which perhaps may be the case -in some of the mosses, where the pits are found after some years to be -filled up again. - -The town of Newbury lies north and south, in the shape of a Y, cross -a valley; which valley runs east and west, and is here about a mile -broad, the river Kennet running along the middle of it. The peat -is found in the middle of this valley, on each side of the river, -extending in all from between a quarter of a mile to about half a mile -in breadth and in length, along the valley, about nine miles westward, -and about seven eastward; and I believe much further tho’ not yet -discovered, and perhaps with some intermissions. - -The ground it is found in is meadow land; and consists chiefly of a -whitish kind of earth: under this lies what they call _clob_, being -a peat-earth, compounded of clay, of a small quantity of earth, and -some true peat: it is from four to eighteen inches thick; and where -the earth above it is but thin, it is sometimes full of the roots of -plants, that grow on the surface of the ground: and if the meadow also -be moorish, the sedge and flags will shoot their roots quite thro’ it -into the true peat, which lies directly under this clob. - -The top of the true peat is found at various depths, from one foot to -eight feet below the surface of the ground; and the depth or thickness -of this peat is also very different, from one foot to eight or nine -feet, the ground below it being very uneven, and generally a gravel. My -friend Mr. Osgood has dug two feet into this gravel, to see if any peat -lay below it, but could not find any. - -The truest and best peat has very little (if any) earth in it; but is a -composition of wood, branches, twigs, leaves, and roots of trees, with -grass, straw, plants, and weeds; and lying continually in water makes -it soft and easy to be cut thro’ with a sharp peat-spade. The colour is -of a blackish brown; and if it be chewed between the teeth it is soft, -and has no gritty matter in it, which the clob has. It is indeed of a -different consistence in different places, some being softer, and some -firmer and harder; which may perhaps arise from the different sorts of -trees it is composed of. - -To get at the peat, they first dig up the surface of the ground till -they come to the clob, throwing the earth into the empty pits, from -which they have already cut out the peat: they then dig up the clob, -and either sell it to the poor for firing, or lay it in heaps, to -burn to ashes, to be sold to the farmers. Then they cut out the true -peat, with a peculiar kind of spade, in long pieces, vulgarly called -long squares, about three inches and a half broad every way, and four -feet long, if the thickness of the peat will allow that length: and -as they cut it out in long pieces, they lay them in a regular order -carefully, in rows upon the ground, to be dried by the sun and wind. -If the peat be thick, when they have cut one length of the spade for -some distance, they return again, and cut down another length of it (or -four feet), and so on, till they reach the gravelly bottom, if they can -sufficiently drain it of the water, which continually comes in, tho’ -proper persons are employed to pump out as much of the water as they -can all the time. As the peat dries, and is turned by persons appointed -for that purpose, to dry it the better, it breaks into smaller lengths, -and then it serves not only the poor; but many other persons, for -firing, and gives a good heat. It is sold for about ten shillings a -waggon-load, delivered at their houses in the town. The ashes also -prove very good manure for both grass and arable land; and the farmers -give from four pence to six pence a bushel for them, which renders this -firing very cheap. - -Great numbers of trees are plainly visible in the true peat, lying -irregularly one upon another; and sometimes even cart-loads of them -have been taken out, and dried for firing: but the nearer these trees -lie to the surface of the ground, the less sound is the wood: and -sometimes the small twigs, which lie at the bottom, are so firm, as -not to be easily cut thro’ with the usual peat-spade. These trees are -generally oaks, alders, willows, and firs, besides some others not -easily to be known. The small roots are generally perished; but yet -have sufficient signs to shew, that the trees were torn up by the -roots, and were not cut down, there being no sign of the ax or saw; -which, had they been felled, would have been plainly visible. - -No acorns are found in the peat, tho’ many cones of the fir-tree are, -and also a great number of nut-shells. They are all of a darkish -colour; and the nuts are hollow within, and some of them have a hole at -the broad end. - -A great many horns, heads, and bones of several kinds of deer, the -horns of the antelope, the heads and tusks of boars, the heads of -beavers, _&c._ are also found in it: and I have been told, that some -human bones have been found; but I never saw any of these myself, tho’ -I have of all the others. - -But I am assured, that all these things are generally found at the -bottom of the peat, or very near it. And indeed, it is always very -proper to be well and faithfully informed of the exact depth and place, -where any thing of these kinds is found; whether it is in the earth -above the peat, or in the clob; or in the true peat, or at the bottom -of it; which will greatly assist us in forming a just judgment of the -real antiquity of the things that are found, or at least of the time -they have lain there. Besides this, as they formerly used to cut out -the peat in large plots here and there, leaving spaces full of peat -between those pits (whereas now they draw off the greatest part of the -water by pumps, and so clear out all the peat regularly as they go on); -so it must be carefully observed, whether whatsoever is found here be -dug out of these old peat-pits, or not; for axes, and other things, may -have been formerly dropt into these pits, before they were filled up -again with earth, and may now be dug out of them again. My father has -now in his possession an iron hatchet, not greatly differing from the -modern form, which was found lying flat at the very bottom of the peat: -it was covered with a rust near half an inch thick, and the handle was -to it, which seemed to be of beech-wood, but was so soft, that it broke -in bringing it up: but as the person is dead, who found it, I can’t say -whether it lay in an old peat-pit, or no. - -Mr. Osgood found, some years ago, an urn, of a light brown colour, and -large enough to hold above a gallon, in the true peat about eight or -ten feet from the river, near a mile and a half west of this town, in -Speen-moor. It lay about four feet below the level of the ground, and -about one foot within the peat; and over it was raised an artificial -hill, about eight feet higher than the neighbouring ground; and as -the whole hill consisted of both peat and meadow-ground intermixed -together, it plainly appeared, that the peat was older than the urn; -and that the persons, who raised the hill, must first have dug a large -hole in the peat, to bury the urn there, and so formed the hill of -the peat and meadow-ground mixed together. Round the hill, where the -urn lay, they had made also many half-circular ridges, with trenches -between them, one beyond another, in this manner: - -[Illustration] - -Where _a_ is the river, and _c_ the hill; and the half circles shew -some of the ridges, the number of which Mr. Osgood has now forgot. The -urn was broke by the peat-spade, and it came up only in small pieces, -so that nothing was found in it; and no body happened to be there at -that time but the peat-cutters. - -No coins of any sort have been found in the peat. But there may, -perhaps, be a variety of things at the bottom of it: but as the peat is -always full of water, which is never quite drained off, so it is not an -easy matter to examine the bottom. - -I beg leave to assure you, my Lord, that I am, with great respect and -esteem, - - Your Lordship’s most obliged, - and obedient humble Servant, - John Collet. - - - - -XVI. _An Account of the Alterations making in the_ Pantheon _at_ -Rome: _In an Extract of a Letter from_ Rome _to_ Thomas Hollis, _Esq; -Communicated by_ John Ward, _LL.D. R.S. Vice-Præs._ - - -[Read Mar. 3, 1757.] - -A Project was lately laid before the government by Paolo Posi, -an architect, for modernizing the inside of the Pantheon, and -unfortunately approved. In consequence of which, the dome has been -already cleaned, and rough cast; and the remainder of the lead taken -away, which served as a lining to the silver work, that originally -covered it. The vestiges of the cornices, and other ornaments of the -silver work, were still discernible in the lead, which was fastened by -very large iron nails. All this was effected by a moveable scaffold, -that was fixed to the bronze cornice of the open circle above, whereby -the temple is illuminated, and descended to the cornice of the Attic -order, being as curious in the contrivance, as detestable for the -purposes intended by it. It is true, we could not before see the -dome in its pristine glory; but we had the satisfaction of viewing -the traces and remains of what it had been. Nor could the adepts -in architecture sufficiently admire the skill and sagacity of the -builder, who, composing it of a number of small arches, which together -formed a kind of net-work, and filling up the intervals between with -pumice-stones and mortar, gave it that strength and lightness, whereby -it has probably stood so many ages. - -The evil would be comparatively small, had the project extended no -farther, than what has been related; but they are now busy in removing -the Attic order, to make room for a new invention, suitable to the -trifling taste, which at this day prevails. And not content with that, -they think of taking away the ancient pavement; and, what is still -worse, its peculiar beauty, the open circle at the top, to place a -lanthorn instead of it, as is usual in modern cupola’s. - -You had the good fortune, Sir, to view this remarkable temple, in that -state, wherein it was left by the ancient barbarians: but those, who -see it hereafter, will find it in a much more deplorable condition, -stripped of its precious marbles and ornaments; and so disguised by -modern alterations, that the noble form given it by Agrippa will be no -longer distinguishable. - -It is said Il Signor J.B. Piranesi, the architect, who published the -antiquities of Rome, and divers ingenious works of that kind, has -taken accurate plans of the Attic order, and every other particular -relating to it. These he proposes to engrave and publish, with exact -explanations annexed to them; together with a plan of the whole, as -he believes it appeared in its original splendor and perfection; that -posterity may not be deprived of informations, which are of so great -benefit and importance to all lovers of architecture. It is also said, -that the engineer [carpenter], who invented the scaffolding, has made -an exact model of it for him; which he intends to publish as a part of -the work before-mentioned. - - - - -XVII. _An Account of a new medicinal Well, lately discovered near_ -Moffat, _in_ Annandale, _in the County of_ Dumfries. _By Mr._ John -Walker, _of_ Borgue-House, _near_ Kirkudbright, _in_ Scotland. - - -[Read Feb. 10, & Mar. 3, 1757.] - -THIS mineral spring was found out by one Mr Williamson, a few years -ago, when he was overseeing a mine, which was at that time carrying -on in its neighbourhood. It is situate about four miles distant from -Moffat, in the bottom of a deep scar, which is on the west side of a -large mountain called Hartfell, from which it has acquired the name of -Hartfell-spaw. This scar is a part of the mountain, thro’ which a small -stream of water has worn its way to a considerable depth; by which it -has laid open, and exposed to view, the strata of the earth on each -side: and in the bottom of this scar, and near to the brink of this -small brook, the mineral water springs up. - -When I saw it, it consisted of two springs, which were very well -ordered by Mr. Williamson, so as to run from two wooden spouts, -immediately at their rise out of the earth; which indeed must be of -very great advantage to all mineral waters; and I am persuaded there -are many, whose medical qualities are greatly impaired by falling into -reservoirs, and continuing in them for some time after they spring -from the earth. The one of these springs was situate about ten or -twelve yards farther up the brook than the other; and they were then -distinguished by the names of the upper and lower spring: but I have -been since informed, that their situation is now altered. Each of these -springs did at that time run nearly the same quantity of water, which, -as I thought, was above an English quart in a minute, and that during a -season of very dry weather. - -As there are many instances of mineral waters springing out of the -earth very near each other, which at the same time are impregnated with -very different principles; it therefore seemed not at all improbable, -that as these waters did appear to run, for some part of their course, -in different channels, they might in some respects be different from -each other. And this suspicion I found not to be altogether groundless -with regard to these springs, as will be shewn afterwards. For which -reason it may be observed, that the following trials were all made upon -the water of the upper fountain, except where the other is particularly -mentioned; and also that they were made within 24 hours after the water -was taken from the spring, being carried to Moffat in bottles carefully -sealed. - -According to what may be inferred from the following experiments, it -may be premised, that this water appears to contain in it a large -proportion of iron, but in two different forms; and an aluminous salt, -which is conjoined with a terrestrial principle. - -As the contents of several mineral waters have been the cause of -many different opinions, and of great disputes among physicians and -chymists; as the inquiry I made into the principles of these waters, -which I am now considering, was not performed with that nicety and -exactness I could have wished; and as I am persuaded, that to dogmatize -in any branch of philosophy can never tend to its advancement; I shall -not therefore pretend to determine with certainty in any part of this -subject, where the contrary opinion can be admitted with the least -degree of probability. These trials are indeed but few and imperfect, -and are no-way sufficient to form an exact account of this mineral -water; yet I believe they may afford some conclusions, which may be -serviceable in compiling a more compleat history of it. They render -it pretty evident, that the above-mentioned principles are contained -in these waters: and tho’ I will not pretend absolutely to exclude -all others, yet I must say, that, by what inquiry I made, I could not -observe them to be in the least impregnated with any other kind of -mineral substance. - -After a good deal of observation upon the water of this Spaw; and -after many fruitless attempts, which I have at different times made -upon several other waters of the chalybeat kind in Scotland, in quest -of the volatile spirit, which has been commonly attributed to them; I -must own, that I have been induced to think, that there is no such -thing exists in these waters at all. What has been generally called -the spirit of steel waters, seems to me to be very unintelligible; -altho’ the existence of it in these waters has been asserted by all -the writers on this subject, which I have yet had occasion to see. The -spirit of a mixed body is commonly taken to be a subtile, penetrating, -light, and volatile substance, more susceptible of motion than any -other of its parts, and most easily separable from them by avolation. -But that any chalybeat water contains such a substance, I think has -never been made evident, unless where the water has been found to be -impregnated with some other mineral principles. Some steel waters, -I believe, contain a large proportion of air, whose elasticity may -occasion it to break forth with an explosive force; some others there -are, which contain a volatile and sulphureous halitus; and to one or -other of these two causes, or to some other mineral principle, I think -most of the phænomena may be referred, which have been attributed to a -ferrugineous or vitriolic volatile spirit. - -As the first thing observable in a mineral water is its outward form, -we must therefore take notice, that the water of this Spaw equals the -clearest spring-water in transparency; and is likewise as free of any -colour or odour: yet its taste is very strong, and may be discerned to -be compounded of a sweet, subacid, and astringent taste. Its sweetness -and acidity appear sensibly to arise from alum; and its high styptic -and astringent taste does as evidently proceed from that mineral salt, -joined with some earthy or ferrugineous parts. I must likewise observe, -that when I first compared the taste of these two springs, I could -plainly discern, that the water of the lower spring was more acid, and -less astringent, than that of the upper one; and, on the contrary, the -water of the upper spring seemed more astringent, and less acid. This -induced me to think, that the mineral parts, which caused the acid and -astringent tastes, were mixed in the waters of these two springs in -different proportions. And what I observed of them afterwards still -confirmed this conjecture. - -But, in order to give some evidence for the existence of the -above-mentioned minerals in the waters of these springs, we shall -consider them separately, by relating the experiments, which seemed -to indicate, that they are contained in these waters in a very -considerable proportion, and by offering some conclusions, which may be -reasonably drawn from them. - -And as the first trials were made in quest of iron, it may perhaps be -most proper to consider it in the first place. - - -_Experiment_ 1. Some pieces of galls being added to equal quantities of -the water of the two springs, an exceeding deep and bright blue colour -was immediately produced in the water of the upper spring, which in a -little time turned to a perfect black. The water of the lower spring, -tho’ indeed it was turned of the same colour, yet was not of so deep a -shade, but was somewhat lighter than the former. The tincture of galls -caused the same appearances. - -2. A tincture of balaustine-flowers produced the above blue colours in -both waters. - -3. A quantity of the water being thoroughly tinged with galls, was -allowed to stand 24 hours: being then filtrated thro’ brown paper, -the water, tho’ almost quite colourless, would not again receive any -tincture with galls. - -4. After elixation the water became of a turbid yellow colour with -ochre, and afforded very little tincture with galls. - -5. A solution of sal Martis, chemically prepared, being mixed with -galls, immediately turned of a bright dark blue colour, exactly similar -to that produced in the water. - -6. A solution of common and rock alum was no-ways changed in its colour -with galls. - -7. A solution of sal Martis and alum being mixed in equal quantities, -the mixture was turned of a bright blue colour with galls; yet not of -so deep a hue, but of a more diluted colour than the solution of sal -Martis, without alum. - - -From these experiments we must first of all observe, that the colour, -which these waters afford with galls and pomegranate-flowers, is -very uncommon. The more iron, that any mineral water contains, it -will afford the deeper colour with such astringents: but tho’ I have -tried this experiment upon a great many of the ferrugineous waters in -Scotland, and also upon the waters of some of the foreign Spaws, I -never observed one, that afforded so deep a colour as this, which we -now consider. Some of the weakest of them gives only a red or faint -purple tincture, and the strongest only a deep purple: but I never -saw or heard of any chalybeat water, but this, either in Scotland or -elsewhere, that afforded an intense black and inky colour with galls. -From which, I think we may venture to conclude, that the water of this -Spaw contains a far larger proportion of iron than most, or perhaps -than any, other chalybeat water hitherto discovered: and for this -reason, I dare say, it will likewise be so much the more preferable to -most others in medicinal virtues; which has indeed already appeared by -many surprising cures it has performed, and which, I am persuaded, will -more fully appear, when its medicinal effects shall be better known. - -There must needs be a very great quantity of iron in this water, when -it yields as deep a colour with galls as a strong solution of sal -Martis. I was indeed at first apprehensive, that this perhaps might not -be owing so much to a large and uncommon proportion of chalybeat parts, -as to the commixture of alum, which I judged to be in the water. But we -see the contrary appears by these trials: for alum of itself affords no -tincture with astringents, and, instead of rendering a solution of sal -Martis with galls of a more intense colour, rather makes it lighter and -more diluted. - -We see here, that the ferrugineous matter is intirely separated from -the water by an infusion of galls. The like also happens by elixation; -after which it is almost deprived of its tinging quality. Yet other -chalybeat waters lose this quality by much less degree of heat. - - -As there is an ochrous earth separated from all steel waters, when -exposed to the air, which subsides to the bottom, and a metalline scum -or cremor, which swim on their surface; we shall next consider the -appearances, which they make in this water. - - -_Exp._ 8. A solution of saccharum Saturni being dropt into common -spring-water, left the upper parts of the water clear and colourless, -but formed a lactescency towards the bottom. The same solution being -added to the mineral water, soon turned it of a turbid yellow colour, -which afterwards subsided, and formed a deep yellow cloud in the -bottom of the glass; and below this yellow sediment there adhered to -the bottom of the glass a whitish substance, which I took to be the -metalline parts of the saccharum Saturni separated from the purer parts -of the salt, which were still suspended in the water, and which made it -of a muddy whitish colour. - -9. Forty drops of oleum tartari per deliquium being added to an ounce -of the water, made it of an uniform light yellow colour; but in an -hour afterwards there were many small yellow terrene _nubeculæ_ formed -in it. These the next day were more conspicuous, being thoroughly -separated from the water, and precipitated to the bottom, leaving the -water quite clear, as it was before the mixture. A small quantity of -this limpid water being taken, it would afford no tincture with galls. -It was then all poured off, except so much in the bottom of the glass -as contained the above-mentioned clouds: to this there were some galls -added, which in half an hour turned these clouds from a light yellow to -a deep red colour, but did not change the colour of the water, in which -they swam. - -10. Immediately after the affusion of ol. tart. p.d. to the water, -galls were added to the mixture, which tinged it of a deep and bright -red colour. After standing for some time, there were red clouds -precipitated to the bottom, and the water continued of a dusky opake -red colour. - -11. There is a small brook, formerly mentioned, which runs near -by these springs; into which the water, that flows from them, is -discharged. I observed the stones and channel of this brook all tinged -with ochre of a deep yellow colour, so far up as the water of these -springs flowed into it; but the channel, which the mineral water ran -over before it was mixed with the water of the brook, was very little -or nothing discoloured with ochre. As I conjectured what this was owing -to, I afterwards took two equal quantities of the mineral water, into -one of which I put an equal quantity of common water. In two hours -the mixture became less transparent, and appeared yellowish, while -the simple mineral water retained its clearness. Next day there was -much ochre separated from the mixture, which subsided to the bottom -of the glass: but the unmixed mineral water remained still clear and -colourless, as at first. - - -All chalybeat waters separate their ochrous parts, when exposed some -time to the air; but this separation is made sooner by the commixture -of several kinds of salts. Thus we see the ochre in this water is -immediately separated and precipitated by the solution of saccharum -Saturni. - -The oil of tartar causes a precipitation of these ferrugineous -parts in the same manner. Which parts must be the sole cause, that -the water receives a tincture from galls; since, after they are -precipitate, it loses that quality, which they notwithstanding retain -even after they are separated from the water. This precipitation of -the ochrous parts of the water were the only visible effects that I -could perceive to follow from the affusion of the ol. tart. p.d. I -remember indeed, when I was at Moffat, I saw the manuscript of Dr. -Horsburgh’s experiments upon this mineral water; which appeared to be -very accurate; and which I understand are since printed, in a volume -lately published by the Philosophical Society at Edinburgh. Amongst -these I observed one, which I thought so very remarkable, that I -particularly adverted to it. It was the effects of the affusion of -ol. tart. p.d. to the water, producing in it clouds, or a coagulation -of a green or grass-green colour. I think these were the words; and I -own I was something surprised at them. A solution of vitriolum Martis, -mixed with this alkaline oil, does indeed produce a green coagulum: -but I could scarcely think, that this, or any other chalybeat water, -contained so large a proportion of that vitriol, as to be sufficient -to produce these effects, when I considered, that so many writers, -which I had seen, upon this subject, have all failed in their attempts -of extracting a conspicuous martial vitriol from such mineral waters. -I had tried this experiment upon four or five chalybeat springs in -Scotland, and likewise upon the Spa and Pyrmont waters, which had -been well preserved; but there never resulted any such effects from -the mixture of these with oil of tartar, as are related in the above -experiment. All the alteration it produced in these waters was the -precipitation of an ochrous earth, but without the least appearance -of any green colour. As I looked upon this as a leading experiment -in the history of vitriolic waters; as I had often tried it, and -as often seen the green coagulum produced with the solution of the -factitious vitriol, and never could observe it produced in any of -the above water; I began to suspect, that these waters were either -not possessed of a vitriolic salt at all, or else, that it was in -some respects very different from the factitious vitriol. For these -reasons, Dr. Horsburgh’s experiment appeared very extraordinary; -tho’ at the same time I was greatly pleased, that I should have the -opportunity of repeating it, and of observing those phænomena in this -ferrugineous water, which I had sought for in vain in several others. -But when I came to make the trial, I was yet more surprised, when I -found it misgive, and that the ol. tart. p.d. produced no green colour -or coagulum in this mineral water, nor caused any other alteration -in it, than the separation of a large quantity of ochrous earth of a -yellow colour, exactly the same with what I had observed in the other -steel waters. This failure made me immediately conclude, that I had -somehow or other committed an error in the experiment: and tho’ I was -pretty sure, that the mineral water, which I had used in it, was quite -fresh, yet I could not be so positive as to the oil of tartar, which -I suspected to have been long kept. Yet that this could have been the -cause of my being so unsuccessful, I could scarcely believe, tho’ -indeed I could assign no other. I was sorry, that I had not afterwards -an opportunity of repeating this experiment with more accuracy, from -which I might have expected to reap more success, as it is perhaps -one of the most consequence, that can be performed on this mineral -water, as it is capable of demonstrating the existence of a substantial -vitriolum Martis in it; which is more than has been hitherto done, or -perhaps ever will be done, concerning any one of the vast number of -chalybeat waters, which have been yet discovered. - -When galls are added to the water, at the same time with oil of tartar, -instead of its deep blue colour, it affords only a red tincture. - -It appears from the 11th experiment, that an addition of common -water causes the mineral water to precipitate its ochre; and the -reason of this is obvious: for if these ochrous parts be altogether -terrene, as they appear to be, and exist in the water unconnected with -any other principle, then it must happen, that as these parts are -uniformly diffused thro’ the water, in which they are suspended as in -a menstruum; by the addition of common water, this menstruum being -diluted, the cohesion of these terrene parts must be thereby weakened, -and their contact destroyed; so that their menstrual equilibrium being -thus taken off, they can be no longer supported in the fluid, but must -be precipitated by the force of their own gravity. - - -_Exp._ 12. When the water was exposed for some days to the air, there -was a cremor separated from it of a shining chalybeat colour. This, -like other kinds of cremor, takes a considerable time to compleat its -intire separation from the fluid, out of which it is expelled: for when -it was despumated, a new cremor always succeeded, until the whole -quantity, which the water contained, was exhausted. - -13. When this cremor first appeared on the water, it was of a faint -blueish colour; but as it increased, it changed into a deeper and more -bright shining blue: and, after longer standing, it became blotched -with various colours, as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and -violet. - -14. A quantity of the water being put in a gentle heat, this cremor was -quickly separated from it, and appeared on the surface of the water. A -like quantity of the water, with its cremor already upon its surface, -was put over a gentle heat, which by degrees broke the cremor into very -small parts; but whether they did evaporate, or precipitate in the -water, I could not be certain. But, by other trials, this cremor was -found to have a great degree of fixity, bearing a considerable heat -without avolation; yet not without the appearance of some of its parts -flying off, altho’ most of them were fixed; because what remained lost -its fine colours, and was changed into a shining chalybeat colour. - -15. The water of the lower spring afforded a much less quantity of the -cremor, than the water of the upper spring. It took also a longer time -to separate, was of a blueish colour, and had not the vivid colours, -which the water of the upper spring shewed. - -16. When ol. tart. p.d. and spirit of sal ammoniac were added to the -water, it did not separate its cremor. - - -This cremor, which is separated from the water, is the same with that, -which appears on the surface of a solution of vitriolum Martis, when -exposed for some time to the air; and an infusion of iron in common -water also emits a cremor of the same kind. I remember, as I was once -carefully observing a large glass full of chalybeat water, which -contained much of this cremor; soon after it was exposed to the air, -I observed a tenuious blueish vapour rising in the parts of the water -next the surface, which very much diminished its transparency; and by -degrees this vapour was emitted by the lowest parts of the water: but -as the cremor increased on its surface, the water became gradually -deprived of the blueish tincture, which it received from this halituous -body; which was apparently nothing else but the parts of the cremor -separating from the water, and ascending upwards. From whence we may -conclude, that this cremor consists of the very finest part of iron -attenuated to the highest degree. - -It has been the opinion of most naturalists, that these kind of mineral -waters do abound in sulphureous parts. This they have conjectured from -the foetor, that often attends them. But in what quantity or form -these parts exist in the fluid, or by what means they can be rendered -conspicuous, has not as yet been sufficiently determined. Yet, I think, -we may suspect some of the parts of this cremor to be sulphureous. They -are volatile, and, being heated, do fly off from the pure metalline -parts, which being more fixed, are thereby left destitute of those -vivid colours, which they enjoyed from the sulphureous parts. These are -evident marks of sulphur, and are altogether analogous to some other -appearances of that mineral. Another observation tending to support -this is the want of those vivid colours in the cremor, which appears -on an infusion of iron; the reason of which seems to be the loss of the -sulphureous parts of the chalybeat minerals by avolation, during the -operations of the fire, which they undergo in refining. - -It appears from the fifteenth experiment, that the water of these two -springs contains a very different proportion of this cremor: and from -the last, that it is precipitated along with the ochrous parts, which -happens upon the affusion of these alkaline liquors. - - -The next trials were in quest of alum. - - -_Exp._ 17. A quantity of the water being kept for some time in a -boiling heat, and after it was cool being filtred quite clear from its -ochrous matter, it still retained a subacid and aluminous taste in a -very strong degree. - -18. To an ounce of common spring-water there was added two gutts of -fresh sweet milk. This mixture being shaken, the milk mixed intimately -with the water, without any kind of coagulation. - -19. The same experiment being made with the mineral water, the milk, -upon its affusion, was so curdled, or separated into clouds, that the -greatest shaking could not mix or incorporate it with the water. - -20. This experiment being also made with a weak solution of alum in -spring-water, its effects upon the milk were not in the least different -from those of the mineral water. - -21. And the same trial being again repeated with the water, when -boiled and filtred from its ochrous parts, the milk was in the same -manner coagulated as before elixation. - -22. One part of sweet milk being added to four parts of the mineral -water, the milk subsided, and formed a cloud in the bottom of the -glass, leaving the upper parts of the water clear. This mixture being -heartily shaken, the milk mixed so well with the water, that it -appeared to be but a very little curdled. - -23. When a larger quantity of milk was added to a smaller quantity of -water, and even when equal parts of the milk and mineral water were -mixed and shaken together, there could be no curdling or coagulation -observed. - -24. An equal quantity of the water and milk being boiled together, the -greatest part of the milk was coagulated into a thick white curd; and -the remainder, with the mineral water, turned of a pure white milky -colour, which drank like whey, and was very agreeable. - -25. Eight gutts of sweet milk being added to four ounces of the water, -and the mixture boiled, part of the milk was thereby curdled, and swam -upon the top of the water. The ochrous parts of the water were likewise -separated, and falling to the bottom, their colour did not appear of a -clear yellow, as usual, but was something milky. - - -All these experiments strongly indicate the existence of alum in this -water. It retains its aluminous taste, and coagulates milk, after the -chalybeat parts are almost all expelled by elixation. The coagulation -of the milk demonstrates an acidity in the water, and the other -appearances shew that acidity to be owing to an aluminous salt. - -It appears, that the milk requires a large quantity of the water, to -make a sensible coagulation in it: for, in the 22d experiment, one -part of the milk being added to four parts of the mineral water, the -coagulation was scarcely discernible: and in the 23d, when an equal or -larger quantity of milk was added to the water, the coagulation was -not at all observable. I have heard it confidently averred, that this -mineral water did not at all curdle milk; which, I suppose, has been -thro’ a mistake in the experiment, in adding too large a proportion of -milk to the water: for in this way the coagulation cannot be observed. - -I imagined, that when the water was boiled with milk, the mixture would -have become of a muddy yellow colour, by the separation of the ochre: -but it did not even appear, that the ochre was at all separated from -the mixture, as it is from the water when boiled by itself. On the -contrary, not only the coagulum, but also the liquor, was of a pure -white colour, and of a pleasant taste: and this makes me think it worth -the inquiring into, whether or not the water does retain its medical -qualities after it is prepared in this manner with milk? For, if it -does, such a preparation might certainly be very serviceable in many -cases. - - -These experiments, which we next relate, do not only ascertain the -existence of alum in the water with greater certainty, but also, that -there is a particular kind of earth conjoined with this salt. - - -_Exp._ 26. An English quart of the water being kept boiling for -a quarter of an hour, it turned thick, muddy, and yellow, by the -separation of its ochrous parts; and, being set to cool in a clean -bowl, the next day all the ochre was subsided to the bottom, from which -the water was carefully filtred: whereby it became almost as clear and -limpid as before the elixation, retaining a sharp aluminous taste, but -was deprived of the strong ferrugineous taste, which it had at first. -This water was again boiled; by which means it was again turned a -little yellow, by the separation of some more ochre. It was therefore -again filtred, and rendered clear, and its aluminous taste was stronger -than before. After this filtration, the water was evaporated in a -sand-heat to about a sixteenth part of the original quantity, and then -it tasted like a strong solution of alum joined with a small degree of -a chalybeat taste. And this being totally evaporated in a glass, there -adhered upon its sides a pure white salt; and a larger quantity of the -same salt remained in the bottom of the glass, which was not so white, -but more impure than the former, and of a brown colour. - -27. This salt, thus procured from the water, being mixed with distilled -vinegar and spirit of vitriol, there was not the least effervescence -produced. - -28. Some of the brown-coloured salt being put upon a red-hot iron, it -did neither sparkle nor decrepitate; but was turned into a blackish -cineritious substance, which in a short time became a white calx. And -tho’ some of the salt was put upon the iron finely powdered, yet it -concreted, and run together in a cinder, whose cohesion was afterwards -destroyed when calcined by a further degree of heat. - -29. As I was accidentally deprived of the opportunity of obtaining -crystals of this salt, which would have been the best means of knowing -to what species it was to be referred; I dissolved the whole mass in -a small quantity of spring-water, and, by filtrating this solution, I -obtained a large proportion of fine earth of a brown colour. - -30. This solution of the salt afforded a deep blue tincture with galls. - -31. The same solution, being mixed with syrup of violets, became of a -reddish colour. - -32. Saccharum Saturni being added to the solution, precipitated a thick -lactescent cloud. - -33. Ol. tart. p.d. being also added to this solution, it caused no -visible effervescence, yet raised some bubbles of air, and caused a -coagulation of many small brown terrene nubeculæ in the water; which, -after standing some time, subsided to the bottom, and left the water -clear. - - -These experiments do plainly evince, that this water contains an -aluminous salt, conjoined with a fine terrene substance, which is -probably a part of the matrix, from whence the salt has been formed. - -This salt gives no signs of any alkaline principle; but, on the -contrary, of an acidity, as its solution reddens with syrup of violets. - -With this salt there are also intimately conjoined some very subtile -chalybeat parts, which are not separable from it by elixation or -evaporation. - -Alum is distinguishable from all other mineral salts, by liquifying -and bubbling upon a red-hot iron, and turning into a white calx. But -this could not be well expected from this aluminous salt, which we -had extracted from the water, because it was extremely foul, by being -combined with so large a proportion of earth; which earthy parts were -the occasion of turning the salt of a blackish colour upon the iron. -However, we see it turns white by a further degree of heat. But if the -salt had been dissolved, filtrated, and crystallized, till it had been -purified and freed from this terrene matter, it would then certainly -have had the same appearance upon the red-hot iron, as a pure aluminous -salt. Again, as it is peculiar to an aluminous salt to liquify in some -degree with fire, so we see, that this was evidently the case of this -salt. Its eliquation indeed could not be so remarkable, as in pure -alum, because of its being mixed with so much earth; but that it did -liquify in some degree is plain, because the whole mass of salt and -earth, even when reduced to a powder, ran all together like a cinder. - -The experiment upon the solution of this salt with ol. tart. p.d. -is also a further proof of what we have already asserted: for tho’ -there was no visible effervescence, yet the bubbles of air shew, that -there was an intestine conflict of the oil with the acid principle -in the solution; which being absorbed by the alkali, the earth was -precipitated, to which it formerly adhered. - - -The two next experiments were made in order to discover, whether an -acid or alkaline principle prevailed in the water. - - -_Exp._ 34. Forty gutts of the syrup of violets being added to an ounce -of the water, the mixture became of a bright sea-green colour. - -35. A quantity of water being kept boiling for five minutes, and -afterwards allowed to stand till it became clear, was carefully -filtrated from its ochrous sediment: after which, upon its mixture with -syrup of violets, it turned of a faint reddish colour. - - -From these experiments we infer, that this mineral water contains -both an alkaline and an acid principle; the former consisting of the -ochrous and ferrugineous parts, which are separated from the water by -elixation; and the latter of the aluminous salt, which remains in the -water after elixation. - - -The following trials were made in order to know what effects are -produced in the water by being exposed to the air; and in what respects -the waters of the two springs differed from each other. - - -_Exp._ 37. An English quart of the water of each of the springs being -fully exposed to the air in two China bowls, the next day that of the -under spring was neither altered in its taste, colour, or transparency, -nor in any other shape whatever; but that of the upper spring appeared -of a yellowish colour, altho’ it was clear and transparent as the other. - -On the second day the taste of the waters scarcely appeared to be any -way diminished. No sensible change could be observed in the lower -water; but the upper water was become more yellow than it was the day -before, yet without any loss of its transparency. They both tinged of a -deep blue colour with galls; which tinctures appeared equally deep and -strong, as they did before the waters were exposed to the air. - -The third day the lower water appeared clear and colourless as before, -only its surface was covered with a few small spots of cremor. The -upper water appeared more yellowish than formerly, and its surface -was almost wholly covered over with the cremor. They both afforded a -tincture with galls, which was not sensibly different from what they -gave before their exposure. - -On the fourteenth day the water of the under well had precipitated -a yellow ochrous sediment, but the other water a more considerable -quantity. A large quantity of cremor continued also to swim upon the -surface of the upper water, but there was very little separated from -the water of the under well. Both waters being now tried with galls, -instead of the deep blue colour, which they did formerly exhibit, they -now became only of a deep purple colour. - -On the twentieth day the visible appearance of both waters was the same -as when last observed. - -On the thirty-eighth day they both afforded as deep a purple colour -with galls, as they did three weeks before; and during that time also -they had not precipitated any more of their ochrous parts, nor suffered -any other sensible alteration. - -The water of the upper well being filtrated from all the ferrugineous -matter, which it had separated during these thirty-eight days, was -rendered almost as limpid and clear as when newly taken from the -well: but, being boiled for some time, it became of a turbid yellow -colour; and being allowed to stand, it again precipitated abundance -of an ochrous sediment; and being filtrated, and mixed with galls, it -received a faint purple colour of a blueish hue. - -38. A bottle of the water of each of these springs, being carefully -sealed, carried to Moffat, and kept for two months, suffered not the -least alteration during that time, but was as fresh as when immediately -taken from the fountain. And I am informed, that after it is carried -to Edinburgh, and to places at a greater distance, it will keep a much -longer time without being any way spoiled. - - -I believe it will appear from these observations, that this mineral -water continues longer intire, and particularly that it retains the -quality of tinging with galls longer, than most others of the chalybeat -kind: at least, of a great number, which I have seen described, I do -not remember one, that retains it near so long, when exposed to the -open air. Many of them lose this quality intirely in a few hours; and -it is greatly impaired in the same time, even in those which retain -it longest. But this water, we see, remains exposed to the open air -for days, without almost any alteration. This may perhaps be owing -either to the larger proportion of ferrugineous parts, with which it is -impregnated; to their being attenuated to a greater degree; or to their -more perfect commixture with the water, by means of the aluminous salt. -The longer time, that any mineral water does remain intire, without -any separation of its mineral parts; or the longer it retains the same -form, which it has when newly taken from the spring; the more perfect -is the commixture of these parts with their fluid vehicle: and I -believe, upon that account, will be more effectual for medicinal uses: -for which reason, I suppose, these waters may prove a more beneficial -medicine, than any others of the ferrugineous kind, whose mineral -contents are not so intimately commixed with the aqueous fluid. - -As these waters are so long in separating their mineral contents, they -appear particularly well adapted for being transported to distant -places: for by this quality they are fitted to undergo a long carriage, -and to be kept a considerable time, without any diminution of their -medicinal virtues. It must also be noticed, that the water of the under -well is by much the best of the two for carriage, or for being long -kept, as it is longer in separating its mineral contents than the upper -one. - -From these experiments it is evident, that there is a considerable -difference betwixt the waters of the two springs. The upper one -contains a much larger quantity of ochrous earth, and metalline cremor, -than the under one; which is the reason, why it yields a deeper colour -with galls, as may be observed in the first experiment. I suspected, -on the other hand, that the under water contained a greater proportion -of alum, than the water of the upper spring; but this I cannot affirm, -as I find I had neglected to make the experiment, which would have -determined whether it be so or not. Tho’ the mineral contents of these -two waters be similar, yet, if they be thus mixed in them in different -proportions, this must certainly create a difference between them, -which deserves to be attended to, as it may be sufficient to disallow -of their being used promiscuously, since their medicinal effects may be -thereby different. - -But now, to sum up the evidence, which these experiments, taken all -together, do afford, concerning the mineral ingredients of this Spaw; I -think they determine, with some degree of certainty, that it contains -two different principles of iron, both of which are fixed. The one, -which is the ochrous earth, is a true _minera ferri_, and, altho’ it -be a crude mineral, exists in the water in a very fine and subtile -form; the other, which is the cremor or pellicle, whose parts are -also extremely attenuated in the water, appears to be iron, not in -its mineral, but in its metalline form, and, when thrown up upon the -surface of the water, shews itself like an extreme thin _lamina_ of -that metal. There seems also to be some small proportion of sulphur -joined with the metalline cremor. The other mineral ingredient, which -enters into the composition of this Spaw, is a considerable proportion -of an aluminous salt, which is conjoined with a small quantity of a -light brown-coloured earth (probably a part of the matrix whence the -salt is formed), and still more intimately connected with some of the -chalybeat parts of the water, which are not separable from it either -by elixation or evaporation. Whether these be saline or terrestrial, I -cannot determine. - - -Having thus endeavoured to discover, by some plain and simple -experiments, the mineral principles, with which this medicinal water -is impregnated; I shall now only add some observations, with respect -to the origin of steel waters, and particularly of this Spaw, whose -origin, I think, is thereby discovered and ascertained in a very -obvious manner. - -Among several things, that are still deficient in the history of -mineral waters; an exact knowlege of their origin seems to be the -chief; that is, from what fossils, and in what manner, these waters do -acquire the mineral substances, with which they are impregnated. As -this happens in the bowels of the earth, and is therefore far removed -from our view, it is not surprising, that there has been so little -discovered concerning it; tho’ indeed there have been many elaborate -hypotheses framed in order to account for it. - -The writers on mineral waters have been of very different and opposite -opinions concerning their origin. They have disagreed widely amongst -themselves; and I very much suspect, that the accounts, which most of -them give of this matter, are not agreeable to truth: particularly -with respect to chalybeat waters, I have seen none, who have given a -satisfactory account of their origin. They have all agreed, that iron, -or the vitriol of that metal, does exist in mineral waters; but they -have never yet agreed, how they came to exist in them, or in what -manner mineral waters come to be imbued with these fossils. - -Some of the more ancient writers cannot comprehend, how simple water -should be intimately impregnated with so many different kinds of -minerals, except by the means of some powerful agent. And as they -thought nothing more proper for communicating and mixing mineral -substances with water, than violent heat, they therefore termed all -mineral waters, of whatever kind, by the name of _thermæ_. They saw -some spring from the earth extremely hot, others moderately hot, others -tepid, others excessively cold: they concluded from this, that all -such various degrees of heat in these waters were owing either to the -different degree of subterranean fire, which they had undergone; or -else to the great distance, which some of them had run in the earth, -after they had been sufficiently heated. They therefore maintained, -that those waters particularly termed _acidulæ_ (the greatest part of -which are impregnated with iron), or those, which, tho’ intensely cold, -contained a large proportion of mineral matter, had in some part of the -earth been impregnated with it, by means of an intense heat, which they -had been gradually deprived of by a long passage thro’ the colder parts -of the earth. - -Some naturalists again, of a later date, having exploded the former -notion as chimerical, have thought, that a vapour rising from vitriolic -minerals, and mixed with the neighbouring streams of water in the -bowels of the earth, has imbued them with some of the parts, and with -the properties, of vitriol. - -Others are of opinion, that the exhalations of vitriolic minerals, -passing thro’ the cavities of the earth, are there condensed by the -subterraneous cold into a limpid fluid, containing the very finest -parts of that mineral salt: which fluid, mixing with the præterlabent -streams of water, and issuing out of the earth with them, produce those -mineral springs called vitriolic. - -The last opinion I shall mention on this subject, and which indeed -appears the most plausible, is of those, who think, that the iron is -corroded and dissolved in these waters by means of an acid: for, as -they imagine simple water incapable of doing this, they suppose, that -it is first imbued with an acid in the bowels of the earth; and then, -by the corrosion of the chalybeat minerals, thro’ which it runs, it -comes to be impregnated with them. I once received this opinion, as -the most probable I could then observe, concerning the origin of these -springs: yet not as being satisfactory; for there are many objections -against it, which it is difficult either to elude or to answer. - -The supposition of an acidity in ferrugineous waters, I thought but -ill confirmed, because, upon trial, they discover no vestiges of it, -but rather appear to be alkaline. Besides, in considering the causes -of mineral waters, it seems more probable, that whatever minerals they -contain, they must be such, as can be received or extracted by common -water in its passage thro’ the earth, by solution, abrasion, or the -like simple operations; and in this way alone I think we may come to -account not only for the commixtion of the saline and terrene minerals, -which are found in medical waters, but likewise of those, that are -metalline or sulphureous; for which simple water, at first sight, may -perhaps seem to be an insufficient solvent. - -It was this notion, that first induced me to make trial upon various -mineral and metallic bodies, in order to know how far they could -communicate their virtues to common water by infusion. I thought this -might throw some light upon the origin of mineral waters; yet, tho’ -I made a great many experiments of this sort, and particularly upon -several kinds of native chalybeat minerals, I was as little satisfied -concerning their origin as before. I at length, however, met, by -accident, with what I had inquired after with so little success. - -As I happened to be at a gentleman’s house near Edinburgh, in whose -estate there was a great deal of coal, and who was at that time working -a level or adit, in order to drain off the water, I observed, that -the current of water, which flowed from this level, separated a great -quantity of ochre, and, emptying itself into a river soon after it came -from the entry of the level, tinged all the stones and the channel of -the river, for a good way, of an ochrous colour. The taste of this -water was exactly like that of a common steel Spaw; and it afforded a -purple colour with galls[55]. As I knew, that this water flowed off a -great body of coal, I often infused that fossil, taken from the pits -near this level, in common water; but the infusions never yielded any -tincture with galls. I tried in the same way another mineral, that -the miners call _blaes_; which is a cliffery stratum of a blueish -colour, that often lies both above and below the coal: also another -fossil of a brown colour, which is very ponderous, and is called by -the miners _dogger_; a thin seam of which often lies in the midst of -the coal. However, neither of these would afford an infusion, that -would tinge with galls. At last I got another mineral out of these -coal-pits, which is sometimes found amongst the coal, but is not so -frequent as any of the former; and this fully answered my expectation. -It is found either in round or broad pieces, is exceeding ponderous, -and of a shining yellow colour, and is called by the miners _brass -lumps_. When I infused this mineral for a short time in common water, -it communicated to it all the properties of a steel Spaw; its taste -was exactly the same; and it received a tincture from galls, which was -of a more diluted or intense purple, according to the proportion of -the mineral added to the water, or to the time of the infusion. This -simple experiment does therefore clearly discover to us the origin of -steel waters, and the manner, in which they are impregnated with their -mineral contents in the bowels of the earth. - -This observation, which I had made concerning the origin of steel -waters, led me, when I first visited Hartfell-Spaw, to inquire into the -adjacent fossils: which was the more easily done, as the strata of the -earth about the well, for a considerable depth, are exposed to view. -After some search among these, I found a stratum of cliffery rock, -about three or four feet thick, of a grey colour, and, I think, about -twenty paces from the spring. In some of the hollow places of this -rock, where the rain and wind did not reach, I observed a white saline -efflorescence on its surface, which when I had taken off and tasted, I -concluded, from its styptic and chalybeat taste, that it was a native -vitriolum Martis, notwithstanding its white colour; but I found it, -upon trial, to be alum, having some fine attenuated parts of iron -conjoined with it, and the same salt with that contained in the Spaw -water. - -Having taken some pieces of this rock, which were quite free from -the saline effervescence, and infused them in common spring-water -for some hours, this water did thereby acquire the true taste of the -Hartfell-Spaw. It likewise in the same manner received a deep blue -tincture with galls, and contained all the other qualities of that -mineral water, without the least difference, that I could observe: -which, I think, ascertains the true origin of this mineral spring in -the most obvious and undeniable manner. - -I am persuaded, that this plain and easy method of investigating the -origin of mineral springs is not only superior to the most learned -discussions and elaborate theories, but will be found to be the surest, -yea, the only way of extending and compleating our knowlege concerning -them. As I have not yet had the opportunity of making the experiments, -which I designed, upon the two fossils, that we find to be the cause -of the above mineral waters, and which will be necessary to elucidate -and compleat these observations, which we have made concerning their -origin; I shall now only add one thing, and recommend it to the -observation of others: “_Whether or not, from such a knowlege of the -origin of mineral waters, we may not acquire artificial ones of as -great, or perhaps of greater, medicinal use, than those, which are -naturally produced?_” - - - - -XVIII. _An Account of the State of the Thermometer at the_ Hague _on -the 9th of_ January 1757. _Extracted from a Letter of Mr._ Abraham -Trembley, _F.R.S to_ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S._ - - -[Read Mar. 3, 1757.] - - Hague, Febr. 15. 1757. - -I Carefully observed the thermometer during the cold days, which we -have had this winter. I made use of the same thermometer, with which -I made my observations in 1740, and for that purpose fixed it in the -same place, where it was that year, _viz._ in a window directly exposed -to the north, and open to a large square. In 1740 I saw Fahrenheit’s -thermometer at two degrees below 0. This year, on the 9th day of -January in the morning, it was at three degrees above 0; that is, only -five degrees higher than in 1740. - - - - -XIX. _Experimental Examination of_ Platina. _By_ William Lewis, _M.B. -F.R.S._ - - -[Read Mar. 17, 1757.] - -PAPER V. - -THE account of this extraordinary mineral, formerly read to this -illustrious Society, and honoured with their approbation, being -since published in the _Philosophical Transactions_, renders any -recapitulation of the discoveries hitherto made unnecessary. - -The near and remarkable relation betwixt platina and gold, not only -in point of gravity, but in many less obvious properties, hitherto -supposed to belong to gold alone; and their as manifest disagreement in -others, particularly colour, ductility, and fusibility; induced me to -examine, what effects they might have in combination with one another -in different proportions; and whether there is reason to credit the -report of great frauds having been committed by mixing them together; -how far such abuses are practicable; and, what is of more importance, -the means by which they are discoverable. - - -_Experiments of the Mixture of Platina and Gold._ - -+EXPERIMENT+ I. - -1. Twelve carats[56] of fine gold, and the same quantity of the purer -grains of platina, were urged in a blast-furnace, for near an hour, -with a fire so strong, that a slip of Windsor brick, with which the -crucible was covered, tho’ defended by a thin coating of pure white -clay, had begun to melt. Upon breaking the vessel, the metal was found -in one smooth lump or bead; which, after being nealed by the flame of a -lamp, and boiled in alum-water, appeared, both in the mass, and upon -the touchstone, of a pale bell-metal colour, without any resemblance -to gold. It bore several strokes, and stretched considerably under -the hammer, before it begun to crack about the edges. On viewing -the fracture with a magnifying glass, the gold and platina appeared -unequally mixed; and several small particles of the latter were seen -distinct: nor was the mixture intirely uniform after it had again and -again been returned to the fire, and suffered many hours of strong -fusion. - -2. Eighteen carats of gold and six of platina (= 3:1) were melted -together as the foregoing, in an intense fire continued about an hour. -The bead, nealed and boiled, was less pale-coloured than the former, -but had nothing of the colour of gold. It forged tolerably well, like -coarse gold. To the naked eye it appeared uniform; but a good magnifier -discovered in this, as well as in the other, some inequality of -mixture, not withstanding the fusion was two or three times repeated, -with the strongest degrees of heat we were capable of exciting by large -bellows. - -3. Twenty carats of gold and four of platina (= 5:1) were kept in -strong fusion for above an hour and a half. These united into an equal -mass, in which no granule of platina, or dissimilarity of parts, could -be distinguished. The colour was still so dull and pale, that the -compound could scarcely be judged by the eye to contain any gold. It -hammered well into a pretty thin plate; but we could not draw it into -wire of any considerable fineness. - -4. Twenty-two carats of gold were melted in the same manner with two -of platina (= 11:1) the same that standard gold contains of alloy. -The mixture was uniform, of a tolerable golden colour, but easily -distinguishable from that of standard gold by a dingy bell-metal cast. -It worked well, was forged into a thin plate without cracking, and -drawn into moderately fine wire. - -5. Twenty-two carats and a half of gold, and one and a half of platina -(= 15:1), melted into an uniform mass, which, after the usual nealing -and boiling, proved somewhat tougher than the preceding, and of a -better colour. - -6. Twenty-three carats of gold were melted with one of platina; which -is nearly half the proportion, that standard gold contains of alloy. -The compound worked extremely well, but was distinguishable from gold -by a manifest dinginess, which it retained after repeated forgings, -fusions, nealings, and boilings. - -7. Twenty-three carats and one-fourth of gold, and three-fourths of a -carat of platina (= 31:1), formed an equal mixture, very malleable, -ductile like the three foregoing whilst hot as well as cold, but not -intirely free from their peculiar dingy colour. - -8. A mixture of twenty-three carats and a half of gold, with half -a carat of platina (= 47:1), was very soft and flexible, of a good -colour, without any thing of the disagreeable cast, by which all the -foregoing compositions were readily distinguishable, in the mass as -well as on the touchstone, from fine or standard gold. - -9. A mixture of twenty-three carats and three-fourths of gold, with -one-fourth of a carat of platina (= 95:1), could not be distinguished -by the eye or hammer from the fine gold itself. - -In all these processes, even where the proportion of platina was small, -the fusion was performed by a vehement fire, that the mineral might be -the more intimately dissolved, and equally diffused thro’ the gold. -The necessity of this precaution appeared from an experiment formerly -related; in which one of platina having been melted with four of gold, -the button appeared not much paler than standard gold with silver -alloy. On a second fusion it lost its yellow colour, which had at -first been only external, from an imperfect mixture, great part of the -platina being concealed in the internal part of the mass, and covered -as it were by a golden coat. - -The crucibles were rubbed on the inside with chalk, to prevent any -particles of the metal from lodging in their cavities. A little borax -was employed in each as a flux; with the addition of nitre, by which -the colour of gold is somewhat heightened. On remelting some of the -mixtures with sundry other additions, powdered charcoal seemed to -improve the colour most. - - -+EXPERIMENT+ II. - -The preceding compositions, after being gently hammered and boiled, -were weighed hydrostatically with great care, by a very tender balance, -in distilled water, wherein the gravity of standard gold turned out -17.788. - -All the mixtures proved heavier than standard gold. Their gravities -were nearer to the medium of the gravities of the ingredients, than -those of the compositions of platina with any of the other metals -formerly given an account of; none falling considerably short of the -mean gravity, and some rather exceeding it. - - +------------------------+ - | Gravity. | - | By | By | - |Experiment.|Calculation.|Difference. - Platina | 17.000 | | - Platina 1 Gold 1 | 18.140 | 18.142 | 0. 02} - Platina 1 Gold 3 | 18.613 | 18.714 | 0.101} - Platina 1 Gold 5 | 18.812 | 18.904 | 0.092} - Platina 1 Gold 11 | 18.835 | 19.094 | 0.259} Diminution. - Platina 1 Gold 15 | 18.918 | 19.142 | 0.224} - Platina 1 Gold 23 | 19.089 | 19.189 | 0.100} - Platina 1 Gold 31 | 19.128 | 19.213 | 0.085} - Platina 1 Gold 47 | 19.262 | 19.237 | 0.025} - Platina 1 Gold 95 | 19.273 | 19.261 | 0.012} Increase. - Gold | 19.285 | | - +-----------+------------+ - - -+EXPERIMENT+ III. - -As a mixture of platina with an equal quantity of gold has been -reported to be specifically heavier than gold itself, but turned out -otherwise in the above experiments; some further trials were made on -that head. - -1. Instead of the crude mineral, whose gravity is but 17, we took -platina, that had been cupelled with lead, one of the neatest of -the buttons formerly mentioned, which, tho’ retaining a portion of -the lead, was nearly as ponderous as fine gold, _viz._ 19.240. This -was melted with equal its weight of the gold, in a strong fire, and -continued in fusion for about an hour: the mass proved spongy, and -very light. We remelted it several times with vehement degrees of -fire, suffering it to cool leisurely in the crucible, and, in order -to separate as much as possible of the lead, to which its sponginess -seemed owing, boiled it in aqua-fortis, and repeatedly injected -corrosive sublimate upon it during fusion: the mass, nevertheless, -still turned out cavernulous and brittle, and specifically lighter than -either the gold or platina by themselves. - -2. I likewise endeavoured to combine platina with small proportions of -gold. By vehemence of fire, it was made to unite, tho’ not perfectly, -with half its weight and less: but the mixtures were extremely spongy -and brittle; in specific gravity one scarce 16, another less than 15. - -3. As a cast metalline body from the Spanish West Indies, of which some -account will be given hereafter, appears to have been confounded with -the mineral platina, this also was melted with an equal quantity of -gold. They united with great ease, by a moderate fire, into an uniform -compound, tolerably compact, but whose specific gravity was only 16½; -which is nearly the mean gravity of the two ingredients. - - -+EXPERIMENT+ IV. - -As a small portion of copper somewhat heightens the colour of pale -gold, platina was melted with eight times its weight of standard gold -made with copper alloy. The fusion was performed, as in the preceding -experiments, in a close crucible, with a strong fire, but without any -flux, and continued for about an hour. The metal appeared covered with -a black scurf, and had lost about ⅟200. It was much duller coloured, -harder to the hammer, and cracked sooner about the edges, than mixtures -of fine gold with a larger quantity of platina. By repeated fusion, and -frequent nealing, it became a little softer and tougher, so as to be -drawn into pretty fine wire; but the colour was still exceeding dull, -more resembling that of bad copper than of gold. - -The specific gravity of this compound was 17.915; a little less than -the medium of the three ingredients unmixed, and a little greater than -the mean gravity resulting from the platina by itself, and the copper -and gold mixed; for copper, in the standard proportion, appears to -diminish the gravity of gold more than it ought to do according to -calculation. - - -From the foregoing experiments it appears, that platina is miscible -with gold, in certain proportions, without injuring either its colour -or ductility, or occasioning any considerable alteration in the -gravity: experiments related in former papers have shewn, that it -stands aqua-fortis, and the other trials by which the purity of gold is -estimated. It is to be hoped, that the abuses manifestly practicable -by this mineral have hitherto been but rarely made use of. To guard -against them is the object of this paper; to detect them, of the next. - - - - -XX. _Experimental Examination of_ Platina. _By_ William Lewis, _M.B. -F.R.S._ - - -+PAPER+ VI. - -_Experiments of distinguishing and purifying Gold mixed with Platina._ - -[Read Mar. 31, 1757.] - -1. _By Amalgamation with Mercury._ - -IN an experiment related in the fourth paper, an amalgam of one part -of platina and two of gold with a suitable quantity of mercury, having -been triturated with water for a considerable time, and occasionally -washed over, the platina was gradually thrown out, and the gold -retained by the quicksilver. - -Repetitions of this experiment have shewn, that tho’ the separation -succeeds in some cases, it does not perfectly in all: that if there -is any particle of the platina imperfectly dissolved in the gold -(which will generally be the case, unless the quantity of gold is -three or four times greater than that of the platina), this part will -be retained, after long trituration, undissolved by the mercury, -uncomminuted by the pestle, and too ponderous to be washed off in its -gross form. A variety of mixtures of platina and gold were treated in -the manner above described; and the gold, recovered from the amalgams, -submitted to further examinations. Where the proportion of platina was -large, the microscope almost always discovered still some granules of -it on the fracture of the ingot: where the proportion was small, the -recovered gold was frequently, but not constantly, found to be pure. - -From these experiments it appears, that mercury has a greater affinity -with gold than platina, and that platina is capable of being totally -separated by elutriation; but that the process is too vague and -undetermined to be applicable in the way of assay, as we have no mark -of the precise time for discontinuing it, and as we can never be -certain, without making another assay, whether the whole of the platina -is separated or not. As a preparatory examination, where the quantities -of platina and gold to be separated are large, it is nevertheless of -good use, as greatest part of the platina may by this means be washed -over with little trouble, and the gold brought into a less compass, so -as to be commodiously submitted to a perfect purification by the means -hereafter pointed out. This process has a similar effect on platina and -gold to that of stamping and washing on metallic ores; which could not -be reduced into pure metal in the furnace to advantage, without the -previous separation of great part of the earthy and stony matter by -water. - - -2. _By Precipitation with Alkalies._ - -Gold is precipitated totally by fixed alkaline salts, but platina -only in part. When solutions of the two metals are mixed together, -so much of the platina remains suspended, after saturation with the -alkali, as to be readily distinguishable by the yellow colour, which -it communicates to the liquor. It has been objected, that tho’ the -platina was discoverable, when thus mingled superficially with the -gold, it may nevertheless, when combined more intimately by fusion, -elude this method of trial. - -1. Mixtures of gold with small proportions of platina were therefore -kept in fusion, by a very strong fire, for several hours, and -afterwards dissolved in aqua-regis. The solutions being diluted with -water, and a pure fixed alkaline salt gradually added, so long as any -effervescence of precipitation ensued, the liquors remained manifestly -coloured, tho’ apparently paler than when the two metals had been -dissolved by themselves. - -2. A more convincing proof, that part of the platina remains suspended, -after the precipitation of the gold, was obtained, by putting into the -filtered liquors some plates of pure tin, which presently contracted an -olive hue, and threw down a large quantity of a brownish precipitate, -as from the common solutions of the crude mineral. It was observable, -that the tin plates were often sensibly acted on, even whilst the -liquor was overcharged with alkali. - -3. It has been further suggested, and with great appearance of -probability, that as a part of platina is precipitated as well as gold -by alkaline salts, if only this part be mixed with gold, it will be -thrown down by them again upon dissolving the compound. To determine -this point, a precipitate of platina made by fixed alkali was melted -with thrice its weight of fine gold, and kept in strong fusion for -above an hour: they united more easily than gold does with so large -a proportion of the crude mineral, and formed a smooth neat bead, -which hammered well into a pretty thin plate before it cracked, and -appeared internally uniform and equal. This compound being dissolved -in aqua-regia, and a fixed alkaline salt added by degrees till the -acid was more than saturated, the liquor became indeed pale; but tin -plates put into it quickly discovered, that it held a very considerable -quantity of platina. It appears therefore a constant property of this -mineral to remain partially dissolved in the neutralised liquor; and -that minute proportions of it, mixed with gold, are by this means -distinguishable. - -4. Many other experiments were made of the precipitations and -precipitates of gold and platina, by alkalies both of the fixed -and volatile kind. The most remarkable effects were, that volatile -alkalies, added to both solutions in quantity just sufficient to -saturate the acid, precipitated gold intirely, but platina only in -part, so much of it remaining suspended as to give the same colour to -the liquor as when fixed alkalies were made use of: that, on adding a -larger quantity of the spirit after the precipitation of the gold, the -liquor became yellow, a part of the metal being taken up again; and -that the platina was more copiously redissolved, the liquor becoming -of a deep brownish red: that the washed precipitates of both metals, -whether made by volatile or fixed alkalies, proved soluble, by moderate -digestion, in spirit of salt; those of platina much more difficultly -and sparingly than those of gold. - - -3. _By inflammable Liquors._ - -1. Inflammable spirits, which revive gold from its solutions in form -of yellow films, have no such effect on solutions of platina. This -experiment affords not only a criterion for distinguishing with -certainty whether gold has been debased by platina, but likewise an -infallible means of recovering it perfectly pure from any admixture of -that mineral. If the compound be dissolved in aqua-regis, the solution -mingled with twice its quantity or more of the spirit, and the mixture -suffered to stand for some days in a glass slightly covered; the whole -of the gold arises to the surface, leaving the whole of the platina -dissolved. The golden pellicles may be collected, by pouring the matter -into a filter just large enough to contain it. The dissolved platina -passes thro’, leaving the gold upon the paper, which is to be washed -with fresh parcels of water till the liquor runs colourless. The paper -is then to be carefully squeezed together, and burnt in a crucible -previously lined with vitrefied borax: when fully sunk down, a little -fresh borax is to be injected, and the fire raised to melt the gold. -The use of lining the crucible with borax is to prevent any moleculæ of -the gold from lodging in its cavities.--This process is attended with -one inconvenience, the slowness of the separation of the gold from the -solution: this may be in some measure expedited by employing a spirit, -which has been distilled from vegetables, that give over an essential -oil. - -2. As essential oils take up gold from aqua-regis, and keep it -dissolved for a time upon the surface of the acid; a pure colourless -oil, that of rosemary, was poured into about half its quantity of a -solution of platina, the mixture well shaken, and suffered to rest: -the oil quickly arose, without taking up any thing from the platina, -or receiving any colour: the acid liquor underneath remained coloured -as at first. Compositions of platina and gold being dissolved in -aqua-regis, and treated in the same manner, the whole of the gold was -imbibed by the oil, and the whole of the platina remained dissolved -in the acid. The oil, loaded with the gold, appeared of a fine yellow -colour, and, on standing for a few hours, threw off great part of its -contents, in bright yellow films, to the sides of the glass. Sundry -other distilled oils were made trial of, with the same event. The gold -is easily recovered, by setting the oil on fire; and, when thoroughly -burnt out, melting the residuum with borax, as in the preceding -experiment. After the separation of the oil employed at first, it may -be proper, for the greater security, to add a little more; which, if -any part of the gold should happen to have been left in the liquor, -will effectually take it up. - -3. The experiment was repeated likewise with the subtile fluid, -prepared from vinous spirits with the vitriolic acid, called by the -chemists æther. The separation succeeded in the same manner as before; -the æther receiving nothing from pure platina, but instantly taking up -the gold from a mixture of the two. It is observable, that the gold -imbibed by this fluid is kept permanently dissolved by it; without -separating or reviving, as it does from the common essential oils and -vinous spirits. - -4. The liquors remaining in these experiments, after the extraction of -the gold, appear on all trials the same with the common solutions of -platina; and readily betray their being impregnated with that mineral -by their colour, by the precipitation with tin, by their yielding -a sparkling red precipitate with volatile spirits, _&c._ A far more -minute proportion of platina, mixed with gold, is more distinguishable -by these processes, than by those with alkaline salts above-mentioned; -these exhibiting the whole of the platina dissolved by itself, those -only a part of it. - - -4. _By metallic Solutions._ - -All the metals, which precipitate gold from aqua-regia, have been -already shewn to precipitate platina also. As gold is thrown down -by some metallic solutions, as well as by the metals in substance, -particularly those of mercury and iron, it remains to apply these -liquors as precipitants for platina. - -1. A saturated solution of mercury in aqua-fortis, which readily and -totally threw down gold in its metallic form, being added to a solution -of platina, the liquor became immediately turbid, and, on standing for -a little time, nearly the whole of the platina fell to the bottom. A -solution of mercury in the marine acid, or of corrosive sublimate, -likewise precipitated platina, but less perfectly, and with this -difference, that the former precipitate was of a greyish brown colour, -the latter of a sparkling red. - -2. Solutions of iron in the vitriolic acid, or of common green vitriol -in water, which totally throw down gold, happily made no change in -solutions of platina. Compositions of platina and gold being dissolved -in aqua-regis, the solutions diluted with about twice their quantity -of water, and a filtered solution of the vitriol gradually added; the -mixtures instantly grew turbid, and, on standing, deposited the gold -in form of a purplish grey calx, the whole of the platina remaining -dissolved. It appeared, on numerous repetitions of this experiment, -that no part of the platina was precipitated along with the gold, nor -any of the gold kept suspended with the platina. Where the quantity of -the mixt to be assayed was very small, the precipitation was usually -performed in a filter, that the gold, which separates in very minute -moleculæ, some of which might possibly remain unobserved in the bottom -of a glass, might be detained on the paper. The colourless sorts of -filtering-paper are preferable for this use to the coloured; as these -last may be impregnated with astringent matter, which would extricate -some of the ferrugineous part of the vitriol. The vitriol was dissolved -in about six times its quantity of water, and a few drops of oil of -vitriol added, to prevent the separation of any of its iron in the -filter. This solution was put into the filter first, the solution of -gold and platina immediately poured into it, the whole stirred together -with a clean glass rod, and such part of the liquor, as had run thro’ -before they had been duly mixed, poured back to the rest. The gold -remaining in the filter was washed with fresh parcels of water, the -paper cautiously rolled up, and burnt in a crucible, as mentioned in a -former experiment. - -3. Solutions of the vitriol, recommended by Kunckel and others for -precipitating gold of an uncommonly high colour, made no change in -the solutions either of gold or platina. The bluish green did indeed -precipitate the gold; not as blue vitriols, but by virtue of the -ferrugineous matter, of which these kinds largely participate. White -vitriol was likewise made trial of, but without producing any sensible -effect in either solution. - -4. The experiments with green vitriol were repeated on the solutions of -platina and gold made in spirit of salt. The event was the same as with -those made in aqua-regis; the gold being constantly precipitated, and -the platina remaining dissolved. - - -+REMARKS+. - -It may be proper to observe, that by the processes here pointed out, -the gold is purified from other metallic admixtures at the same time -that it is separated from platina; the inflammable spirits reviving, -essential oils and æther imbibing, and green vitriol precipitating, -gold alone. Care should be had, that the piece of the mixt, taken for -examination, be totally dissolved before any trials are made with -the solution; the menstruum not acting with equal facility on the -two metals, but dissolving the gold more readily than the platina. -Where the acid has been dilute, and only a gentle heat applied, great -part of the gold has appeared to be taken up before the platina was -considerably acted on. Where the filter, with the gold in it, is -burnt in the crucible, borax is the most commodious flux: but as -this salt gives a sensible paleness to gold, a little nitre may be -injected, after the metal has come into fusion, to restore its colour. -If the nitre was added at first, whilst the gold continues subtilely -divided, some particles of the metal would be dissipated during the -deflagration, which that salt produces with the coaly remains of the -paper. - -As the foregoing experiments exhibit platina and gold dissolved in -a mineral fluid, which by simple mechanic agitation rejects the one -and retains the other, and which discovers this different appetite of -union so much the more remarkably, as the two metals have been the more -intimately combined:--as they further exhibit platina dissolved in -liquors incapable of holding gold suspended,--gold dissolved in liquors -incapable of holding platina suspended,--gold totally precipitated by -substances, which precipitate no particle of platina,--and gold, when -mixed _per minima_ with platina, perfectly recovered from it by these -means, without increase as well as without diminution:--it follows, -that platina is not, as some believe, gold naturally debased by the -admixture of some other metallic body, but a metal of a peculiar kind, -essentially different from all the others. Before the discriminating -characters of platina were discovered, such a notion was highly -plausible, and direct experiment seemed to confirm it: a portion of -the platina might be separated in the process; a quantity of gold -mixed with the remainder, in order to collect the gold supposed to be -contained in it; the mixture submitted to operations, which gold alone -was supposed capable of withstanding; and the augmentation, which -the noble metal still retained, held to be true gold gained from the -platina. - -The methods of trial above related will, it is presumed, be sufficient -to undeceive those, who may have been imposed upon by such appearances, -and betrayed into the practice of unintended frauds: to convince them, -that all they have gained from platina, after the most laborious -attempts to divest it of its imaginary coat, is no other than platina -still: and, which is of more extensive utility, to distinguish all the -abuses, that may be made with this metal, and restore the gold, so -debased, to its original purity and value. - - - - -XXI. _An Account of the Temple of_ Serapis _at_ Pozzuoli _in the -Kingdom of_ Naples: _In a Letter to_ John Ward, _LL.D. and R.S. -Vice-Præs. by the Rev._ John Nixon, _M.A. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Mar. 17, 1757.] - -+SIR+, - -BEFORE we enter upon a more particular consideration of this noble -piece of antiquity, it may not be improper to premise the general -account (and indeed the only one I have met with yet published), which -is given of it by Mess. Cochin and Bellicard, in a little [57]treatise -printed at Paris in 1755. These gentlemen acquaint us, that in 1749 -there were only three pillars of this building visible, and that they -were buried half way within the ground: but that soon after, workmen -being employed by order of the King of the Two Sicilies to dig at the -place, they came to the pedestals of those pillars: and at length -discovered the building to have been a temple, which (as it was judged -by the principal[58] idol found there, and some other circumstances) -was dedicated to Serapis. They tell us further, that many statues and -vases of excellent workmanship had been taken out of the ruins; and -that the whole temple was extremely magnificent, being built, or cased -throughout, with marble, even to the parts appropriated to the meanest -offices. - -This account, tho’ short, is yet sufficient to excite in the curious -a desire to be more fully informed, both as to the ancient and modern -state of this place. To gratify in some measure that desire is the -purpose of the present letter. - -In order to form any conjecture concerning the antiquity of the -building before us, we must know, that the worship of Serapis, to whom -it is supposed to have been consecrated, was not introduced at Rome -till towards the end of the republic; and then tolerated in the suburbs -only[59]. However, at length he was allowed to have temples erected -to him within the precincts of the city; chiefly by the authority of -Vespasian, who was thought to have restored a blind man[60] to his -sight at Alexandria by the aid and direction of this deity. And upon -this account he continued to be held in high veneration by Titus and -Domitian, the sons of that Emperor, as appears by their [61]stamping -his image on the reverse of their coins. Now as it is reasonable -to suppose, that the other cities of Italy followed the example of -the metropolis in this instance, as we find, they did in others of a -similar nature; we may with some probability place the foundation of -this temple at Pozzuoli somewhere within the period assigned above. - -As for the particular state of this building, it is situated on the -west side of the town, near to, and upon a level with, the beach (_See_ -TAB. II.). Its grand entrance is towards the south, and seems to have -been a vestibule supported by four columns. This introduces you into a -spacious portico, or corridor[62], which was designed to defend such -as assembled here to worship from the injuries of the weather; as also -to afford a commodious passage into a range of rooms of different -dimensions, disposed on all the four sides of the court. - -These chambers seem designed for preparing the sacrifices, lodging -the priests, and keeping their vestments; as also the fuel, stores, -and other things requisite for the service of the temple: not to omit -the convenience of purifying both the priests and the worshippers by -bathing or washing. This last destination is countenanced, with regard -to the chamber on the north-west and that on the north-east corner, by -the row of stone seats, which still remains on each of the sides of -the former. These seats have a gutter, or channel running along at the -foot of them on the floor; and are likewise perforated with holes of -a proper size, with funnels passing from them below. On these benches -probably the persons to be purified placed themselves, that the water -might be let out upon them from pipes; or administred in vases or -ewers by the attendants, and afterwards be carried off by the passages -mentioned above[63]. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans Vol. L._ TAB. II. _p. 168._ - - A. _Ancient grand Entrance._ - - B.B.B.B. _Portico or Corridor._ - - C. _Atrium._ - - D. _Temple properly so call’d._ - - E. _Altar with it’s Drain._ - - F. _Sacrarium._ - - G.G. _Two large Chambers for washing &c._ - - H. _Modern Entrance over Ruins. This seems to have been formerly such - a Chamber, as is express’d in the Drawing at_ (L) - -_A Scale of Feet._] - -Nor can a provision for washing or bathing in this temple seem strange -to any one, who reflects, how high a rank this mode of purification -held among the religious ceremonies of almost all nations of the -world. As for the Romans, with whom we are principally concerned in -the present inquiry, the subsistence of this usage among them might -be abundantly shewn by the testimonies of their writers; and also by -the accommodations provided for it in other buildings of the same -character with that before us. Some of these still remain within the -neighbourhood of Pozzuolo, _viz._ the magnificent temple near the -lake of Avernus ascribed to Apollo, which has an apartment adjoining -to it indisputably intended for the purpose intimated above. For it -is furnished with several stone cisterns, whose inward dimensions are -proportioned to the ordinary size of an human body; and near them -is a spring, out of which the water was taken up, and poured into a -bason hollowed out in the side of the wall: from thence it ran along -in a groove or channel cut in the ends of the cisterns, to be let out -upon the persons bathing in them, according to their pleasure, or as -occasion should require. So likewise in the temple of Venus (as it -is commonly called) near Baiæ, there is a large chamber containing -several stone seats for washing, with little cells contiguous to it for -undressing before, and anointing the body and dressing afterwards. - -I have but one more particular to add concerning the apartment in the -north-west angle of the temple, _viz._ that, when it was cleared of -its rubbish, there was found in a niche in one of its sides a male and -female figure naked, and in the most flagrant act of natural lewdness. -It is now (as we were informed) in a private room in the palace at -Portici, nor can be seen without the King’s special permission. In the -same place, probably, may stand the statue of a satyr in an unnatural -action with a goat, which was found at Herculaneum, and is, they say, -of exquisite sculpture, but concealed in the palace above-mentioned -with the same strict care as the former. - -Having thus viewed the several chambers in the exterior parts of the -building, it is requisite (in order to a regular prosecution of our -design) to return to the grand entrance. And here, passing thro’ the -corridor above described, we come to a square court or _atrium_ paved -with large slabs of white marble streaked with blue or greyish veins. -At the distance of 25 feet further, in the center of the said court, -stood the temple properly so called, containing a circular area of 54 -feet diameter, and elevated above the level of the pavement, so as -to admit an ascent to it of five steps[64], in four different parts -answering to the four sides of the corridor. This area is surrounded -with sixteen pedestals, on which formerly were columns to support a -rotundo or dome. Against each of these columns, on the outside, there -seems to have been placed a statue, and, in the intermediate spaces, -vases for incense, or lavers for washing, upon low stands on the floor. -In the middle of the temple was erected the grand altar, the traces of -which still remain, with a sink or drain near it to receive and carry -off the blood of the victims, _&c._ - -Northward of the temple, and at the distance of 25 feet, being the same -space, that was between it and the corridor at the entrance, was once -another stately vestibule or pavilion, supported by four columns four -feet and an half in diameter, and of the Corinthian order, as appears -by three of them, which still subsist standing in a line with the outer -face of the corridor. This pavilion (if we may judge by analogy from -what we find in other temples) led to an inner recess or _sacrarium_ -terminating, probably, in the segment of a circle: but of this we had -no certain proof, as the rubbish was not yet removed from this part of -the building. - -I beg leave further to mention a remarkable appearance in some of -the columns of this temple, _viz._ that that part of them, which was -lowermost, as well as that, which was nearest the capitals, is well -preserved and pretty entire; while part of the intermediate space -for two or three feet together is discoloured, as if it had suffered -by burning; and also excavated in such a manner[65], as to contain -multitudes of little shell-fish, which appear, like the pholades in -some stones, almost totally inclosed within their cells, so as not -to be got out without breaking. I know no way to account for this so -probable; as by supposing, that the lower parts of these columns were -secured by the mass of rubbish, that inclosed them, as the uppermost -were by their elevated situation, from being perforated either by the -corrosive quality of the sea, which (according to tradition) formerly -covered the site of this temple; or by the animalcula, which are bred -in that element; while the middle parts standing in the water were -(perhaps for ages) exposed to the injuries mentioned above. I had no -opportunity of taking the height of the uppermost line, where the -above-mentioned alteration in the columns ended, from the level of the -sea in the bay; which would have shewn how high the water must have -risen formerly above its present mark, to produce the effect ascribed -to it on this hypothesis. But, however that may be, the nature of the -situation of this place[66] being considered, the innovation supposed -to have happened in it will not, I presume, be thought improbable; -especially in a country so plentifully stored with combustible -matter in its interior parts, and consequently so liable to changes -in its outward form, as this is, and has been for many ages. For an -extraordinary instance of this we need go but a little way from this -place, _viz._ to Il Monte Nuovo, a hill about four miles in compass, -which in 1538 was cast up in one night’s time by an eruption, whereby -the greatest part of the Lucrine lake was filled up, and the town of -Tripergola, with a church, convent, hospital, and other buildings, -intirely buried. - -I shall conclude with acquainting you, that at the corner of the court -of this temple, near the present entrance, there lie some large bases -of marble, which (as we were informed) were taken out of the sea at -about a mile’s distance from Pozzuolo, and are inscribed DVSARI SACRUM. -What was the original situation of these monuments, it may not be -possible now to ascertain. As for DVSARES mentioned in the inscription -upon them, G. Vossius[67] (upon the authority of Tertullian, and -Stephanus Byzantius) makes him to have been an Arabian deity, the same -as Bacchus or Sol according to the Roman theology. That learned man is -likewise inclined to think, that the name DVSARES is compounded of two -Hebrew words; one of which signifies _joy_, and the other, _the earth_, -i. e. mortals, who inhabit it. This etymology properly expresses -the genial effects of the sun, which makes glad the heart of man by -ripening the fruits of the earth, especially the grape: Whence Virgil -calls wine, - - _Munera lætitiamque Dei._ Æn. i. _v._ 640. - -and stiles Bacchus the fabled inventer of it, - - ----_Bacchus lætitiæ dator._ Ib. _v._ 738. - - I am, - +SIR,+ - With the greatest respect, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - J. Nixon. - -London, March 14. 1757. - - - - -XXII. _Some Remarks on a_ Parthian _Coin with a_ Greek _and_ Parthian -_Legend, never before published. In a Letter from the Rev._ John -Swinton, _M.A. of_ Christ-Church, Oxon. _F.R.S. to the Rev._ Thomas -Birch, _D.D. Secret. R. S._ - - -[Read Mar. 24, 1757.] - -Reverend Sir, - -AS we know little of the reigns of the latter Parthian kings, and -less still of their coins; an attempt to strike out even the least -new light on either of those heads will not, I persuade myself, prove -unacceptable to the Royal Society. In this persuasion, I do myself the -honour to send you a few conjectures upon another brass Parthian medal, -in my possession, as remarkable, on account of the double legend it -contains, as the former, which I endeavoured a little to illustrate -about a year ago. This medal, which certainly merits the attention of -the curious, is in very good conservation, and approaches near the size -of those of the middle Roman brass. It exhibits the head, or effigies, -of a Parthian king, with a beard, diadem, and hair formed into such -curls as I never yet observed upon any antient coins. Under the -effigies, the Greek letters ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ ΜΟ⦙⦙⦙, which demonstrate the -piece to be Parthian, appear; and, on the reverse, a _Victory_, done -something after the Roman manner, tho’ the workmanship is pretty rude, -presents itself to our view, together with a legend in a language and -character at this time unknown. The legend consists of ten complete -elements, placed behind the _Victory_ above-mentioned; besides which -there is one in the field of the medal, being probably the initial -letter of the name of the city where the coin was struck. The metal, -tho’ termed by me brass, discovers something of a composition similar -to that of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire’s medal of Vologeses III. -as described by [68]Sig. Haym. This coin, of which I herewith transmit -you a draught most accurately taken (_See_ TAB. IV. _Fig. 1._), having -not yet, as I apprehend, been published; you will permit me now to -offer a few cursory remarks upon it, drawn up in the shortest and most -concise manner possible. - - -1. The Greek legend, had all of it appeared, would, undoubtedly have -been either ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ ΜΟΝΝΗϹΗϹ, or ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ -ΜΟΝΝΗϹΗϹ; of which I should chuse the former, notwithstanding it is -such Parthian Greek, as the round of the medal seems not to have -been capable of containing the latter. It will be, at first sight, -observed, that this legend is different from those of the Parthian -coins hitherto described; which are exhibited in the [69]genitive, -not the nominative, case. The last two letters MO leave no room to -doubt, tho’ the O is not so extremely well preserved, that the piece -was struck when Monneses sat upon the Parthian throne. It is true, -indeed, the first element of the prince’s name is not so apparently a -_Mu_; tho’ it resembles that letter, even as preserved on this very -medal, much more than any other of the Greek alphabet. It is however -totally unlike the _Alpha_ near it, as well as all the other forms of -that element to be met with in Montfaucon[70], and bears not the least -resemblance to _Beta_[71], particularly the _Beta_ which ought to have -been impressed on this piece; as most evidently appears from a particle -of that letter, visible in its proper place. From whence we may infer, -that the character I am considering must be _Mu_; as _Alpha_, _Beta_, -and _Mu_, were the only initial letters, according to Dr. Vaillant[72], -of the names of the Parthian kings reigning after the introduction -of the _Omega_ of the minuscular form, as it here occurs, upon the -Parthian coins. But Monneses was the only one of those princes whose -name began with _My_, and consequently the two last Greek elements on -this medal are part of his name. The metal and size of this piece, as -none belonging to the other Parthian monarchs seem to have been yet met -with of the same form, which exactly agree with those of Monneses’s[73] -coin published by Dr. Vaillant, may likewise be urged, as an additional -argument of no small weight, in support of my opinion. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. IV. _p. 176_. - -_Fig. 1._ - -_Num. Parth. apud Jeannem Swinton, A. M. Oxoniens. R. S. S._ - -_Fig. 2. p. 202._ - -_Scale of feet, 20-1 Inch_ _J. Mynde sc._] - -2. That the Greek and unknown legends on this medal are either of the -same or a similar import, will be acknowleged by all versed in this -kind of literature extremely probable. The Greek and Phœnician legends -on the same [74]coins of Tyre and Sidon, as I have, upon examination, -found, and shall hereafter more fully evince, clearly correspond. The -Latin and Punic legends on Juba’s medals, as has been by me formerly -proved[75], very well agree. The sense[76] I have assigned the legend -in unknown characters, exhibited by the reverse of my former Parthian -coin, with, I flatter myself, some appearance of truth, sufficiently -answers to the Greek one preserved by other medals of the same prince. -We may therefore be permitted to suppose, that both the legends handed -down to us by the coin before me related to Monneses, and conveyed -the same, or at least extremely similar, ideas to the Parthians and -the Greeks. Nothing can be more consonant to reason, tho’ we must not -directly assume this as a postulate, than such a supposition. - -3. This notion will likewise receive a farther accession of strength -from the characters of which the unknown legend is composed. The first -of them so nearly approaches one of the forms of the Palmyrene _Pe_, - as it appears in [77]Mr. Dawkins’s alphabet, that we may without -scruple ascribe to it the power of that letter. The second is so like -the Palmyrene and the Chaldee _Daleth_[78], that it ought indubitably -to pass for that element. The third differs something, tho’ not -greatly[79], from one of the forms of the Palmyrene _He_. The fifth, -which likewise occupies the eighth place, is by no means remote from -the figures of the [80]Palmyrene and Chaldee _Nun_. The sixth occurred -in the third place before. With regard to the seventh, it seems to me -pretty strongly to resemble some forms of the Palmyrene _Mem_[81], -and even exactly to answer to that of the same letter in [82]one -of the Palmyrene inscriptions preserved amongst those celebrated -remains of antiquity commonly, tho’ perhaps improperly, stiled _The -Ruins of_ PERSEPOLIS. The ninth is the _He_ touched upon before. The -tenth, which also succeeded the third, if the powers of the other -elements have been rightly determined, must be _Schin_. Nor does this -character, if we view it in a certain position, appear very remote from -a rude form of that letter. This legend then, according to what is -here advanced, as it now remains, consists of the words----PADESHANE -MONESH, PADESHAN EMONESH, or [83]PADESHAN AMONESH, that is, MONESH, -or AMONESH,----OF KINGS; the word PADISHAH, or rather PADESHAH, as it -seems to have been written and pronounced by the [84]ancient Persians, -in the Pehlawian, Pehelawian, or Bastanian, that is, the old Persic, -tongue, denoting [85]KING. That NI, or NE, was sometimes a masculine -plural termination in the antient Persic, seems to appear from the -word, or rather words, [bər.zaivašŋī.], BIR. ZEIVESHNI, LONGÆVI, which -occurs in Dr. Hyde[86]. And that the vowels A and E were sometimes -prefixed to the Persian proper names, in the remoter periods of time, -is abundantly manifest, from the words SFITAMAN, ESFINTAMAN, or -ESPINTAMAN, the [87]name of either the father or one of the ancestors -of Zerâtusht; XERXES, [88]AXERXES, or AXERSES, and others of the same -kind, that might, with equal facility, be produced. Whether therefore -we read this legend----PADESHANE MONESH, PADESHAN EMONESH, or PADESHAN -AMONESH, we cannot greatly err. As the coin was not so perfectly -struck, part of the Greek legend is thereby apparently lost; from -whence, and the evident want of a word there, we may conclude, that -the Parthian legend, for Parthian by the explication here laid down -it appears to be, on the correspondent part of the reverse, must have -met with the same fate. What that Parthian term was, I cannot take -upon me to say; but the whole legend was probably something like THE -GREAT KING MONNESES, MONNESES THE KING OF KINGS, or MONNESES[89] THE -GREAT KING OF KINGS; all which titles are intirely consonant to those -assumed by the Parthian kings[90], and transmitted down to us on their -other coins. The Persian, or Parthian, termination of the proper name -MONNESES, and others that occur, was ESH. This may be inferred from -the legend now before me, in conjunction with Scripture[91], and has -been remarked by some good authors[92]. That the Greeks also expressed -the _Schin_ by their _Sigma_, and superadded another termination to -such words, is sufficiently manifest from the Persian, or Parthian -ARSHAK[93], which was converted into ARSACES by the Greek writers. I -must farther observe, that, according to Herodotus[94], the antient -letters of the Persians were those used by the Assyrians; which I take -to have been the same with the elements that prevailed amongst the -Syrians, and formed the alphabet of the Palmyrenes. Nay, we may collect -from [95]Epiphanius, that a considerable part of the Persians used the -Palmyrene characters as late as the decline of the fourth century after -CHRIST. All which being maturely weighed, I cannot forbear thinking -the interpretation of the Parthian legend here laid down in a good -degree probable. I am far however from insisting upon the truth of it. -I shall only beg to be indulged the liberty of proposing it to the -consideration of our most illustrious Society, and leave the fate of it -intirely to the decision of so very eminent a part of the learned world. - -4. But however my explication of the Parthian legend may be received, -I believe it will scarce be denied, that the coin was struck in the -reign of Monneses, one of the Parthian kings; this point having been -so clearly evinced, by the reasons above alledged. It may not be -improper here to remark, that the republic of letters has been obliged -with the publication of two of this prince’s medals; the first of which -was [96]coined in the year of the Parthian æra 422, and the other in -425[97]. Neither of them however exhibits the _Victory_ impressed on -the reverse of mine. That symbol, adopted by the Parthians in imitation -of the Roman manner, must undoubtedly have alluded to some victory, or -at least some remarkable advantage, gained by the Parthian forces over -the Romans, a little before the piece was struck. What that advantage -was, when and where obtained, and whether history conspires with the -medal, in order to settle this point, I am next to inquire. - -5. Monneses, if Dr. Vaillant[98] may be credited, ascended the Parthian -throne in the year of the Arsacidæ 422, nearly coincident with the -166th of CHRIST, when M. Aurelius and L. Verus presided over the -Roman world. But so far were the Parthians at that time from gaining -any victories over the Romans, that they were every where worsted by -them, and put to the rout. A Roman army, under the command of Avidius -Cassius, had penetrated into Mesopotamia and Assyria, ravaged those -provinces, laid Seleucia in ashes, taken Ctesiphon, and levelled -the royal palace there with the ground, according to Dio[99], the -preceding year. Nay, it appears both from [100]Capitolinus and the -Roman[101] coins, that M. Aurelius and L. Verus triumphed over the -Parthians, the very year after Monneses, as [102]Dr. Vaillant will have -it, came to the crown. All which that celebrated antiquary acknowleges -to be true; and adds, that Monneses concluded an infamous peace with -the Romans, ceding to them the whole province of Mesopotamia, for which -he was soon after deposed by his subjects. Here then we can discover -not the faintest traces of a reason for the appearance of a _Victory_ -upon the medals of this prince. Nor does any thing like a reason for -such an appearance, in antient history, occur, before the 950th year -of Rome, corresponding with the 197th of +CHRIST+; when the Parthians, -animated by the civil dissentions, which reigned amongst the Romans, -Albinus and Severus then fiercely contending for the empire, entered -Mesopotamia with a powerful army[103], and reduced to their obedience -most of the cities of that province. Now if, with F. Corsini[104], -we admit the commencement of the Parthian æra to have happened in the -525th year of Rome; the 425th or 426th year of the former and the -950th of the latter of those æra’s, wherein the Parthians undertook -the Mesopotamian expedition, will nearly coincide. But it may be -proved from a medal of Monneses, described by the [105]Marquis Scipio -Maffei, in opposition to [106]Dr. Vaillant, that this prince was -not dethroned in the year of the Arsacidæ 423, but had two years -afterwards the management and direction of the Parthian affairs: -wherefore, notwithstanding what has been advanced to the contrary -by that antiquary, he might still have sat one or two years longer -upon the Parthian throne. This may likewise be inferred from Dio, who -mentions Vologeses as presiding over the Parthians, not in 198, but -in 199, about two years after their irruption into Mesopotamia. All -which being with proper attention considered, it will appear extremely -probable, that the medal I have been endeavouring to explain was coined -either in the 425th or 426th year of the Parthian æra, that is, the -197th of CHRIST; that the authority of [107]Arrian, [108]Justin, and -[109]Athenæus, on which F. Corsini principally sounds his notion, -may be intirely depended upon; and, in fine, that the arguments he -makes use of on this occasion, to [110]evince the truth of his scheme, -however they may be opposed by F. Frœlich, and the medal before me -mutually strengthen and support one another. - -6. I must not forget to remark, that F. Corsini thinks, without a -proper foundation, that the piece of Monneses published by Dr. Vaillant -may be considered either as a Parthian or [111]an Armenian coin. -This, I say, he takes, without a proper foundation, to be the case. -For the medals of the Armenian kings, such as that he has obliged the -learned world with a draught of, and a most excellent dissertation -upon, discover a taste far different from that which is exhibited by -Dr. Vaillant’s coin. The air of the face, the curls into which the -hair is formed, and in fine every thing else visible upon the former, -except the symbols on the reverses, bear little resemblance to what is -presented to our view by the latter. As for the titles, impressed on -these medals, they are far from being of the same kind; the Armenian -princes in this particular approaching nearer the successors of -Seleucus[112], and contenting themselves with more plain and simple -titles than that lofty one affected by Monneses, according to Dr. -Vaillant, in common with the other Parthian kings. To which I may add, -that my coin sets this point beyond dispute, by the Parthian characters -it has so apparently preserved; all the Armenian medals I have hitherto -met with, about three or four in number, as well as that of Baron -Stosch[113], which F. Corsini has so learnedly explained, having only -Greek legends upon them. What therefore he has advanced, on this head, -must be considered as not altogether so consonant to truth; especially, -as he seems to have offered nothing of any great weight in support of -his opinion. - -7. Before I dismiss the present subject, I must beg leave to take -notice of the Parthian character on the field of my medal, which is not -very unlike the Chaldee[114] or Palmyrene _Aleph_, tho’ of something -a more complex form. Should this be allowed, that character may be -considered as the initial letter of ARSACIA, the name of a city subject -to the Parthians, placed by [115]Ptolemy in Media; where, according to -[116]Dr. Vaillant, many of the Parthian medals were coined. That city -is however believed by some to have been seated on the spot occupied -at this time by Casbin, or rather Kazwîn[117], one of the principal -towns of the Belâd Al Jebâl, or mountainous part of the Persian Irâk; -for a particular account of which place, the curious may have recourse -to Golius, and the eastern geographers. As I have already far exceeded -the limits proposed to myself, when I began this letter, I shall not -now touch upon any other observations relative to the medal before me, -which is the only one I have hitherto met with carrying a Greek and a -Parthian legend upon it; but only assure you that I am, with the most -perfect regard, - - +SIR,+ - Your most obliged - and most obedient Servant, - John Swinton. - -Christ-Church Oxon. Nov 29th, 1756. - - - - -XXIII. _An Account of a Red Coral from the_ East-Indies, _of a very -singular Kind: In a letter from Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S. to Mr._ Peter -Collinson, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Mar. 24, 1757.] - -Dear Sir, - -I Promised you, in my letter of the 7th of February 1754, published -in our Transactions, Vol. xlviii. p. 507. that I would, when I had -an opportunity, endeavour to illustrate the tubular structure of -the common red coral of the Mediterranean sea, and of some of the -keratophyta; which two kinds, tho’ evidently of as different natures as -stone and horn, yet are, from late observation, found to be fashioned, -or raised up into those beautiful forms, by animals of the same class. - -This I shall attempt to do, by comparing them with bodies of a similar -kind, but of a less compact texture: for which reason I formerly -referred you, in the above-mentioned letter, to a figure, which I have -given of the herring-bone-coralline with its animals alive in it, -_Phil. Trans._ Vol. xlviii. TAB. XVII. _Fig._ E, F, G, to shew you the -nature of the tubular structure of the keratophyta. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. III. _p. 189_. - - _J. Mynde_ - -A. _A piece of pithy knobbit and Coral from the Spice Islands in the -East Indies which appears to be form’d by animals of the Polype kind, -contrary to the receiv’d opinion of these bodies being vegetables; the -vermicular tubes, of which it is compos’d, being no more than the cases -or coverings of the bodies of these Insects._ - -B. _The radiated holes on the yellow mealy surface, through which these -insects extend their arms or claws, as in the common red coral._ - -CC. _Small Branches almost cover’d by a further addition of tubes, that -have risen all round and increas’d the bulk of the Stem, continuing -themselves along it to extend the ramifications; by this means they -involve the former side branches into their own stem, differing -intirely from the laws of vegetation._ - -D. _A piece of yᵉ. knobby joints magnified to shew their reticular -texture like that of spongy orange wtʰ tubes._ - - _d._ _The same in its natural size._ - -E. _A piece of yᵉ. blood red tubes which is harden’d into a shelly or -stony substance with some appearance of reticulations, taken from yᵉ. -space between yᵉ. knobs._ - - _e._ _The same in its natural size._ - - F.F. _Small holes in yᵉ. branches of yᵉ. polypes._ - -G. _A mass of the stem not so highly magnified shewing yᵉ. tubes -passing from stony to spongy._ - - _g._ _The same in its natural Size._ - -H. _The transverse section of the base shewing the holes in the ends of -the tubes._ - -I. _One of the radiated cells magnified, this is guarded by 8 pointed -valves, which close inward, when_ - -K. _the Polype draws in his head_ (_which is figur’d at_ K) _and opens -outward when it extends it._] - -I now lay before you a piece of red coral (_See_ TAB. III. _Fig._ A.) -from the East Indies of a very singular kind, which I received from -your friend Abraham Hume, Esq. The stem and branches of this appear -evidently to the naked eye to consist of a combination of vermicular -tubes closely connected together: and, if we trace these little tubes -to their starry openings on the surface, _Fig._ B. we shall plainly -discover them to be the red testaceous coverings of certain marine -polypes, which have raised themselves thus upright, and disposed -themselves into this remarkable vegetable form. - -In order to form some idea, how these masses are increased and extended -to the sizes we often meet with them, and where the same regularity of -shape is preferred in the large, that we find in the small; we think -it more than probable to suppose, that the species of polypes, that -compose this coral, breed as we find all other polypes do: and this -appears more evident to me, from what I have already discovered in -many kinds of corallines (_See Plate 38. of my Essay on Corallines_), -where the young polypes in some species are produced in the egg state, -while others fall in great numbers from their matrices, completely -formed, down to the roots of their parent corallines, either to begin -a new race of the same species near them, or to increase the trunk, -and extend the ramifications, of the plant-like figure which they just -descended from. - -From observing this method in nature, we shall the easier account -for the progress of those generations of young testaceous polypes -of this coral; which appear to us succeeding each other, and raising -themselves up from the root or base, passing along the stem and -branches, and covering the whole anew with their shelly cases: and -in this their passage upwards we may observe, in the specimen before -us, how they have involved and incrusted the small lateral branches -of the former generation, so as almost to hide their appearance. From -hence we may trace them extending themselves to the extremities of -the upper branches, and there forming a new series of slender twigs, -proportionable to those which they had just covered, still keeping -order and exact symmetry in the whole structure. - -The distinguishing character of this red coral, after we have -considered its fistulous texture, is the knotty joints, of which it -is composed: these appear more distinct, and are placed at a greater -distance, in the smaller branches than the large; and, as we descend to -the trunk, the traces of these inequalities but just appear. - -From these protuberances, or knots, the lateral branches take their -rise; and as these and the leading branches grow up together, they -frequently inosculate at these joints, forming a kind of network, like -what we observe in many of those species of keratophyta, which are -called sea-fans. - -The surface of this coral, when recent, is covered with a mealy friable -matter, of a yellow colour, not unlike that of the true red coral, but -much fuller of little raised starry cells. The figure of these cells is -owing to the radiated position of the claws of the polypes. - -Upon removing this friable matter, we observe, that the polypes of -these cells have had a communication with a small hole or opening into -one of the tubes, that lie immediately under it. - -This frequent intervention of the openings of the small tubes, or their -ramifications, between the sides of the larger ones, makes the latter -appear more irregular, and not so parallel, as in the true red coral; -where we find fewer stars; and, where those occur, we may observe it -always alters the direction of the tubes. - -I must further remark to you, that many of the tubes of this coral -appear, thro’ a magnifying glass, full of small holes, like those I -have described in the keratophyton (_Plate_ 26. _Fig._ G. _p._ 62. _of -my Essay on Corallines_); and these holes will appear more distinctly -to you, when you examine the half tubes, or broken irregular ones, on -the stem and great branches of this coral. - -Further, if you compare the transverse section, at the base of this -coral, with a section of a common Rattan cane, they will both appear -full of holes in the same regular order, and of nearly the same -diameter: whereas the tubes, on the surface of the stem of this coral, -look as irregular as so many holes pierced or eaten out by worms. - -I hope by this time our ingenious botanical friends, whom we could -not persuade to part with these beautiful sea-productions from the -vegetable kingdom, are thoroughly convinced, that this mealy, friable, -or calcarious covering, full of starry cells, which we are sure to -find covering all the recent red corals and keratophyta, is not a mere -blight of insects, common to the sea vegetables as well as land ones, -which they have formerly insisted on; but that they will consider this -covering, for the future, as proper and necessary for the well-being of -these little animals, as they do at present hair and wool for beasts, -feathers and down for birds, and scales and slime for fishes. - -This red coral is mentioned by Rumphius, in his _Herbarium Amboinense_, -Vol. vi. Tab. 85. p. 264, but, as the figure he has given, is not -sufficient to demonstrate its tubular texture and animal structure, -I have had it more accurately drawn; and those parts in particular -magnified, which may tend to illustrate the foregoing description. -He mentions, that it is in great esteem with them, on account of its -beautiful figure; but would be much more so, if it was not for the -great difficulty they find in preserving the smallest twigs from -falling off; which is the reason, I suppose, that the specimen is not -more complete. - -Lastly, he tells us, that it is used by the inhabitants of the -Spice-islands as a principal ingredient in their medicines to expel -poison: as also, that they have it in great esteem on account of its -excellent diuretic quality. - -Upon examining this coral in the microscope, I observed, that the -outside tubes of the stem were chiefly stony, but that the inward parts -were composed of as many divisions of spongy tubes, as there were of -stony ones. - -This I find arises from the smaller ramifications, which being spongy -at the knobs, and stony in the spaces between them, are inclosed and -united together into one common mass during the growth of this coral; -so that both the soft and hard parts together make up the inside of its -trunk or stem. When we examine minutely the two parts, that compose -the branches, we find, that the knobs consist of little sponge-like -tubes interwoven together, as they appear magnified at _Fig._ D; and -the shank or part between the knobs is composed of stony tubes, that -are more erect (_See the piece magnified at_ E): these tubes appear to -be branched from the lateral holes at FF. The Fig. E likewise shews the -appearance of the tubes on the surface of the main stem. - -The radiated openings in the little wart-like figures on the surface -of the branches are guarded by eight pointed valves, as magnified at -_Fig._ I.: these inclose the heads of the polype, one of which is -figured at K. - -The stem of this specimen is so intirely divested of its yellow mealy -covering, that we may easily trace the manner in which the animals, -that compose it, have carried up their stony tubular cells, which lie -side by side along the surface. These tubes have still some marks -of sponginess at particular distances, which, as they come to join -together, form those irregular cross-lines, that surround the stem in -several places. _See Fig._ A. - -In other specimens I have observed the principal stems covered over -with calcarious tubes, such as I have described in the Essay on -Corallines, _&c._ in that species of keratophyton called Venus’s Fan. -_Plate 26_. - -The sponginess of the knobby joints occasions that excessive -brittleness in the lesser branches; which accounts for the difficulty, -which Rumphius mentions, of getting good specimens of this beautiful -coral. - -I have lately seen a white pipy and stony coral with spongy knobs, -which is only a different species of this genus, in the very curious -cabinets of our friends Dr. John Fothergill, M. D. and Mr. Isaac -Romilly, F.R.S. specimens of which they have both lately received -from the East Indies. The examining of these has given me an -opportunity to be more particular in the description of this coral; -which seems to point out to us the great affinity there is between -corals, keratophyta, and sponges. - -I am, - - Dear Sir, - Your most affectionate humble Servant, - John Ellis. - -Laurence Lane, Mar. 24, 1757. - - - - -XXIV. _An Account of the Effects of a Storm at_ Wigton _in_ Cumberland. -_Communicated by Mr._ Philip Miller, _F.R.S._ - - - _To the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secr. R. S._ - -[Read Mar. 31, 1757.] - -SIR, - -I Received the inclosed letter by the post, giving an account of the -storm, which happened lately in the north. If the Royal Society have -not already been informed of the effects of it, and you think the -contents of it worthy their notice; I beg you will be so good as to -communicate it to them. The facts therein mentioned have been confirmed -to me by a person of skill and integrity. Mr. Thomlinson’s conjecture -of the cause of the leaves of trees appearing scorched after the storm, -I believe to be true; having two or three times myself observed the -same in Sussex, at a considerable distance from the sea; when all the -hedges, trees, and woods, on the side toward the sea, have had their -leaves scorched, as if fire had passed over them; and their opposite -sides from the sea have continued in full verdure; which frequently -happens in storms from the south-west: and, upon tasting their leaves, -I have found them as salt, as if they had been steeped in brine. I am, - - SIR, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - Philip Miller. - -Chelsea, Nov. 23. 1756. - - -_To Mr._ Philip Miller. - - Wigton, Nov. 15. 1756. - -+SIR,+ - -ON the 6th of last month, at night, happened a most violent hurricane, -such an one, perhaps, as has not been known in these parts in any -one’s memory. It lasted four hours at least, from about eleven till -three. The damage it has done is very deplorable. The corn has sufferd -prodigiously. Stacks of hay and corn have been intirely swept away: -houses unroofed, and in several places driven down by its fury: trees -without number torn up by the roots; others snapt off by the middles, -and their fragments scattered over the adjoining fields. Some were -twisted almost round, or split down to the very ground; and, in short, -left in such a shattered, mangled condition, as scarce any description -can give you an adequate idea of. - -The change in the face of the country was very surprising in one single -night: for, to complete the dismally-desolate scene, the several tribes -of vegetables (in all their verdure the day before), as if blasted with -æthereal fire, hung down their drooping heads. Every herb, every plant, -every flower, had its leaves withered, shrivelled up, and turned black. -The leaves upon the trees, especially on the weather side, fared in the -same manner. The evergreens alone seem to have escaped. The grass also, -in a few days time, recovered itself in a great measure. - -I agreed at first with the generality of people in their opinion, that -lightning had done all this mischief: but upon recollecting, that -there had not been much seen any where, in many places none at all, -but that the effect was general[118], as far as ever the wind had -reached; I began to think, that some other cause might probably be -assigned. Accordingly, I set myself immediately to examining the dew or -rain, which had fallen on the grass, windows, _&c._ in hopes of being -enabled, by its taste, to form some better judgment of the sulphureous -or nitrous particles (or of whatever other quality they were), with -which the air was so strongly impregnated that night, as to produce -such strange effects. Nor was I deceived in my expectations: for, upon -tasting it, I found it as brackish as any sea-water. The several -vegetables also, which I tasted, were all salt, more or less, and -continued so for five or six days after; the saline particles not being -then washed off; from the corn and windows in particular; the latter of -which, when the moisture on the outside was exhaled next day, sparkled -and appeared exceeding brilliant in the sunshine. This saltness, I -conceive, has done the principal damage: for common salt dissolved in -water, I find, upon experiment on some fresh vegetables (when sprinkled -two or three times upon them) has the very same effect, except that it -does not turn them quite so black: but particles of a sulphureous, or -[119]other quality, may have been mixed with it. That this salt water -had been brought from the sea[120], every body, I think, will allow; -but the manner how[121], is not so easy to conceive. - -This freedom, Sir, perhaps may want an apology: but, as a -gentleman[122] of the Society you have the honour to be a member of, -did not think something of the like nature either unworthy of his -own notice, or that of the world; and as the hurricane principally -affected these parts of nature, in the knowledge of which you have so -eminently distinguished yourself; I flattered myself you would excuse -the trouble I should give you in a perusal of an account of this very -strange, tho’ hitherto unnoticed, phenomenon. - -I am, Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem, - - Your most humble Servant, - Thomas Thomlinson. - - - - -XXV. _An Account of the Effects of Lightning upon the Steeple and -Church of_ Lestwithiel, Cornwall; _in a Letter to the Right Honourable -the Earl of_ Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. By Mr._ John Smeaton, -_F.R.S._ - - -[Read April 21, 1757.] - -JAnuary 25. 1757. about five o’clock in the evening, returning home -from the Edystone works near Plymouth, I observed four flashes of -lightning, within the space of six or seven minutes, towards the west; -but heard no noise of thunder[123]. A few days after, I was informed, -that the same evening the lightning had shattered the church of -Lestwithiel in a very surprising manner. - -The 1st of March I was at Lestwithiel: they had then begun to repair -the damages; but had not made such a such progress, but that the -principal effects were equally observable as at first. I observed, -and was informed, as follows: At the time before-mentioned, the -inhabitants were alarmed by a violent flash of lightning, accompanied -with thunder so sudden, loud, and dreadful, that every one thought the -house he was in was falling upon him; almost every one being within -doors, on account of a violent shower of rain, which preceded the -lightning: so that no body saw or heard any thing of the mischief done -to the church, till it was observed accidentally after the shower. - -The steeple is carried up, plain and square, to about 49 feet, with a -kind of slate-stone, rough-casted on the outside; upon which is formed -a very elegant octogon Gothic lanthorn about 9 feet high, and thereon -a stone spire about 52 feet height, with a spindle and vane rising -about 3 feet above the stone: so that the whole together was about 113 -feet. Each face of the lanthorn finishes above with a sort of a Gothic -pediment, with a little pinacle upon each, separated from the body of -the spire. - -I will not affirm, that the lightning entered in at the spindle or vane -at top; but will suppose it, for the sake of methodizing the facts. The -vane was of plate copper, which being turned round, and rivetted, made -a socket to turn upon. The spindle did not reach thro’ the socket, but -the weight of the vane rested upon the top of the spindle, the top of -the socket being closed. About the vane were many acute angles, and -some almost sharp; but I did not observe any pointing directly upward. -The vane was much bruised, which might be occasioned by the fall; but -the socket was rent open, as if it had been burnt by gunpowder; and in -such a manner, as I cannot conceive could be occasioned by the fall. -Under the spindle, that carried the vane, was a bar of much the same -size and length[124], that passed thro’ the center of several of the -uppermost stones successively, in order to unite them the more firmly -together, and was run in with lead: all which surrounding stones were -broke off, except one, which, together with the bar, fell down within -the tower. - -The shell of the spire, as far down as 35 feet from the top, was no -more than 7 inches thick, and the courses about the same height: so -that scarce any one stone in the spire could weigh more than 30 or -40 pounds; but they were joined together at the ends, with mortoise -and tenon, in a curious manner. Above 20 feet of the upper part was -intirely thrown down, and dispersed in all directions; and, as I was -informed, some pieces were found at the distance of 200 yards. A great -many stones fell upon the roof of the church; and several made their -way thro’ both roof and cieling down into the church, breaking the -pews, and whatever they fell upon. Six feet still lower the spire was -separated; the westermost half being thrown down; the eastern half was -left standing, but disjointed, and in so critical a posture, that it -seemed ready to fall every moment: so that this was ordered to be taken -down immediately; and likewise to 6 feet below, the work being found -remarkably shattered. In this condition it was when I saw it. The whole -of the spire I found much cracked and damaged, but the remainder of -the 7 inch shell so greatly, that there seemed scarcely a whole joint. - -The pediments over every face of the lanthorn were damaged more or -less; but the whole ashlering of that to the N.W. was torn off from the -inner wall, to which it was connected. At first sight this might seem -to be done by the falling of the stones from above; but I was convinced -to the contrary, by observing, that several of the pediments were -damaged, and even stones struck out, where the little pinacles above -them were left standing. - -About the top of the lanthorn is a bell for the clock to strike on: it -is hung upon a cross-bar, with gudgeons at each end; the whole being -suspended to a beam laid across the tower. The cross-bar was so bent, -that the clock-hammer would not touch the bell by above 2 inches. This -could not be done by the falling of stones, because the beam would -defend the bell from receiving any stroke in the direction to which -the cross-bar was bent. As to the wire, that drew the hammer, as I was -informed, not one bit of it could be found. - -The bells (four in number) for ringing hung in the square part of the -tower, below the lanthorn, two above and two below: the wheels of every -one were broke to pieces, and one of the iron straps, by which they -are fastened to the yoke, unhooked; and, as appeared to me, could not -be replaced without great force, or unloosing. Whether these accidents -were occasioned by the lightning, or the falling stones, I leave -undetermined. - -In the floor under the bells was placed the clock, cased up with slight -boards. The verge, that carries the pallets, was bent downwards, as if -a ten pound weight had fallen ten feet high right upon it. The crutch, -that lays hold of the pendulum, looked as if it had been cut off by a -blunt tool, and heated by the blow, till it was coloured blue, at the -place where it was cut. It turned at a right angle, and might be about -4/10 of an inch broad by 2/10 thick. As to the pendulum, which hung -pretty near the wall, the upper part of the rod was struck with such -violence against the wall, that a smart impression thereof was made -in the plaister: and near the upper part of the impression appeared -a circular shady ring, of a blackish colour, something like as if a -pistol had been discharged of powder, and the muzzle held near the -wall. The casing of boards round the clock remained unhurt. - -In this story, on the north and south side, are two narrow windows or -air-loops; against the upper part of which, on the outside, were fixed -the timber dials belonging to the clock, both which were blown off, -and broke to pieces, possibly by the fall: and not only that, but part -of the stone jambs were broke out also, near to where the rod passed, -that carried the hands. In this story also was a sort of window or -air-loop on the east side, that had communicated with the church, but -was stopped up with lath and plaister: also several putlock-holes for -the scaffolding, which had gone thro’ the wall into the church, but -were stopped up with stone, and plaistered over: all these were forced -out into the church, and the plaister torn from the wall. - -The ground-story of the tower or bellfrey is expressed in the plan -(_See_ TAB. IV. _Fig._ 2.). The south entrance A and north B were shut -with wooden doors. The upper part of the eastern C, that communicated -with the church, was made up with lath and plaister; and before it, -in the church, are the seats D, raised one higher than another; so -that the floor of the seats next the wall was half up the door-way; -consequently the vacuity under the seats lay open to the bellfrey. - -About the middle of the westermost side, at _a_, one of the -paving-stones, about 1 foot square, and 1½ inch thick, was thrown -up, and a hole pierced into the wall, rather below the level of the -pavement, into which one might put three fingers. On the opposite side, -the south-west angle of the middle buttress at _b_ had a stone taken -out even with the ground, and a hole continued in to the buttress; -so that there is great appearance of its reaching thro’ both wall -and buttress, which together is 8 feet; but the hole was too rugged -and crooked to put any thing thro’. Besides this hole, this wall was -pierced in several places, and the plaister thrown off both within and -without. One place within, about 4 feet above the floor, right over -_c_, was a hole of about 14 inches square pierced 6 inches in the wall; -and so near square, that I inquired, whether it had not been made by -art; but was assured of the contrary. - -The north and south doors of the tower were both blown out, and broke -in many pieces. Many of the arch-stones over both doors were disjointed -and displaced: two of the stones making the jamb of the south door at -_g_ were forced quite out, and one of them broke. - -The vaulting of the east door-way C was plaistered underneath: the -plaister was sprung from the stone in 30 or 40 places, like as if a -small bar of iron had been drove from above thro’ the joints of the -stone, and thereby forced off the plaister with its end. The lath and -plaister partition, which stopped up the upper part of this door-way, -was forced into the church, and the wainscotting making the back of -the last seat was torn from the wall from end to end. Some part of the -vapour seems to have made its way thro’ the cavity under the seats; for -most of the boards composing the rise of the steps from seat to seat -were blown out forwards; and several panels of wainscot at each end of -the seats, at _d_ and _e_, were forced out, and broke. Hence the vapour -seems to have divided itself into three branches; one moving directly -forward to the east window G, being 13 feet wide, and about 20 feet -high, consisting of five principal lights divided by stone mullions: -two of the lights were in a manner wholly destroyed, and several large -holes in those remaining; the glass and lead being carried outward, -like as if an harlequin had leaped thro’ the window. The north window -E, fronting the broken panels at _d_, was very much shattered: but the -south window F had scarce a whole pane left. - -It is farther to be noted, that almost all the lights in the church, -tho’ not broke, were bagged outward; but those parts remaining intire -in the window D most remarkably so. - - _N.B._ It was said in the London papers, that the organ was intirely - spoilt: it is certain there is not, nor ever was, any organ in this - church. - - - - -XXVI. _An Account of the Case of the late Right Honourable_ Horace -_Lord_ Walpole; _being a Sequel to his own Account published in the_ -Philosophical Transactions, _Vol._ xlvii. _p. 43. and 472_. - - -I. - - _Copy of a Letter from_ John Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S. to Dr._ Robert -Whytt, _Professor of Medicine in the University of_ Edinburgh, _and -F.R.S. relating to the Case of the Right Honourable Lord_ Walpole; -_with Dr._ Whytt’_s Answer. Communicated by Dr._ Pringle. - -[Read April 21, 1757.] - - London, 22 Feb, 1757. - -+SIR,+ - -I Imagined, that upon hearing of Lord Walpole’s death, you would be -desirous to know the state of his Lordship’s health from the time he -published his own case; whether he continued the use of his medicines -to the last; what distemper he died of; and, if his body was opened, -what was the condition of his bladder and kidneys. I informed myself, -as well as I could, of all these particulars; and I hope I shall be -able to give you some satisfactory account of most of them. - -Last year, in the month of March, about ten months before his -Lordship’s death, I happened to meet him at a friend’s house, where -he dined, and never saw any man of his age with a more healthful -appearance. He was then in his 78th year. He ate with an appetite, -and of a variety of dishes; drank some Madeira, and was very chearful -the whole time. His Lordship then told me, that he had enjoyed perfect -health since he sent his case to the Royal Society; that he thought it -probable there was still a stone in his bladder, but so diminished, or -smoothed, as to give him no uneasiness; that he did not think it safe -to go about the streets of London in a coach, but that he went every -where in a chair; and that, in the country, he could travel 40 miles -a day in his post-chaise, without fatigue, or feeling any of his old -pains upon the motion. That he continued to drink, for a constancy, -three pints of oystershell lime-water daily; and to take, as often, -from half an ounce to a whole ounce of soap, by way of lenitive. All -these circumstances I am sure of, because I noted them down when I came -home. - -From this time to the beginning of winter, Lord Walpole (as Mr. -Graham, his apothecary, informed me) continued in the same state of -health; but some time after coming to town, his Lordship was seized -with a lingering feverish disorder, very much affecting his spirits, -but intirely unconnected with the stone. Dr. Shaw, who attended his -Lordship for about a fortnight before his death, told me, that there -had never been any stoppage of water, or passing of bloody urine, or -any pain about his bladder or kidneys, during his last illness; but -that he now and then felt some irritation in making water, a symptom -too inconsiderable to require any other medicine than the continuation -of his lime-water; which, in smaller quantity, he drank till within two -or three days of his end. - -Mr. Ranby and Mr. Hawkins, surgeons, with Mr. Graham, were present at -the opening of the body; and from the two last I received the account -of the dissection. - -The coats of the bladder appeared to be a little thicker than natural, -but were otherwise sound. The _glandula prostata_ was of a large size, -but not distempered. They found three _calculi_, two lying loose in -the bladder, and the other, a very small one, sticking in the passage, -at that part, which is surrounded by the prostate gland. Mr. Graham -favoured me with a sight of them all. The two first were very much -alike, being of the shape and size of the kernel of a Spanish nut; only -the sides were irregularly flattened, but without forming any sharp -angle. The surface of each was every where smooth, except where there -had been a separation of some small scales, not so thick as one’s nail; -and the largest exfoliation from one of these stones appeared to have -been nearly about the breadth of the nail of my little finger. The -polish otherwise, as well as the colour of both, might be compared to -a boy’s marble. One of these _calculi_ weighed 21 grains, the other -22 grains: they were heavy for that bulk, and seemingly of a hard -substance. The smallest stone having been put up with some others of -the same size, taken out of the gall-bladder, Mr. Graham could not be -positive which of them it was; and therefore I can only say, that what -he thought most likely to be so, was about the size and shape of the -seed of an apple, with the point broken off, and the edge ragged. This, -as I observed, was found in the passage, seemed to be coming away, and -probably had occasioned that irritation the patient had now and then -felt during his last illness. It weighed only about a grain. - -No parts could have a sounder appearance than both the ureters and -kidneys. The first were not dilated; nor did the last contain any -stone, mucus, or gravel: the pelvis in each was of a natural size. - -The rest of the abdominal _viscera_ were in the same healthful state, -except the gall-bladder, which was full of stones. The largest was -about the size of a small chesnut, but rounder. The surface was -smooth, particularly at one part, where it seemed to have rubbed upon -a lesser _calculus_, of the shape of one of the _vertebræ_ of a small -animal, without the processes. This last had a hollow on each side -corresponding to the convexity of the large stone; and these cavities -being finely polished, it seemed as if sometimes one side, sometimes -the other, of the small stone had been turned to the great one, and had -been shaped in that manner by the attrition. The largest _calculus_ -weighed one drachm two scruples and two grains; the small one but nine -grains: they both sunk in water; and felt specifically heavier than -any stones I have ever seen taken out of the gall-bladder. Besides -these two, there were several very small _calculi_ of irregular shapes, -and of rough surfaces, which all together did not weigh above five -grains. Mr. Graham, who had attended his Lordship for about 40 years, -assured me, that he never had any symptom that indicated a stoppage -of the bile, or the passage of a stone from the gall-bladder into the -intestines. - -Neither the head nor breast were opened. - - -These are all the materials, I can furnish you with, relating to this -case. If you desire to be more particularly informed of any of these -circumstances, let me know, and I will endeavour to procure you all the -lights I can. In the mean while, I should be glad to have your remarks -upon what I have now sent you; and since you have been so long in the -train of thinking, with more than usual attention, on this subject, -I presume it would be very agreeable to the gentlemen of the Royal -Society to have a paper from you on this occasion; and the rather, as -his Lordship began his course of soap and lime-water, upon hearing of -your success by that method of cure. I am, - - SIR, _&c._ - John Pringle. - - -II. - - _Some Observations on the Case of the late Right Honourable Lord_ -Walpole, _of_ Woolterton: _In a Letter to Dr._ John Pringle, _F.R.S. -By_ Robert Whytt, _M.D. F.R.S._ - -[Read April 21, 1757.] - - Edinburgh, March 16. 1757. - -SIR, - -PHysicians have not, perhaps, differed more widely in any thing, than -in their opinions of the medicines lately proposed for the cure of the -stone. While some imagined, that Mrs. Stephens’s medicines, or soap -and lime-water, were in most cases to accomplish a dissolution of the -stone; others have been positive, that nothing of this kind was to be -expected from them: nay, they have condemned these medicines, when -used in large quantities, and long persisted in, as hurtful to the -stomach, guts, and urinary passages; and have ascribed the remarkable -ease, which they almost always give to calculous patients, to their -depositing a calcarious powder upon the surface of the stone, by which -it is rendered less hurtful to the bladder. And this opinion seems to -have been not a little strengthened, by the great quantity of white -sediment observed in the urine of those patients, who have used soap -and lime-water in considerable quantities. Now, as I am of opinion, -that most of these objections and doubts, concerning the effects of -soap and lime-water in the cure of the stone, may be cleared by a -candid consideration of Lord Walpole’s case, I shall trouble you with -a few remarks, which have occurred to me, in comparing it with the -appearances found in his Lordship’s body after death, of which you were -so obliging as to send me a particular account. - - -1. Whatever doubts may have been entertained concerning the cause of -Lord Walpole’s complaints, yet it now appears evidently beyond dispute, -that they must have been owing, not to a scorbutic corrosive humour in -his bladder, as was imagined by some[125], but to stones lodged in it. -These stones may possibly have lain there since 1734; for from that -time to spring 1747, his Lordship was free of any gravelish complaints, -only passing some red sand at times. But at what time soever they may -have first arrived in the bladder, in 1747 and 1748 they seem to have -acquired such a bulk, or were become so rough or pointed in their -surface, as to occasion great pain, frequent provocations to urine, -and sometimes bloody urine; especially after any considerable motion. -These complaints, however, were soon relieved, by swallowing daily an -ounce of Alicant soap, and three English pints of lime-water made with -calcined oyster-shells; and from 1748 to 1757 his Lordship was kept -almost intirely free from any return of them, except for some months of -1750 and 1751, during which he took only one-third part of the quantity -of soap and lime-water above-mentioned[126]. - - -2. It is highly probable, nay, I think, altogether certain, that the -soap and lime-water not only relieved Lord Walpole of the painful -symptoms occasioned by the stones in his bladder, but also prevented -their increase. - -If these stones came into the bladder in 1734, they must, in so many -years as his Lordship lived after this, have acquired a very great -bulk: nay, if we suppose them not to have been lodged in the bladder -above a year before they began to occasion frequent inclination to make -urine, with pain, and sometimes sudden stoppages of urine; yet, from -1746 to 1757, they ought to have grown to a much larger size than that -of the kernel of a Spanish nut[127]. ’Tis true, the stone may increase -faster in some patients, and slower in others; but stones, after -remaining a dozen or more years in the bladder, generally weigh several -ounces. Some years since l saw a stone, weighing near six ounces, taken -from a boy of no more than 14 years of age. - - -3. Lord Walpole’s case not only shews the power of soap and lime-water -to relieve the painful symptoms, and prevent the increase, of the stone -in the bladder, but also makes it probable, that these medicines do -communicate to the urine a power of dissolving the stone. - -In the beginning of 1749 his Lordship voided with his urine a calculous -substance of a flat shape, about the bigness of a silver penny, and -covered with a soft white _mucus_[128]; and upon the surfaces of the -stones found in his bladder there were some inequalities, which seemed -to have been made by the separation of thin _lamellæ_ or scales. -Further, the small stone found in the beginning of the _urethra_ -must have been in a dissolving state, and considerably lessened in -the bulk: for, if it had lain long in the bladder, and never been -larger, it ought to have been voided thro’ the _urethra_ with the -urine; and it could not have arrived lately in the bladder, since Lord -Walpole had not had, for several years before his death, any nephritic -pains, or symptoms of stones passing from the kidnies; and since it -is not likely, that a stone of the size and shape of the seed of an -apple[129] would pass thro’ the ureters without being felt. Now if -this small stone, found in the _urethra_, was partly dissolved by the -virtue of the soap and lime-water; it will appear at least probable, -that the two larger stones in the bladder were so likewise. But altho’ -Lord Watpole’s calculous concretions had remained undiminished, and -without any symptoms of dissolution; it would not therefore follow, -that soap and lime-water cannot dissolve the stone in other patients, -where the concretion may be of a less firm texture. - -The Revᵈ. Dr. Richard Newcome, now Lord Bishop of Llandaff, while -drinking two English quarts of lime-water daily, for the cure of the -stone in his bladder, poured his urine every morning and evening upon -a piece of human _calculus_ weighing 31 grains; by which, in the space -of four months, it was reduced to three pieces, weighing in all only -six grains. Upon one of these pieces, weighing 2.31 grains, he caused -to be daily poured, for two months, the fresh urine of a person, who -drank no lime-water; at the end of which time the piece of _calculus_ -was found to weigh 2.56 grains, having increased in weight a quarter -of a grain. This same piece being afterwards steeped in the bishop’s -urine (who continued to drink lime-water as above), from June 24th to -July 9th, was in these few days quite crumbled into powder. Since this -experiment shews, beyond dispute, that lime-water, unassisted by soap, -can communicate to the urine a power of dissolving the stone out of the -body, it can scarcely be doubted, that it must have the like effect on -it, when lodged in the bladder. And that the dissolution of the stone -in the bladder has been completed by soap alone, appeared evidently in -the case of the Rev. Mr. Matthew Simson, Minister of Pancaitland near -Edinburgh; an account of which will soon be made public[130] by Dr. -Austin, who opened his body after death. Mr. Simson had, from 1730, -been afflicted in a less or greater degree with the symptoms of a stone -in the bladder; and in November 1735 was sounded by Dr. Drummond of -Perth, and Mr. Balderston, surgeon in this city, by whom a stone was -not only plainly felt, but also by the patient himself. In February -1737 he began to take soap; and after 1743 never had any gravelish -symptoms. He died in May 1756; and, when his bladder was looked into, -there was neither stone nor gravel found in it. - - -4. It appears from Lord Walpole’s case, that soap and lime-water, even -when taken in large quantities, proceed very slowly in dissolving the -stone. - -From July 1748, to the beginning of 1757, his Lordship drank three -English pints of lime-water, and swallow’d for the most part an ounce -of soap, daily; except from April 1750 to June 1751, during which time -he took only one pint of lime-water, and one-third part of an ounce -of soap, daily. However speedily soap and lime-water may dissolve the -greatest part of urinary stones out of the body, yet being mixed -with the aliment and humours of the stomach and guts, and afterwards -with the whole mass of blood, it is impossible but their force must -be greatly impaired before they arrive with the urine at the bladder. -When, therefore, urinary stones are of an uncommon hard texture, we are -perhaps scarcely to expect any sensible dissolution of them by the use -of soap and lime-water: but when they are of a softer kind, there is no -reason to doubt, that these medicines will in time dissolve them; and -this will happen sooner or later, in proportion to the hardness of the -stone, to the quantity of the medicines swallowed by the patient, and -the exact regimen he observes, as to diet[131]. - -But however slowly soap and lime-water may proceed in dissolving the -stone, yet they generally give speedy relief to the patient. Lord -Walpole did not take these medicines in the full quantity till the -end of July 1748; and, in a few months after, he was not only greatly -relieved of all his complaints, but in December was able to ride an -hundred miles in his coach, without finding any uneasiness, altho’ -the two last days of the journey the horses went at a full trot[132]. -In winter 1750, and spring 1751, when his Lordship swallowed only one -third part of the soap and lime-water, which he had been in use to -take, his pains and frequent inclination to make urine returned in a -good degree[133]; but, after taking the medicines in the full quantity, -he soon became as easy as before[134]. - -It would seem, while Lord Walpole used only one pint of lime-water and -one third of an ounce of soap daily, that the petrifying quality of his -urine was not intirely destroyed, and that the stony particles newly -formed on the surface of the _calculi_ occasioned, by their roughness, -the return of his painful symptoms. However, when he had recourse to -the medicines in a larger quantity, the petrescent quality of his urine -was not only destroyed, but this fluid seems to have acquired a power -of dissolving the rough stony particles deposited on the surface of the -_calculi_; and in this way soon removed the pain, bloody urine, and -frequent desire to make water, upon using any considerable exercise. - -Soap and lime-water not only relieve the painful symptoms occasioned by -the stone, by wearing off its sharp points, and rougher parts, which -used to irritate the tender membrane, which lines the bladder; but, -when this membrane has been wounded or lacerated by the stone, there -is nothing, that will heal it more speedily than lime-water; which the -ingenious Dr. Langrish has found to be remarkable also for its effects -in curing the bladders of dogs, after being fretted with soap-lees[135]. - -The power of soap and lime-water to alleviate the painful symptoms -attending the stone is so great, that, as far as I remember, I have -only met with one patient, who did not find himself considerably -relieved by them. But it is to be observed, that this patient neither -took them in full quantity, nor persisted in their use for a long -enough time: and, when he was afterwards cut, the stone taken out -of his bladder was almost as thick set with sharp prickles, as the -back of an hedgehog: so that, in this case, no remarkable ease could -be procured to the patient by the medicines, until they had quite -dissolved these sharp points, and rendered the surface of the stone -smooth and equal; which was not to be done but after a very long time, -especially as the stone was of a pretty hard texture. - -It may be proper to take notice, that when, along with the stone, there -is any ulceration in the bladder, soap does mischief, and lime-water -often fails of giving any considerable relief. However, even in this -case it is perhaps one of the best remedies we know. - - -5. Soap and lime-water, taken in large quantities, and persisted in for -many years together, appear to be innocent, and no way injurious to -health. - -Lord Walpole, who used these medicines for upwards of eight years, was -not only relieved of the painful symptoms of the stone, but had his -health improved by them in other respects[136]. His appetite, healthful -look, and a degree of spirits uncommon at his age, continued till the -end of 1756, when his last illness begin to attack him. And as his -health did not appear to be any way injured by these medicines, so, -where his body was opened after death, his kidneys and ureters were -observed to be quite sound and natural, as was likewise his bladder; -only its coats appeared a little thicker than usual, owing probably to -the long-continued friction of the stones upon it. Neither the kidneys, -ureters, nor bladder, were loaded or crusted with any calcarious -matter; an effect most unjustly ascribed to soap and lime-water, -since in the urinary passages, to which the air has no access, they -cannot deposite their calcarious part[137]; and since the white stuff -observable in the urine of such patients, as take these medicines in -large quantities, is only the usual sediment of the urine changed in -its nature and colour, with, perhaps, some of the dissolved particles -of the stone[138]. - -As the urinary passages were no-way injured, so neither were the -stomach, guts, and other _viscera_ of the lower belly. These had all a -healthful appearance, except the gall-bladder, which was almost full of -biliary concretions: nor is it surprising, that soap and lime-water, -which prevent the growth of urinary _calculi_, should have no effect on -biliary stones, since, altho’ these medicines dissolve the former out -of the body, yet they do not make the smallest impression on the latter. - -I presume it will be needless to take notice, that the lingering -nervous fever, of which Lord Walpole died, cannot, with any colour of -reason, be ascribed to the large use of soap and lime-water; since, if -they could have produced such an effect, they must have done it in much -less time than eight years and an half. - -It may not be amiss to observe, that altho’ soap and lime-water, taken -in large quantities, are no-way injurious to health, yet in some cases -they may become improper, on account of the particular state of the -patient. Thus, in a scorbutic or putrid disposition of the humours, -soap at least ought to be totally omitted; and such patients, who are -much troubled with the hæmorrhoids, ought to be sparing in its use, -as the alkaline salt, with which it abounds, will scarcely fail to -exasperate their pain. Where the patient is naturally very costive, -less lime-water and more soap ought to be used; and, on the contrary, -where the body is too loose, little or no soap is to be taken, but the -cure is to be trusted to lime-water alone; which, in this case, ought -to be drank to the quantity of two English quarts a day. - - -As the foregoing observations will, I am afraid, appear more tedious -than important, I shall only add, that I am, with great esteem, - - +SIR+, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - Robert Whytt. - - -III. - -[Read April 21, 1757.] - -_Dr._ Pringle’s _Paper read after Dr._ Whytt’s _Letter_. - -DR. Pringle begs leave to inform the Society, that having read the copy -of his letter, within these few days, to Dr. Shaw, Mr. Hawkins, and Mr. -Graham, those gentlemen found his account agreeable to their several -observations; only Mr. Graham took notice, that, of late years, Lord -Walpole, in his journies to Norfolk, had twice voided some blood with -his urine, but with little uneasiness; and that at other times had -passed some sand and stony particles (tho’ never larger than the head -of a small pin), attended with frettings of the parts, scarce painful. -But Mr. Graham was not sure, whether these accidents were prior or -subsequent to the sequel of the case, communicated to the Society by -his Lordship. - -Dr. Pringle thinks it may be likewise proper to acquaint the Society -with another circumstance in Lord Walpole’s case, which he had both -from Dr. Shaw and Mr. Graham, _viz._ that after using the soap and -lime-water for some time, his Lordship was freed from a very obstinate -dry and scurfy eruption, which had resisted several other medicines. -But as there were no marks of a putrid scurvy (that species expressly -alluded to towards the end of Dr. Whytt’s letter) the Society will -easily understand, how the lithontriptic medicines may be prejudicial -to one troubled with the true putrid scurvy (such as is most incident -to sailors) and yet not be improper for those, that are subject to -the scurfy eruptions, which are commonly, tho’ erroneously, called -scorbutic. - -Pall-Mall, 20 April, 1757. - - - - -XXVII. _An Account of the Virtues of Soap in dissolving the Stone, -in the Case of the Rev. Mr._ Matthew Simson. _Communicated by_ John -Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S._ - - -_To the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. F.R.S._ - -[Read April 28, 1757.] - -SIR, - -A Few days ago I received from Dr. Austin, physician at Edinburgh, the -case of the Rev. Mr. Simson, drawn up by himself, in the form of a -letter to Dr. Austin; and which you may remember was alluded to by Dr. -Whytt, in the paper read at the last meeting of the Society. - -As I am at liberty to communicate this account to others, I thought -it would not be unacceptable to the gentlemen of the Society, to have -another well-attested instance laid before them of the virtues of soap -in dissolving the stone, or, at least, in removing all those painful -symptoms, which usually accompany that distemper. - -To the patient’s own narration I have subjoined an extract from Dr. -Austin’s letter to me, containing the sequel of the case from the date -of Mr. Simson’s letter to his death; with an account of the state of -his bladder, as it appeared to Dr. Austin upon dissection. I am, - - SIR, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - John Pringle. - -Pall-Mall, 27 April, 1757. - - - _A Letter from the Rev. Mr._ Simson, _Minister at_ Pencaitland, _to -Dr._ Adam Austin, _Physician in_ Edinburgh. - -[Read April 28, 1757.] - -Dear Sir, - -ACcording to your desire, I send you the history of my case; which is -as follows: - -I was of an healthy constitution till the year 1730, when I was seized -with a frequent inclination to make water, without any previous pain -in the kidneys or ureters. This symptom continued till the year 1733, -without giving me much uneasiness. - -In June 1733, as I was riding from Edinburgh to my own house at -Pencaitland, I was seized with a great difficulty and pain in making -water, which went off when I got home. - -In the month of July, having again got on horseback, I was seized with -the same complaint, but more violent; for then some drops of blood -came away. From this time, if I rode eight or ten miles, I passed some -blood, but without pain. - -In September I made a journey of 60 miles on horseback; but every two -miles was obliged to dismount, and made some bloody water. - -I continued much in the same way all the year 1734, as the preceding; -only had one additional complaint, of a pain in the glans after making -water, and likewise in the neck of the bladder. The only thing I did -for it was, to drink plentifully of warm milk and water; and gave over -riding, on account of the bloody urine. - -In the month of August I was sounded by my nephew, Dr. Simson, -professor of medicine in the university of St. Andrew’s; but he found -no stone, which he attributed to a wrong posture I was in, when he -sounded me. - -During the winter, if I walked more than usual, I was sure to have a -return of the bloody urine and strangury. - -In November 1735, I was sounded by Mr. Balderstone, surgeon, in -Edinburgh, a gentleman very expert in that operation, and likewise by -Dr. Drummond of Perthshire. They both distinctly felt a stone: and I -myself took hold of the catheter, when it was in my bladder, and felt -the stone as distinctly, as if it had been in my hand. - -About Christmas I was seized with a pain along the left ureter, and -violent vomitings; but, upon using a turpentine clyster and opiates, it -went off. - -During the year 1736, I continued much the same as the preceding year, -always drinking great plenty of milk and water; which gave me great -relief, as to the bloody urine. - -I was advised by my nephew, Dr. Simson, to go to London, and be cut -by Mr. Cheselden; the rest of my friends advising me to be cut by Mr. -Smith, a lithotomist at Perth. However, I deferred the operation, and -continued much the same all the year 1737, having severe fits now and -then. - -In the year 1738 Sir Alexander Gibson, of Addiston, informed me, that -he had been in my condition, had passed several small stones, and had -found incredible service from the use of soap pills: for, from not -being able to get out of bed, in the space of two months after using -the soap he was able to go a hunting. However, for some time I was -afraid to try the soap, not knowing what effects it might have on a -confirmed stone; Sir Alexander Gibson’s case being only that of small -stones. But the Rev. Mr. Lundie, of Salton, by experiments convinced -me of the efficacy of soap in dissolving a confirmed stone out of the -bladder; for the stone gradually grew smoother and smoother, and at -last was quite dissolved. - -On the 12th of February 1739, I first began the use of the soap, and -in the beginning took only a drachm in the 24 hours. The first week it -made me a little qualmish: however, I gradually increased the dose; so -that in six weeks I took six drachms a day, without its disagreeing in -the least with me. I made it up into pills, and washed them down with a -draught of warm milk and water. - -From the time I began to use the soap, my gravelish symptoms gradually -abated; but, upon walking two or three miles, I made bloody urine. -However, that symptom gradually abated; and in the year 1743 all the -symptoms of a stone quite vanished, insomuch that I could walk, ride, -or go in a machine, as well as ever. - -From February 1739, to July 1743, I took every day five or six drachms -of soap: but after that time I diminished the dose to half an ounce; -and never after had any return of a gravelish symptom, tho’ I still -imagine the stone is not intirely dissolved; for after sitting some -time, I find as it were something come to the neck of the bladder, but -which gives me no uneasiness. - -This, Sir, according to the best of my memory, is my case: and if it -can be of any benefit to you, in the cure of this painful disease, it -will give great pleasure to, - - Dear Sir, - Your most obedient Servant, - Matthew Simson. - -Nov. 20th, 1749. - - -_The Extract from Dr._ Austin’_s Letter to Dr._ Pringle. - -[Read April 28, 1757.] - -THE Rev. Mr. Simson’s letter to me as written in the year 1749; about -which time he told me, that he had ridden 40 miles in a day, without -any bad symptom ensuing. - -In the year 1752 he broke his thigh-bone at the neck; by a fall from -his horse, and continued for six weeks in great pain; but after that -time he grew easier, and was able to put his foot to the ground. One -day, as his servant was helping him to walk across the room, he let -him fall; upon which Mr. Simson felt a severe pain: the broken leg -became then evidently shorter than the other; and by that misfortune -he was confined to his bed for near two years. However, about six -months before he died, he was so well recovered, as to be able to go to -church, and to perform divine service. - -About the beginning of May 1756, Mr. Simson was seized with a diarrhæa, -which resisted all medicine, and carried him off in the 83d year of his -age. From the date of his letter to his death he had never discontinued -the use of the soap (except during the time of his last illness), tho’ -he had not been troubled with any painful symptom of a stone since the -year 1743. - -I obtained leave of his friends to open the body, but found no stone -or gravel in the bladder; that part appearing to be, in every respect, -in a natural state, except at the neck, where the coats seemed to be -schirrous, and were about a quarter of an inch thick. - -It is probable, that the stone had been of a softer texture, and more -easily dissolved, than ordinary; otherwise five or six drachms of soap -taken daily, even for so long a time, could not have dissolved it -intirely; for many have used that medicine in much larger doses, and at -the same time have drank lime-water plentifully, without obtaining such -effects; tho’ all their painful symptoms were removed by that course, -as Dr. Whytt has shewn in his treatise on this subject. - -I shall only add, that Mr. Simson’s son, who is now minister at Fala, -was present at the opening of the body, and can attest, that there was -no stone found in the bladder. - - Adam Austin. - -Edinburgh, 15 April 1757. - - -_A Letter from Dr._ Adam Drummond _to Dr._ Adam Austin, _relating to -the Rev. Mr._ Matthew Simson’_s Case. Communicated by_ J. Pringle, -_M.D. F.R.S._ - -[Read June 23, 1757.] - -I Have yours; and was present when Mr. Balderstone sounded Mr. -Simson; and both of us perceived, very distinctly, a large stone: and -Mr. Simson himself felt it; which we were the more sollicitous he -should do, as he was sounded before by Dr. Simson, who had declared -there was no stone. But the particular magnitude of it we could not -well determine at the end of a long catheter; tho’ I remember Mr. -Balderstone, who was well versed in that business, conjectured it to -be pretty large. He was sounded only once by us, as the urethra was a -little hurt by turning the catheter. There is only one circumstance -in the case, which Mr. Simson seems to have omitted; that, from the -first symptoms of the stone, he passed a great deal of _mucus_ mixed -with _pus_, as well as blood; and great quantities of gritty red sand, -all in single grains, never any concreted into small stones. I take -the more notice of this, as I do not remember, that, after he used the -soap, he ever passed any sand, but a good deal of _mucus_, in which -the soap was discoverable by its frothing. Could the gritty particles -of sand be again suspended in the urine, so as to become invisible? or -were they wrapt up in the soapy liquid, so as to escape observation? I -have seen several stones of a soft consistence dissolved into mucilage -by soap: but the sand passed by Mr. Simson, before he used the soap, -seems to indicate his stone of a harder nature, tho’ indeed it felt -obtuse at the end of the catheter. - -I shall rejoice, if many instances of this kind are found afterwards: -but this seems to be the only one yet, of a stone in the bladder being -dissolved by soap alone. I am, - - Dear Doctor, - Your most humble Servant, - Adam Drummond. - -Bandeeran, June 5. 1757. - - - - -XXVIII. _An Account of the Impressions of Plants on the Slates -of Coals: In a Letter to the Right Honourable_ George _Earl of_ -Macclesfield, _President of the R.S. from Mr._ Emanuel Mendes da Costa, -_F.R.S._ - - -[Read April 28, 1757.] - -My Lord, - -I Have the honour to address this letter to your Lordship, in order to -be communicated to the Royal Society, if your Lordship deems it worthy -the attention of that learned and illustrious assembly. - -The impressions of various kinds of plants are frequently, I might -say always, found in some of the strata lying over coal; but more -particularly in a stratum of earthy slat, which, in my History of -Fossils, page 168. Species IV. I have synonymed _Schistus terrestris -niger carbonarius_, and which always lies immediately upon the -coal-stratum, not only in the coal-pits of this kingdom, but of many -other parts of Europe, _e.g._ France, Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia, _&c._ - -Most of these impressions, my Lord, are of the _herbæ capillares et -affines_, the gramineous, and the reed tribes: but, however, among -them many rare and beautiful impressions undoubtedly of vegetable -origin, and impressed by plants hitherto unknown to botanists, are not -unfrequently met with. - -Besides these, my Lord, found over coal-pits, there are likewise found -in some parts of this kingdom, as at Robinhood’s-bay in Yorkshire, -Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, _&c._ many curious impressions of the -fern tribe in regular nodules of iron-stone; and, in the latter place, -not only impressions of plants, but even the cones or iuli of some -kinds of trees are met with, very perfect and fair, and curiously -imbedded in masses of iron-stone. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. V. _p. 229_. - -_J. Mynde sc._ ] - -The most part of the impressions of ferns, grasses, _&c._ are easily -recognizable, they so minutely tally to the plants they represent. -Others indeed, tho’ they do not exactly answer any known species, yet -have characters so distinctly expressed, that they are easily arranged -under their respective genera[139]. Therefore I shall not trouble -your Lordship with any further remarks on all such, but shall only -touch on those elegant and extraordinary impressions, probably of -unknown vegetables, above-mentioned: for that they are the parts and -impressions of vegetables, I think clearly evinced, if we attentively -and with a philosophical mind consider them, and reflect on the various -circumstances, which attend them in the places, where they now lie -buried. - -I have therefore the honour, my Lord, to exhibit the drawings of seven -such extraordinary impressions, and the fossiles themselves, for your -Lordship’s and this learned body’s inspection (_See_ TAB. V.). The -impressions figured Nº. 1. is from Mr. Mytton’s collieries at Drilt, -near Oswestry, in Shropshire; as are also those figured Nº. 2, 4, and -7: they are found sometimes two feet in length, and are generally -covered with a thin crust of coal. The specimina Dr. Woodward exhibits, -Catalogue B, pages 106, 107. specimina _q._ 22. and _q._ 32. are -analogous to this, tho’ not exactly the same. The Doctor’s fossiles -were from Haigh in Lancashire; and he imagines the impressions to be -made by vegetables of the fir kind. Volckman also, in his _Silesia -subterranea_, tab. 22. fig. 2. figures a branch with a rhomboidal work -on it, and with three long narrow leaves, which seems akin to this -impression. - -Nº. 2. seems of the reed tribe: the knobs placed in rows, which are -like the vesicles on the _quercus marina_, and some other _algæ_, -are very remarkable. Woodward, Catalogue B. page 9. specimen _a._ 1. -exhibits an impression akin to this, which he imagines to be of the -fern kind. - -Nº. 3. from a coal-pit in Yorkshire. I cannot but think this impression -is owing to somewhat of the fir kind. Dr. Woodward, who exhibits such -a like impression, Catalogue B. p. 16. specimen _a._ 108. imagines the -same: his words are, “The impression is much like what might be made by -the branches of the common fir, after the leaves are fallen or stript -off.” - -Nº. 4. seems to be of the same kind as Nº. 2. - -Nº. 5. This extraordinary impression is from Mostyn-colliery in -Flintshire. It is a little obscured; but, when attentively viewed, -exhibits a reticular impression, the meshes whereof are rhomboidal -hollows, and the sides of the rhombs, or the net-work, are raised, or -in relief. - -Nº. 6. is from Newcastle. Volckman, ibid, part 3. tab. 4. fig. 9. seems -to be of this kind. - -Nº. 7. The same author, Volckman, figures a somewhat-like impression, -ibid. fig. 5. - -Only these seven extraordinary impressions I have presumed, my Lord, -to treat of at this present time; but I have many more in my cabinet -equally curious, some few of which I here exhibit to the Society, -without taking any further notice of them: only I shall add, that many -extraordinary impressions occur in Woodward’s and other collections, -and many are iconed in authors, worthy the attention of the curious. - -These impressions, my Lord, are not only met with in small pieces; -but large evident branches, some feet in length, have been found. I -have, in the collieries of Derbyshire, frequently traced branches with -(what seemed to me) long narrow leaves proceeding from them, and parts -of other vegetables, above a foot’s length: but the hardness of the -substance they are immersed in renders it impossible to get them out -without breaking them to pieces[140]. - -As these remains of vegetables are very extraordinary, I would -recommend to the curious in botany to take notice of them, as an -_Appendix Plantarum adhuc incognitarum_. For my part, I am so very -little skilled in botany, that I hardly presume to offer my opinion; -which is, that they are impressions and parts of species of the firs -and pines, of the tithymals, the cereus’s, and other arborescent -plants, and of large reeds; for some of the said kind are embellished -with ribbed, studded, and reticulated works; _e.g._ the Hercules’ -club, or _rubi facie senticosa planta Lobelii_, described by Dr. Grew, -_Museum Reg. Soc._ p. 221. the _cerei, &c._ - -I further exhibit to the Society some few specimina of iron-stones with -cones or iuli imbedded in them. These, my Lord, are from veins of ball -iron-stone, in the lands of Lord Gower, at Okenyate, a village on the -Roman road of Watling-street; and from the iron-works at Coalbrookdale -in Shropshire. The cones are frequently met with in fragments, but -rarely so intire, and are never found but in the strata of iron-stone. -I have added to these a figured fossile body, much like a cone, found -sometimes in our chalk-pits in England, but chiefly in the pits at -Cherry-Hinton in Cambridgeshire. Dr. Woodward, Catalogue B. p. 22. -specimen _b._ 72. calls them cones seeming to be of the larix; and -imagines they were not come to ripeness or maturity. They certainly -have some resemblance to cones, tho’ I much doubt them to be so; but -they most exactly resemble the roots of the _cyperus rotundus vulgaris_ -of botanists. - -I shall finish this paper, my Lord, by acquainting your Lordship and -the Society, that I firmly believe these bodies to be of the vegetable -origin, buried in the strata of the earth at the time of the universal -deluge recorded by Moses. It is, I must confess, with regret, that -I find there are some, who reject the burial of these bodies at -that fatal catastrophe, but substitute partial deluges to account -for it. Did those gentlemen consider, or maturely weigh, the many -remarkable and strong evidences of an universal deluge, every-where -obvious in the bowels of the earth, they certainly would abandon their -imaginary system: for, my Lord, it is not only the immense quantities -of marine remains, dispersed in all terrestrial strata, which are -to be considered (that circumstance alone might give some reasoning -to their system of partial deluges), but the following more weighty -circumstances are likewise to be added and flung into the scale. 1º. -The heavings, displacings, trappings, and breaks of the metallic veins, -and the loads of rubble, met with at vast depths, and where no marine -remains were ever found; and such heavings, _&c._ are not rare in -metallic or mineral works: of which, to give your Lordship an idea, I -have presumed to sketch the following plan of such a phænomenon. - -[Illustration: These cross-loads are not unfrequent in the mines on -North Downs, near Redruth, in Cornwall. Wheal-Widden copper-work there, -in 1750, was about 60 fathoms deep. The load was 20 feet over; and has -many cross-loads two or three feet over, which sometimes heave the -metallic load from one to five or six fathom. These cross-loads are -generally filled with fragments of stone, minerals and other rubble.] - -2º. If these effects proceed from local deluges, recedings of the sea, -gulphs atterrated, _&c._ we should then indeed find marine remains: but -how will that account for the vast quantity of remains of terrestrial -vegetables and animals, equally met with, and in like manner as the -marine remains, in the bowels of the earth? And, 3º. Were local or -partial deluges the cause, we should then find only the animals and -plants of the climates or places, where such deluges have happened; -whereas in these fossil remains it is quite the contrary: the remains -of those plants and animals, we know, are of animals and plants, the -inhabitants of the most remote climes from those, where they now lie -buried; _e.g._ the rhinoceros-bones, in the cave called Baumans-hole, -in the Hartz Forest in Germany; the strange bones in the Antra Draconum -in Hungary; the horns of the moose-deer, and other prodigious horns, -and elephants bones, found in England, Ireland, Germany, Sibiria, -and even America, _&c._ of vegetables, parts of the arbor tristis in -France; bamboo’s, or great Indian reeds, frequent in England; with -numbers of other such examples. And of those remains even of the marine -shells, yet unknown to us, all appear exotic to the climes where they -now lie deposited; _e.g._ the cliffs at Harwich in Essex abound with -a species of _buccinum heterostrophum_, and other shells, never yet -discovered in the adjacent waters. The _ammonitæ_ of so many species, -and the innumerable variety of _conchæ anomiæ_, with which this island -abounds, are yet unknown to be inhabitants of our seas, and appear -exotic to this climate. Therefore, my Lord, I reasonably conclude -partial or local deluges could never have produced such effects. -However, unprejudiced to any opinion, if the learned, who favour the -system of partial deluges, will either confute these my assertions, -or give solid reasons for the facts alleged to be producible by local -deluges, atterrations, _&c._ I will joyfully embrace the truth: but -till then, my Lord, I would recommend to those systematical gentlemen, -not to pervert that excellent maxim of the great Lord Bacon, and, -instead of _Non fingendum neque excogitandum, sed inveniendum quid -natura faciat, aut ferat_, not to corrupt it into _fingendum atque -excogitandum, non inveniendum quid natura faciat, aut ferat_. - -I am, with great submission and respect, - - MY LORD, - Your Lordship’s - Most devoted, - and most obliged, - humble Servant, - Emanuel Mendes da Costa. - -London, 27 April, 1757. - - - - -XXIX. _A Catalogue of the_ Fifty Plants _from_ Chelsea Garden, -_presented to the_ Royal Society _by the worshipful Company of -Apothecaries, for the Year 1756, pursuant to the Direction of Sir_ Hans -Sloane, _Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by_ John Wilmer, -_M. D. clariss. Societatis Pharmaceut._ Lond. _Socius, Hort._ Chels. -_Præfect. & Prælector Botan._ - - -[Read April 28, 1757.] - - 1701 ABronanum campestre incanum Carlinæ odore. C.B.P. - - 1702 Abrotanum humile corymbis majoribus aureis. H. Reg. Par. - - 1703 Acer platanoides. Muntingii histor. - - 1704 Amelanchier. Lobel. - - 1705 Anchusa lutea minor. J.B. 3. 583. - Buglossum luteum annuum minimum. Tourn. 134. - - 1706 Arctotis ramis decumbentibus foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis - subtus argenteis flore magno aureo pediculo longissimo. - Miller’s Icons. - - 1707 Ascyrum magno flore, C.B. 280. - - 1708 Asphodelus Allobrogicus magno flore Lilii H.L. 65. - - 1709 Aster caule ramoso scabro perenni foliis ovatis sessilibus - pedunculis nudis unifloris. Miller’s Icons. - - 1710 Astragalus repens minor flore cæruleo, filiqua - Epigottidi simili. Index Plant. Boerh. - - 1711 Barleria inermis foliis ovatis denticulatis petiolatis. Lin. Sp. - Plant. 637. - Barleria solani folio flore coccineo. Plum. nov. gen. 31. - - 1712 Blitum Kaly minus album dictum. Kaly minus Ger. Emac. 535. - - 1713 Campanula maxima foliis latissimis. C.B. 94. - - 1714 Caryophillus montanus umbellatus floribus variis, luteis - ferrugineis Italicus. Barrel obs. 648. - - 1715 Cataria Hispanica Betonicæ folio angustiore flore cæruleo. Tourn. - - 1716 Celastrus spinis nudis, ramis teretibus, foliis acutis. Hort. - Cliff. 72. - Lycium. Boerhaav. Ind. alt. 2. 237. - - 1717 Ceralus racemosa sylvestris fructu non eduli rubro. H.R. Par. - Cerasia racemosa rubra. 2. Tabernamont. Icon, 987. - - 1718 Chamædrys Hispanica tenuifolia multiflora. H. R. Par. Tourn. 205. - - 1719 Cherophyllum palustre latifolium flore albo. Boerh. 70. - Myrrhis palustre latifolia rubra. Tourn. 315. - - 1720 Chenopodium Stramonii folio. Vaill. - - 1721 Cirsium foliis non hirsutis floribus compactis. C.B.P. 377. - - 1722 Cirsium maximum Asphodeli radice. C.B. 377. - - 1723 Colutea foliolis ovatis integerrimis caule fruticolo. Phil. - Miller’s Icons. - - 1724 Convallaria foliis sessilibus racemo terminal composito. Lin. Sp. - Pl. 315. - - 1725 Conyza mas Theophrasti major Dioscoridis. C.B.P. 265. - Major Monspeliensis odorata. J.B. 2. 1053. - - 1726 Coriandrum majus. C.B. 158. Officinar. 145. - - 1727 Cornus Orientalis sylvestris fructu teretiformi. T. Cor. - - 1728 Crithmum, sive Fæniculum maritimum, minus. C.B. 288. Offic. 152. - - 1729 Crocus sativus. C.B. 65. Officinar. 152. - - 1730 Cyclamen vernum minus orbiculato folio, inferne rubente, flore - minore ruberrimo. Mor. Hist. 3. 551. - - 1731 Elichrysum graveolens acutifolium alato caule. Hort. Eltham. - - 1732 Gramen spica aristata. Lin. Sp. Pl. 83. - Gramen loliaceum spica longiore lolium Dioscoridis. C.B.P. - - 1733 Leucanthemum Tanaceti folio, flore majore. Boerh. 107. - Matricaria Tanaceti folio, flore majore, semine umbilicato. - Tourn. 493. - - 1734 Meadia. Catesby Hist. Car. 3. p. 1. Dodecatheon. - Lin. Sp. Pl. 144. - - 1735 Medica magno fructu, aculeis sursum et deorsum rendentibus. Tourn. - 411. - - 1736 Moscatellina foliis fumariæ bulbosæ, de qua Cordus. J.B. 2. 206. - Radix cava minima viridi flore. Ger. 933. - - 1737 Narcissus Illyricus Liliaceus. C.B.P. 55. - Pancratii Monspeliaci Hemerocallidis Valentinæ facie. - Lilio-narcissus, vel Narcissus tertius Matthioli. J.B. 2. 613. - - 1738 Osmunda vulgaris et palustris. Tourn. 547. - Filix ramosa non dentata florida. C.B.P. 357. - - 1739 Papaver laciniato folio capitulo hispido rotundiore. Tourn. - Argemone capitulo rotundiore. Park. 369. - - 1740 Papaver Orientale hirsutissimum magno flore. Tourn. Cor. 17. - - 1741 Periclymenum perfoliatum Virginianum sempervirens et florens. - H.L.B. - - 1742 Phillyrea, Oleæ Ephesiacæ folio. Pluk. Phyt. Tab. 310. fig. 5. - - 1743 Phlomis Lychnitis. Clus. Hist. 27. - Verbascum sylvestre Monspeliense flore luteo hiante. J.B. 3. 307. - - 1744 Polygonum foliis cordatis caule volubili, floribus carinatis. Lin. - Sp. Plant. 364. - Fagopyrum scandens Americanum maximum. Tourn. Inst. - - 1745 Saxifraga sedi folio, flore albo, multiflora. T. 252. - Sedum Pyrenaicum pyramidale longifolium elegantissimum. - Schol. Botan. Par. - Sanicula Pyrenaica longifolia multiflora elegantissma. H.L. - - 1746 Serratula Noveboracensis maxima foliis longis serratis. Hort. - Eltham. 355. - - 1747 Thalictrum minus. C.B.P. 337. - Thalictrum minus seu Rutæ pratensis genus minus semine striato. - J.B. 3. 487. - - 1748 Verbascum fœmina flore luteo magno. C.B. 239. - - 1749 Vicia leguminibus sessilibus reflexis pilosis solitariis - pentaspermis corollæ vexilis glabris. Lin. Sp. Pl. 736. - Vicia leguminibus solitariis deorsum flexis hirsutis. - Sauv. Monspeliens. 235. - - 1750 Ulmus folio latissimo scabro. Ger. Emac. 1481. Latiore folio. - Park. 1404. - - - - -XXX. _Remarks on the Opinion of_ Henry Eeles, _Esq; concerning the -Ascent of Vapour, published in the_ Philosoph. Transact. _Vol._ xlix. -_Part_ i. _p._ 124. _By_ Erasmus Darwin, _M.D. Communicated by Mr._ -William Watson, _F.R.S._ - - -_To Mr._ William Watson, _F.R.S._ - -SIR, - -THE inclosed papers were designed for the perusal of the Royal Society; -being an endeavour to confute the opinion of Mr. Eeles about the ascent -of vapours, published in the last volume of their Transactions. But the -author, having no electrical friend, whose sagacity he could confide -in, has at length prevailed upon himself to be so free to send them to -Mr. Watson; to whom the world is so much indebted for the advancement -of their knowlege in electricity. - -Whence, Sir, if you should think that these papers have truth, the -great Diana of real philosophers, to patronize them, you will confer -a favour upon me, by laying them before that learned Body. If, on -the contrary, you should deem this confutation trifling or futil, -I hope you will be humane enough to suppress them, and give me your -objections; and by that means lay a still greater obligation on one, -who has not the pleasure to be personally acquainted with you. From, - - SIR, - Your very humble Servant, - Erasmus Darwin, - _Physician at Litchfield, Staffordshire_. - -March 23. 1757. - - -+LETTER I.+ - -_To the very honourable and learned the_ PRESIDENT _and_ MEMBERS _of -the_ Royal Society. - -[Read May 5, 1757.] - -Gentlemen, - -THERE is ever such a charm attendant upon novelty, that be it in -philosophy, medicine, or religion, the gazing world are too often led -to adore, what they ought only to admire: whilst this vehemence of -enthusiasm has generally soon rendered that object contemptible, that -would otherwise have long laid claim to a more sober esteem. This was -once the fate of chemistry: the vain and pompous boasts of her adepts -brought the whole art into disrespect; and I should be sorry, if her -sister electricity should share the same misfortunes. It is hence the -ingenious Mr. Eeles will excuse me, for endeavouring to lay before you -my opinion on the ascent of vapours, tho’ it by no means coincides with -that he is so strenuous to establish, and plucks a plume from his idol -goddess electricity. - -The probability, supporting the hypothesis of Mr. Eeles, according to -his own expressions, rests on this: “That every particle of vapour is -endued with a portion of electric fire; and that there is no other -sufficient cause assigned for their ascending.” (_Phil. Trans. vol._ -xlix. _part._ i. _p._ 134.). My design is therefore first to attempt -to shew, that another theory, founded on principles better known, will -sufficiently explain the ascent of vapours: and then, that some kinds -of vapours are not endued with a more or less than their natural share -of electric æther. - -The immense rarefaction of explosive bodies by heat, depends either -on the escape of air before condensed in them, or on the expansion -of the constituent parts of those bodies. This distinction has not -been sufficiently considered by any one to my knowlege; nor shall I -at present amuse the Society upon this head; it being enough for my -present purpose to observe, that they may be thus distinguished: where -air is emitted, it cannot be condensed again into the same bulk by -cold; but the expansion of heated parts of bodies, as soon as that heat -is withdrawn, ceases to exist. - -Nitre comes under the first of these classes: in detonation it emits -great quantities of air, not afterwards condensible to the like space. -This may be seen by firing a few grains of gunpowder in an unblown -bladder, or in a vessel nearly full of water with its mouth inverted. -The same is true of all the solid parts of animals and vegetables, when -subjected to fire; as appears from the experiments of that learned -philanthropist, Dr. Hales. - -But of water the contrary is evident. In the steam-engine, a jet of -cold water, we find, instantly condenses that immense rarefaction; -which I apprehend could not be, if it was constituted of escaped -elastic air. And altho’ this steam must be acknowledged to put on some -properties of air; such as ventilating a fire; or that a taper blown -out by it, is capable of being again lighted immediately, and that -without a crackling noise, which occurs when touched with water; this -does not in the least invalidate our opinion, tho’ it has certainly -conduced very much to propagate the former one: since from this way of -reasoning, the whole must be air, and we should have no water at all in -vapour. - -From considering this power of expansion, which the constituent parts -of some bodies acquire by heat; and withal, that some bodies have -a greater affinity to heat, that is, acquire it sooner and retain -it longer than others; which affinity appears from experiments, and -which, I apprehend, is in some ratio of their specific gravities and -their powers of refraction, reflexion, or absorption of light; or at -least in some ratio much greater than that of their specific gravities -alone. From considering these, I say, many things, before utterly -inexplicable, became easily understood by me. Such as, Why when bismuth -and zinc are fused together, and set to cool, the zinc, which is -specifically heavier, is found above the bismuth? Why the buff covering -of inflammatory blood, the skum of heated milk, the sedative salt of -borax, which are all specifically heavier than the liquids in which -they are formed, are still formed at the surface of them? How benzoin, -sulphur, and even the ponderous body mercury, may be raised into -vapour, again to be condensed unaltered? And, lastly, how water, whose -parts appear from the æolipile to be capable of immeasurable expansion, -should by heat alone become specifically lighter than the common -atmosphere, without having recourse to a shell inclosing air, or other -assistant machinery? and when raised, I am persuaded we shall find, -that to support them floating, perhaps many days, in the atmosphere, is -not a knot so intricate, as to oblige us to conjure up a new divinity -to unravel it. - -But before we proceed to this second part of our task, it will be -necessary previously to consider, first, how small a degree of heat is -required to detach or raise the vapour of water from its parent-fluid. -In the coldest day, I might say the coldest night, of winter, when the -weather is not frosty or very damp, wet linen or paper will become dry -in the course of a few hours. A greater degree of heat must indeed -cause a quicker evaporation. But I am persuaded, that was it not for -the pressure of the superincumbent fluid, greatly less than that of -boiling water would instantly disperse the whole so heated into vapour. - -Secondly, That in the opinion of Sir Isaac Newton, well illustrated by -the late lamented Mr. Melvil, the sun-beams appear only to communicate -heat to bodies by which they are refracted, reflected, or obstructed; -whence, by their impulse, a reaction or vibration is caused in the -parts of such impacted bodies. - -This is supported by the experiment of approaching some light body, -or blowing smoke near the focus of the largest glasses; and from -observing, that these do not ascend, it is evident the air is not -so much as warmed by the passage of those beams thro’ it, yet would -instantly calcine or vitrify every opake body in nature. And from -this we may collect, that transparent bodies are only heated at -their surfaces, and that perhaps in proportion to their quantity of -refraction: which will further give and receive illustration from -those very curious experiments, of producing cold by the evaporation -of liquors, published by the learned Dr. Cullen, in the late volume -of Essays Physical and Literary, at Edinburgh. In these experiments a -spirit-thermometer was immersed in spirit of wine, and being suddenly -retracted, was again exposed to the air; and as the spirit of wine -adhering to the glass evaporated, the spirit contained within the -thermometer was observed to subside. Now as the difference of the -refraction of spirit of wine and glass is exceedingly minute, compared -with the difference of refraction of spirit of wine and air; we may -consider, in the above experiment, the heat to be communicated to -the thermometer only at its surface: but here the adherent fluid -escapes as soon as heated; by which means the glass, and its contents, -are deprived of that constant addition of heat, which other bodies -perpetually enjoy either from the sun-beams immediately, or from the -emanations of other contiguous warmer bodies; and must thence, in a few -minutes, become colder than before. - -The ingenious Mr. Eeles, I dare say, has already foreseen the use I -am going to make of this principle; _viz._ “That the little spherules -of vapour will thus, by refracting the solar rays, acquire a constant -heat, tho’ the surrounding atmosphere remain cold.” And as from the -minuteness of their diameters, if they are allowed to be globules, -they must do this to a very great degree, I apprehend none of those -objections will take place against us, with which Mr. Eeles has so -sensibly confuted the former received theories on this subject. - -If we are asked, how clouds come to be supported in the absence of -the sun? It must be remembered, that large masses of vapour must for -a considerable time retain much of the heat they have acquired in -the day; at the same time reflecting, how small a quantity of heat -was necessary to raise them; and that doubtless even a less will be -sufficient to support them, as from the diminished pressure of the -atmosphere at a given height, a less power may be able to continue -them in their present state of rarefaction; and, lastly, that clouds -of particular shapes will be sustained or elevated by the motion they -acquire from winds. - -I should here have concluded this paper, perhaps already too long; but -upon revising it, I find, where the affinity of some bodies with heat -is mentioned, that the deductions made from thence are not sufficiently -explained to be intelligible. First then, If the power of expansion -of any two bodies, by heat, be in a greater proportion than their -specific gravities, then will there be a certain degree of heat, in -which their specific gravities will be equal; and another, in which the -gravity of that, which was lighter when cold, will exceed the gravity -of that, which was heavier when cold. Hence zinc and bismuth alter -their specific gravities in fusion; some urine, and many solutions of -solids, grow turbid as they cool; others alter their colours. Secondly, -If (the power of expansion by heat being equal) the power of retaining -heat be in a greater ratio than the specific gravities; then, during -the time of cooling after being sufficiently heated, there will be an -instant, when the heavier body will become the lighter, and swim upon -the other. This seems the case in the buff covering of inflamed blood, -the skum of heated milk, and the cristallization of some salts: for -if these effects were from the evaporation of the thinner parts at -the surface, they should happen during the greatest evaporation, or -when boiling; but, on the contrary, they are all done in the greatest -degree when the liquor has for some time began to cool. Lastly, If -the quickness of acquiring heat be in a greater proportion than their -specific gravities (the power of expansion being equal), then, during -the time of their acquiring heat, there will be an instant, when the -body, that was heavier when cold, will now become the lighter. From one -or more of which principles, I apprehend, the volatility or fixity of -all minerals, and many other bodies, takes its origin. - -It is no part of my design to account to you, gentlemen, in what manner -such an expansion of the parts of bodies can be brought about by the -action of fire. Tho’ perhaps a rotatory motion only of each particle -on its own center might be sufficient to produce such a rarefaction; -and the more so, if such parts were any other figures than spheres, -as by the percussion of their angles they must result further from -each other. Nor is the existence of such a rotatory motion without -some probability, when we observe the verticillary motion given to -charcoal-dust thrown on nitre in fusion, or the wonderful agitation of -the parts of burning phosphorus, or even of a common red letter-wafer -touched by the flame of a candle. But as in this paper I have laboured -(and I hope not without success) to shew you, that some properties of -solar heat are sufficient to account for the elevation and support of -vapours; so in another letter I propose nearly to demonstrate to you, -that the electric æther is far from having any share in the production -of this important phænomenon. - -From, - - GENTLEMEN, - Your very humble Servant, - Erasmus Darwin. - -Litchfield, Mar. 20, 1757. - - -+LETTER II.+ - -_To the very honourable and learned the_ PRESIDENT _and_ MEMBERS _of -the_ Royal Society. - -[Read May 5, 1757.] - -Gentlemen, - -EVERY theoretical inquiry, whose basis does not rest upon experiments, -is at once exploded in this well-thinking age; where truth, under -your patronage, has at length broke thro’ those clouds, with which -superstition, policy, or parade, had overwhelmed her. But experiments -themselves, gentlemen, are not exempted from fallacy. A strong -inventive faculty, a fine mechanic hand, a clear unbiassed judgment, -are at once required for the contrivance, conduct, and application, of -experiments; and even where these are joined (such is the condition of -humanity!) error too frequently intrudes herself, and spoils the work. - -My very respectable antagonist, Mr. Eeles, to whose ear, I am -convinced, the voice of truth is more agreeable than that of applause, -will forgive me the following critique on his performance; as by that -means, I am persuaded, the probability of his notions will be intirely -destroyed, and the foregoing theory receive additional supports. - -For this purpose our first endeavour will be to shew the uncertainty of -some of the most material principles, that support his arguments; and -afterwards, the fallacy of the experiments he has given us. - -First then, in page 130. Mr. Eeles has asserted, that the greatest -possible rarefaction of water is when it boils. I think it might be -said, with equal propriety, that the greatest rarefaction of solids was -when they began to melt: and this may indeed be verbally true, if we -chuse to alter the names of bodies, when they undergo any alteration -by fire; so solids take the name of fluids, when they are in fusion; -and water the name of vapour, when it is greatly rarefied in the -steam-engine. Whence we find this assertion seems to be founded on a -confusion in terms, and the fact far from being existent in nature. - -In page 133. the sphere of electrical activity is said to be increased -by heat. If by electrical activity is here meant an increase of its -repulsive power (the thing, which seems to be wanted in Mr. Eeles’s -hypothesis), I know no experiment to show it. If it be meant, that it -is capable of being attracted to a greater distance; I conjecture it -may, as the heat will rarefy the ambient air, and we know the electric -æther is attracted at very great distances in _vacuo_; but this cannot -properly be called an increased activity of electric fire. - -We are afterwards told (page _ib._) “that electric fire will not mix -with air:” whence, in the succeeding section, it is argued, “That -as each particle of vapour, with its surrounding electric fluid, -will occupy a greater space than the same weight of air, they will -ascend.” In answer to this, it must be observed, that there are -some bodies, whose parts are fine enough to penetrate the pores of -other bodies, without increasing their bulk; or to pass thro’ them, -without apparently moving or disturbing them. A certain proportion of -alcohol of wine mixed with water, and of copper and tin in fusion, are -instances of the first of these; the existence and passage of light -thro’ air, and, I am persuaded, of electric fire, are instances of the -second. - -To illustrate this, the following experiment was instituted. A glass -tube, open at one end, and with a bulb at the other, had its bulb, -and half way from thence to the aperture of the tube, coated on the -inside with gilt paper. The tube was then inverted in a glass of oil -of turpentine, which was placed on a cake of wax, and the tube kept -in that perpendicular situation by a silk line from the cieling of -the room. The bulb was then warmed, so that, when it became cold, the -turpentine rose about half-way up the tube. A bent wire then being -introduced, thro’ the oil into the air above, high electricity was -given. The oil did not appear at all to subside: whence I conclude, -the electric atmosphere flowing round the wire and coating of the tube -above the oil, did not displace the air, but existed in its pores. - -This experiment I formerly tried various ways, as I had conceived, if -the electric matter would displace air, it might have been applied -to answer the end of steam in the steam-engine, and many other great -mechanical purposes. But as from the above it appears, that the -contrary is true, it is evident, that electric matter surrounding -particles of vapour must, in fact, increase their specific gravity, and -cannot any-ways be imagined to facilitate their ascent. - -I may add further, that if this be true, that it pervades the pores -of air, its specific levity cannot, by any means I know, be compared -with that of air. Its particular attraction to some bodies, at least to -much the greater part of the terraqueous globe, is abundantly greater -than that of air to those bodies: and hence its gravitation to the -whole globe would appear, at first view, to exceed that of air. But the -more I consider this, the more perplexing and amazing it appears to -me: and thence must leave it to the investigation of my very ingenious -antagonist, or some other able philosopher. - -I come now to the experiments, that are given us to show all vapour to -be electrifed. In these Mr. Eeles seems to have been led into error, -by not having observed, that many bodies electrifed will retain that -electricity for some time, altho’ in contact with conductors. The -Leyden phial may be touched three or four times by a quick finger -before the whole is discharged. Almost all light dry animal or -vegetable substances, such as feathers and cork, do this in a much -greater degree: and in general I have observed, the more slow any -bodies are to acquire electricity, the more avaritious they are to keep -it. - -Part of the plume of a feather, hanging to a green line of silk about -a foot long, which was suspended from the midst of an horizontal line -of the same, about four yards in length, was electrified with a dry -wine-glass, according to the method of Mr. Eeles; and, after being -touched nine times with my finger, at the intervals of two seconds of -time, still manifested signs of electricity, by being attracted at the -tenth approach of it. - -A cork ball, on the same line and circumstances, after being -electrised, was touched at the intervals of ten seconds repeatedly, for -seven times, before it was exhausted. The fumes of boiling water were -conveyed upon this ball after being electrised; and, after a fumigation -for thirty seconds, it shewed signs of electricity, by being attracted -to the approaching finger; and, after thirty seconds more, without -any fumigation, it again obeyed the finger; and again, after thirty -more, but at less and less distances. The same appearances occurred to -me from the fumes of resin. From whence I apprehend, that Mr. Eeles, -having dipped the electrised down of the _juncus bombycinus_ in vapour -for perhaps half a minute (for no time is mentioned), and finding it -still retained its electric attraction, was not aware, that this same -had happened, if he had by intervals touched it with his finger, or any -other known conductor of electricity. - -As Mr. Eeles had here objected, that there was no real opposition in -the electric æther of glass, and that from wax; the common experiment -to shew this was many times repeated with constant success; _viz._ -the cork ball, suspended as above, after being electrised by the -wine-glass, and repelled from it, was strongly attracted by a rubbed -stick of sealing-wax; and _vice versâ_. In the same manner I observed -the electric æther from a black silk stocking (which was held -horizontally extended by the top and foot, and, being rubbed in the -midst with an iron poker, was applied to the cork ball), to be similar -to that of glass, and opposite to that of wax. But the following -experiment appears to me to put this matter out of all doubt, and to -demonstrate, that this difference is only a _plus_ and _minus_ of the -same specific æther, and not different qualities of it, as Mr. Eeles -would suppose. - -A stick of dry sealing-wax was rubbed on the side of a dry wine-glass, -and a cork ball, suspended as in the former experiments, played for -some time between them: but glass rubbed with glass, or wax with wax, -did not manifest any electric appearance. Whence it would appear, that -in rubbing glass and wax together, the glass accumulated on its surface -the identical æther that the wax lost. Nor is this a digression from -my design: for if this opposition of the electricity of glass and wax -be established, it still contributes to demonstrate the fallacy of Mr. -Eeles’s experiments. - -But what alone would intirely destroy this electric hypothesis, is, -that from the experiments of Mr. Franklin and others, the clouds -are sometimes found to be electrised _plus_, sometimes _minus_, and -sometimes manifest no signs of electricity at all. Whence to say -an accumulation of electric æther supports these clouds, seems -an assertion built upon a very unstable foundation, whose whole -superstructure may well enough be termed an air-built castle, the -baseless fabric of a vision. - -Add to this, that Mr. Eeles, in page 140. tells us, that himself has -passed thro’ clouds resting on the sides of mountains. Ought not those -clouds to have immediately discharged their electricity, and fallen? -And common experience may remind us, that any cold bodies will condense -vapour, whatever be their electric properties. So mirrors, or the glass -of windows, in damp rooms, are most frequently found covered with dew; -which, of all other bodies, ought most to be exempted from collecting -vapours supported by electricity, as they are the least capable to -attract or draw off that æther. - -From all which, well examined, I am persuaded, gentlemen, you will -be induced to conclude, that tho’ clouds may sometimes possess an -accumulation of electricity, yet that this is only an accidental -circumstance, and not a constant one; and thence can have no possible -influence either in the elevation or support of them. I am, - - GENTLEMEN, - Your very humble Servant, - Erasmus Darwin. - -Litchfield, March 23. 1757. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. VI. _p. 255_. - -_The grey Coot-footed_ Tringa _shot near Halifax in Yorkshire (January -1757) and Presented to me by Mʳ. Thomas Belton Florist of Worley-clough -in Yorkshire. Drawn from nature of the Figures of Life by Geo. Edwards -in Feb.⁴ 1757._] - - - - -XXXI. _An Account of new-discovered Species of the Snipe or Tringa: -In a Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. F.R.S. from Mr._ George -Edwards, _Librarian of the College of Physicians_. - - -[Read May 5, 1757.] - -SIR, - -I TAKE the liberty to lay before you the figure and description of a -new-discovered species of the snipe or tringa kind, which was lately -shot at Sowerby-bridge in Yorkshire, and sent to me by Mr. Florist of -Worley-clough, near Hallifax in the same county. If the account, that -follows, shall be thought by you deserving to be communicated to the -Royal Society, the real bird, which I have preserved dry, shall be -produced at the same time. - -This bird is like in shape to most others of the tringa or snipe kind. -Its size is better shewn by the figure lying before you (_See_ TAB. -VI.), than by the dried bird, which is much shrunk since the drawing of -it was made. I chuse, by way of distinction, to name it the coot-footed -tringa, as it differs from other birds of that genus no otherwise, than -in having its toes webbed in the same particular manner as the fulica, -or our bald-coot. One of its feet is shewn in the plate, magnified a -little, to make it the better understood, in what manner the webs or -membranes spreading on both sides of the toes are scalloped or indented -at each of the toe-joints. These scallopings are finely pectinated on -their outer edges, as the enlarged figure expresses. The hinder toe is -small, and finely pectinated on the under side. The bill is black, and -channelled on both sides of the upper mandible; in which channels the -nostrils are placed near the forehead: it is compressed somewhat like a -duck’s bill, and ridged along its upper part, as a figure of the head -in the corner of the plate may shew. The lower head, figured with it, -is intended to shew the bill (which is very narrow) of another species -of coot-footed tringa, brought from North America, and described and -figured in my Natural History of Birds, _&c._ plate 46. The eyes are -placed farther backward from the bill than in many other sorts of -birds; in which the wisdom of Providence is remarkable: for birds of -this genus commonly feeding in soft muddy ground on the banks of rivers -or the sea, have occasion to thrust their bills deep into the shores, -to extract worms and insects; and their eyes would be in danger, were -they placed more forward. The fore part of the head, the neck, breast, -belly, thighs, covert-feathers withinside the wings and under the tail, -are white: the top and hinder part of the head is black. The lower part -of the neck behind, and the back, are of a blueish ash or slate-colour, -with a mixture of blackish or dusky: the upper sides of the wings and -tail are of a blackish or dusky colour: the tips of the covert of the -wings are white; the tips of the middlemost or shortest of the quills -are also white, and form white transverse bars across the wings. Two or -three of the middle quills are wholly white, and all of them have their -inner webs white toward their bottoms. It hath twelve feathers in the -tail; the outermost of which, on each side, is edged with white. The -covert-feathers on the rump, or upper side of the tail, are dusky and -white. The legs are bare of feathers above the knees (as they are in -most birds, who wade in shallow waters), and of an ash-colour. - -I believe no discovery of this bird has been made till now: and it is -very probable there are many more species of birds in this island, that -have hitherto escaped the notice of curious inquirers. Mr. Ray, in a -book by him published, London, 1674. called, A Collection of English -Words, _&c._ with a Catalogue of English Birds and Fishes, _&c._ after -naming the coot in his catalogue of birds, p. 92. says, “Mr. Johnson of -Brigna, near Grota-bridge in Yorkshire, shewed me a bird of the coot -kind, scallop-toed, not much bigger than a black-bird.” As so little is -said by Mr. Ray, one can hardly determine any thing concerning the bird -he mentions: and ’tis plain he thought this note scarce worth notice, -as he hath not preserved it in the Ornithology since by him published. -Nor can I believe it was the bird now before us; for he says it was not -much bigger than a black-bird; which implies, that it was something -bigger. And, on reading his description of the black-bird, I find he -makes it to weigh four ounces; consequently it is four times the weight -of the bird above described by me: for my obliging friend, Mr. Florist, -who sent me this bird, says in his letter, that, when newly killed, it -weighed one ounce. Therefore I am inclined to think, that the bird Mr. -Ray has so slightly mentioned, is a bird not as yet fully discovered. I -am, Reverend Sir, - - Your most humble Servant, - Geo. Edwards. - -College of Physicians, Lond. May the 3d, 1757. - - - - -XXXII. _Observationes de Corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, -aliisque Animalculis Marinis: Quas Regiæ Societati Londinensi offert_ -Job Baster, _Med. Doct. Acad. Cæsar. Reg. Societ. Lond. & Scient. -Holland. Socius._ - - -[Read May 19, 1757.] - -DOMICILIUM meum mari propinquum[141] occasionem præbet, in nondum -satis cognitam quorundam animalium, in mare degentium, generationem -et œconomiam inquirendi. Quæ observavi Regiæ Societati temporis -successu offerre animus est; sed in hac prima dissertatione tantum -observationes quasdam de corallinis, iisque insidentibus polypis, et -aliis animalculis marinis, exhibere in animum induxi. - -Paucis abhinc annis, inter doctos viros dissensio fuit, utrum corallia, -corallinæ, et kerato-phyta veræ essent plantæ, quæ crescunt, et -vegetant, in quibus insecta marina nidificant; an vero horum ipsorum -essent opus et fabrica. Multi et sagacissimi historiæ naturalis -scrutatores ultimam complexi sunt sententiam; sed nemini contradicere -studens, simpliciter tantum et fideliter illa referam, quæ variis -temporibus in corallinis observavi, et quæ lectorem benevolum, ut -spero, convincent, corallinas non magis a polypis fabrefieri, quam -diversa fungorum genera ab illis fabricantur animalculis, quibus, -æstivo tempore, quasi repleta inveniuntur. - -Dura corallia, quæ recenter ex mari extracta, et in rotundum -animalculis obsita reperiebantur, primam ansam dedere suspicandi, hæc -ab illis esse fabrefacta. - -Cum omnia juniora conchylia tenerrimæ et viscosæ substantiæ -reperiantur, ex analogia conclusum fuit, parva et tenera animalcula, -quæ coralliis insident, æque hæc fabricare potuisse, ac illa durissimas -suas conchas et buccina. Sed in historia naturali non tuto ex analogia -licet concludere. - -Verun quidem est, quod recens natum conchylium tam tenerum est, -quam parvus ille corallio insidens polypus; sed tunc concha ejus -vel buccinum etiam erit tenerrimum, et quo magis in eo contentum -crescit animal, eo major, durior et firmior fit concha: et interior -conchæ superficies semper est lævissima et glaberrima, ne tenerrimum -animalculi corpus aliquo modo lædi posset, ut in ostreis, mytulis, -solenibus, et quibuscunque conchis et buccinis, hoc videre est. - -Sed an hoc in coralliis invenitur? Nunquam polypi in ipsa coralliorum -substantiâ habitant, sed semper intra hanc et circumdatam corticem. -Cavitates, quas in coralliis invenies, non glabræ aut læves sunt, sed -asperæ et acutæ. Parvus corallii ramulus nec tener est nec mollis, sed -æque durus habita magnitudinis proportione ac maximum: nec minores illi -insident polypi quam ramis majoribus. - -Cum vero hic, in Zelandia, necdum ulla dura corallia recenter ex mare -extracta explorare licuit, me tantum ad corallinas determinare debui, -ubique sere prope littora reperiundas, et quibus simillimi, qui -coralliis, insident polypi. - -Animadvertam tantum mihi videri, animalcula, quæ summas coralliorum -extremitates inhabitant, et Nobilissimo Marsiglio flores visa sunt, ad -genus etiam polyporum referri debere, et in his extremitatibus non nata -esse, sed irrepsisse, dum illas vacuas et domicilio aptas invenerint: -eodem certe modo, quo cancelli, quos _Bernard l’hermite_ vocant Galli, -vacua irreptant buccina. Et hi cancelli, ut observant piscatores, non -casu aut temerarie id faciunt, sed quasi ex consulto. Si sex vel septem -cancelli vivi prudenter ex suis buccinis extrahantur, et hæc inter se -permixta iis iterum exhibeantur, quisque cancellus in proprium suum, -nunquam in alterius buccinum irrepit, et hoc ablatum undique quæritat, -quod jucundum visu est. - -Necesse mihi fuit quasdam sed paucas corallinarum et polyporum figuras -addere: si vero quis plura desideret, elaboratum opus sagacissimi -Domini Ellis adeat, in quo quamplurimas et accuratissimas corallinarum -et polyporum delineationes inveniet[142]. - - -_De Plantis Marinis generatim._ - -Plantæ marinæ a terrestribus in plurimis differunt, nam hæ in raro aëre -excrescentes, nutrimentum suum radicum ope, in terra proserpentium, -hauriunt: du millæ plerumque nec radices nec folia habent, sed ex -trunco et ramis consistunt. Illa plantæ marinæ pars, qua substantiæ, -cui increscit, adhæret, radicis nomen non meretur, nisi quatenus -plantam uni semper loco tenet adfixam: sed quod primarium radicis munus -est, nutrimentum ei non adfert: ipsa planta per truncum et ramos ex -medio, cui semper immersa est, incrementum suum acquirit. Neque maris -sundus radicibus recipiendis aptus esset, nam plerumque inconstans et -volubile sabulum est, quod continuo fluctuum motu de loco in locum -dimovetur, ita ut uno temporis momento radices nudæ, altero sub arena -forent sepultae. - -Sed quamdiu vera vegetatio marinarum erit ignota, non bene explicari -poterit, quare corallia et kerato-phyta, licet ab imo ad summum -undique animalculorum cellulis obsessa, læte tamen crescant, ut hoc -in plurimis, non tamen in omnibus, observare est. Nam Nobilissimus -Marsigli kerato-phyta invenit, quæ nulla cortice, aut quæ uno loco -cortice erant obducta, altero non: et corticem hanc non nisi polyporum -cellulas fuisse clare ex ejus verbis patet[143]. - -At rogare mihi liceat, an vera vegetatio plantarum terrestrium, quæ -semper nobis ante oculos sunt, bene cognita et perspecta sit? an quidem -novimus, quæ vera sit radicum functio, et quomodo hanc exerceant? -Nonne plurimæ inveniuntur plantæ, quæ paucissimis instructæ radicibus -in altum crescunt, maxime ergo foliorum ope, quæ succos nutritios ex -vaporibus in aëre natantibus hauriunt, plantam alunt, et sic radicum -defectum supplent. Sed liceat mihi, accuratissimi Bonneti verba -adferre; “Plantæ, dicit hic sagacissimus naturæ scrutator, semper sunt -sugentes, et in statu suctionis, interdiu radicum ope nutriuntur, noctu -foliorum[144]. Sed optandum est[145], quod arte quadam exacte posset -determinari, et tunc inter se comparari hanc nutrimenti copiam, quam -plantæ radicum ope acquirunt, cum illâ, quæ folia adferunt. Examen hoc -forsan nos doceret, quod _Aër_ non minus quam _Terra_ ad plantarum -nutritionem et incrementum contribuat.” - -Si ergo medium tam rarum et tenue, ut aër (ut ex Celⁱ. Halæi et Boneti -experimentis certum est) tantum ad plantarum nutritionem adferat, -mirum non est, quod nunquam quiescens et quam maxime heterogenea -aqua maris plantas marinas, licet expansis radicibus destitutas, ad -tantam magnitudinem, altitudinem et duritiem faciat excrescere. Sed -nonne similiter crescunt plurima fungorum genera? Quas radices habent -quercubus aliisque lignis increscentes agarici? Quas phallus, elvela, -et plura, quæ in _Methodo suo fungorum_ describit _J. G. Gledisch_. - -Hæc de plantis marinis præmittere volui, ut evincam corallinas, licet -radicibus careant, crescere, vegetare, et plantas esse posse, ut aliæ -terrestres et fungi, quæ similiter aut minimas habent radices, aut -plane iis destituuntur. - -Cætera, quæ de vegetatione, floribus et seminibus plantarum marinarim -observavi, alio tempore indicabo. - - - _De Corallinis._ - -Corallinæ omnes habent proprietates, quas in genere de plantis marinis -indicavimus: Sed præterea, quod præcipuum est hujus dissertationis -propositum, omni fere corallinæ, si rami ejus ad justam magnitudinem et -firmitatem creverint, tam hyeme quam ætate, animalcula insident, quæ -a multitudine brachiorum, et similitudine, quam cum polypis, in aqua -fossarum dulci, reperiundis, habent, etiam polypi vocantur. - -Si quis corallinæ plantam, eique insidentes polypos, rite examinare -studet, non incipiat parvam tenuis ramuli partem in vitro concavo -jacentem microscopio inspicere; sed totam corallinæ plantam recenter ex -mare extractam in vitrum pellucidum, aqua marina repletum, prudenter -inserat: aut talem plantam orbi porcellano concavo in fundo coloris -profunde cærulei imponat, et addita sufficiente aquæ marinæ pellucidæ -quantitate, ejus ramos prudenter expandat; tunc post quadrantis horæ -quietem, illos lente amplificante intueatur, et sic distinctissime -in hac unica planta polypos diversi generis, et plerumque mira alia -videbit insecta; quæ microscopio dein ad libitum ulterius examinari -possunt. - -Corallinæ, quæ [146]capillares et filamentosos habent ramulos, aut quæ -[147]juniores et tenuiores adhuc sunt, ut - -Quae navibus post longum iter; - -Aut quæ doliis istis coniformibus, quæ ad littora vel fluminum -majorum exitum in mare ad nautarum securitatem ponuntur; Aut januis -emissariorum aquæ marinæ in his regionibus, accreverint, raro vel -nunquam habent polypos. - -Sed si eadem corallinæ species jam ad sufficientem magnitudinem et -firmitatem, et præsertim supra ostrea, saxa, silices, aliaque in fundo -maris quiete jacentia corpora, increverit, polypis scatet. Perspicaci -suo judicio decidat lector B. - -An hoc efficitur, quia polyporum semen, ova, vel nata progenies -gravitate sua fundum petat? - -Vel quia animalculis his perpetuus navium aut doliorum motus obstet, -ut hæc non satis tuta credant, et ideo in fundo maris semper immota -eligant corpora, quibus ovula sua confidant? - -Vel quia pix et colophonia, quibus naves, dolia, et emissariorum januæ -illuminuntur, corallinis, quæ illis increscunt, noxiam vel polypis -ingratam qualitatem communicent? Hoc saltem semper obvenit, me numquam -tot polypos invenisse in corallinis, quas a navibus, doliis aut -emissariorum januis abraseram, quam in illis, quæ ostreis, mytulis et -silicibus in fundo maris erant innatæ. - -Hoc _primum_ mihi _argumentum_ est, corallinas a polypis non formatas -esse; nam tunc plantæ juniores et minores æque suos haberent polypos, -ac maximæ. - -_Secundum argumentum_, quod polypi vel casu vel instinctu quodam sese -corallinis affigant, sed veram plantæ partem non constituant, est, -quod polypi non omnes majoris plantæ ramos æqualiter obsident; hic -ramus vel hujus rami tantum pars polypis obsessa erit quam plurimis, -altera nullis. Corallinam habeo, [148]cujus truncum plurimi inhabitant -polypi, dum nullos in ramulis poteram detegere, licet armato oculo. Et -sic algæ[149] vel quercui sic dictæ marinæ sæpius corallinæ increscunt, -in quibus nunquam polypos inveni. Hoc fieri non deberet, si corallinæ -polyporum essent opus. Omnes corallinæ semper suos deberent habere, et -ramis suis æqualiter et proportionaliter insidentes polypos; et nunquam -sine his essent reperiundæ, ut tamen sæpius sit. Cel. Jussieu[150] -quasi mirabundus dicit, se semel alcyonium et spongiam ramosam sine -polypis invenisse, licet recenter a rupe essent abstractæ. - -_Tertium argumentum_ erit, quod fere semper una eademque[151] corallinæ -planta diversi generis alat polypis: in una eademque[152] corallinæ -tubulariæ planta quinque diversas polyporum species inveni[153]. - -Liceat jam mihi rogare, quibusnam horum quinque hæc corallina ortum -suum debeat? Certe non primæ aut secundæ, ut videtur, magnitudinis, nam -hi summis tantum insident corallinæ extremitatibus, et microscopium -clare ostendit locum, ubi corpus polypi minus pellucidum et superficiei -rudioris glabræ huic corallinæ adhæret. Nec fabricavit corallinam -tertia species, quæ extrema corporis parte, quasi caudâ, corallinæ est -affixa: et minus adhuc quarta, nam clare videre est, horum cellulas -corallinæ circumdatas, ut examen apum arboris ramum circumcludit: et -si hæ polyporum cellulæ non nimis densæ sunt, ipsius corallinæ color -translucet. - -Si hæ quatuor polyporum species hanc corallinam non fabricaverint, non -fecit certe quinta. [154]Mirabilissima et minima hæc animalcula ad genus -polyporum certe pertinent, et omnibus fere corallinis, algis, aliisque -plantis marinis incredibili sæpe insident copia. Jucundissimum est -videre, quomodo se expandunt, et mox mira agilitate, capta prædâ, se -subito contrahunt, quod bis vel ter in minuto horæ repetunt. - -Æque jam, ut in una eademque corallinæ planta diversos invenis -polypos, sic in diversis corallinæ speciebus videbis similes et eosdem -polypos:[155] quod etiam illi obstat sententiæ corallinas polyporom -esse opus aut fabricam. Polypi dum operantur, ut cætera animalia, -instinctu innato operantur: ergo, una eademque polyporum species -semper easdem fubricaret corallinas: sic semper similes et uniformes -apes faciunt favos, vespæ nidos, araneæ tela. Hic vero contrarium -eveniret; iidem polypi uno tempore hanc, alio tempore illam fabricarent -corallinam: quod rationi contrarium est, et mihi _quartum argumentum_. -Sed hoc verum est, quod eadem polyporum species non diversas -corallinas, sed in diversis corallinis easdem et uniformes semper sibi -construant cellulas. - -_Quinto_, si corallinæ a polypis essent fabrefactæ, nunquam polypi -et eorum cellulæ etiam vivis animalibus, aliisque corporibus, essent -adfixæ. Polypos inveni in ostreorum[156] conchis, cancri[157] -arachnoideæ pedibus, animali[158], quod emissariorum januis et navibus -quietis sæpius adhæret et anus (_aars-gat_) vocatur, et aliis plurimis, -sine minimo corallinæ vestigio. Et animalia illa, quæ piscatores -nostri[159] _klap-konten_ vocant, et majorum polyporum species esse -videntur, nunquam teneris insident corallinis, sed semper hæc supra -ostreorum conchas et lapides inveni, et quamvis illorum progressum ipse -non viderim, tamen de loco in locum sese transmovisse, expertus sum. - -_Sexto_: Hæ corallinæ non solum polypis, sed cochleis, buccinis[160] -aliisque plurimis insectis marinis conveniunt, ut illis ova vel -progeniem confidant. Hoc præcipue mensibus Februario et Martio videre -est: accepi tunc diversas corallinas diversis cochleis et buccinis -plenas, et sæpe inter hæc quosdam cancellos ova sua jamjam excludentes. -Mater cochlea ovula sua supra vel juxta corallinas deposuit; pulli -exclusi contra has ascenderunt, ne illis innixi fluctuum motu -eluerentur, vel ut adversus hostes suos tuto se absconderent. - -Quantum omnibus animalibus divina prospexerit prudentia, animus -nunquam satis assequi quacunque industria potest. _Deus_, ut jam -animadvertit Rex[161] Psalmista, _plantavit arbores cedros Libani, ubi -aviculæ nidificent, et abietes domicilia ciconiæ: Montes excelsissimos -rupicaprarum, petras murium montanorum perfugium_. Sic corallinæ -domicilia et perfugium sunt polypis aliisque minoribus insectis -marinis. Et præsertim hoc censeo, quia tempore hyemali, mensibus -Decembri et Januario, corallinarum ramos plurimis vesiculis, operculo -vel valvula tectis, obsessos inveni: quare has vesiculas habeo pro ovis -ab aliis insectis his corallinis impositis. - -Omnes, qui nunquam satis laudanda incomparabilis +REAUMURII+ scripta -legerunt, sciunt, quam miris et differentibus modis insecta quædam -sua ova opponunt, vel in [162]gyrum, vel in [163]lineam spiralem, vel -[164]singula ova a filis libere in aere pendentia, vel, ut hic fere -casus est, per[165]paria lignosæ substantiæ ramorum imposita. Quam -mira quam varia est etiam ipsorum [166]ovorum figura! Culicum[167] -autem ova, quoad externam figuram, quam maxime his corallinæ vesiculis -similia sunt. - -Omnia vero insectorum ova inter se et cum his vesiculis in eo -conveniunt, quod[168] operculum vel valvulum habent eo in loco, ubi -eruca vel vermis exitum invenire debet; permittente quidem hac valvulâ -exitum extrorsum, omnem vero introitum aëris vel aquæ prorsus negante. -Sed præter hanc cum aliorum insectorum ovis convenientiam, ipsæ -vesiculæ mihi vera ova videntur, quia recenter ex mare extractæ erant -perspicuæ, in spiritu frumenti vero statim fiebant opacæ, albæ, cum -puncto flavo[169]. Secundo, quia hyeme plures vesiculæ in corallinis -reperiuntur, perpaucæ vero æstate; nam tum illorum pulli exclusi sunt, -et corallinæ cochleis parvis, forsan ex his ovis progenitis, magis sunt -obsessæ. - -Nam hæ vesiculæ mihi ipsorum polyporum ova esse non videntur, licet -sæpius [170]polypos in illis invenire contigit: et ideo crederem hos -polypos in vesiculis repertos, quoniam licet adulti tamen vesiculis -multo minores sint, post veri pulli exclusionem in vacua illa ova -irrepsisse; cum jam antea observavimus cancellos in vacua irrepere -buccina, et ipsos polypos vacuis corallinæ tubulariæ summitatibus sese -adfigere. Sed quam maxime has vesiculas non polyporum, sed aliorum -animalculorum ova esse censeo, quia perspicacissimus _Reaumurius_ -initio hyemis in oris Galliæ provinciæ _Pictaviensis_ (_Poitou_) ova -cochlearum marinarum invenerit, quæ quamvis his vesiculis paulum -majora, erant tamen simillima[171]. Licet corallinæ speciosam habeant -verisimilitudinem, ut quasi animalium opus appareant, aliæ tamen sunt -plantæ marinæ, præsertim _alcyonium digitatem molle_, quas adhuc magis -a polypis fabrefactas diceres; sed si accuratione indagine observantur, -pro veris plantis erunt agnoscendæ, ut in posterum, quando profusius -agam de plantis marinis, demonstrare spero. Alia vero alcyonia, ut -_vesicaria marina Bauhini_, &c. vera animalium opera, namque eorum -sunt ovaria. Plantæ marinæ unicæ non sunt, quæ pro insectorum opere -sunt habitæ. Liceat mihi locum adferre ex notis, quas Nobilissimus -_Lyonnet Theologiæ insectorum Doctiss. el Rev. Lessers_ subjunxit: -“Credendum non est, ut quidam faciunt, si stagnantes aquas viridi et -fibrosâ membrana tectas videas, hanc insectorum texturam esse. Est algæ -species, quæ in his stagnis crescit, et insectis est pro alimento.”[172] - - -_De Polypis Corallinis insidentibus._ - -Completam historiæ et oeconomiæ polyporum in corallinis repertorum -descriptionem dare nondum suscipio, sed paucis enarrabo, quæ de illis -observare mihi licuit. - -Auctores, qui aquæ dulcis polypos examinarunt, quatuor eorum species -enumerant: sed in aqua marina major differentium specierum numerus est; -plus quam viginti diversos vidi polypos, quos ut plurimum in laudatis -figuris etiam delineavit accuratissimus _Ellis_, et profecto adhuc -plures sunt. Sed hic monendum, quod cum aquæ dulcis polypi nudo oculo -facile queant conspici, plerique marini non nisi lente aut microscopio -possint examinari: et aqua marina, in qua polypi vivunt, bis, vel ad -minimum semel, nucthemeri spatio, debet renovari, aut polypi moriantur. - -Ad exemplum Dⁱ. _Schaffer_ in duas species primo polypos distinguam; -in polypos, qui cellulas sibi construant, et in polypos, qui corporis -extremitate corallinis aliisque corporibus extus sese affigant, vel -in cavitates naturales alcyoniorum, coralliorum, &c. (de quibus in -posterum) irrepant, ut cancelli in vacua buccina. Polypi, qui in -cellulis habitant, cæteris plerumque sunt minores: horum cellulæ -corallinæ[173] truncum vel ramos circumdant, a quibus prudenti manu -sine corallinæ læsione satis facile possunt abradi: et si hæ cellulæ -non nimia sint copia, et corallina contra solis splendorem inspiciatur, -præsertim si color vivide ruber, aureus aut subniger est, facile per -ipsas cellulas translucet. - -Polyporum, qui sine cellulis in corporum quorundam cavitatibus -habitant, aut extrinsecus illis affixi sunt, plurimæ sunt species. -Apertis[174] corallinæ tubulariæ ramis (nam in tali planta semper -adsunt rami vel tubi naturaliter[175] clausi, id est, integri, in -quibus nunquam polypus insidet) majorum polyporum species sæpius supra -sedet; quos a colore rubente polypos vocabo _coccineos_, et præ cæteris -observavi. In detritis et apertis, ut modo dixi, corallinæ tubulariæ -ramulis, inserta sua cauda vel corporis parte posteriore, polypus -habitat, et ex hoc ramo facile et sæpe levi quassatione delabitur, -præsertim si ille jam per aliquot dies servatus debilis, æger, aut -mortuus sit[176]. - -Si vegetum talem polypum, corallinæ insidentem, vehementius -amplificante microscopio intueris, facile differentiam vides inter -scabram et quasi granulatam polypi cutem, et lævissimam corallinæ -corticem. - -Hic polypus coccineus duplici brachiorum genere est munitus, quod -in aliis minoribus non vidi; et hæc coloris sunt subalbidi. -[177]Inferiora et longiora octodecim vel viginti sunt, nam numerus -sæpe variat, et expansa patinam formant, in cujus medio[178] ipsum -polypi corpus coccineum est. Hoc corpus in duas partes dividi potest. -Inferiori placentam referenti perpendiculariter alia pyriformis est -infixa, quæ duodecim[179] vel quatuordecim habet brachia, prioribus -tenuiora et breviora. - -Hanc partem pyriformem polypus valde [180]extendere potest, præsertim si -prædam captans expansa claudit[181] brachia; et rursus ita contrahere, -ut quasi [182]globulus inferiori et depressæ parti adhæreat. In extremo -hujus partis [183]os polypi esse videtur: sed ob partium exilitatem -non omnia satis distincta possunt videri, ut in majoribus aquæ dulcis -polypis; sed ex similitudine partium hæc tuto licet concludere. - -Si longiora brachia fortiori microscopio attente contemplaris, cutem -eorum valde asperam vides, ut est piscium (quos _Haijen_ vocant) vel -ut superficies corii granulati (_chagrein-leer_) forsitan ut minora -animalcula, quæ polyporum esca sunt, eo melius, ne elabantur, retinere -possint. Sed inter hujus speciei polypos vidi umum cæteris[184] -majorem, ex cujus corpore, illo loco ubi pars superior inferiori et -depressæ inhæret, sex vel octo enascebantur[185] ramuli, in quorum -extremitatibus erant duo vel tres parvi globuli, punctum coccineum in -medio habentes. Huic polypo bis in die novam dedi aquam, quam maxime de -ejus vita sollicitus, ea spe, ut hi globuli in juniores excrescerent -polypos, sed quamvis per mensem sic vivum servaverim, nihil mutatum -vidi, nisi quod globuli paululum evaserint majores. - -Quæ deinceps de polyporum generatione observavi, non ita mihi -satisfaciunt, ut illa pro certis et comprobatis habeam: si vero hac -æstate meliora adiscam, Regiæ Societati indicabo. - - -_De aliis Insectis Marinis._ - -Si noctu aqua maris, quæ littora nostra alluit, lapide injecto vel -baculo movetur, innumeras videre est scintillas igneas, quæ nihil aliud -sunt, quam minima animalcula lucentia, non nisi fortiore microscopio -visibilia. - -Ut hæc animalcula idoneâ colligas copiâ, sufficientem aquæ quantitatem, -in qua has scintillas observasti, per chartam emporeticam filtrare -facias, donec semiuncia aut minus aquæ supra chartam restat: hujus -guttula, vitro concavo, penicilli vel pennæ ope, imposita, fortiore -microscopio examinetur, et celerimo motu illa natare videbis. Tres -diversas horum observavi species, quas ad vivum delineatas exhibet -tabulæ X. fig. I. - -Sed mare plura alit insecta, quibus hæc lucendi facultas inest, et -quorum in corallinis repertorum quædam delineata sunt tab X. fig. 1, -2, 4, 5. sed quoniam plures [186]auctores de his scripserunt, non -commemorabo. - -Si corallinæ recenter ex mare extractæ major planta, orbi porcellano -concavo, et cujus fundus est profundi coloris cærulei, cum sufficiente -quantitate aquæ marinæ pellucidissimæ et filtratæ, at ante jam monui, -imponatur, et ejus ramuli prudenter penna expandentur, et lente oculari -inspiciantur, silvam saepius videre est, in qua plurima pascuntor -animalia, præter diversi generis polypes ramis infixos et brachia -extendentes: alia plura sunt, præsertim in infima parte, si corallinæ -supra ostrea creverint, quæ huc et illuc cursitant, et forsitan sæpius -hianti ostreo alimento inserviunt. Sic vigesimo tertio Octobris 1756 -ostreum accepi, cui magna [187]corallinæ planta erat innata, in qua, -præter tres diversas polyporum species, sex differentia reperiebam -insecta. [188]Primum vermis erat, cujus caput sex majoribus et duobus -minoribus cornubus erat instructum. [189]Alteram valde parvum -araneam longipedem (Gallis _le Faucheur_) referebat, admodum lente -se movens. Tertium vermis erat, similis figuræ 3, sed in designando -deperdebatur. [190]Quartum, quintum et sextum non nisi fortiore -microscopio distincte erant visibilia. Horum quod littera c nocatur, -mirandæ erat structuræ. - -Diversa sic ostrea et corallinas explorans, plura talia admiranda -insecta vidi, quorum delineationem sistunt tabulae X. figuræ 2, 3, 4, -5, 7. Decimo sexto ejusdem mensis Octobris, plures mihi sed valde parvæ -apportabantur corallinæ, quæ a dolio coniformi erant abrasæ: in his -licet sæpe et attente exploratis nullos detegere poteram polypos, sed -duo alia mirabilissima insecta. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB VII. _p. 275_. - - _I. Rhosiud ad vivum pinxit._ _J. Mynde sc._] - -Horum, quæ secunda figura tabulæ decimæ littera A exhibet, erant -millia, celerrimo motu vel repentia vel natantia: sex suis pedibus -postremis ramulum arripiebant, ut erucarum, quas geometras appellant, -mos est, et mirum in modum prone et supine se flectentes, de ramo -in ramum saliebant quasi agilissimi. Inter hæc erant pauca cæteris -majora, quæ [191]naturali et [192]aucta magnitudine delineare curavi. -[193]Alterum animal non minos mirum erat; sed horum omnium cognitio -multo melius delineationis inspectu, quam ex valde prolixa descriptione -peti potest. - -Sed si omnia insecta marina, quæ in diversis corallinis reperi, -delineare vellem, infinitum opus susciperem; nam eorum numerus et -diversitas captum nostrum superant. - -Hæc ergo, ut spero, sufficient ad demonstrandum corallinas non -polyporum opus aut fabricam esse, sed his et plurimis aliis insectis -marinis domicilio et perfugio aut alimento inservire. - - Dabam Zirizœæ in Zelandia, - 17 Martii 1757. - - -TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. - -TABULA SEPTIMA. - -_Fig._ I. Exhibet corallinæ plantam, quæ corallina muscosa, sive muscus -marinus tenui capillo spermophorus vocatur. - -_Fig._ II. Corallina ramulis dichotomis teneris capillaribus -rubentibus. _Fig._ III. Junior planta corallinæ tubulariæ laryngi -similis. - -_Fig._ IV. Duæ species _a_, _b_, fig. I. et. II. et _c_ eschara -papyracea utrinque cellulifera, uni basi adnatæ, quod sæpius in doliis -marinis coniformibius contigit. - -_Fig._ V. Corallinæ rubræ ramulus, quem per aliquot hebdomadas in aqua -marina sæpius renovata servavi, quo tempore parvi ramuli _a_, _a_, -multum creverunt, et alii _b_, _b_, pullulaverunt. - -_Fig._ VI. Pars conchæ ostrei, in qua, præter filamenta quædam viridia, -duo polypi _a_ _a_ conspiciendi. - -_Fig._ VII. Cancer arachnoideus, cui duæ polyporum species insidebant. -Singulus in _a_, et multi cellulas habitantes in _b_. - -_Fig._ VIII. Animal, quod _aarsgat_ vocatur, et januis emissasiorum -veterioribus et navibus accrescit: huic parva corallinæ planta erat -innata, in qua nullos detegere poteram polypos; plurimos vero _b._ _b._ -ipsi animali insidentes. - - _N.B._ Caudas horum et præcedentis figuræ polyporum nimis longas - delineavit pictor, ut eo melius in conspectum venirent. - - -TABULA OCTAVA. - -_Fig._ I. Ramus corallinæ rubentis magnitudine naturali. - -_Fig._ II. Idem microscopio visus, et tres polyporum species in eo -conspiciendæ. - - _a. b._ Duæ diversæ species caudâ vel corporis parte posteriore - corallinæ affixæ. - - _c._ Tertia species in cellulis habitans. _d._ Polypus mortuus. - - _e._ Polyporum cellulæ. - -_Fig._ III. Planta corallinæ tubulariæ laryngi similis magnitudine -naturali. - -_Fig._ IV. Hujus plantæ ramus maximus, microscopio visus, in quo -quinque diversos polypos inveni. - - _a._ Prima et maxima species polypi, quem coccineum voco, et tab. IX. - fig. II. fortiore adhuc microscopio visum exhibet. - - _b._ Eadem sed minor species. - - _c._ Tertia, quæ eadem ut hujus tabulæ fig. II. litt. _b_. - - _d._ Quarta, quæ eadem ut hujus tabulæ fig. II. litt. _c_. - - _e._ Quinta et minima polyporum species, maxime aucta magnitudine - adhuc delineata fig. 1. tab. IX. - - _f._ Cellulæ, quas quarta species habitat. - -_Fig._ V. Corallina erecta pennata denticulis alternis caule appressis: -in hac nulli erant polypi nisi in cellulis circumcirca truncam affixis -_a a_. - - _b._ Cochleæ magnitudine auctæ in B. - - _c._ Eschara millepora minima crustacea cellulis tubiformibus, - animalculis domicilio inserviens, et magnitudinæ auctæ in C. - -_Fig._ VI. Corallina abietis forma, quam mense Decembri accepi: ejus -rami vesiculis vel ovulis _a_, _a_, per paria ordine quadam positis, -erant obsessi. - - A. Talis vesicula vel ovum microscopio visum. - - _b._ Cochleæ, & _c._ Eschara minima, ut in præcedente figura - magnitudine aucta in B et C. - - _d._ _d._ Dua corpuscula fusca, quæ microscopio visa nidum vermium - referunt in D. - -_Fig._ VII. Corallina pennata et siliquata, ab ostreo abstracta: in hac -præter tres polyporum species - - _a_ A, _b_ B. (quæ cædem ac in fig. II.) _c_ C, sex alia insecta - reperire contigit, quæ delineata sunt in tab. X. fig. 1, 6, 8. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. VIII. _p. 276_. - - _I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit._ _J. Mynde sc._] - - -TABULA NONA. - -_Fig._ I. Minimorum polyporum marinorum genus, cum polypis ramosis -(_polypes à bouquet_) aquæ dulcis conveniens. - - A. talis polypus conservæ marinæ viridi insidens vix oculo nudo - conspicuus. - - B. idem lente oculari, et in C fortiore visus microscopio. - -_Fig._ II. Polypus coccineus, quem tabulæ secundæ - -_Fig._ III. & IV. naturali et aucta magnitudine exhibent, hic -fortissimo microscopio visus. - - A. hic polypus expansis brachiis, prædam expectans. - - B. idem brachia contrahendo, prædam arripiens. - - _a._ Brachia majora inferiora numero 16, 18, vel 20. - - _b._ Brachia superiora breviora numero 12, 14, vel 16. - - _c._ Corporis pars superior pyriformis, inferiori infixa. - - _d._ Corporis pars inferior compressa. - - _e._ Locus, ubi polypus corallinæ inhæret. - - C. idem polypus a parte anteriore visus, cum corporis partem - superiorem pyriformem in globulum contraxerat, quod in majoribus - polypis (vide infra fig. IV, V, VI.) magis visibile. - -_Fig._ III. Similis polypus coccineus, cæteris major, ex cujus corpore -(ubi partes _c_ et _d_ conjunguntur) octo ramuli enascebantur, qui -in summitatibus duos vel tres gerebant globulos, punctum rubrum in -medio habentes, et quos in polypos juniores excreturos fore speraveram -frustra. - - _a._ Hujus polypi brachia longiora inferiora. - - _b._ Brachia breviora superiora. - - _c._ In medio corporis pyriformis os polypi esse videtur. - -_Fig._ IV. Majus, ut videtur, genus polyporum, quos _klapkonten_ -vocant, ostreorum conchis insidentium, quorum hic, rudius attractum, -brachia penitus in corpus suum abscondit. - -_Fig._ V. Idem polypus corpore extenso brachia expandens. - -_Fig._ VI. Idem capta præda se contrahens. - - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. IX. _p. 278_. - -_I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit._ _J. Mynde sc._] - - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. X. _p. 279_. - -_I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit._ _J. Mynde sc._] - - -TABULA DECIMA. - -_Fig._ I. Tres species animalculorum lucentium in guttula aquæ marinæ -fortiore microscopio visorum. - -_Fig._ II. Mirum animalculum in corallinis a doliis marinis -coniformibus abrasis repertum. - - A. tales minores erant centeni. - - B. decem vel duodecim erant hac magnitudine naturali. - - C. idem animal microscopio visum. - - _a._ Antennæ. - - _b._ Primum par pedum vel brachiorum. - - _c._ Secundum par. - - _d._ Tertium et maximum par. - - _e_, _e_, _e_, _e_. Quatuor corpuscula oviformia, quæ animal ut - movebat natando. - - _f_, _f_, _f_, _f_, _f_, _f_. Sex pedes posteriores, quibus simul - corallinæ ramum arripiens, quaquaversum se flectore poterat. - - _g._ Cauda in cujus extrema parte anus. - - _h._ Oculi. - -_Fig._ III. Aliud animal in iisdem corallinis repertum. - - A. illud animal pronum. - - B. supinum. - - C. fortiore microscopio visum. - -_Fig._ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. exhibent quasdam noctilucas, et alia -animalcula in diversis corallinis reperta, ea magnitudine, qua tertia -et quarta lens microscopii à Dº. Cuff in Anglia fabrefacti illa -ostendit. - -Animalculum _c_, fig. 8. mirabilissimæ erant structuræ, et plurima -habebat membra. - - - - -XXXIII. _Remarks on Dr._ Job Baster’s Observationes de Corallinis, &c. -_printed above, p. 258. In a Letter to the Right Honourable_ George -_Earl of_ Macclesfield, _President of the R. S. from Mr._ John Ellis, -_F.R.S._ - - -[Read June 9, 1757.] - -My Lord, - -I HAVE read Dr. Job Baster’s letter to the Royal Society; wherein -he endeavours to prove, that corallines are not of an animal, but a -vegetable nature; and has brought many arguments to support his system; -which, to gentlemen not well acquainted with the subject, may appear -plausible. - -I could have wished the Doctor had read and examined thoroughly what -has been lately written on the subject: I then should not have had -occasion to trouble your Lordship with the following remarks, which I -find necessary to support what I have already advanced on that head. - -His first argument is, That because he does not find as many polypes in -the corallines adhering to ships, flood-gates, and buoys, as in deep -water on oysters, muscles, and rocks, therefore he concludes, that -corallines are not formed by polypes. - -In answer to this, let us examine the pliable structure of these -bodies, and how wisely nature has defended such tender substances with -a tough thin membranaceous covering, and we shall find, that the sea is -calm enough often near the surface to give them time to grow, even in -the strongest currents: but, without doubt, they are more liable to be -destroyed in such agitated situations, than in the calm depths of the -sea. - -His second argument is, That finding polypes are not equally dispersed -over the whole plant, how can they form it? and gives us an example, -_Tab._ VIII. _fig._ 5. of a coralline, that is incrusted with many -other corallines or polypes on the stem, but has none on the branches. - -Here we plainly see the mistake: the Doctor looks for the tender part -of the polype on the surface of the coralline, considering it as a -plant; and indeed, if this was the case, he ought so to do; but he -never once takes notice of the internal hollow structure of the stem, -branches, and denticles of those bodies, to inform us whether he found -an animal in those parts or no. This material point he seems not to -have thought on; which is really the true point in controversy at -present among gentlemen, who have not examined these bodies recent in -sea-water. - -His third argument is, That almost always one and the same coralline -plant cherishes polypes of different kinds; and refers us to Tab. VIII. -fig. 2. and 4. - -In fig. 2. he gives us an elegant painting of a geniculated red -conserva for a coralline, surrounded, as is very common, by many -species of small corallines and escharas. And in fig. 4. he gives us a -drawing of one of the tubular corallines, with the head of the animal -at the top of it; the stem of this is incrusted with four different -corallines and escharas, like the conserva fig 2.; and then he asks, -which of these five polypes made the tubular coralline? - -To give him some proof of the animal nature of this coralline, let him -consult Ray’s Synopsis, ed. 3. p. 34. n. 4. and there he will find one -of his species, called _adianti aurei minimi facie planta marina_, -taken notice of so long ago as the year 1713. by Dr. Lloyd, as a -zoophyte, from its stem or tube’s being full of a thick reddish liquor, -rather resembling blood than the juice of a plant; which, upon pressing -the stem, communicated with the little head at top. - -His fourth argument is, That as upon one and the same coralline plant -you shall find different kind of polypes; so, in different species of -coralline, the same polypes; and, to confirm this, he quotes my Essay -on Corallines; where I have remarked, that the polypes in the denticles -of the setaceous or bristly coralline, Nº. 16. appear to be like those, -that are on the lobster’s horn coralline, Nº. 19. And to illustrate -this, he observes, that bees and wasps always build their cells -invariably the same; and that therefore these two corallines should be -the same. - -But herein he takes this matter wrong: he has considered, in all his -observations, the heads of those parts of the polype, in which are -the mouths, arms, or tentacula, which appear coming out of the cups, -denticles, and at the ends of the tubes of the corallines, as so many -whole and intire animals, without every observing, that the body -of the animal is contained in the tubular part of the root, stem, -and branches; and that these differ from one another widely both in -size and shape, as he may plainly see in the two corallines he has -instanced: for the more exact drawings of which, I shall refer him, -_viz._ for the setaceous or bristly coralline, to my Plate, Nº. 38. the -natural size of which is at fig. 4. and the magnified one at fig. D: -this he will observe to have a small stem, and its branches disposed in -a pinnated form: and for the lobster’s-horn coralline, I shall refer -him to Tab. xxii. of Vol. xlviii. of the Philosophical Transactions; -where, at Nº. 3. the natural size is expressed, and at C the upper part -of this coralline is drawn in proportion to the bristly coralline from -the same magnifying glass; which shews the stem to be much larger, and -surrounded by its branches growing in whorles at equal distances, not -unlike the equisetum, or horse-tail plant; and yet the heads of this -animal nearly resemble the other, only a little larger. Further, his -comparison to bees and wasps, and their cells, is not conclusive: for -these ramified, hollow, and denticulated bodies, called corallines, -which we so frequently find dead on our shores, are properly skins of -certain marine polypes, and not nests, as those constructed by these -little winged animals are. And yet we find as great a regularity in -the same species of these corallines, as when we compare two oak trees -to one another, or two of Mr. Trembley’s branched fresh-water polypes -to one another. - -He then proceeds to his fifth argument, That if corallines were formed -by polypes, neither the polypes, nor even their cells, would ever fix -on living animals, or any other bodies. - -Here we may observe, that the consequence he draws doth not follow; for -corallines may be formed or produced by certain species of polypes, and -yet polypes of another species may be found adhering to other bodies, -and even to animal bodies. - -By his sixth argument he endeavours to prove, That the vesicles, which -are found in regular rows on the sea-fir coralline in winter, Tab. -VIII. fig. 6. do not belong to it; and are no more than the eggs of -some sea insect deposited on it, of which there may be a great variety. - -But to convince him of his mistake, let him take off one of the -vesicles, and apply a large magnifier to the place, and he will -discover a hole, by which this vesicle or ovary has had a communication -thro’ the skin with the parent polype. For a further illustration of -the manner in which these vesiculated polypes breed, let him consult -the 38th Plate of my Essay, where he will find several accurate figures -(drawn by Mr. Ehret from the life) of these vesicles, with the spawn -of the polypes coming out of them; some of which spawn we evidently -discovered to be young polypes with their arms formed; and, as they -fell from the vesicle, extending themselves in the watch-glass of -sea-water. - -In examining the drawings for his plates, I have observed, that Tab. -VII. fig. 2. is evidently a red conserva, which he calls a coralline. -We have no corallines, but many conservas, of this form and bright red -colour on our coasts; and these shores, I believe, are allowed to have -similar marine productions with those of Holland. - -Tab. VII. fig. 5. he calls a branch of red coralline, which he says he -kept several weeks in sea-water, and that often changed; during which -time it sprouted and grew very much. This experiment, I am persuaded, -is very true; because it is plainly a vegetable, as appears from his -own exact drawing of it; and seems to be the _fucus teres rubens minus -in longnum protensus_ of Ray’s Synopsis, ed. 3. p. 91. N. 53. This is -one of his principal arguments to prove the vegetation of corallines. - -Tab. VIII. fig. 1. he calls a branch of red coralline; and at fig. 2. -he has it magnified, where it appears to be a geniculated red conserva, -drawn and painted with great exactness. - - -These arguments, my Lord, and these figures of real vegetables, which -the Doctor has given us for corallines, shew, how much he is willing to -support the old opinion of the botanists: but I am satisfied he will -soon alter his opinion, when he observes the remarkable difference of -the texture of vegetable and coralline bodies, when viewed in sea-water -thro’ a good aquatic microscope. And to convince him more fully, that -corallines are an animal substance, let him burn them, and he will -perceive the same pungent volatile alkaline smell, which he finds in -burning horn, hair, or oysters; whereas burnt fucus’s and conservas -yield a smell not much unlike that of common land vegetables. Even the -stony corallines, when their cretaceous covering has been dissolved in -vinegar, the membranous part, that remains of them, put into the fire, -yields the same animal smell with other corallines. - -Further, since I find the Doctor has promised the Royal Society to -continue his researches at the seaside, the following hints may be of -use to him. And, first, he will find, that those he seems to think -naked polypes, which he found adhering to corallines and other bodies, -are really small corallines and escharas, with their proper skins -and cells; all which I have particularly described already. I would -then recommend him to examine such corallines as are taken out of the -deepest water, which are found adhering to shells and fucus’s. He will -find Mr. Cuff’s aquatic microscope, or one of that form, the most -commodious for observing these animals alive. - -The most transparent ones he will find the best to discover their -gelatinous inside, which runs thro’ the stem and ramifications, and -ends in the heads, where the claws are. Some of the best kinds to -observe are as follows: The sea-oak coralline, the lily-flowering -coralline, the great tooth coralline, the sea-thread coralline, and -the branched tubular coralline. Pieces of these should be cut off -while they are in the sea water, and placed in watch-glasses full -of the same: in these they should remain a while, till they recover -themselves; and when they are placed on the stage of the microscope, -the motion of the internal part communicating with the heads will be -easily discovered. - -If the Doctor will immerse some of these corallines, when they are -extended, in two thirds of spirit of wine and one third of clear -sea-water, it will preserve them many years, as I have experienced. He -may then put the different sorts into distinct phials, and view them at -pleasure with a lens of about one inch and half focus. - -In fine, my Lord, opportunities so seldom offer at the sea-side to make -these experiments with accuracy; and likewise to this, the strong lines -of vegetation that these bodies carry in their appearance, and your -Lordship will not be surprised, that there are so many gentlemen, even -of the Royal Society, that totally disbelieve them to be animals. - -Many there are in the Society, that are wavering between both opinions. -If then, my Lord, you think, that any specimens which I have, or any -demonstrations tending to clear up this point, that lie in my power, -will be acceptable to your Lordship and the Society, your Lordship may -freely command them, whenever you think proper, from - - Your +LORDSHIP’S+ - Much obliged and most obedient Servant, - John Ellis. - -London, June 9. 1757. - - - - -XXXIV. _An Account of an extraordinary Operation performed in the -Dock-Yard at_ Portsmouth: _Drawn up by Mr._ John Robertson, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read May 26, 1757.] - -THE Royal William, a first rate man of war, built about 40 years ago, -having, upon examination, been judged in so good a state, as to be -worthy of repairing for sea service, was ordered into dock, and brought -thither on the 29th of June 1756. On these occasions it is usual to lay -across the middle line of the bottom of the dock, at distances of about -five feet from one another, thick pieces of oak timber of about four -feet long; their upper surfaces lying in the same plane, or so posited, -that a line stretched from the two extreme blocks will touch all the -intermediate ones; and on the middle of these blocks the keel of the -ship is to rest. On the said day the tide did not rise so high as was -expected; and there was not quite depth enough of water to float the -ship in, and set her on the blocks, notwithstanding the assistance of -an empty lighter, which, being fixed to the stern, lifted the ship at -the end six inches: and as the officers knew they should not have so -much water again before the next spring-tides, they were determined to -heave her in; which is a very common operation in most dock-yards. Now -it so happened, thro’ the great weight of the head and stern, that the -ship cambered very much; that is, her keel, from being straight, was -become much curved, the two extremities hanging lower than the middle -part by many inches; and consequently the foremost part of the keel, -instead of sliding over the blocks, forced all the foremost ones away, -for above 60 feet; whereby that part of the keel rested on the bottom -or floor of the dock, and the aftermost part rested on such of the -blocks, as had escaped the violence, which had displaced the others. -In this situation the keel was very far from being strait; and so it -was resolved to lift by main force the head of the ship, until the keel -should be strait; and in that position to support it by the blocks, -which had been forced away from their places. - -For this purpose there were set up, under the wales and other parts of -the ship, to the length of near 80 feet of the stem, as many shoars, -as were judged necessary; and also nine pair of bed-screws, three pair -under each bow, and three pair under the knee of the head. At each -shoar a workman was appointed, to drive wedges between the heels of -the shoars and the parts of the dock whereon they rested; whereby the -shoars were raised end-wise, and consequently the body of the ship -lifted at the same time. While this was doing, the 18 screws were also -at work: and between these efforts the fore part of the ship was raised -upwards of 19 inches, so much being necessary to bring the fore part of -the keel in a right line with the hinder part. - -In this service were employed about 270 men; whereof about 144 worked -at the screws, and the others worked at the shoars with their mawls and -wedges; and the whole operation was performed in about seven hours. - -My curiosity leading me to inquire what was the weight of the ship, -in the condition she was at the time of bringing her into the dock; -for this purpose I procured draughts of the elevation and section, and -of the plans at the line of floating, and at the parallel sections -of every foot distance down to the keel. Then, by finding the mean -area between every two sections, I was thereby enabled to come at the -magnitude of a solid, that would nearly fill the trough the ship made -in the water; and, by increasing this magnitude by that of the keel, -and so much of the stern-post and stem, as were under water, the cubic -feet of the fluid displaced by the ship were obtained, being 54869; -and consequently her weight was 3532091 pounds, or 1576 tons, 16 _C_. -2 qrs. 3 ℔. These numbers were not altogether so easily come at, as -they would have been, had the ship swam on an even keel, her draught -of water before being 13 feet 2 inches, and abast 16 feet 6 inches. -However, the computation may be esteemed as correct as the nature of -the subject would admit; because I found pretty near the same solidity -by another method. - -I got a block or model made, by a scale of a quarter of an inch to a -foot, of so much of the Royal William’s body, as was immerged, when -she was brought into dock; and this block I immersed in a trough of -sea-water, and found its weight in the following manner. - -The length of the trough was 46 inches, breadth 14 inches, and -depth 8 inches: at each corner was a graduated scale of inches, and -pencil-lines drawn round the inside of the trough at every inch. -Sea-water was poured into the trough to the height of 5 inches; and -the trough was exactly levelled, by means of the pencil-line, at 5 -inches: then the block being forced under the water’s surface, the -fluid, when still, was risen to 6⅓ inches; consequently the magnitude -of the block was equal to a parallelopipedon of 46 inches long, 14 -inches broad, and 1⅓ inches deep, or to 858⅔ cubic inches. - -Now 858⅔ cubic inches are equal to 0.4969 cubic feet. - -And a cubic foot of sea-water weighs 64.373² pounds avoirdupoize. - -Then 64.373² × 0.4969 = 31.987 pounds. - -So that by a quarter inch scale, a model similar to the Royal William -weighs near 32 ℔. - -But a quarter inch scale is ⅟48 of a foot scale. - -And the model is to the ship as 1³ is to 48³, or as 1 is to 110592. - -Then 3537506 ℔. (= 110592 × 31.987), or 1579 tons, 4 _C._ 3 qrs. 14 ℔. -is the weight sought. - -The difference by the two methods amounts to 5415 ℔. or to 2 tons, 8 -_C._ 1 qr. 11 ℔. - -Some of the persons present at this experiment read the height of the -water at 6⅜ inches: the difference between 6⅜ and 6⅓ inches is ⅟24 of -an inch; a difference easily to be made by different persons in an -experiment of this kind. But observing, that the computation made on -6⅜ inches amounted to near 50 tons more than on 6⅓ inches, I caused -the trough to be diminished in its depth to 6½ inches, had one of the -ends cut off, and a board fixed on the open side, being desirous of -making the experiment with the trough standing on one end: and indeed, -in this situation, an error of ⅒ of an inch in the height of the water -makes a difference of about 16½ tons in the weight of the ship. Into -this upright trough water was poured to the height of 36 inches; and -the block being immerged, the water was raised 9⅓ inches: so that the -block was equal in magnitude to a parallelopipedon of 14 inches long, -6½ inches wide, and 9⅓ inches deep, or to 849⅓ cubic inches: from -whence I find the weight of the ship to be 1562 tons, 1 _C._ 2 qrs. 16 -℔. And altho’ I take this number to be nearest the truth, yet it may be -observed, that it is no easy matter to come at accuracy in this subject -by any of the methods in common use. - -My next inquiry was, to find how much of this weight was lifted, and -how to proportion it among the screws and mawl-men: but in this, less -accuracy must be expected than in the preceding inquiry; for the exact -number of men employed is not known; neither can it be told, how many -worked at the screws, and how many with the mawls; and only a guess can -be made at the part lifted. However, something may be gathered, which -may, perhaps, be worth the knowing. - -Let the weight raised be taken at half the weight of the ship; for -64 feet, the length of the keel raised, is not far from half the -whole length: add to this the sally of the head, the weight of the -forecastle, the friction of the timber, and the resistance of the parts -bent by the cambering: beside, the mawls worked at several shoars set -up abast the said 64 feet. - -Now the weight by the last experiment was 3499064 pounds: one half, or -1749532 ℔. I take to be the weight raised between the screws and mawls. - -The distance between two contiguous threads of each screw was 1⅓ -inches; the length of the two opposite levers was 12 feet 8 inches, or -152 inches, and described a circumference of 477½ inches: each screw -was worked by 8 men: their force, reckoned at 30 ℔. each, makes the -power working on each screw equal to 240 ℔. - -Hence, from the known property, each screw could raise 65485 ℔. - -And the 18 screws raised 1178730 ℔. - -Then there remained 570802 ℔. to be raised among about 126 mawls: - -Which gives 4530 ℔, or a little more than two tons, to be raised by -each man with his mawl and wedges; which is considerably less than what -I have seen raised by way of experiment. - - - - -XXXV. _Observations on an Evening, or rather Nocturnal, Solar_ Iris. -_By Mr._ George Edwards, _Librarian of the College of Physicians_. - -_To the Reverend Dr._ Birch. - - -[Read June 16, 1757.] - -SIR, - -ON Sunday evening the 5th of June 1757, being walking in the fields -near Islington, about half a mile north of the upper reservoir or bason -of the New River, I observed the sun to sink beneath the visible -horizon to the north-west, it being very clear in that quarter, except -some thin clouds a little above the horizon, which were painted of fine -red and golden colours, as is usual when the sun sets in a calm clear -evening. But about 20 minutes after sun-set, as near as I could judge, -it then being darkish, I was greatly surprised to see an Iris in the -dusky air, at a height greater than is seen at any time in the rainbow. -It was in the contrary quarter of the heavens to the setting sun, and -fell on the smoke, mists, and evening vapours arising from the city of -London and its neighbourhood. The arch seemed to be a full half circle, -tho’ its lower parts fell some degrees short of the horizon. It was -very distinctly seen for about 15 minutes. Its colours the same as in -the rainbow, but fainter. The lower ends of the bow arose gradually -higher from the earth, as the sun declined beneath the horizon, until -the whole arch disappeared. The center of the arch was above the -horizon at its first appearance. What most perplexed me, was, to find -the cause of this painted arch. I could not believe, that it proceeded -from the sun-beams falling on rain; for there had been none that -afternoon; nor was there any sort of signs of rain or rainy clouds to -be seen; the wind being northerly, and the air cool, and somewhat hazy -in the quarter where the bow appeared; which was not near so bright as -the rainbow appears to be in the day-time; and I believe, that it would -not have been visible at all in the presence of the sun. I imagine it -was formed on the gross particles of the evening vapours, mixed with -those of the smoke arising from the town; for had the sun-beams shot -from beneath the horizon on falling rain at a considerable height above -the earth, I believe the darkness would have rendered the appearance of -such a bow far brighter than it appears to the sight in the presence of -the sun: but this night or evening arch being reflected, as I suppose, -from particles so minute as those of floating vapours, gave but little -light and colour to the sight, and what would not have been visible, -had the sun been above the horizon. For the same reason, the moon and -stars are visible in the absence of the sun, and, on the contrary, are -unseen when the sun is present: and if we light a candle, and set it -in the sun-beams, the flame is lost to our sight, tho’ the same candle -will give us a considerable share of light in the night. As I have -never before seen or heard of such an arch, I thought this account of -it (imperfect as it is) might not be disagreeable to the Royal Society. - -It could not be a lunar arch, the moon being then many degrees below -the horizon, and the arch in a place, where it could not be affected -by the moon’s rays. The consciousness of my inability to give a proper -account of such an uncommon appearance could not deter me from the -attempt. - -I think I have said all that is necessary on this subject; yet am ready -to answer any question for the farther illustrating of it. I am, - - Reverend Sir, - Your most humble Servant, - Geo. Edwards. - -College of Physicians, London, June 6th, 1757. - - - - -XXXVI. _The Effects of the_ Opuntia, _or Prickly Pear, and of the_ -Indigo _Plant, in colouring the Juices of living Animals. Communicated -by_ H. Baker, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read June 23, 1757.] - - June 23d, 1757. - -MR. Baker received a letter yesterday from Dr. Alexander Garden, of -Charles Town in South Carolina, part of which he hopes he shall be -excused for laying before the Royal Society. - -The Doctor writes thus:----“As you desired, I tried the effects of the -prickly pear in colouring the urine. A few days after your letter, I -went down to one of the islands, and gathered some of the fruit, and -gave four of the pears to a child of three years of age, and six pears -to one of five. The next morning I examined the urine of both, and it -appeared of a very lively red colour, as if tent-wine had been mixed -with clear water. The urine of the eldest was deeper coloured, and of -a darker look: the youngest (who always naturally made clear urine) -was of a more lively and beautiful red. Next day I gave six pears to a -Negroe wench, who gave suck, and strictly forbad her suckling her child -for six or eight hours; and then taking some of her milk in a tea-cup, -and setting it by for some hours, the cream had a reddish lustre, tho’ -it was very faint. - -I was led to this last experiment by an observation, which I made on -the milk of cows, who had fed in an indigo-field; the indigo had -not only tinged their urine blue, but the cream of the milk was of a -most beautiful blue colour, and had a radiated appearance from the -centre (Is it not hence probable, that the dye is the oily part of the -plant?). The milk underneath was clear and white as usual.” - -Dr. Garden wrote, a year ago, that the prickly pear grows in great -abundance about Carolina; and also that the cochineal insects are found -upon it; but hitherto no attempts have been made to cure them as the -Spaniards do. In hope, that some rich dye may be produced from the -plant itself, Mr. Baker proposed some experiments to Dr. Garden, which -he intends to prosecute this summer. - - - - -XXXVII. _Account of an extraordinary Shower of black Dust, that fell in -the Island of_ Zetland _20th_ October 1755[194]. _In a Letter from Sir_ -Andrew Mitchell, _of_ Westshore, _Bart. to_ John Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S._ - - -[Read June 23, 1757.] - - Pall-Mall, June 9th, 1757. -SIR, - -IN compliance with your desire, I made particular inquiry, whether -at or about the time the earthquake happened at Lisbon the 1st of -November 1755. any uncommon phænomena were observed to appear in -the islands of Orkney or Zetland, as such had happened about that -time in other parts of Scotland. From Orkney I was informed, that -nothing particular had happened; only, that about the time mentioned -the tides were observed to be much higher than ordinary. I received -from Zetland a letter, dated 28th May 1756. from Mr. William Brown, -Master of the grammar-school at Scalloway in that country, a sensible -and observing man; wherein he writes verbatim as follows. “Blessed be -God, notwithstanding the great devastations, that have been made in -other parts of the world by earthquakes, we have been intirely free -from any disaster of that nature: nor has any thing extraordinary -happened in this country since you left it; only on Monday the 20th -October last, betwixt the hours of three and four in the afternoon, -the sky being very hazy, as it uses to be before a storm of thunder -and lightning, there fell a black dust over all the country, tho’ in -greater quantities in some places than in others. It was very much -like lampblack; but smelled strongly of sulphur. People in the fields -had their faces, hands, and linen, blackened by it. It was followed -by rain.----Some people assign the cause of it to some extraordinary -eruption of Hecla. But I shall trouble you no more about it, as no -doubt some of your friends have written to you of it some time ago.”---- - -In June 1756. I returned to Zetland; and, upon further inquiry, found -what Mr. Brown had written me was attested by Mr. Mitchell, parson -of the parish of Tengwall, and by several Gentlemen of credit and -reputation, who had seen and observed the same phænomenon in different -parts of the country at the time above-mentioned. - -Mr. Brown having omitted to mention, how the wind did blow at the time -the black dust was observed, I made particular inquiry about that -circumstance, and found it was from the S. W. which does not seem to -favour the opinion, that the dust proceeded from an eruption of mount -Hecla, which lies about N. W. from Zetland; unless it may be supposed, -that a north wind happening just before had carried this dust to the -southward, and the south-west wind immediately following had brought -it back to the northward. But, in this case, would not this black dust -have been observed in Zetland at its first travelling to the southward? -Upon inquiry, I did not hear it was. - -Thus far I have obeyed your commands, which I will always do with -pleasure; and if you think it worth while to lay this letter before the -Royal Society, I leave you at full liberty to do so, or not, as you -think proper: but what it contains may be relied on as truth. I am, -with great regard, - - Dear Sir, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - And. Mitchell. - -_P.S._ I may add, that the distance from mount Hecla to Zetland is -between 500 and 600 miles. - - - - -XXXVIII. _A Description of some Thermometers for particular Uses. By -the Right Honourable the Lord_ Charles Cavendish, _V.P.R.S._ - - -[Read June 30, 1757.] - -THE thermometer (TAB. XI. _fig._ 1.) is designed for shewing the -greatest degree of heat, which happens in any place during the absence -of the observer. It consists of a cylinder of glass joined to a tube, -and differs from common thermometers only in having the top of the stem -drawn out into a capillary tube, which enters into a glass ball C, -joined on to the stem at the place where it begins to be contracted. -The cylinder, and part of the tube, are filled with mercury; the top of -which shews the common degrees of heat as usual. The upper part of the -tube above the mercury is filled with spirit of wine, and some of the -same liquor is left in the ball C, so as to fill it almost up to the -top of the capillary tube. - -Now when the thermometer rises, the spirit of wine will be driven out -of the tube, and will fall into the ball C. When the thermometer sinks -again, as the spirit cannot return back from the ball, the top of -the tube will remain empty, and the length of the empty part will be -proportional to the fall of the thermometer. Therefore, by means of a -proper scale, the top of the spirit of wine will shew how many degrees -it has been higher than when observed; which being added to the present -height, will give the greatest degree of heat it has been at. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XI. _p. 300_. - -_J. Mynde sc._] - -To fit this thermometer for a new observation, it is necessary to -fill the upper part of the tube with spirits; which may be done, by -inclining the instrument till the spirits in the ball C cover the end -of the capillary tube. For if the cylinder is then heated, by applying -the hand to it, or by the flame of a lamp held at some distance, till -the spirits rise to the top of the tube and run over into the ball -C, and is then suffered to cool in the same position, the tube will -remain full of spirits, and the thermometer will be fitted for a new -experiment. - -The top of the capillary tube is made to stand pretty near to one side -of the ball, and also to the top of it, that a less inclination of the -instrument may be sufficient to make the spirit of wine in the ball -cover the end of the tube. - -The ball C is joined on as high as possible, so as to hide no part of -the tube, except that, where the bore is contracted. By this means, the -top of the spirit of wine begins to appear before the thermometer has -sunk one degree. - -It will be convenient to leave some mercury in the ball C, which may -be made to cover the end of the capillary tube, by inclining the -thermometer more than what is necessary to make the spirit of wine -cover it. By this means some mercury may be got back into the tube, -in case any of it should happen to be driven into the ball by the -thermometer’s being exposed to too great a heat. - -The scale of degrees at top, which shews the descent of the thermometer -from the highest point it has arrived at, ought not, in strictness, to -be the same at all times of the year; for those degrees exceed the -common degrees of heat pointed out by the top of the mercury, as much -as the column of spirit of wine expands, and therefore are greatest -when that column is so; that is to say, when the greatest heat to which -the instrument has been exposed is least. A difference of 30 degrees -of Fahrenheit’s scale, in the greatest rise of the thermometer, would -require the scale to be altered one sixtieth part: and the error -arising from making use of the same scale will be about one sixth of a -degree, if the thermometer is observed when it has fallen ten degrees. - -In the instrument here described, the bore of the tube is about 0.027 -inches; and one inch of it contains two grains of mercury, and answers -to about ten degrees, the cylinder containing about 2280 grains. If a -much shorter tube was made use of, a considerable error might arise -from too great a quantity of spirits adhering to the sides of the -tube, in that part, which is filled with mercury; especially when the -thermometer rises fast. This makes it necessary to employ a cylinder of -a considerable bigness, if it is desired to have the scale of degrees -pretty large. - -If the weight of the mercury is thought inconvenient, it may be avoided -by the construction described in fig. 2. where the bottom of the tube -is bent so as to point upwards, and is joined to a ball A, which -communicates with a cylinder placed above it. In all other respects it -is the same as the instrument before described. - -It is filled with spirit of wine and mercury; the quantity of the -latter being sufficient to fill the whole tube and the ball A. - -No part of the spirit, with which the cylinder is filled, can get into -the tube, as long as the instrument is kept in an erect position, or -even if it is carefully laid down flat on a table. For tho’ in this -last case some of the spirits may get into the ball A, it will rise to -that part of the ball, which is then uppermost, and will not touch the -orifice of the tube _n_; which was the reason for adding this ball, -which would be unnecessary, if the instrument was kept constantly -erect, or nearly so. If the spirit should come to touch the orifice of -the tube _n_, it would work up between the mercury and the glass; which -would put the instrument out of order. - - -The thermometer fig. 3. is designed for shewing the greatest cold, -which happens in any place during the time the instrument is left -in it. The tube is bent into the shape of a syphon of unequal legs -standing parallel to one another, the bend being at the bottom. The -top of the shorter leg is bent to a right angle, and immediately opens -into a ball A, which, by means of a short bent tube on the opposite -side, communicates with a cylinder standing parallel to the legs of the -syphon, and pointing downwards. This cylinder contains the greatest -part of the fluid; and is added only to make the thermometer more -sensible than it would be, if the ball A was made of a sufficient -bigness to contain the proper quantity of fluid. This instrument is -filled with spirit of wine, with the addition of as much mercury as is -sufficient to fill both legs of the syphon, and about a fourth or fifth -part of the ball A. - -The common degrees of heat are shown by the top of the mercury in the -longest leg, or by the top of the spirit, in case any of it is left -above the mercury. - -When the mercury in the longest leg sinks by cold, that in the shorter -leg will rise, and will run over into the ball A; from whence it cannot -return back when the thermometer rises again, as the surface of the -mercury in the ball is below the orifice of the tube _n_. Therefore the -upper part of the shorter leg will be filled with a column of spirits -of a length proportional to the increase of heat; the bottom of which, -by means of a proper scale, will show how much the thermometer has been -lower than it then is; which being subtracted from the present height, -will give the lowest point that it has been at. - -If no further contrivance was used, the mercury would fall into the -ball A in large drops; which would make the instrument less accurate. -For the thermometer’s beginning to rise immediately after a drop is -fallen, or just as it is going to fall (in which case it will return -back into the tube), will make a difference of such part of a degree -nearly as that drop answers to. To prevent this inconvenience, the top -of the shorter leg, close to the ball, is contracted, by being held -in the flame of a lamp; and the passage is further streightened by a -solid thread of glass placed within the tube, and extending from the -bottom of the shorter leg to the part near the ball A, where it is most -contracted. By this means, as soon as any small portion of mercury is -got beyond the end of the thread of glass, it breaks off, and falls -into the ball in very small drops. This thread of glass is fastened -by the heat given to the tube in making the bend next to the ball. In -order to fill the shorter leg with mercury, to fit the instrument for -a new experiment, it must be inclined till the mercury in the ball -covers the orifice of the tube _n_. The cylinder being then heated, -the mercury will be forced into the shorter leg, and will run down -the thread of glass in drops, which will soon unite. By this means, -such a quantity of mercury must be got into the shorter leg, as, upon -the cooling of the instrument, will be sufficient to drive all the -spirit of wine into the ball with a less degree of cold than what the -thermometer is likely to be exposed to. - -The ball A must always have some mercury in it, but never enough to -fill it up to the orifice of the tube _n_. It must therefore be made of -such a size, as to contain all the mercury, which can come into it from -the tube without being too full. If it should happen to be made too -small, so as to be too full in cold weather, any part of the mercury -may easily be driven into the cylinder, and got back again into the -ball when wanted in warmer weather. - -It will be better to leave a little of the spirit above the mercury -in the longest leg; in which case the top of the spirit will shew -the common degrees of heat. For the filling the tube, so as to leave -none, is attended with some trouble; and more of it will be apt to get -up there, if the instrument should happen to be held in an improper -situation, or if it be kept in too warm a place without filling the -shorter leg with mercury by the method above described. If too great -a quantity should get up, tho’ it would not affect the scale for -the common degrees of heat, it would however cause some error in the -degrees on the shorter leg; inasmuch as the expansion of that portion -of spirits, which has got up into the longer leg, exceeds the expansion -of the mercury, which must supply its place. It may be got back at -pleasure, by exposing the thermometer to such a degree of cold as will -make the spirit get beyond the bend of the syphon; for then it will run -up along the thread of glass in the shorter leg till it gets above the -mercury there. For this purpose the point of 0 degrees of Fahrenheit’s -scale should be near the bend; by which means, any part of the spirit -of wine may be got beyond it by an artificial cold; and there will be -no danger of the whole getting beyond it by any natural cold; in which -case the air would get up into the ball. - -The scale of degrees on the shorter leg will, in different seasons, be -liable to an error of the same kind as that, which was explained in the -first-mentioned thermometer; but in this it will be less considerable, -as the space between the two scales is filled with mercury, whose -expansion is about six times less than that of spirit of wine. - -In the thermometer, which I have, the bore of the tube is about 0.054 -inches; and one inch of it contains eight grains of mercury, and -answers to seven degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale. The drops of mercury, -which fall into the ball A, answer to about one eighth of a degree. - - -If instruments of the nature of those above described, were to be used -for finding the temper of the sea at great depths, some alteration -would be necessary in the construction of them, principally upon -account of the great pressure of the water; the ill effect of which -can, I believe, be prevented no other way, than by leaving the tube -open. For if the thermometer was made strong enough to resist the -pressure without breaking, yet it would be impossible to be sure, that -the figure of the glass would not thereby be altered, which should make -the experiment uncertain. - -The instrument for finding the greatest heat might be made just like -that of fig. 1. only leaving the top open. It is to be filled with -mercury only, as is also the lower part of the ball at top, but not -near so high as the end of the capillary tube. The upper part of that -ball, being left open, will in a great measure be filled with the -sea-water, which will be forced into it by the pressure. - -If this instrument (the tube being quite full of mercury) is plunged -into any part of the sea, where the heat is greater than that of the -air above, part of the mercury will be driven out of the tube; and, -upon bringing it into a colder place, the sea-water or air in the ball -will enter into the tube, and will fill the space left by the mercury. - -As this thermometer does not show the common degrees of heat, it must -be placed in a vessel of water with another thermometer, and the scale -of degrees at top will shew how much the heat it has been exposed to is -greater than that of the water in the vessel. - -The sea-water getting into the glass will corrode the mercury, and -thereby foul the glass; which will make the experiment less exact: -and therefore it would be much more convenient, if the sea-water could -intirely be kept out; which probably may be done by tying a bladder -full of air to the neck of the ball C, which will contract by the -pressure of the water, without letting any of it get in. - -If this can be done, the instrument may be filled with mercury and -spirits, just like that at fig. 1. But it would be more convenient to -fill it with mercury only: in which case it may be made with as small -a tube and ball as common mercurial thermometers: or it may be filled -with spirits only. The instrument will thereby become much less bulky; -which will compensate the want of the common scale of heat. - -It is better to put but little mercury into the ball at top, for fear -of its getting into the capillary tube by the motion of the instrument. - -The thermometer for finding the greatest cold, if applied to this -purpose, must also be left open at top. There is another inconvenience -to be avoided; which is, that the mercury in the ball A, by the tossing -of the instrument, might sometimes get into the shorter leg of the -syphon; which would spoil the experiment. To prevent such an accident, -the most convenient construction, which occurs to me, is that of fig. -4. which differs from fig. 3. in having the ball A omitted; so that -the mercury running out of the shorter leg will fall to the bottom of -the cylinder, and will not be so liable to get back into the tube by -motion. The cylinder is made to stand not quite parallel to the legs -of the syphon, that the mercury contained therein may more easily be -brought to touch the end of the tube, in order to fit the instrument -for a new experiment. - -If, by means of a bladder, the sea-water can be kept out of the glass, -this instrument may be made to shew the common degrees of heat; but -even then, in order to render it less bulky, it may be better to supply -the want of them as in the last instrument. The longer leg of the -syphon may in that case be made as short as you please; only making the -ball B big enough to receive all the mercury, which may be driven into -it by heat. - -If thermometers of this kind were to be sent up into the air by means -of a kite, they might be made like those proposed for the sea; but it -would not be necessary to leave them open. - -As it would be desirable to make them as small as possible, they -should be made so as not to shew the common degrees of heat: and it -would also, on that account, be convenient to omit the thread of glass -placed within the shorter leg of the syphon in fig. 3. and 4. This -thread of glass is placed there in order to make the mercury fall into -the ball A. fig. 3. or cylinder C. fig. 4. in smaller drops, and also -to facilitate the filling the shorter leg with mercury. The latter -purpose may be answered by having a ball blown towards the bottom of -the shorter leg, as marked in fig. 4. at M: for as soon as the mercury -driven out of the cylinder by heat gets to that ball, it will pass -by the spirit of wine. The other purpose may probably be answered by -having the tube contracted as much as possible at _n_. - -In the foregoing instruments the tubes made use of were of a large -bore, as most of the errors in them would increase by making -use of smaller ones. Possibly less ones might be used without -much inconvenience. The chief advantage will be, the making these -thermometers more sensible of the changes of heat, than when large -cylinders are used. This will be of service when the greatest degree of -heat or cold continues but a short time. - -It is better to use plain spirit of wine, than what is tinged, which -seems more apt to cause a foulness in the tube, and thereby makes the -surface of the mercury less well defined. I am induced to believe so, -from observing, that the portion of spirits above the mercury in the -tube fig. 3. which at first was strongly tinged with cochineal, in -some months became perfectly colourless, the tinging particles being -deposited in different parts of the tube, and causing a foulness there. -The colour of the spirits in the cylinder does not appear to be altered. - - -The dark-shaded part in the several figures represents mercury, the -dotted part spirit of wine. - - - - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XII. _p. 311_. - -_J. Mynde sc._] - -XXXIX. _Observationes Anatomico-Medicæ, de Monstro bicorporeo Virgineo -A. 1701. die 26 Oct. in_ Pannonia, _infra_ Comaromium, _in Possessione_ -Szony, _quondam Quiritum_ Bregetione, _in lucem edito, atque A. 1723. -die_ 23 Febr. Posonii _in Cœnobio Monialium_ S. Ursulæ _morte functo -ibidemque sepulto. Authore_ Justo Johanne Torkos, _M.D. Soc. Regalis -Socio._ - -[_See_ TAB. XII.] - - -[Read May 23. 1751.] - -I. PARTUS hic bicorporeus singulare exemplum exhibet admirandarum -virium imaginationis maternæ in fœtum utero contentum. Mater enim hujus -bicorporis, primis graviditatis suæ mensibus vel potius hebdomadis, -attentius contemplabatur canes coëuntes, arctius cohærentes, et -capitibus erga se invicem quodammodo conversos, eosque sibi crebrius -præfigurabat. - -II. In partu, primum prodiit umbilicotenus Helenæ corpus; post tres -demum horas editi sunt ejus pedes, cum adnexo corpore altero Judithæ. -Helenæ corporis statura erat altior et rectior, Judithæ brevior et -obliquior; et quamvis infra lumbos, a tergo, in unum corpus concretæ -fuissent, attamen vultu et corporibus, semilateraliter, erga se -fuerant conversæ, ut commode sedere, lentoque gradu procedere et -recedere potuerint. Unus communi ipsis erat alvi exitus, intra duas -nates, seu Helenæ dextrum et Judithæ sinistrum femur, situatus. Unam -quoque habebant vulvam, intra quatuor pedes reconitam, ut dum erectis -starent corporibus, ne vestigium ejus conspicuum esset. Quoad duos -istos excretionum meatus, observatum est, quod, una excretionem alvi -moliente, altera quoque nisum egerendi senserit; in reddenda vero -urina, quælibet, diverso tempore, stimulos habuerit: quamobrem altera -ad urinæ missionem solicitata, altera subinde recessum negavit. Unde in -juventute, utut alias semper semet tenerrime amarent et amplexarentur, -sæpius altercationes inter ipsas exortæ, et alterutra aliam vel dorso -injectam abripuit, vel colluctando eo, quo vellet, protraxit. - -III. Anno ætatis sexto, Judithæ paralysis totius partis sinistræ; -obtigit ex qua affectione, utut convaluisset, per totam vitam suam -debilior, tardior, et stupidior perstitit; e contra Helena semper -agilior, docilior, et formosior suit. - -IV. Prout diversa erant corpora, ita functionum vitalium, animalium, -et naturalium, magna in utroque corpore, tam in sano quam ægroto -statu, observata est differentia. Et quamvis variolas et morbillos -uno eodemque tempore habuissent, reliqui tamen morbi eis non erant -communes. Cum Judith sæpius convelleretur, Helena nec alterata nec -debilitata fuit. Helena erat pleuritica. Judith benigniore febre -laboravit: alterâ tussi, catarrho, colicâ afflictâ, altera sana -exstitit. Hinc etiam quælibet, pro suo diverso statu, diversis -medicamentis tractabatur: phlebotomia autem semper in saniore et -vegetiore celebrabatur. - -V. Anno ætatis decimo sexto, menstrua comparuerunt, quæ deinde per -totam vitam, non tamen æquali tempore, modo, et quantitate successere. -Subinde alterutra majores hinc sensit molestias; Judith vero crebrius -convellebatur, variisque hystericis et pectoris affectionibus obnoxia -fuit. - -VI. Anno ætatis vicesimo secundo, seu A. C. 1723. die 8 Febr. Judith -fortiter convulsa est, postea comatosa, usque ad mortem, quæ die -23 Febr. mane contigit, perstitit. Intra hos dies Helena febricula -laboravit, eique accesserunt crebriores lipothymiæ, quibus tandem ita -debilitata est, ut integra quamvis mente et loquela, subito, tribusque -horæ minutis prius quam Judith, in agonem inciderit: postea vero ambæ, -post brevem agonem, uno ferme momento expiraverint. - -VII. Corporibus post mortem dissectis, reperta sunt in quolibet -corpore viscera singula: In Helena omnia sana; in Judithæ thorace -vero cor nimis magnum, fortissimo pericardio velatum, et pulmonum -dexter lobus putridus: Arteria aorta et vena cava ex utroque corde -descendentes, antequam arteriæ et venæ iliacæ ex iisdem emergerent, -inflexæ coadunabantur, et unam arteriam aortam, unamque venam cavam, -e corde uno ad aliud procedentes seu reflexas, præsentarunt. In -abdomine utrinque viscera omnia sana et integra. Quodlibet corpus suum -habuit hepar, splenem, pancreas, renes, vesicam, uterum cum ovariis, -tubis Fallopianis, et portione vaginæ, quæ utrinque concurrentes unam -communem vaginam efformarunt. Partes genitalium externorum, præter -commune orificium vaginæ, cuilibet erant propriæ, velut clitoris, -nymphæ, orificium urethræ; alæ seu labia utrinque ad perinæum -concurrentia fossulam navicularem densiorem constituerant. Ventriculus -cum intestinis, in utrâque, naturaliter erant situata; intestina recta -autem utrinque ad os sacrum reflexa et coalita, unum satis amplum et -communem canalem constituerunt: os sacrum ad secundam divisionem -concretum erat, et unum corpus efformando, in uno utrique ossi sacro -communi, osse coccygis, terminabatur. - - -Ex prærecensitis, sicut causa diversitaris actionum et functionum -patet, ita etiam ex arteriarum aortarum, et venarum cavarum, -intestinorum quoque rectorum et vaginarum uteri, compagine, -coadunatione et harmonia, apparet ratio conformitatis et disparitatis -morborum, synthanasiæ, communis nisus egerendæ alvi, possibilis -imprægnationis alterutrius, vel fors utriusque virginis, uno eodemque -coitu. - -Hæc omnia conquisivi et retexui, partim e relationibus fide dignis -autoptarum; partim ex ephemeridibus B. Caroli Raygeri, soceri mei, -qui, dum viveret, medicum cœnobii dicti ordinarium agebat; partim ex -libro cœnobiali, cui B. Vir formulas medicamentorum inscripserat. Dab. -Posonii die 3 Julii 1757. - - Justus Joannes Torkos, - Eques Pannonius, Medic. Doct. et - Liberæ Regiæ Civitatis Posoniensis - Physicus ordinarius. - -The interval between the reading of this paper before the Royal Society -and the present publication, was occasioned by the long indisposition, -and afterwards death, of their late President Martin Folkes, Esq; who -having taken it to his house, with a view of collecting and adding to -it some further particulars, it could not be found after his decease. -But Dr. Torkos, the writer, being again applied to, immediately -transmitted the copy of it printed above: and, in order to supply -in some measure the want of what Mr. Folkes’s extensive reading and -industry might have furnished the public with, in relation to so very -remarkable a fact, the following accounts, printed and manuscript, are -subjoined as a supplement to the preceding article. - - -_Extract of a Letter of_ William Burnet, _Esq; F.R.S. eldest Son of -Dr._ Gilbert Burnet, _Lord Bishop of_ Salisbury, _to Dr. (afterwards -Sir)_ Hans Sloane, _dated at_ Leyden, May 9. 1708. _N. S._[195] - -“+SIR+, - -I Send you inclosed the print of a wonderful union of two twin sisters, -who are at this time to be seen at the Hague. I saw them, and observed -all, that I could think tended to explain the appearance. They are -Hungarians, as the lines under the print will shew you. There is there -an exact enough description of their condition; only I may add, that -in fig. 1. the urinal passage is between the two foremost thighs, as -they are in the print. The same is true of the anus in the 2d figure, -in such manner, that the situation of these parts is the same to -outward appearance as naturally, with this difference, that they are -between two different bodies here, whereas in the course of nature -they are between the two parts of the same body. It seems probable, -that their parts are distinct; but that the most remote labia of -each are outwardly visible, and the two contiguous ones are within. -There seems to be no cheat in the thing; and the skin, where they are -joined, is perfectly smooth, without any scar. They are now about six -years old. They speak French and High German. They are very full of -action, and talk one more than the other. When one stoops to take up -any thing, she carries the other quite from the ground; and that one of -them often does, being stronger as well as more lively than the other. -They have not their feeling common any where but in the place of their -conjunction. This is all I can say about it. If you think it worth -while, you will do me an honour in giving the print, and the substance -of this account, to the Society; to which, tho’ an unworthy member, I -would be proud to be capable of any service.” - -This letter was read to the Royal Society on the 12th of May 1708[196]; -and the print mentioned in it produced; which, being now become -extremely difficult to be met with, is thought proper to be engraved -again, and inserted here. _See_ TAB. XIII. - -Soon after the date of Mr. Burnet’s letter the twin sisters were -brought to England, and publicly shewn in London, as appears from the -following MS. note in a copy of the print bound up by the writer with -Fortunius Licetus _de Monstris_[197], edit. Amstelod. 1665. 4to. in the -possession of Thomas Wilbraham, M.D. F.R.S. “_Londini 14 Junii 1708. -has vidi gemellas (plus annis sex natas) quarum forma et vivacitas -elegantior et vegetior quam pictura et descriptio._” - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XIII. _p. 316_. - - _Corpora Binarum sic concrevere Sororum, - Non nisi Divina dissocianda manu. - SZÖNY Patria est, vicus COMORÆ co terminus Arci, - Qvæ nunquam Lunæ paruit Imperio. - Amplexa est ulnis HELENAM Lucina priorem, - Horis deinde tribus JUDITHA fuit._ - - _Exitus Urinæ patet unicus, unicus alvo, - Observant numerum cætera membra suum. - Misit ad Ignotos tenuis Fortuna Parentum, - Neu pereat tantæ Fama stupenda rei. - InterIora Latent, neqVeVnt abstrVsa VIDerI: - eXIgVo totVM CorpVs In ære patet._ - - _J. Mynde sc._] - - -Another account of them by an eye-witness in London is in a manuscript -volume among those of Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. in the British Museum, -intituled, _A short History of human Prodigies and monstrous Births, of -Dwarfs, Sleepers, Giants, strong Men, Hermaphrodites, numerous Births, -and extreme old Age, &c._ The name of the writer was James Paris du -Plessis. In p. 39. under the Title _Two Sisters conjoined_, he gives a -drawing of them, and the following description: “These two monstrous -girls were born at Szony in Hungary in the year 1701. They were born -conjoined together at the small of the back. I asked the father and -mother, if they could not be separated one from the other? but they -answered, No; because the urinary and fœcal vessels and passages were -so united, as to have but one issue for the urine, and another for -the excrements, betwixt both. They were brisk, merry, and well-bred: -they could read, write, and sing very prettily: they could speak three -different languages, as Hungarian or High Dutch, Low Dutch, and French, -and were learning English. They were very handsome, very well shaped in -all parts, and beautiful faces. Helen was born three hours before her -sister Judith. When one stooped, she lifted the other from the ground, -and carried the other upon her back; neither could they walk side by -side. They loved one another very tenderly. Their clothes were fine and -neat. They had two bodies, four sleeves; and one petticoat served to -the bodies, and their shifts the same. When one went forward, the other -was forced to go backward.” - - -A later and more particular account is contained in p. 41, _& seqq._ of -a book very seldom met with in this country, being printed at Vienna in -1729. intituled, _Gerardi Cornelii Drieschii Historia magnæ Legationis -Cæsareæ, quam Caroli VI. auspiciis suscepit Damianus Hugo Virmondtius_, -&c. The following extract, tho’ long, will not probably be thought -unentertaining. - -“Sunt in comitatu Commaroniensi in terris illustrissimi Zichii -(pagus Hungaris Szony dicitur) à parentibus colonis, quibus sua vita -constat, dum hæc scribo, anno 1701. vii calendas Novembreis procreatæ -in lucem duæ filiæ gemellæ, posticâ parte, quâ spina dorsi definit, -concretæ, sic ut altera alteram sequi, quo se cunque vertat, cogatur: -cætera haud deformes aspectu, nisi concretio illa corporum prodigium -efficeret. Binæ singulis manus, totidem pedes, et capita, necnon -corpora: suus membris omnibus usus; rationis multò etiam, quod mirere, -certior; ut, si sedentes solum videris, neque sciveris, hic monstri -notare nihil valeas. Majori natu, quæ lucem citius aspexit tribus -horis, Helenæ, minori Judithæ nomen est. Hæc ante annos circiter tres -stupore apoplectico tacta linguæ modicum ex eo ac bonæ mentis officium -impeditum habuit, simplicitatem quandam ingenii modo ut redoleat. -Illa animo semper integro atque spiritu prædita eodem, pudicâ facie, -non inconcinnis motibus, intuentium in se oculos ad misericordiam -commovet, utpote quæ rationis planè compos, sororis tenerrimè amans, -nec status ignara sui, duplicem miseriam tolerat, suam et istius. -Ductæ sunt olim infantes per varias regiones ac provincias, Germaniam, -Angliam, Galliam, Italiam, Poloniam, Bataviam, Austriam, Moraviam, -Hungariam, à medico Hungarico nomine Csuszio, qui easdem certâ pecuniâ -ad tempus sibi a parentibus concreditas et elocatas, bonâ eorundem -veniâ, paterno à solo âbduxit; unde trium gentium linguis, Germanicâ, -Gallicâ, Hungaricâ, hodiedum etiam loquuntur; alias desuetudine usuque -interrupto, ætate præsertim nondum satis confirmatâ, omnino dedidicere. - -Dux Augustus Saxo Cizius inter purpuratos LXXII patres à constantia -religionis, timore erga Deum et caritate in proximum notissimus, -archiepiscopus Strigoniensis, veritus, ne frequentes hæ perignationes -puellarum adhuc infantium innocentiæ officerent, ac mores denique -illarum, ut fieri non raro assolet, planè depavarent, pacto -persolutoque pretio à medico redemit, et revocatas domum ad suos -virginibus à divâ Ursulâ nuncupatis intra Posonium deinceps educandas -commisit, necessariis ad hoc sumptibus benignè subministratis. Ingressæ -non diu puerilem ætatem suerant, nonusque illis annus agi cœptus -currebat, quando harum in disciplinam virginum tradebantur. Hic legere -primum ac scribere, ea, quæ ad fidem necessaria sunt, mente atque animo -comprehendere; operas manuum exercere varias, acu præcipuè phrygionicâ -pingere, denticulatas affabre fimbrias conficere, et cætera quæ sunt -ejusdem generis, edoctæ fuerunt. Vidi ego ex illarum operibus aliqua, -quæ magistras hâc in arte fecisse non pudeat. Receptæ autem sunt sacrum -hoc in collegium anno secul ix. die XII. kalendas Aprilis, ibi XI -mansionis, vitæ XIX jam planè complerunt. Istuc divarum contubernium, -quod adhuc constanter incolunt, nunquam postea deseruere. Addita illis -e prudentioribus virago, quæ indefinentur adsit, quo velint, ducat, -actonibus invigilet, de quibus respondere, ad aliosque referre, si -necessum fuerit, aliquando possit. Ex hâc scire quæ cupiebam, remotis -arbitris, nullo negotio percepi. Crediderat namque, quod res quoque -erat, non curiositatis gratiâ, sed officii, ac boni publici causâ -ista à me rogari: quare alios omnes secedere jussi, solus cum eadem -remanens, ut quæ, junioribus præsertim aliquot præsentibus, accuratius -explicare verecundia illam antea prohibuerat, majori mecum libertate -communicaret. Partes, quas vel nominare pudor honestasque vetuit, per -quas potus ciborumque fæces et reliqua corporis excrementa (sit verbo -venia) ejicimus, non illis his, quibus nobis, constitutæ locis. Illis -quidem, ubi nos eas habemus, occlusa sunt omnia; at infernè, quâ parte -concretio illa corporum incipit, easdem obtinent utrique communes. -Neque tamen cum necessitas alterutram premit ad exonerandum, exempli -gratiâ, ventrem, altera se quoque sentit tam inutili pondere gravatam, -at satisfaciendum necessario naturæ sit: sed jam huic, jam isti istud -imbecillitatis humanæ incommodum perferendum est, sitque etiam, ut -cum alvum purgat altera, alteri meatus sit urinarius aperiendus. -Muliebria, quæ statis fœminas vicibus incommodant, non uno ambabus -tempore veniunt. Octidui quandoque intervallo ac longiori disjuncta -sunt. Dum dormit hæc, sæpe vigilat illa, et in alterius labore altera -nonnunquam quiescit. Visa una potare est, aut cibo corpus reficere, -cum aliud alii agebatur. Sedent, stant, ambulant, jacent semper unà, -nec sine incommodo. Non permittit conglutinatio ista corporum, hæ uti -actiones separentur. Si colloquuntur, obtortis faciem collis obvertunt. -Suavia dant sibi, cum amant, et pugnis impetunt, cum furunt. Donec suæ -utrique vires adhuc constabant, si sorte exortæ inter illas aliquando -discordiæ essent, hæc, quæ se læsam magis credebat aut fortem, sublatam -in humeros aliam alio asportabat. Veruntamen ingenio miti magis ac -placido sunt quam incenso aut iracundo, et in communibus malis communem -fidem, commune robur adhibent, immissam sibi à Deo miseriam fortitèr -sustinentes. Ante triennium in gravi secundò genitæ morbo, de quo -nonnulla superiùs facta est mentio est, prior nata sacris omnibus -munita ad mortem quoque feliciter obeundam disposita ab sacerdote fuit, -quia medicorum pars potior credit aliâ extinctâ aliam haud posse longùm -amplius superesse. Id quod probare ex hoc etiam laborant, quod quoties -male uni sit, quamvis altera non eadem continuo ægrotatione teneatur, -angustias tamen animi certas, hebetationem sensuum, et commotionem -quandam viscerum in seipsa experiatur. Equidem dubitandum minimè reor, -quin monstrosa hæc bina corpora duplici mente ac spiritu regantur. -Nam sive cor faciamus, sive cerebrum statuamus animi sedem, ex -utrolibet idem nullo negotio evincitur. Adde tot actiones multiplices, -cogitationes rerum diversas, sensa animi varia, quæ, ut aliud nihil -sit, isthuc pariter nos docent. Unum præcipue hic admirandum venit, -quod commemorare superius memoria excidit; post prodigiosum videlicet -hunc difficilemque partum natos esse matri alios liberos, ex eodem -patre procreatos, sanos et valentes, corpore, specie ac forma integros, -qui monstri nihil admixtum habeant.” - - - - -XL. _Observations on the Origin and Use of the Lymphatic Vessels of -Animals: being an Extract from the_ Gulstonian _Lectures, read in the -Theatre of the College of Physicians of_ London, _in_ June 1755. _By_ -Mark Akenside, _M.D. Fellow of the College of Physicians, and of the -Royal Society_. - - -[Read Nov. 30, 1757.] - -IT is proved, by a multitude of experiments, that the lymphatics -communicate with the blood-vessels. They may be distended by blowing -air, or by injecting water or mercury, into an artery: and the lymph, -which they carry, is frequently, in a morbid state, found tinged with -a mixture of the red globules or crassamentum of the blood. Upon this -foundation two different theories have been raised, concerning the -connection of the lymphatics with the arteries. - -Of these, we shall first consider that of the late famous professor -Boerhaave. He observed, that every artery of the body is greater, in -its diameter, than any of its branches: and this observation being -found true, as far as our eye and the microscope can inform us, he -inferred, by analogy, that it held good even thro’ the most minute -subdivisions of the arterial system. But, says he, proportionable to -the diameter of the canal is the size of the particles moving thro’ -it: therefore, if an ultimate capillary artery, admitting only one red -globule at once to pass thro’ it, send off lateral branches, these -branches will be capable of receiving such particles only as are -smaller than a red globule. But the particles next in magnitude below -the red globules are the yellow serous ones; and the lateral vessel, -thus receiving them, is a serous artery, and the trunk of a second -order of vessels. In like manner, this trunk, being continued on thro’ -many lessening branches, will at last grow so minute, as to admit only -one serous globule: its lateral branches, therefore, will receive only -such particles as are smaller than the serous ones: but these are the -particles of the lymph; and this lateral branch is a lymphatic artery, -and the trunk of a third order of vessels. Thus, in the red arteries -are contained all the circulated fluids of the body; in the serous -arteries, all except the red blood; in the lymphatics, all except -the red blood and serum: and this subordination is, according to the -same laws, continued down thro’ fluids more subtile than the lymph, -to the smallest vessel, which is propagated from the aorta. Such was -Boerhaave’s doctrine concerning the vascular system of animal bodies; -like many of his other notions, ingenious, plausible, and recommending -itself, at first sight, by an appearance of geometrical and mechanical -accuracy: but founded upon insufficient data, and by no means to be -reconciled to appearances. - -For, in the first place, should we admit his hypothesis, it is certain, -that the conical or converging form of the aorta, and the change of -direction in its branches, must, in the distant blood-vessels, occasion -a great resistance to the moving blood, and a great diminution of its -velocity. Suppose that this resistance be, in any capillary red artery, -to the resistance in the trunk of the aorta, as any larger assignable -number is to unit: the resistance, then, in a capillary serous artery -will, to that in the aorta, be as the square of that number is to -unit; in the capillary lymphatic, as the cube; and so in progression: -that is, the velocity of the fluids, in the remoter series of vessels, -will be, physically, nothing. But we know, on the contrary, that some -very remote series of vessels have their contents moved with a very -considerable velocity; particularly the vessels of the insensible -perspiration: and in anatomical injections, the liquor thrown into an -artery scarce returns more easily or speedily by the corresponding -vein, than by the most subtile excretory ducts. Moreover, there are -an infinite number of observations of morbid cases, in which the red -blood itself has been evacuated thro’ some of the most remote series -of vessels, merely from an occasional temporary obstruction in one -part, or a præternatural laxity in another; and without any lasting -detriment to the structure and subordination of the vessels; which yet, -upon this hypothesis, must have been utterly destroyed before such an -irregularity could have happened. - -The other theory concerning the origin of the lymphatics has been -maintained by some very eminent physiologists later than Boerhaave; -and supposes, that these vessels receive their lymph from the -blood-vessels, or from the excretories of the larger glands, by the -intermediation of only one small vessel, which these authors term a -lymphatic artery, invisible in its natural state, nor yet rendered -subject to the senses by experiments. But to this it may be answered, -that the lymphatics are traced into many parts of the body, and lost -there; and therefore most probably have their origin there, where no -large gland nor blood-vessel is to be found in their neighbourhood: -that it contradicts the whole analogy of nature, to suppose the motion -of an animal fluid more discernible in the veins than in the arteries: -and, finally, that it seems rather an instance of want of thought, and -of being imposed upon by words, to call the lymphatic vessels veins, -because they are furnished with valves; and then, because they are -called veins, to take for granted, that of course they must be the -continuation of arteries. - -In attempting to investigate matters too subtile for the cognizance -of our senses, the only method, in which we can reasonably proceed, -is by inferring from what we know in subjects of the same nature: and -our conclusion thus inferred, concerning the subject sought, will -be firmer and more unquestionable, in proportion as it resembles -the subject known. But if the subjects be really of the same kind; -if no difference can be shewn between them, in any respect material -to the inquiry, in which we are engaged; in this case our inference -from analogy becomes the very next thing to a physical certainty: and -this I apprehend to be true in relation to the problem before us, -concerning the origin of the lymphatic vessels. Tho’ in general we -cannot, by experiments, arrive at the extremities of those tubes, nor -satisfy ourselves, by inspection, in what manner they receive their -fluid; yet in a very considerable number of them we can do both. There -is a certain part of the human body very abundantly provided with -lymphatics; in which part we can actually force injections thro’ those -vessels into a cavity, where their extremities open: and from this -cavity, on the other hand, we can at pleasure introduce a coloured -liquor into their extremities, and trace it from smaller into wider -canals; from capillary tubes, without valves, into large lymphatic -trunks copiously furnished with them. We know likewise, that into -this cavity are continually exhaling an infinite number of watery and -mucous vessels, both arterial tubes and excretory ducts: that these -keep it moist with a perpetual vapour, which the extremities of those -lymphatics are, in the mean time, perpetually imbibing. Does it not -seem strange, while these particulars are known and acknowledged by -all the world, that the great authors of anatomy and physiology should -never have reasoned from them; but should run into complex and obscure -suppositions, in order to explain a process, which they may at any time -examine with their own eyes? But perhaps this inadvertency may be -accounted for, if we recollect, that at the time when these vessels, -and the structure of this part, were discovered, the lymph, and every -thing belonging to it, was utterly unknown; and that the vessels in -question were first seen and considered as performing another and more -remarkable office: which circumstance, it should seem, has prevented -succeeding authors from being duly attentive to them in the capacity -of lymphatics. However this be, it is certain, that the lymphatics of -the mesentery, commonly called the lacteals, differ from those of the -other parts in no one particular, save that occasionally they carry -chyle instead of lymph; or rather carry lymph mixed, at stated times -(that is, for two or three hours after the creature has taken food) -with an emulsion of vegetable and animal substances, and coloured white -by that mixture. At other times, (that is, during sixteen of eighteen -hours out of the twenty-four) they contain nothing but lymph; and are, -in every respect, mere lymphatic vessels, not to be distinguished from -those in any other part of the body. Their structure is the same; the -membrane of which they are formed, their valves, the lymph which they -contain, the glands thro’ which they pass, their direction from smaller -tubes to larger, and from these to the blood, differ in nothing from -what we observe of the other lymphatics. Their lymph, in the mean -time, is without doubt or controversy supplied from the cavity of the -intestines; being the watery moisture continually exhaled there for -the purposes of digestion, and for the preservation of the alimentary -canal, and as continually taken up by the roots or extremities of -these vessels, in order to be carried back to the blood, after it has -performed its office in the bowels. Let it also be remembered, that -these vessels, in other places of the body, are generally, when we -trace them, lost in muscular, tendinous, or membranous parts: and then, -I should presume, it may fairly, and with a good degree of evidence, -be concluded, that the lymphatics of the body, in general, have their -origin among the little cavities of the cellular substance of the -muscles, among the mucous folliculi of the tendons, or the membranous -receptacles and ducts of the larger glands: that their extremities or -roots do, from these cavities, imbibe the moisture exhaled there from -the ultimate arterial tubes, just as the lacteals (the lymphatics of -the mesentery) do on the concave surface of the intestines: and that -the minute imbibing vessels, by gradually opening one into another, -form at length a lymphatic trunk, furnished with valves to prevent the -return of its fluid, and tending uniformly, from the extremities and -from the viscera, to reconvey to the blood that lymph, or that fine -steam, with which they are kept in perpetual moisture; a circumstance -indispensibly necessary to life and motion: while, at the same time, -the continual re-absorption of that moisture by the lymphatics is no -less necessary, in order to preserve the blood properly fluid, and -to prevent the putrefaction, which would inevitably follow, if this -animal vapour were suffered to stagnate in the cavities where it is -discharged. - - - - -XLI. _A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, -_President, the_ Council, _and_ Fellows, _of the_ Royal Society, -_concerning the Variation of the Magnetic Needle; with a Sett of -Tables annexed, which exhibit the Result of upwards of Fifty Thousand -Observations, in Six periodic Reviews, from the year 1700 to the year -1756, both inclusive; and are adapted to every Five Degrees of Latitude -and Longitude in the more frequented Oceans. By_ William Mountaine -_and_ James Dodson, _Fellows of the Royal Society_. - - -[Read Nov. 10, 1757.] - - Dated London, Nov. 9th. 1757. - -SIRS, - -ON the 20th of March 1755, we presented an address to this illustrious -Body, intituled, “An Attempt to point out, in a concise manner, -the Advantages which would accrue from a periodic Review of the -Variation of the Magnetic Needle, throughout the known World; -requesting contributions thereto, by communicating such observations -concerning it, as had then been lately made, or could be procured from -correspondents in foreign parts.” - -This address was read at the same time, and afterwards honoured with -a place in the Transactions, vol. xlviii. part ii. for 1754: which -favour we now acknowledge in the most grateful manner; and, pursuant -to our engagements, beg leave to lay before you some account of the -communications received, with a specimen of the uses and applications -which we have been enabled to make of those, and other assistances with -which we have been indulged. - -On application to the Honourable the Commissioners of the Navy, we were -obliged with an order of free access to all their masters log-books and -journals. - -The Directors of the Honourable East India Company granted the like -privilege. - -The Honourable Committee of the Hudson’s Bay Company obliged us with -sundry observations, made, and tabulated, by their own Captains. - -James Bradley, D. D. Regius Professor of Astronomy, and F.R.S. -favoured us with several observations made at the Royal Observatory at -Greenwich. - -John Hyde, Esq; F.R.S. communicated a sett of useful observations, -extracted from two journals kept on board the Triton and Britannia East -Indiamen. - -A correct journal kept on board the Delawar East Indiaman was handed to -us by a gentleman unknown. - -Capt. George Snow furnished a considerable number of observations, made -with care and accuracy by himself, in several successive voyages to, -and from Barbadoes and Virginia; together with several remarks upon -the subject: _One_, which we apprehend to be material, we beg leave -to insert, as it meets with some confirmation by the tables annexed; -_viz._ “At Barbadoes the variation seems at a stand very near; for in -the road, 1752, I observed 5 degrees east; and by Mr. Halley’s draught, -in the year 1701, 5½ degrees: in 1747, at Port Royal keys, Jamaica, I -observed the variation 7° 20’ E.; and on the coast of Carthagena the -same week, off the high land of Sancta Martha, 7° 45’ E. nearly south -of Port Royal: Therefore these curves are not much altered; and the -curve at Jamaica is nearly at a stand, as tho’ tied; and the south part -of them, with the rest, dropping to the westward.” - -Mr. Mungo Murray, author of a treatise on ship-building, presented -us with several observations taken on board the Prince Edward and -Chesterfield East Indiamen, and his Majesty’s ship the Neptune. - -For all these favours we return our sincere thanks. - -No observations made upon land have been received, except Dr. Bradley’s -aforesaid; which has frustrated our intentions of continuing the curves -from sea to sea. - -By collecting, comparing, and adjusting, all these materials, we -have been enabled to construct variation-curves upon Dr. Halley’s -mercator-chart, adapted to the year 1756; which will soon be in -readiness to present to this Royal Society. - -As a work of this kind requires much time, and a multitude of -observations, both by sea and land, to render it more perfect and -general; we hope the ingenious in all nations will lend their -assistance: By this means every periodic review will be productive of -improvement. - -From the first instant that we made this affair the object of our -more particular consideration, we have attended to the mode of -increase and decrease in the variation: and as a considerable number -of observations, made at periodic times, and duly registered, seem to -be the most essential toward determining the laws of its mutation, or -proving its irregularity, we have therefore formed a sett of tables, -from actual observations collected for the years 1710, 1720, 1730, and -1744, the date of our last chart; which, together with Dr. Halley’s -for the year 1700, and the present chart now publishing, compleat six -reviews: These are tabulated, and shew the quantity of the variation, -at those several periods, to every 5 degrees of latitude and longitude -in the more frequented oceans; which we hope will prove acceptable, as -nothing of the like kind has yet appeared, or can easily be obtained. - -Our materials have been so deficient, that even in the limits to which -our tables are confined, we have been obliged to leave blanks in some -of the above periods, for want of that concurrent testimony, on which -the numbers inserted are founded: but, considering the difficulties -unavoidably attending a work of this sort, and the little assistance -which we have met with from private hands, we hope that this Royal -Society will not only excuse those vacancies, but also those in the -great tracts of sea, as well as land, concerning which we are very -unwillingly obliged to be intirely silent. - -Agreeable to our former address, we lay only what appear to be facts -before you, without attempting to introduce any hypothesis for the -solution of these phænomena; some of which (being very extraordinary) -we recommend peculiarly to the notice of those gentlemen, who may -endeavour the investigation of their causes. - -Under the equator, in longitude 40° E. from London, the highest -variation during the whole 56 years appears to be 17°¼ W. and the -least 16°½ W.: and in latitude 15° N. longitude 60° W. from London, -the variation has been constantly 5° E. but in other places the case -has been widely different; for in the latitude 10° S. longitude 60° E. -from London, the variation has decreased from 17° W. to 7°¼ W., and in -latitude 10° S. longitude 5° W. from London, it has increased from 2°¼ -W. to 12°¾ W.; and in latitude 15° N. longitude 20° W. it has increased -from 1° W. to 9° W. - -But there is still a more extraordinary appearance in the Indian seas: -for instance, under the equator, - - Longitude from| Variation in - _London_ | 1700. | 1756. - --------------+----------+--------- - Degrees. | Degrees. | Degrees. - 40 E | 16¾ W | 16¾ W - 45 E | 17¾ W | 14½ W - 50 E | 17½ W | 11¾ W - 55 E | 16½ W | 8¾ W - 60 E | 15¼ W | 6 W - 65 E | 13½ W | 4½ W - 70 E | 11½ W | 2¾ W - 75 E | 9¾ W | 1 W - 80 E | 7¾ W | 0¼ E - 85 E | 5½ W | 1¼ E - 90 E | 4¼ W | 1 E - 95 E | 3¼ W | 0½ W - 100 E | 2½ W | 1 W - --------------+----------+--------- - -Where the west variation in the longitude 40° E. is the same in both -the above years; and in 1700 the west variation seemed to be regularly -decreasing from longitude 50° E. to the longitude 100° E.; but in -1756 we find the west variation decreasing so fast, that we have -east variation in the longitude 80°, 85°, and 90° E; and yet, in the -longitude 95° and 100° E. we have west variation again. - -Such are the irregularities, that experience hath shewn us, in the -variation of the magnetic needle; which appear so considerable, that we -cannot think it wholly under the direction of one general and uniform -law; but rather conclude, with the learned and judicious Dr. Gowen -Knight, Fellow of this Society, in the 87th prop. of his treatise -upon attraction and repulsion, That it is influenced by various and -different magnetic attractions, in all probability occasioned by the -heterogeneous compositions in the great magnet, the _Earth_. - -Notwithstanding all which, should the sagacity of some eminent -philosopher be able to exhibit rules, whereby the quantity of the -variation may be computed for future times, yet then such a review, as -we have now made, will be necessary at a proper interval, to prove the -truth of them: and should no such rules appear, then will a continued -succession of such reviews be necessary so long as commerce and -navigation subsist among us. - -What we have now done is intirely for the public service, the sale of -the former chart never having made good its expence; and we propose -to continue our endeavours for another review, at the proper time, if -we shall then be alive, and capable of the task: but as the contrary -may probably happen, we beg leave to conclude with recommending such -a continuation, in the strongest manner, to such of the members of -this Royal Society, or others, who may, at the proper intervals, have -leisure and ability for such a performance. - -We are, with the greatest deference, - - Your Lordship’s, - And the Royal Society’s, - Most faithful and - most obedient Servants, - William Mountaine. - James Dodson. - - -_A_ TABLE, _exhibiting the different Variations of the_ MAGNETIC-NEEDLE -_in the more frequented Oceans, from the Year 1700 to the Year 1756_. - - | Longitude, | VARIATION. - | From | Anno | Anno | Anno | Anno | - Latitude. | London. | 1700. | 1710. | 1720. | 1730. | - ----------+------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ - _Degrees._| _Degrees._ |_Degrees._|_Degrees._|_Degrees._|_Degrees._| - 0 | 0 | 4½ W | | | 10¼ W | - 0 | 5 W | 2¾ W | | | 8¾ W | - 0 | 10 W | 1½ W | 3½ W | 5½ W | 7 W | - 0 | 15 W | 0½ W | 2 W | 3½ W | 5 W | - 0 | 20 W | 0¾ E | 0½ W | 1¾ W | 3 W | - 0 | 25 W | 1½ E | 0½ E | 0½ W | 1½ W | - 0 | 30 W | 2½ E | 2 E | 1½ E | 1 E | - 0 | 35 W | 3¼ E | 3 E | 2¾ E | 2½ E | - 0 | 40 W | 4¼ E | 4¼ E | 4 E | 3¾ E | - 0 | 45 W | 5½ E | 5½ E | 5¼ E | 5 E | - 0 | 50 W | 6¾ E | | | 5¾ E | - 0 | 5 E | 6 W | | | 12½ W | - 0 | 10 E | 7¾ W | | | 14¼ W | - 0 | 40 E | 16¾ W | 17 W | 17¼ W | 17 W | - 0 | 45 E | 17¾ W | 17¼ W | 16¾ W | 16¼ W | - 0 | 50 E | 17½ W | 16¾ W | 16 W | 15 W | - 0 | 55 E | 16½ W | 15¼ W | 14 W | 13 W | - 0 | 60 E | 15¼ W | 13¾ W | 12½ W | 11 W | - 0 | 65 E | 13½ W | 11¾ W | 10 W | 8¼ W | - 0 | 70 E | 11½ W | 9¾ W | 7¾ W | 6 W | - 0 | 75 E | 9¾ W | 7¾ W | 5¾ W | 4 W | - 0 | 80 E | 7¾ W | 6 W | 4¼ W | 3 W | - 0 | 85 E | 5½ W | 4 W | 2½ W | 1½ W | - 0 | 90 E | 4¼ W | 3½ W | 1½ W | 0½ W | - 0 | 95 E | 3¼ W | 2¼ W | | | - 0 |100 E | 2½ W | 1 W | | | - 5 N | 0 | 4¾ W | | | 10½ W | - 5 N | 5 W | 3¼ W | | | 9 W | - 5 N | 10 W | 1¾ W | | | 7½ W | - 5 N | 15 W | 0¾ W | 2¼ W | 3¾ W | 5½ W | - 5 N | 20 W | 0 | 1½ W | 2½ W | 3½ W | - 5 N | 25 W | 1 E | 0 | 1 W | 2 W | - 5 N | 30 W | 1¾ E | 1¼ E | 0½ E | 0¼ W | - 5 N | 35 W | 2½ E | 2¼ E | 1¾ E | 1½ E | - 5 N | 40 W | 3½ E | 3¼ E | 3 E | 2½ E | - 5 N | 45 W | 4½ E | 4¼ E | 4¼ E | 4 E | - 5 N | 50 W | 5½ E | 5½ E | 5¼ E | 5¼ E | - 5 N | 55 W | 6¾ E | | | | - 5 N | 5 E | 6¼ W | | | 12¾ W | - 5 N | 10 E | 7¾ W | | | 14¼ W | - 5 N | 45 E | 16¾ W | 16 W | 15¼ W | 14¾ W | - 5 N | 50 E | 16¾ W | 15¾ W | 14¾ W | 13½ W | - 5 N | 55 E | 15½ W | 14¼ W | 13 W | 12 W | - 5 N | 60 E | 14¼ W | 12¾ W | 11¼ W | 10 W | - 5 N | 65 E | 12¾ W | 11 W | 9½ W | 8 W | - 5 N | 70 E | 10¾ W | 9 W | 7¼ W | 5½ W | - 5 N | 75 E | 8¾ W | 7 W | 5¼ W | 3¾ W | - 5 N | 80 E | 6½ W | 5 W | 3½ W | 2½ W | - 5 N | 85 E | 4¾ W | 3¾ W | 2¾ W | 1½ W | - 5 N | 90 E | 3¾ W | | | | - 5 N | 95 E | 2¾ W | | | | - 10 N | 15 W | 1¼ W | | 4½ W | 6 W | - 10 N | 20 W | 0½ W | 2 W | 3¼ W | 4½ W | - 10 N | 25 W | 0¼ E | 0¾ W | 1¾ W | 2¾ W | - 10 N | 30 W | 1 E | 0½ E | 0 | 1 W | - 10 N | 35 W | 1¾ E | 1¼ E | 0¾ E | 0¼ E | - 10 N | 40 W | 2½ E | 2¼ E | 2 E | 1¾ E | - 10 N | 45 W | 3½ E | 3½ E | 3¼ E | 3 E | - 10 N | 50 W | 4½ E | 4½ E | 4¼ E | 4¼ E | - 10 N | 55 W | 5½ E | 5½ E | 5½ E | 5¼ E | - 10 N | 60 W | 6½ E | | | | - 10 N | 50 E | 16 W | 15 W | 14 W | 12¾ W | - 10 N | 55 E | 15 W | 13½ W | 12 W | 11 W | - 10 N | 60 E | 13½ W | 12 W | 10½ W | 9¼ W | - 10 N | 65 E | 12 W | 10¾ W | 9 W | 7½ W | - 10 N | 70 E | 10 W | 8¾ W | 6½ W | 5 W | - 10 N | 75 E | 8 W | 6½ W | 5 W | 3½ W | - 10 N | 80 E | 5¾ W | 4½ W | 3¼ W | 2 W | - 10 N | 85 E | 4½ W | 3½ W | 2¼ W | 1¼ W | - 10 N | 90 E | 3½ W | | | | - 10 N | 95 E | 2½ W | | | | - 15 N | 20 W | 1 W | 2½ W | 4 W | 5½ W | - 15 N | 25 W | 0½ W | 1½ W | 2½ W | 3½ W | - 15 N | 30 W | 0¼ E | 0¼ W | 1 W | 1¾ W | - 15 N | 35 W | 1 E | 0½ E | 0 | 0½ W | - 15 N | 40 W | 1½ E | 1¾ E | 1 E | 0½ E | - 15 N | 45 W | 2¼ E | 2¼ E | 2 E | 1¾ E | - 15 N | 50 W | 3¼ E | 3¼ E | 3¼ E | 3 E | - 15 N | 55 W | 4 E | 4 E | 4 E | 4 E | - 15 N | 60 W | 5 E | 5 E | 5 E | 5 E | - 15 N | 65 W | 6 E | | | 5 E | - 15 N | 70 W | 7 E | | | 5½ E | - 15 N | 75 W | 7¾ E | | | | - 15 N | 80 W | 8¼ E | | | | - 15 N | 50 E | 15½ W | 14¼ W | 13 W | 11¾ W | - 15 N | 55 E | 14¼ W | 12¾ W | 11½ W | 10¾ W | - 15 N | 60 E | 13 W | 11¾ W | 10¼ W | 9 W | - 15 N | 65 E | 11½ W | 10 W | 8¾ W | 7½ W | - 15 N | 70 E | 9¾ W | 8¼ W | 6¾ W | 5½ W | - 15 N | 75 E | 8 W | 6½ W | 5 W | 3½ W | - 15 N | 80 E | 5¾ W | 4½ W | 3½ W | 2½ W | - 15 N | 85 E | 4¼ W | 3¼ W | 2¼ W | 1 W | - 15 N | 90 E | 3¼ W | 2½ W | 1¼ W | | - 15 N | 95 E | 2½ W | 1½ W | | | - 20 N | 20 W | 1½ W | 3 W | 4¼ W | 5¼ W | - 20 N | 25 W | 1 W | 2 W | 2¾ W | 3½ W | - 20 N | 30 W | 0½ W | 1 W | 1½ W | 2¼ W | - 20 N | 35 W | 0¼ E | 0¼ W | 0¾ W | 1½ W | - 20 N | 40 W | 0¾ E | ¼ E | 0 | 0½ W | - 20 N | 45 W | 1½ E | 1¼ E | 1 E | ¾ E | - 20 N | 50 W | 2 E | 2 E | 1¾ E | 1½ E | - 20 N | 55 W | 2¾ E | 2¾ E | 2¾ E | 2½ E | - 20 N | 60 W | 3¾ E | 3¾ E | 3¾ E | 3½ E | - 20 N | 65 W | 4¾ E | | | | - 20 N | 70 W | 5½ E | | | | - 20 N | 75 W | 6¼ E | | | | - 20 N | 80 W | 7 E | | | | - 20 N | 60 E | 12¾ W | 11¼ W | 10 W | 9 W | - 20 N | 65 E | 11½ W | 10 W | 8½ W | 7¼ W | - 20 N | 70 E | 9¾ W | 8½ W | 7 W | 5¾ W | - 20 N | 90 E | 3½ W | 2½ W | 1½ W | 1 W | - 25 N | 20 W | 2 W | 3¼ W | 4 W | 5¼ W | - 25 N | 25 W | 1¾ W | 2¼ W | 2¾ W | 4 W | - 25 N | 30 W | 1¼ W | 1¾ W | 2¼ W | 3 W | - 25 N | 35 W | 1 W | 1½ W | 2 W | 2½ W | - 25 N | 40 W | 0½ W | 0¾ W | 1 W | 1½ W | - 25 N | 45 W | 0¼ E | 0 | 0½ W | 1 W | - 25 N | 50 W | 0¾ E | 0½ E | 0¼ E | 0 | - 25 N | 55 W | 1¼ E | 1 E | 1 E | ¾ E | - 25 N | 60 W | 2 E | 2 E | 2 E | 1½ E | - 25 N | 65 W | 2¾ E | | | | - 25 N | 70 W | 3½ E | | | | - 25 N | 75 W | 4¼ E | | | | - 25 N | 80 W | 4¾ E | | | | - 25 N | 60 E | 12¾ W | 11½ W | 10¼ W | 9 W | - 25 N | 65 E | 11½ W | 10¼ W | 9 W | 7½ W | - 25 N | 70 E | 10 W | 8¾ W | 7½ W | 6 W | - 30 N | 10 W | 3½ W | | | | - 30 N | 15 W | 3¼ W | | | | - 30 N | 20 W | 3 W | 4¼ W | 5½ W | 6¾ W | - 30 N | 25 W | 2¾ W | 3½ W | 4¼ W | 5½ W | - 30 N | 30 W | 2½ W | 3 W | 3½ W | 4¼ W | - 30 N | 35 W | 2¼ W | 2¾ W | 3¼ W | 3¾ W | - 30 N | 40 W | 1¾ W | 2 W | 2½ W | 3 W | - 30 N | 45 W | 1¼ W | 1½ W | 2 W | 2¼ W | - 30 N | 50 W | 0¾ W | 1 W | 1½ W | 1¾ W | - 30 N | 55 W | 0¼ W | ½ W | 1 W | 1¼ W | - 30 N | 60 W | 0¼ E | 0 | ¼ W | 0½ W | - 30 N | 65 W | 0¾ E | ½ E | ¼ E | 0 | - 30 N | 70 W | 1½ E | 1¼ E | 1 E | ¾ E | - 30 N | 75 W | 2 E | 1½ E | 1¼ E | 1 E | - 30 N | 80 W | 2¼ E | | | | - 35 N | 10 W | 4¼ W | | | 9¾ W | - 35 N | 15 W | 4 W | | | 9¼ W | - 35 N | 20 W | 4 W | | | 8¼ W | - 35 N | 25 W | 3¾ W | 4¾ W | 6 W | 7½ W | - 35 N | 30 W | 3¾ W | 4½ W | 5½ W | 6¾ W | - 35 N | 35 W | 3¾ W | 4¼ W | 5¼ W | 6 W | - 35 N | 40 W | 3¾ W | 4 W | 4½ W | 5¼ W | - 35 N | 45 W | 3½ W | 3¾ W | 4¼ W | 4¾ W | - 35 N | 50 W | 3½ W | 3¾ W | 4 W | 4¼ W | - 35 N | 55 W | 3½ W | 3¾ W | 4 W | 4¼ W | - 35 N | 60 W | 3¼ W | 3¾ W | 4 W | 4¼ W | - 35 N | 65 W | 3 W | | | | - 35 N | 70 W | 2½ W | | | | - 35 N | 75 W | 2¼ W | | | | - 40 N | 10 W | 5 W | | | 10¾ W | - 40 N | 15 W | 5¼ W | | | 10½ W | - 40 N | 20 W | 5¼ W | | | 10 W | - 40 N | 25 W | 5½ W | | | 9½ W | - 40 N | 30 W | 5½ W | 6¾ W | 8 W | 9 W | - 40 N | 35 W | 5¾ W | 6½ W | 7¼ W | 8¼ W | - 40 N | 40 W | 5¾ W | 6¼ W | 7¼ W | 8 W | - 40 N | 45 W | 6 W | | | 7½ W | - 40 N | 50 W | 6¼ W | | | 7¼ W | - 40 N | 55 W | 6½ W | | | 7¾ W | - 40 N | 60 W | 6¾ W | | | 8 W | - 40 N | 65 W | 7 W | | | 8½ W | - 40 N | 70 W | 7 W | | | 9 W | - 45 N | 5 W | 6 W | | | 12½ W | - 45 N | 10 W | 6½ W | | | 12¼ W | - 45 N | 15 W | 6¾ W | | | 11¾ W | - 45 N | 20 W | 7 W | | | 11½ W | - 45 N | 25 W | 7½ W | | | 11½ W | - 45 N | 30 W | 8 W | | | 11¾ W | - 45 N | 35 W | 8¾ W | | | 11¾ W | - 45 N | 40 W | 9½ W | | | 12 W | - 45 N | 45 W | 10½ W | | | 12¾ W | - 45 N | 50 W | 11½ W | | | 13½ W | - 45 N | 55 W | 12½ W | | | 14 W | - 45 N | 60 W | 13¾ W | | | 14 W | - 50 N | 5 W | 7½ W | | | | - 50 N | 10 W | 7¾ W | | | | - 50 N | 15 W | 8½ W | | | | - 50 N | 20 W | 9 W | | | | - 50 N | 25 W | 9¾ W | | | | - 5 S | 0 | 4¼ W | | | 10 W | - 5 S | 5 W | 2½ W | | | 8½ W | - 5 S | 10 W | 1 W | 3 W | 4¾ W | 6½ W | - 5 S | 15 W | 0 | 1½ W | 3 W | 4½ W | - 5 S | 20 W | 1¼ E | 0¼ W | 0¾ W | 2¼ W | - 5 S | 25 W | 2¼ E | 1¼ E | 0¼ E | 0¾ W | - 5 S | 30 W | 3¼ E | 2¼ E | 1¾ E | 1 E | - 5 S | 35 W | 4¼ E | 4 E | 3½ E | 3¼ E | - 5 S | 5 E | 6 W | | | 12½ W | - 5 S | 10 E | 7½ W | | | 14¼ W | - 5 S | 40 E | 18 W | 17¾ W | 17¾ W | 17½ W | - 5 S | 45 E | 18½ W | 18¼ W | 18 W | 17½ W | - 5 S | 50 E | 18½ W | 17¾ W | 17 W | 16¼ W | - 5 S | 55 E | 17½ W | 16½ W | 15½ W | 14¾ W | - 5 S | 60 E | 16¼ W | 14¾ W | 13¼ W | 12 W | - 5 S | 65 E | 14¾ W | 12¾ W | 10¾ W | 9 W | - 5 S | 70 E | 13 W | 11 W | 9 W | 6¾ W | - 5 S | 75 E | 11 W | 9 W | 7 W | 5 W | - 5 S | 80 E | 9 W | 7 W | 5 W | 3 W | - 5 S | 85 E | 7 W | 5½ W | 3¾ W | 2½ W | - 5 S | 90 E | 5 W | 4½ W | 2¾ W | 2 W | - 5 S | 95 E | 3¾ W | 3½ W | 1½ W | 1½ W | - 5 S |100 E | 3 W | 2½ W | 1½ W | 1 W | - 10 S | 0 | 3¾ W | | | 9½ W | - 10 S | 5 W | 2¼ W | 4¼ W | 6¼ W | 8¼ W | - 10 S | 10 W | 0¾ W | 2¾ W | 4¾ W | 6½ W | - 10 S | 15 W | ½ E | 1 W | 2½ W | 4 W | - 10 S | 20 W | 1¾ E | 0½ E | 0 | 1½ W | - 10 S | 25 W | 3 E | 2½ E | 1¾ E | 0¾ E | - 10 S | 30 W | 4 E | 3½ E | 3 E | 2½ E | - 10 S | 35 W | 5¼ E | 5 E | 4¾ E | 4½ W | - 10 S | 5 E | 5¾ W | | | 12 W | - 10 S | 10 E | 7½ W | | | 14 W | - 10 S | 15 E | 9¼ W | | | 15½ W | - 10 S | 40 E | 18¾ W | 18¾ W | 18¾ W | 18¾ W | - 10 S | 45 E | 19½ W | 19¼ W | 19 W | 18¾ W | - 10 S | 50 E | 19½ W | 19 W | 18½ W | 17¾ W | - 10 S | 55 E | 18½ W | 17½ W | 16½ W | 15½ W | - 10 S | 60 E | 17 W | 16 W | 15 W | 14 W | - 10 S | 65 E | 15¾ W | 13¾ W | 11¾ W | 10 W | - 10 S | 70 E | 14½ W | 12 W | 10 W | 8 W | - 10 S | 75 E | 12½ W | 10¼ W | 9 W | 5¾ W | - 10 S | 80 E | 10½ W | 8 W | 5½ W | 4 W | - 10 S | 85 E | 8½ W | 6¾ W | 5 W | 3¾ W | - 10 S | 90 E | 6¾ W | 5½ W | 4¼ W | 3 W | - 10 S | 95 E | 5 W | 4½ W | 4 W | 3¼ W | - 10 S |100 E | 3¾ W | 3½ W | 3¼ W | 3 W | - 10 S |105 E | 2¾ W | 2¾ W | 2½ W | 2½ W | - 10 S |110 E | 2 W | | | | - 15 S | 0 | 3½ W | 5½ W | 7½ W | 9½ W | - 15 S | 5 W | 1¾ W | 3¾ W | 5¾ W | 7¾ W | - 15 S | 10 W | ¼ W | 2 W | 3¾ W | 5½ W | - 15 S | 15 W | 1¼ E | 0¼ W | 1¾ W | 3¼ W | - 15 S | 20 W | 2½ E | 1½ E | 0¾ E | 0½ W | - 15 S | 25 W | 3¾ E | 3 E | 2¼ E | 1½ E | - 15 S | 30 W | 5 E | 4½ E | 4 E | 3½ E | - 15 S | 35 W | 6½ E | 6¼ E | 5¾ E | 5½ E | - 15 S | 40 W | 7¾ E | | | | - 15 S | 5 E | 5½ W | | | 11½ W | - 15 S | 10 E | 7½ W | | | 14 W | - 15 S | 40 E | 19¾ W | 19¾ W | 20 W | 20 W | - 15 S | 45 E | 20½ W | 20½ W | 20¼ W | 20¼ W | - 15 S | 50 E | 20½ W | 20 W | 19½ W | 18¾ W | - 15 S | 55 E | 19½ W | 18½ W | 17½ W | 16½ W | - 15 S | 60 E | 18¼ W | 17 W | 16 W | 14½ W | - 15 S | 65 E | 17 W | 15½ W | 13½ W | 12 W | - 15 S | 70 E | 15½ W | 12¾ W | 10¾ W | 9 W | - 15 S | 75 E | 14 W | 12 W | 9¾ W | 7½ W | - 15 S | 80 E | 12 W | 10 W | 8 W | 6 W | - 15 S | 85 E | 10 W | 8 W | 6¼ W | 4¾ W | - 15 S | 90 E | 8½ W | 7¼ W | 6 W | 4½ W | - 15 S | 95 E | 6½ W | 5¾ W | 5 W | 4¼ W | - 15 S |100 E | 5 W | 4¾ W | 4½ W | 4¼ W | - 15 S |105 E | 3½ W | 3½ W | 3¾ W | 3¾ W | - 15 S |110 E | 2½ W | | | | - 20 S | 0 | 3¼ W | 5¼ W | 7¼ W | 9 W | - 20 S | 5 W | 1½ W | 3¼ W | 5 W | 6¾ W | - 20 S | 10 W | 0½ E | 1¼ W | 3 W | 4¾ W | - 20 S | 15 W | 1¾ E | 0½ E | 0¾ W | 2 W | - 20 S | 20 W | 3 E | 2¾ E | 1½ E | 0½ W | - 20 S | 25 W | 4¾ E | 4¼ E | 3½ E | 2¾ E | - 20 S | 30 W | 6 E | 5½ E | 5¼ E | 4¾ E | - 20 S | 35 W | 7¾ E | 7½ E | 7¼ E | 6¾ E | - 20 S | 40 W | 9¼ E | | | | - 20 S | 5 E | 5½ W | | | 11 W | - 20 S | 10 E | 7½ W | | | 13½ W | - 20 S | 15 E | 9½ W | | | 15½ W | - 20 S | 35 E | 19 W | 19¼ W | 19¾ W | 20¼ W | - 20 S | 40 E | 20½ W | 20¾ W | 21¼ W | 21½ W | - 20 S | 45 E | 21¼ W | 21¼ W | 21½ W | 21½ W | - 20 S | 50 E | 21¼ W | 21 W | 20¾ W | 20¼ W | - 20 S | 55 E | 20½ W | 20 W | 19¼ W | 18½ W | - 20 S | 60 E | 19½ W | 18¼ W | 17 W | 5¾ W | - 20 S | 65 E | 18¼ W | 17 W | 15¾ W | 14¼ W | - 20 S | 70 E | 16¾ W | 15½ W | 13½ W | 12 W | - 20 S | 75 E | 15 W | 13 W | 10½ W | 9 W | - 20 S | 80 E | 13½ W | 11¾ W | 9¾ W | 8 W | - 20 S | 85 E | 11½ W | 10 W | 8½ W | 7 W | - 20 S | 90 E | 10 W | 8¾ W | 7½ W | 6¼ W | - 20 S | 95 E | 8 W | 7¼ W | 6½ W | 5¾ W | - 20 S |100 E | 6½ W | 6¼ W | 6 W | 5½ W | - 20 S |105 E | 4¾ W | 5 W | 5 W | 5 W | - 25 S | 0 | 3 W | 5 W | 7 W | 8¾ W | - 25 S | 5 W | 1 W | 2¾ W | 4½ W | 6¼ W | - 25 S | 10 W | 1 E | 0½ W | 2¾ W | 4 W | - 25 S | 15 W | 2½ E | 1¼ W | 0 | 1¼ W | - 25 S | 20 W | 4 E | 3¼ E | 2 E | 1¼ E | - 25 S | 25 W | 6 E | 5¼ E | 4½ E | 3¾ E | - 25 S | 30 W | 7½ E | 7 E | 6½ E | 6 E | - 25 S | 35 W | 9¼ E | | | | - 25 S | 40 W | 11 E | | | | - 25 S | 5 E | 5¼ W | 7 W | 8¾ W | 10½ W | - 25 S | 10 E | 7½ W | | | | - 25 S | 15 E | 9½ W | | | | - 25 S | 35 E | 19½ W | 20¼ W | 20¾ W | 21½ W | - 25 S | 40 E | 21 W | 21½ W | 22 W | 22½ W | - 25 S | 45 E | 22¼ W | 22½ W | 22¾ W | 23 W | - 25 S | 50 E | 22½ W | 22½ W | 22¼ W | 22¼ W | - 25 S | 55 E | 22 W | 21½ W | 21 W | 20½ W | - 25 S | 60 E | 20¾ W | 19¾ W | 19 W | 18¼ W | - 25 S | 65 E | 19¼ W | 18¼ W | 17¼ W | 16¼ W | - 25 S | 70 E | 17¾ W | 16¾ W | 15¾ W | 14½ W | - 25 S | 75 E | 16¼ W | 15 W | 13¾ W | 12½ W | - 25 S | 80 E | 14¾ W | 13½ W | 12¼ W | 10¾ W | - 25 S | 85 E | 13 W | 11¾ W | 10½ W | 9¼ W | - 25 S | 90 E | 11¼ W | 10¼ W | 9¾ W | 8¼ W | - 25 S | 95 E | 9½ W | 9 W | 8½ W | 7¾ W | - 25 S |100 E | 7¾ W | 7½ W | 7¼ W | 7 W | - 30 S | 0 | 2¾ W | 4¼ W | 6 W | 7¾ W | - 30 S | 5 W | 0½ W | 2 W | 3½ W | 5¼ W | - 30 S | 10 W | 1½ E | 0 | 1½ W | 3 W | - 30 S | 15 W | 3¼ E | 2¼ E | 0¾ E | 0¼ W | - 30 S | 20 W | 5 E | 4¾ E | 3¾ E | 2¾ E | - 30 S | 25 W | 7¼ E | 6½ E | 5¾ E | 5 E | - 30 S | 30 W | 9 E | | | | - 30 S | 35 W | 11 E | | | | - 30 S | 5 E | 5 W | 7 W | 8¾ W | 10¼ W | - 30 S | 10 E | 7¼ W | 9¼ W | 11¼ W | 12¾ W | - 30 S | 15 E | 9½ W | | | | - 30 S | 30 E | 17½ W | 18½ W | 19½ W | 20½ W | - 30 S | 35 E | 20¼ W | 21 W | 21¾ W | 22½ W | - 30 S | 40 E | 21¾ W | 22½ W | 23¼ W | 24 W | - 30 S | 45 E | 23 W | 23½ W | 24 W | 24½ W | - 30 S | 50 E | 23½ W | 23¾ W | 24 W | 24¼ W | - 30 S | 55 E | 23 W | 23 W | 23 W | 22¾ W | - 30 S | 60 E | 21¾ W | 21½ W | 21 W | 20½ W | - 30 S | 65 E | 20¼ W | 19½ W | 19 W | 18½ W | - 30 S | 70 E | 18¾ W | 18 W | 17¼ W | 16½ W | - 30 S | 75 E | 17¼ W | 16½ W | 15¾ W | 14¾ W | - 30 S | 80 E | 15¾ W | 15 W | 14 W | 13 W | - 30 S | 85 E | 14 W | 13¼ W | 12½ W | 11½ W | - 30 S | 90 E | 12½ W | 11¾ W | 11 W | 10¼ W | - 30 S | 95 E | 10½ W | 10 W | 9½ W | 9¾ W | - 30 S |100 E | 8¾ W | | | | - 35 S | 0 | 2½ W | 4 W | 5½ W | 7 W | - 35 S | 5 W | 0 | 1 W | 2½ W | 4 W | - 35 S | 10 W | 2¼ E | 1½ E | 0½ W | 1¾ W | - 35 S | 15 W | 4¼ E | | | | - 35 S | 20 W | 6¾ E | | | | - 35 S | 25 W | 8¾ E | | | | - 35 S | 30 W | 10¾ E | | | | - 35 S | 35 W | 12¾ E | | | | - 35 S | 5 E | 5 W | 6½ W | 8 W | 9½ W | - 35 S | 10 E | 7¼ W | 8½ W | 10¼ W | 11¾ W | - 35 S | 15 E | 9¾ W | 11¼ W | 12¾ W | 14¼ W | - 35 S | 20 E | 12½ W | 14 W | 15½ W | 17 W | - 35 S | 25 E | 15¼ W | 16½ W | 18 W | 19¼ W | - 35 S | 30 E | 18¼ W | 19½ W | 20½ W | 21½ W | - 35 S | 35 E | 21 W | 22 W | 22¾ W | 23½ W | - 35 S | 40 E | 22¾ W | 23½ W | 24¼ W | 25 W | - 35 S | 45 E | 24¼ W | 25 W | 25 W | 26 W | - 35 S | 50 E | 24¾ W | 25¼ W | 25¾ W | 26 W | - 35 S | 55 E | 24¼ W | 24½ W | 24½ W | 24¾ W | - 35 S | 60 E | 23 W | 23 W | 23 W | 22¾ W | - 35 S | 65 E | 21½ W | 21¼ W | 21 W | 20¾ W | - 35 S | 70 E | 19¾ W | 19¾ W | 18¾ W | 18¼ W | - 35 S | 75 E | 18¼ W | 17¾ W | 17¼ W | 17½ W | - 35 S | 80 E | 16¾ W | 16¼ W | 15¾ W | 15 W | - 35 S | 85 E | 15 W | 14½ W | 14 W | 13½ W | - 35 S | 90 E | 13½ W | 13 W | 12¾ W | 12½ W | - 35 S | 95 E | 11½ W | 11½ W | 11¼ W | 11 W | - 40 S | 0 | 2 W | 3½ W | 5 W | 6½ W | - 40 S | 5 W | 0¾ E | 0½ W | 2 W | 3½ W | - 40 S | 10 W | 3¼ E | | | | - 40 S | 15 W | 5½ E | | | | - 40 S | 20 W | 8 E | | | | - 40 S | 25 W | 10½ E | | | | - 40 S | 30 W | 12½ E | | | | - 40 S | 5 E | 4½ W | 6 W | 7½ W | 9 W | - 40 S | 10 E | 7¼ W | 8½ W | 10 W | 11½ W | - 40 S | 15 E | 9¾ W | 11¼ W | 12¾ W | 14 W | - 40 S | 20 E | 12¾ W | 14¼ W | 15½ W | 17 W | - 40 S | 25 E | 16 W | 17¼ W | 18½ W | 19¾ W | - 40 S | 30 E | 19 W | 20 W | 21¼ W | 22¼ W | - 40 S | 35 E | 21¾ W | 22¾ W | 23½ W | 24½ W | - 40 S | 40 E | 23¾ W | 24½ W | 25 W | 26 W | - 40 S | 45 E | 25¼ W | 26 W | 26¾ W | 27½ W | - 40 S | 50 E | 26 W | 26½ W | 27 W | 27½ W | - 40 S | 55 E | 25¼ W | 25½ W | 25¾ W | 26 W | - 40 S | 60 E | 24 W | 24 W | 24 W | 24¼ W | - 40 S | 65 E | 22½ W | 22½ W | 22¼ W | 22¼ W | - 40 S | 70 E | 20¾ W | 20½ W | 20¼ W | 20 W | - 40 S | 75 E | 19¼ W | 18¾ W | 18¼ W | 17¾ W | - 40 S | 80 E | 17½ W | 17 W | 16½ W | 16 W | - - - | Longitude, VARIATION. - | From | Anno | Anno - Latitude. | London. | 1744. | 1756. - --------------+----------------+----------+------------+ - _Degrees._ | _Degrees._ |_Degrees._|_ Degrees._ | - 0 | 0 |14¼ W | 15¼ W | - 0 | 5 W |12 W | 13¼ W | - 0 | 10 W |10 W | 11 W | - 0 | 15 W | 7½ W | 9 W | - 0 | 20 W | 5¼ W | 6½ W | - 0 | 25 W | 3 W | 4 W | - 0 | 30 W | 0¾ W | 0½ W | - 0 | 35 W | 1½ E | 1½ E | - 0 | 40 W | 3½ E | 3½ E | - 0 | 45 W | 4¾ E | 5 E | - 0 | 50 W | 6 E | 6½ E | - 0 | 5 E |15¾ W | 16½ W | - 0 | 10 E |17 W | 17½ W | - 0 | 40 E |16½ W | 16¾ W | - 0 | 45 E |15¾ W | 14½ W | - 0 | 50 E |14 W | 11¾ W | - 0 | 55 E |11½ W | 8¾ W | - 0 | 60 E | 9 W | 6 W | - 0 | 65 E | 6½ W | 4½ W | - 0 | 70 E | 4 W | 2¾ W | - 0 | 75 E | 1¾ W | 1 W | - 0 | 80 E | 0¼ W | 0¼ E | - 0 | 85 E | 0¼ E | 1¼ E | - 0 | 90 E | 1¼ W | 1 E | - 0 | 95 E | 2 W | 0½ W | - 0 |100 E | 2½ W | 1 W | - 5 N | 0 |15 W | 15¼ W | - 5 N | 5 W |13 W | 13 W | - 5 N | 10 W |10¾ W | 11¼ W | - 5 N | 15 W | 8½ W | 9¼ W | - 5 N | 20 W | 6 W | 7¼ W | - 5 N | 25 W | 3¾ W | 4½ W | - 5 N | 30 W | 1½ W | 1½ W | - 5 N | 35 W | 0½ E | 0½ E | - 5 N | 40 W | 2¼ E | 2¼ E | - 5 N | 45 W | 3¾ E | 4 E | - 5 N | 50 W | 5 E | 5¼ E | - 5 N | 55 W | 6¼ E | 6½ E | - 5 N | 5 E |16¼ W | 16½ W | - 5 N | 10 E |17½ W | 17½ W | - 5 N | 45 E |14 W | 13¾ W | - 5 N | 50 E |12¼ W | 11 W | - 5 N | 55 E |10 W | 8¼ W | - 5 N | 60 E | 8¼ W | 6 W | - 5 N | 65 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 5 N | 70 E | 3¾ W | 2¾ W | - 5 N | 75 E | 1¾ W | 0¾ W | - 5 N | 80 E | 0¼ W | 0¼ E | - 5 N | 85 E | 0¼ W | 1¼ E | - 5 N | 90 E | 1¼ W | 0½ E | - 5 N | 95 E | 2¼ W | 0½ W | - 10 N | 15 W | 9¼ W | 10 W | - 10 N | 20 W | 7 W | 8 W | - 10 N | 25 W | 4½ W | 5½ W | - 10 N | 30 W | 2¼ W | 3 W | - 10 N | 35 W | 0½ W | 1 W | - 10 N | 40 W | 1¼ E | 1 E | - 10 N | 45 W | 2¾ E | 2½ E | - 10 N | 50 W | 4 E | 4 E | - 10 N | 55 W | 5¼ E | 5½ E | - 10 N | 60 W | 6½ E | 6¾ E | - 10 N | 50 E |11¼ W | 10½ W | - 10 N | 55 E | 9¼ W | 8 W | - 10 N | 60 E | 7¾ W | 6 W | - 10 N | 65 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 10 N | 70 E | 3¾ W | 3 W | - 10 N | 75 E | 1¾ W | 1 E | - 10 N | 80 E | 0½ W | 0¼ E | - 10 N | 85 E | 0 | 1 E | - 10 N | 90 E | 1½ W | 0½ E | - 10 N | 95 E | 2¼ W | 0½ W | - 15 N | 20 W | 7 W | 9 W | - 15 N | 25 W | 4¾ W | 6½ W | - 15 N | 30 W | 2¾ W | 4½ W | - 15 N | 35 W | 1¼ W | 2½ W | - 15 N | 40 W | 0 | 0½ W | - 15 N | 45 W | 1½ E | 1 E | - 15 N | 50 W | 2¾ E | 2½ E | - 15 N | 55 W | 4 E | 3¾ E | - 15 N | 60 W | 5 E | 5 E | - 15 N | 65 W | 6 E | 6 E | - 15 N | 70 W | 6¾ E | 7 E | - 15 N | 75 W | 7 E | 7¾ E | - 15 N | 80 W | 7 E | 8 E | - 15 N | 50 E |10½ W | 9¾ W | - 15 N | 55 E | 8¾ W | 7¾ W | - 15 N | 60 E | 7½ W | 6 W | - 15 N | 65 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 15 N | 70 E | 4 W | 2¾ W | - 15 N | 75 E | 2¼ W | 0¾ W | - 15 N | 80 E | 1¼ W | 0 | - 15 N | 85 E | 0¼ W | 0¾ W | - 15 N | 90 E | 0¾ W | 0½ W | - 15 N | 95 E | 2¼ W | 0½ W | - 20 N | 20 W | 7 W | 10 W | - 20 N | 25 W | 4¾ W | 8 W | - 20 N | 30 W | 3¼ W | 5¾ W | - 20 N | 35 W | 2¼ W | 4 W | - 20 N | 40 W | 1 W | 2½ W | - 20 N | 45 W | 0¼ E | 0¾ W | - 20 N | 50 W | 1¼ E | 0¾ E | - 20 N | 55 W | 2½ E | 2 E | - 20 N | 60 W | 3½ E | 3¼ E | - 20 N | 65 W | 4¼ E | 4 E | - 20 N | 70 W | 5 E | 5 E | - 20 N | 75 W | 5¼ E | 5¼ E | - 20 N | 80 W | 5¼ E | 6 E | - 20 N | 60 E | 7½ W | 6 W | - 20 N | 65 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 20 N | 70 E | 4½ W | 2¾ W | - 20 N | 90 E | 0½ W | 1 E | - 25 N | 20 W | 7 W | 11 W | - 25 N | 25 W | 5¼ W | 9½ W | - 25 N | 30 W | 4 W | 7½ W | - 25 N | 35 W | 3 W | 5½ W | - 25 N | 40 W | 2¼ W | 3¾ W | - 25 N | 45 W | 1½ W | 2½ W | - 25 N | 50 W | 0½ W | 1 W | - 25 N | 55 W | 0½ E | 0 | - 25 N | 60 W | 1½ E | 1¼ E | - 25 N | 65 W | 2¼ E | 2¼ E | - 25 N | 70 W | 3¼ E | 2¾ E | - 25 N | 75 W | 3½ E | 3 E | - 25 N | 80 W | 3½ E | 3 E | - 25 N | 60 E | 7½ W | 6 W | - 25 N | 65 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 25 N | 70 E | 4½ W | 2¾ W | - 30 N | 10 W |11½ W | 13¾ W | - 30 N | 15 W |10¼ W | 12¾ W | - 30 N | 20 W | 8½ W | 12 W | - 30 N | 25 W | 6¾ W | 10¾ W | - 30 N | 30 W | 5¼ W | 9 W | - 30 N | 35 W | 4¼ W | 7 W | - 30 N | 40 W | 3½ W | 5¼ W | - 30 N | 45 W | 2¾ W | 4 W | - 30 N | 50 W | 2¼ W | 3 W | - 30 N | 55 W | 1½ W | 2¼ W | - 30 N | 60 W | 1 W | 1½ W | - 30 N | 65 W | ¼ W | 1 W | - 30 N | 70 W | ¼ E | ½ W | - 30 N | 75 W | ½ E | 0 | - 30 N | 80 W | ¾ E | 0 | - 35 N | 10 W |12¼ W | 14¾ W | - 35 N | 15 W |11½ W | 13¾ W | - 35 N | 20 W |10¼ W | 13 W | - 35 N | 25 W | 9 W | 12¼ W | - 35 N | 30 W | 8 W | 10½ W | - 35 N | 35 W | 7 W | 8¾ W | - 35 N | 40 W | 6¼ W | 7¼ W | - 35 N | 45 W | 5½ W | 6¼ W | - 35 N | 50 W | 5 W | 5½ W | - 35 N | 55 W | 4¾ W | 5 W | - 35 N | 60 W | 5 W | 5¼ W | - 35 N | 65 W | 5¼ W | 6 W | - 35 N | 70 W | 5¾ W | 6¾ W | - 35 N | 75 W | 6½ W | 7 W | - 40 N | 10 W |13¼ W | 15 W | - 40 N | 15 W |12¾ W | 14½ W | - 40 N | 20 W |12¼ W | 14¼ W | - 40 N | 25 W |11¼ W | 13½ W | - 40 N | 30 W |10¼ W | 12¾ W | - 40 N | 35 W | 9½ W | 11¼ W | - 40 N | 40 W | 9 W | 10 W | - 40 N | 45 W | 8½ W | 9½ W | - 40 N | 50 W | 8½ W | 9½ W | - 40 N | 55 W | 8¾ W | 10 W | - 40 N | 60 W | 9¼ W | 11 W | - 40 N | 65 W |10¼ W | 12 W | - 40 N | 70 W |11½ W | 12¾ W | - 45 N | 5 W |15½ W | 16½ W | - 45 N | 10 W |15 W | 16½ W | - 45 N | 15 W |14¾ W | 16¼ W | - 45 N | 20 W |14½ W | 16 W | - 45 N | 25 W |14 W | 16 W | - 45 N | 30 W |13¾ W | 15¾ W | - 45 N | 35 W |13¼ W | 15¼ W | - 45 N | 40 W |13 W | 15 W | - 45 N | 45 W |13¼ W | 15½ W | - 45 N | 50 W |14 W | 16 W | - 45 N | 55 W |15¼ W | 17 W | - 45 N | 60 W |16 W | 18½ W | - 50 N | 5 W |17 W | 19¼ W | - 50 N | 10 W |17¼ W | 19½ W | - 50 N | 15 W |17½ W | 20 W | - 50 N | 20 W |17½ W | 20½ W | - 50 N | 25 W |17¾ W | 21 W | - 5 S | 0 |13¼ W | 15 W | - 5 S | 5 W |11¼ W | 13 W | - 5 S | 10 W | 9¼ | 10¾ W | - 5 S | 15 W | 6¾ W | 8½ W | - 5 S | 20 W | 4 W | 6 W | - 5 S | 25 W | 2 W | 3 W | - 5 S | 30 W | 0¼ E | 0 | - 5 S | 35 W | 2¾ E | 2¾ E | - 5 S | 5 E |15 W | 16 W | - 5 S | 10 E |16½ W | 17 W | - 5 S | 40 E |17½ W | 18 W | - 5 S | 45 E |17 W | 16 W | - 5 S | 50 E |15½ W | 12¾ W | - 5 S | 55 E |13 W | 9¼ W | - 5 S | 60 E |10 W | 6½ W | - 5 S | 65 E | 7 W | 4½ W | - 5 S | 70 E | 4½ W | 3 W | - 5 S | 75 E | 2¼ W | 1 W | - 5 S | 80 E | 0¾ W | 0 | - 5 S | 85 E | 0½ W | 0¾ E | - 5 S | 90 E | 1¼ W | 0¾ E | - 5 S | 95 E | 2 W | 0½ W | - 5 S |100 E | 2¾ W | 1½ W | - 10 S | 0 |12½ W | 14¼ W | - 10 S | 5 W |10½ W | 12¾ W | - 10 S | 10 W | 8¼ W | 10¼ W | - 10 S | 15 W | 5¾ W | 7¾ W | - 10 S | 20 W | 3 W | 4¾ W | - 10 S | 25 W | 0¾ W | 2 W | - 10 S | 30 W | 1¾ E | 1 E | - 10 S | 35 W | 4 E | 3½ E | - 10 S | 5 E |14½ W | 15¾ W | - 10 S | 10 E |16 W | 16¾ W | - 10 S | 15 E |17¼ W | 17¾ W | - 10 S | 40 E |19 W | 19¼ W | - 10 S | 45 E |18½ W | 18 W | - 10 S | 50 E |16¾ W | 14¼ W | - 10 S | 55 E |14½ W | 10½ W | - 10 S | 60 E |11¼ W | 7¼ W | - 10 S | 65 E | 8 W | 5 W | - 10 S | 70 E | 5½ W | 3½ W | - 10 S | 75 E | 3½ W | 2 W | - 10 S | 80 E | 1¾ W | 1 W | - 10 S | 85 E | 1½ W | 0¼ W | - 10 S | 90 E | 1¾ W | 0¼ W | - 10 S | 95 E | 2½ W | 1 W | - 10 S |100 E | 2¾ W | 2 W | - 10 S |105 E | 3¼ W | 2¾ W | - 10 S |110 E | 3¾ W | 3¼ W | - 15 S | 0 |11¾ W | 14 W | - 15 S | 5 W | 9½ W | 12 W | - 15 S | 10 W | 7½ W | 9½ W | - 15 S | 15 W | 4¾ W | 7 W | - 15 S | 20 W | 1¾ W | 4 W | - 15 S | 25 W | 0½ E | 1 W | - 15 S | 30 W | 3 E | 2 E | - 15 S | 35 W | 5 E | 4½ E | - 15 S | 40 W | 6¾ E | 6½ E | - 15 S | 5 E |13¾ W | 15¼ W | - 15 S | 10 E |15½ W | 16½ W | - 15 S | 40 E |20 W | 20 W | - 15 S | 45 E |20 W | 19½ W | - 15 S | 50 E |18 W | 16¼ W | - 15 S | 55 E |15½ W | 12½ W | - 15 S | 60 E |12½ W | 9 W | - 15 S | 65 E | 9¾ W | 6 W | - 15 S | 70 E | 7¼ W | 4¼ W | - 15 S | 75 E | 5 W | 3¼ W | - 15 S | 80 E | 3½ W | 2½ W | - 15 S | 85 E | 2¾ W | 2¼ W | - 15 S | 90 E | 3 W | 2¼ W | - 15 S | 95 E | 3¼ W | 2¾ W | - 15 S |100 E | 3¾ W | 3½ W | - 15 S |105 E | 4¼ W | 3¾ W | - 15 S |110 E | 4½ W | | - 20 S | 0 |11 W | 13½ W | - 20 S | 5 W | 8¾ W | 11¼ W | - 20 S | 10 W | 6½ W | 8¾ W | - 20 S | 15 W | 3½ W | 5¾ W | - 20 S | 20 W | 0½ W | 3 W | - 20 S | 25 W | 2 E | 0 | - 20 S | 30 W | 4¼ E | 2½ E | - 20 S | 35 W | 6½ E | 5 E | - 20 S | 40 W | 8 E | 7½ E | - 20 S | 5 E |13¼ W | 15 W | - 20 S | 10 E |15 W | 16¼ W | - 20 S | 15 E |16½ W | 17¾ W | - 20 S | 35 E |20¾ W | 22 W | - 20 S | 40 E |21¾ W | 22 W | - 20 S | 45 E |21¾ W | 21¼ W | - 20 S | 50 E |19¾ W | 18¾ W | - 20 S | 55 E |17 W | 15 W | - 20 S | 60 E |14½ W | 11¼ W | - 20 S | 65 E |12 W | 8 W | - 20 S | 70 E |10 W | 6 W | - 20 S | 75 E | 7¾ W | 4¾ W | - 20 S | 80 E | 6 W | 4½ W | - 20 S | 85 E | 5 W | 4¼ W | - 20 S | 90 E | 4¾ W | 4½ W | - 20 S | 95 E | 4¾ W | 4½ W | - 20 S |100 E | 5 W | 4¾ W | - 20 S |105 E | 5 W | 4¾ W | - 25 S | 0 |10½ W | 12½ W | - 25 S | 5 W | 8 W | 10 W | - 25 S | 10 W | 5½ W | 7½ W | - 25 S | 15 W | 2½ W | 4½ W | - 25 S | 20 W | 0½ E | 2¾ W | - 25 S | 25 W | 3 E | 1 E | - 25 S | 30 W | 5½ E | 3½ E | - 25 S | 35 W | 7½ E | 6 E | - 25 S | 40 W | 9 E | | - 25 S | 5 E |12½ W | 14½ W | - 25 S | 10 E |14½ W | 16 W | - 25 S | 15 E |16¼ W | 17¾ W | - 25 S | 35 E |22¼ W | 23½ W | - 25 S | 40 E |23¼ W | 23¾ W | - 25 S | 45 E |23¼ W | 23 W | - 25 S | 50 E |22 W | 21 W | - 25 S | 55 E |19¾ W | 18 W | - 25 S | 60 E |17 W | 14¾ W | - 25 S | 65 E |15 W | 11¾ W | - 25 S | 70 E |13 W | 9½ W | - 25 S | 75 E |11¼ W | 8 W | - 25 S | 80 E | 9¼ W | 7½ W | - 25 S | 85 E | 8 W | 7¼ W | - 25 S | 90 E | 7¼ W | 7 W | - 25 S | 95 E | 7 W | 6½ W | - 25 S |100 E | 6¾ W | 6 W | - 30 S | 0 | 9½ W | 11¾ W | - 30 S | 5 W | 7 W | 9 W | - 30 S | 10 W | 4½ W | 6¼ W | - 30 S | 15 W | 1½ W | 3½ W | - 30 S | 20 W | 1½ E | 0½ W | - 30 S | 25 W | 4 E | 2 E | - 30 S | 30 W | 6½ E | 4½ E | - 30 S | 35 W | 8½ E | 7¼ E | - 30 S | 5 E |11¾ W | 13¾ W | - 30 S | 10 E |14 W | 15½ W | - 30 S | 15 E |16 W | 17½ W | - 30 S | 30 E |21¾ W | 23¼ W | - 30 S | 35 E |23½ W | 24¾ W | - 30 S | 40 E |24¾ W | 25¼ W | - 30 S | 45 E |25¼ W | 24½ W | - 30 S | 50 E |24½ W | 23¼ W | - 30 S | 55 E |22½ W | 21 W | - 30 S | 60 E |20 W | 18 W | - 30 S | 65 E |17¾ W | 15 W | - 30 S | 70 E |15½ W | 13 W | - 30 S | 75 E |13¾ W | 11½ W | - 30 S | 80 E |12 W | 10¾ W | - 30 S | 85 E |10½ W | 10¼ W | - 30 S | 90 E | 9½ W | 9½ W | - 30 S | 95 E | 8¾ W | 9 W | - 30 S |100 E | 8¼ W | | - 35 S | 0 | 8½ W | 10½ W | - 35 S | 5 W | 5¾ W | 7¾ W | - 35 S | 10 W | 3¼ W | 5 W | - 35 S | 15 W | 0¼ W | 2¼ W | - 35 S | 20 W | 2½ E | 0½ E | - 35 S | 25 W | 5 E | 3 E | - 35 S | 30 W | 7¼ E | 5¾ E | - 35 S | 35 W | 9¼ E | 8¼ E | - 35 S | 5 E |11 W | 13 W | - 35 S | 10 E |13½ W | 15¼ W | - 35 S | 15 E |15½ W | 17½ W | - 35 S | 20 E |18½ W | 19¾ W | - 35 S | 25 E |20¾ W | 22½ W | - 35 S | 30 E |22¾ W | 24¼ W | - 35 S | 35 E |24½ W | 26 W | - 35 S | 40 E |26 W | 26¾ W | - 35 S | 45 E |27 W | 26 W | - 35 S | 50 E |26½ W | 24¾ W | - 35 S | 55 E |25 W | 23 W | - 35 S | 60 E |22¾ W | 21 W | - 35 S | 65 E |20¼ W | 18¾ W | - 35 S | 70 E |17¾ W | 16¾ W | - 35 S | 75 E |16 W | 15¼ W | - 35 S | 80 E |14¼ W | 14¼ W | - 35 S | 85 E |13 W | 13½ W | - 35 S | 90 E |12 W | 12¾ W | - 35 S | 95 E |10¾ W | | - 40 S | 0 | 7¾ W | 9¼ W | - 40 S | 5 W | 5 W | 6¾ W | - 40 S | 10 W | 2½ W | 4¼ W | - 40 S | 15 W | 0½ E | 1½ W | - 40 S | 20 W | 3¼ E | 1¼ E | - 40 S | 25 W | 5½ E | 4 E | - 40 S | 30 W | 8 E | 6½ E | - 40 S | 5 E |10¼ W | 12 W | - 40 S | 10 E |12¾ W | 14½ W | - 40 S | 15 E |15½ W | 17¼ W | - 40 S | 20 E |18½ W | 20 W | - 40 S | 25 E |21¼ W | 22¾ W | - 40 S | 30 E |23½ W | 25¼ W | - 40 S | 35 E |25½ W | 27 W | - 40 S | 40 E |27 W | 28½ W | - 40 S | 45 E |28¼ W | 27¼ W | - 40 S | 50 E |28¼ W | 26 W | - 40 S | 55 E |26½ W | 24½ W | - 40 S | 60 E |24¼ W | 22¾ W | - 40 S | 65 E |22 W | 20¾ W | - 40 S | 70 E |19½ W | 19½ W | - 40 S | 75 E |17¼ W | 18¼ W | - 40 S | 80 E |15½ W | 17¼ W | - - -VARIATION _of the_ Magnetic-Needle, _from the Islands of_ Orkney _to_ -Hudson’s Straits, _for the Year 1757_. - - ----------+------------+--------------------------------------- - West | | - Longitude | | Degrees of North Latitude. - From | | - _London_. | | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 - ----------+------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- - Degrees. | | | | | | | | | - 4 | | | | | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | - 10 | Degrees | | | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | - 27 | of | | | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | | - 45 | West | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | | | | - 55 | Variation. | | | | | | | | - 65 | | | | | | 39 | 40 | 41 | - ----------+------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ - - -VARIATION _in_ Hudson’s-Bay _and_ Straits, _for the Year 1757_. - - ----------+------------+-------------------------------------------- - West | | - Longitude | | Degrees of North Latitude. - From | | - _London_. | |52|55|56|57|58|59|60 | 61 | 62 | 63 - ----------+------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+---+----+----+---- - Degrees. | | | | | | | | | | | - 65 | | | | | | | | 39| 40 | 41 | - 71 | Degrees | | | | | | | | 41 | 41 | - 79 | of | | | | | | | | | | 43 - 81 | West | | | | | | | | 38 | 39 | 40 - 83 | Variation. |18|20| | | | | | | 39 | 40 - 86 | | | | | | | | | 35 | 37 | - 92 | | | | |17|17| | | | | - 94 | | | | | |17|18| | | | - 95 | | | | | | |18| | | | - ----------+------------+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+----+----+ - -We have been informed, that in Hudson’s-Bay, there has been very little -alteration in the variation of the compass during the twenty years last -past. - - - - -XLII. _An Account of some extraordinary Tumors upon the Head of a -labouring Man, now in_ St. Bartholomew’s _Hospital. By_ James Parsons, -_M.D. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Nov. 10, 1757.] - -THIS poor man, whose name is John Tomlinson, gives this account of -himself: That he was born at or near Rotherham in Yorkshire, and is now -about 25 years of age: that when he was a boy of four or five years -old, at play with other children, he received a blow from one of them -upon the top of his head; and believes that hurt, he then received, -was the beginning of the appearances, that are represented before you. -_See_ TAB. XIV. The tumor upon the top of his head, however, grew -first, and, after having spread all over the vertex, extended gradually -downwards over his right shoulder, and forwards over the _os frontis_, -on the same side, till it stretched downwards into a lax flabby -substance all over the right side of his face and shoulder: then the -upper of the three anterior tumors arose from the large one; the middle -one from the _ala nasi_, pulling it down by its weight, as you see it -in Figure 1.[198]; and the lower one was pendulous from the inside -of the great tumor by a narrow neck. These are the appearances which -present themselves at first sight; but those under the great tumor -are no less extraordinary; for, upon lifting up the great tumor, and -looking up under it, his right eye comes in sight, with which he sees -very well, and the eye is clear and sound; but the under lid is pulled -down, and stretched to six or seven inches long, to which a tumor hung -also, as large as that anterior one at the chin, the lowest of the -three; besides several flaps and _rugæ_ of skin, and smaller tumors. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XIV. _p. 350_. - - I. Parsons MD. _ad viv. del._ _J. Mynde sc._] - -The hairy scalp is so stretched by the vertical tumor, that the hairs -are driven asunder; so that the tumor is in some places bald, and the -whole is rugged and uneven. At its basis, all round, till we come to -the extended part that goes away to the right shoulder, a bony edge -may be distinctly felt, as if the skull was depressed at the top: and -yet I cannot but believe, that there is no depression of the arch of -the inner table, because the man was from his childhood ever very -healthy; being never troubled with those symptoms, which usually attend -a depression of the _cranium_. From this seeming edge the _os frontis_ -shoots out a great way over the _ossa nasi_, perhaps to two or three -inches beyond the frontal sinus’s; and is the basis, from which the -great pendulous tumor hangs downwards and forwards. - -From the root of the nose, under the upper of the three smaller tumors, -arises a large trunk of a vein, which ramifies up to the vertical -tumor, and to the right over the upper part of the great pendulous one: -these are very conspicuous, and serve to bring back the residual blood -from the tumors: nor is it unlikely that the arteries bear a proportion -with these veins in their size, in order to supply the tumors with the -matter, which has given them their great increase; but these, lying -concealed, cannot be spoken to with any certainty. - -If we compare this growth of the frontal bone with that of other -_exostoses_, I believe there may this difference be rationally -observed; that other _exostoses_ are generally attended with ulcerous -tumors, which are for the most part cancerous; and these may commence -at any age. I have now drawings, taken from the right hand of a man -of 50, which represent risings of the _radius_ and _ulna_, with the -fingers, to a most frightful degree; and these begun but six years -before, and are attended with foul running ulcers; and now the bones -of the arm and hand, on the left side, are beginning to have the same -appearances: whereas the frontal bone of the present subject appears -sound, as far as we are able to judge by examination: nor does there -appear the least disposition to ulceration in any part of it. When -this is the case, the growth generally begins while the subjects are -young; upon which we shall be more particular a little further on. -His sensation upon every part of these tumors, is exactly like that -of every other part of his skin, having not the least uneasiness upon -being handled. This poor man worked at day-labour in the fields till -some months before he came to town. - -Perhaps it may not be improper to lay down the dimensions of these -tumors, as the case is so extraordinary; for the size of them is -almost incredible: but I made my drawing in the presence of several of -the gentlemen of that hospital, who allowed it to be very exact, and -precise in the expression of the parts, as well as in the dimensions. -The vertical tumor is about seven inches diameter at the basis, where -the bony edge is felt, mentioned before, and about four inches high -from that edge. From that edge, or the basis of the vertical tumor, -to the bottom of the great tumor, is ten inches; so that the length of -both, from the vertex to the end of the great one, is about 14 inches: -and upon viewing it, when he turns his side towards you, the whole -mass is eight or nine inches over all the way; hard at top, and flabby -downwards, hanging in kinds of plaits. From the eye to the opposite -outline of the great tumor is six inches; and lower down, from the -left corner of his mouth to the opposite outline of the same tumor, -eight inches. The upper small tumor, over the nose, is one inch three -quarters long by one inch and a half; the middle tumor is two inches -long from the _ala nasi_, to which it hangs, and of the same breadth; -and the lowest tumor, shaped like a goose’s egg, is four inches and a -half long by near three inches over. - -This man is under the care of Mr. Crane, an eminent surgeon of St. -Bartholomew’s Hospital, who has just now taken off the lowest of -these three anterior tumors, and also the tumor mentioned, which hung -underneath to the under lid of his right eye. He intends proceeding to -take off that at the _ala nasi_ next, and so on till he takes away all -the smaller tumors first: afterwards the larger will be considered. The -substance of those cut off was intirely fat; nor was there the least -speck of blood in the lowest of the three smaller tumors; but there was -an hæmorrhage from a vessel divided in taking off that hanging to the -right eye-lid; which soon yielded to the methods he made use of, and -went on successfully till quite healed. - -It is pity no one of the people of condition in the country, where -this poor man lived, took notice of him while he was a lad; because, -when the vertical tumor begun, or even after it had made some progress, -if he had been sent up to any of our hospitals, there would have been -no difficulty in curing him. This leads me to some precautions, which, -I hope, will render my account of the case of some use, considered in -a physiological light; which was my intention in thus laying it before -this learned Society. - -There is a great deal of difference between injuries received in young -subjects and in adults. In the latter, the consequences are not apt -to be of so dangerous a nature as in the former (except indeed where -there happen violent fractures or wounds, which immediately dispatch -the person, young or old); because, in such as are so far advanced -in years, as that the parts have done growing, or, in other words, -are incapable of carrying the person to any larger size, preserving -the natural proportion, a tumor arising from a blow on the head would -be merely local, without extending to any neighbouring parts in so -extraordinary a manner: but in children, as in the case before you, -a tumor may increase every moment from a blow, and spread itself to -the neighbouring parts, to the ruin of the child, unless timely care -be taken to prevent it; because in such young subjects the parts are -continually growing, the vessels enlarging in their diameters, and -carrying more and more nutrition to every point, in proportion to the -nature of each individual organ, always preserving such an equilibrium, -in the distribution of the nutritive juices, as is proper to secure -the due proportion of every part as it increases: but when a tumor -arises from a blow in such a growing subject, if no wound is made, nor -suppuration brought on in the tumor, then the parts of the tumor being -only weakened, the equilibrium is destroyed, a greater flux of juices -than ordinary is carried to it, the due resistance being impaired, and -a luxuriancy of growth is produced in the place of the injury, which -greatly exceeds that of the rest of the body; and will most certainly -continue in the same manner, during the growth of the subject, -when once thus begun. In the present subject, this luxuriancy was -communicated even to the veins, which are apparent and large, and which -were before, in their natural state, scarce visible; and not only to -these, but to the very bones of the forehead: and as to the integuments -and membranes of the body, their great distensibility is well known -to every one. I have seen an _ovarium_ so distended by water, and -thickened as it grew, that it had substance enough to bear being -dressed by a tanner, and contained nine gallons, which I saw poured -into it after it was dressed. And does not every corpulent person shew -the same power of distension in the membranes and integuments of the -body, as well as wens of all kinds upon the surface? - -I thought so extraordinary a case well worth the notice of the learned -members of this Society in itself; and the more so, as these few hints -fall naturally from it, to render its publication useful. We are taught -by this, how necessary it is for all such as have the management of -youth under their care, to have an early regard to every accident that -may befall children; for many times injuries of this kind have been -thought very trivial, which, being overlooked and neglected too long, -have been followed by very direful circumstances. I have known about a -young gentleman to have great hard swellings about his head, and become -epileptic, losing his senses as he advanced in years, from a blow with -the back of a book given him by a master. I am, with due respect, - - The +SOCIETY+'s - Most obedient Servant, - James Parsons. - -Sept. 18. 1757. - - - - -XLIII. _An Extract of the Register of the Parish of_ Great Shefford, -_near_ Lamborne, _in_ Berkshire, _for Ten Years: With Observations on -the same: In a Letter to_ Tho. Birch, _D. D. Secret. R. S. from the -Rev. Mr._ Richard Forster, _Rector of_ Great Shefford. - - -[Read Nov. 17, 1757.] - - Great Shefford, near Lamborne, Berks, July 8. 1757. - -Rev. Sir, - -WHEN I settled in the country, abundant leisure enabled me to keep an -exact parish-register. I have now finished ten years, I trust, with -sufficient care, having examined every thing accurately myself. The -sight of three letters, lately published in the Transactions, upon -the subject of political arithmetic, put me upon overlooking and -methodizing my own account; which I here send you, to make what use you -think proper of it. - - -From Lady-day 1747. to Dº. 1757. - - { Males 73 } - Baptized { Females 75 } 148 - - { Males 44 } - Buried { Females 39 } 83 - --- - Increase 65 - - { Under 2 years of age 25 - { Between 2 & 5 4 - { 5 - 10 3 - { 10 - 20 4 - { 20 - 30 5 - Buried { 30 - 40 9 - { 40 - 50 4 - { 50 - 60 4 - { 60 - 70 9 - { 70 - 80 11 - { 80 - 87 5 - -- - 83 - -- - - And but one alive above 87, who is 91. - - The Number of People 425. - The Number of Houses 90. - The Number of Acres 2245. whereof ⅙ is waste. - -I do not offer such trifling numbers as these, as a fit subject to -build a canon of life upon; but only as they may furnish us with a few -particulars, which may throw some small light upon a subject hitherto -very little cultivated: and as what has been advanced this way has been -always taken from great cities, a little from the country perhaps may -not be disagreeable. - -The first observable in my numbers is, that the two infancies of human -life are exactly equal; i. e. as many die above 60 as under 2 years of -age; and that these two periods of life are by much the most sickly, -five eighths of the whole, nearly, dying in these two stages, which -renders the intermediate numbers very small. - -This will give us some reason to suspect, that capital cities are very -improper to estimate the probabilities of life from. The continual flux -of people from the circumjacent country, to seek for employment, makes -the decrements of life seem much larger than they really are. London -is very remarkable upon this account; and Breslaw must receive pretty -large accessions, as a very considerable manufacture is carried on -there. - -The second thing I would observe from my table is, that it confirms -what Dr. Brackenridge observes of the Isle of Wight; _viz._ that the -births are to the burials as 2 to 1 almost; ours being as 15 to 8 -nearly. Now if this is the case of all the country places in England, -it will give us a strong presumption, that the increase of mankind is -much quicker than Dr. Derham’s proportion of 1 to 12; especially if we -consider, - -Thirdly, That of the living not 1 in 50 dies yearly; and this in a -village not very healthy. We are situated upon the celebrated Lamborne -stream, which dries up generally in August, and leaves a stagnated -water, and stinking mud, at a critical season of the year, which bring -on a putrid fever, and make our place sometimes very sickly. In the -year 1751 we buried 17, and in 1756. 11: and therefore we may presume, -that in the healthiest parts of the nation, the proportion is still -greater, perhaps not one in 60. In order to clear up this, it were to -be wished, that the actual number of the people was known, where-ever -the bills of mortality are exhibited. All reasoning without this -preliminary is really not much better than groping in the dark. - -A fourth thing observable from my numbers is, that the quantity of -people allotted to a house is too big in all former calculations: for -if we divide 425, the number of people, by 90, the number of houses, -it gives but 4.72, which is not quite 4¾ to a house; and therefore 5 -to a house, I believe, is as much as ought to be allowed, taking the -nation all together. Now if the number of houses, taken in Queen Anne’s -time, be any thing near the right, with one fourth more allowed for -cottages, according to Dr. Brackenridge’s computation, we shall make -the people in England, allowing 5 to a house, to be only 4,556,550. -which appears, at first sight, to be too small a number. However, of -Shefford I would beg leave to observe, (and it is far from being the -poorest of villages) that more than two thirds of all the houses are -downright cottages, and must be excluded, one as much as another, from -any proposed assessment. Upon this foundation we must grant, that at -least half the houses in England, take towns and all together, must be -cottages, and plead an exemption from taxation all alike. And thus -the number of houses will be 1,458,096. which, multiplied by 5, will -give us the number of people, 7,290,480. If to this we add the proposed -increase, 789,558. we shall have 8,080,038 for the number of people now -alive in England. - -The fifth and last thing I would observe from my numbers is, that we -may hence guess at the number of people in the whole kingdom: for -if 1871, the good acres in Shefford, demand 425 persons for their -cultivation, then will 25,300,000 good acres in England require -5,704,168 for the cultivation of the land only. Now supposing one third -part of the people only to live in towns, above what is necessary for -the cultivation of the land belonging to such towns, then we must add -2,852,084 to the above sum, which gives us 8,556,252 for the number -of people in England. It may probably here be said, that this is but -little better than reckoning at random. Indeed I allow it is so. But -then I must beg leave to observe, that it has full as good a foundation -to stand upon, as any calculation, that I have seen hitherto advanced. -It has one _datum_, viz. a certain number of persons to a certain -number of acres. It ought to be noted at the same time, that we are an -inland place, have no sort of manufacture carried on, and consequently -no accession of strangers. - -If we examine the calculation arising from the consumption of wheat, -we shall see some reason to suspect, that the number of inhabitants -in England is not short of eight millions. I am persuaded I do not -exaggerate, when I affirm, that three fourths of the people north of -Trent, and in Wales, do not eat wheat: and as this is near a third -part of England, it will follow, that one fourth of the whole is left -out of the calculation, and that we must add near two millions to it to -make it complete. - -Again, I compute, that in my parish there are killed annually 160 -fat hogs, _viz._ above one to three persons; and that this humour of -pig-killing prevails over half of England at least, and is in some -measure indulged in all parts. Now we will suppose, that there are but -six millions of people in the nation, and that what is killed in the -northern half makes up for what is deficient by reason of towns in the -southern half; we must from hence conclude, that a million of fat hogs -are killed in England every year. Now one hog with another takes two -quarters of corn, sometimes barley, sometimes pease: if we put half -barley, we shall be under the truth. And here we shall have a million -quarters of barley, not only to balance the exportation of wheat, but -also to be equivalent to, as much bread-corn as will maintain a full -million of people. - -Farther, it is well known, that the greatest part of the corn-trade -is, of late years, got into the hands of millers: and it has been -whispered about for a considerable time, and, I think, now the millers -do not deny it, that _some_ whiting is carried to all the great mills. -The excuse alleged for it is, that it makes the flour _wet_, and -consequently _bake_, the better. I am rather inclined to be of opinion, -that it is to give a colour to something that wants colour. And indeed, -who-ever tastes the common bakers bread against a piece of genuine -wheat-bread, will have some reason to suspect, that all is not gold, -that glitters. Every body knows, that the millers buy large quantities -of barley and pease, they say, to fat hogs: but then they have pollard, -middlings, _&c._ to fat them with; and so may possibly mix the barley -and pease with wheat to grind. But as this is all surmise, I would have -no more weight laid upon it than it deserves. - -The next article is of the same nature; I mean, something of a mystery -in trade; and therefore to be touched very gently. What I would hint -is, that it is the opinion of many very intelligent persons, that a -good deal of malt is made, which does not pay the excise. I do not -pretend to ascertain the quantity: perhaps one eighth may not be an -extravagant supposition. And if this be the case, we shall find as much -barley, as will weigh against bread for half a million of people. - -But here, in all probability, you will object, that if all these -articles be admitted, we shall make the number of people near eleven -millions; which is undoubtedly too much. I am ready to grant it. And -here, if I might take the liberty to speak my mind, I think, that the -allowance of one quarter of wheat to three persons is too scanty, -and must quite starve the poor, whose chief provision is bread: and -therefore, two persons to a quarter may be pretty near the truth. And -then the numbers will stand thus: - - Such as eat wheat, by supposition 4,500,000 - In the North, and in Wales 1,500,000 - Against the fatting article 1,000,000 - Against the two last articles 1,000,000 - --------- - 8,000,000 - -I cannot conclude this long scroll without recommending it strongly -to the members of the Royal Society, who have many of them seats in -parliament, and most of them interest in those that have, to get an -Act passed for perfecting registers. The trouble is trifling; the -expence nothing. It would be of great service likewise to number the -people: and this might be done with great ease. I was not three hours -in finishing mine on foot; tho’ it is, perhaps, as extensive, for the -number of people, as most in England, being near five miles in length. -I am, - - Reverend Sir, - Your affectionate Brother, - and very humble Servant, - Richard Forster, _Rector_. - - - - -XLIV. _A remarkable Case of an Aneurism, or Disease of the principal -Artery of the Thigh, occasioned by a Fall. To which is prefixed a short -Account of the Uncertainty of the distinguishing Symptoms of this -Disease. By_ Jos. Warner, _F.R.S. and Surgeon to_ Guy’s Hospital. - - -[Read Nov. 17, 1757.] - -WHEN the coats of an artery become by any means præternaturally -distended, when they become wounded, or when they become ruptured in -such a manner as to discharge and deposit their former contents under -the neighbouring integuments, under the aponeurosis, or tendinous -expansion of a neighbouring muscle, or still more deeply under the -muscles themselves; the natural consequence attending this accident -will sooner or later be a degree of elevation, or tumor: which species -of tumor is known by the term _aneurism_. - -If a true aneurism happens, that is, a swelling arising from a general -weakness of the coats of an arterial vessel, or from a wound or rupture -of some of its coats, it may be often distinguished from a tumor -proceeding from any other cause by a degree of pulsation, supposing -the situation of the injured vessel be superficial; as may be evinced -in recent aneurisms of the humeral artery, which sometimes happen from -bleeding near the bending of the elbow-joint; as well as in aneurisms -of the inferior part of the radical artery, of the ulnary artery, or -of the anterior artery of the leg called _tibialis antica_; and as -may be observed to be sometimes the case too in those arteries, whose -situations are not superficial; to wit, in aneurisms of the _aorta -ascendens_, the curvature of the _aorta_, and of the _carotides_. - -The symptom of pulsation in tumors, which take their rise from a -partial wound, or from a general weakness, and subsequent dilatation of -the coats of an artery, is not confined to this species of aneurism, -but is frequently attendant upon false aneurisms (that is, such -tumors, as are occasioned by extravasated arterial blood), supposing -the disease to be a recent one of either of the preceding vessels, or -of any other arterial vessel not deeply situated: and this symptom -of pulsation in false aneurisms will sometimes be accompanied with a -discoloration, or variegated appearance, of the integuments dependent -upon the insinuation of the blood underneath them. - -But if the extravasation be confined under an aponeurosis, or if the -disease has been of so long standing, as to admit of the thinner -parts of the extravasated blood being absorbed, or by any other means -dispersed, and the fibrous parts, which are left behind, should be -accumulated in considerable quantities, and acquire so compact and -solid an appearance, as to resemble brown macerated leather in their -colour and texture, which I have always observed to be the case in old -diseases of this kind; under these circumstances, the original symptoms -of pulsation on the swelling, and a discoloration of the integuments, -for the most part become imperceptible: for which reasons the true -nature of the disease must be attended with a degree of uncertainty. - -It must be acknowleged by all those, whose experience has given them -opportunities of examining into these diseases, that the symptoms of -a pulsation, and a discoloration of the teguments from extravasated -blood, are not only very often wanting in old aneurisms, but in the -most recent ones: which proves the non-existence of these symptoms to -be no certain characteristics of tumors not being aneurismal: and the -reason why this often happens may be readily explained, and conceived -of, from demonstrating the very deep or low situation of many arteries, -that are known to be liable to these injuries; such as the femoral -arteries, the _arteriæ tibiales posticæ_, the _arteriæ peroneæ_, and -some others. - -Notwithstanding I have treated of pulsation on tumors, and a -discoloration of the integuments or coverings of the part, when they -do exist, as being the truest marks of aneurisms; yet it must not be -inferred from what has hitherto been advanced, that the appearances of -these symptoms are unexceptionable rules of tumors being aneurismal; -seeing it does happen, that mere imposthumations, or collections -of matter, arising from external as well as from internal causes, -are sometimes so immediately situated upon the heart itself, and at -other times upon some of its principal arteries, as to partake in the -most regular manner of their contraction and dilatation (systole and -diastole). - -Some years ago I saw an instance of a boy, about 13 years of age, -who had his breast-bone much broken by a fall. On this account he -was admitted into Guy’s Hospital; but not till a fortnight after the -accident happened. - -Upon examination, there appeared an evident separation of the broken -parts of the bone, which were removed at a considerable distance -from each other: the intermediate space was occupied by a tumor of a -considerable size: the integuments were of their natural complexion: -the tumor had as regular a contraction and dilatation as the heart -itself, or the aorta could be supposed to have. - -Upon pressure, the tumor receded; upon a removal of the pressure, the -tumor immediately resumed its former size and shape. All these are -the distinguishing signs of a true recent aneurism. The situation -and symptoms of this swelling were judged sufficient reasons for -considering the nature of the disease as uncertain; on which account -it was left to take its own course. The event was, the tumor burst in -three weeks after his admittance, discharged a considerable quantity of -matter, and the patient did well. - -From what has been above advanced it is plain, if these arguments can -be supported by facts, that the laying down such rules for infallibly -distinguishing aneurismal tumors from tumors proceeding from very -different causes, must be a matter of the greatest difficulty: and, as -a further proof of their uncertainty, I take the liberty of offering -the following short history of a remarkable case, which has lately -occurred in my own experience. - - -In the month of December 1756. John Yates, aged 35 years, received an -hurt upon and about his knee, by falling upon the ground from a man’s -back. The accident was immediately followed with a considerable degree -of lameness and pain; which upon standing or walking were greatly -increased. - -He continued in much the same state for about six weeks after the -accident. At the end of this time, the calf or the leg was attacked -with an œdematous or doughy swelling; which, in a fortnight, became -so painful, as to disable him from walking. The tumor continued to -increase for about eight weeks; and at length extended itself so far -upwards, as to affect the greatest part of the thigh, the whole of -which was attended with excessive pain, but more particularly so about -the knee. - -_N. B._ So far I relate from the patient’s own account. - -On the 28th of April 1757. he was admitted into Guy’s Hospital under my -care. - -Upon examination, the thigh appeared enlarged to a very great size. The -tumor was uniform, and extended from the inside of the knee to within -a very small space of the groin. The integuments were in every part of -their natural colour. - -Upon pressing the tumor on the inside, it appeared soft, and there was -a very evident fluctuation to be felt on its internal and lateral part; -but there was not the least appearance of pulsation. - -The tumor, on its superior and posterior parts, was of a stony hardness. - -The leg, which, according to the patient’s account, had some time ago -been much swelled, did not now appear to be at all so. - -He was continually in great pain, and had been for some time incapable -of getting any sleep. His appetite was bad. He was a good deal -emaciated. He had a constant slow fever, which arose about five weeks -before his admission into the hospital. He appeared pale and sallow in -his complexion. - -From the time of his being placed under my care to the end of ten days, -there was no alteration in the swelling, or in the symptoms attending -it. - -In expectation therefore of affording him that relief, which could by -no other means be procured, I judged it adviseable to make an opening -into the tumor; which I did by incision into the most prominent and -fluctuating part; upon which there immediately gushed out a large -stream of thin florid blood, and at this instant discovered to me the -true state of that disease; which, till now, could not be ascertained -by any peculiar symptom distinguishable by the touch, or perceptible to -the eye. - -Seeing this, I immediately filled up the wound with lint and tow; and -then proceeded, in as expeditious a manner as possible, to apply a -tight bandage upon the thigh, near to the groin; and, lest this might -accidentally break, I applied a second ligature below the first, and -proceeded to amputate the limb upon the spot. - -During the operation the man fainted, but soon recovered from this -deliquium; and, without any bad symptoms, gradually recovered his rest, -appetite, and strength, and is now in perfect health. - -Upon a dissection of the thigh and leg, I discovered the following -appearances: - -A great part of the fleshy portions of two of the extensor muscles of -the leg, to wit, the _vastus internus_, and _crureus_, were destroyed, -with the subjacent _periosteum_. - -Four of the muscles, whose uses are to bend the leg, and which -compose the internal and external hamstrings; to wit, _gracilis_, -_semitendinosus_, _semimembranosus_, and _biceps tibiæ_, together -with that adductor and flexor muscle of the leg called _sartorius_, -were removed at a considerable distance from the thigh-bone on its -inferior part, and from the _tibia_ and _fibula_ on their superior -parts; by which means a large bed or cavity was formed for containing -the extravasation, which consisted partly of a fluid, and partly of -a coagulated blood; but by far the greatest part of the coagulum had -acquired so firm and fibrous a consistence and appearance, as nearly -to resemble brown macerated leather in its colour and texture. The -neighbouring muscles appeared livid and lacerated. - -The _os femoris_ was become carious on its inferior and posterior -parts; and, at about an inch distance above the condyle of that bone -internally, there arose a considerable _exostosis_. - -The capsular ligament of the knee-joint was become much thickened, and -contained about two ounces of a viscid yellow _synovia_. - -The femoral artery, on its inferior part, just above its division into -_tibialis antica_ and _postica_, was diseased; which disease extended -four inches upwards. - -The coats of the artery were considerably thickened, and lacerated -longitudinally. - -The smallest diameter of the diseased part of the artery was two inches -and one quarter: the largest diameter of the diseased part of the -artery was two inches and one half. - - Hatton-Garden, - Nov. 17. 1757. - - - - -XLV. _Farther Experiments for increasing the Quantity of Steam in a -Fire-Engine. By_ Keane Fitz-Gerald, _Esq; F.R.S._ - - -[Read Nov. 24, 1757.] - -I Gave a former account to the Royal Society of some experiments made -for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, by blowing air -thro’ boiling water[199]. The effects then evidently produced left me, -and I believe many others, who came to view the experiments, no room to -doubt the seeming cause. In which error I should probably have still -remained, had not farther experiments demonstrated the mistake. - -Whatever apology I ought to make this learned Society, for having given -in that account prematurely, I believe their great regard to truth, -which has always been the basis of their researches for the improvement -of natural knowlege, will require none for this. I shall therefore, as -briefly as I can, relate the further experiments, that were made, which -evidently demonstrate the error of the former; and from which some -phænomena have occurred, perhaps hitherto unknown. - -In order to try what difference the air passing thro’ a thinner body -of water might occasion, I brought the horizontal pipe, which (as -mentioned in the former account) was placed 12 inches under the surface -of the water, to within six inches; and found, on setting the engine to -work, that the leaden pipe, for the conveyance of air from the bellows -into the boiler, became much hotter than I had perceived it before; -which could not happen, if a constant cool air had passed thro’: and -on shutting the cock, which was fixed in the leaden pipe to hinder the -steam from ascending into the bellows before the engine should be set -to work, tho’ no air could then possibly pass thro’, yet the bellows -still continued to move with the same regularity as before; which, on -examination, was found defective on the inside, where the middle board, -that divides the two bodies, was warped and cracked in several places, -thro’ which the air passed very regularly from one body to the other -at each stroke, instead of passing thro’ the pipe into the boiler, as -imagined. By this, the cause of deception was evident; which I was -still in hopes of remedying, by having a new pair of bellows made, -somewhat larger, and much stronger. When this was fixed, and the engine -worked a few strokes, I was surprised to find the bellows did not come -down, but remained fully charged with air, tho’ it had 400 lb. weight -upon it; and that, on increasing the weight gradually to 1400 lb. which -was as much as the bellows could support, the air was not forced thro’. - -I also made several experiments, by lowering the horizontal pipe two -feet under the surface of the water, and raising it at different times -to within four inches of the surface, and could not at any depth force -the air thro’, whilst the engine worked; but on opening the steam-pipe, -which is a pipe for letting the steam pass from the boiler whenever -the engine stops, the bellows could then readily force the air thro’, -tho’ the water boiled ever so strong, and seemingly made a surprising -increase of steam. - -I had the leaden pipe to convey the air from the bellows, which was -first put thro’ the top into the boiler, carried on the outside, and -passed horizontally into it, about the height the water generally -stands, that by opening a cock, fixed for the purpose close to the -boiler, I could readily discharge all the steam lodged in the pipe; and -by shutting the cock, and making small holes at three or four inches -distance, I could almost find the point, where the air and steam met in -opposition, cool air being strongly expelled thro’ one, and hot steam -thro’ the other. - -It was also perceptible, that the air was impelled somewhat, tho’ not -considerably, more forward by the addition of each hundred weight on -the bellows: - -That the deeper the horizontal pipe was placed in the water, the less -resistance was made by the steam: - -That in proportion as the heat of the steam was increased, by making -the water boil more strongly, the resistance to the pressure of the air -by the weight on the bellows became greater. - -It is a very doubtful matter, whether air forced thro’ boiling water -would have answered the purpose intended: but I believe it was never -imagined, that air could not be readily forced thro’, until proved by -the foregoing experiments. The attempt, tho’ it has failed demonstrably -in that point, has produced the same effect from another cause, as to -saving coals, and throwing up more water. For, by the constant care, -that was taken during the time of making these experiments, to measure -the coals, to admit only a proper quantity of fuel to be laid on, and -also to mark the time exactly it took in burning; the engine then did, -and still continues to require eight bushels of coals less, in every 24 -hours work, than it did before; and also, from the regularity of its -stroke, to throw up more water; the same care being required from the -engineer, who can have no pretence for consuming more coals now, than -appeared sufficient during the time the experiments were making. - -Tho’ some of the properties of steam are well known; yet the degrees of -expansion it is capable of; whether air be mixed with, or necessary -to, its formation; as also how far its power of resistance may reach; -are probably not yet known, to a proper degree of exactness. Niewentit -fixes the expansion of a cubical inch of water, converted into steam, -at 13365, Dr. Desaguliers at 14000, and Mr. Payne at 4000 times. The -great scope in this subject from a plenum to a vacuum, if I may be -allowed the expression, as also the very useful purposes, to which it -has already been, and possibly may be still further applied, will, I -hope, be an inducement to those, who are much better qualified, to -proceed in so useful an inquiry. - - - - -XLVI. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 27_ Martii, _Ann. 1755. habita -Ulissipone in Domo Patrum Congregationis Oratorii à_ Joanne Chevalier -_ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, Regiæ_ Londinensis _Societatis -Socio, Regiæque_ Parisiensis _Scientiarum Academiæ correspondente_. - -Tubo optico 8 pedum peracta est observatio cœlo sereno, claroque. - - -[Read Dec. 8, 1757.] - -IMMERSIONES. - - Hora postmeridiana - temporis veri. - h ’ ” - Initium penumb rædubium 10 29 50 - Initium eclipsis dubium 10 33 35 - Certe jam incæperat 10 34 05 - Umbra ad mare humorum 10 44 00 - Umbra ad Grimaldum 10 44 53 - Grimaldus totus in umbra 10 47 58 - Mare humorum totum in umbra 10 51 14 - Thico incipit mergi 10 53 29 - Thico totus mergitur 10 55 14 - Umbra ad Reinholdum 11 08 04 - Umbram ingreditur Copernicus 11 19 22 - Umbra ad mare nectaris 11 24 52 - Totum in umbra 11 33 50 - Umbra ad mare tranquillitatis 11 35 24 - Promontorium acutum in umbra 11 45 46 - -EMERSIONES. - - h ’ ” - Incipit emergere ab umbra Copernicus 12 04 38 - Totus Copernicus extra umbram 12 07 40 - Incipit egredi Grimaldus 12 09 38 - Totus Grimaldus extra umbram 12 12 38 - Incipit emergere mare fœcunditatis 12 31 37 - Emergit mare humorum 12 36 11 - Incipit emergere Capuanus 12 39 40 - Egreditur Schicardus 12 48 30 - Emergit Thico 12 51 40 - Totum mare nectaris egreditur 12 58 09 - Finis eclipsis 13 13 02 - Finis penumbræ dubius 13 16 50 - - - - -XLVII. _Eclipsis Lunæ Die 4ᵃ_ Februarii, _Ann. 1757. habita Ulissipone -à_ Joanne Chevalier _Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæ_ -Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Regiæque Scientiarum_ Parisiensis -_Academiæ correspondente, et a_ Theodoro de Almeida _ejusdem -Congregationis Presbytero, ac Physicæ publico Professore_. - - -[Read Dec. 8, 1757.] - -HANC observationem peregi tubo optico novem pedes longo, cujus -lens ocularis focum habebat ad 4 pollices, et lineam unam: adhibui -preterea vitrum planum cæruleum, quod oculum inter et ocularem lentem -interponebam, ut ingressum macularum in umbram observarem juxta ea -quæ in observatione eclipsis lunæ ann. 1755. invenit clarissimus -vir Josephus Soares de Barros ex regia Berolinensi academia. Primum -igitur vitro cæruleo adhibito observabam ingressum maculæ in umbram, -et tempore notato iterum solo tubo optico ingressum ejusdem maculæ in -umbram observabam, et differentiam utriusque ingressûs notabam. - -Initio eclipsis cœlum serenum ac clarum fuit, postea nubilum, et post -maximam obscurationem vapores horizontis et claritas incipientis diei -observationem peragere impediere. - - Manè. - H. M. S. - Initium penumbræ 4 52 49 - Initium dubium eclipsis 4 55 29 - Certo jam incæperat 4 57 30 - Umbra ad Aristarchum observata vitro - cæruleo plano 5 00 19 - Solo tubo optico adhibito 5 00 50 - Keplerus umbram ingreditur observatus - tubo, et vitro cæruleo plano 5 13 20 - Observatus solo tubo optico 5 14 00 - Plato umbram ingreditur observatus - tubo, et vitro cæruleo 5 15 2 - ---- Solo tubo 5 15 40 - Umbra ad Eudoxum 5 17 18 - Mare serenitatis incipit mergi 5 30 10 - Copernicus observatus tubo et vitro - cæruleo umbram ingreditur 5 36 48 - ---- Solo tubo 5 37 22 - Mare Crisium ingreditur umbram 5 53 51 - ---- Medium in umbra 5 59 30 - ---- Totum mergitur 6 5 21 - Mare fœcunditatis occultari incipit 6 7 41 - Umbra ad promontorium acutum 6 8 33 - Umbra tangit mare nectaris 6 22 51 - Umbra ad Langrenum 6 23 33 - - -_Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ a_ JOANNE -CHEVALIER, _&c._ - - ANNO 1757 telescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum nocte serenâ, nullâque lunari - luce illustratâ, observavi immersionem totalem primi satellitis die 21 - Martii tempore vero postmeridiano 11ʰ 13’ 1” - - Die vero 22 Martii tempore vero, et antemeridiano, observavi - immersionem totalem tertii satellitis 0ʰ 13’ 32” - - - - -XLVIII. _Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ -à_ Joanne Chevalier, _Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæque_ -Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Anno 1757_. - - -[Read Dec. 8, 1757.] - - TElescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum observavi emersionem primi satellitis die - 7 Junii cum cœlum serenum ac clarum esset, hora postmeridiana temporis - veri 10ʰ 29’ 12” - - Die 8 Junii eodem telescopio observavi emersionem secundi satellitis - hora postmeridiana 8ʰ 32’ 48” - cœlum aliquantum nubilum erat. - - Eadem die observavi emersionem tertii satellitis hora postmeridiana - 9ʰ 36’ 25” - cœlo claro. - - Die 15 Junii cœlo claro observavi emersionem secundi satellitis hora - postmeridiana 11ʰ 6’ 15” - - Sequenti die 16 Junii observavi immersionem tertii satellitis hora - matutina temporis veri 0ʰ 0’ 29” - - - - -XLIX. _A remarkable Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in a -Mortification. In a Letter to_ William Watson, _M.D. F.R.S. from Mr._ -Richard Grindall, _Surgeon to the_ London _Hospital_. - - -[Read Dec. 8, 1757.] - - Austin-Friars, Dec. 7th, 1757. - -SIR, - -THE following case being very singular has induced me to lay it before -the Royal Society, and beg the favour to do it through your means. -Although numerous instances are related in the records of medicine, of -the great danger in interrupting nature in her operations, there is not -one (so far as I know), in which more violent and extraordinary effects -have been produced, than in the following. - -It may happen also, that this instance may be of service in -ascertaining the virtue of the medicine in intermittents, when in the -hands of men of judgment. - -On the 28th of June 1757. Mary Alexander, aged 31 years, of the -parish of Whitechapel, was brought into the London hospital, having -a mortification in both hands, which reached about an inch and half -above the wrists. All her toes, and about an inch of one foot beyond -the last joint, were mortified; her nose was also intirely destroyed -by a mortification; and all these happened at the same time. Upon -inquiry into the cause of this misfortune, I found, that on Monday -the 30th of May she was seized with a quotidian ague, which usually -began about three of the clock in the afternoon, and lasted near two -hours; which was succeeded by a hot fit, and then a violent sweat. And -in this manner she was afflicted for seven days without any material -alteration; when, being informed by a neighbour, of a person, who had -an infallible remedy for the cure of an ague, she applied to him. He -brought her two phials, containing about an ounce and half each, of a -pale yellowish liquor; one of which he directed her to take directly, -promising, that she should have no return of the fit of consequence; -and that, if she had any small return, the second bottle should cure -her effectually. In consequence of which, she took one dose, which -was at the time the cold fit had been on about a quarter of an hour: -she had no sooner swallowed it, but, as she says, her stomach was on -fire, and felt as if she had swallowed the strongest dram possible. -The cold fit left her instantly; but she was immediately seized with -so violent a fever, as to make her burn, and be extremely thirsty, -all the following night; much more so than ever she had been before, -till the next morning, when a sweat a little relieved her from the -violent heat. When she rose in the morning, she was much troubled with -a great itching in the hands, feet, and nose; and soon after all those -parts began to feel numbed, or, as she describes it, as if her hands -and feet were asleep; which she took but little notice of, till the -evening of that day, when she found the nails of both hands and feet -were turning black, and, at the same time feeling great pain in both, -as also in her nose, and that they appeared of a darkish red colour, -like the skin in cold weather. Upon which, at nine o’clock that night -she sent for an apothecary, from whom, I have since been informed, the -person before mentioned had bought the medicine, which he gave her. -The apothecary was not at home; his journeyman went, and finding the -woman had a difficulty of breathing, ordered her a mixture with sperma -ceti and ammoniacum to be taken occasionally. The apothecary did not -see her himself till the 16th of June, when finding her in a very bad -condition, that her hands, and feet, and nose, were intirely black, and -had many vesicles or small bladders upon them, filled with a blackish -bloody water; he opened them, and let out the fluid, and dressed them -with yellow basilicon; and in this manner continued treating her till -the 20th of the same month, when, finding no material alteration for -the better, he ordered her a brownish mixture, of which she was to -take four spoonfuls every four hours; which, he informed me, was a -decoction of the bark; and says, on taking this, she was better, as the -mortification seemed inclined to stop. But as it was a bad case, he -advised the woman to be carried to an hospital: and in this condition -was she brought in, when she was immediately put into a course of the -bark, taking a drachm of the powder every four hours; and in 48 hours -taking it there was a perfect separation of all the mortified parts. -She was then ordered to take it only three times in 24 hours; and -pursuing this method for eight days, there was a very good digestion -from the parts above the mortification. - -The mortified part became now so offensive, that the poor woman pressed -me much to take off her hands, assuring me she would go through the -operations with good courage, being very desirous to live, though in -this miserable condition. - -On the 12th of July I took off both her hands: I had very little more -to do, than saw the bones, nature having stopped the bleeding, when she -stopped the mortification. In a day or two after, I took off all the -toes from both feet, and now discontinued the bark, the parts appearing -in a healthy and healing condition; which went on so for five weeks, -when, on a sudden, the parts began to look livid, her stomach failed -her, and she was feverish; but, upon taking an ounce of the bark, in 36 -hours her sores began again to look well. She was not suffered to leave -off the bark so soon this time, but continued taking it twice a day for -a month. She is now almost well: that part of her face, from whence the -nose mortified, was healed in seven weeks; the stumps of both arms are -intirely healed; and both feet are well, only waiting for one piece of -bone scaling off, which I believe will be in a very short time; and she -is now in good health. - -The person, who gave her this medicine, is a Barber and Peruke-maker -at Bow. I applied to him several times, to inform me what it was he -had given her. The affair was talked of so much in his neighbourhood, -and the man threatned by the woman’s husband, that for a long time I -could not get him to tell me, till I told him, I had been informed -where he bought the medicines; and the time of the day, that he had -them, corresponding with the time of his giving them to the woman, and -that I knew it was tincture of myrrh, he at last told me, that he had -frequently given the above quantity of an ounce and half of it in an -ague; that it had never done any harm; and hardly ever failed to cure. -Upon which information, I carried some tincture of myrrh to the woman, -who tasted it, and is well assured it is the same liquor the barber -gave her in her ague-fit. - -I am, with respect, - - Your obliged and obedient Servant. - Richard Grindall. - - - - -L. _A Letter to the Rev._ Tho. Birch, _D.D. Secret. R.S. from_ John -Pringle, _M.D. F.R.S. inclosing Two Papers communicated to him by_ -Robert Whytt, _M.D. F.R.S._ - - -[Read Dec. 15, 1757.] - - Pallmall-Court, St. James’s, Dec. 10. 1757. - -SIR, - -ABOUT three weeks ago I put into your hands an extract of a letter, -I had then received from Dr. Whytt, containing a postscript to his -_Observations on Lord_ Walpole’_s Case_; and slightly mentioning some -doubts he had then about the justness of Dr. Springsfeld’s experiments -with lime-water, from some trials he himself had made, upon reading -that gentleman’s curious treatise on the extraordinary lithontriptic -quality of the waters at Carlsbad in Bohemia. Within these few Days, -Dr. Whytt having favoured me with a full account of those experiments, -I have herewith sent you his paper, in order, if you please, to lay -it before the Society; which the author desires may be done, in case -these observations should be judged useful. - -The other paper inclosed was sent me by the same hand, to be likewise -presented to the Society, as a well-attested instance of the electrical -power in the cure of a palsy. To the other testimonies I have subjoined -what Dr. Whytt says in his letter to me, by way of strengthening the -evidence. I shall only add, that since Mr. Brydone, the author of -this account, has omitted telling how long the patient has continued -in perfect health since the operation, it appears she must have been -well for some months before the date of his paper; because, before the -end of last summer, Dr. Whytt transmitted the same case to me, which -I then returned, in order to have it drawn up in a fuller manner, and -with other vouchers besides the gentleman, who performed the cure. The -Doctor has been so good as to comply with my request, having procured -a more ample account of the circumstances from Mr. Brydone, and the -attestation of two ministers, besides that of the patient herself.[200] -My difficulties being thus removed, I believe I may now with freedom -offer this very curious case to the attention of the Society. - -I am, - - SIR, - Your most obedient humble Servant, - John Pringle. - - -_Postscript to Dr._ Whytt’_s Observations on Lord_ Walpole’_s -Case_[201]. - -[Read Dec. 8, 1757.] - -“I Do not know, if it be worth while to observe, that lately, in making -some experiments with different _calculi_, there was one almost as -white as chalk, but of a less hard substance than the others; and which -was not in the least degree dissolved or softned by being infused 20 -days in oystershell lime-water, but yielded somewhat to a solution of -Spanish soap in common water. - -From this experiment one may conclude, that it is better to prescribe -both soap and lime-water for the stone, than any one of them alone; -and that if one of these remedies has failed of giving relief, the -other ought to be tried: for as the above white _calculus_, which -yielded a little to the solution of soap, resisted lime-water; so there -may perhaps be others, that are readily dissolved by lime-water, but -little affected by soap. - -Dr. Springsfeld’s experiments with lime-water are somehow not just; for -in several _calculi_ I have found the dissolving power of oystershell -lime-water above eight times greater than he makes it.” - - -_Some Observations on the lithontriptic Virtue of the_ Carlsbad -_Waters, Lime-water, and Soap: In a Letter to Dr._ John Pringle, -_F.R.S. from Dr._ Robert Whytt, _F.R.S. and Professor of Medicine in -the University of_ Edinburgh. - -[Read Dec. 15, 1757.] - -SIR, - -FROM the experiments related in Dr. Springsfeld’s _Commentatio de -prærogativa thermarum Carolinarum, &c._ which you were so good as to -send me some time ago, it appears, that these waters are not only -possessed of a very extraordinary power of dissolving the stone, but -that in this respect they greatly exceed lime-water. - -(A) Thus, Dr. Springsfeld having infused, for 14 Days, in a heat of 96 -degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale, three pieces of the same _calculus_, -each weighing 30 grains, in eggshell lime-water, the Carlsbad water, -and in the urine of one who daily drank this last water, renewing these -several menstruums every day, he found, on the 15th day, that the -_calculus_ in the lime-water had lost 1 grain, the _calculus_ in the -Carlsbad water 6 grains, and that in urine 5 grains. - -(B) Again, having divided another _calculus_ into four parts, each -of which was reduced to 80 grains, he put the first in oystershell -lime-water, the second in Carlsbad water, and the third in the urine -of a person who drank this water. After 20 days, during which time the -menstruums were renewed every day, and kept in a heat of 96 degrees, -the dried _calculi_ had lost of their weight as follows: the first 3 -grains, the second 18 grains, and the third 14 grains. - - -Altho’ I make no doubt that Dr. Springsfeld, who appears to be a man -of candour, as well as learning, has faithfully related the event of -the experiments, which he made; yet either the lime-water he used must -have been very weak, or some other mistake must have happened in his -experiments: for in all the numerous trials I made, about 15 years -ago, of lime-water, as a solvent for the stone, I always found its -dissolving power much greater, than it appears in Dr. Springsfeld’s -experiments. And as in these trials different urinary stones were used, -it can scarcely be imagined, that it was owing to the peculiar hardness -of Dr. Springfeld’s _calculi_, that the lime-water made so little -impression on them. However, to be still further satisfied of this -matter, I made the following experiments. - -1. I put a piece of a very hard _calculus_, which I shall call _x_, -weighing 80 grains, in oystershell lime-water, renewing the lime-water -every day, and keeping it in a heat between 90 and 106 degrees of -Fahrenheit’s scale. After 20 days, I took out the _calculus_; and -having set it by for some days, till it was become quite dry, I brushed -away all the rotten part of it, which was reduced to a kind of chalky -powder, and found that the undissolved part of it weighed 57 grains. - -2. At the same time a piece of another _calculus_, _z_, weighing -15 grains, was, after a like infusion of 20 days in oystershell -lime-water, reduced to 10 grains. - -3. I put a piece of _z_, weighing 14 grains, in a solution of half an -ounce of the internal part of Spanish soap in nine ounces of water, and -every third day renewed the solution, which was kept in a heat of about -60 degrees. After 14 days, I found the undissolved part not to exceed -11 grains. - -4. A piece of a white chalky _calculus_, _y_, weighing 30 grains, had -near 4 grains of its substance dissolved, by being 14 days infused as -above in a solution of soap. - - -From Nº. 1. above, compared with Dr. Springsfeld’s Exper. (B), it -appears, that the dissolving power of oystershell lime-water is to that -of the Carlsbad water as 23 to 18, supposing the _calculi_ used in -these experiments to have been equally easy to dissolve. - -Nº. 3. compared with Dr. Springsfeld’s Exper. (A), shews, that the -dissolving power of a solution of the inner part of Spanish soap, in a -heat of 60 degrees, is to that of the Carlsbad water, in a heat of 96 -degrees, as 15 to 14. - -From Nº. 4. compared with (A), the dissolving power of soap is to that -of the Carlsbad water only as 4 to 6; but it is probable, that had the -solution of soap been kept in a heat of 96 degrees, its dissolving -power would, even in this experiment, have nearly equalled that of the -Carlsbad water. It may, perhaps, be worth while to observe, that a -piece of the white chalky _calculus_ of Nº 4. was not in the smallest -degree dissolved by lying in lime-water 20 days. - - -5. In Exper. 19. of my Essay on the Virtue of Lime-water, a piece of -a _calculus_, _b_, weighing 31 grains, lost 7 grains by being infused -36 hours, in a heat of above 100 degrees, in very strong oistershell -lime-water. And in the same water, of a moderate strength, another -piece of _b_ lost, in the same time, 5 grains. - - -In this last experiment, the lithontriptic virtue of lime-water appears -to be stronger than in Nº. 1. and 2. above; and greatly exceeds that of -the Carlsbad water in Dr. Springsfeld’s Exper. (A) and (B). - -But altho’, from what has been said, it appears not only that -lime-water, but also a solution of soap, dissolves the stone in close -vessels as fast, nay faster, than the _thermæ Carolinæ_; yet these last -waters, when the _calculi_ were so placed in open vessels, that the -water from the fountain might constantly flow along them, effected a -much quicker dissolution than lime-water, or even soap-lye, or indeed -any known menstruum, except, perhaps, strong spirit of nitre: for, -in the first experiment made by Dr. Springsfeld, a _calculus_ of two -ounces and a half was, in this manner, quite dissolved in six days. -From this experiment, compared with that of Dr. Springsfeld mentioned -above (B), it will be found, upon calculation, that the dissolving -power of the Carlsbad water, when it is allowed to flow constantly from -the fountain along the stone, is nearly 39 times greater than when it -is only poured fresh on the _calculus_ once a day[202]. What may have -been the reason of this surprising difference of the lithontriptic -power of the Carlsbad water in these different circumstances, I will -not pretend to say. I think it can scarcely be accounted for from the -gentle motion of the water along the surface of the _calculus_. Was it -then owing to some very volatile active part, which the water quickly -loses, after being taken from the fountain? - -But how great soever the dissolving power of the Carlsbad waters may -be, when they issue from the bowels of the earth, yet that they do -not communicate a much greater dissolving power to the urine, than -lime-water, will appear from comparing the two following experiments. - -In Dr. Springsfeld’s Exper. (A) above, the urine of a person, who -drank the Carlsbad waters, reduced, in 14 days, a piece of _calculus_, -weighing 30 grains, to 25 grains. And in an experiment made by Dr. -Newcome, now Lord Bishop of Llandaff, who drank four English pints of -oystershell lime-water daily, his Lordship’s urine reduced, in four -months, a piece of _calculus_, weighing 31 grains, to three small bits, -weighing in all 6 grains[203]. Whence it follows, that the dissolving -power of his Lordship’s urine must have been to the dissolving power -of the urine of the person who drank the Carlsbad waters nearly as 35 -to 65[204]. But if we consider, that the _calculus_ infused in the -urine of the person who drank the Carlsbad waters was kept always in a -heat of 96 degrees, while in Dr. Newcome’s experiment, which was made -during part of the autumn and winter, no artificial heat was used, -it will appear probable, that the dissolving power of his Lordship’s -urine was little inferior to that of the person who drank the Carlsbad -waters; for lime-water, in a heat of 96 degrees, dissolves the -_calculus_ at least twice as fast, as in the common heat of the air in -winter. Further, if it be attended to, that the quantity of Carlsbad -waters drank every day before dinner is from six to eight lib. while -his Lordship only drank four lib. of lime-water in 24 hours, it will -follow, that whatever the different dissolving powers of the lime-water -and Carlsbad waters may be out of the body, yet the former seems, in -proportion to the quantity drank, to communicate at least an equal -dissolving power to the urine. - -But without presuming to decide certainly, as to the comparative virtue -of the Carlsbad waters and lime-water, I shall conclude with observing, -that tho’ the Carlsbad waters are less disagreeable to the taste, and -may be drank in larger quantity, than lime-water, yet this last may be -drank equally good in all places, and at all seasons of the year; which -is not the case with the Carlsbad waters. - - November 30. 1757. - - -_An Instance of the Electrical Virtue in the Cure of a Palsy. By Mr._ -Patrick Brydone. - -[Read Dec. 15, 1757.] - -ELizabeth Foster, aged 33, in poor circumstances, unmarried, about 15 -years ago was seized with a violent nervous fever, accompanied with an -asthma, and was so ill, that her life was despaired of. She recovered -however from the violence of her distemper, but the sad effects of it -remained. For, from this time, she continued in a weakly uncertain -state of health till the month of July, 1755, when she was again taken -ill of the same kind of fever; and after it went off she was troubled -with worse nervous symptoms than ever, ending at last in a paralytic -disorder, which sometimes affected the arm, sometimes the leg, of -the left side; in such a manner as that these parts, tho’ deprived -of all motion for the time, yet still retained their sensibility. In -this condition she remained till the spring 1756, when unexpectedly -she grew much better; but not so far as to get quite rid of her -paralytic complaints; which, in cold weather, seldom failed to manifest -themselves by a numbness, trembling, sensation of cold, and a loss of -motion in the left side. - -This paralytic tendency made her apprehensive of a more violent attack; -which accordingly soon happened: for, about the end of August, in the -same year, her symptoms gradually increased, and in a very short time -she lost all motion and sensation in her left side. In this state -she continued throughout last winter with the addition of some new -complaints; for now her head shook constantly; her tongue faltered so -much, when she attempted to speak, that she could not articulate a -word; her left eye grew so dim, that she could not distinguish colours -with it; and she was often seized with such an universal coldness and -insensibility, that those who saw her at such times scarce knew whether -she was dead or alive. - -Whilst the woman was in this miserable condition, observing that she -had some intermissions, during which she could converse and use her -right leg and arm, in one of those intervals I proposed trying to -relieve her by the power of electricity. With this view, I got her -supported in such a manner as to receive the shocks standing, holding -the phial in her right hand, whilst the left was made to touch the -gun-barrel. After receiving several very severe shocks, she found -herself in better spirits than usual; said she felt a heat, and a -prickling pain in her left thigh and leg, which gradually spread over -all that side; and after undergoing the operation for a few minutes -longer, she cried out, with great joy, that she felt her foot on the -ground. - -The electrical machine producing such extraordinary effects, the action -was continued; and that day the woman patiently submitted to receive -above 200 shocks from it. The consequence was, that the shaking of -her head gradually decreased, till it intirely ceased; that she was -able at last to stand without any support; and on leaving the room -quite forgot one of her crutches, and walked to the kitchin with very -little assistance from the other. That night she continued to be well -and slept better than she had done for several months before, only -about midnight she was seized with a faintishness, and took notice -of a strong sulphureous taste in her mouth; but both faintness and -that taste went off, upon drinking a little water. Next day, being -electrised as before, her strength sensibly increased during the -operation, and when that was over she walked easily with a stick, and -could lift several pounds weight with her left hand, which had been so -long paralytic before. The experiment was repeated on the third day; -by which time she had received in all upwards of 600 severe shocks. -She then telling us that she had as much power in the side that had -been affected as in the other, we believed it unnecessary to proceed -farther as the electricity had already, to all appearance produced a -compleat cure. And indeed the patient continued to be well till the -Sunday following, _viz_. about three days after the last operation; but -upon going that day to church, she probably catched cold; for on Monday -she complained of a numbness in her left hand and foot; but, upon being -again electrised, every symptom vanished, and she has been perfectly -well ever since. - - Coldingham, Nov. 1757. - - Patrick Brydone. - -That the above is a true and exact account of my case, and of the late -wonderful cure wrought on me, is attested by - - Elizabeth Foster. - -I was eye witness to the electrical experiments made by my son on -Elizabeth Foster, and saw with pleasure their happy effects. By the -blessing of God accompanying them, from a weak, miserable, and at -sometimes almost an insensible state, she was, in a very short time, -restored to health and strength; of which the above is in every respect -a true account. - - Robert Brydone, - Minister of Coldingham. - - -_Extract of a Letter from Dr._ Whytt _to Dr._ Pringle, _relating to -this Account: Dated_ Edinburgh, _1 Dec. 1757_. - -SOME days ago I had transmitted to me Mr. Brydone’s account (inclosed) -of the success of the electrical shocks in a paralytic patient, -attested by the patient herself, and by Mr. Brydone’s father, who is -minister at Coldingham, in the shire of Berwick. At the same time I -had a letter from the Reverend Mr. Allan, Minister of Eymouth (in -the neighbourhood), informing me, that he had examined the patient -particularly, and found Mr. Brydone’s account to be perfectly true. -He further informs me, that he never observed the electrical shock -so strong from any machine, as from Mr. Brydone’s. It seems, that -gentleman has not only applied himself to the study of natural -philosophy, but also of medicine. - - Robert Whytt. - - - - -LI. _An Account of some fossile Fruits, and other Bodies, found in the -Island of_ Shepey. _By_ James Parsons, _M.D. F.R.S._ - - -_To the Right Honourable the_ EARL _of_ MACCLESFIELD, President _of -the_ Royal Society. - -[Read Dec. 15, 1757.] - - Sept. 25, 1757. - -My Lord, - -BEING ever desirous to promote the business of this learned Society, -I could not lose the opportunity that presented, of laying before -you an account, and drawings (_See_ TAB. XV. _&_ XVI.), of a most -curious parcel of fossil fruits, and some other bodies, sent me from -Shepey-Island, by my ingenious friend Mr. Jacob, of Faversham, Surgeon, -and Fellow of the Antiquary Society. - -I do not remember, that fossil seeds, or fruits, are recorded in our -Transactions, tho’ many of other kinds have places in them; nor indeed -that the memoirs of other academies have made mention of any such -fruits; and therefore, as these are chiefly pyritical, and consequently -liable to fall to pieces, I thought it necessary to make drawings of -them while in a sound state, in order for engraving, if the Society -shall think fit; lest their being so subject to moulder away might put -it out of my power to preserve their forms. However, I have great hopes -I shall be able to preserve the greater part of them intire till they -are shewed to the Society. - -In describing these bodies, we shall be obliged to make the best -conjectures we can of some of them only; for several are sufficiently -obvious to every naturalist, and easily known by comparing them to -such recent fruits, as are frequent enough among us. Some of them are -absolutely exotics; and indeed they are all rare and curious, and, in -my humble opinion, well worth the notice of the Royal Society. - -Doctor Woodward’s catalogue[205], which is so ample and full of all -kinds of fossil bodies, has only a very few fruits; and these are -only some hazle nuts found in different places, a few pine-cones, and -laryxes; and one fruit, which was taken for an unripe nutmeg. In this -collection before us they are all very different, and such as have not -been seen before. - -It will not be amiss, in this place, to give a short detail of such -bodies as are capable of either being petrified themselves, or of -leaving their impressions in stony matter. By being petrified, is meant -being impregnated with stony, pyritical, or any other metalline or -sparry matter; for there are inumerable specimens, wherein all these -are apparent. - - -TESTACEOUS _and_ CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS. - -The shelly matter of these is of so compact and dry a nature, that -they will endure for ages: and if in a soil or bed where moisture -has access, they will receive stony matter into their pores, and -become ponderous in proportion to the quantity imbibed. If in a dry -place, they will remain fair and sharp, suffering very little change -by any length of time; whilst the flesh of these, being subject to -putrifaction, is soon destroyed; and yet, according to circumstances -that happen, some of these may be replaced in due form by stony -particles. I have a gryphites, with the form of the fish in its place, -as is the case in several of the oyster kinds. This may be occasioned -by the shells being close, or nearly so, and stony matter gradually -insinuating into their cavity, so as to fill up the whole. - - -WOOD. - -The kinds of wood found fossil are very different: some are of a firmer -texture than others: and this too is according to the places wherein -they are deposited. Some I have seen so highly impregnated with a fine -stony and pyritical matter, as to bear a polish like a pebble; some, -tho’ quite reduced to stone, yet preserving the fibrous appearance of -the original state; and some which is found in boggy bottoms, being -not at all changed, except in color: this is called bog oak, or bog -deal, well known to country people in many places of these three -kingdoms, who light themselves about their business with slips of this -wood, cut on purpose instead of candles, as it burns with a clear and -durable flame. It is remarkable, that altho’ oak or fir shall lie ages -immersed in water under ground, it shall not putrify; but acquire -such sulphureous particles by lying in steep, in the bog-water, as to -qualify it for this use. Other wood, deposited in marly ground, is -found incrusted over, trunk and branches, with a white crust; the wood -remaining intire within. At other times, wood thus incrusted shall be -eroded by the matter which covers it, having something acrimonious in -its substance. We may add to these, clusters of the twigs of shrubs, -and small wood, which we find flakes of, incrusted with sparry or -calcarious matter, in many places; parts of which are totally changed -into that matter, whilst others are only inveloped with it. - - -BONES _of_ ANIMALS. - -We see, by every day’s experience, that the human skeleton moulders -to dust in a very few years, when buried in mould: so it does even -in vaults, where the coffins are kept dry. In the first case, the -moisture and salts of the earth divide and dissolve the texture -of the bones; in the latter, those of the air, which gradually -insinuate themselves into them, and at length destroy them. How long -a skeleton whose bones are well dried and prepared, being totally -deprived of its medullary substance, will last, as we now order them -for anatomical purposes, we cannot say: but it may be reasonably -conjectured, that they will undergo the fate of the softer kinds of -wood, such as beech, which grows rotten in no great number of years; -because their internal substance is spungy and cellular, and their -crust is very thin, except about the middle of the bones of the arm -and thigh, I mean the humerus and fœmur. The same destruction would -happen, if bodies were deposited in a sandy soil; because water finds -its way either by dripping downwards, or by springs underneath. But -human skeletons have been found intire within a rock, where neither -moisture nor air could get at them. Mr. Minors, an eminent Surgeon -and Anatomist of the Middlesex-hospital, when he was in the Army, at -Gibraltar, saw an intire skeleton, standing upright, in a dry rock, -part of which had been blown up with gunpowder, in carrying on some -works in the fortifications, which left the skeleton quite exposed. -Indeed, the bones of Elephants have been found in Shepey-Island, but -much destroyed, several of which I have in my Collection; an account -of which we have in the last volume but one[206] of our Transactions; -their size and substance being so considerable, as to resist for a long -time that decay which those of the human could not withstand. To these -we may add the horns of large animals, as the elk, and others, which -have been found in bogs, preserved as the bog-oak, _&c._ mentioned. - - -TEETH _and_ PALATES _of_ FISHES _and other Animals_. - -These are of so hard and firm a texture, as to suffer no great change, -wheresoever found; for we see, that no erosion appears in them, their -enamel and its polish being intirely preserved; yet sometimes their -roots will be found changed, especially in the yellow ones, having no -enamel to guard them in their roots. - - -_Parts of_ VEGETABLES. - -The leaves of plants, whose fibres are firm and dry, will endure for a -long time; but those of a succulent nature never can, as they putrify -very soon. We see the leaves of ferns of several kinds, polypodium, -tricomanes, and other capillary plants, with nodules of stone formed -about them; flags, reeds, rushes, equisetum, and many such, of a firm -texture, are found in slate and stone; and even the iuli of trees are -said to have been found fossil as well as their leaves. - - -SEEDS _and_ FRUITS. - -All seeds and the stones of fruits, having a firm texture, are also -capable of being strongly impregnated with stony and pyritical matter; -and I make no doubt but that the smaller seeds, if carefully looked -for, might be found fossil, as well as these before you; such, I mean, -as have a firmness in the covering; but being small, and mixt with -the dirt, sand, and the like, probably is the reason of their being -overlooked. Fruits of various kinds are found petrified; but this is -only in their green state, when they are hard enough to endure till -they are impregnated with stony or mineral particles. The rudiments -of fruits, when once well formed, and a little advanced, are firm and -acid: and the more remote they are from maturity, the more secure -from putrifaction; and their acid juice is no small help to their -preservation from growing soon rotten. But indeed, when the fruit -advances in growth, the texture grows gradually more lax; the acid -juices are now beginning to be replaced by saccharine or others more -soft; the fibres are driven farther asunder, and they now arrive at -their most ripe state: and the utmost maturity of fruits is the next -step to putrifaction. Hence they are destroyed before stony or other -particles can have time enough to impregnate them: and this is exactly -the case with the flesh of animals of every kind. The husks and hard -calyces of fruits, as well as their stones, are also susceptible of -petrifaction. - -If these fruits, which I have the honour to lay before you, are -antediluvian, one would be apt to imagine they, in some measure, point -out, with Dr. Woodward, the time of year in which the deluge began; -which he thinks was in May: and yet this very opinion is liable to some -objections; because altho’ fruits capable of being petrified, from -their green state, may be pretty well formed in May here, as well as in -the same latitude elsewhere, in favour of this opinion; yet there are -the stones of fruits, found fossil, so perfect, as to make one imagine -they were very ripe, when deposited in the places where they are -discovered; which would induce one to think the deluge happened nearer -Autumn, unless we could think them the productions of more southern -latitudes, where perhaps their fruits are brought to perfection before -ours are well formed. - -What follows is a catalogue of these fossil fruits &c. before you: and -I should be glad, if any of the gentlemen would take the trouble of -examining them, in order to assist in our conjectures about such of -them, as appear doubtful: but first beg leave to insert the following -remark: - -I cannot omit an observation of Doctor Mason, Woodwardian professor, -in this place; which is well worth notice, and indeed which I never -attended to. It regards the impressions of fishes upon slate. Now -there are several kinds of slate, which have such impressions upon -them: in some there remains only the bare impression, without any -part of the fish; in others the scales only, but retaining the intire -form of the animal; and in others no part adheres to the slate, but -the skeleton, or part of it, most commonly the spine. He says that he -always observed, that the bones are never seen but upon the grey or -blue slate, or their impressions; and that the scales or skin are to be -found only upon the black stone or slate; which makes him conjecture, -that something erosive in the grey slate destroys every part but the -bony system; but that the black, being of a more soft and unctuous -nature, preserves the scales, and often the very skin. This, however, -must be referred to further observation. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XV. _p. 403_. - - IP MD. _delin._ _J. Mynde sc._] - -TAB. XV. - -_Fig._ 1, 3. These two bodies seem to be figs, petrified when hard and -green; being, as I have just observed, then capable of receiving the -pyritical particles, with which they are manifestly impregnated. One -is more perfect in its form than the other; and they are now shooting -their salts, and will soon fall to pieces. - -_Fig._ 2. appears to be a Myrobalan, distinguished from the other -species of that name by its round figure; and is called the belleric -Myrobalan. It is nearly destroyed by the pyritical matter, and will not -long remain whole. - -_Fig._ 4. seems to be a species of Phaseolus, one of those especially -distinguished by the fruits. _Fructibus splendentibus nigris._ - -_Fig._ 5. Another Phaseolus. - -_Fig._ 7. Another. See _Fig. 4._ - -_Fig._ 8. Semen Cucurbitæ, a large species of American gourd. - -_Fig._ 9. Coffee-berries. - -_Fig._ 10, 11. Two species of Beans, very apparent. - -_Fig._ 12. Unknown. This, however, appears to be a fruit, with the -calyx running up, and embracing it, in its hard green state; being -somewhat compressed on the upper part, as it lay confined in the earth. - -_Fig._ 13. _An Staphilodendri species?_ The learned and reverend Dr. -Hales gave me, some years ago, a handful of the recent fruits, one or -two of which are sent with this fossil one, for your consideration. He -had them from Bengal, and called them, in the Indian name, Neermelis; -and said the natives used them to fine down liquors. - -_Fig._ 14. A compressed pod of the Arachidna, or Underground-Pea. The -full-grown pods are much larger, but of various sizes, as are other -kinds. This, however, seems to have been, when deposited where it was -found, not so far advanced. It has the reticulated surface, the apex -on one side, and every other character of that fruit or seed-pod, but -somewhat compressed. - -_Fig._ 15. is evidently an Acorn. We have of this species here, and in -America also. - -_Fig._ 16. An exotic fruit, like a small melon; but uncertain. It is -somewhat deformed by compression. - -_Fig._ 17. This I took at first for a fruit; but now I rather believe -it a Fungoides of a very pretty kind. _Fig._ 18. _An Anguria?_ I take -it for a seed of a species of water-melon. - -_Fig._ 19. seems a small plumb-stone. - -_Fig._ 20. Unknown. The calyx seems to run up and embrace this fruit -towards the apex. - -_Fig._ 21. Unknown. This resembles an American seed, which I have in -my collection, but do not know its name. Its apex is inclining to one -side; and it appears to have had a strong pedicle. - -_Fig._ 22. _An Lachryma Jobi?_ - -_Fig._ 23. A Cherry-stone. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XVI. _p. 406_. - - IP _MD. delin._ _J. Mynde sc._] - - -TAB. XVI. - - _Fig._ 1. _An Euonymi species?_ If this be an Euonymus, it is not so -far advanced as to form the seeds: and is therefore to be considered -only in its progress from the flower towards seeding: which is the case -in several of these, whose calyces appear still upon them, and hinder -us from absolutely determining what they are. - -_Fig._ 2. A berry of the Sapindus, or Soap-tree, of America, being not -at all deformed, only having a little lump of pyrites upon it: but -there is another quite free. - -_Fig._ 3. _Huræ Germen._ This is undoubtedly the young Sand-box, or -fruit of the Hura, so well known for its beautiful form to the curious, -who collect specimens of natural history; and seems to shew the time of -the deluge. - -_Fig._ 4. This, I think, is certainly the stone of an eastern Mango; -such as comes over to us pickled, and, the stone being opened on one -side, is generally stuffed with spices. - -_Fig._ 5. _Euonymi latifolii species._ This is a large species of -Euonymus, perhaps of Clusius. - -_Fig._ 6. This body seems to be a Milleped, or Wood-louse. It is turned -round, the two extremities meeting; which is the attitude assumed by -these animals, upon being in any-wise obstructed in their passage, or -handled. - -_Fig._ 7. A small long Bean, like our horse-bean; but longer than any -we have in England. - -_Fig._ 8. Unknown to me. - -_Fig._ 9. A species of Horse-chesnut from America. - -_Fig._ 10. The external husk of the fruit of the Sapindus, or Soap-tree. - -_Fig._ 11. I cannot determine whether this be an Olive, or the yellow -Myrobalan; but believe it the Myrobalan. - -_Fig._ 12. _A Palmæ species?_ It seems a small Palma-coco. - -_Fig._ 13, 14. unknown, as well as _fig._ 15. - -_Fig._ 16. Unknown. The reason of the four last being not to be -distinguished is, that they seem to be the buds of their several -species, before they were perfectly formed. So that while some of the -antediluvian productions are mature, others appear to be premature; and -consequently one would be inclined to think them the inhabitants of -places of different latitudes. - -_Fig._ 17. A species of foreign Walnut, injured and compressed. - -_Fig._ 18. A Plumb-stone. - -_Fig._ 19. The claw of an American Crab; which, being on the opposite -side of the mass containing the body, could not come in view with it at -the same time. - -_Fig._ 20. The body of the crab, with other parts, appearing thro’ the -stony matter that invelopes it, which appears to be an induration of -yellow clay. - -_Fig._ 21. seems a long American Phaseolus. Part of the petrified husk -is upon it. - -_Fig._ 22. An American Echinite of the flat kind, much resembling that -species which Rumphius calls _Echinus sulcatus primus_. - -_Fig._ 23. _Arista cujusdam Graminis._ This body has all the -characteristics of an ear of corn, or some species of grass, of which -there are many. - -This has been taken for a spine of an Echinus: but, as we are to -consider its nearest resemblance to whatsoever body, we must conclude -it as we have said. I never saw any spine in the least like it; but -an ear of corn, ripe and dry, is as susceptible of being petrified, -as a crustaceous animal, in every respect. Indeed the spiculæ of the -ear, each arising from the grain, being very slender, are of course -destroyed during the petrifaction; but the form of the ear is actually -preserved, as much as the nature and circumstances of the thing will -allow. - -_Fig. a._ A manifest species of Pediculus Marinus crumped up. - - _b._ A Seed-vessel, given me by Mr. Da Costa, found in a clay-pit in - Staffordshire. - - _c._ Cocculus Indicus. - - - - -LII. _Observations upon the Comet that appeared in the Months of_ -September _and_ October _1757, made at the Royal Observatory by_ Ja. -Bradley, _D.D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal Academy -of Sciences at_ Paris. - - -[Read Dec. 22, 1757.] - -I Deferred to give an account of my observations upon the Comet that -hath lately appeared, till I could settle the places of the stars -with which it had been compared; several of them not being inserted -in the British catalogue, and those which are, requiring some small -corrections, which I have since made from my own observations. - -When I first discovered this Comet, it appeared to the naked eye -like a dull star of the 5th or 6th magnitude; but viewing it thro’ a -seven-foot Telescope, I could perceive a small Nucleus (surrounded, -as usual, with a nebulous atmosphere), and a short tail extended in a -direction opposite to the sun. - -Some small stars then appearing in the field of the telescope with the -Comet, I measured its distance from them with a Micrometer; and on -September 12ᵈ at 16ʰ 2’ mean time, I found it to be 1° 13’ 5" distant -from a small star, whose right ascension was afterwards found to be -89° 49’ 40" and declination 36° 11’ 30" north: and near the same time -the Comet was observed to be 43’ 10" from another star, whose right -ascension was 90° 20’ 0" and declination 35° 12’ 0" north. - -Hence I collected, that the Comet’s right ascension was 89° 29’ 10“ and -its declination 35° 0’ 20" north. - -September 13ᵈ 12ʰ 37’ mean time (which is likewise made use of in the -following observations), the Comet had the same right ascension with -a small star, whose right ascension was 93° 5’ 30" and declination -34° 36’ 40" north; and it was about two minutes more northerly than -the star. Hence the Comet’s right ascension was 93° 5’ 30" and its -declination 34° 38’ 40" north. - -September 14ᵈ 14ʰ 0’ the Comet preceded θ Geminorum 1° 31’ 35“ in right -ascension, and was 11’ 35" more southerly. The apparent right ascension -of θ Geminorum was then 99° 11’ 40“ and its declination 34° 13’ 25" -north. Hence the right ascension of the Comet was 97° 40’ 5" and its -declination 34° 1’ 50" north. - -Sept. 17ᵈ 13ʰ 0’ a small star (whose right ascension was 109° 55’ -20“ and declination 31° 27’ 40") preceded the Comet 47’ 10" in right -ascension, and was 12’ 30" more northerly. Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 110° 42’ 40" and its declination 31° 15’ 10" north. - -Sept. 19ᵈ 15ʰ 17’ a star (whose right ascension was 118° 29’ 40" -and declination 28° 9’ 45") preceded the Comet 1° 14’ 0" in right -ascension, and was more southerly 15’ 45“. Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 119° 43’ 40" and declination 28° 25’ 30" north. - -Sept. 23ᵈ 15ʰ 57’ a star (whose right ascension was 134° 55’ 45" and -declination 22° 15’ 55" north) preceded the Comet 12’ 30" in right -ascension, and was 29’ 0" more northerly. Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 135° 8’ 15" and its declination 21° 46’ 55" north. - -Sept. 24ᵈ 15ʰ 21’ the Comet had the same declination with a small -star that preceded it 10’ 15“ in right ascension. This star’s right -ascension was afterwards found to be 138° 13’ 45" and its declination -20° 5’ 20". Hence the Comet’s right ascension was 138° 24’ 0" and its -declination 20° 5’ 20" north. - -Sept. 28ᵈ 16ʰ 22’ the Comet followed Regulus 1° 7’ 12" in right -ascension, and was 14’ 45" more northerly. The right ascension of -Regulus being then 148° 51’ 13" and its declination 13° 8’ 35" north; -the Comet’s right ascension was 149° 58’ 25" and its declination 13° -23’ 20" north. - -Sept. 30ᵈ 16ʰ 24’ ρ Leonis (whose right ascension was 155° 0’ 10" and -declination 10° 32’ 53" north) followed the Comet 18’ 45" in right -ascension, and was 7’ 53" more northerly. Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 154° 41’ 25" and its declination 10° 25’ 0" north. - -October 2ᵈ 16ʰ 48’ the 37th star Sextantis. Hevel. in the British -Catalogue (whose right ascension was 158° 21’ 25" and declination 7° -38’ 40" north) preceded the Comet 32’ 50" in right ascension, and was -3’ 20" more southerly. Hence the Comet’s right ascension was 158° 54’ -15" and its declination 7° 42’ 0" north. - -October 3ᵈ 16ʰ 45’ _c_ Leonis (whose right ascension was 162° 2’ 15’ -and declination 7° 24’ 0" north) followed the Comet 1° 12’ 55" in right -ascension, and was 56’ 40" more northerly. Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 160° 49’ 20" and its declination 6° 27’ 20" north. - -October 4ᵈ 17ʰ 0’ _d_ Leonis (whose right ascension was 162° 0’ 15" -and declination 4° 54’ 57" north) preceded the Comet 40’ 15” in right -ascension, and was more southerly 20’ 53". Hence the Comet’s right -ascension was 162° 40’ 30" and its declination 5° 15’ 50" north. - -October 7ᵈ 16ʰ 54’ the 79th Leonis in the British Catalogue (whose -right ascension was 167° 53’ 37" and declination 2° 44’ 15" north) -followed the Comet 13’ 0" in right ascension, and was more northerly -38’ 35". Hence the Comet’s right ascension was 167° 40’ 37" and its -declination 2° 5’ 40" north. - -October 8ᵈ 16ʰ 53’ the Comet preceded _v_ Leonis 1° 53’ 30" in right -ascension, and was 37’ 20" more northerly. The right ascension of this -star was 171° 7’ 45" and its declination 0° 30’ 55" north; therefore -the Comet’s right ascension was 169° 14’ 15" and its declination 1° 8’ -15" north. - -October 11ᵈ 16ʰ 52’ the Comet followed _v_ Leonis 2° 33’ 30" in right -ascension, and appeared 1° 55’ 5" more southerly; but it being near the -horizon, the difference of right ascension must have been contracted by -refraction about 1’ 5", and the difference of declination about 1’ 30": -so that the corrected right ascension of the Comet was 173° 42’ 20" and -its declination 1° 25’ 40" south. - -Immediately after this observation a fog arose, which prevented me from -repeating it; and several mornings following proving hazy or cloudy, -I could not see the Comet again till October 18th, about an hour and -a quarter before sun-rising; when the twilight being strong, and the -Comet low, it appeared very faint. However, I was unwilling to omit -the opportunity of determining its place, as near as I could, by a -single observation, in the following manner. - -At 6ʰ 59’ 54" ½ sidereal time, I observed the passage of the Comet -over the perpendicular wire of my equatorial Sector; then leaving the -instrument in the same position till the next evening, I observed, that -at 22ʰ 8’ 15" sidereal time, the 17th star of Eridanus in the British -Catalogue passed over the same wire (or horary circle) 9’ 30" more -southerly than the Comet. And at 23ʰ 45’ 36" sidereal time the star -marked _b_ in Eridanus passed, 19’ 55" more northerly than the Comet. - -I found that the situation of my instrument was not sensibly altered -between the 18th and 19th of October; for the transits and the -difference of declination of the same stars being observed with it -again on the 19th of October, they agreed very well with those that -were taken the preceding night. It may therefore be supposed, that the -position of the instrument continued the same likewise during the time -of the foregoing observations. - -The right ascension of the 17th star of Eridanus being 49° 39’ 10" -and its declination 5° 55’ 25" south; and the right ascension of _b_ -of Eridanus being 73° 59’ 15" and its declination 5° 25’ 10" south; I -collected, that when the Comet passed the wire (or horary circle) which -was October 17ᵈ 17ʰ 12’ mean time, its right ascension was 182° 34’ 0" -and its declination 5° 45’ 35" south. - -The last time that I saw the Comet was on the 19th of October in the -morning; but it then appeared so faint, that I could not observe its -place. Its elongation from the sun was then but about 20 degrees; and -from that day to the present it hath always been less; which is the -principal reason why it was invisible to us at the time when it was in -its perihelion, and hath remained so ever since. The elongation will -indeed soon become greater, and yet it is probable that we shall not -be able to see the Comet again; because its real distance from the sun -will be greater than it was when I first saw it, and it will be also -four times further from us than it was at that time. - -The Comet kept nearly at the same distance from the earth for ten or -twelve days together after I first saw it; but its brightness gradually -increased then, because it was going nearer to the sun. Afterwards, -when its distance from the earth increased, altho’ it continued to -approach the sun, yet its lustre never much exceeded that of stars of -the second magnitude, and the tail was scarce to be discerned by the -naked eye. - -All the forementioned observations were made with a Micrometer in a -seven-foot Tube, excepting those of the 3d, 11th, and 17th days of -October, which were taken with a curious Sector constructed for such -purposes by the late ingenious Mr. George Graham; of which Dr. Smith -has given a very exact description in his third book of Optics. - -Supposing the Trajectory of this Comet to be parabolic, I collected -from the foregoing observations, that its motion round the sun is -_direct_, and that it was in its _perihelion_ October the 21st, at 7ʰ -55’ mean (or equated) time at Greenwich. That the inclination of the -plane of its Trajectory to the ecliptic is 12° 50’ 20"; the place of -the descending Node ♉ 4° 12’ 50"; the place of the Perihelion ♄ 2° 58’ -0"; the distance of the Perihelion from the descending Node 88° 45’ -10"; the Logarithm of the Perihelion distance 9.528328; the Logarithm -of the diurnal motion 0.667636. - -From these Elements (which are adapted to Dr. Halley’s general Table -for the Motion of Comets in parabolic Orbits), I computed the places -of this Comet for the respective times of the foregoing observations, -as in the following table; which contains likewise the longitudes and -latitudes deduced from the observed right ascensions and declinations, -and also the differences between the computed and observed places. -These differences (no-where exceeding 40") shew, that the elements here -set down will be sufficient to enable future astronomers to distinguish -this Comet upon another return; but as they do not correspond with the -elements of the orbit of any other Comet hitherto taken notice of, we -cannot determine at present the period thereof. - - Greenwich, 1757.| Comet. Long.| - Mean Time. | Observ. | Latit. Observ. - ----------------+--------------+-----------------+ - _d._ _h._ '| S. ° ’ " | ° ’ " - ----------------+--------------+-----------------+ - Sept. 12 16 2 | ♊ 29 34 13 | 11 32 16 No. - 13 12 37 | ♋ 2 35 34 | 11 12 13 - 14 14 0 | 6 27 45 | 10 44 3 - ----------------+-------------+-----------------+ - 17 13 0 | 17 49 40 | 9 3 31 - 19 15 17 | 26 6 8 | 7 36 49 - 23 15 57 | ♌ 11 19 18 | 4 33 38 - ----------------+-------------+-----------------+ - 24 15 21 | 14 44 19 | 3 49 37 - 28 16 22 | 27 23 43 | 1 3 44 No. - 30 16 24 | ♍ 2 45 43 | 0 5 30 So. - ----------------+-------------+-----------------+ - Octob. 2 16 48 | 7 37 43 | 1 5 50 - 3 16 45 | 9 51 36 | 1 32 22 - 4 17 0 | 12 1 4 | 1 56 42 - ----------------+-------------+-----------------+ - 7 16 54 | 17 51 3 | 2 56 48 - 8 16 53 | 19 39 45 | 3 13 7 - 11 16 52 | 24 47 22 | 3 48 49 - 17 17 12 | ♎ 4 38 58 | 4 15 42 So. - - - Greenwich, 1757.| | | Diff. | Diff. - Mean Time. | Long. Comp. | Latit. Comput. | Long. | Latit. - ----------------+----------------+---------------+-------+-------- - _d._ _h._ '| S. ° ’ " | ° ’ " | " | " - ----------------+----------------+----------------+-------+------- - Sept. 12 16 2 | ♊ 29 34 11 | 11 32 20 No. | -2 | +4 - 13 12 37 | ♋ 2 35 47 | 11 12 11 | +13 | -2 - 14 14 0 | 6 27 42 | 10 43 43 | -3 | -20 - ----------------+----------------+----------------+-------+------- - 17 13 0 | 17 50 16 | 9 3 11 |+36 |-20 - 19 15 17 | 26 5 50 | 7 36 30 |-18 |-19 - 23 15 57 | ♌ 11 19 4 | 4 33 32 |-14 | -6 - ----------------+----------------+----------------+-------+------- - 24 15 21 | 14 44 3 | 3 49 39 |-16 | +2 - 28 16 22 | 27 23 32 | 1 3 52 No. |-11 | +8 - 30 16 24 | ♍ 2 45 39 | 0 5 17 So. | -4 |-13 - ----------------+----------------+----------------+-------+------- - Octob. 2 16 48 | 7 37 42 | 1 5 32 | -1 |-18 - 3 16 45 | 9 51 29 | 1 31 55 | -7 |-27 - 4 17 0 | 12 0 25 | 1 56 23 | -39 | -19 - ----------------+----------------+----------------+-------+------ - 7 16 54 | 17 51 6 | 2 56 24 | +3 | -24 - 8 16 53 | 19 39 33 | 3 12 28 | -12 | -39 - 11 16 52 | 24 47 47 | 3 49 29 | +25 | +40 - 17 17 12 | ♎ 4 38 36 | 4 15 2 So. | -22 | -40 - - - - -LIII. _The Resolution of a General Proposition for Determining the_ -horary _Alteration of the Position of the Terrestrial Equator, from -the Attraction of the Sun and Moon: With some Remarks on the Solutions -given by other Authors to that difficult and important Problem. By Mr._ -Tho. Simpson, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Dec. 22, 1757.] - -SINCE the time, that that excellent Astronomer, my much honoured friend -Dr. Bradley, published his observations and discoveries concerning the -inequalities of the precession of the equinox, and of the obliquity -of the ecliptic, depending on the position of the lunar nodes, -mathematicians, in different parts of Europe, have set themselves -diligently to compute, from physical principles, the effects produced -by the sun and moon, in the position of the terrestrial equator; -and to examine whether these effects do really correspond with the -observations. - -Two papers on this subject have already appeared in the Philosophical -Transactions; in which the authors have shewn evident marks of skill -and penetration. There is, nevertheless, one part of the subject, that -seems to have been passed over without a due degree of attention, as -well by both those gentlemen, as by Sir Isaac Newton himself. - -This part, which, upon account of physical difficulties, is indeed -somewhat slippery and perplexing, I shall make the principal subject of -this essay. - - -GENERAL PROPOSITION. - -_Supposing an homogeneous sphere_ OABCD (Fig. 1.) _revolving uniformly -about its centre, to be acted on at the extremity_ A _of the radius_ -OA, _in a direction_ AL _perpendicular to the plane of the equator_ -ABCD, _and parallel to the axis of rotation_ Pp, _by a given force, -tending to generate a new motion of rotation at right angles to the -former; It is proposed to determine the change, that will arise in the -direction of the rotation in consequence of the said force._ - -[Illustration: FIG. 1.] - -Let _F_ denote the given force, whereby the motion about the axis P_p_ -is disturbed, supposing _f_ to represent the centrifugal force of a -small particle of matter in the circumference of the equator, arising -from the sphere’s rotation; and let the whole number of such particles, -or the content of the sphere, be denoted by _c_: let also the momentum -of rotation of the whole sphere, or of all the particles, be supposed, -in proportion to the momentum of an equal number of particles, -revolving at the distance OA of the remotest point A, as _n_ is to -_unity_. - -It is well known, that the centripetal force, whereby any body is -made to revolve in the circumference of a circle, is such, as is -sufficient to generate all the motion in the body, in a time equal -to _that_, wherein the body describes an arch of the circumference, -equal in length to the radius. Therefore, if we here take the arch AR -= OA, and assume _m_ to express the time, in which that arch would -be uniformly described by the point A, the _motion_ of a particle of -matter at A (whose central force is represented by _f_) will be equal -to _that_, which might be uniformly generated by the force _f_, in -the time _m_; and the motion of as many particles (revolving, all, at -the same distance) as are expressed by _cn_ (which, by hypothesis, -is equal to the momentum of the whole body), will, consequently, be -equal to the momentum, that might be generated by the force _f_ × -_cn_, in the same time _m_. Whence it appears, that the momentum of -the whole body about its axe P_p_ is in proportion to the momentum -generated in a given particle of time _m’_, by the given force _F_ in -the direction AL, as _ncf_ × _m_ is to _F_ × _m’_, or, as _unity_ to -(_F_/_ncf_) × (_m’_/_m_) (because the quantities of motion produced by -unequal forces, in unequal times, are in the ratio of the forces and -of the times, conjunctly). Let, therefore, AL be taken in proportion -to AM, as (_F_/_ncf_) × (_m’_/_m_) is to _unity_ (supposing AM to be -a tangent to the circle ABCD in A), and let the parallelogram AMNL be -compleated; drawing also the diagonal AN; then, by the composition of -forces, the angle NAM (whose tangent, to the radius OA, is expressed -by OA × (_F_/_ncf_) × (_m’_/_m_)) will be the change of the direction -of the rotation, at the end of the aforesaid time (_m’_). But, this -angle being exceeding small, the tangent may be taken to represent -the measure of the angle itself; and, if Z be assumed to represent -the arch described by A, in the same time (_m’_) about the center O, -we shall also have (_m’_/_m_) = (Z/AR) = (Z/AO), and consequently OA -× (_F_/_ncf_) x (_m_/_m’_) = Z × (_F_/_ncf_). From whence it appears, -that the angle expressing the change of the direction of the rotation, -during any small particle of time, will be in proportion to the angle -described about the axe of rotation in the same time, as _F_/_ncf_ is -to _unity_. _Q.E.I._ - -Altho’, in the preceding proposition, the body is supposed to be a -perfect sphere, the solution, nevertheless, holds equally true in every -other species of figures, as is manifest from the investigation. It -is true, indeed, that the value of _n_ will not be the same in these -cases, even supposing those of _c_, _f_ and _F_ to remain unchanged; -except in the spheroid only, where, as well as in the sphere, _n_ will -be = ⅖; the momentum of any spheroid about its axis being 2-5ths of the -momentum of an equal quantity of matter placed in the circumference of -the equator, as is very easy to demonstrate. - -But to shew now the use and application of the general proportion here -derived, in determining the regress of the equinoctial points of the -terrestrial spheroid, let AE_a_F (_Fig. 2._) be the equator, and P_p_ -the axis of the spheroid: also let HECF represent the plane of the -ecliptic, S the place of the sun, and HAPNH the plane of the sun’s -declination, making right-angles with the plane of the equator AE_a_F: -then, if AK be supposed parallel, and OKM perpendicular, to OS, and -there be assumed _T_ and _t_ to express the respective times of the -annual and diurnal revolutions of the earth, it will appear (from the -_Principia_, B. III. prop. xxv.) that the force, with which a particle -of matter at A tends to recede from the line OM in consequence of the -sun’s attraction, will be expressed by (_3tt_/_TT_) × (AK/OA) × _f_; -_f_ denoting the centrifugal force of the same particle, arising from -the diurnal rotation. Hence, by the resolution of forces, (_3tt_/_TT_) -× (AK/OA) × (OK/OA) × _f_ will be the effect of that particle, in a -direction perpendicular to OA, to turn the earth about its center O. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2.] - -But it is demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton, and by other authors, that -the force of all the particles, or of all the matter in the whole -spheroid AP _ap_, to turn _it_ about its center, is equal to ⅕th of -the force of a quantity of matter, placed at A, equal to the excess -of the matter in the whole spheroid above _that_ in the inscribed -sphere, whose axis is P_p_. Now this excess (assuming the ratio of -π to 1, to express _that_ of the area of a circle to the square of -the radius) will be truly represented by (4π/3) × OP × (OA² - OP²); -and, consequently, the force of all the matter in the whole earth, by -(_3tt_/_TT_) × (AK/OA) × (OK/OA) × (4π/15) × OP × (OA²- OP²). Let, -therefore, this quantity be now substituted for _F_, in the general -formula _F_/_ncf_, writing, at the same time, (4π/3) × OA² × OP, -and ⅖, in the place of their equals _c_ and _n_; by which means we -have (here) (_F_/_ncf_) = (_3tt_/_2TT_) × ((OA² - OP²)/OA²) × ((AK × -OK)/OA²). Put the given quantity (_3tt_/_2TT_) × ((OA² - OP²)/OA²) = -_k_; and let the angle EA_e_ represent the horary alteration of the -position of the terrestrial equator, arising from the force _F_ (here -determined), and let the arch E_e_ be the regress of the equinoctial -point E, corresponding thereto: then, in the triangle EA_e_ (considered -as spherical) it will be sin. _e_ ∶ sin. AE (∷ sin. EA_e_: sin. E_e_) ∷ -EA_e_ ∶ E_e_ (= (sin. AE x EA_e_)/sin. E) = _k_ × (sin. AE/sin. E) × -((AK × OK)/OA²) = _k_ × ((sin. AE × cos. AH × sin. AH)/sin. E). But in -the triangle EHA, right-angled at A (where HA is supposed to represent -the sun’s declination, AE his right ascension, and HE his distance from -the equinoctial point E[207]) we have (_per spherics_) - - sin. AE ∶ 1 (rad.) ∷ co-t. E ∶ co-t. AH, - (sin. AH)² ∶ (sin. EH)² ∷ (sin. E)² ∶ 1² (rad.²) - -From whence we get, sin. AE × co-t. AH × (sin. AH)² = (sin. EH)² × -co-t. E × (sin. E)². But co-t. AH × sin. AH = co-s. AH × 1 (rad.), and -co-t. E × sin. E = co-s. E × 1 (rad.): therefore sin. AE × co-s. AH × -sin. AH = (sin. EH)² × co-s. E × sin. E; and, consequently, _k_ × (sin. -AE × co-s. AH × sin. AH)/sin. E = _k_ × co-s. E × (sin. EH)² (= E_e_). - -Let, now, the sun’s longitude EH be denoted by Z (considered as a -flowing quantity); then, (sin. Z)² being = ½-½ co-s. 2 Z, we shall have -_k_ × co-s. E × (sin. EH)² = ½_k_ × co-s. E × 1-co-s. 2 Z. But the -angle described about the axe of rotation P_p_, in the time that the -sun’s longitude is augmented by the particle Ż, will be = (_T/t_) × Ż. -Therefore (by the general proposition) we have, as 1: ½_k_ × co-s. E × -1-co-s. 2 Z ∷ (_T/t_) × Ż : ½_k_ × (_T/t_) × co-s. E × Ż - Ż co-s. 2 Z, -the true regress of the equinoctial point E, during that time: whose -fluent, ½_k_ × (_T_/_t_) × co-s. E × (Z- ½ sin. 2 Z), will consequently -be the total regress of the point E, in the time that the sun, by -his apparent motion, describes the arch HE or Z; which, on the sun’s -arrival at the solstice, becomes barely = ½_k_ × (_T_/_t_) × co-s. E × -an arch of 90°: the quadruple whereof, or ½_k_ × (_T_/_t_) × co-s. E × -360° (= (3_t_/4_T_) × ((OA²-OP²)/OA²) × co-s. E × 360°) is therefore -the whole annual precession of the equinox caused by the sun. This, in -numbers (taking OP/OA = 229/230) comes out (3/(4 × 366¼)) × (2/230½) × -0.917176 × 360° = 21´´ 6´´´. - -The very ingenious M. Silvabelle, in his essay on this subject, -inserted in the 48th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, makes -the quantity of the annual precession of the equinox, caused by the -sun, to be the half, only, of what is here determined. But this -gentleman appears to have fallen into a twofold mistake. First, in -finding the _momenta of rotation_ of the terrestrial spheroid, and of -a very slender ring, at the equator thereof; which _momenta_ he refers -to an axis perpendicular to the plane of the sun’s declination, instead -of the proper axe of rotation, standing at right angles to the plane of -the equator. The difference, indeed, arising from thence, with respect -to the spheroid (by reason of its near approach to a sphere) will be -inconsiderable; but, in the ring, the case will be quite otherwise; the -equinoctial points thereof being made to recede just twice as fast as -they ought to do. This may seem the more strange, if regard be had to -the conclusions, relating to the nodes of a satellite, derived from -this very assumption. But, that these conclusions are true, is owing -to a second, or subsequent mistake, at Art. 27; where the measure of -the sun’s force is taken the half, only, of the true value; by means -whereof the motion of the equinoctial points of the ring is reduced to -its proper quantity, and the motion of the equinoctial points of the -terrestrial spheroid, to the half of what it ought to be. - -That expert geometrician M. Cha. Walmsley, in his Essay on the -Precession of the Equinox, printed in the last volume of the -Philosophical Transactions, has judiciously avoided all mistakes of -this last kind, respecting the sun’s force, by pursuing the method, -pointed out by Sir Isaac Newton; but, in determining the effect of that -force, has fallen into others, not less considerable than those above -adverted to. - -In his third Lemma, the momentum of the whole Earth, about its -diameter, is computed on a supposition, that the momentum or force of -each particle is proportional to its distance from the axis of motion, -or barely as the quantity of motion in such particle, considered -abstractedly. No regard is, therefore, had to the lengths of the -unequal levers, whereby the particles are supposed to receive and -communicate their motion: which, without doubt, ought to have been -included in the consideration. - -In his first proposition, he determines, in a very ingenious and -concise manner, the true annual motion of the nodes of a ring (or of -a single satellite) at the earth’s equator, revolving with the earth -itself, about its center, in the time of one siderial day. This motion -he finds to be = (3co-s. 23° 29´/4 rad.) × (⅟366¼) × 360°. Then, in -order to infer from thence, the motion of the equinoctial points of the -earth itself, he, first, diminishes that quantity, in the ratio of 2 -to 5: Because (as is demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton in his 2d Lemma) -the whole force of all the particles situated without the surface of a -sphere, inscribed in the spheroid, to turn the body about its center, -will be only 2-5ths of the force of an equal number of particles -uniformly disposed round the whole circumference of the equator, in -the fashion of a ring. The quantity ((3co-s. 23° 29´/4 rad.) × ⅖ × -(⅟366¼) × 360°) thus arising, will, therefore, express the true motion -of the equinoctial points of a ring, equal in quantity of matter to the -excess of the whole earth above the inscribed sphere, when the force -whereby the ring tends to turn about its diameter is supposed equal -to the force whereby the earth itself tends to turn about the same -diameter, in consequence of the sun’s attraction. Thus far our author -agrees with Sir Isaac Newton; but, in deriving from hence the motion -of the equinoctial points of the earth itself, he differs from him; -and, in the corollary to his third Lemma, assigns the reasons, why he -thinks Sir Isaac Newton, in this particular, has _wandered a little -from the truth_. Instead of diminishing the quantity above exhibited -(as Sir Isaac has done) in the ratio of all the motion in the ring to -the motion in the whole earth, he diminishes it in the ratio of the -motion of all the matter above the surface of the inscribed sphere to -the motion of the whole earth: which matter, tho’ equal to that of the -ring, has nevertheless a different momentum, arising from the different -situation of the particles in respect to the axis of motion. - -But since the aforesaid quantity, from whence the motion of the earth’s -equinox is derived, as well by this gentleman, as by Sir Isaac Newton, -expresses truly the annual regress of the equinoctial points of the -ring (and not of the hollow figure formed by the said matter, which -is greater, in the ratio of 5 to 4) it seems, at least, as reasonable -to suppose, that the said quantity, to obtain from thence the true -regress of the equinoctial points of the earth, ought to be diminished -in the former of the two ratios above specified, as that it should be -diminished in the latter. But, indeed, both these ways are defective, -even supposing the momenta to have been truly computed; the ratio, -that ought to be used here, being that of the momenta of the ring and -earth about the proper axe of rotation of the two figures, standing -at right-angles to the plane of the ring and of the equator. Now this -ratio, by a very easy computation, is found to be as 230²-229² to ⅖ of -230²; whence the quantity sought comes out = (3co-s. 23° 29´/4 rad.) -× (⅟366¼) × (230²-229²)/230² × 360° = 21´´ 6´´´: which is the same that -we before found it to be, and the double of what this author makes it. - -What has been said hitherto, relates to that part of the motion -only, arising from the force of the sun. It will be but justice to -observe here, that the effect of the moon, and the inequalities -depending on the position of her nodes, are truly assigned by both -the gentlemen above-named; the ratio of the diameters of the earth, -and the density of the moon being so assumed, as to give the maxima of -those inequalities, such as the observations require: in consequence -whereof, and from the law of the increase and decrease (which is -rightly determined by theory, tho’ the absolute quantity is not) a true -solution, in every other circumstance, is obtained. - -The freedom, with which I have expressed myself, and the liberty I have -here taken, to animadvert on the works of men, who, in many places, -have given incontestible proofs of skill and genius, may, I fear, stand -in need of some apology. ’Tis possible I may be thought too peremptory. -Indeed, I might have delivered my sentiments with more caution and -address: but, had not I imagined myself quite clear in what has been -advanced, from a multitude of concurrent reasons, I should have thought -it too great a presumption to have said any thing at all here, on this -subject. The great regard I have for this Society, of which I have the -honour to be a member, will, I hope, be considered as the motive for my -having attempted to rectify some oversights, that have occurred in the -works of this learned body. - - - - -LIV. _Remarks upon the Heat of the Air in_ July 1757. _in an Extract -of a Letter from_ John Huxham, _M.D. F.R.S. to_ William Watson, _M.D. -F.R.S. dated at_ Plymouth _19th of that Month. With additional Remarks -by Dr._ Watson. - - -[Read Dec. 22, 1757.] - -“FROM the beginning of June last we have had a very dry season, -generally very warm, and sometimes excessively hot. From the 7th to the -14th of this month the heat was violent; greater, indeed, than has been -known here in the memory of man. I have talked with several persons, -who have lived a considerable time in Jamaica, Gibraltar, and Minorca; -and they severally assert, that they never felt such intense heat in -any of those places. Upon the 11th, 12th, and 13th of this month, -Fahrenheit’s thermometer, in the shade, about three o’clock in the -afternoon, was at 87; nay, upon the 12th it was even above 88. - -Abundance of people have suffered very severely from these excessive -heats: putrid, bilious, petechial, nervous fevers, are exceedingly -common every-where. Dysenteries, hæmorrhages, most profuse sweats, -affect not only those in fevers, but a vast many others. The days and -nights were so intolerably hot, that little or no sleep was to be -gotten day or night. The wind we had, like the Campsin, actually blew -hot, tho’ strong. - -Upon the 15th, about seven at night, at Falmouth, Penryn, Truro, and -thereabouts, a pretty smart shock of an earthquake was felt, attended -with a hollow rumbling noise, throwing down pewter, china-ware, and -such-like. The tinners felt it eighty fathom under ground. No great -damage however was done. The day before we had, about eleven o’clock -before noon, a most violent hurricane, which lasted five or six -minutes, attended with a heavy shower.” - -Thus far Dr. Huxham. - - -The heat of the air at London, during the period above-mentioned, was -much greater than has been usually observed in these high latitudes; -tho’ it was never quite so severe here as at Plymouth. The following -table exhibits the degrees of the heat, taken here upon the respective -days, about four o’clock in the afternoon, by a Fahrenheit’s -thermometer. The instrument was placed in the shade; and the accuracy -of the observer, who favoured me with his minutes, is not to be -questioned. - - 1757. July 5 75 - 6 78 - 7 75½ - 8 78 - 10 80¼ - 11 83¼ - 12 80¼ - 13 80 - 14 85 - 15 81 - 16 73 - -From hence it appears, that the air at London was, upon several -days, hotter than it had been observed at Madeira for ten years -together: for, by Dr. Thomas Heberden’s observations, mentioned in the -Philosophical Transactions, the heat of the air at Madeira, during that -period, was never but once at 80. - - William Watson. - - - - -LV. _Remarks upon the Letter of Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S. to_ Philip -Carteret Webb, _Esq; F.R.S. printed in the_ Philosophical Transactions, -_Vol._ xlix. _Part_ ii. _p._ 806. _By Mr._ Philip Miller, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Dec. 15, 1757.] - -THE paper of mine, which was read before the Royal Society on the -8th of May 1755, and afterward printed in the xlixth volume of the -Philosophical Transactions[208], was written at the request of Mr. -Watson; who informed me, that a letter from the Abbé Mazeas to the -reverend Dr. Hales had been communicated to the Royal Society, in -which it was mentioned, that the Abbé Sauvages had made a discovery of -the juice of the Carolina Toxicodendron staining linen of a permanent -black. But Mr. Watson said, that the letter, he thought, required a -careful perusal before it was printed; and he wished I would confirm -it. I told him, if the letter was put into my hands, I would look it -over, and deliver my opinion of it. - -Accordingly Dr. Birch delivered the letter to me; and, upon reading it, -I found, that tho’ this might be a discovery to those two gentlemen; -yet, as it had been mentioned in several printed books long before, I -thought it might not be for the reputation of the Royal Society to have -it printed as such in their Transactions. - -This was my motive for writing that paper: in which I have not -endeavoured to depreciate the discovery of the Abbé Sauvages, but -have only mentioned what had occurred to me in those books of botany, -where that shrub is taken notice of. And as the knowlege of it, and -the method of collecting the varnish, might be of service to the -inhabitants of the British colonies in America, I took the liberty of -adding the account given of it by Dr. Kœmpfer. - -Mr. Ellis, in his letter to Mr. Webb, asserts, that the American -_Toxicodendron_ is not the same with Kœmpfer’s _Arbor vernicifera -legitima_. This assertion of his makes it necessary to lay before -the Society the authorities, upon which I have grounded my belief, -that they are the same. But it may not be amiss first to take notice, -that the shrub mentioned by the Abbé Sauvages is the same with that, -which the gardeners about London call the Poison-ash. The title of it, -mentioned by the Abbé Sauvages, was given by myself to that shrub, in -a catalogue of trees and shrubs, which was printed in the year 1730; -before which it had no generical title applied to it. And about the -same time I sent several of the plants to Paris and Holland with that -title, which I had raised a few years before from seeds, which were -sent by Mr. Catesby from Carolina. - -And altho’ this shrub had not been reduced to any genus before, yet it -had been some years growing in the gardens of the Bishop of London at -Fulham, at Mr. Reynardson’s at Hillenden, Mr. Darby’s at Hoxton, and in -the Chelsea garden, which were raised from seeds sent by Mr. Banister -from Virginia; two of which were growing at Chelsea in the year 1722, -when the care of that Garden was intrusted to me. - -The first intimation I had of the American shrub being the same with -Dr. Kœmpfer’s true varnish-tree, was from the late Dr. William Sherard, -in the year 1726, when that gentleman desired me to bring him a -specimen of the American Toxicodendron from the Chelsea garden; which -I accordingly did: and then the Doctor, and Dr. Dillenius, compared -it with a dried specimen in the collection of the former, which was -gathered in Japan, and which, if I remember right, he told me he -received from Dr. Kœmpfer some years before. It appeared to those two -gentlemen, that they were the same; and their skill in the science of -botany was never doubted. - -About a year after this, I carried a specimen of the American -Toxicodendron to an annual meeting of some botanists at Sir Hans -Sloane’s in Bloomsbury; where there were present Mr. Dale of Braintree, -Mr. Joseph Miller, Mr. Rand, and some others; which was then compared -with Dr. Kœmpfer’s specimen, whose collection Sir Hans Sloane had -purchased: and it was the opinion of every one present, that they were -the same. Nor has any one doubted of their being so, who has compared -the American shrub with Kœmpfer’s figure and description of his true -varnish-tree, but Mr. Ellis. - -And now give me leave to examine his reasons for differing in opinion -from every late botanist, who has mentioned this shrub. - -He says, that the midrib, which supports the lobe leaves, is quite -smooth in the poison-ash, as is also the under side of the leaves; -whereas Dr. Kœmpfer, in his description of the midrib of the true -varnish-tree, calls it _læviter lanuginoso_; and in his description -of the lobes or _pinnæ_ he says, they are _basi inequaliter rotunda_; -whereas those of the poison-ash come to a point at their footstalks -nearly equal to that at the top. These characters, Mr. Ellis thinks, -are sufficient to prove, that they are different plants: and he blames -Dr. Dillenius for having omitted these necessary characters in his -description of it; and supposes this must have misled the accurate -Linnæus, who quotes his synonyma. - -But as Dr. Linnæus is possessed of Kœmpfer’s book, he would little have -deserved the appellation of accurate in this particular, had he not -consulted the original, but trusted to a copy. But this I know he has -done, and is as well assured, that the plants in question are the same, -as Mr. Ellis can be of the contrary. - -But here I must observe, that the branch, from which Dr. Kœmpfer’s -figure is taken, is produced from the lower part of a stem, which seems -to have been cut down, and not from a flowering branch; and it is not -improbable, that his description may have been taken from the same -branch: and if this be the case, it is easy to account for the minute -differences mentioned by Mr. Ellis; for it would not be difficult to -produce instances of hundreds of different trees and shrubs, whose -lower and upper branches differ much more in the particulars mentioned -by Mr. Ellis, than the figure and description given by Kœmpfer do -from the American Toxicodendron. I will only mention two of the -most obvious: the first is the white poplar, whose shoots from the -lower part of the stem, and the suckers from the root, are garnished -with leaves very different in form and size from those on the upper -branches, and are covered on both sides in the spring with a woolly -down. The next is the willow with smooth leaves, which, if a standard, -and the head lopped off, as is usual, the young shoots are garnished -with leaves much broader, and of different forms from those on the -older branches; and these have frequently a hairy down on their under -surface, which does not appear on those of the older. So that a person -unacquainted with these differences in the same tree would suppose they -were different. And the American Toxicodendron has varied in these -particulars much more, in different seasons, than what Mr. Ellis has -mentioned. - -Mr. Ellis next says, that the Toxicodendron mentioned by Mr. Catesby, -in his Natural History of Carolina, is not the same with that, which -is now called by the gardeners poison-ash: but I am very positive of -the contrary; for most of the plants in the nursery-gardens about -London were first raised from the seeds, which were sent by Mr. Catesby -from Carolina; part of which were sent to the late Dr. Sherard, as -is mentioned by him in the Philosophical Transactions, Nº. 367; and -another part came to my hands, from which I raised a great many of the -plants, which were distributed, and some of them are now growing in the -Chelsea garden. - -And that this shrub grows naturally in Carolina, I can have no doubt, -having received the seeds of it two or three times from the late Dr. -Dale, who gathered them in the woods of that country. - -In my paper above-mentioned I likewise observed, that the seeds, which -were sent to the Royal Society by Father D’Incarville, for those of -the true varnish-tree, did not prove to be so; but the plants, which -were raised from them, were taken to be referred to the spurious -varnish-tree of Kœmpfer; which I believed to be the same, and own, that -it is yet my opinion, notwithstanding what Mr. Ellis has said to the -contrary: for the number of lobes or _pinnæ_ on each leaf, with their -manner of arrangement on the midrib, are the same. And here we must -observe, that the figure of this given by Kœmpfer is from a flowering -branch; and every gardener or botanist must know, that the leaves, -which are situated immediately below the flowers of most winged-leaved -plants, have fewer lobes or _pinnæ_, than those on the lower branches: -therefore I must suppose it to be the case in this plant; and from -thence, with some other observations which I made on the seeds, I have -asserted it to be the wild or spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer. But Mr. -Ellis is of a contrary opinion, because the base of the lobes of those -plants, which were raised from Father D’Incarville’s seeds, are rounded -and indented like two ears. In Dr. Kœmpfer’s figure and description of -the _fasi-no-ki_, the leaves are intire, and come to a point at their -base. - -Here I think Mr. Ellis is a little too hasty in giving his opinion, -as he has not seen this plant in the state, that the branch was, from -which Kœmpfer’s figure was taken. For as there are often such apparent -differences between the leaves on the lower branches of trees, and -those which are at their extremities, as that in the descriptive -titles of the species Dr. Linnæus frequently uses them to distinguish -one from another; so in making the same allowance for the plant in -question, I cannot help thinking that I am in the right, and must abide -by my opinion, till the plants, which have been raised from Father -D’Incarville’s seeds, have flowered, to convince me of the contrary. - -However, I cannot help observing, that Mr. Ellis has given a title -to this shrub before he had seen any of the characters, which are -necessary to determine the genus. And I have pretty good reason to -believe it should not be joined to the Rhus; for the three seeds, -which I received from the Royal Society, were shaped like a wedge, -being thicker on one edge than the other, and not unlike those of the -beech-tree, as I noted in my catalogue when I sowed them; and, by their -structure, seemed as if the three seeds had been inclosed in the same -capsule. - -If it proves so, this will by no means agree with the characters of -Rhus; especially if the male flowers should grow upon different plants -from the fruit, which is what I suspect. Nor can I agree with Dr. -Linnæus in this particular of joining all the species of Toxicodendron -to the genus of Rhus, many of which have their male flowers growing -upon different plants from the fruit; and therefore would more -properly come into his twenty-second class of _Dioecia_, than his fifth -of _Pentandria_, into which he ranges the Rhus. At the bottom of the -characters of that genus he has added a note, to shew the varnish-tree -is so. - -But as there are several other species which agree in this essential -character of distinction; so, according to the Linnæan system, they -should be separated from the Rhus, with another generical title. - -Mr. Ellis observes, upon the poetical description, which he lays -Kœmpfer has given of the leaves of the wild varnish-tree turning red in -the autumn, that he had not found it to be the case of the tree growing -in the stove at Busbridge. How it appeared in that situation, I know -not; but the leaves of all those, which are growing in the Chelsea -garden, and stand in the open air, do constantly change to a purple -colour in the autumn, before they fall off from the shrub: but those -of the true varnish-tree are much more remarkable for the deepness of -their colour. - -Mr. Ellis says, he had received a letter from Dr. Sibthorp, professor -of botany at Oxford, in which the Doctor informs him, that there is -no specimen of the true varnish-tree in the Sherardian collection at -Oxford; but that there is one of _fasi-no-ki_, or spurious varnish-tree -of Kœmpfer. How the Doctor could write so, I cannot conceive; for I am -very sure there was no specimen of the latter in that collection while -it remained in London, having myself often viewed that part of it: -and sure I am, Dr. Dillenius never added that synonym to the former: -and I do believe the latter was no other way known in Europe, than by -Kœmpfer’s figure and description of it, excepting that specimen of -Kœmpfer’s now in the British Museum. - -But, to confirm what I have before said, of Dr. Sherard’s having a -specimen of the true varnish-tree, I beg leave to quote what Dr. -Dillenius has written in the _Hortus Elthamensis_; where, after -having described the American Toxicodendron, he says, _Ceterum -historiam verniciferæ arboris Japoniæ, diligenter et accurate more suo -exsequutus est laudatus Kœmpferius, cujus et descriptio et figura, -quin et planta sicca, quæ in Japonia lecta servatur in phytophylacio -Sherardino, nostræ huic speciei examussim quadrat: id tantum, sexus -nempe differentia, prætervisa fuit auctori: quoniam autem ille liber -non in omnium his in locis, multo minus in America, manibus versatur, -non alienum videtur, si qui, quorum interest, hæc legerint, ut norint, -quæ ille de collectione & preparatione vernicis illius habet, hoc loco -transcribere._ Then he goes on transcribing from Kœmpfer the manner, in -which it is collected. - -After this, I find Mr. Ellis is inclinable to think, that the -poison-ash, as it is called by the gardeners, is the same with the -_fasi-no-ki_, or spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer. The difference -between these shrubs does not consist in small and minute particulars, -but the most obvious striking marks of distinction appear at first -sight; for the poison-ash has rarely more than three or four pair of -lobes to each leaf, terminated by an odd one: in which particular it -agrees with the true varnish-tree of Kœmpfer; whereas in the figure, -which Kœmpfer has given of the spurious varnish-tree, the leaves have -seven or eight pair of lobes terminated by an odd one: and this -figure, as I before observed, is drawn from a flowering branch. Every -one, who is the least acquainted with these things, knows, that the -leaves immediately below the flowers are considerably less than those -on the lower part of the branches: therefore this is a more essential -note of distinction than those mentioned by Mr. Ellis. - -I must also observe, that Mr. Ellis would suggest, that I supposed -these two shrubs were only varieties of each other produced by culture: -whereas it must appear to every one, who reads my paper, that my -intention in mentioning the spurious varnish-tree was to shew it was -different from Kœmpfer’s true varnish-tree, altho’ Kœmpfer supposes -otherwise. - -For the satisfaction of the curious, I have added a leaf of each shrub, -which are now growing in the Chelsea garden, that if any person has the -curiosity, they may compare them with Kœmpfer’s. - -In my paper I took notice, that one of the best kinds of varnish was -collected from the Anacardium in Japan; and recommended it to the -inhabitants of the British islands in America, to make trial of the -occidental Anacardium, or Cashew-nut tree, which abounds in those -islands. This has occasioned Mr. Ellis to take great pains to shew, -that the eastern and western Anacardium were different trees: a fact, -which was well known to every botanist before; and of which I could not -be ignorant, having been possessed of both sorts near thirty years. -But as I was assured, from many repeated experiments, that the milky -juice, with which every part of the Cashew-tree abounds, would stain -linen with as permanent a black as that of the oriental Anacardium; so -I just hinted, that it was worth the trial. Nor was my hint grounded -on those experiments only, but on the informations I had received -from persons of the best credit, who had resided long in the American -islands, that people are very careful to keep their linen at a distance -from those trees, well knowing, that if a drop of the juice fell upon -it, they could never wash out the stain. - -But Mr. Ellis, in order to prove that this tree has no such quality -of staining, says, he has made some experiments on the caustic oil, -with which the shell or cover of the Cashew-nut abounds; and that he -found it was not endued with any staining quality. But surely those -experiments cannot be mentioned to prove, that the milky juice of the -tree has not this property: and Sir Hans Sloane, in his History of -Jamaica, says, that the inhabitants of Jamaica stain their cottons with -the bark of the Cashew-tree. - -I shall not intrude farther on the patience of the gentlemen, who may -be present when this paper is read; but humbly crave their pardon for -detaining them so long: nor should I have given them this trouble, had -not I thought my reputation concerned on the occasion. - - - - -LVI. _An Answer to the preceding Remarks. By Mr._ John Ellis, _F.R.S._ - - -[Read Jan. 19, 1758.] - -MY letter to Mr. Webb, which is printed in the second part of the -xlixth volume of the Philosophical Transactions[209], was intended to -shew this Honourable Society, that Mr. Miller, in his reply to the -Abbé Mazeas’s letter, had brought no proofs to lessen the discovery, -which he tells us the Abbé Sauvages had made, in attempting to improve -the art of painting or staining linens and cottons of a fine durable -black colour, by making use of the juice of the Carolina pennated -Toxicodendron, instead of the common method of staining black with -gauls and a preparation of iron; which, he says, always turns to a -rusty colour when washed. - -Mr. Miller, instead of producing the proper proofs, to shew that this -method of staining cottons and linens of a black colour was known -before, or quoteing the authors in which he says it is mentioned, -contents himself with telling the Society, that this American -Toxicodendron is the same plant with the true varnish-tree of Japan; -and that callicuts are painted with the juice of this shrub. - -In my letter to Mr. Webb, I have endeavoured to shew, that -notwithstanding the authority of Dr. Dillenius, and the authors that -have followed him, it does not appear, from Dr. Kœmpfer’s description -of this Japan plant, that it can be the same with our American one. -The design, then, of this paper, is to lay before this Society some -further reasons, why these plants cannot be the same; and that even -if they were the same, Mr. Miller has produced no authority to shew, -that this juice was ever made use of for this purpose abroad; with some -remarks on his reply to my letter, in which he obliges me to be more -particular than I intended, in explaining some errors, which I find he -has run into. - -In my letter to Mr. Webb, I have pointed out the exact description, -which Kœmpfer has given us of the leaves of this plant, shewing how -much they differ from our American one: but now I shall mention some -observations that escaped me before, and which, I think, will give us a -clearer proof of this matter. - -Kœmpfer, then, informs us, that this Japan varnish-tree, or -_Sitz-dsju_, is a tree, not a shrub: and this author (it is well known) -is remarkably exact in the description of his Japan plants, making the -necessary distinctions between a shrub, an arborescent shrub, and a -tree. He then goes on to explain the manner of its growth; and tells -us, that it grows with long sappy shoots, very luxuriantly, to the -height of a sallow or willow-tree, which we may reasonably allow to be -from 20 to 30 feet: whereas this Carolina pennated Toxicodendron, as -Mr. Miller tells us in his Dictionary, 6th edit. in folio, is a shrub, -and seldom rises above five feet high with us: and many people, who -have been in North America, agree, that it is but a slow grower there, -and is one of the shrubby underwoods of that country: so that, allowing -it to grow even double the height it does here, it is still but a -shrub, in companion with the other. - -Further, while Dr. Dillenius was warm with this supposed discovery, of -our having got the true Japan varnish-tree in America, attempts were -made there, by intelligent persons under his direction, to procure -this varnish after the manner of Kœmpfer; but without success, as I -am assured by persons of that country now here, with whom the Doctor -corresponded. - -Let us now consult the growth of the Carolina and Virginia Sumachs, -or Rhus’s, in our nursery-gardens, and compare them with this little -shrubby Toxicodendron, and we shall find, that even in this cold -climate nature keeps her regular proportionable pace in the growth of -vegetables of the same country. - -Let us observe the growth of some of these Rhus’s, and we shall find -that great luxuriancy of the shoots, which Kœmpfer so justly describes -in his varnish-tree. One of these American ones even seems to promise -the same height as the Japan Rhus; whereas this little shrubby -Toxicodendron still preserves the same dwarfish slow-growing habit, -that it has in its native country. - -This leads me, in the next place, to shew, that these two plants must -be of different genus’s; the one a Rhus, and the other a Toxicodendron: -and if so, according to Mr. Miller, they ought to be properly -distinguished, and not ranked together, as Dr. Linnæus has done. - -In order to prove this, let us then examine Kœmpfer’s description of -the parts of the flower, and see whether it does not answer exactly -to the genus of Rhus; and whether the flowers are not male and female -in themselves, that is, hermaphrodites, on the same tree. The original -of Kœmpfer is as follows, p. 791 of his _Amœnitates_: “Flosculos -continent pumilos, et citra coriandri seminis magnitudinem radiantes, -in luteum herbaceos, pentapetalos, petalis carnosis nonnihil oblongis -et repandis, staminibus ad petalorum interstitia singulis, apicatis, -brevissimis, stylo perbrevi tricipite, floris turbini insidente; -fructus flosculum excipit gibbosus utcunque in rhomboides figuram -compressus.” Whereas Dr. Dillenius, and the authors that have copied -after him, say, that his Toxicodendron has the male blossoms on one -plant, and the female on the other; from whence it must evidently be -another genus. - -It appears, however, that Dr. Dillenius was not altogether ignorant -of this difference of genus in these two plants; but, rather than his -Toxicodendron, which he had made agree exactly in the leaves, should -not agree in the fructification, he makes the accurate Kœmpfer guilty -of an unpardonable oversight, in not taking notice of the difference -of the sexes of this varnish-tree in different plants: whereas we have -just now shewn, that nothing can be more minutely and judiciously -described, than he has done both the male and female parts of the -blossom, which change into the fruit on the same plant. - -The original of Dr. Dillenius’s remarks on Dr. Kœmpfer’s specimen runs -thus: “Planta sicca, quæ in Japonia lecta, servatur in phytophylacio -Sherardino, nostræ huic specie examussim quadrat, id tantum sexus -nempe differentia prætervisa fuit auctori.” Hence we find how this -error came to spread, and this false synonym to be adopted by the -botanic writers, who copied after Dillenius. - -This shews us what little dependance we can have upon the result -of that meeting, which Mr. Miller mentions he had with his botanic -friends; where, from the similitude of leaves only, without the parts -of fructification, they determined these two plants, so different in -their growth, to be one and the same plant. - -Mr. Miller remarks very justly, that the leaves of the same tree often -vary much in shape, such as those of the poplar, sallow, _&c._ - -But in answer to this, we may reasonably suppose, that Dr. Kœmpfer, who -was on the spot, would not choose for his specimens leaves of the most -uncommon sorts that were on the tree, and neglect the most common. This -would be carrying the supposition farther than can be allowed, unless -we suppose this author had not the understanding even of a common -gardener; for otherwise, I am persuaded, Sir Hans Sloane would not have -thought his specimens worth purchasing. - -For another synonym to the true Japan varnish-tree, as also to -Dillenius’s pennated Toxicodendron with rhomboidal fruit, Mr. Miller -brings in (in his answer to the Abbé Mazeas’s letter) the Bahama -Toxicodendron _foliis alatis fructu purpureo pyriformi sparso_ of -Catesby’s Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 40. so that he would have all these -three different plants one and the same; and, in his reply to my -letter, he still insists on it, that these two Toxicodendrons are the -same. But here I must beg the favour of this Honourable Society, -when they come more attentively to consider this matter, to compare -his answer to the Abbé Mazeas’s letter, and his reply to me, in this -particular part. - -I shall only at present take notice, that Catesby says, this -Toxicodendron, with the pear-shaped fruit, grows usually on rocks in -Providence, Ilathera, and other of the Bahama islands; and does not -mention, that he ever saw it in Carolina. I cannot find it described -by any author as growing in Carolina, or in any other part of the -continent of North America: nor do I believe that there is a plant -of it now growing in England, or that it is even the same genus with -Dillenius’s rhomboidal-fruited one, from the different structure both -of its leaves as well as fruit. - -In looking over Dr. Linnæus’s _Hortus Cliffortianus_, I find he gives -this Bahama Toxicodendron of Catesby as a synonym to his _Elemifera -foliis pinnatis_, p. 486. - -I now come to that part of Mr. Miller’s reply, relating to the China -varnish-tree, that was raised from seeds sent to the Royal Society by -Father D’Incarville; where he still insists on it, that this is the -same with the spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer. His reasons are, that -notwithstanding the indentation and roundness of the bottom of the -lobe-leaves of the China varnish-tree, and tho’ the lobe-leaves of the -spurious Japan varnish-tree come to a point at the base, and are no-way -indented, but quite even on the edges; yet he says, because they have -an equal number of _pinnæ_, or lobe-leaves, on the whole leaf of each -tree, they must be the same. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XVII. _p. 447_. - - _Rhus sinense foliis alates foliolis oblongis - Acuminatis ad basin sultrotundis et dentatis._ - - _J. Mynde delin et sc._ - - _Ex Horto Betanice Philippe Carter. & Webb. Armig._] - -In answer to this, I say their lobe-leaves are not equal; for I have -examined both the specimens and drawings of Dr. Kœmpfer’s spurious -varnish-tree, and I don’t find that the number of the _pinnæ_ exceed -seven on a side: whereas I have a small specimen of a leaf by me, that -was taken from the top of one of D’Incarville’s China varnish-trees, -which is above eight feet high, and stands in an open exposure; and -this leaf, tho’ but a foot long, has 12 lobe-leaves, on a side, and -each lobe indented at the base[210]. At the same time I observed, that -the leaves of the young shoots of another tree were a yard long, as -they were this summer at the garden of the British Museum. Another -thing is remarkable in the leaves of this China varnish-tree; and that -is, the lobes of the leaves, as they approach to the end, grow smaller -and smaller; whereas in the spurious Japan varnish-tree they are -rather, if there is any difference, larger towards the end. - -I shall make this further remark, that tho’ these indentations on the -lobe-leaves may vary in number in this China varnish-tree; yet, as -I observed before, since they are continued on even in the smaller -leaves at the top of the branches of a tree eight feet high in the open -ground, it appears to me, that this specific character, besides the -form and insertion of the lobe-leaves, will ever distinguish it as a -different species from the _Fasi-no-ki_, or spurious varnish-tree of -Kœmpfer. - -Mr. Miller now goes on to tell us, he is confirmed in his belief of -their being the same, by making some observations on the seeds of this -China varnish-tree; and therefore asserts, that they are the same. It -is natural to suppose he compared them with the accurate drawings of -the seeds of Kœmpfer’s _Fasi-no-ki_, p. 794. that being the only place -where the seeds of it are described. - -In the very next paragraph Mr. Miller seems to forget, that from -his own observations on the seeds of the China varnish-tree, he has -asserted it to be the _Fasi-no-ki_ of Kœmpfer; but now he finds, in his -memorandums, that those seeds were wedge-shaped, and like the seeds of -the beech-tree; and that all the three seeds he received seemed to be -inclosed in one capsule: so that now he is at a loss what to call it; -and at the same time says I have been too hasty in calling it a Rhus. - -Mr. Miller goes on, and allows this China varnish-tree changes to a -purple in the autumn; but not so deep as the true varnish-tree. I -suppose he means, by this true varnish-tree, the Carolina pennated -Toxicodendron; for Kœmpfer has not told us what colour the true -varnish-tree of Japan changes to in autumn. - -But this is no certain proof on either side of the question, only a -corroborating circumstance of the species of a tree: nor should I have -mentioned it, but for the manner in which Kœmpfer, with an imagination -truly poetical, describes the autumnal beauty of his _Fasi-no-ki_, or -spurious varnish-tree. “Rubore suo autumnati quâ viridantes sylvas -suaviter interpolat, intuentium oculos e longinquo in se convertit.” -Even this description would make one suspect it is not the same with -the China varnish-tree, which, I am informed, did not turn purplish -in the garden of the British Museum till the first frost came on: -whereas it is well known, that some of the Rhus’s and Toxicodendrons, -particularly the Carolina pennated one, change to a fine scarlet colour -in the beginning of a dry autumn, even before any frost appears. - -Mr. Miller seems surprised, how I should think, that the Carolina -pennated Toxicodendron, or poison-ash is like the _Fasi-no-ki_ of -Kœmpfer. I must here acknowledge, at this time, not having seen Doctor -Kœmpfer’s specimen, I imagined, from the shape of the lobe-leaves (as -he has described them) and from the remarkable scarlet colour of both -these trees in autumn, that Mr. Miller might be right in what he has -advanced; for it was from his authority I took it, depending on the -information he gives us in his Dictionary, fol. edit. 6. under the -article _Toxicodendron_, where he takes some pains to assure us, that -they are the very same plants. - -In the next paragraph I find Mr. Miller has intirely mistaken the -meaning of one part of my letter to Mr. Webb; which I must recommend -to him to read again, and he will find it exactly agrees with his own -sentiments. There he will find my opinion is, that notwithstanding the -change of soil and situation, this _Sitz-dsju_, or true varnish-tree, -and the _Fasi-no-ki_, or spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer, are distinct -species of Rhus or Toxicodendron, and will ever remain so. - -Mr. Miller now desires me, since I have seen Dr. Kœmpfer’s specimens in -the British Museum, to declare, whether I think I am mistaken. - -In answer to this, and to satisfy Mr. Miller as well as myself, I have -been very lately at the Museum, and have looked very carefully over -Dr. Kœmpfer’s specimens, and do sincerely think, as did other judges at -the same time, that the _Sitz-dsju_ is not the same with the Carolina -pennated Toxicodendron, nor the _Fasi-no-ki_ the same with Father -D’Incarville’s China varnish-tree. - -Mr. Miller informs us, that one of the best kinds of varnishes is -collected from the Anacardium in Japan. - -In answer to this, I must beg leave to shew the Society, that Dr. -Kœmpfer does not so much as mention, that this Anacardium grows in -Japan; but that the varnish, which is collected from it, is brought -to them from Siam: and I believe it will appear plainly, from what -follows, that there is not a plant of this kind in the kingdom of -Japan; for Siam and Cambodia, especially the parts of those kingdoms, -where Kœmpfer informs us this Anacardium[211] grows, lie in the -latitudes of from 10 to 15 degrees north, which must be full as hot as -our West Indies: so that it is not probable, that it would bear the -cold of the winters in Japan; for Japan lies from the latitudes of 33 -to above 40 degrees north, which is about the same parallel with our -North American colonies. - -I shall now beg leave to lay before the Society that passage of Dr. -Kœmpfer, which relates to this dispute, together with my translation -of it, that it may be compared with Mr. Miller’s translation, which he -gives us in his reply to the Abbé Mazeas’s letter, Philosoph. Trans. -vol. xlix. p. 164. 2d paragraph. Dr. Kœmpfer, in his _Amœnitates_, -p. 793. speaking of the true varnish-tree, says, “Colitur frequens in -provinciis Tsi-kocko et Figo, in quibus inserti agris scapi radices -agunt et caudices edunt post triennium vernicem suppeditantes. -Optima regionis, quin totius mundi, vernix perhibetur circa urbem -Jassino colligi. Vernicem ceres Japonica largitur oppido nobilem -et pretiosissimam, sed admodum parcam; nec pro operibus, quæ regio -construit, sufficeret, nisi prius cum, _Nam Rak_, i. e. vernice -ignobiliore ex Siamo invecta, pro basi illinerentur. Siamensis vernix -promitur in provincia Corsama, et regno Cambodiæ ex arbore Anacardo, -incolis _Tong Rak_, i. e. _Arbor Rak_ dicta, cujus fructus officinis -nostris Anacardium dictus _Luk Rak_, liquor _Nam Rak_ appellatur. -Perforatus truncus immisso tubulo, tantâ copiâ fundit liquorem ut Sinæ, -Tunquino et Japoniæ pro deliniendis utensilibus sufficiat, quin jam -Bataviam et alia Indiæ loca vasis ligneis inclusa appellit.” - -Which, translated into English, appears to me to be thus: - -'This varnish-tree is often cultivated in the provinces of Tsi-kocko -and Figo: there they plant the cuttings or truncheons in the fields, -which take root, and send forth vigorous shoots, which in three years -time yield this varnish. - -'The best varnish of the kingdom, nay, of the whole world, is said to -be collected about the city of Jassino. The produce in Japan of this -most noble and very precious varnish, is so very little, that there -would not be sufficient for the wares made in the kingdom, if they did -not first lay on a ground with an ordinary kind of varnish, which they -call _Nam Rak_, and is brought to them from Siam. - -'This Siam varnish is collected in the province of Corsama, and in the -kingdom of Cambodia, from the tree Anacardus, called by the inhabitants -_Tong_ or _Tree-Rak_; the fruit of which is called in our shops -Anacardium, or _Luk Rak_, and the liquor is called _Nam Rak_. - -'To collect this liquor, they bore a hole in the trunk, and put in a -tube. By this method they get as much of it as is sufficient not only -to varnish all the utensils of China, Tonquin, and Japan, but it is -even exported in close wooden vessels to Batavia, and other parts of -India.’ - -The original of Kœmpfer, p. 794. speaking of the true Japan varnish, is -as follows: “Prostat non sincera modo, sed et colorata, vel cinnabari -nativa Sinensi, vel terra rubra (quam Batavi antea, nunc Sineses -advehunt) vel atramenti popularis materiâ.” - -Which I apprehend may be read thus in English: - -'This varnish is not only sold quite pure, but likewise coloured, and -that with Chinese native cinnabar, and a kind of red earth, which the -Dutch formerly, but now the Chinese, bring them; and also with the -materials that they make their common (or Japan) ink of.’ - -Mr. Miller translates it thus (_See p._ 164. _vol._ xlix. _Phil. -Transact._): 'This varnish is used without mixture to stain black: but -the Chinese mix native cinnabar, or a red kind of earth, with it, to -make a different colour.’ - -Here we may observe, that Mr. Miller uses the words staining black; -which is not the sense of the author, who, by mentioning the materials -of Japan ink, shews, that even in varnishing black it was necessary to -use this black mixture. - -Further, Mr. Miller says, that the Chinese mix these colouring -ingredients with this varnish: but the original plainly says, that the -Chinese import them, and the Japanese mix them with their varnish for -sale. - -And in a former part of this letter, p. 162. vol. xlix. Phil. Trans. he -says, speaking of this true varnish-tree, that callicuts are painted -with the juice of this shrub. But this bare assertion of his, without -producing a proper authority, I am persuaded this Honourable Society -will never admit as a matter of proof to invalidate the discovery of -the Abbé Sauvages. - -In looking over one of the numbers of Mr. Miller’s Dictionary, under -the title of Anacardium, I find he quotes a passage from Dr. Grew, -which Sir Hans Sloane has placed among his observations on the -Cashew-tree, _Hist. Jam. vol._ ii. _p._ 127. which is, that cottons -are stained with lime, and the oil, or mellaginous succus, called Mel -Anacardium (but for the account of this Mel Anacardium I shall refer to -Parkinson’s Theat. p. 1568); and Mr. Miller seems to think it difficult -to know which of the Anacardiums is here meant. - -One would be apt think, from this passage, and another that follows -a little after in the same page of the Hist. of Jamaica, relating to -the black dye of the mellago of this nut, that Sir Hans, at the time -his history was published, thought them, as Caspar Bauhin did, of -the same genus, but different species; and therefore he has mixt the -observations on both together. - -For, immediately after mentioning the staining of cottons with this -mellaginous succus, Sir Hans says, that the gum is, in faculties and -colour, like gum-arabic; and that it is given internally in female -obstructions; and that the juice stains linen, which will not wash out -suddenly: but he says it is false, that they remain till they flower -next year, as Du Tertre asserts. - -Sir Hans further quotes, from an anonymous Brasilian author, that the -apples stain linen; and that the gum is good to paint and write; and -the bark dyes yarn and vessels serving for pots. - -And in another place he quotes De Laet, who compiled a general history -of America, and who likewise takes his quotation from an old Brasilian -author, treating of the trees of Brasil, That the gum of the Acajou -is used by painters; the bark is used to dye cotton-yarn and earthen -ware. Here I must remark, tho’ foreign to our present purpose, that in -the original of Laet, what relates to the earthen ware runs thus: “Et -a faire de vaisseaux de terre.” So that I believe it will appear more -probable, that the bark of these trees was used rather to burn earthen -ware vessels, than to dye them, as we find these earthen vessels were -used to boil their victuals in. - -These two quotations from Sir Hans Sloane confirm the former, with -regard to the use of the gum; that is, its being fit, like gum-arabic, -to be used for water-colours, and to make ink; and that it is the juice -of the apple that stains, but this we find is not durable. - -Mr. Miller has now only the bark of the Cashew-tree left to support -his argument. This the above-mentioned Brasilian writers say, that -the native Indians of Brasil used to dye their cotton-yarn with; but -of what colour no mention is made. And whether this bark is used to -give strength to this yarn, as we dye and tan our fishing-nets with -oak-bark, or for ornament, is uncertain; for a great deal of this yarn -was used in the making their net-hammocks, as well as their coarse -garments. - -Mr. Miller then introduces Sir Hans Sloane, in opposition to Dr. -Browne, whose History of Jamaica I had quoted, to prove that the juice -of the Acajou was of the same nature and properties with that of the -gum-arabic, and consequently not fit for varnish: whereas it plainly -appears from the foregoing quotations, taken from Sir Hans Sloane, that -Dr. Browne is right, and agrees exactly in opinion with him. - -He then makes Sir Hans say, that the inhabitants of Jamaica stain -their cottons with the bark of the Cashew-nut tree. By this, one would -naturally conclude, that Mr. Miller has been endeavouring to prove, in -opposition to the Abbé Mazeas’s letter, that the art of painting or -staining cottons of a fine deep black colour, equal to that discovered -by the Abbé Sauvages, as described in his experiments on the Carolina -Toxicodendron, was practised by the English forty or fifty years ago in -Jamaica. - -If this was the case, it is something surprising, that, notwithstanding -our great intercourse with that island, the callico-printers of England -never got intelligence of this valuable secret. - -Further, if Mr. Miller will consult Piso and Margrave, writers of the -best authority on the Brasilian plants, he will find their accounts of -the Acajou exactly correspond with that delivered by Dr. Browne, in -his History of Jamaica, as well as Sir Hans Sloane’s: for they say, -that the juice of this tree is equal in virtue, and mechanical uses, to -the best gum-arabic. And if he still doubts, I shall lastly recommend -him to go to the British Museum, and there he may see a most elegant -specimen of the Cashew-gum, which will put this matter quite out of all -doubt. - -I shall now leave the decision of this controversy, which Mr. Miller -has obliged me so fully to explain in my own vindication, to the -candour and impartiality of this Honourable Society. - - _P.S._ Since the foregoing paper was read, Professor Sibthorp was - so kind to deliver me an exact drawing of the _Fasi-no-ki_ in the - Sherardian collection at Oxford, taken by the Rev. Mr. William - Borlase, F.R.S. the title and synonym of which are both in the - Hand-writing of Dr. Dillenius, as the Professor assures me. See TAB. - XVIII. - -[Illustration: _Philos. Trans. Vol. L._ TAB. XVIII. _p._ 456. - -_Fasi-noki_ - -_Foccicodendron foliis alatis fructu Rhomboide H. Elth. from Japan._ - - _In Horto situ Shorards Oxon._ - - _W. Borlase delin. - J.M.Sc._] - - - - -LVII. _A Letter to the Rev._ Thomas Birch, _D. D. Secr. R.S. concerning -the Number of the People of_ England; _by the Rev. Mr._ Richard -Forster, _Rector of_ Great Shefford _in_ Berkshire. - - -[Read Dec. 22, 1757.] - - Shefford, Nov. 9. 1757. - -Revᵈ Sir, - -Since I did myself the honour of writing to you in July[212], my -bookseller has sent me part ii. of vol. xlix. of the Transactions; in -which[213] I find another medium advanced to determine the amount of -the people in England: and this is the number of houses, which pay the -window-tax, and which “amount to about 690,000, besides cottages, that -pay nothing.” To this is added, that “tho’ the number of cottages be -not accurately known, it appears from the accounts given in, that they -cannot amount to above 200,000.” - -Here I cannot but express my concern, that this very ingenious -gentleman has not been a little more explicit, by informing us, what -these accounts are, upon which he builds so positive a conclusion. The -law requires no such accounts to be delivered in; and parish-officers -cannot be accused of works of supererogation: besides (which is more to -the purpose) I am very certain no such accounts have been given in from -this part of the world. On the other hand, in all parts of England, -which I have seen (and that is, I think, almost the whole) the number -of cottages greatly exceeds that of all other houses, except in the -middle of towns, and some villages about London. - - This is agreeable to the general interpretation of that sentence -passed upon our original parent, that _he should eat bread by the sweat -of his brows_; which is, that the majority of his descendents should be -poor labouring people. This I do not mention with design to defend the -interpretation, but only to shew the general sense of mankind. - -As my notion of the matter differs so widely from that of this worthy -gentleman, I did every thing in my power to check any mistake, which -might arise from a fondness of one’s own opinion; and which, I hope, -will vindicate me in the eye of every candid inquirer. In a word, I set -myself to count all the houses in several contiguous parishes; and then -examined how many of them paid the window-tax, or duty upon houses. And -here I must observe, that if there be any small mistake, it can hardly -be supposed to be in favour of my own scheme; because I had the whole -number of houses, by counting as I rode along; and some might possibly -be missed, tho’ of this I took the utmost care: whereas the number of -those, that pay the window-tax, I had from the collectors rolls. - -The following table is the fruit of my labours: - - Great Shefford 90 17 - Little Shefford 12 3 - Welford 162 62 - Chaddleworth 62 20 - Bright-Walton 72 21 - Catmore 10 1 - Farmborough 34 5 - Fawley 47 7 - East Garston 99 41 - ---------- - 588 177 - -Here we see, that out of 588 houses only 177 pay the window-tax. Now if -we say with the philopher _ex pede Herculem_, and suppose, that 200,000 -taxable houses stand in the country, we shall have the following -proportion, 177: 588 ∷ 200,000: 664406, for the whole number of houses -that stand in the country, commonly so called. - -Again, Lamborn parish, in which is a market-town, contains 445 houses, -of which 229 pay the window-tax. Now if we suppose, in like manner, -200,000 taxable houses to stand in country towns (I mean of the -middling and inferior classes), we must then say 229: 445 ∷ 200,000: -388646, the whole number of houses, that stand in country towns. - -The remaining 290,000 houses must be placed in cities and flourishing -towns; and must have Dr. Brakenridge’s proportion assigned them; for -without all doubt he had some reason for pitching upon such numbers; -and as they could not be taken from country towns or villages, must be -assumed from the present state of some flourishing place. Upon this -supposition, we must say 690,000: 200,000:: 290,000 : 84,058. for the -number of cottages in great towns; which, if added to the houses that -pay, makes the whole number in large towns to be 374,058. These three -sums added together make the total amount of houses in the nation to be - - 664,406 - 388,646 - 374,058 - ---------- - 1,427,110 - ---------- - -The two former of these numbers should be multiplied by 5, and the -latter by 6. The reason of this difference is the great quantity of -servants kept in large towns. - - 1,053,052 × 5 = 5,265,260 - 374,058 × 6 = 2,244,348 - ----------- - 7,509,608 - ----------- - -By this way of proceeding it appears, that the whole number of people -now alive in England is somewhat more than seven millions and an half. -I would not be understood, as if I meant to recommend this as exact; -tho’ I am in hopes, that, upon trial, it will be found nearer the -truth, than any thing hitherto advanced. Neither will I lay any stress -upon its approaching so near to the numbers advanced in my former -letter; being sensible, that all the methods I have hitherto tried are -liable to very great objections. Where certainty may be arrived at by a -little industry, all hypothesis should be despised and rejected. - -The militia act levies 32,000 men upon the whole kingdom; and in -the west riding of Yorkshire 1 in 45, if my intelligence is right, -completed their quota. Now if this proportion be applied to the whole -nation, 32,000 × 45 will give 1,440,000 for the number of ballotters; -and this multiplied by 5 (which, considering the number of persons -excepted, must be under the truth) will amount to 7,200,000 for -the total of our people. But I dare not build any thing upon this -computation, as many parts of the nation may have heavier quota’s laid -upon them than the west riding. - -Whether the kingdom is really in a declining or increasing state, -is, in like manner, a problem not to be solved, I think, by mere -calculation. If there happens but a small mistake in the principles, -what is built thereupon will be extremely wide of the truth. If one -might take the liberty to guess by appearances, I should think we are -greatly increased within these forty years, or since the accession -of the present Royal Family. This conjecture I found upon the great -facility, with which the government raises men, compared to the violent -methods made use of in King William’s and Queen Anne’s time. Indeed I -am sensible, that when the great ease, with which the government raises -money, and the low interest it pays, have been urged in the House of -Commons, as evident proofs of a flourishing trade, and plenty of cash, -it has constantly been answered by a gentleman, who understands these -matters better than any body else, that they are rather proofs of a -want of trade, and that people do not know what to do with their money. -In the same manner it may be answered, that the great facility, with -which the government raises soldiers, is not owing so much to the great -plenty of men, as to the want of employment: which it is possible may -really be the case. - -But where certainty may be had, it is trifling to talk of appearances -and conjectures. For a century now past, the English way of -philosophising (and all the rest of the world is come into it) is not -to sit down in one’s study, and form an hypothesis, and then strive -to wrest all nature to it; but to look abroad into the world, and see -how nature works; and then to build upon certain matter of fact. In -compliance with this noble method, I have done all in my power: I -have examined the registers of several neighbouring parishes, and send -you the substance of three of the most perfect ones. Indeed, I could -have added several others; but as they seem to have been now and then -neglected, I did not care to trust to them. However, this I can safely -deduce from them; _viz._ that what I have here sent will be a proper -standard for these parts: and if other gentlemen would take the like -pains (and it is next to nothing) in four or five parishes in each -county, and in every great town, we might perceive, by one cast of the -eye, whether our people are in an ebbing or flowing state. I have not -set down the burials, as that would but have embarrassed the table; -and the increase will appear very well without them. However, upon an -average of all the parishes I have examined, the proportion of the -burials to the baptisms is as 83 to 149,4. - - Lambourn. Welford. Shefford. Total. - From 1614 to 1623 inclus. 327 67 69 463 - 1624 to 1633 ---- 401 62 64 527 - 1634 to 1643 ---- 391 119 86 596 - 1662 to 1671 ---- 441 146 93 680 - 1672 to 1681 ---- 380 132 108 620 - 1682 to 1691 ---- 451 201 112 764 - 1692 to 1701 ---- 366 134 88 588 - 1702 to 1711 ---- 387 137 84 608 - 1712 to 1721 ---- 422 171 97 690 - 1722 to 1731 ---- 483 156 106 745 - 1732 to 1741 ---- 578 205 128 911 - 1742 to 1751 ---- 566 253 137 956 - 1752 to 1756 ---- 349 120 64 533 - -This table stands in need of no remarks: it speaks loud enough of -itself, that our people increase in a very rapid manner. All I shall -take the liberty of observing from it is, that all the registers I have -looked over seem to resent the wretched policy of King Charles II. who -submitted himself and kingdom too much to a powerful neighbour: and -that our civil war had no effect upon our numbers, in comparison to our -foreign wars. - - -I trust, that the very ingenious author of the _politico-arithmetical_ -letters, I have all along had my eye upon, will take no offence, if I -recommend an article or two advanced by him to be reconsidered; which, -if pursued, might perhaps induce some small errors in government. - -The first is, That all ways to increase our people would be for the -public welfare, even the naturalizeing of foreigners: whereas, if I -remember right, all political writers lay it down as a maxim, that -numbers of people without employment are a burden and disease to the -body politic; and where there is full employment, there the people -multiply of course. So that we should not measure the happiness of -the nation by the number of mouths, but by the number of hands. Nay, -if we were to import a quantity of foreigners we must immediately -re-export them, as we actually did in the case of the Palatines and -Saltzburghers. Indeed, I cannot deny, but that if the new-comers were -to bring new trades with them, they would be welcome: tho’ I apprehend -it is not an easy matter to find out many new manufactures. I can at -present think of nothing but the cambrick business; and that, with -a little encouragement, might be established in either Scotland or -Ireland, without the importation of strangers. - -The next thing I propose to be ruminated is the assertion, That our -commerce at sea is one cause of the decay of our fencible men: which -sounds in my ear like saying, that if we had less trade, we should have -more people. And if this is the purport of it, I am afraid it is a -paradox, literally so called. - -That emigrations to our colonies do lessen our numbers in appearance, -is beyond dispute: but then it is only in appearance: for if employment -begets people, the filling our plantations must increase us beyond -imagination, it having been made out, if I misremember not, that every -man rightly occupied in America finds employment for three persons in -Old England. But then care should be taken, that the planters were -generally employed in raising rough materials; and that every thing -imported there were manufactured by ourselves; because, if we settle -colonies, and then supply them with East-India stuffs and foreign -linens, it is neither better nor worse than being at a vast expence to -maintain other people’s poor. - - -I cannot conclude without begging leave to observe, that this -gentleman’s doctrine is, from beginning to end, to say the best of -it, ill timed. We are contending with our hereditary enemy, the -most powerful prince in the world, not for superiority, but for -independence, _pro aris et focis_. And, at such a time as this, to be -told, that we are but little better than half peopled, and the few we -have dwindling away every day, is indeed very discourageing: whereas, -on the contrary, I do not balance one moment to declare it, as my fixt -persuasion, that we can spare 100,000 brisk young fellows, and still be -the most populous flourishing nation in Europe. - - I am, - - Reverend Sir, - Your affectionate Brother, - and very humble Servant, - Richard Forster. - - - - -LVIII. _A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield, -_President of the_ Royal Society, _from the Rev._ William Brakenridge, -_D.D. F.R.S. containing an Answer to the Account of the Numbers and -Increase of the People of England, by the Rev. Mr._ Forster. - - -[Read Mar. 16, 1758.] - -My Lord, - -As I endeavoured, at a former meeting of the Society, to answer -ex-tempore some objections offered by a Gentleman in the country, to -what I have wrote concerning the number of people in England; I now -presume to send you what I said then in writing, with some farther -reflections. And this subject I never intended to have meddled with -any more; but as I seem to be called upon, to defend what I have -formerly wrote, I hope I shall be excused if I briefly attempt it. -Your Lordship, I know, and our illustrious Body only desire a fair -representation of facts, which is the ground of all philosophical -inquiries; and therefore I shall endeavour to do this, as far as I can, -without regarding any hypothesis. - -My design, when I first entered on this subject, was to discover -whether our people were in an increasing or decreasing state, with -regard to their numbers; which I thought of great importance to be -known, because of its influence on the affairs of Government, in -determining our strength, in settling of taxes, and directing us in -the œconomy and imployment of our people. Now, in order to proceed in -this inquiry, it was evident to me, that if the number of houses were -exactly known, the number of people would be nearly ascertained. And -therefore I attended to this, to find out the number of houses, as -the only thing that could with any certainty help us to judge of this -matter. And accordingly, being resolved to depend only upon the most -sure, and general observations, I applied to a public office, where I -thought I might possibly get at their number. And I there found, that -from the last survey that was made, since the year 1750, there were -690,700 houses in England and Wales that paid the window-tax, and the -two-shilling duty on houses; besides cottages that paid nothing. By -cottages are understood those who neither pay to church or poor, and -are, by act of parliament in 1747, in consideration of the poverty -of the people, declared to be exempted both from the tax and the -two-shillings duty, and they only remain not accurately known, to -ascertain the whole number of houses. However, they are so far known, -that from all the accounts that are hitherto given in, they do not -appear to be so many as 300,000; and from what I myself have seen, -in the books of that office, I should think they were not much above -200,000; for in some places, that I was perfectly acquainted with, I -found many of the day labourers rated to the two-shillings duty, and -there did not appear to be one house in ten omitted. And therefore, -if there are not 300,000 cottages, as seems plain to me, there cannot -be a million of houses in the whole in England and Wales; and the -rated houses are to the cottages more than two to one; of both which, -according to the returns made, there is now about one in seventeen or -58,800 empty throughout the kingdom. But if we were to allow, that -there are a million of houses in the whole; which is more than the -Gentlemen in the above mentioned office believe, and then deduct those -that are empty, there could not be above 941,200 inhabited houses; and -consequently supposing six to a house, about 5,647,200 people, or near -about five millions and an half; which at the utmost, is what I insist -on to be the real number. - -But now the Gentleman, who objects to my calculations, thinks, that I -have made the number of houses too few, and that in the whole there -are above 1,400,000 houses, of which he imagines there are more than -700,000 cottages; for he supposes them to be more than the rated -houses; and from thence he infers, that there are about seven millions -and an half of people, in England and Wales; which I wish, with all my -heart, was the true number: But I am so far from thinking that I have -under-rated them, that I suspect I have rather made them more than they -are. However, this controversy will soon be determined, there being now -orders given, as I am informed, to all the Officers concerned in the -window-tax, to make an exact return of all the cottages, as well as the -rated houses, in each of their several districts. In the mean time, the -Gentleman and I differ in this, that he supposes above 400,000 cottages -more than I can possibly imagine. - -Let us now see upon what grounds, and by what method of reasoning he -determines his numbers. He makes a division of the 690,000 taxed houses -into three classes, placing 200,000 of them in the open country and -villages, and 200,000 in the market and inferior towns, and the next, -_viz._ 290,000, in the cities and great towns; for, which division he -has nothing to direct him; no proof, nor even probability. And as it is -a mere arbitrary supposition, all reasoning and calculations founded -upon it are nothing to the purpose, and the number of houses or people -comptued from thence must be false or uncertain. But yet, upon this -supposition, as if it was absolutely certain, he goes on to compute the -houses and people in each division. - -As to the first, he says he has counted all the houses in nine -contiguous parishes in Berkshire, in which, he has found the whole -number to be 588, and those charged to the duty to be only 177; and -therefore the cottages are to the rated houses as 411 to 177, or -above, two to one. And from this he assumes, that the whole number of -houses thro’ the villages and open country in England will be to the -cottages nearly in the same proportion. But here I am surprised, that -he should reason in so loose and an inaccurate a manner. For, as there -may be 7000 parishes in the villages and open country, to infer from -the numbers in nine of them that are contiguous, and that all of them -together do not make a very large parish, many being much larger as to -the number of houses, and where there may be particular circumstances; -I say, to infer from them what the proportion will be in all parishes, -in the villages and open country, is the same way of reasoning as to -say, because the poor in one parish are in such a proportion, therefore -they are so in 1000 parishes, or thro’ four or five counties: whereas -it is plain, that the proportion differs almost in every parish, and -in every county; and the sum of all must be added together, before -we can know what the real proportion is. And nothing can be inferred -from the circumstances of a few parishes, or even of a County, what -the proportion will be in the whole. And yet, from such precarious and -vague reasoning he presumes to compute, that there are above 460,000 -cottages in the villages and open country; having assumed, without any -hesitation, that there are 200,000 rated houses in that extent. Such -reasoning is unusual in philosophical inquiries. - -In like manner the Gentleman reasons very inaccurately about his second -division, containing the lesser market and country towns, having -supposed in them 200,000 taxed houses: For from one instance of the -market town of Langborne, having found the whole number of houses to be -to the cottages as 445 to 229, or the rated homes to the cottages as -216 to 229, he supposes the like proportion in all the market towns. -That is, tho’ there be perhaps above 300 market towns in England, he -supposes each of them has the same proportion of the poor in it as the -single town of Langborne; which is unreasonable to imagine. For every -one of them may have a different proportion, according to the various -circumstances of their trade and situation. But yet from this strange -and uncertain way of reasoning, without any induction, and from one -instance among 300 cases at least, he concludes by proportion, that -there are 388,646 houses in the country market towns, of which there -are 188,646 cottages, besides those in the cities and great towns. - -In the next place, as to his third class, the cities and great towns, -he allows, that my proportion may be among them, _viz._ that the rated -houses are to the cottages as 690,000 to 200,000, or 69 to 20: For he -thinks, that it cannot be any-where but in the most flourishing places. -And therefore, as he has arbitrarily placed 260,000 taxed houses in -them, he computes that they must contain 84,058 cottages. But he has -given no proof, that my proportion is only in the most flourishing -places, besides these few instances that he has produced; which are -nothing to form any general conclusion upon. For if we were to be -directed by a few cases, we might think that there were much fewer -cottages than I have allowed. There are some parishes, in which there -are none at all. In the great parishes of St. James’s and St George’s -Westminster, in which there are about 7000 houses, there are none: -in the country parish of Chiselherst in Kent, where there are above -100 houses, there are but three: and in many parishes there is not -one in 20. So that from particular instances, there is nothing to be -concluded. But in all Middlesex, London, Westminster, and Southwark -included, in which the poor are as numerous as in most places in -the kingdom, because of the numbers of labouring people that flock -hither for imployment, there is nearly the same proportion that I have -assigned. For from a late survey in that district, as I am informed, -there are 87,614 houses in the whole, and of these 19,324 cottages, and -4810 empty. Which indeed shews, that we are not so populous, in and -near the metropolis, as is commonly supposed, and much less than I had -calculated in my first letter: For from this account, if it be true, -there are not above 530,000 people in that compass; of which, within -the bills of mortality, there die about 25,000 yearly; that is, not -less than one in 20. - -As to what the Gentleman mentions concerning the militia, he seems to -be much mistaken. For if the proportion be as he says, that one in -45 is levied, this directly proves the number of people in England -and Wales to be about five millions and an half, according to my -calculation; because the electors or balloters are the fencible men, -or those able to carry arms. And if the whole levy be 32,000, then 45 -multiplied by 32,000 will give 1,440,000 for all the fencible men in -England. But Dr. Halley has clearly shewn, that the fencible men are -one quarter of the whole people, children included; and therefore, four -times 1,440,000, or 5,760,000, will be the whole number of the people; -which is nearly what I have made them. - -And thus, having seen how he has established his numbers in opposition -to me, let us now, in the next place, consider what he has said with -regard to the increase of our people. He says, whether the kingdom -is really in a declining or increasing state, is a problem not to be -solved by calculation: And yet he himself can guess by appearances, -that it has greatly increased within these 40 years. But, by his good -leave I must tell him, that it is a problem in political arithmetic to -be solved from some _data_, as well as others. If the number of people -be nearly found, and the general proportion of births to burials, at -an average, thro’ the kingdom be known, with the annual losses of our -fencible men, at a moderate computation; from these _data_, I say, -any one, who understands numbers, will easily determine whether we -are increasing or decreasing. And accordingly, I have shewn, that the -annual increment of our fencible men is not much above 8000, which -number is consumed by our annual losses; and therefore we are not in -an increasing state. For the whole number of people must always be in -proportion to the fencible men; so that, if there is no increase of -them, there can be none upon the whole. - -It is true, I am the first who ventured upon a solution of this -question; but when I consider what I have done, I cannot see but -that the principles upon which I reasoned are right. The _data_ are, -I think, exact enough to discover our state. And Dr. Halley’s rule -to compute the fencible men, where our losses are to be reckoned, -is undoubtedly true. So that if there is any difficulty, it is in -fixing the general proportion between births and burials, thro’ the -kingdom, _viz._ 112 to 100; which I have taken from Dr. Derham, who -had collected many observations; being a greater proportion than Sir -William Petty allowed. And which if it is thought too small, it is to -be considered, that within the bills of mortality the births are much -under the burials as 4 to 5; and in some of the great towns there are -fewer births than burials, and in others they are nearly equal; so that -these reduce the proportion that arises from the villages and open -country. - -But if we were to make a calculation from the births and burials, -only in the villages and open country; which Dr. Derham has found to -be at an average as 117 to 100, or nearly as 7 to 6; and suppose this -to obtain all over Britain and Ireland, in the towns as well as the -country, which is surely more than the truth; we shall then find, that -the annual increment cannot be more than 9000 fencible men; which -corroborates my former estimate. For, to compute it by the principles -I have formerly endeavoured to establish; let the number of our people -in Britain and Ireland be eight millions and an half, that is, five and -an half in England and three millions in Scotland and Ireland; because -some Irish Gentlemen have assured me, from some facts, that there is -half a million more in their country than I formerly allowed; for I did -not pretend to calculate them; and then the annual number of the dead, -in Britain and Ireland, being one in 40, will be about 212,500; which -will be to the births as, 100 to 117: And therefore the births must be -248,625, and the increase 36,125; of which the fourth part is about -9000 for the fencible men, which I am persuaded is more than the real -number. - -Now let any one compute our losses in the moderate way that I have -done, and he will easily see, that they cannot be less than this -number; and consequently we are far from increasing. And indeed it is -evident from the number of empty houses thro’ the kingdom, mentioned -above, _viz._ one in seventeen, or 58,000, and one in twelve of those -that are taxed within the bills of mortality. For it is impossible, if -we were increasing, that there could be so many empty; And therefore -the appearance of so much building is only the effect of our luxury, -requiring larger, more convenient, and more elegant houses, and not -caused by our increase. - -However, the Gentleman objects to all this, and says, that he has -examined the Registers of some neighbouring parishes, and particularly -of three that are perfect; and he finds, that the burials are to the -baptisms as 83 to 149; which may possibly be the case, as I myself -have known it in one parish in the Isle of Wight, where the place is -healthy, and people generally marry. But does he imagine that this -proportion is general all over England? If so, we should increase in -a rapid manner indeed! for then we should double our people in 35 -years, if it were not for our losses; which no reasonable man will -venture to say. He does not reflect, that in many country places, from -their bad situation, there is very little increase, and in some towns -none at all, and in others a decrease, continually supplied from the -neighbouring country. Within the bills of mortality there are annually -5000 burials more than the births; and consequently, to maintain our -numbers here, there must be a yearly supply of 5000; which destroys -the whole increase of six or seven counties. And Dr. Derham found, -from the accounts he had of country parishes, that in general among -them the proportion of births to burials was not greater than 117 to -100, as we mentioned above; so that nothing can be concluded from -particular healthy places. The question is, what is the result upon the -whole thro’ the kingdom? what is the general proportion of the births -to burials, from which the increase is to be estimated? and which Sir -William Petty says is 111 to 100, and Dr. Derham as 112 to 100. See if -he can disprove these numbers by putting together all the different -accounts from every corner, among the towns as well as the country; -and if he cannot, to argue only from a few instances is nothing to the -purpose; for where there is a multitude of different cases, they must -all be considered, to arrive at the general truth. But even in the -particulars he mentions, he has not completed his argument; for, to -make it conclusive, he should have shewn, that, within these last forty -years, the time, he thinks, of our great increase, in those parishes -the number of houses or people were increased, in proportion almost as -the births were above the burials, as 149 to 83: and if that cannot -be made to appear, it is plain, that, for all he has said, the annual -increase may be constantly consumed by our losses. - -And now the worthy Gentleman having endeavoured to shew, from the case -of a few parishes in the country, that we are in an increasing state, -he proceeds to give me his serious advice in two particulars: - -_First_, That I would reconsider a proposition advanced by me, That -all reasonable ways of increasing our people, even to the naturalizing -of foreigners, would be for the public welfare. In answer to which -kind admonition I must say, that I have often considered the thing, -as far as I can; and I think this may be easily shewn against any -political writer. That it is the interest of a government, when they -have powerful and dangerous neighbours, to increase their people by all -reasonable means, even to the inviting of foreigners, so far as the -natural produce of the country can sustain them; and that it is the -fault or weakness of an administration not to be able to employ them. -And in Britain, where they can have the assistance of the produce of -so many large and fruitful countries of their own in America, I will -venture to say, that it is an error in their policy, not to endeavour -to increase their people; by which they might be more formidable, and -perhaps stronger than their grand Enemy. The present King of Prussia -has shewn the utility of this within his dominions; by which he has -been enabled to make such a figure in Europe. - -The _second_ thing he admonishes me to reconsider is, That I have -supposed our commerce to be one cause of the loss of our fencible men. -And who in the world doubts of it, but himself! Do shipwrecks, the -disasters and inclemency of the sea, the scurvy, _&c._ beget people? -But he will say, without these we could not have trade, which employs -great numbers of our people; and therefore, what we lose, we may gain -another way. And just so he may say of our wars, that occasion the -destruction of so many of our people, that they are no loss to us; for -we gain by them in their consequences, in securing of our liberties -and property, and by which our trade is preserved and promoted. But -notwithstanding this, can it be said, that war does not diminish our -fencible men! The truth is, trade increases riches, and gives more -of the conveniences of life, and brings luxury along with it; but it -does not necessarily breed people: For we see in those countries where -they have little trade, the people increase much faster than they do -with us, as appears from the Bills of mortality in Prussia; where the -general proportion of the births to the burials is greater than it is -here, _viz._ 4 to 3; and by which the people might double in 84 years, -if it were not for their losses. (_Vid. Phil. Trans. vol._ xxxvi.) -Which great increase, by the way, easily accounts for those vast swarms -of people that came from thence and the adjacent countries in former -ages, and over run all Europe. And therefore it is not so terrible a -paradox, as he imagines, that possibly where there is much less trade -the people may increase faster; for luxury and other vices, that come -with trade, do not promote an increase. - -And now, as he has been so good as to give me his advice, I will return -the favour, and desire him to reconsider the method of reasoning by -induction; which may possibly help him to escape some paralogisms, in -arguing upon these subjects. And I would likewise recommend it to him -to inquire diligently, whether the number of our houses in England be -increased these last sixty years; which, according to his reasoning, -ought at least to be doubled: For if there is no increase of the -houses, there can be none of the people. - -To conclude: He adds, that my doctrine, from beginning to end, to -say the best of it, is ill-timed, when we are contending with our -hereditary enemy, _pro aris & focis_. But here his zeal hurries him on, -that he does not look to the dates of my Letters. For the first three -were read before the Society, and ordered to be printed, long before -the war was proclaimed; and as for the last, it is only a supplement -to the rest; in which I have shewn, that France, by the bad œconomy -of her people, is not in an increasing state; which, I think, is a -comfortable hearing. But supposing they had been all printed during the -war: What then? Is a fact to be concealed that, if discovered, may be -useful to prevent errors in government, and rectify our notions of the -œconomy of our people? What advantage can our enemies make of such a -discovery? Will it encourage them to imagine that we shall be easier -subdued, when they know, by the most moderate computation, we have at -least two millions of fencible men in our British islands. Enough, -surely, to resist them in all their attempts! But I doubt we are not -so deficient in our numbers as in public virtue, without which the -greatest multitude may be easily overcome. - - -And thus, my Lord, I have endeavoured to answer what this Gentleman has -wrote in his second Letter; for I pass over the first, as it does not -seem to contain any more in opposition to me, than what I have here -considered. And upon the whole I cannot see, that he has said any thing -to invalidate what I have formerly advanced. If I could discover it, -I should be very ready to acknowlege my error. I am sensible I have -made this reply too long; but I trust your usual benevolence to all our -worthy Members will excuse me, who shall always esteem it an honour to -be, - - My Lord, - Your Lordship’s - Most obedient - and faithful Servant, - Wm. Brakenridge. - - Sion-College, March 16. 1758. - - -+END+ of +PART+ I. +VOL.+ L. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Nom. Etymol. ad Calcem. Cat. Cant. p. 43. item Hist. Plant. p. 680. - -[2] Bella-donna dicitur quod imaginationes non injucundas efficiat, vel -ut honeste satis Plinius, quod lusum generet. Bod. Comment. in Theophr. -p. 586 quod in somnis pulchras ostendat virgines feminasque. Ibid. p. -1078. - -[3] Locis citatis. - -[4] Oper. omnia edit C.B. p. 756. - -[5] Ruell. in Dioscor. p. 536. - -[6] Nomina generica quæ ex Græca vel Latina lingua radicem non habent -rejicienda sunt. - -[7] Atropos una furiarum. Crit. Botan. p. 75. - -[8] See Lin. Syst. Naturæ, edit. Lugd. Bat. 1756. p. 97. No. 222. - -[9] Mat. Med. lib. iv. cap. 69. - -[10] See Sennert. lib. vi. par. 7. cap. 9. - -[11] Stirpium Adversar. p. 103. - -[12] Oper. Omn. p. 754. - -[13] Rerum Scoticar. lib. vii. - -[14] Ger. em. p. 341. - -[15] Page 586. - -[16] Quadripart. Botan. p. 488. - -[17] Cicut. Aquat. Historia et Noxæ. Basil. 1716. p. 228. - -[18] Histoire de l’Academie Royale. 1703. - -[19] Hist. Plant. Lugd. Bat. Hort. p. 510. - -[20] For August and September 1747, and for Sept. 1748. - -[21] Page 329. - -[22] Raii Hist. Plant. I. p. 681. - -[23] Enumerat. Stirp. Helvet. p. 507. - -[24] See Forestus, Etmuller, and the old chirurgical writers. - -[25] Bibliotheque des Sciences et des beaux Arts pour les mois Jan. -Fevr. Mars. 1755. - -[26] Tiberii Lambergen Lectio inauguralis, sisters Ephemeriden -persanati Carcinomatis. Groning. 1754. - -[27] Dr. Van Swieten Comment. in Aphor. Boerh. sect. 492. - -[28] Hom. Iliad. 23. _v._ 88. - -[29] _Ut enim----si hoc fingamus, esse quasi finem----ita jacere talum, -ut rectus assistat; qui ita talus erit jactus, ut cadat rectus_----Cic. -de Fin. L. 3. §. 16. Ed. Verb. - -[30] Vid. Dacier not. on Hor. L. ii. Od. 7, _v._ 25, &c. - -[31] Τὸ δέ σχῆμα τοῦ κατά τὸν Ἀϛράγαλον Πτώματος Ἀριθμοῦ Δόξαν εἶχεν. -Jul. Pollux. L. ix. c. 7. - -[32] _Quatuor tali jacti casu venereum efficiunt._ Cic. de Div. L. i. -§. 13. Ed. Verb. - -[33] Mart. L. xiv. epig. 14. - -[34] _Nec regna vini sortiere talis._ L. i. od. 4. _v._ 18. - -[35] _Quem Venus artbitrum dicet bibendi?_ L. ii. od. 7. _v._ 25. Some -think, that this cast was also named _basilicus_ from the usage here -mentioned. Sanad. in Loc. - -[36] Prop. L. iv. el. 9. _v._ 18. - -[37] Jul. Pollux. L. ix. c. 7. Lubin. on Pers. sat. 3. _v._ 49, &c. - -[38] - - ----_Quid dexter_ senio _ferret_, - ----_Damnosa_ canicula _quantum_ - Raderet---- - - Pers. sat. 3. _v._ 48. - -[39] Dial. Ἀϛραγαλισμὸς. - -[40] Sueton. C. Aug. §. 71. - -[41] Sat. 3. _v._ 48. See Prat. not. in us. Delph. in loc. - -[42] Hor. L. ii. sat 7. _v._ 17. - -[43] Mart. L. xiv. epig. 16. - -[44] Germ. Ant. Mon. p. 38. - -[45] Not. on Hor. L. i. ep. 20. _v._ 2. - -[46] Mem. lit. de l’Acad. des Inscrip. V. 9. - -[47] Rerum Mem. L. ii. tit. 13. - -[48] _Deum ipsum (Serapidem) multi Æsculapium--quidam Osirim--plerique -Jovem--plurimi Ditem patrem insignibus, quæ in ipso manifesta, aut per -ambages, conjectant._ Tac. His. L. iv. Εἷς Ζεὺς, εἷς Ἀΐδης, εἷς Ἥλιος -ἐστὶ Σάραπις, Oraculum Apollinis apud M.A. Caus. Museum Rom. vol. ii. § -6. tab. 13. - -[49] Antiq. T. ii. P. 2. pl. 121, 122. - -[50] Porphyr. apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. L. iv. c. 23. Τοὺς δὲ πονηροὺς -δαίμονας οὐκ εἰκῇ ὑπὸ Σάραπιν ὑποπτεύομεν, &c. - -[51] Suppl. T. ii. L. vi. c. 10. Tab. xlviii. - -[52] Montfaucon, ibid. - -[53] Montfaucon, ibid. - -[54] Vid. Observations sur les Antiquités d’Herculaneum, _&c._ par -Mess. Cochin & Bellicard, p. 83, Paris 1755. - -[55] Within two miles of this place there is a steel Spaw of good -repute for the performance of several extraordinary cures, which gives -the same tincture with galls, and appears in every respect to be the -same with the water, that flows from this level. - -[56] The proportions were adjusted according to the carat weights, as -it is by these, that the fineness of gold is usually expressed: A carat -is the twenty-fourth part of the whole compound: thus gold of so many -carats is a composition, of which so many twenty-fourths are fine gold, -and the rest an inferior metal. - -[57] Observations sur les Antiquités d’Herculaneum, _&c._ p. 82 - -[58] For a more particular account of this statue, now in the palace at -Portici, I beg leave to refer you to a paper of mine read before the -Royal Society on Feb. 24, last. - -[59] Dio. L. xl. - -[60] Suet. Vesp. c. 7. - -[61] For authorities, see Middleton’s Germana Antiq. Mon. p. 152. - -[62] Pliny (L. ix. ep. 39.) acquainting his architect with his purpose -to repair a temple of Ceres, which was upon his estate, says, _Nullum -in proximo suffugium aut imbris, aut solis. Videor ergo munifice simul -religioseque facturum, si ædi, quam pulcherrimam exstruxero, addidero -porticus: illam ad usum deæ, has ad hominum._ That these portico’s -commonly inclosed the whole site of the ancient temples, as in this at -Pozzuoli, seems implied in what follows: _Quantum ad porticus, nihil -interim occurrit, quod videatur esse istinc repetendum: nisi tamen, ut -formam secundum rationem loci scribas; neque enim possunt circumdari -templo: nam solum templi hinc flumine--hinc viâ cingitur._ - -[63] Mess. Cochin and Bellicard seem to think this room was intended -for another purpose, by their calling the funnels under the holes -in the seats of it, _conduits des fosses d’aisance_. Which of the -two hypothesis’s is to be preferred, I submit to the judgment of the -learned; or rather, whether both of them may not be admitted, as in -no-wise incompatible the one with the other. - -[64] Vitruvius Lib. iii. cap. 3. _Gradus in fronte ita constituendi -sunt, uti sint semper impares: namque cum dextro pede primus gradus -ascendatur, item in templo primus erit ponendus._ - -[65] The learned Abbate de Venuti, F.R.S. and Antiquary to the Pope at -Rome, has lately by letter favoured me with an ingenious account of -this phænomenon; tho’ he mentions the granite columns only as affected -by it. _Cùm columnæ, quæ circumibant templum, excavarentur e terrâ, -quâ erant partim abrutæ----minutissimæ conchæ, quæ ex testaceorum -genere sunt, atque in saxorum rimulis prope mare reperiuntur, ideoque a -vulgo_ Trutti di Mare _appellatæ, columnas hasce (i. e. Thebaicas) quam -sæpissimè perforaverant, sese componentes, veluti apes in alveari, cùm -essent sejunctæ integumentis ex ipso lapide subtilissimis_.-- - -[66] Vid. p. 168. - -[67] Nec alius a Διονύσω sive sole est Δυσάρης, sive Δουσάρης, vel -Δευσάρης. Quæ vox (ut suspicor) conflata ex דוץ _Dutz_ et ארץ _Aretz_. -Quorum prius (_gaudium_) alterum notat (_terram_) ut notat _lætitiam -terræ_, sive mortalium. Nam Liber sive sol lætitiâ implet mortales, -maturando fruges, et uvas, unde de vino sic Maro, - - _Munera lætitiamque Dei._ Æn. i. - -Dusarem verò esse Arabum numen indicat locus ille Tertulliani in -Apolog. c. 24. “Unicuique etiam provinciæ et civitati suus deus est. Ut -Syriæ Astartes; _ut Arabiæ Disares_.” - -Etiam apud Stephanum sive Hermolaum Byzantium--Δυσάρη--σκόπελος ϗ -κορυφὴ ὑψηλοτάτη Αραβίας. Ἒιρηται δὲ ἀπό τοῦ Δυσάρου. Θεὸς δὲ οὗτος -παρὰ Ἂραψι ϗ Δαχαρηνοῖς τιμώμενος----Vossius de Idololat. L. ii. c. 8. - -[68] Nicol. Haym Roman. _Del. Tesor. Britan._ Vol. ii. p. 36, 37. In -Londra, 1720. - -[69] J. Foy Vaill. in _Arsacid. Imper._ Parisiis, 1728. _Numism. -Antiqu. Collect. a_ Thom. Pembroch. et Montis Gomer. Com. P. 2. T. 76. -Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 30-38. - -[70] Montfauc. _Palæograph. Græc._ p. 123, 124, 125. Parisiis, 1708. - -[71] Idem ibid. - -[72] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. - -[73] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 335, 341. - -[74] Montfauc. ubi sup. p. 118, 119. Hadrian. Reland. _Palæstin. -Illustrat._ Tom. ii. p. 1014, 1015, 1055. Trajecti Batavorum, 1714. -I have a Latin dissertation in the press here, almost printed off, -containing an explication of a considerable number of coins of Tyre and -Sidon, with Phœnician legends upon them. - -[75] _De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert._ p. 53-56. Oxon. 1750. - -[76] _Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlix. p. 593-607. - -[77] _Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlviii. p. 693. - -[78] _Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlviii. p. 693, 740. - -[79] _Philosoph. Transact._ ubi sup. - -[80] _Philosoph. Transact._ ibid. - -[81] _Philosoph. Transact._ ubi sup. p. 693, 740. - -[82] Chard. _Voyages en Perse_, &c. Tom. iii. p. 119. A Amsterdam 1711. -_Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlix. p. *597, *598. - -[83] That the plural termination of PADESHAH, or SHAH, which, according -to Khojah Asdhalo’ddîn, denoted originally the same thing, was AN, or -perhaps ANE, in the days of Ammianus Marcellinus, there is good reason -to believe; the word SAANSAA, KING OF KINGS, having been then used -by the Persians, and handed down to us by that author. The term ΣΑΑ, -SAA, equivalent to the Persic SHAH, KING, likewise occurs in Agathias, -a writer of the sixth century. Should my explication of the Parthian -legend of the coin before me meet with the approbation of the learned, -it will perhaps be granted me, that the plural of PADESHAH, or PADESHA, -amongst the Parthians was PADESHAN, if not PADESHANE, in the second -century after CHRIST. Hyd. _Hist. Rel. Vet. Pers._ p. 416. Khojah -Asdhalo’ddîn, D’Herbel. _Biblioth. Orient._ p. 767. Hadr. Reland. -_Dissert._ viii. _de Vet. Ling. Pers._ p. 221, 222. Ammian. Marcellin. -Lib. xix. cap. 2. Agath. Lib. iv. p. 135, 136. Parisiis, 1660. Ezech. -Spanhem. _De Præstant. et Us. Numism. Antiquor._ Tom. i. p. 463-466. -Lond. 1706. - -[84] Hyd. _Hist. Rel. Vet. Pers._ p. 79. Oxon. 1700. - -[85] D’Herbel. _Biblioth. Orient._ p. 699, 767. Hyd. ubi sup. Hadr. -Reland. _Dissert._ viii. _de Vet. Ling. Pers._ p. 147. Trajecti ad -Rhenum, 1707. - -[86] Hyd. ubi sup. p. 326. - -[87] Hyd. ubi sup. p. 18, 312. - -[88] Matth. Hiller. _Onomast. Sacr._ p. 619. Hadr. Reland. ubi sup. p. -259-262. - -[89] Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 33. - -[90] J. Foy Vaill. & Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. & alib. - -[91] Esth. c. x. _v._ 1. - -[92] Scalig. _Prolegom. in Lib. de Emend. Temp._ p. 41. Col. Allobrog. -1629. & _Can. Isag._ s. 317. Matth. Hiller. ubi sup. p. 619, 620. - -[93] Moses Chorenens. _Hist. Armen._ Lib. ii. iii. Theophil. Sigefr. -Bayer. _Hist. Osrhoen. &c._ p. 97. Petropoli, 1734. - -[94] Herodot. Lib. iv. c. 87. - -[95] Epiphan. _Adv. Hær._ Lib. ii. Tom. ii. p. 629. Paris. 1622. - -[96] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 339. - -[97] Maffeius, in _Gall. Antiqu. Quæd. Select._ Epist. 22. p. 106. -Parisiis, 1733. - -[98] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 334, 335, 336, 339. - -[99] Dio, Lib. lxxi. p. 802. _Imperator. Romanor. Numism. &c. Stud. -& Cur._ Francisc. Mediobarb. Birag. p. 218. J. Foy Vaill. _Can. -Chronologic. Reg. Parthor._ p. 41. - -[100] Jul. Capitolin. in _M. Antonin. Philos._ et in _Ver._ - -[101] _Imperator. Romanor. Numism. &c. Stud. & Cur._ Francisc. -Mediobarb. Birag. S.R.I. Com. &c. p. 220. Mediolani, 1683. - -[102] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. & in _Arsacid. Imper._ p. 338. - -[103] Dio, Lib. lxxv. p. 853. J. Foy Vaill. in _Arsacid. Imper._ p. -356. & in _Can. Chronologic_. p. 42. Ludovic. Du Four de Longuerüe, -Ab. S. Joan. de Jardo ad Melod. et Sept. Font. in Therasc. _Annal. -Arsacidar._ p. 51. Argentorati, 1732. Erasm. Froelich, S. J. S. in -_Dub. de Minnisar. Aliorumque Armen. Reg. Num. et Arsecidar, Epoch. -nuper vulgat._ p. 66. Viennæ Austriæ, 1754. - -[104] Edv. Corsin. Cl. Reg. Scholar. Piar. in Acad. Pisan. Humanior. -Litterar. Profess. _De Minnisar. Aliorumq; Armen. Reg. Num. et Arsacid. -Epoch. Dissertat._ p. 13-29. Liburni, 1754. - -[105] Maff. in _Gall. Antiqu. Epist._ 22. p. 106. - -[106] J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 338. - -[107] Arrian. in _Parthic._ apud Photium, _Cod._ 58. & apud Syncell. in -_Chronograph._ p. 226. - -[108] Just. Lib. xli. c. 4. - -[109] Athen. _Deipnosoph._ Lib. iv. c. 13. - -[110] Corsin. ubi sup. - -[111] Corsin. ubi sup. p. 2. - -[112] Erasm. Froel. ubi sup. p. 72. - -[113] Corsin. in _Ded. Nob. Vir._ Phil. Venut. p. 5. - -[114] _Philosoph. Transact._ Vol. xlviii. p. 693, 740. - -[115] Ptol. _Tab. Urb. Insign._ p. 39. Ed. Huds. Oxon. 1712. - -[116] J. Foy Vaill. in _Arsacid. Imper._ pass. - -[117] Hamdalla Ism. Abu’lfed. Mohammed Al Firauzabad. Nassîr Al Tûsi, -Ulugh Beik, &c. Golii not. ad Alfragan. p. 200-204. - -[118] Upon inquiry, I find, that no such thing was taken notice of in -Northumberland; so it probably has not extended any further to the -eastward, than the skirts of our own county. - -[119] In an adjoining bleach-yard, a piece of cloth, which had been -left out all night, was turned yellow; and was not without some -difficulty washed out again. Some also, which was spread out the next -day, contracted the same colour. - -[120] The wind was westerly, and consequently would sweep the Irish sea. - -[121] No rain, or however very little, during the hurricane. - -[122] Mr. Derham, in his Physico Theology. - -[123] Distance about thirty miles. - -[124] _Viz._ About four feet long, and one inch square. - -[125] Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 48. and Essay on the Virtues -of Lime water, _&c._ edit. 2d. p. 197. - -[126] Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 48 and 473. and Essay on -Lime-water, p. 157 and 200. - -[127] The two stones found in Lord Walpole’s bladder were of this size, -and weighed one of them 22 and the other 21 grains. - -[128] Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 47. - -[129] The stone found in the beginning of the passage from the bladder -was of this size, and weighed about a grain. - -[130] It is printed in this volume of the Philosoph. Transactions, -under the 28th of April, p. 221, & seqq. - -[131] Essay on the Virtues of Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 140. - -[132] Phil. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 46. - -[133] Phil. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 472, 473. - -[134] Essay on Lime-water, _&c._ p. 200, 201. - -[135] Physical Experiments, p. 19. - -[136] Essay on Lime-water, _&c._, 2d edit. p. 171, 201. - -[137] Essay on Lime-water, _&c._ 2d edit. p. 170. - -[138] Ibid. p. 24, 25, 30 & 31. - -[139] The celebrated Dr. Scheuchzer has arranged the fossile plants -botanically, by Tournefort’s system, in his folio work, intituled, -_Herbarium Diluvianum_; and Dr. Woodward’s fossile plants, Catalogue B, -he informs us, were botanically considered and arranged by those famous -botanists Dr. Plukenet, and Mess. Doody, Buddle, and Stonestreet. - -[140] Woodward, Catalogue B. p. 104. specimen _q._ 1. was of 6 1-half -feet in length; and Catalogue D. p. 60. specimen _h._ 38. was a yard -long; _et alibi passim_. In the collieries at Swanvich in Derbyshire, -in 1752. a plant of the cane kind was found 14 feet long: it ended in -a point at one end, and at the root in a large knob, and in the middle -measured nine inches about. - -[141] Zirizææ, quæ, in insula Scaldiæ, secundum Zelandiæ oppidum est. - -[142] Dominus Ellis, anno 1755. Lond. in 8º edidit _Essay on the -Natural History of Corals_, &c. quem librum Gallice versum in 4º -recudit P. de Hond Hagæ Comitum, sub titulo _Essay sur l’Histoire -Naturelle des Corallines, &c. par J. Ellis_, 1756. - -[143] Il y a une sorte de Lithophyte, qui veritablement est curieuse, -et bien extraordinaire: elle n’a point d’ecorce continuée, mais bien -quelques fragmens, par ci par la interrompus d’un glu, qui fleurit dans -l’eau. Hist. de la Mer. pag. 89. fig. 101. 179, 1. - -[144] Bonnet sur l’usage des Feuilles, pag. xviii. & 286. - -[145] Id. ibid. pag. 66. - -[146] Tab. VII. fig. I, II. - -[147] Ibid. fig. III. - -[148] Tab. VIII. fig. V. - -[149] Vide talem delineatam in Mem. de l’Acad. p. 394, anni 1711. - -[150] Mem. de l’Academie, 1742. - -[151] Tab. VIII. fig. II, IV. - -[152] Tab. VIII. fig. IV. - -[153] Sic Dˢ. _Ellis_ in una eademque planta diversos, polypos -delineat, tab. IV. fig. C. tab. V. fig. A. tab. XIV. fig. A. B. tab. -XXXVIII. F. N. E. - -[154] Tab. IX. fig. A, B, C. - -[155] Sic Clar. _Ellis_ eosdem etiam polypos invenit in corallina -astaci cornicularum æmula Nº. 14. et in corallina setacea instar -arundinis geniculara Nº. 16. - -[156] Tab. VII. fig. VI. - -[157] Ibid. fig. VII. - -[158] Ibid. fig. VIII. - -[159] Tab. IX. fig. IV, V, VI. - -[160] Tab. VIII. fig. VI. - -[161] Psalm. civ. vers. 16, 17, 18. - -[162] Memoir. des Insect. tom. ii. tab. iv. fig. 6, 8. - -[163] Id. ibid. tab. iii. fig. xv. - -[164] Id. tom. iii. mem. xi. tab. xxxii. fig. 1. - -[165] Id. tom. v. mem. iii. tab. xv. fig. 1, 2, 3. - -[166] Id. tom. ii. mem. ii. tab. iii. tom. iv. tab xxxvii. fig. 11, 12, -19, 20. - -[167] Id. tom. iv. tab. xliv. fig. 8. - -[168] Id. tom. ii. mem. ii. pag. 163. tab. iv. fig. 11, 12, 13. Ellis -Essay, pag. 100. tab. xxxiii. _a_ A. - -[169] Tab. VIII. fig. VI. _a_ A. - -[170] Ellis passim in figuris, præsertim tab. v. fig. A. - -[171] Mem. de l’Acad. viii. pag. 253. tab. vi. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. - -[172] Lesser, Theologie des Insect. tom. ii. p. 112. - -[173] Tab. VIII. fig. II. IV. - -[174] Tab. VIII. fig. III. - -[175] Tab. VII. fig. III. - -[176] Idem observat Cel. Jussiæus, licet corillinas a polypis tamen -fabrifatas autumat. Vide Mem. de l’Acad. 1742. et figuram inspice, -quomodo corporis extremitate corallinæ insident. - -[177] Tab. IX. fig. II. _a_ A. - -[178] Tab. IX. fig. II A. _c._ - -[179] Ibid. _b. b._ - -[180] Ibid. A. _c._ - -[181] Ibid. B. - -[182] Ibid. C. _c._ - -[183] Ibid. fig. III. - -[184] Ibid. fig. III. - -[185] Ibid. _c. c._ - -[186] _Vionelli_ nuove luci coperte. _Linnæi_ Amæn. Acad. tom. iii. de -noctiluca marina. - -[187] Tab. VIII. fig. VII. - -[188] Tab. X. fig. I. - -[189] Ibid. fig. 6. - -[190] Ibid. fig. 8. - -[191] Tab. X. fig. II. B. - -[192] Ibid. C. - -[193] Ibid. fig. III. - -[194] See Phil. Transact. Vol. xlix. Part 2. p. 509. - -[195] Original Letters to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. vol. A-B. in the -British Museum. - -[196] Journal, vol. xi. p. 143. - -[197] In this treatise, L. 2. p. 80. is the following passage: _In pago -Rorbachio non procul Heydelbergâ, Paræi etiam relatu, gemini utriusque -sexûs obversis tergoribus annexis orti sunt._ - -[198] The two figures shew a fore and back view of this subject. - -[199] See above, Nº. X, p. 53. - -[200] After this paper was read at the Society, Dr. Pringle having -acquainted Dr. Whytt, that Mr. Patrick Brydone had omitted, in his -account, the name of the parish, where the woman lived, the time when -she was cured, and also that he had not fully dated his paper; Dr. -Whytt some time after wrote to Dr. Pringle, that having desired Mr. -Brydone to furnish him with these particulars, he had received for -answer, “That the woman, on whom the cure was performed, had lived all -her life in the parish of Coldinghame, and for the last twelve years in -that town: That her father had died of the palsy seven years ago, after -having been subject to that distemper for several years: That the cure -was performed in his father’s house at Coldinghame, on the 4th, 5th, -6th, and 11th of days of April 1757. a circumstance he had noted down: -That as to the date of his paper, presented to the Royal Society, he -only recollects it was written some day in the beginning of November -last; but as the woman still continued well, he hoped the precise day -of the month was no material omission.” This letter to Dr. Whytt is -dated, Coldinghame, January 9th, 1758. - -[201] See above, p. 209, & seqq. - -[202] Vid. Essay on the Virtue of Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 176, 177. - -[203] Essay on Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 208, &c. - -[204] Ibid. p. 176 and 177. - -[205] Since my writing this discourse, Dr. Mason informs me, that these -are found no other than recent nuts and laryxes. - -[206] Vol. xlviii. - -[207] No error arises from considering the triangles E A _e_ and AEH, -as being formed on the surface of a sphere, tho’ the earth itself is -not accurately such. The angle (E A _a_) representing the effect of the -solar force, is properly referred to the surface of a sphere; therefore -(after the measure thereof is truly determined) the figure AP _ap_ is -itself taken as a sphere, in order to avoid the trouble of introducing -a new scheme. - -[208] Part I. p. 161. - -[209] Page 806. - -[210] See TAB. XVII. where this specimen is exactly delineated. - -[211] This is likewise called the Malacca Bean, from its growing in -great plenty on that coast, near the equinoctial line. - -[212] See above, p. 356. - -[213] Page 887. - - - - -Corrections - -p. 29 - - The medicinal virtues of these waters have been been treated - The medicinal virtues of these waters have been treated - -p. 36 - - which indeed greaty relieved him: - which indeed greatly relieved him: - -p. 85 - - infusion from the eightteenth scruple - infusion from the eighteenth scruple - -Footnote 28 - - Hom. Iiad. 23. _v._ 88. - Hom. Iliad. 23. _v._ 88. - -Footnote 67 - - conflata ex דוצ _Dutz_ et ארצ - conflata ex דוץ _Dutz_ et ארץ - -p. 133 - - in addding too large - in adding too large - -p. 206 - - He eat with an appetite - He ate with an appetite - -p. 369 - - by any peculiar symptom distinguishable by by the touch, - by any peculiar symptom distinguishable by the touch, - -p. 449 - - he will find it exactly agees - he will find it exactly agrees - -p. 475 - - for where there there is a multitude of different cases - for where there is a multitude of different cases - -p. 453 - - that the Chinese import them, and the Japanese mix them with - varnish for sale. - - that the Chinese import them, and the Japanese mix them with their - varnish for sale. - -The missing word “their” was added according to page 220 of this -edition: PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS: GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE -Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS IN -MANY Considerable Parts of the WORLD, by C. C. DÜRR, Printer of the -University, 1771 - -p. 468 - - _viz._ 290,000, in the the cities - _viz._ 290,000, in the cities - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING -SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PRESENT UNDERTAKINGS, STUDIES, AND LABOURS, OF THE -INGENIOUS, IN MANY CONSIDERABLE PARTS OF THE WORLD *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/65867-0.zip b/old/65867-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 097db15..0000000 --- a/old/65867-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h.zip b/old/65867-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2dc8c55..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/65867-h.htm b/old/65867-h/65867-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 8c0ce93..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/65867-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21281 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> -Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. L, Part 1, 1757, -Giving some Account of the present Undertakings, Studies, and -Labours, of the Ingenious, in many considerable Parts of the World by -Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin: auto 25%;} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both;} -h2.chap {text-align: left; clear: both;} -h3.chap {text-align: left; clear: both;} -p {text-indent: 1em; - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em;} -.noin {text-indent: 0;} -.indent {text-indent: 1em;} -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} - -.sync {clear: both;} - -hr {width: 50%; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 25%; - margin-right: 25%; - clear: both;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em; visibility: hidden; -page-break-before: always;} - -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} -.break {page-break-before: avoid;} - -ul { list-style-type: none; text-align: left; } -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} -td {vertical-align: top;} -td.vm {vertical-align: middle;} - -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } -table.autotable td { padding: 4px; } -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ -/* visibility: hidden; */ /* define the position */ -position: absolute; right: 3%; margin-right: 0em; -text-align: right; /* remove any special formating that could be inherited */ -font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; -letter-spacing: 0em; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0em; -font-size: x-small; /* never wrap this */ white-space: nowrap;} -.pagenum span { /* do not show text that is meant for non-css version*/ -visibility: hidden;} -.pagenum a {display: inline-block; color: #808080; -padding: 1px 4px 1px 4px;} - -.hang {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;} - -.margina {margin-left: 20%;} -.marginb {margin-left: 25%;} -.margin {margin-left: 10%;} -.marginsec {margin-left: 15%;} - -.blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} - -.sidenote {text-indent: 0; -text-align: left; min-width: 8em; max-width: 8em; padding-bottom: .3em; padding-top: .3em; -padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; margin-right: 1em; -float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 1em; -margin-bottom: .3em; font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: thin dotted gray} - -.bb {border-bottom: 1px solid;} - -.bl {border-left: 1px solid; } - -.bt {border-top: 1px solid;} -.btb {border-top: double; padding: 1em; } -.br {border-right: 1px solid; } -.brd {border-right: double;} -.bbd {border-bottom: double;} -.bbox {border-style: double; padding: 2em; margin-left: 20%; margin-right:20%; - page-break-before: avoid; page-break-after: avoid;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -.gesperrt {letter-spacing: 0.2em; margin-right: -0.2em;} - -em.gesperrt {font-style: normal;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} -li.caption {text-align: left;} -.left {float: left; padding: 0; margin: auto; width: 50%; text-align: left;} - -.rightcol {float: right; padding: 0; margin: auto; width: 50%; text-align: left;} - -.captionl {font-weight: bold; float: left; clear: left; text-align: center; - padding: 1px; margin: 0 3px 0 0; vertical-align: middle;} -.captionin {text-align: left;} -/* Images */ - -.figcenter {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; -margin-right: auto; clear: both; max-width: 100%; /* div no wider than -screen, even when screen is narrow */ text-align: center;} - -img {max-width: 100%; border: none; /* no image to be wider than screen or containing div */ - height:auto; /* keep height in proportion to width */} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} -.drop-capi {text-indent: 0em;} -.drop-capi:first-letter {float: left; - margin: 0.15em 0.1em 0em 0em; - font-size: 2.5em; - line-height: .85em;} -.x-ebookmaker p.drop-capi:first-letter {float: none; - margin: 0; font-size: 100%;} - - span.dropfix {float: left; font-size: 60%; -position: absolute; width: auto;} - -.dropcapb:first-letter {font-size: 2.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em; -text-indent: 0em; margin: 0 0em 0 0.1em; float: left;} - - span.dropcapb {font-size: 1.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em; -text-indent: 0em; margin: 0em 0.1em 0em 0em; float: left; } - -.dropcap {font-size: 1.5em; line-height: .85em; padding: 0em; -text-indent: 0em; margin: 0 0.1em 0 0; display: inline-block; } - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 1em;} -.footnote .label {position: relative; bottom: 0.4em; - vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 80%; text-decoration: none;;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; bottom: 0.4em; - font-size: .8em; white-space: nowrap;} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ -/* .poetry {display: inline-block;} */ -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -.poetry .indent1 {text-indent: -2.5em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -.hide {display: none;} - -.err {border-bottom: thin dotted red;} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; - color: black; font-size: .9em; padding: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 5em; font-family:sans-serif, serif; } -.fraction {display: inline-block; - vertical-align: middle; - position: relative; - top: 0.1em; - text-align: center; - font-size: 95%; - line-height: 0.4em; } - -.fraction > span {display: block; padding: 0.3em; } - -.fnum {position: relative; - top: -0.1em; vertical-align: text-top;} - -.fraction span.bar {display: none;} - -.fraction span.fden {border-top: thin solid black; - line-height: 0.6em; - padding-top: 0.2em; vertical-align: text-bottom;} - -@media screen and (max-width: 900px), (max-width: 600px) -{ -.pagenum {display: none;} - -body {margin-left: 2%; margin-right: 2%; margin-top: 1%; margin-bottom: 1%; text-align: left;} -ul {list-style-type: none;} -li { list-style-type: none; } - } - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} - -.illowp48 {width: 48%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} -.illowp56 {width: 56%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp56 {width: 100%;} - -.illowp59 {width: 59%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp59 {width: 100%;} -.illowp67 {width: 67%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp67 {width: 100%;} -.illowp69 {width: 69%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp69 {width: 100%;} -.illowp77 {width: 77%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp77 {width: 100%;} -.illowp82 {width: 82%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp82 {width: 100%;} -.illowp83 {width: 83%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp83 {width: 100%;} -.illowp84 {width: 84%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp84 {width: 100%;} -.illowp85 {width: 85%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp85 {width: 100%;} -.illowp88 {width: 88%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp88 {width: 100%;} -.illowp91 {width: 91%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp91 {width: 100%;} - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account Of The Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World, by Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account Of The Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Vol. L. Part 1. For the Year 1757</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 18, 2021 [eBook #65867]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Michael Ciesielski, Eleni Christofaki and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PRESENT UNDERTAKINGS, STUDIES, AND LABOURS, OF THE INGENIOUS, IN MANY CONSIDERABLE PARTS OF THE WORLD ***</div> -<div class="transnote"> -<h3>Transcriber's Note</h3> -<p>Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired. -<a href="#ERRATA">The Errata</a> of the original edition have been corrected. -Other -changes made can be found <a href="#Corrections">at the end of the book</a>.</p></div> -<hr class="chap" /> -<h1>PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT -OF THE Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours, OF THE INGENIOUS, -IN MANY Considerable Parts of the WORLD.</h1> -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="cover" style="max-width: 40.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="bbox"> -<p class="center">PHILOSOPHICAL<br /> -<big><b>TRANSACTIONS</b>,</big> -<br /> -<small>GIVING SOME</small><br /> -<big><b>ACCOUNT</b></big><br /> <small>OF THE</small><br /> -Present Undertakings, Studies, <i>and</i> Labours,<br /> -<small>OF THE</small><br /> <big><b>INGENIOUS</b>,</big><br /> -<small>IN MANY</small><br /> Considerable Parts of the <em class="gesperrt">WORLD</em>.</p> - -<p class="center bt bb">VOL. L. <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Part I.</em></span> For the Year 1757.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><i>LONDON.</i></p> - -<p class="center">Printed for <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">L. Davis</em></span> and <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">C. Reymers</em></span>,<br /> -Printers to the <em class="gesperrt"><span class="smcap">Royal Society</span></em>,<br /> -against <i>Gray's-Inn Gate</i>, in <i>Holbourn</i>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">M.DCC.LVIII.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak btb" id="THE"><small>THE</small> -<br /> - -CONTENTS -<br /> - -<small>TO</small> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Part I. Volume L.</span></h2> -</div> - -<table summary="contents"> - <tr><td>I.</td> -<td><span class="dropcapb"><i>A</i></span><i>N Account of the Earthquake felt in</i> New England, <i>and - the neighbouring Parts of</i> America, <i>on the 18th of</i> November - <i>1755. In a Letter to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. R.S. by Mr. - Professor</i> Winthrop, <i>of</i> Cambridge <i>in</i> New England.</td> - <td class="tdr">Page <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>II.</td> -<td><i>The strange Effects of some effervescent Mixtures; in a Letter - from Dr.</i> James Mounsey, <i>Physician of the</i> Russian <i>Army, - and F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S. Communicated by Mr.</i> Baker.</td> - <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>III.</td> -<td><i>Extract of a Letter of</i> J. Wall, <i>M.D. to the Rev. - Dr.</i> Lyttelton, <i>Dean of</i> Exeter, <i>and F.R.S. concerning the - good Effects of</i> Malverne <i>Waters in</i> Worcestershire.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>IV.</td><td> <i>An Account of the</i> Carlsbad <i>Mineral Waters in</i> - Bohemia: <i>In a Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of</i> - Macclesfield, <i>President of the R.S. by the Rev.</i> Jeremiah - Milles, <i>D.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>V.</td><td> <i>An Essay towards ascertaining the specific Gravity of living - Men. By</i> Mr. John Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>VI.</td><td> <i>An Instance of the Gut</i> Ileum, <i>cut thro' by a Knife, - successfully treated by Mr.</i> Peter Travers, <i>Surgeon, at</i> - Lisbon. <i>Communicated by</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>VII.</td><td> <i>An Account of a Visitation of the leprous Persons in the - Isle of</i> Guadaloupe: <i>In a Letter to Mons.</i> Damonville, - <i>Counsellor and Assistant-Judge at</i> Martinico, <i>and in the - Office of King's Physician at</i> Guadaloupe. <i>By</i> John Andrew - Peyssonel, <i>M.D. F.R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>VIII.</td><td> <i>An Account of the late Discoveries of Antiquities at</i> - Herculaneum; <i>in an Extract of a Letter from</i> Camillo Paderni, - <i>Keeper of the</i> Herculanean Museum, <i>and F.R.S. to</i> Thomas - Hollis, <i>Esq; dated</i> Naples, Dec. 16, 1756.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> IX.</td><td> <i>An Account of some Trees discovered underground on the Shore - at</i> Mount's-Bay <i>in</i> Cornwall: <i>In a Letter from the Rev. - Mr.</i> William Borlase, <i>F.R.S. to the Rev. Dr.</i> Lyttelton, - <i>Dean of</i> Exeter.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>X.</td><td> <i>Experiments on applying the Rev. Dr.</i> Hales'<i>s Method of - distilling Salt-water to the Steam-Engine. By</i> Keane Fitzgerald, - <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XI.</td><td> <i>Extract of a Letter of Mr.</i> Abraham Trembley, <i>F.R.S. - to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. R.S. Translated from the</i> - French.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XII.</td><td> <i>A brief Botanical and Medical History of the</i> Solanum - Lethale, Bella-donna, <i>or</i> Deadly Nightshade, <i>by Mr.</i> - Richard Pulteney. <i>Communicated by Mr.</i> William Watson, - <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XIII.</td><td> <i>An Account of some of the Antiquities discovered at</i> - Herculaneum, &c. <i>In a Letter to</i> Thomas Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. - R.S. By</i> John Nixon, <i>A.M. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XIV.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Effects of a Storm of Thunder and Lightning, - in the Parishes of</i> Looe <i>and</i> Lanreath, <i>in the County - of</i> Cornwall, <i>on the 27th Day of</i> June <i>1756. Communicated - to the Rev.</i> Jeremiah Milles, <i>D.D. F.R.S. in two Letters, one - from the Rev. Mr.</i> Dyer, <i>Minister of</i> Looe, <i>and the - other from the Rev. Mr.</i> Milles, <i>Vicar of</i> Duloe, <i>in</i> - Cornwall.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XV.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Peat-pit near</i> Newbury <i>in</i> - Berkshire; <i>in an Extract of a Letter from</i> John Collet, <i>M.D. - to the Right Reverend</i> Richard <i>Lord Bishop of</i> Ossory, - <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XVI.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Alterations making in the</i> Pantheon - <i>at</i> Rome: <i>In an Extract of a Letter from</i> Rome <i>to</i> - Thomas Hollis, <i>Esq; Communicated by</i> John Ward, <i>LL.D. R.S. - Vice-Præs.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XVII.</td><td> <i>An Account of a new medicinal Well, lately discovered - near</i> Moffat, <i>in</i> Annandale, <i>in the County of</i> - Dumfries. <i>By Mr.</i> John Walker, <i>of</i> Borgue-house - <i>near</i> Kirkudbright <i>in</i> Scotland.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XVIII.</td><td> <i>An Account of the State of the Thermometer at the</i> Hague - <i>on the 9th of</i> January <i>1757. Extracted from a Letter of - Mr.</i> Abraham Trembley, <i>F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. - R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XIX.</td><td> <i>Experimental Examination of</i> Platina. <i>By</i> William - Lewis, <i>M.B. F.R.S. Paper</i> V.</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">ibid</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XX.</td><td> <i>Experimental Examination of</i> Platina. <i>By</i> William - Lewis, <i>M.B. F.R.S. Paper</i> VI.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXI.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Temple of</i> Serapis <i>at</i> Pozzuoli - <i>in the Kingdom of</i> Naples: <i>In a Letter to</i> John Ward, - <i>LL.D. and R.S. Vice-Præs. by the Rev.</i> John Nixon, <i>M.A. - F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXII.</td><td> <i>Some Remarks on a</i> Parthian <i>Coin with a</i> - Greek <i>and</i> Parthian <i>Legend, never before published. In a - Letter from the Rev.</i> John Swinton, <i>M.A. of</i> Christ-Church, - Oxon, <i>F.R.S. to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. R.S.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXIII.</td><td> <i>An Account of a Red Coral from the</i> East-Indies, <i>of a - very singular Kind: In a Letter from Mr.</i> John Ellis, <i>F.R.S. to - Mr.</i> Peter Collinson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXIV.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Effects of a Storm at</i> Wigton <i>in</i> - Cumberland. <i>Communicated by Mr.</i> Philip Miller, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXV.</td><td> <i>An Account of the Effects of Lightning upon the Steeple and - Church of</i> Lestwithiel, Cornwall; <i>in a Letter to the Right - Honourable the Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>President of the R.S. By - Mr.</i> John Smeaton, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> XXVI.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Case of the late Right Honourable</i> - Horace <i>Lord</i> Walpole; <i>being a Sequel to his own Account - published in the</i> Philosophical Transactions, <i>Vol.</i> xlvii. - <i>p.</i> 43 <i>and</i> 472.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> <td><i>Postscript to Dr.</i> Whytt<i>'s Observations on Lord</i> - Walpole<i>'s Case</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Virtues of Soap in dissolving the Stone, - in the Case of the Rev. Mr.</i> Matthew Simpson. <i>Communicated - by</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXVIII.</td> <td><i>An Account of the Impressions of Plants on the Slates of - Coals: In a Letter to the Right Honorable</i> George <i>Earl of</i> - Macclesfield, <i>President of the R.S. from Mr.</i> Emanuel Mendes da - Costa, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXIX.</td> <td><i>A Catalogue of the Fifty Plants from</i> Chelsea Garden, - <i>presented to the</i> Royal Society <i>by the worshipful Company of - Apothecaries, for the Year</i> 1756, <i>pursuant to the Direction of - Sir</i> Hans Sloane, <i>Baronet, Med. Reg. & Soc. nuper Præses, by</i> - John Wilmer, <i>M.D. clariss. Societatis Pharmaceut. Lond. Socius, - Hort.</i> Chels. <i>Præfect. & Prælector Botan.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXX.</td> <td><i>Remarks on the Opinion of</i> Henry Eeles, <i>Esq; concerning - the Ascent of Vapour, published in the</i> Philosoph. Transact. - <i>Vol.</i> xlix. <i>Part</i> i. <i>p.</i> 124. <i>By</i> Erasmus - Darwin, <i>M.D. Communicated by Mr.</i> William Watson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXI.</td> <td><i>An Account of a new-discovered Species of the Snipe or - Tringa: In a Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. - R.S. from Mr.</i> Geo. Edwards, <i>Librarian of the College of - Physicians</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXII.</td> <td><i>Observationes de Corallinis, iisque insidentibus Polypis, - aliisque Animalculis Marinis: Quas Regiæ Societati Londinensi - offert</i> Job Baster, <i>Med. Doct. Acad. Cæsar. Reg. Societ. Lond. & - Scient. Holland. Socius.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXIII.</td> <td><i>Remarks on Dr.</i> Job Baster's Observationes de - Corallinis, &c. <i>In a Letter to the Right Hon.</i> George <i>Earl - of</i> Macclesfield, <i>President of the R.S. from Mr.</i> John Ellis, - <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXIV.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extraordinary Operation performed in the - Dock-Yard at</i> Portsmouth: <i>Drawn up by Mr.</i> John Robertson, - <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXV.</td> <td><i>Observations on an Evening, or rather Nocturnal, Solar</i> - Iris. <i>By Mr.</i> George Edwards, <i>Librarian of the College of - Physicians</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXVI.</td> <td><i>The Effects of the</i> Opuntia, <i>or Prickly Pear, and of - the</i> Indigo <i>Plant, in colouring the Juices of living Animals. - Communicated by</i> H. Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXVII.</td> <td><i>An Account of an extrordinary Shower of black Dust, that - fell in the Island of</i> Zetland <i>20th</i> October 1755. <i>In a - Letter from Sir</i> Andrew Mitchell, <i>of</i> Westshore, <i>Bart. - to</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXVIII.</td> <td><i>A Description of some Thermometers for particular Uses. By - the Right Honourable the Lord</i> Charles Cavendish, <i>V.P.R.S.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XXXIX.</td> <td><i>Observationes Anatomico-Medicæ de Monstro bicorporeo - Virgineo A. 1701. die 26</i> Oct. <i>in</i> Pannonia, <i>infra</i> - Comaromium, <i>in Possessione</i> Szony, <i>quondam Quiritum</i> - Bregetione, <i>in lucem edito, atque A. 1723. die 23</i> Febr. Posonii - <i>in Cœnobio Monialium</i> S. Ursulæ <i>morte functo ibidemque - sepulto. Authore</i> Justo Johanne Torkos, <i>M.D. Soc. Regalis - Socio.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XL.</td> <td><i>Observations on the Origin and Use of the Lymphatic Vessels of - Animals: Being an Extract from the</i> Gulstonian <i>Lectures, read - in the Theatre of the College of Physicians of</i> London, <i>in</i> - June 1755. <i>By</i> Mark Akenside, <i>M.D. Fellow of the College of - Physicians, and of the Royal Society</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLI.</td> <td><i>A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of</i> Macclesfield, - <i>President, the</i> Council, <i>and</i> Fellows, <i>of the</i> Royal - Society, <i>concerning the Variation of the Magnetic Needle; with a - Sett of Tables annexed, which exhibit the Result of upwards of Fifty - Thousand Observations, in Six periodic Reviews, from the Year 1700 to - the Year 1756, both inclusive; and are adapted to every Five Degrees - of Latitude and Longitude in the more frequented Oceans. By</i> - William Mountaine <i>and</i> James Dodson, <i>Fellows of the Royal - Society</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLII.</td> <td><i>An account of some extraordinary Tumors upon the Head of a - labouring Man, now in</i> St. Bartholomew's <i>Hospital. By</i> James - Parsons, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLIII.</td> <td><i>An Extract of the Register of the Parish of</i> Great - Shefford, <i>near</i> Lamborne, <i>in</i> Berkshire, <i>for Ten Years: - With Observations on the same: In a Letter to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. - Secret. R.S. from the Rev. Mr.</i> Richard Foster, <i>Rector of</i> - Great Shefford.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLIV.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Case of an Aneurism, or Disease of the principal - Artery of the Thigh, occasioned by a Fall. To which is prefixed a - short Account of the Uncertainty of the distinguishing Symptoms of - this Disease. By</i> Jos. Warner, <i>F.R.S. and Surgeon to</i> Guy's - Hospital.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLV.</td> <td><i>Farther Experiments for increasing the Quantity of Steam in a - Fire-Engine. By</i> Keane Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLVI.</td> <td><i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 27</i> Martii, <i>Ann. 1755. - habita Ulissipone in Domo Patrum Congregationis Oratorii à</i> Joanne - Chevalier <i>ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, Regiæ</i> Londinensis - <i>Societatis Socio, Regiæque</i> Parisiensis <i>Scientiarum Academiæ - correspondente</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLVII.</td> <td><i>Eclipsis Lunæ Die</i> 4 Februarii, <i>Ann.</i> 1757. - <i>habita Ulissipone à</i> Joanne Chevalier <i>Presbytero - Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæ</i> Londinensis <i>Societatis Socio, - Regiæque Scientiarum</i> Parisiensis <i>Acadaemiæ correspondente, et - a</i> Theodoro de Almeida <i>ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, ac - Physicæ publico Professore</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> - <td><i>Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ a</i> - Joanne Chevalier, <i>&c.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLVIII.</td> <td><i>Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ - à</i> Joanne Chevalier, <i>Presbytere Congregationis Oratorii, - Regiæque</i> Londinensis <i>Societatis Socio, Anno</i> 1757.</td> -<td class="tdr"> p. <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>XLIX.</td> <td><i>A remarkable Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in a - Mortification: In a Letter to</i> William Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S. - from Mr.</i> Richard Grindall, <i>Surgeon to the</i> London - <i>Hospital</i>.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>L.</td> <td><i>A Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. R.S. - from</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S. inclosing Two Papers - communicated to him by</i> Robert Whytt, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</td> -</tr> -<tr><td> </td> - <td class="hang">1. <i>Some Observations on the lithontriptic Virtue of the</i> - Carlsbad <i>Waters, Lime-water, and Soap: In Letter to Dr.</i> John - Pringle, <i>F.R.S. from Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, <i>F.R.S. and Professor - of Medicine in the University of</i> Edinburgh.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> - <td class="hang">2. <i>An Instance of the Electrical Virtue in the Cure of a Palsy. By - Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LI.</td> <td><i>An Account of some fossil Fruits, and other Bodies, found in - the Island of</i> Shepey. <i>By</i> James Parsons, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></td> - <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LII.</td><td> <i>Observations on the Comet, that appeared in the Months of</i> - September <i>and</i> October 1757, <i>made at the Royal Observatory - by</i> Ja. Bradley, <i>D.D. Astronomer Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the - Royal Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LIII.</td><td> <i>The Resolution of a General Proposition for determining - the</i> horary <i>Alteration of the Position of the Terrestrial - Equator, from the Attraction of Sun and Moon: With some Remarks on - the Solutions given by other Authors to that difficult and important - Problem. By Mr.</i> Tho. Simpson, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> -<td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LIV. </td><td><i>Remarks upon the Heat of the Air in</i> July 1757, <i>in - an Extract of a Letter from</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D. F.R.S. to</i> - William Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S. dated at</i> Plymouth <i>19th of the - same Month. With additional Remarks by Dr.</i> Watson.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LV. </td><td><i>Remarks upon the Letter of Mr.</i> John Ellis, <i>F.R.S. to</i> - Philip Carteret Webb, <i>Esq; F.R.S. printed in the</i> Philosophical - Transactions, <i>Vol.</i> xlix. <i>Part</i> ii. <i>p.</i> 806. <i>By - Mr.</i> Philip Miller, <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LVI.</td><td> <i>An Answer to the preceding Remarks. By Mr.</i> John Ellis, - <i>F.R.S.</i></td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</td></tr> - - <tr><td>LVII.</td><td> <i>A Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. Secr. R.S. - concerning the Number of the People of</i> England; <i>by the Rev. - Mr.</i> Richard Forster, <i>Rector of</i> Great Shefford <i>in</i> - Berkshire.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</td></tr> - -<tr><td> LVIII.</td><td> <i>A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of</i> - Macclesfield, <i>President of the</i> Royal Society, <i>from the - Rev.</i> William Brakenridge, <i>D.D. F.R.S. containing an Answer to - the Account of the Numbers and Increase of the People of</i> England, - <i>by the Rev. Mr.</i> Forster.</td> <td class="tdr">p. <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ERRATA">ERRATA.</h2> -</div> - -<ul><li><i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>. <i>line</i> 24. <i>read</i> even the ends of the umbilici.</li> -<li><i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>. <i>line</i> 5. <i>read</i> exposed the extremity of the umbilicus.</li> -<li><i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_168">168</a>. <i>line</i> 4. <i>after</i> as <i>dele</i> well as.</li> -<li><i>Page</i> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>. <i>line</i> 9 <i>from the bottom, for</i> stream <i>read</i> steam.</li> -</ul> - -<p><i>In the Tables of the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, Anno</i> 1756,</p> - -<table summary="variation"> -<tr><td>Lat.</td> <td>Long.</td></tr> -<tr> <td class="tdr">0—</td> -<td>70E</td> -<td><i>for Var.</i></td> -<td class="tdr">3¼W</td> -<td><i>read</i></td> -<td class="tdr">2¾W.</td> -<td><i>Read the same in p.</i> <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr">15N</td> <td>35W</td> <td> ——</td> <td class="tdr">3½W</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">2½W</td> -</tr> -<tr> <td class="tdr">5S</td> -<td>40E</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">17W</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">18W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr">30S</td> <td>15E</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">18W</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">17½W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr">35S</td> <td>10W</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">5½W</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">5W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr">35S</td> <td>45E</td> <td> ——</td> <td class="tdr">26½W</td> <td>——</td> <td class="tdr">26W</td> -</tr></table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PHILOSOPHICAL">PHILOSOPHICAL -TRANSACTIONS.</h2> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> -<h2 class="hang chap">I. <i>An Account of the Earthquake felt in</i> -New England, <i>and the neighbouring Parts -of</i> America, <i>on the 18th of</i> November -1755. <i>In a Letter to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. -Secret. R.S. by Mr. Professor</i> Winthrop, -<i>of</i> Cambridge <i>in</i> New England.</h2> - -<p>Reverend Sir,</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 13, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Beg leave to lay before you the best -account I am able to give of the great -earthquake, which shook New England, and the -neighbouring parts of America, on Tuesday the 18th -day of November 1755, about a quarter after four -in the morning. I deferred writing till this time, in -order to obtain the most distinct information of the -several particulars relating to it, both here and in the -other places where it was felt; and especially the -extent of it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span></p> - -<p>The night, in which this earthquake happened, -was perfectly calm and serene. In the evening there -was a fog over the marshes bordering on the river -Charles, which runs through this town: but this I -found intirely dissipated at the time of the earthquake, -the air being then quite clear, and the moon, -which wanted but 36<sup>h</sup> of the full, shining very -bright. The earthquake began with a roaring noise -in the N.W. like thunder at a distance; and this grew -fiercer, as the earthquake drew nearer; which was -almost a minute in coming to this place, as near as -I can collect from one of my neighbours, who was -then on the road in this town. He tells me, that, -as soon as he heard the noise, he stopt, knowing, -that it was an earthquake, and waiting for it; and -he reckoned he had stood still about 2', when the -noise seemed to overtake him, and the earth began -to tremble under him: but, as I doubted, whether it -were so long, I counted several numbers to him as -slowly as a clock beats seconds; and then he said, -he believed he could have counted half an hundred, -at that rate, before the noise and shake came up to -him. By his account, as well as that of others, the -first motion of the earth was what may be called a -pulse, or rather an undulation; and resembled (to -use his own comparison) that of a long rolling, -swelling sea; and the swell was so great, that he -was obliged to run and catch hold of something, to -prevent being thrown down. The tops of two trees -close by him, one of which is 25, the other 30 feet -high, he thinks waved at least ten feet (and I depend -on his judgment in this particular, because he judged -right of the height of the trees, as I found by actual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> -mensuration); and there were two of these great -wavings, succeeded by one, which was smaller. This -sort of motion, after having continued, as has been -conjectured, about a minute, abated a little; so that -I, who was just then waked, and, I suppose, most -others, imagined, that the height of the shock was -past. But instantly, without a moment's intermission, -the shock came on with redoubled noise and -violence; though the species of it was altered to a -tremor, or quick horizontal vibratory motion, with -sudden jerks and wrenches. The bed, on which I -lay, was now tossed from side to side; the whole -house was prodigiously agitated; the windows rattled, -the beams cracked, as if all would presently be -shaken to pieces. When this had continued about 2', -it began to abate, and gradually kept decreasing, as if -it would be soon over: however, before it had quite -ceased, there was a little revival of the trembling -and noise, though no-ways comparable to what had -been before: but this presently decreased, till all, -by degrees, became still and quiet. Thus ended -this great shock. It was followed by another about -an hour and a quarter after, viz. at 5<sup>h</sup> 29'. This, -though comparatively small, was very generally perceived, -both as to its noise and trembling, by those -who were awake. On the Saturday evening following, -viz. the 22d of November, at 27' after eight, -there was a third, more considerable than the second, -but not to be compared with the first. And on Friday -the 19th of December in the evening, exactly -at ten o' clock, there was a fourth shock, much -smaller than either of the former, though, like them, -preceded by the peculiar noise of an earthquake.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> -The whole lasted but a few seconds; but the jarring -was great enough to cause the window-shutters and -door of the room, in which I then was, to clatter. -The sky was perfectly clear, and there was a very -gentle and scarcely-perceptible gale at S.W. These -four are the only shocks, that I have been sensible of -from the 18th of November last to this date; tho' -more are said to have been felt in other parts of the -country to the northward of us.</p> - -<p>As to the duration of the great shock, people -have differed widely, viz. from 1' to 6 or 7. Our -printed accounts have generally fixed it to about 2', or -3 at the most; but as these were only the uncertain -guesses of persons, who had no rule to guess by, no -dependence can be had on them. I am well satisfied, -that with us it continued 4', or rather 4' 1-half; -taking in the whole of the time, from the first agitation -of the earth till it was become perfectly quiet; -tho' the violence of the shock did not last above half -so long. This I am assured of, partly from the observations -of some gentlemen, who were up, and looked -on their watches, when it began and ended; one of -whom tells me it was 4', and another, that it was -near 5; and partly from my own observations, which -were as follow. The preceding noon I had adjusted -both my clock and watch to the apparent time, by -a meridian line; and the following noon I found, -that the watch had kept time exactly. Being awaked -by the earthquake, I lay till the violence of it seemed -to be over for the second time, the first abatement -happening just after I waked. Till then I forbore to -rise, because the agitation was so vehement, that I -concluded it would be difficult, if not impracticable,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> -to go from the bed to the chimney, without being -thrown down; and therefore thought it best not to -attempt it. The space of time, in which I lay -awake, I cannot think to be much, if any thing, -less than 2'. This was the conjecture I formed at -that time; though, it being but conjecture, I would -not lay very great stress upon it, were it not supported -by concurring observations. On the second abatement -I rose, and lighting a candle, looked on my -watch, and found it to be 15' after four. The -shock then was not quite over, but the windows -continued rattling for about a minute longer, as near -as I can remember; for the shock went off very -gradually. As soon as I had looked on the watch, -I went directly to the clock, which was in another -chamber, that I might see whether that agreed with -the watch, and found that it was stopt at 4<sup>h</sup> 11' 35''. -Its stopping, however, was not immediately owing to -the violence of the shock, though several clocks, -and watches too, at Boston, are said to have been -stopped by it, but to the following accident: Having -some time before used a pretty long glass tube, in a -particular experiment, I had shut it up in the clock-case -for security; and this tube, being overthrown -by the earthquake, lodged against the pendulum, -and stopt its motion. By this accident, the beginning -of the earthquake, I conceive, is determined -with all the exactness, that can be desired; for, so -far as I can learn, the first shake was violent enough -to overset so tall, slender a body, and standing in a -position so near a perpendicular, as that tube; and -it was impossible for the pendulum to make one -oscillation, after the tube had struck against it. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> -I am not able to fix the end, nor consequently the -duration, with the same exactness: however, from -the time, when the clock stopt, to my looking on -the watch, it was about 3' 1-half; and the jarring -was not quite over till about a minute after this: so -that I think I speak within bounds, if I say, that this -shock with us lasted at least 4'. In other places, its -duration might possibly be different. I was careful -to note the time, when we had it, as exactly as I -could, in hopes, that, by comparing it with the like -accounts from distant places, we might be able to -judge, with a good degree of exactness, of the course -of this earthquake, the place of its origin, and the -velocity of its progress. But all the accounts of the -time, which I have yet seen, are so very lax, that -no just conclusions can be drawn from them, with -respect to either of these points. What I have been -able to collect with relation to them, I shall set -down presently.</p> - -<p>Those, who suppose the duration much shorter, as -1' 1-half, or 2', urge, that a minute is a longer space -of time than most people are aware of; which is -very true: but it should also be considered, that if -we judge the length of any space of time by the -number of ideas, which pass through our minds in -that time; a very great fright,—a fright so great, as -to take intire possession of the mind for a time, and -shut out every idea except that of the present danger, -will make us judge the time to be much shorter than -it really is. And this, I make no doubt, was the -case with many; the surprise, into which they were -thrown, being such, as to keep out every idea, except -that, which happened to strike their minds with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> -greatest force at the beginning. Thus, several perceived -no noise distinct from that, which was occasioned -by the crackling of their houses, and the disturbance -of the moveables in them; while others, -who were waked by the noise, and ran from one room -to another, have told me, that they felt nothing at -all of the shake. For this reason, the conjectures, -which persons in these circumstances made, as to the -duration of the shock, ought not to be put into -the balance with the actual observations made by -watches.</p> - -<p>The course of this earthquake seems to have been -nearly from N.W. to S.E. My neighbour before-mentioned, -who was then abroad, and informed me, -that the noise began about the N.W. told me at the -same time, that it passed off towards the S.E. and -that he heard the noise in that quarter gradually -abating, as it became more distant, for about the -same space of time after the shock was over here, as -he heard it in the N.W. before the shock began -here. Other accounts, which I have since met with, -agree with this. Those, who were in such clear -open places, could make the best judgment in this -matter; for such, as were within doors, or surrounded -with buildings, might easily be misled by the -various reflections of the sound. I am induced to -give the greater credit to this information by what -I observed myself: for a key, which was thrown -from off a shelf in my house, was found at a place -on the floor, which bore very near N.W. of the -place, from which it fell; though the situation of it -before its fall was such, that it might have been -thrown in any direction, except towards the S.E.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> - -<p>An account, which we have lately received from -the West-Indies, agrees very well with the supposition, -that our earthquake proceeded south-eastward. -The account is, that 'on the 18th of November, -about two o'clock in the afternoon, the sea withdrew -from the harbour of St. Martin's, leaving the -vessels dry, and fish on the banks, where there -used to be three or four fathom water; and continued -out a considerable time; so that the people -retired to the high land, fearing the consequence -of its return; and when it came in, it arose six -feet higher than usual, so as to overflow the low -lands. There was no shock felt at the above time.' -As this extraordinary motion of the sea happened -about 9<sup>h</sup> after our great shock, it seems very likely -to have been occasioned by the same convulsion of -the earth. Now if this earthquake went off south-eastward -into the Atlantic, it must have passed considerably -to the eastward of St. Martin's; and, in -fact, it did not reach that island, there being no -shock felt there. The motion of the sea then was -owing to a great agitation raised at a considerable -distance in some part or other of the ocean, where -the earthquake passed, and from thence propagated -to that island. Nor is the length of time greater -than what seems to be necessary for this effect. The -earthquake itself, at the rate it moved with us, would -be some hours in going from hence to the distance -of St. Martin's: for sound would be about 2¼<sup>h</sup> in -moving to such a distance; and the progress of the -earthquake was slower than that of sound, as appears -from hence, that the roar of this earthquake arrived -here near a minute before the shake. The rest of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> -the 9<sup>h</sup> might well be spent in conveying the motion -excited in the water, from the place where it was -excited, to St. Martin's; for the waves raised thereby -could not move with near the velocity of sound.</p> - -<p>It is worthy of remark, that, of the five great -earthquakes, which this country has felt since its settlement -by the English, two have gone nearly in the -same track as this last did. The first, which was on -June 2. 1638, 'came from the northward, and passed -southward.' By the description given of it, it was -very much like our late earthquake, only perhaps -not quite so violent. 'The noise and shakes of the -earthquake, October 29. 1727, seemed,' it is said, -'to come from the north-westward, and to go -off south-easterly; and so the houses seemed to -reel.' As to the great earthquakes of 1658 and -1662, we have no account of the courses, which -they went in. But, from the other three, it may -be reasonably conjectured, that the source of our -earthquakes, or the place in which they originate, -is in some part of Canada, or perhaps beyond it.</p> - -<p>The extent of this earthquake seems to have -been greater than that of any of our former earthquakes. -This province of the Massachusetts-bay, or -rather the province of New Hampshire, about the -latitude of 43° north on the sea-coast, seems to have -been the center of it, or the place of its greatest -violence, and the shake to have been less considerable -each way from hence towards the S.W. and N.E. -By the accounts we have from the S.W. the shock -was less at New York than it was with us; and still -less at Philadelphia, which is farther towards the -S.W. By the best information I can procure, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> -limit toward the S.W. was Chesopeak-bay in Maryland, -the shock having been felt on the eastern side -of that bay, and not on the western. For the other -limit toward the N.E. we are informed, that the -earthquake was felt at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia, -though in a much less degree than with us. It shook -off a few bricks from the tops of some chimnies, but -was not perceived by vessels on the water. And a -letter from Halifax says, 'The earthquake, which -happened in the W. extended itself to this place, -tho' scarcely perceivable here.' But it was not at all -felt by our army, which lay encamped at Seganecto, -about 100 miles N. from Halifax. Thus Halifax -seems to have been very near the N.E. limit. I am -not able to ascertain its eastern and western limits; -but it extended to all our back inland settlements; -and was perceived, though in a very small degree, by -our army at Lake George, distant from hence about -130 miles N. W. by W. But it was not felt at all -at the British fort of Oswego, situate on the south-eastern -shore of Lake Ontario, and distant from hence -about 230 miles W. by N. So great was the shock -in the Atlantic, 70 leagues to the E. of Cape Anne, -that the people on board a vessel there were suddenly -surprised, just at the time of our earthquake, supposing -they had run a-ground; till, on throwing over -the lead, they found they had more than 50 fathom -water. The extent of the earthquake E. and W. -from Halifax to Lake George was about 550 miles; -and its extent along the sea-coast, from N.E. to S.W. -at least 800 miles. But if the agitation of the water -at St. Martin's was occasioned by our earthquake -continued into the Atlantic, as was conjectured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> -above, its extent, in a direction toward the S. S. E. -must have been at last 1900 miles.</p> - -<p>I shall now proceed to mention the principal -effects of this earthquake, for which I can find sufficient -vouchers; for many strange things have been -related, which, upon examination, appear to be -without foundation. Besides the throwing down of -glass, pewter, and other moveables in the houses, -many chimnies were levelled with the roofs of the -houses, and many more shattered, and thrown down -in part. Some were broken off several feet below -the top, and, by the suddenness and violence of the -jerks, canted horizontally an inch or two over, so -as to stand very dangerously. Some others were -twisted, or turned round in part. The roofs of some -houses were quite broken in by the fall of chimnies; -and the gable ends of some brick buildings thrown -down, and many more cracked. Throughout the -whole country, the stone fences were more or less -thrown down. The vane upon the public market-house -in Boston was thrown down; the wooden -spindle, which supported it, about five inches in diameter, -and which had stood the most violent gusts -of wind, being snapt off. A new vane, upon one -of the churches in Boston, was bent at its spindle -two or three points of the compass; and another at -Springfield, distant about 80 miles westerly from -Boston, was bent to a right angle. A distillers cistern, -made of plank, almost new, and very strong put -together, was burst to pieces by the agitation of the -liquor in it; which was thrown out with such force, -as to break down one whole side of the shed, that -defended the cistern from the weather; as also to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span> -stave off a board or two from a fence at the distance -of eight or ten feet from it. In some parts of the -country, particularly at Pembroke and Scituate, about -25 miles S.E. from hence, there were several chasms -or openings made in the earth, from some of which -water has issued, and many cart-loads of a fine -whitish sort of sand. These are the principal effects -of this earthquake on the land, some of which argue -a very quick and violent motion of the earth. Tho' -the degree of violence was doubtless different in different -places, yet, that I might make some estimate -of it with us, I measured the greatest distance on the -ground, to which any of the bricks, which were -thrown off from the tops of my chimnies, had -reached, and found it to be 30 feet, and the height -from which they fell was 32 feet. Now since bodies -fall thro' 16 feet nearly in 1" of time; and the times, -in which they fall through other heights, are in the -subduplicate ratio of those heights; it follows, that -the velocity, wherewith those bricks were thrown -off, was that of above 21 feet in 1" of time: for -the subduplicate ratio of 32 to 16 is the same as the -simple ratio of 30 to a little more than 21. But -the velocity was less at less heights: for the key before -spoken of, as thrown from off a shelf in a -chamber in my house, was not thrown so far, in proportion -to the height thro' which it fell, as the bricks -were from the top of the chimnies; and in my lower -rooms nothing was thrown down, but a small bell -in the garret was made to ring by it. Hence it appears, -that our buildings were rocked with a kind -of angular motion, like that of a cradle; the upper -parts of them moving swifter, or thro' greater spaces<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> -in the same time, than the lower; the natural consequence -of an undulatory motion of the earth.</p> - -<p>But the agitation occasioned by this earthquake -was not confined to the land: it was very sensible -on the water, and even at considerable distances in -the ocean. The vessels in our harbours were so -shaken, that it seemed to those, who were in them, -as if they were beating on the bottom. Some, that -were in the bay, coming in from sea, thought -they had run upon rocks or sands. One very uncommon -effect of this concussion is related by several -of our seafaring men, that almost immediately -after the earthquake, large numbers of fish of different -sorts, both great and small, came up to the -surface of the water, some dead, and others dying.</p> - -<p>The center of our former earthquakes, as well as -of this, seems to have been near the river Merrimac, -about the latitude of 43° north, and 40 miles north -from hence; many shocks having been felt in that -neighbourhood, which did not extend to this place. -The late Rev. Mr. Plant of Newbury, which is situated -at the mouth of that river, has given a very -particular journal, in <i>Philos. Transact.</i> Nº. 462. of -the shocks felt there from 1727 to 1741, few of -which were perceived here or at Boston. I remember -none after the memorable 29th October 1727, -beside that on 30th January 1728, about two in the -afternoon; and that on 5th September 1732, which, -by his account, did considerable damage at Montreal -in Canada, but it was very small at Boston. That -also on 6th February 1737, about a quarter past four -in the afternoon, which he calls a considerable shock, -was perceived at Boston; and so was that on 7th<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> -December following, a little before 11 in the night. -From the conclusion of Mr. Plant's journal, till the -earthquake which is the subject of this letter, I know -of none, but that which happened on Sunday June 3, -1744, at a quarter after ten in the morning. The -roar of this was as loud as any I ever heard, but the -shake not so great. The day was very fair and hot, -with a little wind in the morning at W.S.W. which -in the afternoon came round to N.N.W. The season -preceding was hot and dry, there having been no -rain from 23d May. On the 1st June, at four in -the afternoon, Hauksbee's thermometer stood at 5,2; -on the 2d, at five in the afternoon, it was at 1, with -high wind at S.W.; on the 3d, at eight in the -morning, it was at 19,8; and at six 1-half in the -afternoon at 3,8. From the 1st June to the 2d, at -the hours just mentioned, the barometer had fallen -from 29,92 to 29,82; from which time it continued -rising till the 4th at eight in the morning, when it -was got up to 30,12; being, at the time of the earthquake, -at 29,94. The rest of the month the weather -was in general very hot, with many thunder-showers.</p> - -<p>As the late Hon. Judge Dudley, who has given a -very just account of the great earthquake of 29 Oct. -1727, in <i>Philos. Trans.</i> Nº. 437, has inserted an account -of the weather in the preceding part of that -year; and as our last earthquake happened at the -same time of the year as that did, within 8 or 9 days -(regard being had to the difference between the Julian -and Gregorian styles); I hope it will not be disagreeable, -if I give an account of our weather the last -year: in doing which, I shall follow, as near as may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> -be, Mr. Dudley's method, setting down the particulars -in corresponding columns, that so a comparison -may more easily be made between these two years.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Weather</span> in</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="weather"> - <tr><th class="br tdc">1727, O. St.</th> -<th class="tdc">1755, N. St.</th></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">January and February very moderate.</td> - -<td>January, but especially February, very moderate.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">Beginning of March, a -great deal of snow, and -some cold weather: afterwards, -pleasant, rain at -times, and once thunder -and lightning. </td> - -<td>4th of March the greatest -storm of snow we had -all winter. The whole -month colder than February.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">April, for the most part, -fair, pleasant. Plentiful -rain, beginning and end -of the month.</td> - -<td>April, nothing very remarkable. -No hot weather. -Each of these four -months afforded more snow and rain, than the -common quantity, taken -at a medium for 7 years -together.</td></tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">May, beginning, pleasant; -then a great deal of -rain; afterwards, cold and -very dry. </td> - - <td>First 20 days of May, - dry; 14 to 18 inclusive, - uncommonly hot; latter - part, frequent thunder-showers. - The whole month drier - than the medium.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">June, abundance of thunder and lightning.</td> - -<td>June, ten thunder showers; -15 to 20 inclusive, - uncommonly cool. The - driest June since 1749.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> - -July, very dry; a great deal of thunder and lightning.</td> -<td>July, seven thunder-showers, - and a little more rain than the medium.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">August, exceeding hot -and dry. One plentiful -rain.</td> - -<td>August, not very hot; - much drier than the medium.</td></tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">September, till the middle, -very hot. More hot -weather than in any summer. -Middle, a violent -north-east storm, with a -great deal of rain. </td> - - <td>September, variable; - 10 to 14 inclusive, uncommonly - hot; several - other days uncommonly - cool. Upon the whole, - the summer rather cool - than hot. The hottest - weather was in the middle - of May. No great - rains; but rather more - than the medium.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br">October, a pretty deal -of cold weather. -23, a great deal of rain, -with the S. wind. -25, at night a hard frost. -26, Winterish weather, -and a little snow. -28, Cold. Wind N.W. -29, Cold. Little wind -at N.W. Evening quite -calm, and a clear sky. </td> - -<td>October, a great deal - of cold weather. Thunder-showers - on the 13th - and 17th. Snow on the - 20th, 25th, 29th, & 30th. - But the quantity of rain - and snow in the whole - month less than the medium.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>November began with cold and wet, there falling, in the eleven first -days 3,404 inches of rain; and on the 11th in the morning there was -thunder and lightning with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> rain; and at a quarter past two in the -afternoon, the barometer was at 29,46; which was lower than it had been -since the 15th of October. From thence, till the day of the earthquake, -my diary stands thus:</p> - -<p class="center p2">November 1755.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="diary"> - -<tr><th class="br tdc bb">D. H.</th> -<th class="br bb">Barom.</th> -<th class="br bb">Hauksb. Therm.</th> -<th class="br bb tdc">Wind.</th> -<th class="br bb tdc">Weather.</th> -<th class="tdc bb">Rain, &c.</th></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr br">12 7¾ M</td> -<td class="tdr br">29,78</td> -<td class="br">63,7</td> -<td class="tdr br">W 1</td> -<td class="br">Very fair. Somewhat foggy.</td> -<td class="tdr">,003</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">2¾ E</td> -<td class="tdr br">82</td> -<td class="br">51,7</td> -<td class="tdr br">W 1</td> -<td class="br">Fair.</td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr br">13 9 M</td> -<td class="tdr br">30,14</td> -<td class="br">68</td> -<td class="tdr br">NW 2</td> -<td class="br">Very fair.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">6¼ E</td> -<td class="tdr br">21</td> -<td class="br">56,8</td> -<td class="tdr br">NNW 1</td> -<td class="br">Clear.</td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr br">14 8½ M</td> -<td class="tdr br">42</td> -<td class="br">69,4</td> -<td class="tdr br">0</td> -<td class="br">Fair.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">1½ E</td> -<td class="tdr br">45</td> -<td class="br">59</td> -<td class="tdr br">NE 2</td> -<td class="br">Very cloudy.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">8¾ E</td> -<td class="br tdr">5 </td> -<td class="br">..</td> -<td class="tdr br">NE 1</td> -<td class="br">Clear.</td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="br tdr">15 8½ M</td> -<td class="tdr br">4 </td> -<td class="br">74,6</td> -<td class="br tdr">0</td> -<td class="br">Cloudy. Hazy. White frost.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">4 E</td> -<td class="br tdr">32</td> -<td class="br">60,5</td> -<td class="br tdr">E 1</td> -<td class="br">Very fair.</td> - -<td> </td> </tr> -<tr><td class="br tdr">16 0¼ M</td> -<td class="br tdr">27</td> -<td class="br">70,8</td> -<td class="br tdr">0</td> -<td class="br">Foggy.</td> -<td> </td> </tr> - <tr><td class="br tdr">2 E</td> -<td class="br tdr">28</td> -<td class="br">59,9</td> -<td class="tdr br">N 1</td> -<td class="br">Fair.</td> -<td class="tdr">,013</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr br">9¼ E</td> -<td class="br tdr">32</td> -<td class="br">..</td> -<td class="br tdr">N 1</td> -<td class="br">Fair with clouds. Foggy.</td> -<td> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr br">17 8 M</td> -<td class="br tdr">3 </td> -<td class="br">70,1</td> -<td class="br tdr">N 1</td> -<td class="br">Cover'd. Foggy.</td> - -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="br tdr">1½ E</td> -<td class="br tdr">27</td> -<td class="br">59</td> -<td class="br tdr">E 1</td> - -<td class="br">Very fair. Evenᵍ somewhᵗ foggy.</td> - -<td class="tdr">,001</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="br tdr">18 4¼ M</td> -<td class="br tdr">17</td> -<td class="br">74,1</td> -<td class="tdr br">0</td> -<td class="br">Clear. A violent earthquake.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="br tdr">8 M </td> -<td class="br tdr">16</td> -<td class="br">78</td> -<td class="br tdr">0</td> -<td class="br">Very fair. Great white frost.</td> -<td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="br tdr">3¼ E</td> -<td class="br tdr">11</td> -<td class="br">58,3</td> -<td class="tdr br">E 1</td> -<td class="br">Very fair and hazy.</td> -<td class="tdr">,017</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr br">10 E</td> -<td class="tdr br">08</td> -<td class="br">69,1</td> -<td class="tdr br">0</td> -<td class="br">Clear. Somewhat hazy.</td> -<td> </td></tr> -</table> - -<p>From this time the barometer rose till the 20th, -when, at 8¼ M. it was up at 30,44, the sky covered, -wind N 2. Then it fell till the 23d at 6½ E, when -it was so low as 28,87; which was lower than it -had been since the 6th of February last. The afternoon -of the 22d, and night following, when we -had another shock, it was calm, and rained 1,205 -inches. This leads me to observe, that though the -<i>serenity</i>, as well as <i>calmness</i>, of the air, is a circumstance -taken notice of in many earthquakes, both in -this and in other parts of the world; yet it does<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> -not always obtain, at least in the smaller shocks, -and, so far as I have had opportunity to observe, the -<i>calmness</i> of the air has more constantly attended upon -earthquakes, than its <i>clearness</i>. The white frost on -the morning of the earthquake, which, when melted, -I found to be of the depth of <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">17</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">1000</span></span> of an inch, was -almost double of any white frost we have had for -seven years past, and about five or six times as great -as we commonly have. The barometer and thermometer -underwent no alteration at the time of the -earthquake: only, my barometer, which has an -open cistern of quicksilver, and stood in a chamber, -was so agitated, that part of the quicksilver was -dashed over the sides of the cistern, and scattered -upon the floor. This cistern was a cylindric cup, -whose sides were an inch higher than the surface of -the quicksilver.</p> - -<p>I shall not pretend to make a comparison between -the weather of the two fore-mentioned years, nor -inquire how far Mr. Dudley's conjecture (<i>Phil. Trans.</i> -Nº. 437. p. 66.), as to the influence of the weather -in producing the earthquake of 1727, might be affected -by such a comparison. I choose to leave this -to you, Sir, and to the other gentlemen of the Royal -Society, who, I know, are much better able to make -a proper judgment in this matter; and beg leave to -subscribe, with the greatest respect to that illustrious -Society and yourself,</p> - -<p class="center">Reverend Sir,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and most humble Servant,</span><br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>John Winthrop</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Cambridge <i>in</i> New -England, 10 Jan. -1756.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">II. <i>The strange Effects of some effervescent -Mixtures; in a Letter from Dr.</i> James -Mounsey, <i>Physician of the</i> Russian <i>Army, -and F.R.S. to Mr.</i> Henry Baker, <i>F.R.S. -Communicated by Mr.</i> Baker.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Moscow, Sept. 20th, 1756.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 20, 1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">MR. Butler, a paper-stainer, trying to -make some discoveries for the better -fixing of colours, was put in great danger of his -life by the following experiments:</p> - -<p>Having put into one gallipot a quarter of an ounce -of verdegris, and into another pot two leaves of false-gold -leaf, to each he poured about a spoonful of -aqua-fortis. They began immediately to ferment, -especially the gold-leaf. He was very assiduous in -stirring them, to make the solution perfect. Having -nothing else at hand, he did this with a pair of small -scissars, at arm's length, carefully turning away his -face, to prevent the fumes from entering his lungs. -He was called away, about other business, before he -had quite ended his process; and soon after washed -and shifted himself: but had scarce finished before -he felt a burning pain in the ring-finger of his right -hand, which he imputed to his having inadvertently -touched the aqua-fortis. This increased every moment, -and affected the whole hand with burning pain -and swelling, which very soon subsided; but then it -flew into the left hand, and, a few minutes afterwards, -into the insides of his legs, as if scalding water had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> -been thrown on them. His stockings being immediately -pulled off, there appeared a great many red -spots, as large as six-pences, something raised above -the skin, and all covered with very small blisters.</p> - -<p>In about two hours after the accident, I first saw -him: he was very uneasy, complaining of pain, and -great anxiety, at the pit of the stomach, as if a burning -hot iron was laid on it: so he expressed himself. -His pulse was regular, but slower and weaker than -natural: he had a nausea, and complained of a very -coppery smell and taste. I ordered some alcaline -volatile medicines, and to drink small sack-whey. -He vomited once, and had four or five stools, and -then his stomach grew easy. But the scene soon -began again with lancing pain in the left eye. He -continued the same medicines, drank plentifully of -the whey, and was kept in a breathing sweat, by -which he found some ease at night: but whenever -the sweating lessened, the burning pains returned in -broad flakes, changing from one part of the body to -the other; sometimes with shootings in his eye, and -sometimes along the penis, but he had no heat of -urine. His pulse continued regular, but weak; and -in several places of his body such kind of spots struck -out as those on his legs.</p> - -<p>Monday, the third day, in the morning, after -sleeping well, his pulse was somewhat raised, and he -continued easy till about eleven o' clock, when the -burning pains returned, shooting from place to place; -but always so superficial, that he could not distinguish -whether it was in or under the skin. Rubbing the -part affected with one's hand gave ease: but when -the sweating went off, and the burnings and shootings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> -became insufferable, I always put him into a -bath of hot water, with some wood ashes, kept -ready in the room; which gave him great relief. -This afternoon he felt violent burning pain in his -great toes, and sometimes in his left hand, with -shootings up to the shoulder. Once he cried out, -in great pain, that his shoulder was burst; for he -felt something fly out with a sort of explosion: but, -examining the part, I found nothing particular. He -observed, when the flaky burnings began, they were -as if they kindled from a point, and flashed like -lightning, as he termed it. He was very often tormented -with such pains on the pit of the stomach; -and this evening had shootings thro' the back, with -a pain in the belly. He complained of a strong sulphurous -smell, which, he said, was like to suffocate -him; tho' his breathing seemed easy, and his lungs -no way affected. In the night he was seized with -great pain about the heart, and cried out violently, -that his heart was on fire: but after taking a dose of -nervous medicines, and being put into the bath, he -was soon freed from this, and passed the rest of the -night tolerably well. At the time of such violent -attacks the pulse continued regular, but still slower -and softer than usual.</p> - -<p>Tuesday. He complained most of his toes, and -now and then burning pains in the forehead.</p> - -<p>Wednesday. This whole day it continued most -in the toes of the left foot; but in the evening the -pain on the stomach returned, which lanced to the -left side, with dartings inwardly. He became so uneasy -and restless, that I was obliged to add some opium -to the other medicines; which answered very well.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> - -<p>Thursday. The pains kept most in the toes of -the left foot.</p> - -<p>Friday. Nothing particular, except his feeling, -with sharp pain, a spark (as he called it) fly out of -his right cheek, in the same way, he said, as that, -which burst on his shoulder, but much less. He -perceived no pain in that part before this; nor any -thing after, besides a soreness, which lasted for some -days. Hitherto he had been kept in a continual -sweat: his appetite was greater than his allowance, -his digestion good; and his rest indifferent. From -this time he was not attacked by any violent symptoms; -and could be quiet, tho' he did not sweat.</p> - -<p>On Sunday he began to get out of bed; but was -often seized with glowing pains, suddenly affecting -different parts of the body; which seldom continued -an hour in one part, but shifted from place to place: -these he was troubled with, in a less degree, even -long after he went abroad.</p> - -<p>By care and watchfulness the violence of the symptoms -were kept under; and, by the use of antidotes -for poisons of the nature of what he received this -from, the disease was overcome, and the patient -recovered his perfect health and strength.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">III. <i>Extract of a Letter of</i> J. Wall, <i>M. D. -to the Rev. Dr.</i> Lyttelton, <i>Dean of</i> Exeter, -<i>and F.R.S. concerning the good Effects -of</i> Malverne <i>Waters in</i> Worcestershire.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Worcester, Dec. 22. 1756.</p> - -<p>SIR,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 20, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi noin">THE Malverne Water much deserves -encouragement, several very -extraordinary cures having been done by it lately. I -propose to make a collection of the principal, and -publish them, as an appendix to my little treatise. -Amongst other remarkable instances of their great -effects are the following, which have happened this -year. A poor woman, formerly a patient in our -infirmary for a fistulous ulcer in the hip, and another -in the groin, which penetrated the abdomen, has -received her cure there, tho' she was reduced to so -great a degree, as to be thought incurable, and sent -into the country on a milk-diet, <i>&c.</i> as the last -resource. The discharge from the sores was prodigiously -great, and so offensive, that she could -hardly be borne in a room. The water took off the -ill smell almost instantly; the discharge soon lessened, -and grew thick and well-conditioned; her hectic symptoms -went off in proportion; and, by continuing -the use of the water for five or six months, she is -cured.</p> - -<p>A woman with a phagedenic ulcer in the cheek, -throat, and nose, from an ozæna in the hollow of -the cheek-bone, received great relief this year, in -five or six weeks time; the external ulcer, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> -had almost destroyed the whole cheek, being healed -in that time, and the other parts much amended. -Her affairs would not permit her a longer continuance -at the well; but she continues the use of the -water at home, and finds great relief from it there. -I hope another season will complete the cure.</p> - -<p>Mr. Parry, of Clent, had his skin cleared, and -perfectly healed, in five weeks; tho', when he came -to the well, he was covered with an elephantiasis; -for which he had tried most of the purging waters, -and sea-water, under the direction of Dr. Russell, -without effect. So bad was he, that he could not -move a limb but the skin cracked, and ouzed out a -filthy sanies; and he left the mark of his body every -night in his bed. The waters have also had another -very surprising effect on him: for they have -been his Helicon, and converted him into a poet; -he having written a poem on the occasion, which -he shewed to Lord Foley and Dr. Dalton.</p> - -<p>I know a Lady, who, we had great reason to -fear, had an internal cancer, who has lately received -great advantage from the use of these waters, after -other things had been tried unsuccessfully.</p> - -<p>I could send many more instances; but the compass -of a letter will not admit of it: and I should -be afraid of having tired you already, did I not -know, that it must give you pleasure to hear of its -extensive utility. I am, Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">Your most obliged<br /> -<span class="margin">humble Servant,</span><br /> -<span class="margina"><big>J. Wall</big>.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">IV. <i>An Account of the</i> Carlsbad <i>Mineral -Waters in</i> Bohemia: <i>In a Letter to the -Right Honourable the Earl of</i> Macclesfield, -<i>President of the R. S. by the Rev.</i> -Jeremiah Milles, <i>D.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -My Lord, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 20, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi noin">MR. Watson having favoured the -Society with an Account of Dr. -Sprengsfeld's treatise on the Carlsbad waters, I have -taken the liberty to submit to your Lordship some -observations on the same subject, which I made -during my stay in that place; together with some -specimens of different sorts of incrustations, which -are formed by those waters.</p> - -<p>Carlsbad is a small town, situated on the confines -of Bohemia, at the distance of 14 German, or 28 -French, leagues west of Prague. It is remarkable for -its warm mineral springs, which are said to have -been accidentally discovered, in the year 1370, by the -Emperor Charles the IVth, as he was hunting; from -whom they received their present name of Carlsbad, -or Charles's bath. These waters soon growing into -repute, occasioned the building of a small neat town, -consisting chiefly of houses calculated for the accommodation -of the company, who frequent this place -in the summer time. There are two warm springs, -which rise in the middle of the town, very near each -other: and tho' they are supposed to be of the same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> -quality, yet, as one is much warmer, it is thought -likewise to be more efficacious than the other. The -former of these, called the Brudel, rises very near -the bed of the small river Tepel which runs thro' -the middle of the town, and is sometimes overflowed -by it. The water issues with great force from the -bottom of this spring, rising in a considerable body -to the height of six feet perpendicular; and would -force itself much higher, if it were confined within -a narrower compass. The spring is inclosed with -a square wall, within which are fixed three wooden -pipes, which convey the water from the bottom of -the spring into a reservoir; which distributes it into -a number of small troughs, communicating with the -several bathing-houses, which are built on both sides -of the river for the use of the patients. This spring -is so impetuous, that they are obliged to pave and -ramm the bed of the river, lest it should force itself -up in the channel: and I observed one place on the -river side, where it had burst thro' the rock; and -they had been obliged to confine it, by fastening -down a large stone on the orifice.</p> - -<p>The water of this spring is so hot, that you -cannot bear your hand in it; and the inhabitants -make use of it for scalding their pigs and their -poultry.</p> - -<p>The water, when put into a glass, has a bluish -cast, not unlike that of an opal: and tho' I could -not discover, that in 24 hours it had deposited the -least sediment, yet there was a thin whitish scum -collected on the surface; and I observed the same in -the baths, where it was much thicker; and was of -the colour, and almost of the consistence, of a wafer.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> -It has a salt taste when first taken from the water, -and is made use of by the inhabitants for cleaning -of teeth and scouring silver: it is called Baden -Flaum.</p> - -<p>Tho' this water does not deposit any sediment, -yet it is remarkable for the speedy and strong incrustation -of all bodies, which are put into it. Little -plaister figures are sold here, on purpose to verify the -experiment; which, tho' perfectly white when put -into the spring, are, in eight-and-forty hours, entirely -covered with a yellow incrustation. The same -effect is observed on the pipes and channels, thro' -which the water is conveyed. If care were not taken -to clean them four or five times a year, they would -be intirely choaked up; and in some parts, where it -has not been necessary to clean them so often, I have -seen them covered with an incrustation two inches -thick. In surrounding and covering these wooden -pipes, they do not change the nature of the wood; -but it is observable, that they add great hardness and -solidity to it: so that it is affirmed a piece of deal will -last a hundred years in this water. The head spring -is cleared out once in 30 or 40 years, with a very -great expence: at which time they are obliged to -break off all the stony incrustation, which had been -made by the water since the last cleaning; and if -neglected would (as it has sometimes actually done) -choak the passages, and oblige the spring to find -vent in some other place. The incrustations formed -by these waters are of different kinds: that, which -is made in the troughs and pipes, thro' which the -water is conveyed after it comes above ground, is of -a light sandy nature, of a loose contexture, and a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> -bright yellow. It is used by the inhabitants as a -gentle corrosive for eating off proud flesh. There is -another of a darker colour, and a much harder nature, -which is found at the very mouth of the spring, where -it bursts out of the rock. There are other sorts taken -out of the subterraneous cavities of the spring at the -time it was cleaned. In what manner they are formed, -is not so easy to determine; unless there were an opportunity -of observing in what manner and direction -they lie within the spring. They seem to be an alabastrine -spar, and are beautifully marked with strait -veins of different colours, which may be supposed to -have received their tinge from the different colour of -the spring-water at the time when this sediment, or -rather scum, was formed upon it. They find pieces -of this kind most beautifully variegated; and some of -them large enough, by fineering to make tables: -these polish very well, and are not much inferior to -jasper in appearance. It is a part of the manufacture -of the place, to work this sort of stone into -snuff-boxes, cane-heads, and sleeve-buttons.</p> - -<p>There is likewise another sort of incrustation different -from all these, which was found some years -ago, in digging for the foundations of the new parish-church, -which is about 300 yards distant from the -Brudel spring. They found there the same kind of -water; but it did not rise with so great force as in -the other spring: and they discovered in the cavities -large masses of a stony concretion, which were a -sort of pisolithi, most of them in a globular, but -some in an oval form, from the smallest size to the -bigness of a nutmeg; the former sort lying in masses, -the latter generally single and detached: they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> -perfectly white, hard, and smooth, and appear to -consist of a great number of lamellæ formed round -a small nucleus. This sort of incrustation has been -found in no other place; but there are some of a -browner sort, and more irregular shapes, which are -taken out of the Brudel.</p> - -<p>The medicinal virtues of these waters have <span class="err" title="original: been been">been -</span> treated of by German authors. They are -esteemed to be particularly efficacious in removing -obstructions, and in cases of the stone and gravel; -of which the treatise lately produced to the Society -contains many remarkable proofs. They are much -frequented in these and in other cases; so that they -have generally 200 persons in a season drinking the -waters. The season begins in May, and ends in -August. They drink them in the following method. -They begin with a purge; and assist its -operation with ten or twelve chocolate-cups of the -water, taken within five minutes of each other. The -day following they take the waters in the same quantity, -and at the same intervals, keeping themselves all -the time in a warm room; which, with the warmth -of the waters, occasions a most plentiful perspiration. -This is repeated for seven or eight days, increasing -daily two or three cups of the water, till they come -to drink 25 or 30 cups a day. The operation continues -from eight of the clock in the morning till -noon. Some bleed once in the middle of the course, -others not at all. After they have finished this course -of drinking, they bathe two days successively, continuing -in the bath half an hour, or longer, as their -strength permits them, or their case requires. This -is the whole course; which is repeated two or three<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> -times, or oftener, as they find necessary. The whole -is concluded with a gentle purge, tho' the waters -themselves are of a laxative nature.</p> - -<p>There is another spring in the town of the same -nature, but not so warm, as the Brudel: it is called -the Mill-spring, and is only tepid. Those of a warm -or weak constitution make use of this instead of the -other, both for drinking and bathing.</p> - -<p>There are likewise several chalybeat springs in the -neighbourhood of Carlsbad; one at half a mile, and -the other at two leagues distance from the town. -Both of them seem to resemble the water of the -Pohun spring at Spa; but are not near so strong. -They do not use them medicinally on the spot; but -they are brought to Carlsbad, and sold, in order to -be drank with their wine. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -My Lord,<br /> -<span class="margin">With the greatest respect,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">Your Lordship's</span><br /> -<span class="margin">Most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>Jeremiah Milles</big>.</span> -</p> - -<p class="noin">Grosvenor-street, -Jan. 19th, 1757.</p> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -V. <i>An Essay towards ascertaining the specific -Gravity of living Men. By Mr.</i> John -Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> - </div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 27, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">SOME time last autumn I had occasion -to draw up a few examples on -the use of a table of the specific gravities and weights<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> -of some bodies. Among other things, that occurred -then to me, I thought it might be useful to know -the specific gravity of men. In order to make some -experiments on this subject, I got a cistern made, of -78 inches in length, 30 inches wide, and 30 inches -deep: it was constructed as near a parallelopiped as -the workman could, to prevent tedious operations in -computing the horizontal sections of the cistern by -the surface of the water. I then endeavoured to find -ten persons, such as I proposed to make the experiments -withal; namely, two of six feet high, two -of five feet ten inches, two of five feet eight inches, -two of five feet six inches, and two of five feet four -inches. One of each height I proposed should be a -fat man, and the other a lean one; but I could not -succeed in procuring such men; and, after waiting -till near the middle of October, I was obliged to put -up with such, as would submit themselves to the experiment -at that season of the year. They were all -labouring men, belonging to the ordinary of Portsmouth -yard, and, except one or two of them, who -were middling sized men, were for the most part -very thin and slim made persons. I had also provided -a sliding measure to take their heights, and -scales to weigh them in. Every thing being prepared, -each man stript himself in an adjoining room, -and put on a pair of trowsers for decency's sake: his -height was first taken, then his weight, and then he -immersed (fortified with a large dram of brandy). -A ruler, graduated to inches, and decimal parts of an -inch, was fixed to one end of the cistern, and the -height of the water noted before a man went in, -and to what height it rose when he ducked himself<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> -under its surface; and of these several observations -is the following table composed.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="observations"> - -<tr><th class="bt bl br">Nº.</th> -<th class="bt bl br" colspan="2">Heights.</th> - -<th class="bt br bl">Wt.</th> -<th class="bt br bl">Ht. Water before immersed.</th> -<th class="bt br bl">Ht. Water when immersed.</th> -<th class="bt br bl">Water raised.</th> -<th class="bt br bl">Solidity.</th> -<th class="bt br bl">Weight Water.</th></tr> - -<tr><td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl">Ft.</td> -<td class="bb br">In.</td> -<td class="bb br bl">Pds.</td> -<td class="bb br bl tdc">Inches.</td> -<td class="bb br bl tdc">Inches.</td> -<td class="bb br bl tc">Inches.</td> -<td class="bb br bl"> </td> -<td class="bb br bl tdc">Pounds.</td> </tr> - - <tr><td class="br bl tdr">1</td> -<td class="tdr bl">6</td> -<td class="br tdr">02</td> - <td class="br bl">161</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">19,30</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">21,20</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">1,90</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">2,573</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">160,8</td> </tr> - - <tr><td class="br bl tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr bl">5</td> - <td class="br tdr">10⅜</td> - <td class="br bl">147</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">19,25</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">21,16</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">1,91</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">2,586</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">161,6</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl bb tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl bb">5</td> - <td class="br tdr bb">9½</td> -<td class="br bl bb">156</td> - <td class="br bl bb tdc">19,21 </td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">21,06</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">1,85</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">2,505</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">156,6</td> </tr> - - <tr><td class="br bl bt tdr">4</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">5</td> -<td class="br tdr bt">6¾</td> -<td class="br bl bt">140</td> -<td class="br bl bt tdc">19,17</td> -<td class="br bl bt tdc">21,21</td> - -<td class="br bl bt tdc">2,04</td> -<td class="br bl bt tdc">2,763</td> -<td class="br bl bt tdc">172,6</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl tdr">5</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5</td> -<td class="br tdr">5⅞</td> -<td class="br bl">158</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">19,13</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">21,21</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,08</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,817</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">176,0</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl bb tdr">6</td> -<td class="tdr bl bb">5</td> -<td class="br tdr bb">5½</td> -<td class="br bl bb">158</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">19,09</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">21,26</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">2,17</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">2,939</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">183,7</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl bt tdr">7</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">5</td> -<td class="br tdr bt">4⅜</td> -<td class="br bl bt">140</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">19,05</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">21,06</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,01</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,722</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">170,1</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl tdr">8</td> - -<td class="tdr bl">5</td> -<td class="br tdr">3⅛</td> -<td class="br bl">132</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">19,01</td> - <td class="br bl tdc">20,86</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">1,85</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,505</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">156,6</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="br bl tdr">9</td> -<td class="tdr bl">5</td> -<td class="br tdr">4⅛</td> -<td class="br bl">121</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">18,97</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">20,76</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">1,79</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">2,424</td> -<td class="br bl tdc">151,5</td> </tr> - -<tr><td class="bb br bl tdr">10</td> -<td class="bb tdr bl">5</td> -<td class="bb br tdr">3¼</td> -<td class="bb br bl">146</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">18,93</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">20,66</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">1,73</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">2,343</td> -<td class="br bl bb tdc">146,4 </td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="noin">In making of these experiments, I remarked some -inconveniencies, which I did not at first advert to, -and which, at that time, I could not prevent. I intended, -that each man should have got gently into -the water, immersed himself all but his head, and so -have staid until the motion of the water had ceased; -then he was suddenly to have ducked his head under, -and have continued to a few seconds of time, until I -had noted the rise of the water; and, after his leaving -the cistern, another was not to go in until the -water was free from motion. Could these things -have been done, as I projected, I could have -recommended the foregoing table as sufficiently complete: -but I must observe, that beside the men's being -of different sizes from what I had desired, they were -in too much haste to be dismissed (with another dram<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> -after dressing); so that the water was not quite still -when they got into the cistern: neither could I persuade -all of them to lay themselves down gently, -much less to keep their heads under water so long a -time as one second: so that, in most of the observations, -the surface of the water was far from being -quite so still, as to render the measures perfectly exact, -I being obliged to catch them, as it were, by -taking the mean height between the librations. Moreover, -the great area of the cistern was no inconsiderable -bar to the accuracy I expected. However, -as I do not recollect experiments of this kind any-where -recorded, these, perhaps, may give some satisfaction -to such persons, who may have the curiosity -to desire some knowlege on this subject. Were I to -make any more observations of this kind, I would -chuse an upright parallelopiped, not above 18 or 20 -inches in the side of the square; into which the person -should let himself down by steps nailed to the -side: for in so small an area the motion of the water -would sooner subside; neither would the librations -be any thing near so large as on a smaller surface.</p> - -<p>One of the reasons, that induced me to make -these experiments, was a desire of knowing what -quantity of fir or oak timber would be sufficient to -keep a man afloat in river or sea water, thinking -that most men were specifically heavier than river or -common fresh water; but the contrary appears from -these trials: for, excepting the first and last, every -man was lighter than his equal bulk of fresh water, -and much more so than his equal bulk of sea-water: -consequently, could persons, who fall into water, -have presence of mind enough to avoid the fright<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> -usual on such accidents, many might be preserved -from drowning; and a piece of wood, not larger -than an oar, would buoy a man partly above water -so long as he had spirits to keep his hold. Some -things herein advanced will perhaps more readily appear -from the following relation.</p> - -<p>The Lords of the Admiralty have appointed, for -the exercise of the scholars belonging to the royal -academy at Portsmouth, a small yacht; wherein, -during the summer months, those young gentlemen -are taught the practice of working a vessel at sea, -under the directions of one of the master-attendants, -assisted by eight or ten seamen. The last time this -yacht was out, which was about the beginning of -last October, one of the scholars was ordered to -heave the lead. The youth was about thirteen years -old, small of his age, and far from being fat; as he -was stepping on the gunnel, he fell over-board: the -sea was rough, and the yacht had great way; so that -he was presently at a considerable distance from the -vessel. The skiff was immediately let down; but -the painter not being fast, the rope run an end, and -the skiff went adrift. One of the seamen jumpt -over-board, got into the boat, brought her along-side -the vessel, took in another man, and then went -after the youth, whom they recovered, after he had -been in the water more than half an hour. The -young gentleman, relating the affair, said, that as he -could swim very little, and judging he should sink -if he strove against the waves, he turned on his -back, and committed himself to their mercy. He -kept himself perfectly calm; and observed, when a -wave was likely to break over him, to hold his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> -breath, and to spurt out the water forced into his -mouth. His hat, which happened to be tied by a -piece of string to one of his coat button-holes, he -often held up with his hand, as a signal where he -was. Just before the boat came up to him he began -to be faint, his eyes became dim, and he thought -himself on the verge of sinking. This youth, who, by -his prudence, saved himself from drowning, must, -at that time, have been specifically lighter than -water.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -VI. <i>An Instance of the Gut</i> Ileum, <i>cut thro' by -a Knife, successfully treated by Mr.</i> Peter -Travers, <i>Surgeon, at</i> Lisbon. <i>Communicated -by</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -Lisbon, August 3d, 1756. -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 27, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">ANtonia Josée da Costa, one of the -King's messengers, was attacked -by two men, and, after receiving two blows on the -head, was stabbed with a knife in the right hypogastric -region, about three fingers breadth above -the os pubis; the external wound being larger, as -the knife was drawn obliquely towards the navel, -and might be an inch and half in length, the perforation -thro' the peritonæum about three quarters of -an inch; the intestine ileum hanging out about ten -or twelve inches, and quite pierced thro', the wound -in the gut being large enough to admit my fore finger. -After clearing the grumous blood with warm<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> -water and Hungary water, the uninterrupted suture -was made on both perforations; then dilating the -common integuments of the belly, the intestine was -reduced, leaving the ends of the two threads at the -superficies of the wound; and the external incision -was sewed up by the interrupted suture, and common -dressings of lint and bandage applied. A clyster -was given him immediately after the above operation, -of oil of olives, the yolk of an egg, and warm -water.</p> - -<p>4th. This day I found he had passed in the most -excruciating pains, attended with continual vomitings: -his fever very high, pulse full and irregular: -he was bled ten ounces this morning, and the like -quantity this evening. The clysters were continued -thrice a day, with a decoction of wormwood and -camomile instead of the warm water, and an anodyne -mixture of mint-water, liquid laudanum, and -sugar, to be taken occasionally; also three ounces of -syrup of rhubarb, with an ounce of the fresh-drawn -oil of sweet almonds, to be taken, a common spoonful -every two hours.</p> - -<p>5th. The bleedings were continued twice this day, -three ounces each time, and the clysters were administered -as yesterday. His pulse and fever very -high; he vomited some excrements; and towards -night complained of a singultus.</p> - -<p>6th. His bleedings and clysters were continued as -before. Finding his singultus and vomiting so very -troublesome, I ordered him Dr. Huxham's tincture -of the bark; which was taken, a tea-spoonful, six -times a day, in a little mint-water; which indeed -<span class="err" title="original: greaty">greatly</span> relieved him: his singultus and vomiting became -less frequent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p> - -<p>7th. I found his skin moist, and pulse softened. I -remained with him about an hour, and found a -plentiful perspiration throughout the body; on which -I omitted his bleedings: the clysters were continued; -and towards night he had a proper discharge -by stool, very fœtid, and inspissated.</p> - -<p>8th. I found, for the first time, he had slept last -night, and seemed much in spirits: the symptomatic -fever something lessened; and he had purged last -night, and this day, eight times.</p> - -<p>9th. He had five stools; his neausea much abated; -and a gentle diaphoresis continued.</p> - -<p>10th. The singultus ceased; his vomiting very -little; his pulse low, accelerated, and thread-like in -its stroke; his purging violent; and he greatly complained -of a most acute pain of the wounded parts. -A paper of the following absorbent powders was -given him every three hours in rice-water. Crabs-eyes -and red coral prepared, of each one drachm, -crude opium two grains: these were made for three -doses, and given as above.</p> - -<p>11th. He slept well; less pain; pulse more equal; -his diarrhæa much the same.</p> - -<p>12th. The threads, with which I had made the -suture of the intestine, came out of themselves: the -wound well-conditioned; fever very little; his diarrhæa -rather increased. He sent for me in the evening, -being much alarmed, as he thought some liquids -he had taken to have passed thro' the wounded -parts.</p> - -<p>13th. Yesterday he complained of great pains in -his belly: the discharge from his wound was laudable -matter, and in good quantity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p> - -<p>14th. He rested well, and was seemingly well -beyond expectation. His diarrhæa still continuing -troublesome, he took the hartshorn decoction, with -an addition of diascordium.</p> - -<p>15th. I cut off the threads of the external wound, -and continued dressings of digestive in the common -method.</p> - -<p>16th. He grew visibly better each day after; and -on Sept. 7th I discharged him from any further attendance, -his wound being intirely healed over, and -he is in all respects very well, free from pain, or any -inconvenience from the wound. He was kept seven -and twenty days on chicken-broth, and never admitted -to use any solids during that time: afterwards -he was indulged with young chickens, &c.</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">VII. <i>An Account of a Visitation of the leprous -Persons in the Isle of</i> Guadaloupe: <i>In a -Letter to Mons.</i> Damonville, <i>Counsellor and -Assistant-Judge at</i> Martinico, <i>and in the -Office of King's Physician at</i> Guadaloupe. -<i>By</i> John Andrew Peyssonel, <i>M.D. F.R.S. -Translated from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 3, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Received the letter, which you honoured -me with, and the order for -visiting the persons afflicted with the leprosy. I was -sensible of the misfortune of being ordered upon that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span> -commission: I say misfortune; for such you will -perhaps think it, when you have read this letter.</p> - -<p>It is now about 25 or 30 years since a very particular -disease shewed itself in many persons in this -island Grande Terre. Its beginning is imperceptible: -there appear but a few livid-red spots upon the skins -of the white people, and of a yellowish red upon -the blacks. These spots in the beginning are not -accompanied with pain, or any other symptom; but -nothing can take them away. The disease increases -insensibly, and continues several years in shewing itself -more and more. These spots increase, and extend -indifferently over the skin of the whole body. -Sometimes they are a little prominent, but flat. -When the disease makes a progress, the upper part -of the nose swells, the nostrils are enlarged, the nose -becomes softened; tuberosities appear upon the -cheek-bones; the eyebrows are inflated; the ears -grow thick; the ends of the fingers, and even the -feet and toes, swell; the nails become scaly; the -joints of the feet and hands separate and mortify: -ulcers of a deep and of a dry nature are found in the -palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which -grow well, and return again. In short, when the -disease is in its last stage, the patient becomes frightful, -and falls to pieces. All these symptoms come -on by very slow degrees, one after another, and sometimes -require many years to shew themselves: the -patient is sensible of no sharp pain; but feels a kind -of numbness in his hands and feet. These people -perform their natural functions all the while, eating -and drinking as usual: and even when the mortification -has taken off the fingers and toes, the only ill<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> -consequence, that attends, is the loss of those parts, -that drop off by the mortification; for the wound -heals of itself, without any application: but when it -comes to its last period, the poor sick persons are horribly -deformed, and truly worthy of compassion.</p> - -<p>This shocking disease is observed to have several -other unhappy characters; as, 1st, that it is hereditary, -and that some families are more apt to be seized -with it than others: 2dly, that it is infectious, being -communicated <i>per coitum</i>, and also caught by keeping -company with those so diseased: 3dly, that it is -incurable, or at least that no remedy has yet been -found to cure it. They have in vain tried mercurials, -sudorifics, and every other regimen used in -venereal complaints, under a notion, that this leprosy -was the consequence of some venereal taint: but, -instead of being of service, these methods rather -served to destroy the patients; for, far from lessening -the disease, the antivenereal medicines unlocked the -distemper, the most dreadful symptoms appeared, -and all those so treated perished some years sooner -than the others, who did not take these medicines.</p> - -<p>A very just fear of being infected with this cruel -distemper; the difficulty of examining infected persons -before the disease came to its state; the length -of time of its lying concealed, by the care of the -patients to keep it secret; the uncertainty of the -symptoms, which distinguish it in the beginning; -produced an extraordinary dread in all the inhabitants -of this island. They inspected one another, since virtue -and merit had no shelter from this cruel scourge. -They called this distemper the leprosy; and consequently -presented several memoirs to the generals and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> -intendants, laying before them all these facts above-mentioned; -their just apprehensions; the public -good; the trouble, that this distrust caused in this -colony; the complaints and hatred, that these accusations -occasioned among them; the laws made -formerly against such leprous persons, and their expulsion -from civil society. They required a general -visitation of all persons suspected of this distemper, -that such, as were found infected, might be removed -into particular hospitals, or into some separate -places.</p> - -<p>These memorials were sent to court, which, giving -due attention to these just representations, issued orders -for the required visitations in the most convenient -manner, for the good of the public and of the -state.</p> - -<p>In the mean time, the post of physician-botanist -become vacant in the island of Cayenne. The minister -was pleased to name me for it; and altho' this -island was much more fertile in philosophical discoveries -than all the others, he thought proper to -change my destination, and sent me to this isle -Guadaloupe; and did not forget the article of the -leprosy in my instructions.</p> - -<p>When I arrived at Martinico in 1727, Monsieur -Blondel de Juvencourt, then intendant of the French -isles, communicated to me both the orders of the -court, and all the memoirs, that related to this -affair. A tax was then laid upon the Negroes of the -inhabitants of the Grande Terre, to raise a necessary -fund for this visitation, thus made at the expence of -the colony; and Mons. le Mercier Beausoleil was -chosen treasurer of this fund.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> - -<p>Being arrived at Guadaloupe, the Count de Moyencourt, -and Mons. Mesnier, ordinator and subdelegate -to this intendance, communicated to me the order -of the general and intendant. I began then to inform -myself of the necessary instructions for acquiting -myself of this dangerous commission, the disagreeable -consequences of which I easily foresaw. I -had so often heard of these leprous spots, that I -judged it necessary to know, whether what was said -was true: for I could not comprehend, that a disease, -which has so dreadful an end, and the symptoms -then so terrible, should continue ten or fifteen -years without any other appearance than these simple -spots; which, in themselves, had nothing very bad. -I demanded an inquest to be made, in order to satisfy -myself of this fact: several surgeons, as practitioners, -and several honest inhabitants, as observers, were accordingly -called together, who all proved the same -fact in this inquest; which you, Sir, may, and must, -have seen in the register of the subdelegation of this -island. I am, most sincerely,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -<br /> -Your most humble and obedient Servant, -<br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>Peyssonel</big>.</span> -</p> - -<p class="noin">August 10. 1748.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Result</em></span> <i>of the</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Visitation</em></span>.</h3> - -<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapb"><span class="dropfix">1st,</span> N</span>ONE of the patients, whom we visited, had -any fever; and they all declared, that they -found no inconvenience nor pain; but, on the contrary, -eat, drank, and slept well, performing every<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> -natural function; which was proved by their plumpness, -which appeared even when the disease was -most confirmed.</p> - -<p>2. The disease began to shew itself in the Negroes -by reddish spots, a little raised, upon the skin, -being a dry kind of tetter, neither branny nor scabbed, -and without any running, but of a livid-red, and -very ill-conditioned. The Negroes sometimes bring -these spots with them from their own country. The -spots are constantly found upon every person troubled -with this disease; and are in greater numbers, in proportion -as the disease grows more inveterate.</p> - -<p>3. Among the whites the disease shews itself -at the beginning by spots of a livid violet colour, -without pain; which are followed by little watery -bladders, particularly upon the legs, which burst, -and leave small ulcers with pale edges, and different -in their natures from the common ulcers.</p> - -<p>4. In proportion as the disease increased, the hands -and feet grew larger, without any signs of inflammation; -since neither redness, nor pain, nor any -oedematous appearance accompanied it; but it was -the very flesh, that increased in bulk. And this -growth of the hands and feet was not attended with -any sharp pain, but only a kind of numbness.</p> - -<p>5. This bloated state of the hands and feet was -succeeded by white deep ulcers under the skin, -which became callous and insensible; and which -emitted only a clear serous matter like water, and -were but little painful. Afterwards the ends of the -fingers became dry, the nails became scaly, and, I -don't know how, they were eaten away; the ends -of the fingers dropt off; then the joints separated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> -without pain, and the wounds cicatrized of themselves, -without the least need of medicines. In the -increase of the distemper hardnesses and lumps were -formed in the flesh, the colour became tarnished, -the nose swelled, and the nostrils grew wide: at last -the nose softened like paste, the voice became hoarse, -the eyes round and brilliant, the forehead covered -with tetters and lumps, as well as the face; the eye-brows -became very large, the countenance was horrible, -the breath fœtid, the lips swelled, large tubercles -were formed under the tongue; the ears grew -thick and red, and hung down; and, such was the -insensibility of all the parts, that we run pins thro' -the hands of several, without their feeling any thing -of it. In short, we were assured, that these people -perished by degrees, falling into a mortification; and -the limbs dropt off of themselves, without any considerable -pain, continuing still to perform well their -natural functions.</p> - -<p>6. These leprous people lived thus easy, if I may -be allowed the expression, for several years, even -fifteen or twenty; for the disease begins insensibly, -and shews itself but very slowly.</p> - -<p>7. Antivenereal remedies, which were ordered for -almost every patient we saw, were of no service: -if they sometimes palliated some symptoms, they -very often hastened the progress of the disease: besides, -we never found the parts of generation at all -infected, nor any thing, that looked like the pox -about them.</p> - -<p>8. Some of these people had indeed particular -symptoms. In some the hair fell off; which was -replaced by a finer kind: in others, worms were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> -found in their ulcers: want of sleep, or frightful -dreams, afflicted some; while others quite lost their -voice, or it became effeminate like that of eunuchs; -and others, we found, stunk extremely.</p> - -<p>9. Almost all of them, being desirous of concealing -their disorders, endeavored to deceive us, by -alleging false excuses for the causes of their sores -and ulcers: the greater part of them pretended, that -the rats had eaten off their toes, and that burns had -caused their ulcers. These were the figures, that -every where presented to us.</p> - -<p>10. We were confirmed in our opinions by experience, -supported by verbal process, that this was the -state of the diseased; that the distemper could neither -be the pox, nor the effect of an inveterate one: -that it had no symptom of that disease; but that it -had every character of what the ancients called leprosy, -elephantiasis, or such other names, as they -were pleased to give it. So that we do not hesitate -to pronounce, that those infected with this disease, -as we have described it, ought to be treated as leprous -persons, and subject to the ordinances, which his -majesty was pleased to issue against such persons.</p> - -<p>11. Again, we are well assured, from our observations, -that the distemper is contagious, and hereditary; -and yet the contagion is not so active, nor -poisonous, as that of the plague, small-pox, nor even -as the ring-worm, itch, scald, and other cutaneous -disorders: for, if that were the case, the American -colonies would be utterly destroyed; and these persons -so infected, mixed as they are in every habitation, -would have already infected all the Negroes, -whom they come near.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> - -<p>12. We believe, that this contagion does not take -place but by long frequenting the company of the -infected, or by carnal knowlege. Besides, we have -observed, that even such long frequenting, or cohabiting -with them, are not always sufficient to communicate -the disease; because we have seen women -cohabit with their husbands, and husbands with their -wives, in the distemper, while one is sound, and the -other infected. We see families communicate and -live with leprous persons, and yet never be infected; -and thus, altho' experience, and the information of -the sick, prove the contagion, we are of opinion, -that there must be a particular disposition in people -to receive the poison of the leprosy.</p> - -<p>13. As to what regards the distemper's being hereditary, -it is assuredly so. We have seen intire families -infected; and almost every child of a leprous -father or mother fall insensibly into the leprosy; and -yet, in several other families, we have seen some -children sound, and others tainted; the father has -died of the disease, and the children grew old without -any infection: so that, tho' it is certainly hereditary, -yet we believe it is of the same nature with -those in families troubled with the consumption, -gravel, and other hereditary distempers; which are -transmitted from father to son, without being so -very regular, as to affect every one of the family.</p> - -<p>14. We could never find out any certain rule of -judging, at what age the disease shews itself first in -those, who were begotten by infected parents: but -we have, as far as we could, observed, with regard -to women or girls, that the symptoms begin with -the menses, and continue slightly till they have lain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> -in of one or two children: but that then more visible, -and indeed more cruel, symptoms appeared. As to -men, or infants, there is no rule to know it in them.</p> - -<p>15. For the explanation of the causes, symptoms, -and what we think the most likely means of cure, -we refer to a particular dissertation. Let it suffice -here to observe, that we do not imagine, that the -air, water, or manner of living, can produce it; for we -have found as many sick in the low marshy places, -as in more airy saline places: and if many Negroes -were infected in the Grand Terre, where they drink -the foul waters of ponds and lakes, we see an equal -number ill in places, where they have fresh rivers and -running waters; but they may prove proper causes -for unlocking, and disposing persons to receive, the -disease.</p> - -<p>16. We believe, and are persuaded, that the origin -of this disease among the Negroes comes from -Guinea: for almost all the Negroes from the country -told us they came from thence with these reddish -spots, the first and certain signs of the distemper -begun.</p> - -<p>17. As to the infected Whites and Mulattoes of -this island, we were informed, that the disease was -not known among the Whites till about 25 or 30 -years ago; when, out of charity, they received a -miserable object from the island of St. Christoper's, -whose name was Clement; who, about the year -1694, fled hither. It was the family of the Josselins, -called the Chaloupers, that protected him; which -family, as also that of the Poulins, we found infected -by communication with this sick man, as old Poulin -declared to us.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> - -<p>It is thought, that others were infected by communication -with the Negro women, especially in -the beginning, when the disease is much concealed, -at a time when they did not mistrust one another; -which is very probable, since we saw many -Mulatto children, born of female Negroes, infected -and leprous.</p> - -<p>18. However this be, this distemper has had its -progress; and in this visitation, which we made, we -examined 256 suspected persons; that is, 89 Whites, -47 free Mulattoes, and 120 Negroes: among whom -we found 22 Whites, 6 Mulattoes, and 97 Negroes, -infected with the leprosy, amounting to 125. There -were six Whites and five Negroes more, whom we -could not visit, for reasons set forth in the verbal -process. The remaining persons, which were 131, -appeared to us very sound: not that we can answer -for the consequences, especially with respect to the -children, who are the offspring of leprous persons; -whether declared such by us, or dead before the visitation, -suspected of infection.</p> - -<p>This is the opinion, declaration, and result of the -visitation made by us, the physicians and surgeon -appointed for that purpose. At Basseterre, the day -above-mentioned.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Peyssonel.</span></p> -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Lemoine.</span></p> -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Moulon.</span></p> - -<p>A second visitation was made in October 1748.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">VIII. <i>An Account of the late Discoveries of -Antiquities at</i> Herculaneum; <i>in an Extract -of a Letter from</i> Camillo Paderni, -<i>Keeper of the</i> Herculanean Museum, <i>and -F.R.S. to</i> Thomas Hollis, <i>Esq; dated</i> -Naples, Dec. 16, 1756.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 10, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IT is probable, that the first volume -of antique paintings will be published -at Easter; in which there will be fifty copper-plates, -with observations by the academy lately established -here for illustrating the antiquities.</p> - -<p>Two volumes of the ancient papyrus have been -unrolled. One treats of <i>rhetoric</i>, and the other is -upon <i>music</i>; and both are written by the same author, -Philodemus. Il Signor Canonico Mazzocchi, -a very learned gentleman of this city, is now translating -them from the Greek. There are two persons -constantly employed in unrolling other volumes.</p> - -<p>In the month of April were found two fine busts -of women, the subjects unknown. Also a young -stag, of excellent workmanship, upon a base. The -height of it, from the feet to the top of the head, -is three palms and a half. Likewise its companion; -but broken in many pieces; which however I hope -to restore.</p> - -<p>In May, a small young hog.</p> - -<p>In October, a female statue, of middling workmanship. -Also a Silenus, a palm and three inches -high, standing upon a square base raised upon three<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> -rows of steps, which are supported at the angles by -lions claws. He has a bald head, a long curled -beard, a hairy body, and naked feet. The drapery -about him is loose and flowing: the fore-finger of -each hand is extended, and all the rest are closed. -From his back arises a branch above the head, where -it divides into two, which, twisting their foliage -round it, fall and spread themselves below the shoulders, -on each of which a stand is placed to fix a -lamp. In the middle, betwixt the extremities of -these two small branches, is a bird resembling a parroquet. -The whole of this figure is in a very good -taste. All these things above-mentioned are of -bronze.</p> - -<p>In November was discovered a beautiful marble -Terminus, of Greek workmanship, as big as the life. -It is drest in a chlamys; has a young countenance; -and the head is covered with a Grecian helmet.</p> - -<p>Many other things have also been found, as lamps, -vases, and such-like, in bronze. And we have often -met with paintings. If any farther discoveries are -made, which are remarkable, you may depend on -being informed of them.</p> - -<p>At present my time is much taken up, in a work -extremely difficult and tedious; which is this: When -the theatre was first discovered, there were found in -it, among other things, several horses in bronze, -larger than the life; but all of them bruised, and -broken into many pieces. From this sad condition -they are not yet restored. But his majesty having -expressed a particular desire to see that effected, if -possible, with regard to one of them, I resolved to -attempt it; and accordingly have set about it.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">IX. <i>An Account of some Trees discovered under-ground -on the Shore at</i> Mount's-Bay -<i>in</i> Cornwall: <i>In a Letter from the Rev. -Mr.</i> William Borlase, <i>F.R.S. to the Rev. -Dr.</i> Lyttelton, <i>Dean of</i> Exeter.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Ludgvan, Jan 24. 1757.</p> -<p> -Reverend Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 10, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">BEING an airing the other day -with Mrs. Borlase, on the sands below -my house, we perceived the sands betwixt the -Mount and Penzance much washed into pits, and -bare stony areas, like a broken causey. In one of -the latter, Mrs. B. as we passed by, thought she saw -the appearance of a tree; and, upon a review, I -found it to be the roots of a tree, branching off from -the trunk in all directions. We made as much haste -down to the same place in the afternoon as we could, -and with proper help to make a farther examination. -I measured and drew the remains; and about 30 -feet to the west found the roots of another tree, but -without any trunk, tho' displayed in the same horizontal -manner as the first. Fifty feet farther to the -north we found the body of an oak, three feet in -diameter, reclining to the east. We dug about it, -and traced it six feet deep under the surface; but its -roots were still deeper than we could pursue them. -Within a few feet distance was the body of a willow, -one foot and a half in diameter, with the bark on; -and one piece of a large hazel-branch, with its bark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> -on. What the two first trees were, it was not easy -to distinguish, there being not a sufficiency remaining -of the first, and nothing but roots of the second, -both pierced with the teredo, or augur-worm. Round -these trees was sand, about ten inches deep, and then -the natural earth, in which these trees had formerly -flourished. It was a black marsh-earth, in which -the leaves of the juncus were intirely preserved from -putrefaction. These trees were 300 yards below -full-sea-mark; and, when the tide is in, have at -least 12 feet of water above them: and doubtless -there are the remains of other trees farther towards -the south, which the sea perpetually covers, and -have more than 30 feet water above them. But -these are sufficient to confirm the ancient tradition -of these parts, that St. Michael's mount, now half -a mile inclosed with the sea, when the tide is in, -stood formerly in a wood. That the wood consisted -of oak, very large, hazel and willow trees, is beyond -dispute. That there has been a subsidence of the -sea-shores hereabouts, is hinted in my letter to you, -p. 92; and the different levels and tendencies, which -we observed in the positions of the trees we found, -afford us some material inferences, as to the degree -and inequalities of such subsidences in general; as -the age, in which this subsidence happened (near 1000 -years since at least) may convince us, that when -earthquakes happen, it is well for the country, that -they are attended with subsidences; for then the -ground settles, and the inflammable matter, which -occasioned the earthquake, has no longer room to -spread, unite, and recruit its forces, so as to create -frequent and subsequent earthquakes: whereas, where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> -there are earthquakes without proportionable subsidences, -there are caverns and ducts under-ground -remaining open and unchoaked, the same cause, -which occasioned the first, has room to revive and -renew its struggles, and to repeat its desolations or -terrors; which is most probably the case of Lisbon. -I am, Sir,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Your most affectionate<br /> - -<span class="margin">and obliged humble Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>Wm. Borlase</big>.</span> -</p> - -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -X. <i>Experiments on applying the Rev. Dr.</i> -Hales'<i>s Method of distilling Salt-water to -the Steam-Engine. By</i> Keane Fitzgerald, -<i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 17, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ON reading Dr. Hale's account of -purifying salt-water, by blowing -showers of air thro', it occurred to me, that something -of the kind might be applied with advantage -to the steam or fire-engine, by increasing the quantity -of steam, and consequently diminishing the -quantity of fuel otherwise necessary.</p> - -<p>As the strength of steam raised from boiling water -is always in a fluctuating state, and, by the best -experiments hitherto made, has never been found -above ⅒ stronger, or weaker, than air; I was in -doubt, whether steam, produced by this method,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> -would be sufficiently strong for the purpose of the -steam-engine.</p> - -<p>I made an experiment first on a small boiler, -about 12 inches diameter, made in the shape of those -commonly used in steam-engines, with a funnel at -the top, of about 1 inch diameter, for the steam to -pass thro'; the aperture of which was covered with -a thin plate, fixt at one end with a hinge, and a -small leaden weight to slide on the other, in the nature -of a steel-yard, to mark the strength or quantity -of the steam. A tin pipe made for this purpose, -with several small holes towards the end, passed -from a small pair of bellows, through the upper -part of the boiler, to within about an inch of the -bottom. The boiler was half filled with water, -which covered the holes in the pipe about six inches. -From the best observation I was capable of making -with this machine, by blowing air thro' the boiling -water, it produced about ⅙ more steam than was -produced by the same fire without blowing air -thro'.</p> - -<p>I then applied a machine of this kind to the engine -at the York-buildings water-works, the boiler -of which is 15 feet diameter. This is a patent-boiler, -a section and plan of which is annexed. It -has a double concave, with a kind of door-way or -passage from one to the other, in order to let the -flame pass, as it were, thro' and round the water; by -which means there is no-where above nine inches of -water to be heated thro', tho' the boiler is so large; -and which, by three years experience, has been -found to require ¼ less fuel, than any other fire-engine -of equal bigness.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing054c" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_I"></a>Tab.</span> I <i>p. 54</i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing054c.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="right"><i><small>J. Mynde sc.</small></i></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> - -I fixt a pipe of an inch and a half diameter to a -pair of double bellows three feet diameter; which -pipe reached about one foot under the surface of the -water in the boiler; to the end of which are fixed -horizontally two branches, each about eight feet -long, tapering from one inch diameter to about ¼ -of an inch. These branches are bent in a circular -manner, as in the plan, to answer the form of the -concave, and are perforated with small holes about -four inches distant at the thickest part, and decreasing -gradually in distance, to within ¼ of an inch, -towards the small end. The reason of these branches -being made taper, and the distance between the holes -decreasing to the small end, was in order to give the -greater power to the air forced by the bellows to discharge -the water lodged in such a length of pipe; -and I observed by this method, that the water was -gradually forced thro' the holes to the end of each -branch, and seemed to throw an equal quantity of -air thro' the water.</p> - -<p>The length of the pipe, to which the branches are -fixed horizontally, is about 18 feet to the nosle of the -bellows: notwithstanding which length, the steam, -that passed thro' the pipe into the bellows, was so hot -before the water boiled, as to force thro' the leather: -but this I easily remedied, by fixing a brass cock of -one inch and a half diameter to the pipe, which hindered -the steam from ascending, until the engine -was ready to work; and being opened, the air continually -keeps it cold until the engine has done -working; then the cock must be shut again.</p> - -<p>The bellows is worked by means of a small lever, -and pullies applied to the great lever of the fire-engine,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> -which keeps a continual blast whilst the engine -works; the strength of which is increased or -diminished, by adding or taking off the weights on -the bellows.</p> - -<p>The effect produced, according to the best observations -I could make, was, first, a very visible -alteration for the better in the working of the engine. -When the fire was stirred, as it must be every time -fuel is added, the steam generally became too fierce, -which occasioned great irregularity, and sometimes, -if not watched, great damage to the engine; and -when the fire abated, the stroke became immediately -much shorter, or stopped intirely, if fuel was not soon -added: whereas, by blowing air thus thro' the water, -it keeps, with any moderate care, an equal stroke -to its full length, from the beginning to the end; -and by that means discharges a considerably greater -quantity of water. A proof of which was very evident, -tho' I could not ascertain the exact quantity: -for the engine, before this improvement, supplied -but two main pipes at once, which conveyed the -water to the houses served by them; but since could -not take off the quantity of water thrown up, part -of which was obliged to be discharged into a third -main.</p> - -<p>As to the quantity of fuel, that may be saved by -this method, it is not easy to determine from any -experiment on this engine, the boiler and fire-place -of which is made very different from all others, and -the quantity of fuel already thereby greatly lessened. -The fire-place, which may be said to be within the -boiler, and is but barely large enough to contain a -quantity of the roundest and strongest burning coals<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> -sufficient to work the engine, cannot in this be made -less; and consequently will not admit such a saving -from this model, as from one properly constructed -for the purpose: a proof of which I made, by trying -some coals of a weaker kind, which were also -cheaper; but on trial were not strong enough to -work the engine, and had therefore been laid by. -These coals answered extremely well; and, as it was -a slower-burning coal, I found the consumption, -whilst they lasted, was between two and three bushels -less in every six hours, which is about the time the -engine works each day: and I am satisfied, if the -person, who attends the engine, would take the proper -care, more coals could still be saved. For at -several different times, when I had the coals exactly -measured, and marked the time, I constantly found, -that it required half a bushel in the hour less than -he generally used, and the engine threw up as much -water.</p> - -<p>As this method of blowing air thro' boiling water, -in order to increase the quantity of steam for a fire-engine, -has, I believe, never before been attempted, -and produces already a very good effect, I am in -hopes it may be still further improved.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XI. <i>Extract of a Letter of Mr.</i> Abraham -Trembley, <i>F.R.S. to</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. -Secret. R.S. Translated from the</i> French.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Hague, 1 Feb. 1757.</p> -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 17, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Wrote to you on the 26th of November -last, concerning the earthquake felt -some time before between the Rhine and the -Meuse. I have been since informed by Professor -Donati of Turin, that a slight shock had been perceived -there on the 13th of August 1756, at a quarter -after nine in the morning. It was likewise felt -in other parts of Piedmont. He has also communicated -to me an extract of a letter of a professor of -Genoa, one of his friends, of which the following -is a translation.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“On the 9th of November we felt here two -shocks of an earthquake; one at 20¾ hours, according -to the Italian way of reckoning; the other at -about 4½ hours at night. I did not perceive the -first, being then walking in the house; but I felt -the second. I was then laid down, and going to -sleep. The direction of the undulations was from -north to south, as far as I could judge.”</p> -</div> - -<p>Mons. Donati took last summer, according to his -custom, a journey, in order to prosecute his researches -into natural history. He was accompanied by Dr. -Ascanius, Fellow of the Royal Society; who was -still in doubt about coral's being a composition of -animals. Mons. Donati carried him to the sea of -Provence. He ordered coral to be fished up in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> -presence. He placed it in a large vessel full of water; -and carried this vessel on shore; where he soon convinced -Dr. Ascanius, by his own eyes, that coral is -a mass of animals of the polype-kind.</p> - -<p>Mons. Donati has written to me, that he has thoroughly -satisfied himself by his last observations, that -the polypes are fixed to their cells; of which he had -before doubted. What he says afterwards of coral -appears to me to express with more truth and precision -what we ought to think of this kind of animals, -than any of the descriptions, which have been -given since the new discoveries have changed our -sentiments on that subject. Polype-beds, and the -cells, which they contain, are commonly spoken of -as being the work of polypes. They are compared -to the honeycomb made by bees. It is more exact -to say, that coral, and other coralline bodies, have -the same relation to the polypes united to them, that -there is between the shell of a snail and the snail -itself, or between the bones of an animal, and the -animal itself. Mons. Donati's words are as follow. -“I am now of opinion, that coral is nothing else -than a real animal, which has a very great number -of heads. I consider the polypes of coral only as -the heads of the animal. This animal has a bone -ramified in the shape of a shrub. This bone is -covered with a kind of flesh, which is the flesh -of the animal. My observations have discovered -to me several analogies between the animals of -kinds approaching to this. There are, for instance, -keratophyta, which do not differ from coral, except -in the bone or part, that forms the prop of the -animal. In the coral it is testaceous, and in the -keratophyta it is horny.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span></p> - -<p>The observations, which I have made upon some -kind of polype-beds, lead me to think, that what -are called polypes, in those bodies, which are observed -to come out of and return into the cells, are -more than the heads of the animal. I have seen -some, which had a bag, into which pass'd their -food, which I saw them swallow; and another bag, -into which passed the grossest part of that food, after -it was digested. This is the case, for instance, of the -plumed polypes, which I described at the end of the -third memoir, in the work published by me on one -kind of fresh-water polypes.</p> - -<p>Mons. Donati has observed divers very curious -facts in the journey, which he made into the mountains. -He has, in particular, traced out an immense -bed of marine bodies. This bed crosses the highest -mountains, which separate Provence from Piedmont, -and loses itself in the plains of Piedmont.</p> - -<p>He has likewise observed a mass of rock, which -forms the extremity of a pretty high mountain, the -foot of which is washed by the sea. This rock is -at a considerable height, intirely pierced by pholades, -that species of marine shell-fish so well known, which -digs cells into the stones. It appears from hence, that -this rock was some time covered by the sea. According -to Mons. Donati, the sea has insensibly retired -from the parts, which were washed by it; -and he thinks, that there must have been a very -considerable space of time between that and the -time, when this mountain, pierced by pholades, was -covered by the waters of the sea. He deduces his -opinion from the following fact. There is in this -rock, pretty near the surface of the sea, a natural<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> -cavern fill'd with earth. In this earth have been -found ancient Roman sarcophagi and lamps. It follows -from hence, that even in the time of the Romans -this part of the rock, in which this cavern -is situated, was not under water. As there is but a -small distance between the cavern and the surface of -the water, it follows, that the water has sunk but very -little since the time of the Romans. If it has sunk -in the same proportion since the time, when it covered -the top of the rock, there is no doubt, but -that the time, when it was intirely covered by the -sea, must have been very distant. If the same manner -of reasoning be used, with respect to the bed of -marine bodies, mentioned above, which crosses the -mountains, that separate Provence from Piedmont, -we shall be obliged to presume, that the time, when -those mountains were under the waters of the sea, -was at a very great distance from the present.</p> - -<p>Mons. Donati concludes from these facts, and the -consequences deduced from them, that the Mediterranean -sea is a very ancient, and not a modern one, -as Mons. de Buffon imagines.</p> - -<p>Those, who explain all phænomena of marine -bodies found out of the sea, by an universal deluge, -do not admit the consequences drawn by Mons. Donati -from those marine bodies now under consideration. -It is plain, that most of the naturalists, who -have observed a great number of these marine bodies, -are not of opinion, that all those phænomena can be -explained by a universal deluge. Upon these subjects, -before we undertake to judge, it is proper to -be well informed of the nature of marine fossile bodies, -which are found in divers parts, and of their situation -and arrangement. It is necessary likewise to be acquainted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> -with the state of those, which are found -actually under the sea, and the revolutions, to which -they are subject, while they are covered by it. It is -still farther requisite to have an attention to the revolutions, -which have been and are constantly observed, -with respect to the sea-shores, which change their -situation in several parts, some advancing upon the -land, and others retiring. If all these different facts -be compared together, it will not be doubted, but -there are actually under the earth marine bodies -which are found there only in consequence of these -slow revolutions, and not of an universal deluge. -Perhaps this notion might be extended to the greatest -part of the marine fossile bodies, which are known -to us.</p> - -<p>Mons. Donati informs me, that he would be glad -to present to the Royal Society an history of coral, -if he thought, that it would be agreeable to them.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> - -XII. <i>A brief Botanical and Medical History -of the</i> Solanum Lethale, Bella-donna, <i>or</i> -Deadly Nightshade, <i>by Mr.</i> Richard -Pultney. <i>Communicated by Mr.</i> William -Watson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 17, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">BE<span class="allsmcap">LLA-DONNA</span> is the name, which -the Italians, and particularly the Venetians, -apply to this plant; and Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> observes, -that is so called because the Italian ladies -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>make a cosmetic from the juice, or distilled water, -which they use to make their complexion fair and -white. Others<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> suppose it derives its name from -its intoxicating quality. With us it is generally -known by the name of Deadly Nightshade, or Dwale, -tho' this last term is seldom used for it; and the old -French word <i>Morelle</i>, which Lobel applies to it, -seems to be quite forgotten amongst us.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Classical Distribution.</em></span></h3> - -<p>The Deadly Nightshade was very soon discovered -by the revivers of botany after the restoration of -learning; and, agreeable to the fashion of those days, -it was greatly debated among commentators, -whether it was known, and by what name, to the -fathers of botany Theophrastus and Dioscorides. -Several of the writers of that time, as Dodenæus, -Guilandinus, Fuchsius, and Cordus, were of opinion, -that it was the Mandragora morion of Theophrastus; -and their sentiments were espoused by his learned -commentator Bodæus à Stapel<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>, who moreover -supposes it the plant, which Dioscorides describes, -lib. iv. cap. 69. under the name of Στρύχνος μανικὸς. -On the other hand, Matthiolus<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> has taken great -pains to prove, that it is not the Mandragora of -Theophrastus; and both he and Ruellius<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> are -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>inclined to think, that the Bella-donna was not -known to either of the Grecian Fathers; who are -so short, vague, and immethodical, in their descriptions, -that it is very difficult, not to say impossible, -to apply them to particular species with justness and -precision.</p> - -<p>Be this as it will, our restorers of botany agreed -in general to rank it with the Solana, or Nightshades; -and as most of them took it to be the Στρύχνος μανικός -of Dioscorides, so we find thereto the addition of some -epithet, expressive of its deleterious quality, in most of -their writings; such as lethale, somniferum, furiosum, -&c. Its general agreement with the plants of that -genus, and also the knowledge the world soon had of -its poisonous quality, when it is considered, that systematic -distributions, from the parts of fructification, -had not been thought of at that time: these, I say, -were sufficient reasons for referring it to the Nightshades. -By such names therefore is it found in most -of the old writers; till Clusius, who, observing perhaps, -that it differed in its parts of fructification from -the Solana, adopted the indigenous Italian name, as -a generical one, and called it Bella-donna. Cæsalpinus, -the first inventor of a botanic system, did not -separate it from the Nightshades. Morison and Ray, -the revivers of method almost an hundred years afterwards, -were aware of the difference; the former -having placed it in a chapter among the <i>Solanis affines</i>, -and the latter constituted a distinct genus of it, -tho' he retained the old name in his history of plants. -Tournefort adopted Clusius's name <i>Bella-donna</i>, and -was followed by all the systematic botanists, who -have since wrote; as Boerhaave, Rivini, Ruppius,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> -Knaut, Magnol, Ludwig, and Haller; until Linnæus, -conformable to the 229th rule of the Fundamenta -Botanica<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>, rejected it, and very expressly -calls it Atropa<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>; in which he is followed by all -succeeding writers, who have chosen his method.</p> - -<p>Cæsalpinus, Morison, Ray, Herman, and Boerhaave, -who range these plants according to the fruit, -place the Deadly Nightshade among the <i>Herbæ Bacciferæ</i> -in their respective systems.</p> - -<p>Rivinus, Ludwig, and Christian Knaut, who adopt -the number and regularity of the petals in the corolla, -for their classical character, refer it to such as -have regular monopetalous flowers. Ruppius, whose -method is upon the same plan, brings it among the -irregular monopetalous ones.</p> - -<p>Tournefort's method, which is established upon -the figure of the flower, takes it into the first class -among such plants as have campaniform or bell-shaped -flowers.</p> - -<p>Dr. Van Royen, whose system is undoubtedly a -very elegant attempt towards the natural method in -botany, arranges it among such as he calls Oligantheræ; -namely, such plants as have the stamina equal -to, or fewer in number than, the segments of the -corolla.</p> - -<p>Dr. Haller, whose method is upon the plan of a -natural one also, includes the Bella-donna among the -Isostemones, such plants as have the number of the -stamina equal to the segments of the corolla.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> - -<p>In the sexual system of Linnæus, at this time so -generally received, and so well established, it belongs -to the Pentandria monogynia, or such plants as have -five stamina and one style. The plants of this order -are arranged into five subdivisions. The Atropa -comes in among those, that have declinated stamina. -According to this method, we shall give its generical -characters from the last edition of Linnæus's Genera -Plantarum.</p> - -<p>The most obvious and essential character of the -genus is the <i>globose berry, and open calyx</i><a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>. The -general character is as follows.</p> - -<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Atropa</span> Linn. Gen. Plant. Ed. 5. Nº. 222.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The calyx is a gibbous permanent perianthium, -formed of a single leaf divided into five acute segments.</p> - -<p>The corolla is formed of a single bell-shaped petal, -the tube of which is very short; the limb ventricose, -of an oval figure, and longer than the calyx. The -mouth is small, expanded, and divided into five pretty -equal segments.</p> - -<p>The stamina are five subulated filaments proceeding -from the base of the flower, and are of the same -length: at the base they are connivent, and at the -top bent outwardly. The antheræ are thick and -assurgent.</p> - -<p>The germen is of a semiovated figure: the style -is filiform, of the length of the stamina, and inclinated. -The stigma is capitated, transversely oblong, -and assurgent.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> -<p>The fruit is a globose berry, standing in a large -cup, and containing three cells. The receptacle is -convex on both sides, and kidney-shaped.</p> - -<p>The seeds are numerous, and kidney-shaped also.</p> - -<h3><i>The</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Species</em></span>.</h3> - -<ul class="hang"> -<li>1. Atropa caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis integris. Linn. -Spec. Plant. p. 181.</li> - -<li>Atropa. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 57. Roy. Lugd. 423. -Hort. Ups. 45. Dalib. Paris. 70.</li> - -<li>Bella-donna majoribus foliis et floribus. Tourn. -Inst. 77. Boerh. Lugd. II. 69. Miller, plate 62.</li> - -<li>Bella-donna dicta Solanum lethale. Hill. Herb. -Britan. p. 328. tab. 47.</li> - -<li>Bella-donna. Clus. Pan. p. 503. Bod à Stap. p. 586. -Cat. Gissen. 142. Raii Syn. ed. 3. p. 265. Vaillant. -Botan. Par. p. 20. Hall. Helv. 507. Dale -Pharmacol. 4° ed. p. 72. Wilson. Synop. p. 122.</li> - -<li>Solanoc ongener flore campanulato vulgatius, latioribus -foliis. Hist. Oxon. III. p. 532. sect. 13. -tab. 3. fig. 4.</li> - -<li>Solanum somniferum. Fuchs. 689. Icon. opt.</li> - -<li>Solanum maniacum multis sive Bella-donna. J.B. -III. p. 611.</li> - -<li>Solanum melanocerasos. C.B. pin. 166.</li> - -<li>Solanum lethale. Ger. 169. emac. 340. Park. 346. -Raii. Hist. Plant. 679.</li> - -<li>Solanum majus sive Herba Bella-donna. Matthiol. -Oper. Omn. p. 756.</li> - -<li>Solanum somniferum et lethale. Lobel. Adversar. -p. 102.</li> - -<li><i>Deadly Nightshade</i>, or <i>Dwale</i>.</li> - -<li class="p2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> - -2. Atropa caule fruticoso. Spec. Plant. 182.</li> - -<li>Bella-donna frutescens rotundifolia Hispanica. -Tourn. Inst. 77.</li> - -<li>Solanum frutex rotundifolium Hispanicum. Barril. -Obs. 2. Icon. 1173.</li> - -<li><i>Round-leaved shrubby Spanish Bella-donna.</i></li> - -<li class="p2">3. Atropa foliis sinuato-angulatis, calycibus clausis -acutangulis. Spec. Plant. 181.</li> - -<li>Bella-donna flore magno violaceo. Hill. Herb. -Brit. 319.</li> - -<li>Alkekengi amplo fiore violaceo. Few. Per. 724. -tab. 16.</li> - -<li><i>Large violet-flower'd Bella-donna, or Deadly Nightshade.</i></li> -</ul> - -<p>The first of the species here enumerated is the -plant in question. The second has been found growing -naturally in no other country than Spain. The -third was first discovered by Father Feuillée in Peru, -and is therefore only an inhabitant of the gardens -in this part of the world.</p> - -<h3><i>The</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Description</em></span>.</h3> - -<p>The root is perennial. It is pretty long, and divided -into many branches of a brown colour, succulent, -and of a disagreeable smell. The radical leaves -are frequently a foot long, and five inches broad, of -an oval acuminated figure, and not sinuated on the -edges. The stalk rises to three or four feet: it is -much divaricated and branched. The cauline leaves -stand alternately upon it, in shape like the radical,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> -of a dusky-green colour on the upper part, and a -paler green underneath, being a little hairy on both -sides. The flowers stand on single footstalks, in the -alæ of the leaves: they are large, of a campanulated -figure, and striated, of a dusky-purple colour within, -with a yellow variegated base; the outer surface -of the flower is of a greenish red. After the -flower succeeds a fine beautiful large berry, which is -black when ripe. For the rest, take in the generical -character.</p> - -<p>Most of the old authors give us figures of this -plant, which, tho' they convey a general idea of it, -are yet scarce any of them exact. This fault in general -runs thro' all, that I have had an opportunity -of examining; namely, that the flowers and fruit -are represented by much too large in proportion to -the leaves. Morison's is perhaps one of the best -among the old figures: it is, upon the whole, tolerable, -but not accurate on account of the before-mentioned -objection. Petiver's does by no means -represent the plant justly, in that the alæ of the -leaves are not properly filled up. The most accurate -figure of all, that I have seen, is Mr. Miller's, in his -plates adapted to the Gardeners Dictionary, which is -undoubtedly taken from nature itself.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Place</em></span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Growth</em></span>.</h3> - -<p>The Deadly Nightshade is found in many parts of -Europe, especially in England and in Austria; and -yet in our own country it is happily not very plentiful, -inasmuch as our botanical writers usually reckon -it among the <i>more rare</i> plants, and specify particularly -the places where they have observed it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> - -<p>Here in England it is chiefly found in uncultivated -places: in church-yards, about old walls, among -rubbish in shady places, about dunghills, in lanes, -and sometimes about woods and hedges. It begins -to flower in June, and maintains a succession of -flowers for two months. The berries are ripe in -September and October.</p> - -<p>It is of great importance, that the knowlege of -poisonous plants should be extended as much as possible, -that they may the better be avoided, and their -fatal effects thro' mistake be guarded against: there -can therefore be no impropriety in enumerating particularly -some of those places, where our English -botanists have observed it. Mr. Ray mentions its -being found in the church-yard and lanes about Fulburn -in Cambridgeshire, Sutton-Colefield in Warwickshire: -in the Downs: at Cuckstone, near Rochester -in Kent, all the yards and backsides are -over-run with it. <i>Ray. Syn.</i> Upon Clifton-hill, near -Nottingham; also in a quarry near the cold-bath at -Mansfield. <i>Catal. Notting</i>. In Currenwood-kins, -near Burton in Kendal, and other places in Westmorland. -<i>Wilson's Syn.</i> Dr. Wilmer found it amoung -the bogs going down to Dorking in Surrey, plentifully. -In Preston church-yard, near Feversham in -Kent. Mr. Watson found it by the wood-side, under -the park-wall, between Temsford-mills and -Welwyn, Hertfordshire; and near the road between -Rochester and Maidstone. Mr. Blackstone found it -in a shady gravel-pit near the old park-wood at -Harefield, and in the gardens at More-park near -Rickmansworth, plentifully. <i>Specim. Botan.</i> About -Rochester and Chatham, where it grows in the joints<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> -of old walls, and in most of the unfrequented lanes: -also in Woodstock-park in Oxforshire, and Up-park -in Hampshire. I have observed it four or five years -since on the edge of Charley-forest: about Grace-Dieu, -Leicestershire. It grows about North Luffenham -in Rutland.</p> - -<h3><i>Its</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Poisonous Quality</em></span>.</h3> - -<p>There have been many fatal instances of the narcotic -and deleterious effects of the berries of this -plant. They are upon record in almost all botanical, -and many medical authors. Children have unhappily -been the principal sufferers this way, being tempted -to eat by the enticing aspect of the berries, or by -mistaking them for some other fruit. The berries, -however, are not the only part of the plant, which -partake of this intoxicating and poisonous property: -the whole plant is endued with it, and that in no -small degree.</p> - -<p>If the Bella-donna is allowed to be the Στρύχνος μανικὸς -of Dioscorides<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>, this quality of it was -not unknown to that writer. It was very soon known -to the first writers in the medical and botanic way -after the restoration of letters; and they have not -failed to inform us of it.</p> - -<p>Tragus and Fuchsius, who wrote about the middle -of the sixteenth century, both relate instances of the -poisonous effects of these berries: the former, of a -man, who went mad after having eaten of them; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span>the latter, of two children, who perished by the same -means<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</p> - -<p>Lobel<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> tells us, that the berries of this plant -are present death; and informs us of some youths, -who, after eating them, became stupified, and died -as from an over-dose of opium.</p> - -<p>Matthiolus<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> relates, from his own knowlege, -of some children poisoned by the same means.</p> - -<p>Among all the instances of the intoxicating nature -of this plant, there is none more memorable than -that mentioned by the Scotch historian Buchanan<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>, -of the destruction of the army of Sweno; which -is quoted by almost all authors, who have wrote -upon this plant. It is there said, that the Scots -mixed a quantity of the juice of these berries with -the drink, which, by their truce, they were to supply -the Danes with; which so intoxicated them, -that the Scots killed the greatest part of them while -they were asleep. How far this anecdote is to be -depended upon, or whether other concurrent circumstances -ought not to be taken into the account, -I cannot determine.</p> - -<p>Our own herbalist Gerard<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> mentions the case -of three boys in the Isle of Ely, who, having eaten -of these berries, two of them died in less than eight -hours; but the third, by drinking plentifully of -honey and water, and vomiting after it, recovered.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> - -<p>Bodæus à Stapel, in his comment upon Theophrastus<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, -tells us of two youths, that eat two -or three of these berries, which they got in the Leyden -garden, mistaking them for black currants: one -of them perished, and the other recovered with great -difficulty.</p> - -<p>Simon Pauli relates two or three examples to the -same effect<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>. Wepfer gives us a circumstantial -account of a child about ten years old, who was -thrown into a great variety of convulsive symptoms -after eating of this fruit: but proper care being taken -by vomiting, and afterwards giving alexipharmics and -anti-epileptic medicines, he recovered<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.</p> - -<p>M. Boulduc<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> laid before the Royal Academy -of Sciences at Paris, the case of some children, who, -upon eating these berries, were seized with a violent -fever, palpitations of the heart, convulsions, and -lost their senses. One of them, a little boy of four -years old, died the next morning.</p> - -<p>Boerhaave has instances to the same effect<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>: -and it was the misfortune of Dr. Abraham Munting, -a noted botanist and professor of physic in the university -of Groningen, to have his own daughter -poisoned with the berries of the Bella-donna.</p> - -<p>It would be almost endless to recite all the instances -to be met with upon this head. The German -Ephemerides, the Commercium Literarium, and -other periodical works, furnish us with farther proofs -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span>of the deadly quality of the Bella-donna; and they -are unhappily corroborated by more recent instances -in modern authors. The Gentleman's Magazine<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>, -Mr. Miller in his Gardeners Dictionary, and Dr. -Hill in his British Herbal<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>, exhibit to us several -melancholy cases of this kind.</p> - -<p>The effects of this plant have been so extraordinary, -that several distinct treatises have been published -professedly upon it. The most remarkable of -these is that of J.M. Faber's, printed at Augsburg -in 1677, under the following title; <i>Strychnomania -explicans Strychni manici antiquorum, vel Solani furiosi -recentiorum historiam</i>. In this tract the author -has collected a number of cases from various hands, -concerning the poisonous quality of the plant in question. -In the year 1714. C. Sicelius published a -treatise upon this plant, under the title of <i>Diatribe -de Bella-donna. Jenæ</i>. 8vo.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Medical History.</em></span></h3> - -<p>Who it was, that was bold enough to venture first -upon the internal use of this plant as a medicine, I -cannot say; chance very probably led to it, as in -many other cases. In the mean time, there is reason -to believe, that it is not altogether a modern practice. -One would be led to think, by the accounts given us -in Matthiolus and Bodæus, that in their days its -operation was very well known; and that they knew -how to dose it very exactly, since they give us an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>account of tricks being played with it, by infusing -the quantity of a scruple of the root in wine, and -intoxicating people therewith. The former of these -authors relates, that the distilled water from this -plant, in a dose of about two or three spoonfuls, was -exhibited by some people in inflammations of the viscera; -and, he observes, with good success. Parkinson -seems to have transcribed this account, respecting -this use of it; but neither of them speak of it from -their own knowlege. It may be questioned, however, -whether this could act otherwise than as mere -water; since the principles with which this plant is -endued, do not seem capable (if one may judge from -its sensible qualities and effects upon those who have -taken it) of rising in a still.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ray<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>, from the German Ephemerides, -an. 13. obs. 64. presents us with the relation of a -shepherd in Denmark, who administered an infusion -of the berries in wine in the dysentery, which was -there very common, and very obstinate; adding, -that it was attended with great success, not only restraining -the flux, but carrying off the disorder by -sweat. Mr. Ray observes further, that, correspondent -with this practice, Conrade Gesner actually prepared -a syrop from the berries, and gave it in dysenteric -cases with great success. This account is found in -Gesner's Epistles, and is quoted also by Dr. Haller<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>, -when treating of this plant. Possibly its efficacy -in these cases may be accounted for, from considering -it merely in the quality of an opiate; and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>therefore it cannot be adviseable to use it, when safer -medicines are always at hand.</p> - -<p>Its external use seems to be of as long a date as -its internal; and it was on account of its cooling -and repellent quality, that it came into credit as a -fucus among the Italian ladies. Matthiolus recommends -it in the erysipelas, the shingles, and other -inflammatory disorders of the skin. The leaves, -applied in the form of a cataplasm, are much celebrated -by many writers, as of great use in resolving -tumors, particularly of the breast, and even such as -are of a schirrous and cancerous nature. Many of -the old authors<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> mention this application of it, -among other of the cooling and narcotic herbs; such -as the common nightshade, henbane, hounds-tongue, -<i>&c.</i> which it was usual to apply on such occasions. -Mr. Ray informs us, that Mr. Percival Willughby -experienced its efficacy repeatedly, in discussing hardnesses -and cancerous tumors in the breast.</p> - -<p>Its relaxing quality is very surprising, as appears -by that memorable case related by the last-mentioned -author, of a lady's applying a leaf of it to a -little ulcer, suspected to be of the cancerous kind, a -little below her eye, which rendered the pupil so -paralytic, that it lost all its motion for some time -afterwards: and that this event was really owing to -that application, appears from the experiment's being -repeated with the same effect three times.</p> - -<p>The German physicians have gone much further: -they have even ventured to give it inwardly in cancerous -cases. Dr. Haller, when treating of the quality -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>of this plant, refers to Junker, and others of the -modern physicians, as recommending the decoction -of it with caution, that it be not given in such quantity -as to cause sleep. So long since as the year -1739. there was a thesis published at Hall, by Michael -Albert, in which the Bella-donna is proposed -as a specific in cancerous cases. What other physicians -patronize this use of it, I cannot say, having -but little opportunity of consulting those academic -pieces, which are of such eminent use in compilations -of this kind. Thus much is certain, that its use, in -such cases, rather gains ground; and the case, published -in the French Bibliotheque<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>, printed at -the Hague, of an ulcerated cancer being radically -cured by an infusion of the leaves of this plant in -water, deserves particular attention, on account of its -being so well attested. The case is extracted from -an inaugural thesis of Professor Lambergen's, who -was the physician concerned<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. The event was -so singularly happy and successful in this instance, -that we hope it will need no apology, if we give a -particular detail of it.</p> - -<p>The person afflicted with this miserable disease -was a widow of 34 years of age, and mother of -four children. She had but weak nerves, and had -been subject to inflammatory disorders. She informed -M. Lambergen, upon examining her, that she had -had a quinzy six times, which had twice ended in -suppuration: that eight years before her right breast -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span>had suppurated, and discharged much matter: that -two years after it suppurated again; and that at the -end of another year both breasts underwent the same -fate; since when the right had remained schirrous, -but was without pain, except when she handled it. -She had suckled her youngest child about six months, -when she was seized with a fever; and the left breast -(with which only she could suckle since the other -had suppurated) soon swelled, inflamed greatly, was -very painful, and soon became almost as large as a -child's head. Dr. Lambergen being called in, ordered -copious bleeding, and that the child should -suck as little as possible. She took some medicines, -and soon recovered.</p> - -<p>A year passed after this without any bad accident; -when the lunar evacuations, which she had had from -her 18th year, beginning to diminish, she felt a -pricking pain in her left breast, and her right began -to swell. Upon a fright, she had a fall, which accident -increased both the pain and swelling; and -she had recourse again to Dr. Lambergen.</p> - -<p>He found the tumors in her right breast much -enlarged, and so connected together, as to feel like -one large one only. On the upper part of the breast, -upon the pectoral muscle, it felt rugged, unequal, -and almost as hard as a stone. The patient complained -of a constant itching in the part, and at -times a pungent pain, which seemed to shoot from -the armpit, and end in the tumor. Under this armpit -the glands were hard and schirrous; and the left -breast was not exempt from the like indurations. A -vein or two on the right breast was a little enlarged, -otherwise no alteration. It was no hotter than common;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> -nor had it undergone any change of colour. -To mitigate the pain of the schirrous, Dr. Lambergen -ordered the following plaister:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>℞ <i>Ung. Diapomphol.</i> ℥ ij. <i>Amalgam, merc. et -Plumb.</i> ȝ iij. <i>Sperm. Cet.</i> ȝ j. <i>M.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="noin">With this external application he prescribed likewise -the following powders, to be taken night and morning, -and gave directions relating to the non-naturals.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>℞ <i>Coral. rub. Antimon. Diaphoret. illot. Sper. -Ceti a</i> ȝ ij. <i>Laud. gr.</i> vj. <i>M.</i> for 12 doses.</p> -</div> - -<p class="noin">Under this method the pain remitted, but the tumor -inlarged, and a little rising was observed on the -upper part of it; and towards the nipple, where -there was the least hardness, a small spot was perceived, -which, at the next return of the catamenia, -inflamed, and became the seat of the most excruciating -pain. Dr. Lambergen, during this period, in -the room of the powders, substituted emmenagogic -pills, and ordered the pediluvium. She lost ten -ounces of blood from the foot: and by these means -the swelling of the breast diminished, and the patient -suffered very little for some days. This truce, -however, was but temporary: the rising on the upper -part of the tumor began to inflame, itched intolerably, -the pain returned, was almost perpetual, and -insupportably pungent.</p> - -<p>In this dreadful state was the patient, when Dr. -Lambergen desired the late Dr. du Bois, Dr. Winter, -physician to the house of Orange and professor at -Leyden, together with Dr. Van Arum of Leewarden, -physician in ordinary to the Princess dowager, to -visit her. These gentlemen examined her many times, -and unanimously agreed, that it was now no less than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> -a confirmed cancer. It was Professor Winter, who -acquainted Dr. Lambergen, that he had heard M. -Degner, a celebrated physician at Nimeguen, speak -of the Bella-donna, as a sovereign remedy against -inveterate schirri; adding, nevertheless, that he had -never tried it himself.</p> - -<p>In such a case as this, where death seemed inevitable, -a dangerous remedy is to be preferred to none -at all. Dr. Lambergen therefore determined to try -it upon his patient; but, knowing the character, -which the plant bore, he resolved to try the effects -of it upon himself first. To this end, he poured ten -tea-cups of water upon a scruple of the leaves, which -had been gathered and dried three years: he let it -stand all night lukewarm. Of this infusion he took -half a tea-cup full, being the twentieth part of the -whole, in the morning fasting; but perceived no -effect from it. This determined him the next morning -to double the dose; which produced a slight vertigo, -and for an hour or two an uncommon dryness -in his mouth. Being thus prepared, as he knew his -patient had but a weak nervous system, he determined -to begin with caution.</p> - -<p>It was the 14th day of January 1745, that she -took the first dose, being one tea-cup full. It had -the same effect upon her, as it had had on her physician; -and moreover rendered her pulse weaker and -quicker than usual. For seven mornings successively -she took the same dose, which, in general, produced -the same effect. At the same time the plaster was -renewed, with the addition of a few grains of opium. -Under this method her pain was mitigated; but, -before the latter end of the week, returned again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span> -more frequently, and more acute; so that she was -reduced to a most deplorable condition. The rising -on the upper part of the breast became livid; the -place near the nipple before-mentioned inflamed, -and was very painful; and two little pointed -risings were observed upon it, together with a slight -fissure or opening. As the menstrual period was -approaching, the infusion and the powders were -omitted, and the pediluvium substituted. A mixture -with crabs-eyes, sp<sup>t</sup>. nitri. d. and syr. e mecon. -relieved the patient from some spasmodic complaints -she had at this time, and the menses returned more -copiously than ever. The 27th she took something -more than a tea-cup of the infusion, being the first -dose of the second scruple: her body was soluble; -her breast less swelled, but the pain returned very -acute, and seemed to terminate in the little callous -eminence on the upper part of the breast, which -now likewise became more pointed. The 28th she -took the same quantity of the infusion. The two -little pointed places near the nipple were now become -two little holes, but had not discharged any -matter. The other sore on the upper part of the -breast was more livid still, and more painful, and -had risen into two little whitish points. The powders -were omitted this night, as they had been now -and then at other times. The 29th, very little sleep -the foregoing night, great pain from the upper sore, -the holes near the nipple were become larger, and -had run a yellowish matter. The same dose of the -infusion as before. At night she had most acute -pain from the upper sore. The 30th both sores -were nearly in the same state. All remedies were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> -this day laid aside, except the infusion; of which -she took a cup-full and an half; but her mouth soon -became so dry, that she could scarcely swallow a little -tea; and the vertigo was so violent, that she staggered: -her sight was so weakened, that she could -scarcely read. Notwithstanding this, she had no -anxiety, nor nausea, nor pain; but her appetite was -less, and her pulse quicker. The 31st all the last-mentioned -symptoms continued the same: the two -pointed eminences on the upper part of the breast -were become two little holes likewise, and had discharged -a few drops of good matter.</p> - -<p>The 1st of February the upper sore had discharged -but little matter, and that thinner than before. That -near the nipple was become more livid, and the two -holes were larger; but there had been no discharge -for several days. The pulse and appetite were good, -sleep natural, the body open. The pain, indeed, -was continual, but less acute. The 2d, little alteration. -The sores discharged but little. From this -time they were dressed twice in a day with <i>Nutritum</i>, -and over all the <i>Emp. Saturnin</i>. The pain was not -so violent, but was felt in another place, which began -to swell. From the 6th to the 18th better and -worse: the pain more or less acute; and the catamenia -passed without any bad effects. At the end -of this month the schirrus all over the breast was -much softened, and sensibly diminished. This was -the opinion of Dr. du Bois and Dr. Winter, as well -as of Dr. Lambergen.</p> - -<p>The 1st of March an inflammation arose on the -sole of the right foot, and extended up the leg about -four fingers above the heel. It ended in two great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> -blisters, as if from a burn, which were embrocated -with wine and oil, and nothing bad followed. To -the 22d, the patient was better and worse. The -menstrual period did not pass without some disturbance. -The 26th she began with the infusion of the -tenth scruple, and every thing went on for the better -to the end of the month.</p> - -<p>From the 1st of April to the 6th the ulcers were -firm and dry; but the pain in the breast increased. -Several blisters arose on the foot, along the leg, and -even upon the thigh, on the left side. One upon -the sole of the left foot, for 24 hours discharged an -incredible quantity of thick whitish lymph. The -pain from these blisters was beyond all she had felt -before. It continued the 7th, 8th, and 9th; and new -blisters arose on the thigh. The excoriated parts -were all dressed with spirit of wine. During the -disturbances from these new complaints, the breast -was likewise painful, and swelled, tho' the ulcer near -the nipple was dry, and the other discharged little -or nothing. The 10th she had less pain both in her -foot and in her breast. The upper sore was closed; -the foot discharged less. From the 11th to the 15th, -notwithstanding the weather was very cold, her pain -still lessened. The ulcer remained firm, and the -whole breast was softened: her foot mended; and -all went on for the better till the 18th, when the -ulcer on the upper part of the breast opened again in -three places, and discharged a thick yellowish matter. -The nipple of the left breast also became inflamed, -and surrounded with pimples, which discharged a -little lymph. In the mean time the cancerous breast -was more painful than on the preceding days. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> -19th the pain less, tho' continual. Some discharge -from the foot still; but the ulcers on the thigh were -healed, and another blister arose. The 20th the -upper sore on the breast closed again; but that near -the nipple seemed to threaten another opening, and -in fact it did, on the 24th, in three places. On the -20th the catamenia returned very copiously, and superseded -the use of the pediluvium. The 25th she -began with the infusion of the fourteenth scruple of -the Bella-donna, which, it is to be observed, was -scarcely ever omitted. The 26th a blister arose at -the end of the fore-finger on the left hand, was very -painful, and discharged a great quantity of serous -matter. The next day both ulcers on the breast discharged -a small quantity of lymph; otherwise the -breast was less painful.</p> - -<p>From the 28th of April to the 7th of May every -thing went on for the better: the cancerous breast -was almost without pain. The ulcers ran very little, -but the excoriation and pain were much worse from -the nipple of the left breast, which also discharged a -great quantity of lymph. The 8th the upper ulcer -on the right breast closed; but the other opened -again. From the 8th to the 16th no change for the -worse: on the contrary, the left breast was well; -the right less painful, and discharged but very little. -From the 18th to the 22d the menstrual period: all -things on the mending hand; the ulcer healed, and -the patient had little or no pain: but, from the 23d -to the 27th, the pain returned something worse, and -there was some discharge from the breast.</p> - -<p>The <i>Nutritum</i> was now discontinued, as too -emollient. The 27th the infusion from the <span class="err" title="original: eightteenth">eighteenth</span> -scruple of the Bella-donna was begun with.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> - -<p>From the 28th of May to the 12th of June the -breast still painful: in the mean time, however, the -ulcers remained firm and dry. The tumor and schirrosity -of the breast diminished in such a manner, that, -excepting its being a little bigger than the other, it -had intirely resumed its natural form and colour. No -indurations in the left breast, nor of the glands in -the right armpit.</p> - -<p>The 13th of June she took a journey, was absent -some weeks, and returned in perfect health. Dr. -Lambergen advised her, but in vain, to continue the -infusion. Nevertheless, she was obliged now and then, -when she felt pain, to have recourse to it, and was -always relieved by it: and in the course of another -year the remains of the schirrus were totally wasted.</p> - -<p>It is now (1754) eight years since, and she has -had no relapse, no pain, no hardness in her breast; -has married a second husband, by whom she has -had a child, which she suckled. What more can -be requisite to ascertain a cure?</p> - -<p class="p2">Thus we have given a detail of this memorable -case; wherein we see, that six drachms of one of the -most poisonous vegetables that the world produces -actually cured a woman, whom the most able physicians -had given up as incurable; and who must -otherwise have finished her miserable days in the -most deplorable sufferings.</p> - -<p>It must not be omitted, that notwithstanding the -daily use this woman made of the Bella-donna, she -was not accustomed to it in the manner as people are -who take opium. Dr. Lambergen always prepared -the infusion himself, and never had occasion to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> -it stronger than at the first, as the patient always -found the like effects from the same dose.</p> - -<p class="p2">So singular and happy an event, as attended Dr. -Lambergen's administration of this plant, certainly -merits the attention of the medical profession; and -surely, one may add, entitles the medicine to future -trials. And as the authenticity of the case will not -be disputed, it is therefore greatly to be wished, that -those gentlemen, who belong to the public hospitals, -and others that have frequent opportunities of attending -patients labouring under this deplorable disease, -would give it a further trial. A cancer, even in its -latent, but much more in an ulcerated state, is allowedly -one of the most terrible and formidable -disorders to which human nature is liable; and hath -long been ranged, very justly, among the <i>opprobria -medicorum</i>, instances of a radical cure being rarely -met with: indeed, one of the first physicians<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> of -our age tells us, that it is not known to have been -cured at all, but by a total extirpation of the part; -and all, who are conversant in physic and surgery, -know very well, that that operation is frequently no -security against its return.</p> - -<p>I have here endeavoured, in as concise a manner -as might be, to exhibit the history of this extraordinary -plant. The being able barely to know and distinguish -one plant from another, however praise-worthy -in itself, ought not to be the only view of -our botanical researches: we should do more, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>endeavour to investigate, in the most attentive manner, -the properties of vegetable productions, in order -to accomodate them to the various exigencies of human -life.</p> - -<p>Several classes of vegetables, from their merely -herbaceous taste, and, as far as we can conjecture, -from their other sensible qualities, seem to be formed -by the great Author of nature principally for the -nourishment of animals: but those plants, which -are endued with principles so highly active, as, when -taken in small quantities, to be able to put an end -to animal life; such deserve to be more minutely -inquired into, as under certain circumstances these -principles, properly directed, may conduce to great -and good ends. We should endeavour, therefore, -diligently to inform ourselves, in what quantities, and -under what circumstances, the poison ends, and where -the medicine begins. In this respect we have certainly -a notable instance in the history before us in Professor -Lambergen; whose industry, more especially as it -was attended with success, merits our greatest acknowlegements; -inasmuch as he has informed us, -with no small degree of accuracy and precision, that -the plant under consideration, which is well known -to be of a highly deleterious nature, and that even -in a small quantity, may be so managed, as to be -productive of good effects, not to be found possibly -by any other means.</p> - -<p>Some of the most efficacious medicines are such, -as, being posssessed of highly active principles, do -greatly disturb the animal œconomy in their operation: -nevertheless, however rough the <i>modus operandi</i> -of any medicine be, if its efficacy by repeated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> -trials be approved and confirmed, this is so far from -proving a discouragement to its use, that we ought -to regard the discovery of such a one as a valuable -acquisition to the province of physic, especially if -it is applicable in desperate and obstinate cases. The -Bella-donna, on the contrary, supposing future trials -should prove it as happily successful as Professor -Lambergen has experienced it, is a medicine of a -different kind; inasmuch as its operation is mild, -when compared with that, which attends the exhibition -of many others: we should therefore have -double reason to rejoice at the discovery.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XIII. <i>An Account of some of the Antiquities -discovered at</i> Herculaneum, &c. <i>In a -Letter to</i> Thomas Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. -R.S. By</i> John Nixon, <i>A.M. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -Reverend Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 24, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">THE subject of this letter are some -cursory observations made by me -last spring, upon viewing the curiosities found at -Herculaneum, and the places adjacent. I deferred -putting them into any order, till I came to town, and -had seen, by perusing the Transactions of the Royal -Society, whether some abler hand had not already -prevented me, and made any further communication -needless: but as I now find, that no notice has been -hitherto taken of several particulars, which, in my<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> -humble opinion, deserved it, as tending to throw -new light upon antiquity; I beg leave to trouble you -with my thoughts upon them.</p> - -<p>I shall begin with the museum in the King of the -Two Sicilies' palace at Portici; wherein, amongst a -great number of other ancient and valuable remains, -are these that follow, <i>viz.</i></p> - -<h3>I.</h3> - -<p>Several <i>tali lusorii</i>. The <i>tali</i> are supposed to -have been known to the Greeks<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> by the name of -Ἀϛράγαλοι as early as the Trojan war. But as the -monuments before us are undoubtedly Roman, I -shall confine my remarks upon them to the usages -received among that people; and being guided partly -by what appears upon the face of these antiquities, -and partly by what the Latin classics have delivered -in general upon this subject, beg leave to observe, in -the first place, that the <i>tali</i> had each of them but -four sides, two broader, and the other two more narrow, -on which they would ordinarily rest; as the -rounding of their ends did not easily permit them to -stand upon those parts. However, the possibility of -such a position (tho' it did not occur to me to make -the experiment with these pieces) may be deduced -from a passage in Tully<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>.</p> - -<p>Further, with regard to the manner of distinguishing -the several sides of the <i>tali</i>, some learned<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> writers -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span>speak of it according to ideas taken from the fashion -of marking the modern dice, and (I may add) the -ancient <i>tesseræ</i> likewise: but, as I did not observe -the traces of any engraving, painting, <i>&c.</i> upon the -pieces under consideration, it seems to me more probable, -what others assert<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, that this distinction -was effected by the different configuration of the sides -themselves, and not by any numbers marked upon -them. And concerning this notation, the common -opinion is, that the appearances expressing <i>one</i> and -<i>six</i>, as also those representing <i>three</i> and <i>four</i>, were -opposed to each other respectively.</p> - -<p>But leaving these (however probable) conjectures, -we can with certainty determine the number of the -<i>tali</i> used in this game to have been four; and likewise, -that among the various chances resulting from -them, the most fortunate one was that, wherein each -of the sides exhibited a different aspect. The former -of these circumstances we learn from Tully<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>, as -we do the latter from Martial, who, in a distich sent -with a present of a set of <i>tali</i> to a friend, says,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - - <div class="verse indent1"><i>Cum steterit nullus vultu tibi talus eodem,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><i>Munera me dices magna dedisse tibi</i><a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>.</div> - - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>It may further be collected from Horace, that the -throw above described had the appellation of <i>Venus</i>: -for when he intimates, that the president of the feast -was elected by the <i>tali</i><a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>, he must be supposed to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>mean the most favourable chance upon them. But -he<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> elsewhere gives us to understand, that the -chance, which determined that election, was called -<i>Venus</i>.</p> - -<p>Propertius is somewhat more explicite in assigning -the title of this throw, as above; and at the same -time informs us further, that the contrary (and consequently -most unlucky) one was termed <i>canes</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - - <div class="verse indent1"><i>Me quoque per talos</i> Venerem <i>quærente secundos,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><i>Semper damnosi subsiluere</i> canes<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>.</div> - - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noin">Now it seems to be agreed among the antiquaries, -<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>that <i>canis</i> on the <i>tali</i> was unity: and indeed -this opinion is countenanced by Persius<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>, who -contrasts <i>canicula</i> with <i>senio</i>. If this be admitted, -then the <i>canes</i> of Propertius must have been the -chance, wherein all (or at least the greater number -of) the <i>tali</i> came up (as we should express it) aces.</p> - -<p>There have been several other conjectures proposed -by learned writers upon this subject, which I choose -to omit, for want of proper authorities from the -classics to ascertain them. This is likewise the case -with regard to the rules observed by the ancient Romans -at this diversion. It is not at all improbable, -that as we have several species of games upon the same -set of dice, cards, <i>&c.</i> so they might have the same -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>variety on the <i>tali</i>: and if there were any laws -established by custom for the regulation of this game -in public, yet private parties might be at liberty to -innovate at pleasure, and agree upon whatever terms -of play were most agreeable to their inclinations or -circumstances. In this light (according to <a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>Erasmus) -we are to consider the account, which Augustus -gives of himself and his friends, in an epistle -to Tiberius<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>: <i>Inter cænam lusimus</i> γεροντικῶς -<i>heri et hodie: talis enim jactatis, ut quisque canem -aut senionem miserat, in singulos talos singulos denarios -conferebat, quos tollebat universos, qui Venerem -jecerat</i>. And it is obvious to remark, that (upon -this hypothesis) the critics, perhaps, need not have -been so much embarassed (as we find they have been) -in endeavouring to reconcile this passage of Suetonius -with that other of Persius<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> produced above.</p> - -<p>I shall conclude with noting, that in order to prevent -any fraud or slight of hand in managing the -<i>tali</i>, it was usual to put them into a box<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>, and, -after shaking them together, to throw them out -upon a table. Thus Martial introduces one of these -<i>turriculæ</i>, as recommending its own usefulness for -the purpose above-mentioned:</p> -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - - <div class="stanza"> - - <div class="verse indent1"><i>Quærit compositos manus improba mittere talos,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><i>Qui per me mittit, nil nisi vota facit</i><a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>.</div> - - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noin"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> - -However, this caution does not seem to have been so -universally observed, but that sometimes, <i>viz.</i> when -the party consisted of ladies, it was (I presume, for -a reason greatly to their honour) superseded. Thus, -in one of the first paintings found at Herculaneum, -and now in the royal apartments at Portici, we see -a young female figure exhibited, as playing at this -game, with one or more of the <i>tali</i> lying upon the -back part of her hand, while the rest appear as -having fallen off from thence towards the floor.</p> - -<h3>II.</h3> - -<p>A rule with four joints, each of which contained -about 5 inches 9-tenths of our measure. I think -there was another in two parts, which answered to -the same proportion.</p> - -<h3>III.</h3> - -<p>A weight, inscribed on one side <em class="gesperrt"><span class="allsmcap"><em class="gesperrt">EME</em></span></em>, and on -the other <em class="gesperrt"><span class="allsmcap"><em class="gesperrt">HABEBIS</em></span></em>.</p> - -<h3>IV.</h3> - -<p>A small <i>bolla d'oro</i>, which (after that in the late -Dr. Middleton's collection, and another preserved at -Rome) is the third known to be extant in Europe. -As this ornament was worn by so great a number of -young persons at Rome, and made of gold, which is -so capable of resisting the injuries of the weather, -moisture, <i>&c.</i> one cannot but wonder at the extreme -scarcity of these monuments in the cabinets of the -curious. The most probable way of accounting for -this (according to <a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>Dr. Middleton) is, that the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>value of the materials, of which these <i>bullæ</i> were -made, induced the poor labourers, as soon as they -had found one, to sell it to the first goldsmith they -met with for its real value (however small it might -be), by weight.</p> - -<h3>V.</h3> - -<p>A little figure like a Faunus, excepting that about -the head it had something of the character of the -minotaur, <i>viz.</i> large curls upon the forehead, and -several muscular protuberances, or <i>tori</i>, under the -throat.</p> - -<h3>VI.</h3> - -<p>A figure in relievo of a man sitting with a bowl -in his hand, which has been thought a Socrates. -And indeed the features of the face bear a striking -resemblance to those of that sage expressed in ancient -monuments; as the bowl might properly refer to the -well-known circumstance of his death. But the -other insignia are not so suitable to the character of -the subject, as one could wish: for he holds, partly -in his hand, and partly under his arm, a short staff -full of knots, and curved at the end like a shepherd's -crook, such as we find borne by satyrs in some Bacchanalian -pieces: and the skin of a beast appears -hanging from the seat of his chair.</p> - -<h3>VII.</h3> - -<p>An antique painting of a muse with a <i>capsula</i> -near her containing some volumes, from which -hang labels showing the titles of the works. The -same representation appears in another painting kept -in a different part of the palace. Signor Paderni<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> -observed to me, that these remains would help the -curious to form a more certain idea of the manner -in which the ancients affixed titles to their volumes, -than they have hitherto been able to obtain. The -most complete description, that I can recollect, of -an ancient book, with its appurtenances and decorations, -is that of Martial addressed to one of his own.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Faustini fugis in sinum? Sapisti.</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Cedro nunc licet ambules perunctus,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et frontis gemino decens honore</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Pictis luxurieris umbilicis:</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et te purpura delicata velet,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Et cocco rubeat superbus index.</i> L. iii. ep. 2.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noin">The <i>superbus index</i> in the last verse, curiously illuminated -with scarlet, was undoubtedly the title of -the book; but to what part of it it was annexed has -hitherto been difficult to ascertain: for as (according -to the paintings under consideration) it was inscribed -on a detached piece of paper or parchment, it must -soon have been lost from the book; especialty if the -latter had suffered by damps, or any other injuries -similar to those, that have affected the volumes found -in Herculaneum, of which not only the title, but -<span class="err" title="original: even the umbilici">even the ends of the umbilici</span>, tho' consisting of more solid materials, -as horn, ivory, <i>&c.</i> are intirely destroyed: -so that no light could be had from the original antiquities -with relation to this point. The only means, -whereby the connoisseurs could form any conjectures -in this case, must have been, I presume, from the -fashion of books among the ancients, <i>viz.</i> their -being long scrolls rolled round upon a stick with ornaments -at each end, as described in the epigram<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> -produced above. This form required, that the books -should be laid at their length upon the shelves, where -they were deposited with either their side, or one of -their ends, appearing outwardly. Now of these two -positions the latter, <span class="err" title="original: which exposed the umbilicus">which exposed the extremity of the umbilicus</span> to -view, might be thought (all circumstances duly considered) -the most convenient. To this part therefore -it might with probability be conjectured, that -the index or title was fastened; but the paintings -mentioned above plainly demonstrate, that it actually -was so.</p> - -<p>Mons. Dacier says<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>, that the titles of books -were anciently inscribed upon the leathern covers, -wherein they were wrapt, and which, by the means -of thongs fastened to them, kept the volumes close -and compact together. If that learned gentleman -had supported this fact by proper evidences, then it -must have been concluded, upon the joint authority -of such evidences, and of the antiquities under consideration, -that the practice of the ancients was, besides -the title on the sides of the volume, to affix -another on a label at one of its extremities. And -indeed this additional notation (whatever we determine -concerning its usefulness, while the books lay -on a shelf in a library) must have been very necessary, -when such books stood upright in a <i>capsula</i> (like -those in the painting before us), where no part of -them, but one end alone, could possibly be seen.</p> - -<h3>VIII.</h3> - -<p>Some pieces of fine paper, coloured red on one -side, and black on the other, found upon the breast -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>of a skeleton. Signor Paderni told me, that they -had been viewed with great admiration by such of -the virtuosi, as he had shewn them to; and that their -admiration proceeded from those fragments appearing -not to be of the <i>charta papyracea</i>, but of that of -silk, cotton, or linen. And indeed, if they should -prove to have been made of any of the materials last -mentioned, it would contradict the generally received -opinion (according to <a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>Montfaucon), that paper -of silk or cotton, denoted by the common appellation -of <i>charta bombycina</i>, was first found out in the 9th -century; as that composed of linen rags (<i>ex linteolis -contritis et aquâ maceratis</i>, as Pancirollus<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> expresses -it) was about the 12th; and that the former -supplied the place of the <i>charta papyracea</i> in the -east, as the latter superseded the use of it in the -western parts of the world.</p> - -<h3>IX.</h3> - -<p>A flat piece of white glass, taken off from towards -the extremity of the sheet, as appears from -the curvature and protuberant thickness of one of its -sides above the other parts. I have several observations -by me, with regard to this fragment, which I -have not yet had leisure to digest. I shall therefore -proceed to the other parts of this collection.</p> - -<p class="p2">To enter into a detail of the paintings found at -Herculaneum, and deposited in a different part of -the palace at Portici, would be tedious, as their -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>number, when I saw them, exceeded 800; and it -would be superfluous, as the principal of them will -soon make their appearance in the world by prints -taken from them, and executed in a manner, which -(as far as I could judge by the specimens shewn me) -will in no-wise discredit the originals, I shall therefore -only mention two of them, <i>viz.</i></p> - -<h4>I.</h4> - -<p>Theseus with the Minotaur dead, and lying on -his back at his feet, while several Athenian youths -are embracing the knees, and kissing the hand, of -their deliverer. We may observe, that the fabulous -being above-mentioned appears in this piece with the -intire body of a man, and only the head of a bull, -which agrees with the manner, in which he is represented -in an antique sardonyx of Greek sculpture in -the cabinet at Vienna, and in most of the works of -the ancient artists. Tho' I have by me the copy of -an antique gem, wherein the Minotaur is exhibited -as standing in the center of the famous labyrinth, -and having below the body of a bull as far as to the -waist, and from thence upwards an human form: -which representation is further countenanced by Ovid, -who describes that monster, as</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem.</i></p> - -<p class="right">Art. Am. L. ii. <i>v.</i> 12.</p> - -<h4>II.</h4> - -<p>Chiron and Achilles. The latter of these is standing, -and has a <i>plectrum</i> in his right hand: the former -seems to embrace his noble pupil with his left arm, -and with his right hand to strike the lyre, as teaching<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> -him to play upon that instrument. But the -most remarkable circumstance in the figure of Chiron -is his reposing his hinder parts on his left haunch -upon the ground. Yet this attitude, as well as the -other particulars mentioned above, is expressed in an -antique gem, of which I have seen a copy at Rome.</p> - -<p class="p2">I shall conclude this paper with an account of the -statues, which stand in several rooms adjoining to -the unfinished part of the palace, and were found -(as to the far greater number) at or near Herculaneum.</p> - -<h5><i>In the First Room.</i></h5> - -<p>An equestrian marble statue of M. Nonius Balbus -the elder, which is intended to be placed in a large -entrance on the east side of the palace, to answer to -that of his son, which is already set up on the other -side, facing the bay of Naples.</p> - -<h5><i>In the Second.</i></h5> - -<p>Nero and Germanicus, considerably larger than -the life, but squeezed somewhat flat by the weight -of the lava, or other ruins, with which they were -once overwhelmed.</p> - -<p>A man in a sacrificing habit.</p> - -<p>Two others in the toga, and two women in the -palla.</p> - -<p>All these are of bronze.</p> - -<p>Statues of marble deposited here are the following, -<i>viz.</i></p> - -<p>At the entrance, a matron larger than nature, with -strong expression in her face.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span></p> - -<p>Two colossal trunks in a sitting posture.</p> - -<p>Three statues of one of the Agrippina's.</p> - -<p>A Roman matron, or empress, with remains of -red painting on the extremities of her palla.</p> - -<p>Three other matrons.</p> - -<h5><i>In the Third Room.</i></h5> - -<p>Bacchus. A muse. A fragment of a statue in -the pallium. A fine statua togata with the head -veiled, larger than the life.</p> - -<p>Another very remarkable figure, whose face resembles -in beauty that commonly attributed to Venus, -tho' the dress and other insignia plainly indicate -a Pallas: for her head is covered with an helmet, -below which her hair falls down long and dishevelled. -Her left arm is enveloped with her ægis, which is -large and expanded, so as to form a kind of mantle. -Her garments are thin, and fit close to her body in -strait plaits. She is in a posture of running, or -striding, with her feet at a considerable distance from -each other, and her arms extended different ways; -an attitude strongly marking the utmost eagerness -and haste.</p> - -<p>Next appears a Vertumnus. A fine figure of a -philosopher. Volumnia and Veturius. A lady with -a thin stola. A Venus. A boy of exquisite workmanship. -A small statua togata.</p> - -<p>In another part is a Faun of bronze, reclined, with -his right hand lifted up, and his leg extended. This -figure (as we were informed) was found accompanied -with seven others of the same metal, which -now stand in another chamber, <i>viz.</i> two young -men in a running a posture; four females somewhat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> -resembling vestals in their habit, excepting that all -their heads were uncovered, and those of two of -them were adorned with <i>vittæ</i>, or filets. Lastly, a -young man of a small size, cloathed, with his arms -somewhat extended.</p> - -<p>There remains but one more figure to be taken -notice of in this collection, <i>viz.</i> that of Serapis, -with Cerberus at his right hand. Ancient writers<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> -enable us to account for this appearance, by informing -us, that Serapis (besides his other characters of -Æsculapius, Sol, Osiris, and Jupiter) was accounted -the same as Dis Pater, or Pluto. Upon this hypothesis -none can doubt of the propriety of Cerberus's -attending upon this deity in the figure before us, as -well as in three others given us by Montfaucon<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>.</p> - -<p>If we desire to enter into the mystical reason of -this representation, we may learn it from Porphyry, -<i>viz.</i> that Serapis<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>, being the same as Pluto, had -dominion over the evil dæmons; and that those beings -were figured by a dog with three heads; meaning -the dæmon subsisting in the three elements of -water, earth, and air.</p> - -<p>Give me leave to add further, that I find, by my -journal, that upon viewing this figure, I took notice -of a dissimilitude in the heads of it: but as it did -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>not then occur to me, that they were ever expressed -in any other form than the canine, I did not examine -minutely into the difference: but, upon recollection, -I am now inclined to think, that that monster -might have the heads of three several animals in this -piece, as he has in another, given us by <a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>Montfaucon: -which mode of exhibiting him was (according -to that learned <a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>antiquary) invented by -the Egyptians; a circumstance not to be wondered -at in a people, whose imagination teemed so plentifully -with monstrous ideas of all kinds, as theirs is -known to have done.</p> - -<p>To the same original we may refer the serpent -twisting round Cerberus in this monument; as we -see two of the same species encircling his heads and -body in that mentioned above<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>. As I know no -particular relation, that the serpent bears to Serapis, -considered as Pluto, I can regard it here only as a -sacred symbol in the theology of the ancient Egyptians; -and, as such, properly attributed to an attendant -of one of their chief divinities.</p> - -<p>I shall trouble you but with one more observation -upon this article, <i>viz.</i> that (if I may trust my memory -for a particular omitted in my notes) this is the statue, -which being the principal one found in an ancient -magnificent building discovered about seven years ago -at <a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>Pozzuoli (in conjunction with other circumstances) -occasioned it to be called The Temple of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>Serapis. As this place seemed greatly to merit the -attention of the curious in antiquity, we procured a -plan of it, drawn by a native, who has free access -to it and (if I thought it would be acceptable to -that learned Society, of which I have the honour to -be a member) the said plan should wait upon them, -accompanied with some observations upon it by,</p> - -<p class="center">SIR, -<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">humble Servant</span> -<br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>John Nixon.</big></span></p> - -<p class="noin">London. Feb. 24. -1757.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>P.S.</i> A long room is designed to be fitted up in the -King's palace at Portici, for the reception of all -the antiquities found at Herculaneum, <i>&c.</i> This -apartment will be lighted by thirteen windows -on the side towards the Cortile, and adorned with -forty columns, partly of verde antique, partly of -alabaster with brownish veins, and other beautiful -marbles, found in divers parts of the King's dominions. -Between every two of these columns -will be placed a group, statue, or bust. The -compartments in the walls will contain the ancient -paintings. The other curiosities are to be -deposited in cases made for that purpose; and the -pavement will consist intirely of the finest pieces -of Mosaic work, that have been found in Herculaneum, -or any places within the Neapolitan -state.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XIV. <i>An Account of the Effects of a Storm -of Thunder and Lightning, in the Parishes -of</i> Looe <i>and</i> Lanreath, <i>in the County -of</i> Cornwall, <i>on the 27th Day of</i> June, -1756. <i>Communicated to the Rev.</i> Jeremiah -Milles, <i>D.D. F.R.S. in two Letters, one -from the Rev. Mr.</i> Dyer, <i>Minister of</i> Looe, -<i>and the other from the Rev. Mr.</i> Milles, -<i>Vicar of</i> Duloe, <i>in</i> Cornwall.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 24, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ON Sunday the 27th of June last it -grew on a sudden as dark as a -winter evening: soon after, the lightning began to -flash, and the thunder to roar. The claps were near, -and extremely loud; and the lightning was more -like darting flames of fire, than flames of enkindled -vapour. Happily no damage was done to the town -of Looe, which lies very low; but at Bucklawren, a -village situated on the top of a hill, about two miles -from hence, a farm-house was shattered in a most -surprising manner. The house fronts the south. -The windows of the hall and parlour, and of the -chambers over them, which are in the front of the -house, are sashed. The dairy window is the only -one on the west side of the house. The chimnies -are on the north side; and at the south-west corner -there is a row of old elms on a line with the front, -the nearest of which is ten feet distant from the -house. The lightning seems to have had a direction<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> -from the south-west to the north-east. It first struck -the bevilled roof of the south-west corner, near the -eaves of the house; made a large breach, and tore up -the floor of the garret, near the place where it entered, -and descended by the west wall, in oblique -lines, into the chamber over the parlour; but not -having sufficient vent that way, it darted in a line -from S.W. to N.E. against the north wall of the -garret, where meeting with resistance, it broke down -the floor near the north wall many feet wide, and carrying -the ceiling of the parlour-chamber before it, ran -down by the wall of that room in direct lines. Where -it descended on the west and north walls it made large -and deep furrows in the plaister, and even tore out -the stones and mortar. A large splinter was struck -off from the bed-post contiguous to the north wall, -and the bed was set on fire. The chimney-piece -was broken into many parts; the window-frame was -moved out of the wall, every pane of glass was -broken, the under sash was torn in pieces, and a -large piece of the chimney-board was thrown out of -the window against an opposite garden wall, about -20 feet from the house. As the lightning shot thro' -the window, it found a small cavity between the -wall and the slating with which the wall is covered, -where it burst off the slates as far as it continued in -a direct line downward, and threw them at a great -distance from the house. Notwithstanding this -dreadful havock, the force of the lightning was not -spent; the window gave it not a sufficient discharge. -From the chamber over the parlour, it descended by -the north wall to the room under it, which is wainscotted, -tore off the cornice the whole breadth of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> -the room, and some mouldings from the wainscot; -broke the glasses and Delft ware in the beauffet; -shivered the shelves of a bottle-room; and, ripping -off a small stock-lock from the door, burst it open, -and made its way chiefly thro' the window, the frame -of which was moved from the wall, and the glass -shattered to pieces. Near the bottle-room there was -a hole struck in the partition-wainscotting, which -divides the parlour from the hall, about eight inches -long and an inch broad: through this crevice the -lightning entered the hall, which serves at present -for a kitchen, and meeting with some pewter in its -way, it flung it from the shelf about the room; -threw down a large iron bar, that stood in a corner -and which seemed to have a trembling and desultory -motion; carried the tongs into the chimney, and -threw a tea-kettle, that stood there, into the middle -of the floor; moved a large brass pot out of its -place, which was under a table; and then darted -thro' the windows, carrying away a pane of glass -intire out of the upper sash to the distance of many -feet. The mistress of the house and her son were -sitting at this window. They were the only persons -in the house, and providentially received no hurt. -Some part of the lightning found a way between the -door and door-case of the hall. The door is pannelled: -and the lightning, in passing thro', penetrated -into a close mortise, and split off a large splinter -from the outside of the door, close to the tenon. In -its course it left a smoaky tinge on the wall and timber, -like that of fired gunpowder. A sulphureous -smell remained in the house many hours. Another -(or probably a part of the same) flash of lightning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> -struck the dairy window, melted the lead, and burnt -the glass where it penetrated, and set the window-frame -on fire. From thence it darted in a line from -S.W. to N.E. downward, made a large hole in a -plaistered partition near the floor into the barn, shattered -a large paving rag-stone in pieces, and tearing -up the ground, I suppose, sunk into the earth. The -elms were affected with the lightning, particularly -that nearest the house, from the top of which to the -root appeared large furrows in the moss, which grew -on the bark, in some places in an irregular spiral, -but for the most part in a perpendicular line; and -from the root of it the ground was torn up in furrows, -as if done with a plough-share, about six feet -long, the furrows gradually lessening according to their -distance from the tree. All this was done instantaneously. -How amazingly swift, subtle, and powerful -is the force of lightning! I am,</p> - -<p class="center">Reverend Sir,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obedient Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>James Dyer</big>.</span></p> - -<h3><i>A Letter from the Rev. Mr.</i> Milles <i>on the same -Subject</i>.</h3> - -<p class="drop-capi noin">ABOUT four of the clock on Sunday afternoon, -the same day that the lightning struck the farm-house -at Bucklawren, it fell upon another house -called Pelyne, in the parish of Lanreath, about six -miles distant. The house fronts the east. The -chimney, which is at the north end, is cracked, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> -opened about two or three inches wide, from the top -to the roof, where it entered the slating thro' a small -hole on the eastern side; forced its way thro' the -upper chamber, where it melted an old copper -skillet, a pair of sheepshears, and some odd brass -buckles and candlesticks that lay on the wall; consumed -the laths adjoining, and then made its way -thro' a small crevice in the upper part of the window. -Another and more severe part of the same lightning -descended the chimney; struck two women down -who were sitting on each side of it, without any -further hurt; overturned a long table, that was -placed before the window in the ground room, upon -two men, who were sitting on the inside, with their -backs towards the window. One of these men was -miserably burnt in his right arm. The lightning seems -to have struck him a little above the elbow, making a -small orifice about the bigness of a pea; the burn from -thence to the shoulder is near an inch deep. His -right thigh was likewise burnt on the inside, and the -outside of his right leg, from a little below the knee, -quite over the ancle to his toes. Both knees were burnt -across slightly, and his left thigh. His shirt-sleeve, -and the upper part of his waistcoat, were reduced to -tinder: the buckles in his shoes were melted in different -parts, and in different directions. He has not -been able to use his arm since; and is under the care -of a surgeon, who has reduced the wound to a hand's -breadth, which was in the beginning advancing fast -towards a mortification. The other man was but -slightly wounded. The lightning afterwards found -its way thro' the window in three different places; -melted the glass, leaving a smutty tinge, like that of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> -fired gunpowder. A boy, about ten years old, son -to the under-tenant, was also struck down, as he was -standing at the door, but not hurt. The father and -his daughter felt no ill effects; but saw the lightning -roll on the floor, and thought the room was on fire.</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak hang chap">XV. <i>An Account of the Peat-pit near</i> Newbury -<i>in</i> Berkshire; <i>in an Extract of a -Letter from</i> John Collet, <i>M.D. to the -Right Reverend</i> Richard <i>Lord Bishop of</i> -Ossory, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Newbury, Decemb. 2, 1756.</p> -<p> -My Lord, -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 24, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">NOW I am mentioning the peat, -I beg leave to assure your Lordship, -that tho' some persons have asserted, that after -the peat has been cut out, it grows again after some -years; yet this is not true of the peat found here, -none of the peat-pits, which were formerly dug out, -and have lately been opened again, affording the least -reason to justify such an opinion; but, on the contrary, -the marks of the long spade (with which they -cut out the peat) are still plainly visible all along the -sides of the pits, quite down to the bottom; and are -now as fresh as if made but yesterday, tho' cut above -fifty years ago: which shews also, that our peat is -of too firm a texture to be pressed together, and to -give way, so as to fill again the empty pits: which -perhaps may be the case in some of the mosses, -where the pits are found after some years to be -filled up again.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p> - -<p>The town of Newbury lies north and south, in -the shape of a Y, cross a valley; which valley runs -east and west, and is here about a mile broad, the -river Kennet running along the middle of it. The -peat is found in the middle of this valley, on each -side of the river, extending in all from between a -quarter of a mile to about half a mile in breadth -and in length, along the valley, about nine miles -westward, and about seven eastward; and I believe -much further tho' not yet discovered, and perhaps -with some intermissions.</p> - -<p>The ground it is found in is meadow land; and -consists chiefly of a whitish kind of earth: under -this lies what they call <i>clob</i>, being a peat-earth, -compounded of clay, of a small quantity of earth, -and some true peat: it is from four to eighteen inches -thick; and where the earth above it is but thin, it -is sometimes full of the roots of plants, that grow -on the surface of the ground: and if the meadow -also be moorish, the sedge and flags will shoot their -roots quite thro' it into the true peat, which lies directly -under this clob.</p> - -<p>The top of the true peat is found at various depths, -from one foot to eight feet below the surface of the -ground; and the depth or thickness of this peat is -also very different, from one foot to eight or nine -feet, the ground below it being very uneven, and -generally a gravel. My friend Mr. Osgood has dug -two feet into this gravel, to see if any peat lay below -it, but could not find any.</p> - -<p>The truest and best peat has very little (if any) -earth in it; but is a composition of wood, branches, -twigs, leaves, and roots of trees, with grass, straw,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> -plants, and weeds; and lying continually in water -makes it soft and easy to be cut thro' with a sharp -peat-spade. The colour is of a blackish brown; -and if it be chewed between the teeth it is soft, and -has no gritty matter in it, which the clob has. It is -indeed of a different consistence in different places, -some being softer, and some firmer and harder; -which may perhaps arise from the different sorts of -trees it is composed of.</p> - -<p>To get at the peat, they first dig up the surface of -the ground till they come to the clob, throwing the -earth into the empty pits, from which they have -already cut out the peat: they then dig up the clob, -and either sell it to the poor for firing, or lay it in heaps, -to burn to ashes, to be sold to the farmers. Then they -cut out the true peat, with a peculiar kind of spade, -in long pieces, vulgarly called long squares, about -three inches and a half broad every way, and four -feet long, if the thickness of the peat will allow that -length: and as they cut it out in long pieces, they -lay them in a regular order carefully, in rows upon -the ground, to be dried by the sun and wind. If -the peat be thick, when they have cut one length of -the spade for some distance, they return again, and -cut down another length of it (or four feet), and so -on, till they reach the gravelly bottom, if they can -sufficiently drain it of the water, which continually -comes in, tho' proper persons are employed to pump -out as much of the water as they can all the time. -As the peat dries, and is turned by persons appointed -for that purpose, to dry it the better, it breaks into -smaller lengths, and then it serves not only the poor; -but many other persons, for firing, and gives a good<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> -heat. It is sold for about ten shillings a waggon-load, -delivered at their houses in the town. The -ashes also prove very good manure for both grass -and arable land; and the farmers give from four -pence to six pence a bushel for them, which renders -this firing very cheap.</p> - -<p>Great numbers of trees are plainly visible in the -true peat, lying irregularly one upon another; and -sometimes even cart-loads of them have been taken -out, and dried for firing: but the nearer these trees -lie to the surface of the ground, the less sound is -the wood: and sometimes the small twigs, which -lie at the bottom, are so firm, as not to be easily cut -thro' with the usual peat-spade. These trees are generally -oaks, alders, willows, and firs, besides some -others not easily to be known. The small roots are -generally perished; but yet have sufficient signs to -shew, that the trees were torn up by the roots, and -were not cut down, there being no sign of the ax or -saw; which, had they been felled, would have been -plainly visible.</p> - -<p>No acorns are found in the peat, tho' many cones -of the fir-tree are, and also a great number of nut-shells. -They are all of a darkish colour; and the -nuts are hollow within, and some of them have a -hole at the broad end.</p> - -<p>A great many horns, heads, and bones of several -kinds of deer, the horns of the antelope, the heads -and tusks of boars, the heads of beavers, <i>&c.</i> are also -found in it: and I have been told, that some human -bones have been found; but I never saw any of these -myself, tho' I have of all the others.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p> - -<p>But I am assured, that all these things are generally -found at the bottom of the peat, or very near -it. And indeed, it is always very proper to be well -and faithfully informed of the exact depth and place, -where any thing of these kinds is found; whether it -is in the earth above the peat, or in the clob; or in -the true peat, or at the bottom of it; which will -greatly assist us in forming a just judgment of the -real antiquity of the things that are found, or at least -of the time they have lain there. Besides this, as -they formerly used to cut out the peat in large plots -here and there, leaving spaces full of peat between -those pits (whereas now they draw off the greatest -part of the water by pumps, and so clear out all the -peat regularly as they go on); so it must be carefully -observed, whether whatsoever is found here be dug -out of these old peat-pits, or not; for axes, and -other things, may have been formerly dropt into -these pits, before they were filled up again with -earth, and may now be dug out of them again. My -father has now in his possession an iron hatchet, not -greatly differing from the modern form, which was -found lying flat at the very bottom of the peat: it -was covered with a rust near half an inch thick, and -the handle was to it, which seemed to be of beech-wood, -but was so soft, that it broke in bringing it up: -but as the person is dead, who found it, I can't say -whether it lay in an old peat-pit, or no.</p> - -<p>Mr. Osgood found, some years ago, an urn, of a -light brown colour, and large enough to hold above -a gallon, in the true peat about eight or ten feet -from the river, near a mile and a half west of this -town, in Speen-moor. It lay about four feet below<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> -the level of the ground, and about one foot within -the peat; and over it was raised an artificial hill, about -eight feet higher than the neighbouring ground; and -as the whole hill consisted of both peat and meadow-ground -intermixed together, it plainly appeared, that -the peat was older than the urn; and that the persons, -who raised the hill, must first have dug a large hole -in the peat, to bury the urn there, and so formed -the hill of the peat and meadow-ground mixed together. -Round the hill, where the urn lay, they had -made also many half-circular ridges, with trenches between -them, one beyond another, in this manner:</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="image114b" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image114b.jpg" alt="urn" /> -</div> -<p class="noin">Where <i>a</i> is the river, and <i>c</i> the hill; and the half -circles shew some of the ridges, the number of -which Mr. Osgood has now forgot. The urn was -broke by the peat-spade, and it came up only in -small pieces, so that nothing was found in it; and -no body happened to be there at that time but the -peat-cutters.</p> - -<p>No coins of any sort have been found in the peat. -But there may, perhaps, be a variety of things at -the bottom of it: but as the peat is always full of -water, which is never quite drained off, so it is not -an easy matter to examine the bottom.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span></p> - -<p>I beg leave to assure you, my Lord, that I am, -with great respect and esteem,</p> - -<p class="center">Your Lordship's most obliged,<br /> -<span class="margin">and obedient humble Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>John Collet</big>.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XVI. <i>An Account of the Alterations making -in the</i> Pantheon <i>at</i> Rome: <i>In an Extract -of a Letter from</i> Rome <i>to</i> Thomas Hollis, -<i>Esq; Communicated by</i> John Ward, <i>LL.D. -R.S. Vice-Præs.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 3, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">A Project was lately laid before the -government by Paolo Posi, an -architect, for modernizing the inside of the Pantheon, -and unfortunately approved. In consequence of -which, the dome has been already cleaned, and -rough cast; and the remainder of the lead taken -away, which served as a lining to the silver work, -that originally covered it. The vestiges of the cornices, -and other ornaments of the silver work, were -still discernible in the lead, which was fastened by -very large iron nails. All this was effected by a -moveable scaffold, that was fixed to the bronze cornice -of the open circle above, whereby the temple is -illuminated, and descended to the cornice of the Attic -order, being as curious in the contrivance, as detestable -for the purposes intended by it. It is true, we -could not before see the dome in its pristine glory;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> -but we had the satisfaction of viewing the traces and -remains of what it had been. Nor could the adepts -in architecture sufficiently admire the skill and sagacity -of the builder, who, composing it of a number -of small arches, which together formed a kind of -net-work, and filling up the intervals between with -pumice-stones and mortar, gave it that strength and -lightness, whereby it has probably stood so many -ages.</p> - -<p>The evil would be comparatively small, had the -project extended no farther, than what has been related; -but they are now busy in removing the Attic -order, to make room for a new invention, suitable -to the trifling taste, which at this day prevails. And -not content with that, they think of taking away the -ancient pavement; and, what is still worse, its peculiar -beauty, the open circle at the top, to place a -lanthorn instead of it, as is usual in modern cupola's.</p> - -<p>You had the good fortune, Sir, to view this remarkable -temple, in that state, wherein it was left by the -ancient barbarians: but those, who see it hereafter, -will find it in a much more deplorable condition, -stripped of its precious marbles and ornaments; and -so disguised by modern alterations, that the noble -form given it by Agrippa will be no longer -distinguishable.</p> - -<p>It is said Il Signor J.B. Piranesi, the architect, -who published the antiquities of Rome, and divers -ingenious works of that kind, has taken accurate -plans of the Attic order, and every other particular -relating to it. These he proposes to engrave and -publish, with exact explanations annexed to them;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> -together with a plan of the whole, as he believes it -appeared in its original splendor and perfection; that -posterity may not be deprived of informations, which -are of so great benefit and importance to all lovers -of architecture. It is also said, that the engineer -[carpenter], who invented the scaffolding, has made -an exact model of it for him; which he intends to -publish as a part of the work before-mentioned.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XVII. <i>An Account of a new medicinal Well, -lately discovered near</i> Moffat, <i>in</i> Annandale, -<i>in the County of</i> Dumfries. <i>By -Mr.</i> John Walker, <i>of</i> Borgue-House, <i>near</i> -Kirkudbright, <i>in</i> Scotland.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Feb. 10, & -Mar. 3, 1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THIS mineral spring was found -out by one Mr Williamson, a -few years ago, when he was overseeing a mine, -which was at that time carrying on in its neighbourhood. -It is situate about four miles distant from -Moffat, in the bottom of a deep scar, which is on -the west side of a large mountain called Hartfell, -from which it has acquired the name of Hartfell-spaw. -This scar is a part of the mountain, thro' -which a small stream of water has worn its way to -a considerable depth; by which it has laid open, -and exposed to view, the strata of the earth on each -side: and in the bottom of this scar, and near to -the brink of this small brook, the mineral water -springs up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p> - -<p>When I saw it, it consisted of two springs, which -were very well ordered by Mr. Williamson, so as to -run from two wooden spouts, immediately at their -rise out of the earth; which indeed must be of very -great advantage to all mineral waters; and I am persuaded -there are many, whose medical qualities are -greatly impaired by falling into reservoirs, and continuing -in them for some time after they spring from -the earth. The one of these springs was situate about -ten or twelve yards farther up the brook than the -other; and they were then distinguished by the -names of the upper and lower spring: but I have -been since informed, that their situation is now altered. -Each of these springs did at that time run -nearly the same quantity of water, which, as I -thought, was above an English quart in a minute, -and that during a season of very dry weather.</p> - -<p>As there are many instances of mineral waters -springing out of the earth very near each other, -which at the same time are impregnated with very -different principles; it therefore seemed not at all -improbable, that as these waters did appear to run, -for some part of their course, in different channels, -they might in some respects be different from -each other. And this suspicion I found not to be -altogether groundless with regard to these springs, -as will be shewn afterwards. For which reason it -may be observed, that the following trials were all -made upon the water of the upper fountain, except -where the other is particularly mentioned; and also -that they were made within 24 hours after the water -was taken from the spring, being carried to Moffat -in bottles carefully sealed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span></p> - -<p>According to what may be inferred from the following -experiments, it may be premised, that this -water appears to contain in it a large proportion of -iron, but in two different forms; and an aluminous -salt, which is conjoined with a terrestrial principle.</p> - -<p>As the contents of several mineral waters have been -the cause of many different opinions, and of great -disputes among physicians and chymists; as the inquiry -I made into the principles of these waters, -which I am now considering, was not performed -with that nicety and exactness I could have wished; -and as I am persuaded, that to dogmatize in any -branch of philosophy can never tend to its advancement; -I shall not therefore pretend to determine -with certainty in any part of this subject, where the -contrary opinion can be admitted with the least degree -of probability. These trials are indeed but few -and imperfect, and are no-way sufficient to form an -exact account of this mineral water; yet I believe -they may afford some conclusions, which may be -serviceable in compiling a more compleat history of -it. They render it pretty evident, that the above-mentioned -principles are contained in these waters: -and tho' I will not pretend absolutely to exclude all -others, yet I must say, that, by what inquiry I made, -I could not observe them to be in the least impregnated -with any other kind of mineral substance.</p> - -<p>After a good deal of observation upon the water -of this Spaw; and after many fruitless attempts, -which I have at different times made upon several -other waters of the chalybeat kind in Scotland, in -quest of the volatile spirit, which has been commonly -attributed to them; I must own, that I have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> -induced to think, that there is no such thing exists in -these waters at all. What has been generally called -the spirit of steel waters, seems to me to be very unintelligible; -altho' the existence of it in these waters -has been asserted by all the writers on this subject, -which I have yet had occasion to see. The spirit -of a mixed body is commonly taken to be a subtile, -penetrating, light, and volatile substance, more -susceptible of motion than any other of its parts, -and most easily separable from them by avolation. -But that any chalybeat water contains such a substance, -I think has never been made evident, unless -where the water has been found to be impregnated -with some other mineral principles. Some steel -waters, I believe, contain a large proportion of air, -whose elasticity may occasion it to break forth with -an explosive force; some others there are, which -contain a volatile and sulphureous halitus; and to -one or other of these two causes, or to some other -mineral principle, I think most of the phænomena -may be referred, which have been attributed to a -ferrugineous or vitriolic volatile spirit.</p> - -<p>As the first thing observable in a mineral water is -its outward form, we must therefore take notice, -that the water of this Spaw equals the clearest spring-water -in transparency; and is likewise as free of any -colour or odour: yet its taste is very strong, and -may be discerned to be compounded of a sweet, -subacid, and astringent taste. Its sweetness and acidity -appear sensibly to arise from alum; and its high -styptic and astringent taste does as evidently proceed -from that mineral salt, joined with some earthy or -ferrugineous parts. I must likewise observe, that when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span> -I first compared the taste of these two springs, I could -plainly discern, that the water of the lower spring -was more acid, and less astringent, than that of the -upper one; and, on the contrary, the water of the -upper spring seemed more astringent, and less acid. -This induced me to think, that the mineral parts, -which caused the acid and astringent tastes, were -mixed in the waters of these two springs in different -proportions. And what I observed of them afterwards -still confirmed this conjecture.</p> - -<p>But, in order to give some evidence for the existence -of the above-mentioned minerals in the waters -of these springs, we shall consider them separately, -by relating the experiments, which seemed to indicate, -that they are contained in these waters in a very -considerable proportion, and by offering some conclusions, -which may be reasonably drawn from them.</p> - -<p>And as the first trials were made in quest of iron, -it may perhaps be most proper to consider it in the -first place.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Experiment</i> 1. Some pieces of galls being added -to equal quantities of the water of the two springs, an -exceeding deep and bright blue colour was immediately -produced in the water of the upper spring, -which in a little time turned to a perfect black. The -water of the lower spring, tho' indeed it was turned -of the same colour, yet was not of so deep a shade, -but was somewhat lighter than the former. The -tincture of galls caused the same appearances.</p> - -<p>2. A tincture of balaustine-flowers produced the -above blue colours in both waters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span></p> - -<p>3. A quantity of the water being thoroughly -tinged with galls, was allowed to stand 24 hours: -being then filtrated thro' brown paper, the water, -tho' almost quite colourless, would not again receive -any tincture with galls.</p> - -<p>4. After elixation the water became of a turbid -yellow colour with ochre, and afforded very little -tincture with galls.</p> - -<p>5. A solution of sal Martis, chemically prepared, -being mixed with galls, immediately turned of a -bright dark blue colour, exactly similar to that produced -in the water.</p> - -<p>6. A solution of common and rock alum was no-ways -changed in its colour with galls.</p> - -<p>7. A solution of sal Martis and alum being mixed -in equal quantities, the mixture was turned of a -bright blue colour with galls; yet not of so deep a -hue, but of a more diluted colour than the solution -of sal Martis, without alum.</p> - -<p class="p2">From these experiments we must first of all observe, -that the colour, which these waters afford with -galls and pomegranate-flowers, is very uncommon. -The more iron, that any mineral water contains, it -will afford the deeper colour with such astringents: -but tho' I have tried this experiment upon a great -many of the ferrugineous waters in Scotland, and also -upon the waters of some of the foreign Spaws, I never -observed one, that afforded so deep a colour as this, -which we now consider. Some of the weakest of -them gives only a red or faint purple tincture, and -the strongest only a deep purple: but I never saw or -heard of any chalybeat water, but this, either in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> -Scotland or elsewhere, that afforded an intense black -and inky colour with galls. From which, I think -we may venture to conclude, that the water of this -Spaw contains a far larger proportion of iron than -most, or perhaps than any, other chalybeat water -hitherto discovered: and for this reason, I dare say, -it will likewise be so much the more preferable to -most others in medicinal virtues; which has indeed -already appeared by many surprising cures it has -performed, and which, I am persuaded, will more -fully appear, when its medicinal effects shall be -better known.</p> - -<p>There must needs be a very great quantity of iron -in this water, when it yields as deep a colour with -galls as a strong solution of sal Martis. I was indeed -at first apprehensive, that this perhaps might not be -owing so much to a large and uncommon proportion -of chalybeat parts, as to the commixture of alum, -which I judged to be in the water. But we see the -contrary appears by these trials: for alum of itself -affords no tincture with astringents, and, instead of -rendering a solution of sal Martis with galls of a more -intense colour, rather makes it lighter and more diluted.</p> - -<p>We see here, that the ferrugineous matter is intirely -separated from the water by an infusion of galls. -The like also happens by elixation; after which it is -almost deprived of its tinging quality. Yet other -chalybeat waters lose this quality by much less degree -of heat.</p> - -<p class="p2">As there is an ochrous earth separated from all -steel waters, when exposed to the air, which subsides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> -to the bottom, and a metalline scum or cremor, which -swim on their surface; we shall next consider the -appearances, which they make in this water.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Exp.</i> 8. A solution of saccharum Saturni being -dropt into common spring-water, left the upper parts -of the water clear and colourless, but formed a lactescency -towards the bottom. The same solution -being added to the mineral water, soon turned it of -a turbid yellow colour, which afterwards subsided, -and formed a deep yellow cloud in the bottom of -the glass; and below this yellow sediment there adhered -to the bottom of the glass a whitish substance, -which I took to be the metalline parts of the saccharum -Saturni separated from the purer parts of the -salt, which were still suspended in the water, and -which made it of a muddy whitish colour.</p> - -<p>9. Forty drops of oleum tartari per deliquium being -added to an ounce of the water, made it of an uniform -light yellow colour; but in an hour afterwards -there were many small yellow terrene <i>nubeculæ</i> -formed in it. These the next day were more conspicuous, -being thoroughly separated from the water, -and precipitated to the bottom, leaving the water -quite clear, as it was before the mixture. A small -quantity of this limpid water being taken, it would -afford no tincture with galls. It was then all poured -off, except so much in the bottom of the glass as -contained the above-mentioned clouds: to this there -were some galls added, which in half an hour turned -these clouds from a light yellow to a deep red colour, -but did not change the colour of the water, in which -they swam.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span></p> - -<p>10. Immediately after the affusion of ol. tart. p.d. -to the water, galls were added to the mixture, which -tinged it of a deep and bright red colour. After -standing for some time, there were red clouds precipitated -to the bottom, and the water continued of -a dusky opake red colour.</p> - -<p>11. There is a small brook, formerly mentioned, -which runs near by these springs; into which the -water, that flows from them, is discharged. I observed -the stones and channel of this brook all tinged -with ochre of a deep yellow colour, so far up as the -water of these springs flowed into it; but the channel, -which the mineral water ran over before it was -mixed with the water of the brook, was very little -or nothing discoloured with ochre. As I conjectured -what this was owing to, I afterwards took two equal -quantities of the mineral water, into one of which I -put an equal quantity of common water. In two -hours the mixture became less transparent, and appeared -yellowish, while the simple mineral water -retained its clearness. Next day there was much ochre -separated from the mixture, which subsided to the -bottom of the glass: but the unmixed mineral water -remained still clear and colourless, as at first.</p> - -<p class="p2">All chalybeat waters separate their ochrous parts, -when exposed some time to the air; but this separation -is made sooner by the commixture of several -kinds of salts. Thus we see the ochre in this water -is immediately separated and precipitated by the solution -of saccharum Saturni.</p> - -<p>The oil of tartar causes a precipitation of these -ferrugineous parts in the same manner. Which parts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> -must be the sole cause, that the water receives a tincture -from galls; since, after they are precipitate, it -loses that quality, which they notwithstanding retain -even after they are separated from the water. This -precipitation of the ochrous parts of the water were -the only visible effects that I could perceive to follow -from the affusion of the ol. tart. p.d. I remember -indeed, when I was at Moffat, I saw the manuscript -of Dr. Horsburgh's experiments upon this mineral -water; which appeared to be very accurate; and -which I understand are since printed, in a volume -lately published by the Philosophical Society at Edinburgh. -Amongst these I observed one, which I -thought so very remarkable, that I particularly adverted -to it. It was the effects of the affusion of ol. -tart. p.d. to the water, producing in it clouds, or -a coagulation of a green or grass-green colour. I -think these were the words; and I own I was something -surprised at them. A solution of vitriolum -Martis, mixed with this alkaline oil, does indeed -produce a green coagulum: but I could scarcely -think, that this, or any other chalybeat water, contained -so large a proportion of that vitriol, as to be -sufficient to produce these effects, when I considered, -that so many writers, which I had seen, upon this -subject, have all failed in their attempts of extracting -a conspicuous martial vitriol from such mineral waters. -I had tried this experiment upon four or five -chalybeat springs in Scotland, and likewise upon the -Spa and Pyrmont waters, which had been well preserved; -but there never resulted any such effects from -the mixture of these with oil of tartar, as are related -in the above experiment. All the alteration it produced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> -in these waters was the precipitation of an -ochrous earth, but without the least appearance of -any green colour. As I looked upon this as a leading -experiment in the history of vitriolic waters; as -I had often tried it, and as often seen the green coagulum -produced with the solution of the factitious -vitriol, and never could observe it produced in any -of the above water; I began to suspect, that these -waters were either not possessed of a vitriolic salt at -all, or else, that it was in some respects very different -from the factitious vitriol. For these reasons, Dr. Horsburgh's -experiment appeared very extraordinary; tho' -at the same time I was greatly pleased, that I should -have the opportunity of repeating it, and of observing -those phænomena in this ferrugineous water, which -I had sought for in vain in several others. But when -I came to make the trial, I was yet more surprised, -when I found it misgive, and that the ol. tart. p.d. -produced no green colour or coagulum in this mineral -water, nor caused any other alteration in it, than -the separation of a large quantity of ochrous earth -of a yellow colour, exactly the same with what I had -observed in the other steel waters. This failure -made me immediately conclude, that I had somehow -or other committed an error in the experiment: -and tho' I was pretty sure, that the mineral water, -which I had used in it, was quite fresh, yet I could -not be so positive as to the oil of tartar, which I -suspected to have been long kept. Yet that this -could have been the cause of my being so unsuccessful, -I could scarcely believe, tho' indeed I could assign -no other. I was sorry, that I had not afterwards an -opportunity of repeating this experiment with more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> -accuracy, from which I might have expected to reap -more success, as it is perhaps one of the most consequence, -that can be performed on this mineral water, -as it is capable of demonstrating the existence of a -substantial vitriolum Martis in it; which is more -than has been hitherto done, or perhaps ever will be -done, concerning any one of the vast number of -chalybeat waters, which have been yet discovered.</p> - -<p>When galls are added to the water, at the same -time with oil of tartar, instead of its deep blue colour, -it affords only a red tincture.</p> - -<p>It appears from the 11th experiment, that an addition -of common water causes the mineral water to -precipitate its ochre; and the reason of this is obvious: -for if these ochrous parts be altogether terrene, -as they appear to be, and exist in the water unconnected -with any other principle, then it must happen, -that as these parts are uniformly diffused thro' -the water, in which they are suspended as in a menstruum; -by the addition of common water, this -menstruum being diluted, the cohesion of these terrene -parts must be thereby weakened, and their contact -destroyed; so that their menstrual equilibrium -being thus taken off, they can be no longer supported -in the fluid, but must be precipitated by the force of -their own gravity.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Exp.</i> 12. When the water was exposed for some -days to the air, there was a cremor separated from -it of a shining chalybeat colour. This, like other -kinds of cremor, takes a considerable time to compleat -its intire separation from the fluid, out of which -it is expelled: for when it was despumated, a new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> -cremor always succeeded, until the whole quantity, -which the water contained, was exhausted.</p> - -<p>13. When this cremor first appeared on the water, -it was of a faint blueish colour; but as it increased, -it changed into a deeper and more bright -shining blue: and, after longer standing, it became -blotched with various colours, as red, orange, yellow, -green, blue, purple, and violet.</p> - -<p>14. A quantity of the water being put in a -gentle heat, this cremor was quickly separated from -it, and appeared on the surface of the water. A -like quantity of the water, with its cremor already upon -its surface, was put over a gentle heat, which by -degrees broke the cremor into very small parts; but -whether they did evaporate, or precipitate in the water, -I could not be certain. But, by other trials, -this cremor was found to have a great degree of -fixity, bearing a considerable heat without avolation; -yet not without the appearance of some of its parts -flying off, altho' most of them were fixed; because -what remained lost its fine colours, and was changed -into a shining chalybeat colour.</p> - -<p>15. The water of the lower spring afforded a -much less quantity of the cremor, than the water of -the upper spring. It took also a longer time to separate, -was of a blueish colour, and had not the -vivid colours, which the water of the upper spring -shewed.</p> - -<p>16. When ol. tart. p.d. and spirit of sal ammoniac -were added to the water, it did not separate its -cremor.</p> - -<p class="p2">This cremor, which is separated from the water, -is the same with that, which appears on the surface of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> -a solution of vitriolum Martis, when exposed for -some time to the air; and an infusion of iron in -common water also emits a cremor of the same kind. -I remember, as I was once carefully observing a large -glass full of chalybeat water, which contained much -of this cremor; soon after it was exposed to the air, -I observed a tenuious blueish vapour rising in the -parts of the water next the surface, which very much -diminished its transparency; and by degrees this vapour -was emitted by the lowest parts of the water: -but as the cremor increased on its surface, the water -became gradually deprived of the blueish tincture, -which it received from this halituous body; which -was apparently nothing else but the parts of the cremor -separating from the water, and ascending upwards. -From whence we may conclude, that this -cremor consists of the very finest part of iron attenuated -to the highest degree.</p> - -<p>It has been the opinion of most naturalists, that -these kind of mineral waters do abound in sulphureous -parts. This they have conjectured from the -foetor, that often attends them. But in what quantity -or form these parts exist in the fluid, or by what -means they can be rendered conspicuous, has not as -yet been sufficiently determined. Yet, I think, we -may suspect some of the parts of this cremor to be -sulphureous. They are volatile, and, being heated, -do fly off from the pure metalline parts, which being -more fixed, are thereby left destitute of those vivid -colours, which they enjoyed from the sulphureous -parts. These are evident marks of sulphur, and are -altogether analogous to some other appearances of -that mineral. Another observation tending to support -this is the want of those vivid colours in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> -cremor, which appears on an infusion of iron; the -reason of which seems to be the loss of the sulphureous -parts of the chalybeat minerals by avolation, -during the operations of the fire, which they undergo -in refining.</p> - -<p>It appears from the fifteenth experiment, that the -water of these two springs contains a very different -proportion of this cremor: and from the last, -that it is precipitated along with the ochrous parts, -which happens upon the affusion of these alkaline -liquors.</p> - -<p class="p2">The next trials were in quest of alum.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Exp.</i> 17. A quantity of the water being kept for -some time in a boiling heat, and after it was cool -being filtred quite clear from its ochrous matter, it -still retained a subacid and aluminous taste in a very -strong degree.</p> - -<p>18. To an ounce of common spring-water there -was added two gutts of fresh sweet milk. This -mixture being shaken, the milk mixed intimately -with the water, without any kind of coagulation.</p> - -<p>19. The same experiment being made with the -mineral water, the milk, upon its affusion, was so -curdled, or separated into clouds, that the greatest -shaking could not mix or incorporate it with the -water.</p> - -<p>20. This experiment being also made with a weak -solution of alum in spring-water, its effects upon the -milk were not in the least different from those of the -mineral water.</p> - -<p>21. And the same trial being again repeated with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> -the water, when boiled and filtred from its ochrous -parts, the milk was in the same manner coagulated -as before elixation.</p> - -<p>22. One part of sweet milk being added to four -parts of the mineral water, the milk subsided, and -formed a cloud in the bottom of the glass, leaving -the upper parts of the water clear. This mixture -being heartily shaken, the milk mixed so well with -the water, that it appeared to be but a very little -curdled.</p> - -<p>23. When a larger quantity of milk was added -to a smaller quantity of water, and even when equal -parts of the milk and mineral water were mixed -and shaken together, there could be no curdling or -coagulation observed.</p> - -<p>24. An equal quantity of the water and milk being -boiled together, the greatest part of the milk -was coagulated into a thick white curd; and the remainder, -with the mineral water, turned of a pure -white milky colour, which drank like whey, and -was very agreeable.</p> - -<p>25. Eight gutts of sweet milk being added to four -ounces of the water, and the mixture boiled, part -of the milk was thereby curdled, and swam upon -the top of the water. The ochrous parts of the -water were likewise separated, and falling to the bottom, -their colour did not appear of a clear yellow, -as usual, but was something milky.</p> - -<p class="p2">All these experiments strongly indicate the existence -of alum in this water. It retains its aluminous -taste, and coagulates milk, after the chalybeat parts -are almost all expelled by elixation. The coagulation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> -of the milk demonstrates an acidity in the water, -and the other appearances shew that acidity to be -owing to an aluminous salt.</p> - -<p>It appears, that the milk requires a large quantity -of the water, to make a sensible coagulation in it: -for, in the 22d experiment, one part of the milk being -added to four parts of the mineral water, the -coagulation was scarcely discernible: and in the 23d, -when an equal or larger quantity of milk was added -to the water, the coagulation was not at all observable. -I have heard it confidently averred, that this mineral -water did not at all curdle milk; which, I suppose, -has been thro' a mistake in the experiment, in <span class="err" title="original: addding">adding</span> -too large a proportion of milk to the water: -for in this way the coagulation cannot be observed.</p> - -<p>I imagined, that when the water was boiled with -milk, the mixture would have become of a muddy -yellow colour, by the separation of the ochre: but -it did not even appear, that the ochre was at all separated -from the mixture, as it is from the water -when boiled by itself. On the contrary, not only -the coagulum, but also the liquor, was of a pure -white colour, and of a pleasant taste: and this -makes me think it worth the inquiring into, whether -or not the water does retain its medical qualities after -it is prepared in this manner with milk? For, if it -does, such a preparation might certainly be very serviceable -in many cases.</p> - -<p class="p2">These experiments, which we next relate, do not -only ascertain the existence of alum in the water -with greater certainty, but also, that there is a particular -kind of earth conjoined with this salt.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p> - -<p><i>Exp.</i> 26. An English quart of the water being -kept boiling for a quarter of an hour, it turned thick, -muddy, and yellow, by the separation of its ochrous -parts; and, being set to cool in a clean bowl, the -next day all the ochre was subsided to the bottom, -from which the water was carefully filtred: whereby -it became almost as clear and limpid as before -the elixation, retaining a sharp aluminous taste, but -was deprived of the strong ferrugineous taste, which -it had at first. This water was again boiled; by -which means it was again turned a little yellow, by -the separation of some more ochre. It was therefore -again filtred, and rendered clear, and its aluminous -taste was stronger than before. After this filtration, -the water was evaporated in a sand-heat to -about a sixteenth part of the original quantity, and -then it tasted like a strong solution of alum joined -with a small degree of a chalybeat taste. And this -being totally evaporated in a glass, there adhered upon -its sides a pure white salt; and a larger quantity of -the same salt remained in the bottom of the glass, -which was not so white, but more impure than the -former, and of a brown colour.</p> - -<p>27. This salt, thus procured from the water, being -mixed with distilled vinegar and spirit of vitriol, -there was not the least effervescence produced.</p> - -<p>28. Some of the brown-coloured salt being put -upon a red-hot iron, it did neither sparkle nor decrepitate; -but was turned into a blackish cineritious substance, -which in a short time became a white calx. -And tho' some of the salt was put upon the iron -finely powdered, yet it concreted, and run together -in a cinder, whose cohesion was afterwards destroyed -when calcined by a further degree of heat.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p> - -<p>29. As I was accidentally deprived of the opportunity -of obtaining crystals of this salt, which -would have been the best means of knowing to what -species it was to be referred; I dissolved the whole -mass in a small quantity of spring-water, and, by -filtrating this solution, I obtained a large proportion -of fine earth of a brown colour.</p> - -<p>30. This solution of the salt afforded a deep blue -tincture with galls.</p> - -<p>31. The same solution, being mixed with syrup -of violets, became of a reddish colour.</p> - -<p>32. Saccharum Saturni being added to the solution, -precipitated a thick lactescent cloud.</p> - -<p>33. Ol. tart. p.d. being also added to this solution, -it caused no visible effervescence, yet raised some -bubbles of air, and caused a coagulation of many -small brown terrene nubeculæ in the water; which, -after standing some time, subsided to the bottom, and -left the water clear.</p> - -<p class="p2">These experiments do plainly evince, that this -water contains an aluminous salt, conjoined with a -fine terrene substance, which is probably a part of the -matrix, from whence the salt has been formed.</p> - -<p>This salt gives no signs of any alkaline principle; -but, on the contrary, of an acidity, as its solution -reddens with syrup of violets.</p> - -<p>With this salt there are also intimately conjoined -some very subtile chalybeat parts, which are not separable -from it by elixation or evaporation.</p> - -<p>Alum is distinguishable from all other mineral -salts, by liquifying and bubbling upon a red-hot iron, -and turning into a white calx. But this could not -be well expected from this aluminous salt, which we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> -had extracted from the water, because it was extremely -foul, by being combined with so large a -proportion of earth; which earthy parts were the -occasion of turning the salt of a blackish colour upon -the iron. However, we see it turns white by a further -degree of heat. But if the salt had been dissolved, -filtrated, and crystallized, till it had been purified -and freed from this terrene matter, it would -then certainly have had the same appearance upon -the red-hot iron, as a pure aluminous salt. Again, -as it is peculiar to an aluminous salt to liquify in -some degree with fire, so we see, that this was evidently -the case of this salt. Its eliquation indeed -could not be so remarkable, as in pure alum, because -of its being mixed with so much earth; but -that it did liquify in some degree is plain, because -the whole mass of salt and earth, even when reduced -to a powder, ran all together like a cinder.</p> - -<p>The experiment upon the solution of this salt with -ol. tart. p.d. is also a further proof of what we have -already asserted: for tho' there was no visible effervescence, -yet the bubbles of air shew, that there was -an intestine conflict of the oil with the acid principle -in the solution; which being absorbed by the alkali, -the earth was precipitated, to which it formerly adhered.</p> - -<p class="p2">The two next experiments were made in order to -discover, whether an acid or alkaline principle prevailed -in the water.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Exp.</i> 34. Forty gutts of the syrup of violets being -added to an ounce of the water, the mixture became -of a bright sea-green colour.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - -<p>35. A quantity of water being kept boiling -for five minutes, and afterwards allowed to stand till -it became clear, was carefully filtrated from its -ochrous sediment: after which, upon its mixture -with syrup of violets, it turned of a faint reddish -colour.</p> - -<p class="p2">From these experiments we infer, that this mineral -water contains both an alkaline and an acid principle; -the former consisting of the ochrous and ferrugineous -parts, which are separated from the water -by elixation; and the latter of the aluminous salt, -which remains in the water after elixation.</p> - -<p class="p2">The following trials were made in order to know -what effects are produced in the water by being exposed -to the air; and in what respects the waters of -the two springs differed from each other.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>Exp.</i> 37. An English quart of the water of each -of the springs being fully exposed to the air in two -China bowls, the next day that of the under spring -was neither altered in its taste, colour, or transparency, -nor in any other shape whatever; but that of the -upper spring appeared of a yellowish colour, altho' -it was clear and transparent as the other.</p> - -<p>On the second day the taste of the waters scarcely -appeared to be any way diminished. No sensible -change could be observed in the lower water; but -the upper water was become more yellow than it was -the day before, yet without any loss of its transparency. -They both tinged of a deep blue colour -with galls; which tinctures appeared equally deep<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> -and strong, as they did before the waters were exposed -to the air.</p> - -<p>The third day the lower water appeared clear and -colourless as before, only its surface was covered with -a few small spots of cremor. The upper water appeared -more yellowish than formerly, and its surface -was almost wholly covered over with the cremor. -They both afforded a tincture with galls, which was -not sensibly different from what they gave before -their exposure.</p> - -<p>On the fourteenth day the water of the under -well had precipitated a yellow ochrous sediment, but -the other water a more considerable quantity. A -large quantity of cremor continued also to swim upon -the surface of the upper water, but there was very -little separated from the water of the under well. -Both waters being now tried with galls, instead of -the deep blue colour, which they did formerly exhibit, -they now became only of a deep purple -colour.</p> - -<p>On the twentieth day the visible appearance of -both waters was the same as when last observed.</p> - -<p>On the thirty-eighth day they both afforded as -deep a purple colour with galls, as they did three -weeks before; and during that time also they had -not precipitated any more of their ochrous parts, nor -suffered any other sensible alteration.</p> - -<p>The water of the upper well being filtrated from -all the ferrugineous matter, which it had separated -during these thirty-eight days, was rendered almost -as limpid and clear as when newly taken from the -well: but, being boiled for some time, it became of -a turbid yellow colour; and being allowed to stand,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> -it again precipitated abundance of an ochrous sediment; -and being filtrated, and mixed with galls, it -received a faint purple colour of a blueish hue.</p> - -<p>38. A bottle of the water of each of these springs, -being carefully sealed, carried to Moffat, and kept -for two months, suffered not the least alteration -during that time, but was as fresh as when immediately -taken from the fountain. And I am informed, -that after it is carried to Edinburgh, and to places at -a greater distance, it will keep a much longer time -without being any way spoiled.</p> - -<p class="p2">I believe it will appear from these observations, -that this mineral water continues longer intire, and -particularly that it retains the quality of tinging with -galls longer, than most others of the chalybeat kind: -at least, of a great number, which I have seen described, -I do not remember one, that retains it near -so long, when exposed to the open air. Many of -them lose this quality intirely in a few hours; and it -is greatly impaired in the same time, even in those -which retain it longest. But this water, we see, remains -exposed to the open air for days, without -almost any alteration. This may perhaps be owing -either to the larger proportion of ferrugineous parts, -with which it is impregnated; to their being attenuated -to a greater degree; or to their more perfect -commixture with the water, by means of the aluminous -salt. The longer time, that any mineral water -does remain intire, without any separation of its mineral -parts; or the longer it retains the same form, which -it has when newly taken from the spring; the more -perfect is the commixture of these parts with their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> -fluid vehicle: and I believe, upon that account, will be -more effectual for medicinal uses: for which reason, -I suppose, these waters may prove a more beneficial -medicine, than any others of the ferrugineous kind, -whose mineral contents are not so intimately commixed -with the aqueous fluid.</p> - -<p>As these waters are so long in separating their mineral -contents, they appear particularly well adapted -for being transported to distant places: for by this -quality they are fitted to undergo a long carriage, and -to be kept a considerable time, without any diminution -of their medicinal virtues. It must also be noticed, -that the water of the under well is by much -the best of the two for carriage, or for being long -kept, as it is longer in separating its mineral contents -than the upper one.</p> - -<p>From these experiments it is evident, that there -is a considerable difference betwixt the waters of the -two springs. The upper one contains a much larger -quantity of ochrous earth, and metalline cremor, -than the under one; which is the reason, why it -yields a deeper colour with galls, as may be observed -in the first experiment. I suspected, on the other -hand, that the under water contained a greater proportion -of alum, than the water of the upper spring; -but this I cannot affirm, as I find I had neglected to -make the experiment, which would have determined -whether it be so or not. Tho' the mineral contents -of these two waters be similar, yet, if they be thus -mixed in them in different proportions, this must -certainly create a difference between them, which -deserves to be attended to, as it may be sufficient to -disallow of their being used promiscuously, since their -medicinal effects may be thereby different.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p> - -<p>But now, to sum up the evidence, which these -experiments, taken all together, do afford, concerning -the mineral ingredients of this Spaw; I think -they determine, with some degree of certainty, that -it contains two different principles of iron, both of -which are fixed. The one, which is the ochrous -earth, is a true <i>minera ferri</i>, and, altho' it be a crude -mineral, exists in the water in a very fine and subtile -form; the other, which is the cremor or pellicle, -whose parts are also extremely attenuated in the water, -appears to be iron, not in its mineral, but in its -metalline form, and, when thrown up upon the surface -of the water, shews itself like an extreme thin -<i>lamina</i> of that metal. There seems also to be some -small proportion of sulphur joined with the metalline -cremor. The other mineral ingredient, which enters -into the composition of this Spaw, is a considerable -proportion of an aluminous salt, which is conjoined -with a small quantity of a light brown-coloured -earth (probably a part of the matrix whence the salt -is formed), and still more intimately connected with -some of the chalybeat parts of the water, which are -not separable from it either by elixation or evaporation. -Whether these be saline or terrestrial, I cannot -determine.</p> - -<p class="p2">Having thus endeavoured to discover, by some -plain and simple experiments, the mineral principles, -with which this medicinal water is impregnated; I -shall now only add some observations, with respect -to the origin of steel waters, and particularly of this -Spaw, whose origin, I think, is thereby discovered -and ascertained in a very obvious manner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p> - -<p>Among several things, that are still deficient in the -history of mineral waters; an exact knowlege of their -origin seems to be the chief; that is, from what -fossils, and in what manner, these waters do acquire -the mineral substances, with which they are impregnated. -As this happens in the bowels of the earth, -and is therefore far removed from our view, it is -not surprising, that there has been so little discovered -concerning it; tho' indeed there have been many elaborate -hypotheses framed in order to account for it.</p> - -<p>The writers on mineral waters have been of very -different and opposite opinions concerning their origin. -They have disagreed widely amongst themselves; -and I very much suspect, that the accounts, -which most of them give of this matter, are not -agreeable to truth: particularly with respect to -chalybeat waters, I have seen none, who have given -a satisfactory account of their origin. They have all -agreed, that iron, or the vitriol of that metal, does -exist in mineral waters; but they have never yet -agreed, how they came to exist in them, or in what -manner mineral waters come to be imbued with these -fossils.</p> - -<p>Some of the more ancient writers cannot comprehend, -how simple water should be intimately impregnated -with so many different kinds of minerals, -except by the means of some powerful agent. And -as they thought nothing more proper for communicating -and mixing mineral substances with water, -than violent heat, they therefore termed all mineral -waters, of whatever kind, by the name of <i>thermæ</i>. -They saw some spring from the earth extremely hot, -others moderately hot, others tepid, others excessively<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span> -cold: they concluded from this, that all such various -degrees of heat in these waters were owing either to -the different degree of subterranean fire, which they -had undergone; or else to the great distance, which -some of them had run in the earth, after they had -been sufficiently heated. They therefore maintained, -that those waters particularly termed <i>acidulæ</i> (the -greatest part of which are impregnated with iron), -or those, which, tho' intensely cold, contained a -large proportion of mineral matter, had in some -part of the earth been impregnated with it, by means -of an intense heat, which they had been gradually -deprived of by a long passage thro' the colder parts -of the earth.</p> - -<p>Some naturalists again, of a later date, having exploded -the former notion as chimerical, have thought, -that a vapour rising from vitriolic minerals, and -mixed with the neighbouring streams of water in -the bowels of the earth, has imbued them with some -of the parts, and with the properties, of vitriol.</p> - -<p>Others are of opinion, that the exhalations of vitriolic -minerals, passing thro' the cavities of the earth, -are there condensed by the subterraneous cold into a -limpid fluid, containing the very finest parts of that -mineral salt: which fluid, mixing with the præterlabent -streams of water, and issuing out of the earth -with them, produce those mineral springs called -vitriolic.</p> - -<p>The last opinion I shall mention on this subject, -and which indeed appears the most plausible, is of -those, who think, that the iron is corroded and dissolved -in these waters by means of an acid: for, as -they imagine simple water incapable of doing this,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> -they suppose, that it is first imbued with an acid in -the bowels of the earth; and then, by the corrosion -of the chalybeat minerals, thro' which it runs, it -comes to be impregnated with them. I once received -this opinion, as the most probable I could -then observe, concerning the origin of these springs: -yet not as being satisfactory; for there are many objections -against it, which it is difficult either to elude -or to answer.</p> - -<p>The supposition of an acidity in ferrugineous waters, -I thought but ill confirmed, because, upon trial, -they discover no vestiges of it, but rather appear to -be alkaline. Besides, in considering the causes of -mineral waters, it seems more probable, that whatever -minerals they contain, they must be such, as can -be received or extracted by common water in its -passage thro' the earth, by solution, abrasion, or the -like simple operations; and in this way alone I -think we may come to account not only for the -commixtion of the saline and terrene minerals, which -are found in medical waters, but likewise of those, -that are metalline or sulphureous; for which simple -water, at first sight, may perhaps seem to be an insufficient -solvent.</p> - -<p>It was this notion, that first induced me to make trial -upon various mineral and metallic bodies, in order to -know how far they could communicate their virtues -to common water by infusion. I thought this might -throw some light upon the origin of mineral waters; -yet, tho' I made a great many experiments of this -sort, and particularly upon several kinds of native -chalybeat minerals, I was as little satisfied concerning -their origin as before. I at length, however,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> -met, by accident, with what I had inquired after -with so little success.</p> - -<p>As I happened to be at a gentleman's house near -Edinburgh, in whose estate there was a great deal of -coal, and who was at that time working a level -or adit, in order to drain off the water, I observed, -that the current of water, which flowed from this -level, separated a great quantity of ochre, and, emptying -itself into a river soon after it came from the -entry of the level, tinged all the stones and the channel -of the river, for a good way, of an ochrous -colour. The taste of this water was exactly like -that of a common steel Spaw; and it afforded a -purple colour with galls<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>. As I knew, that this -water flowed off a great body of coal, I often infused -that fossil, taken from the pits near this level, in -common water; but the infusions never yielded any -tincture with galls. I tried in the same way another -mineral, that the miners call <i>blaes</i>; which is a cliffery -stratum of a blueish colour, that often lies both -above and below the coal: also another fossil of a -brown colour, which is very ponderous, and is called -by the miners <i>dogger</i>; a thin seam of which often -lies in the midst of the coal. However, neither of -these would afford an infusion, that would tinge with -galls. At last I got another mineral out of these coal-pits, -which is sometimes found amongst the coal, but -is not so frequent as any of the former; and this fully -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span>answered my expectation. It is found either in round -or broad pieces, is exceeding ponderous, and of a -shining yellow colour, and is called by the miners -<i>brass lumps</i>. When I infused this mineral for a short -time in common water, it communicated to it all -the properties of a steel Spaw; its taste was exactly -the same; and it received a tincture from galls, which -was of a more diluted or intense purple, according -to the proportion of the mineral added to the water, -or to the time of the infusion. This simple experiment -does therefore clearly discover to us the origin -of steel waters, and the manner, in which they are -impregnated with their mineral contents in the bowels -of the earth.</p> - -<p>This observation, which I had made concerning -the origin of steel waters, led me, when I first visited -Hartfell-Spaw, to inquire into the adjacent fossils: -which was the more easily done, as the strata of the -earth about the well, for a considerable depth, are -exposed to view. After some search among these, I -found a stratum of cliffery rock, about three or four -feet thick, of a grey colour, and, I think, about -twenty paces from the spring. In some of the hollow -places of this rock, where the rain and wind -did not reach, I observed a white saline efflorescence -on its surface, which when I had taken off and -tasted, I concluded, from its styptic and chalybeat -taste, that it was a native vitriolum Martis, notwithstanding -its white colour; but I found it, upon -trial, to be alum, having some fine attenuated parts -of iron conjoined with it, and the same salt with that -contained in the Spaw water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> - -<p>Having taken some pieces of this rock, which -were quite free from the saline effervescence, and infused -them in common spring-water for some hours, -this water did thereby acquire the true taste of the -Hartfell-Spaw. It likewise in the same manner received -a deep blue tincture with galls, and contained -all the other qualities of that mineral water, -without the least difference, that I could observe: -which, I think, ascertains the true origin of this -mineral spring in the most obvious and undeniable -manner.</p> - -<p>I am persuaded, that this plain and easy method -of investigating the origin of mineral springs is not -only superior to the most learned discussions and -elaborate theories, but will be found to be the surest, -yea, the only way of extending and compleating our -knowlege concerning them. As I have not yet had -the opportunity of making the experiments, which -I designed, upon the two fossils, that we find to be -the cause of the above mineral waters, and which -will be necessary to elucidate and compleat these -observations, which we have made concerning their -origin; I shall now only add one thing, and recommend -it to the observation of others: “<i>Whether or -not, from such a knowlege of the origin of mineral -waters, we may not acquire artificial ones of as -great, or perhaps of greater, medicinal use, than -those, which are naturally produced?</i>”</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XVIII. <i>An Account of the State of the Thermometer -at the</i> Hague <i>on the 9th of</i> January -1757. <i>Extracted from a Letter of -Mr.</i> Abraham Trembley, <i>F.R.S to</i> Tho. -Birch, <i>D.D. Secret. R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -Hague, Febr. 15. 1757. -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 3, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Carefully observed the thermometer -during the cold days, which we have -had this winter. I made use of the same thermometer, -with which I made my observations in 1740, -and for that purpose fixed it in the same place, where -it was that year, <i>viz.</i> in a window directly exposed -to the north, and open to a large square. In 1740 -I saw Fahrenheit's thermometer at two degrees below -0. This year, on the 9th day of January in -the morning, it was at three degrees above 0; that -is, only five degrees higher than in 1740.</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XIX. <i>Experimental Examination of</i> Platina. -<i>By</i> William Lewis, <i>M.B. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<h3><em class="gesperrt">PAPER</em> V.</h3> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 17, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE account of this extraordinary -mineral, formerly read to this illustrious -Society, and honoured with their approbation, -being since published in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span> -renders any recapitulation of the discoveries -hitherto made unnecessary.</p> - -<p>The near and remarkable relation betwixt platina -and gold, not only in point of gravity, but in many -less obvious properties, hitherto supposed to belong -to gold alone; and their as manifest disagreement in -others, particularly colour, ductility, and fusibility; -induced me to examine, what effects they might have -in combination with one another in different proportions; -and whether there is reason to credit the report -of great frauds having been committed by mixing -them together; how far such abuses are practicable; -and, what is of more importance, the means by -which they are discoverable.</p> - -<h4><i>Experiments of the Mixture of Platina and Gold.</i></h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Experiment</em> I.</span></h5> - -<p>1. Twelve carats<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> of fine gold, and the same -quantity of the purer grains of platina, were urged -in a blast-furnace, for near an hour, with a fire so -strong, that a slip of Windsor brick, with which the -crucible was covered, tho' defended by a thin coating -of pure white clay, had begun to melt. Upon breaking -the vessel, the metal was found in one smooth -lump or bead; which, after being nealed by the -flame of a lamp, and boiled in alum-water, appeared, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span>both in the mass, and upon the touchstone, of a -pale bell-metal colour, without any resemblance to -gold. It bore several strokes, and stretched considerably -under the hammer, before it begun to crack -about the edges. On viewing the fracture with a -magnifying glass, the gold and platina appeared unequally -mixed; and several small particles of the latter -were seen distinct: nor was the mixture intirely -uniform after it had again and again been returned to -the fire, and suffered many hours of strong fusion.</p> - -<p>2. Eighteen carats of gold and six of platina -(= 3:1) were melted together as the foregoing, in -an intense fire continued about an hour. The bead, -nealed and boiled, was less pale-coloured than the -former, but had nothing of the colour of gold. It -forged tolerably well, like coarse gold. To the -naked eye it appeared uniform; but a good magnifier -discovered in this, as well as in the other, some -inequality of mixture, not withstanding the fusion -was two or three times repeated, with the strongest -degrees of heat we were capable of exciting by large -bellows.</p> - -<p>3. Twenty carats of gold and four of platina -(= 5:1) were kept in strong fusion for above an -hour and a half. These united into an equal mass, -in which no granule of platina, or dissimilarity of -parts, could be distinguished. The colour was still -so dull and pale, that the compound could scarcely -be judged by the eye to contain any gold. It hammered -well into a pretty thin plate; but we could -not draw it into wire of any considerable fineness.</p> - -<p>4. Twenty-two carats of gold were melted in the -same manner with two of platina (= 11:1) the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span> -same that standard gold contains of alloy. The -mixture was uniform, of a tolerable golden colour, -but easily distinguishable from that of standard gold -by a dingy bell-metal cast. It worked well, was -forged into a thin plate without cracking, and drawn -into moderately fine wire.</p> - -<p>5. Twenty-two carats and a half of gold, and -one and a half of platina (= 15:1), melted into an -uniform mass, which, after the usual nealing and -boiling, proved somewhat tougher than the preceding, -and of a better colour.</p> - -<p>6. Twenty-three carats of gold were melted with -one of platina; which is nearly half the proportion, -that standard gold contains of alloy. The compound -worked extremely well, but was distinguishable from -gold by a manifest dinginess, which it retained after -repeated forgings, fusions, nealings, and boilings.</p> - -<p>7. Twenty-three carats and one-fourth of gold, -and three-fourths of a carat of platina (= 31:1), -formed an equal mixture, very malleable, ductile -like the three foregoing whilst hot as well as cold, -but not intirely free from their peculiar dingy colour.</p> - -<p>8. A mixture of twenty-three carats and a half -of gold, with half a carat of platina (= 47:1), was -very soft and flexible, of a good colour, without any -thing of the disagreeable cast, by which all the foregoing -compositions were readily distinguishable, in -the mass as well as on the touchstone, from fine or -standard gold.</p> - -<p>9. A mixture of twenty-three carats and three-fourths -of gold, with one-fourth of a carat of platina -(= 95:1), could not be distinguished by the eye or -hammer from the fine gold itself.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> - -<p>In all these processes, even where the proportion -of platina was small, the fusion was performed by a -vehement fire, that the mineral might be the more -intimately dissolved, and equally diffused thro' the -gold. The necessity of this precaution appeared from -an experiment formerly related; in which one of -platina having been melted with four of gold, the -button appeared not much paler than standard gold -with silver alloy. On a second fusion it lost its yellow -colour, which had at first been only external, -from an imperfect mixture, great part of the platina -being concealed in the internal part of the mass, and -covered as it were by a golden coat.</p> - -<p>The crucibles were rubbed on the inside with -chalk, to prevent any particles of the metal from -lodging in their cavities. A little borax was employed -in each as a flux; with the addition of nitre, -by which the colour of gold is somewhat heightened. -On remelting some of the mixtures with sundry other -additions, powdered charcoal seemed to improve the -colour most.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Experiment</em> II.</span></h5> - -<p>The preceding compositions, after being gently -hammered and boiled, were weighed hydrostatically -with great care, by a very tender balance, in distilled -water, wherein the gravity of standard gold turned -out 17.788.</p> - -<p>All the mixtures proved heavier than standard -gold. Their gravities were nearer to the medium -of the gravities of the ingredients, than those of the -compositions of platina with any of the other metals<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> -formerly given an account of; none falling considerably -short of the mean gravity, and some rather exceeding -it.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="gravity"> - <tr><td> </td><td> </td> - <td class="bl br bt tdc" colspan="2">Gravity. </td> -<td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="bl br">By Experiment.</td> -<td class="bl br">By Calculation.</td> -<td class="bl">Difference.</td> -<td> </td><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td colspan="2" class="tdc">Platina</td> -<td class="bl br">17.000</td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl"> </td> -<td> </td><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 1</td> -<td class="bl br">18.140</td> -<td class="bl br">18.142</td> -<td class="bl">0. 02</td><td class="br bt"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="vm"><big>}</big> Diminution.</td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 3</td> -<td class="bl br">18.613</td> - <td class="bl br">18.714</td> -<td class="bl">0.101 </td><td class="br"> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 5</td> -<td class="bl br">18.812</td> -<td class="bl br">18.904</td> -<td class="bl">0.092</td><td class="br"> </td> </tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 11</td> -<td class="bl br">18.835</td> -<td class="bl br">19.094</td> -<td class="bl">0.259</td><td class="br"> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 15</td> -<td class="bl br">18.918</td> -<td class="bl br">19.142</td> -<td class="bl">0.224 </td><td class="br"> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 23</td> -<td class="bl br">19.089</td> -<td class="bl br">19.189</td> -<td class="bl">0.100</td><td class="br"> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 31</td> -<td class="bl br">19.128</td> -<td class="bl br">19.213</td> -<td class="bl">0.085</td> <td class="br bb"> </td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 47</td> -<td class="br bl">19.262</td> -<td class="br bl">19.237</td> -<td class="bl">0.025</td> -<td class="br bt"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm"><big>}</big> Increase.</td></tr> -<tr><td>Platina 1</td> -<td>Gold 95</td> -<td class="br bl">19.273</td> -<td class="br bl">19.261</td> - -<td class="bl">0.012</td> -<td class="br bb"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr><td colspan="2" class="tdc">Gold</td> - -<td class="bb br bl">19.285</td> - -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td> </td> - <td> </td> </tr> -</table> - -<h5><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Experiment</em> III.</span></h5> - -<p>As a mixture of platina with an equal quantity of -gold has been reported to be specifically heavier than -gold itself, but turned out otherwise in the above -experiments; some further trials were made on that -head.</p> - -<p>1. Instead of the crude mineral, whose gravity is -but 17, we took platina, that had been cupelled with -lead, one of the neatest of the buttons formerly mentioned, -which, tho' retaining a portion of the lead, -was nearly as ponderous as fine gold, <i>viz.</i> 19.240. -This was melted with equal its weight of the gold, -in a strong fire, and continued in fusion for about an -hour: the mass proved spongy, and very light. We<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> -remelted it several times with vehement degrees of -fire, suffering it to cool leisurely in the crucible, -and, in order to separate as much as possible of the -lead, to which its sponginess seemed owing, boiled -it in aqua-fortis, and repeatedly injected corrosive -sublimate upon it during fusion: the mass, nevertheless, -still turned out cavernulous and brittle, and specifically -lighter than either the gold or platina by -themselves.</p> - -<p>2. I likewise endeavoured to combine platina with -small proportions of gold. By vehemence of fire, it -was made to unite, tho' not perfectly, with half its -weight and less: but the mixtures were extremely -spongy and brittle; in specific gravity one scarce 16, -another less than 15.</p> - -<p>3. As a cast metalline body from the Spanish -West Indies, of which some account will be given -hereafter, appears to have been confounded with the -mineral platina, this also was melted with an equal -quantity of gold. They united with great ease, by a -moderate fire, into an uniform compound, tolerably -compact, but whose specific gravity was only 16½; -which is nearly the mean gravity of the two ingredients.</p> - -<h5><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Experiment</em> IV.</span></h5> - -<p>As a small portion of copper somewhat heightens -the colour of pale gold, platina was melted with -eight times its weight of standard gold made with -copper alloy. The fusion was performed, as in the -preceding experiments, in a close crucible, with a -strong fire, but without any flux, and continued for -about an hour. The metal appeared covered with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> -black scurf, and had lost about ⅟200. It was much -duller coloured, harder to the hammer, and cracked -sooner about the edges, than mixtures of fine gold -with a larger quantity of platina. By repeated fusion, -and frequent nealing, it became a little softer -and tougher, so as to be drawn into pretty fine wire; -but the colour was still exceeding dull, more resembling -that of bad copper than of gold.</p> - -<p>The specific gravity of this compound was 17.915; -a little less than the medium of the three ingredients -unmixed, and a little greater than the mean gravity -resulting from the platina by itself, and the copper -and gold mixed; for copper, in the standard proportion, -appears to diminish the gravity of gold -more than it ought to do according to calculation.</p> - -<p class="p2">From the foregoing experiments it appears, that -platina is miscible with gold, in certain proportions, -without injuring either its colour or ductility, or occasioning -any considerable alteration in the gravity: -experiments related in former papers have shewn, that -it stands aqua-fortis, and the other trials by which -the purity of gold is estimated. It is to be hoped, -that the abuses manifestly practicable by this mineral -have hitherto been but rarely made use of. To guard -against them is the object of this paper; to detect -them, of the next.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XX. <i>Experimental Examination of</i> Platina. -<i>By</i> William Lewis, <i>M.B. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<h3><em class="gesperrt">PAPER</em> VI. <br /> - -<i>Experiments of distinguishing and purifying Gold -mixed with Platina.</i></h3> - -<h4>1. <i>By Amalgamation with Mercury.</i></h4> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 31, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN an experiment related in the fourth -paper, an amalgam of one part of -platina and two of gold with a suitable quantity of -mercury, having been triturated with water for a -considerable time, and occasionally washed over, the -platina was gradually thrown out, and the gold retained -by the quicksilver.</p> - -<p>Repetitions of this experiment have shewn, that -tho' the separation succeeds in some cases, it does not -perfectly in all: that if there is any particle of the -platina imperfectly dissolved in the gold (which will -generally be the case, unless the quantity of gold is -three or four times greater than that of the platina), -this part will be retained, after long trituration, undissolved -by the mercury, uncomminuted by the -pestle, and too ponderous to be washed off in its -gross form. A variety of mixtures of platina and -gold were treated in the manner above described; -and the gold, recovered from the amalgams, submitted -to further examinations. Where the proportion -of platina was large, the microscope almost always -discovered still some granules of it on the fracture of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> -the ingot: where the proportion was small, the -recovered gold was frequently, but not constantly, -found to be pure.</p> - -<p>From these experiments it appears, that mercury -has a greater affinity with gold than platina, and that -platina is capable of being totally separated by elutriation; -but that the process is too vague and undetermined -to be applicable in the way of assay, as we -have no mark of the precise time for discontinuing -it, and as we can never be certain, without making -another assay, whether the whole of the platina is -separated or not. As a preparatory examination, -where the quantities of platina and gold to be separated -are large, it is nevertheless of good use, as -greatest part of the platina may by this means be -washed over with little trouble, and the gold brought -into a less compass, so as to be commodiously submitted -to a perfect purification by the means hereafter -pointed out. This process has a similar effect -on platina and gold to that of stamping and washing -on metallic ores; which could not be reduced into -pure metal in the furnace to advantage, without the -previous separation of great part of the earthy and -stony matter by water.</p> - -<h4>2. <i>By Precipitation with Alkalies.</i></h4> - -<p>Gold is precipitated totally by fixed alkaline salts, -but platina only in part. When solutions of the two -metals are mixed together, so much of the platina -remains suspended, after saturation with the alkali, -as to be readily distinguishable by the yellow colour, -which it communicates to the liquor. It has been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> -objected, that tho' the platina was discoverable, when -thus mingled superficially with the gold, it may nevertheless, -when combined more intimately by fusion, -elude this method of trial.</p> - -<p>1. Mixtures of gold with small proportions of -platina were therefore kept in fusion, by a very -strong fire, for several hours, and afterwards dissolved -in aqua-regis. The solutions being diluted with -water, and a pure fixed alkaline salt gradually added, -so long as any effervescence of precipitation ensued, -the liquors remained manifestly coloured, tho' apparently -paler than when the two metals had been -dissolved by themselves.</p> - -<p>2. A more convincing proof, that part of the -platina remains suspended, after the precipitation of -the gold, was obtained, by putting into the filtered -liquors some plates of pure tin, which presently -contracted an olive hue, and threw down a large -quantity of a brownish precipitate, as from the common -solutions of the crude mineral. It was observable, -that the tin plates were often sensibly acted on, -even whilst the liquor was overcharged with alkali.</p> - -<p>3. It has been further suggested, and with great -appearance of probability, that as a part of platina is -precipitated as well as gold by alkaline salts, if only -this part be mixed with gold, it will be thrown down -by them again upon dissolving the compound. To -determine this point, a precipitate of platina made -by fixed alkali was melted with thrice its weight of -fine gold, and kept in strong fusion for above an -hour: they united more easily than gold does with -so large a proportion of the crude mineral, and -formed a smooth neat bead, which hammered well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> -into a pretty thin plate before it cracked, and appeared -internally uniform and equal. This compound -being dissolved in aqua-regia, and a fixed alkaline -salt added by degrees till the acid was more -than saturated, the liquor became indeed pale; but -tin plates put into it quickly discovered, that it held -a very considerable quantity of platina. It appears -therefore a constant property of this mineral to remain -partially dissolved in the neutralised liquor; -and that minute proportions of it, mixed with gold, -are by this means distinguishable.</p> - -<p>4. Many other experiments were made of the -precipitations and precipitates of gold and platina, by -alkalies both of the fixed and volatile kind. The most -remarkable effects were, that volatile alkalies, added -to both solutions in quantity just sufficient to saturate -the acid, precipitated gold intirely, but platina only -in part, so much of it remaining suspended as to give -the same colour to the liquor as when fixed alkalies -were made use of: that, on adding a larger quantity of -the spirit after the precipitation of the gold, the liquor -became yellow, a part of the metal being taken up -again; and that the platina was more copiously redissolved, -the liquor becoming of a deep brownish -red: that the washed precipitates of both metals, -whether made by volatile or fixed alkalies, proved -soluble, by moderate digestion, in spirit of salt; -those of platina much more difficultly and sparingly -than those of gold.</p> - -<h4>3. <i>By inflammable Liquors.</i></h4> - -<p>1. Inflammable spirits, which revive gold from its -solutions in form of yellow films, have no such effect<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> -on solutions of platina. This experiment affords not -only a criterion for distinguishing with certainty whether -gold has been debased by platina, but likewise an -infallible means of recovering it perfectly pure from -any admixture of that mineral. If the compound -be dissolved in aqua-regis, the solution mingled with -twice its quantity or more of the spirit, and the mixture -suffered to stand for some days in a glass slightly -covered; the whole of the gold arises to the surface, -leaving the whole of the platina dissolved. The -golden pellicles may be collected, by pouring the -matter into a filter just large enough to contain it. -The dissolved platina passes thro', leaving the gold -upon the paper, which is to be washed with fresh -parcels of water till the liquor runs colourless. The -paper is then to be carefully squeezed together, and -burnt in a crucible previously lined with vitrefied -borax: when fully sunk down, a little fresh borax is -to be injected, and the fire raised to melt the gold. -The use of lining the crucible with borax is to prevent -any moleculæ of the gold from lodging in its -cavities.—This process is attended with one inconvenience, -the slowness of the separation of the gold from -the solution: this may be in some measure expedited -by employing a spirit, which has been distilled from -vegetables, that give over an essential oil.</p> - -<p>2. As essential oils take up gold from aqua-regis, -and keep it dissolved for a time upon the surface of -the acid; a pure colourless oil, that of rosemary, was -poured into about half its quantity of a solution of -platina, the mixture well shaken, and suffered to rest: -the oil quickly arose, without taking up any thing -from the platina, or receiving any colour: the acid<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span> -liquor underneath remained coloured as at first. -Compositions of platina and gold being dissolved in -aqua-regis, and treated in the same manner, the whole -of the gold was imbibed by the oil, and the whole -of the platina remained dissolved in the acid. The -oil, loaded with the gold, appeared of a fine yellow -colour, and, on standing for a few hours, threw off -great part of its contents, in bright yellow films, to -the sides of the glass. Sundry other distilled oils -were made trial of, with the same event. The gold -is easily recovered, by setting the oil on fire; and, -when thoroughly burnt out, melting the residuum -with borax, as in the preceding experiment. After -the separation of the oil employed at first, it may -be proper, for the greater security, to add a little -more; which, if any part of the gold should happen -to have been left in the liquor, will effectually -take it up.</p> - -<p>3. The experiment was repeated likewise with -the subtile fluid, prepared from vinous spirits with -the vitriolic acid, called by the chemists æther. The -separation succeeded in the same manner as before; -the æther receiving nothing from pure platina, but -instantly taking up the gold from a mixture of the -two. It is observable, that the gold imbibed by this -fluid is kept permanently dissolved by it; without -separating or reviving, as it does from the common -essential oils and vinous spirits.</p> - -<p>4. The liquors remaining in these experiments, -after the extraction of the gold, appear on all trials -the same with the common solutions of platina; -and readily betray their being impregnated with that -mineral by their colour, by the precipitation with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> -tin, by their yielding a sparkling red precipitate with -volatile spirits, <i>&c.</i> A far more minute proportion -of platina, mixed with gold, is more distinguishable -by these processes, than by those with alkaline salts -above-mentioned; these exhibiting the whole of the -platina dissolved by itself, those only a part of it.</p> - -<h4>4. <i>By metallic Solutions.</i></h4> - -<p>All the metals, which precipitate gold from aqua-regia, -have been already shewn to precipitate platina -also. As gold is thrown down by some metallic solutions, -as well as by the metals in substance, particularly -those of mercury and iron, it remains to -apply these liquors as precipitants for platina.</p> - -<p>1. A saturated solution of mercury in aqua-fortis, -which readily and totally threw down gold in its metallic -form, being added to a solution of platina, the -liquor became immediately turbid, and, on standing -for a little time, nearly the whole of the platina fell -to the bottom. A solution of mercury in the marine -acid, or of corrosive sublimate, likewise precipitated -platina, but less perfectly, and with this difference, -that the former precipitate was of a greyish -brown colour, the latter of a sparkling red.</p> - -<p>2. Solutions of iron in the vitriolic acid, or of -common green vitriol in water, which totally throw -down gold, happily made no change in solutions of -platina. Compositions of platina and gold being dissolved -in aqua-regis, the solutions diluted with about -twice their quantity of water, and a filtered solution -of the vitriol gradually added; the mixtures instantly -grew turbid, and, on standing, deposited the gold in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> -form of a purplish grey calx, the whole of the platina -remaining dissolved. It appeared, on numerous repetitions -of this experiment, that no part of the -platina was precipitated along with the gold, nor any -of the gold kept suspended with the platina. Where -the quantity of the mixt to be assayed was very -small, the precipitation was usually performed in a -filter, that the gold, which separates in very minute -moleculæ, some of which might possibly remain unobserved -in the bottom of a glass, might be detained -on the paper. The colourless sorts of filtering-paper -are preferable for this use to the coloured; as these -last may be impregnated with astringent matter, -which would extricate some of the ferrugineous part -of the vitriol. The vitriol was dissolved in about -six times its quantity of water, and a few drops of -oil of vitriol added, to prevent the separation of any -of its iron in the filter. This solution was put into -the filter first, the solution of gold and platina immediately -poured into it, the whole stirred together -with a clean glass rod, and such part of the liquor, -as had run thro' before they had been duly mixed, -poured back to the rest. The gold remaining in the -filter was washed with fresh parcels of water, the -paper cautiously rolled up, and burnt in a crucible, -as mentioned in a former experiment.</p> - -<p>3. Solutions of the vitriol, recommended by Kunckel -and others for precipitating gold of an uncommonly -high colour, made no change in the solutions -either of gold or platina. The bluish green did indeed -precipitate the gold; not as blue vitriols, but -by virtue of the ferrugineous matter, of which these -kinds largely participate. White vitriol was likewise<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> -made trial of, but without producing any sensible -effect in either solution.</p> - -<p>4. The experiments with green vitriol were repeated -on the solutions of platina and gold made in -spirit of salt. The event was the same as with those -made in aqua-regis; the gold being constantly precipitated, -and the platina remaining dissolved.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Remarks</em>.</span></h3> - -<p>It may be proper to observe, that by the processes -here pointed out, the gold is purified from other -metallic admixtures at the same time that it is separated -from platina; the inflammable spirits reviving, -essential oils and æther imbibing, and green vitriol -precipitating, gold alone. Care should be had, that -the piece of the mixt, taken for examination, be -totally dissolved before any trials are made with the -solution; the menstruum not acting with equal facility -on the two metals, but dissolving the gold -more readily than the platina. Where the acid has -been dilute, and only a gentle heat applied, great -part of the gold has appeared to be taken up before -the platina was considerably acted on. Where the -filter, with the gold in it, is burnt in the crucible, -borax is the most commodious flux: but as this salt -gives a sensible paleness to gold, a little nitre may be -injected, after the metal has come into fusion, to -restore its colour. If the nitre was added at first, -whilst the gold continues subtilely divided, some particles -of the metal would be dissipated during the -deflagration, which that salt produces with the coaly -remains of the paper.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span></p> - -<p>As the foregoing experiments exhibit platina and -gold dissolved in a mineral fluid, which by simple -mechanic agitation rejects the one and retains the -other, and which discovers this different appetite of -union so much the more remarkably, as the two -metals have been the more intimately combined:—as -they further exhibit platina dissolved in liquors incapable -of holding gold suspended,—gold dissolved -in liquors incapable of holding platina suspended,—gold -totally precipitated by substances, which precipitate -no particle of platina,—and gold, when mixed -<i>per minima</i> with platina, perfectly recovered from it -by these means, without increase as well as without -diminution:—it follows, that platina is not, as some -believe, gold naturally debased by the admixture of -some other metallic body, but a metal of a peculiar -kind, essentially different from all the others. Before -the discriminating characters of platina were -discovered, such a notion was highly plausible, and -direct experiment seemed to confirm it: a portion of -the platina might be separated in the process; a quantity -of gold mixed with the remainder, in order to -collect the gold supposed to be contained in it; the -mixture submitted to operations, which gold alone -was supposed capable of withstanding; and the augmentation, -which the noble metal still retained, held -to be true gold gained from the platina.</p> - -<p>The methods of trial above related will, it is presumed, -be sufficient to undeceive those, who may -have been imposed upon by such appearances, and -betrayed into the practice of unintended frauds: to -convince them, that all they have gained from platina, -after the most laborious attempts to divest it of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> -its imaginary coat, is no other than platina still: -and, which is of more extensive utility, to distinguish -all the abuses, that may be made with this metal, -and restore the gold, so debased, to its original purity -and value.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXI. <i>An Account of the Temple of</i> Serapis -<i>at</i> Pozzuoli <i>in the Kingdom of</i> Naples: -<i>In a Letter to</i> John Ward, <i>LL.D. and -R.S. Vice-Præs. by the Rev.</i> John Nixon, -<i>M.A. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 17. -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">BEFORE we enter upon a more -particular consideration of this noble -piece of antiquity, it may not be improper to -premise the general account (and indeed the only -one I have met with yet published), which is given -of it by Mess. Cochin and Bellicard, in a little<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> -treatise printed at Paris in 1755. These gentlemen -acquaint us, that in 1749 there were only three -pillars of this building visible, and that they were -buried half way within the ground: but that soon -after, workmen being employed by order of the -King of the Two Sicilies to dig at the place, they -came to the pedestals of those pillars: and at length -discovered the building to have been a temple, which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>(as it was judged by the principal<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> idol found there, -and some other circumstances) was dedicated to Serapis. -They tell us further, that many statues and -vases of excellent workmanship had been taken out -of the ruins; and that the whole temple was extremely -magnificent, being built, or cased throughout, -with marble, even to the parts appropriated to -the meanest offices.</p> - -<p>This account, tho' short, is yet sufficient to excite -in the curious a desire to be more fully informed, -both as to the ancient and modern state of this place. -To gratify in some measure that desire is the purpose -of the present letter.</p> - -<p>In order to form any conjecture concerning -the antiquity of the building before us, we must -know, that the worship of Serapis, to whom it is -supposed to have been consecrated, was not introduced -at Rome till towards the end of the republic; -and then tolerated in the suburbs only<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>. However, -at length he was allowed to have temples -erected to him within the precincts of the city; -chiefly by the authority of Vespasian, who was -thought to have restored a blind man<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> to his sight -at Alexandria by the aid and direction of this deity. -And upon this account he continued to be held in -high veneration by Titus and Domitian, the sons of -that Emperor, as appears by their <a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>stamping his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>image on the reverse of their coins. Now as it is -reasonable to suppose, that the other cities of Italy -followed the example of the metropolis in this instance, -<span class="err" title="original: as well as, we find,">as we find,</span> they did in others of a -similar nature; we may with some probability place -the foundation of this temple at Pozzuoli somewhere -within the period assigned above.</p> - -<p>As for the particular state of this building, it is -situated on the west side of the town, near to, and -upon a level with, the beach (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_II">Tab. II.</a></span>). Its -grand entrance is towards the south, and seems to -have been a vestibule supported by four columns. -This introduces you into a spacious portico, or corridor<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, -which was designed to defend such as -assembled here to worship from the injuries of the -weather; as also to afford a commodious passage -into a range of rooms of different dimensions, disposed -on all the four sides of the court.</p> - -<p>These chambers seem designed for preparing the -sacrifices, lodging the priests, and keeping their vestments; -as also the fuel, stores, and other things requisite -for the service of the temple: not to omit -the convenience of purifying both the priests and the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>worshippers by bathing or washing. This last destination -is countenanced, with regard to the chamber -on the north-west and that on the north-east corner, -by the row of stone seats, which still remains on -each of the sides of the former. These seats have a -gutter, or channel running along at the foot of them -on the floor; and are likewise perforated with holes of -a proper size, with funnels passing from them below. -On these benches probably the persons to be purified -placed themselves, that the water might be let out -upon them from pipes; or administred in vases or -ewers by the attendants, and afterwards be carried -off by the passages mentioned above<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp69" id="facing168" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_II"></a>Tab.</span> II. <i>p. 168.</i> -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing168.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="left"> -<ul><li class="caption">A. <i>Ancient grand Entrance.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">B.B.B.B. <i>Portico or Corridor.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">C. <i>Atrium.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">D. <i>Temple properly so call'd.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">E. <i>Altar with it's Drain.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">F. <i>Sacrarium.</i></li> -</ul> -</div> -<div class="rightcol"><ul> -<li class="caption">G.G. <i>Two large Chambers for washing &c.</i></li> - -<li class="caption">H. <i>Modern Entrance over Ruins. This seems - to have been formerly such a Chamber, as is - express'd in the Drawing at</i> (L)</li></ul> - </div><div class="sync"> </div> -<div><i>A Scale of Feet.</i></div> -</div> - -<p>Nor can a provision for washing or bathing in this -temple seem strange to any one, who reflects, how -high a rank this mode of purification held among -the religious ceremonies of almost all nations of the -world. As for the Romans, with whom we are principally -concerned in the present inquiry, the subsistence -of this usage among them might be abundantly shewn -by the testimonies of their writers; and also by the -accommodations provided for it in other buildings of -the same character with that before us. Some of -these still remain within the neighbourhood of Pozzuolo, -<i>viz.</i> the magnificent temple near the lake of -Avernus ascribed to Apollo, which has an apartment -adjoining to it indisputably intended for the purpose -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span>intimated above. For it is furnished with several -stone cisterns, whose inward dimensions are proportioned -to the ordinary size of an human body; and -near them is a spring, out of which the water was -taken up, and poured into a bason hollowed out in -the side of the wall: from thence it ran along in a -groove or channel cut in the ends of the cisterns, to -be let out upon the persons bathing in them, according -to their pleasure, or as occasion should require. -So likewise in the temple of Venus (as it is commonly -called) near Baiæ, there is a large chamber -containing several stone seats for washing, with little -cells contiguous to it for undressing before, and -anointing the body and dressing afterwards.</p> - -<p>I have but one more particular to add concerning -the apartment in the north-west angle of the temple, -<i>viz.</i> that, when it was cleared of its rubbish, there was -found in a niche in one of its sides a male and female -figure naked, and in the most flagrant act of natural -lewdness. It is now (as we were informed) in a -private room in the palace at Portici, nor can be seen -without the King's special permission. In the same -place, probably, may stand the statue of a satyr in -an unnatural action with a goat, which was found at -Herculaneum, and is, they say, of exquisite sculpture, -but concealed in the palace above-mentioned -with the same strict care as the former.</p> - -<p>Having thus viewed the several chambers in the -exterior parts of the building, it is requisite (in order -to a regular prosecution of our design) to return to -the grand entrance. And here, passing thro' the -corridor above described, we come to a square court -or <i>atrium</i> paved with large slabs of white marble<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> -streaked with blue or greyish veins. At the distance -of 25 feet further, in the center of the said court, -stood the temple properly so called, containing a -circular area of 54 feet diameter, and elevated above -the level of the pavement, so as to admit an ascent -to it of five steps<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, in four different parts answering -to the four sides of the corridor. This area is -surrounded with sixteen pedestals, on which formerly -were columns to support a rotundo or dome. Against -each of these columns, on the outside, there seems -to have been placed a statue, and, in the intermediate -spaces, vases for incense, or lavers for washing, -upon low stands on the floor. In the middle of the -temple was erected the grand altar, the traces of -which still remain, with a sink or drain near it to -receive and carry off the blood of the victims, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>Northward of the temple, and at the distance -of 25 feet, being the same space, that was between -it and the corridor at the entrance, was once -another stately vestibule or pavilion, supported by -four columns four feet and an half in diameter, and -of the Corinthian order, as appears by three of them, -which still subsist standing in a line with the outer -face of the corridor. This pavilion (if we may -judge by analogy from what we find in other temples) -led to an inner recess or <i>sacrarium</i> terminating, -probably, in the segment of a circle: but of this -we had no certain proof, as the rubbish was not yet -removed from this part of the building.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p> -<p>I beg leave further to mention a remarkable appearance -in some of the columns of this temple, <i>viz.</i> -that that part of them, which was lowermost, as -well as that, which was nearest the capitals, is well -preserved and pretty entire; while part of the intermediate -space for two or three feet together is discoloured, -as if it had suffered by burning; and also -excavated in such a manner<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>, as to contain multitudes -of little shell-fish, which appear, like the pholades -in some stones, almost totally inclosed within -their cells, so as not to be got out without breaking. -I know no way to account for this so probable; as -by supposing, that the lower parts of these columns -were secured by the mass of rubbish, that inclosed -them, as the uppermost were by their elevated situation, -from being perforated either by the corrosive -quality of the sea, which (according to tradition) -formerly covered the site of this temple; or by the -animalcula, which are bred in that element; while -the middle parts standing in the water were (perhaps -for ages) exposed to the injuries mentioned -above. I had no opportunity of taking the height -of the uppermost line, where the above-mentioned -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span>alteration in the columns ended, from the level of -the sea in the bay; which would have shewn how -high the water must have risen formerly above its present -mark, to produce the effect ascribed to it on this -hypothesis. But, however that may be, the nature -of the situation of this place<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> being considered, -the innovation supposed to have happened in it will -not, I presume, be thought improbable; especially -in a country so plentifully stored with combustible -matter in its interior parts, and consequently so liable -to changes in its outward form, as this is, and has -been for many ages. For an extraordinary instance -of this we need go but a little way from this place, -<i>viz.</i> to Il Monte Nuovo, a hill about four miles in -compass, which in 1538 was cast up in one night's -time by an eruption, whereby the greatest part of -the Lucrine lake was filled up, and the town of -Tripergola, with a church, convent, hospital, and -other buildings, intirely buried.</p> - -<p>I shall conclude with acquainting you, that at the -corner of the court of this temple, near the present -entrance, there lie some large bases of marble, which -(as we were informed) were taken out of the sea at -about a mile's distance from Pozzuolo, and are inscribed -DVSARI SACRUM. What was the original -situation of these monuments, it may not be -possible now to ascertain. As for DVSARES mentioned -in the inscription upon them, G. Vossius<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span>(upon the authority of Tertullian, and Stephanus -Byzantius) makes him to have been an Arabian deity, -the same as Bacchus or Sol according to the Roman -theology. That learned man is likewise inclined to -think, that the name DVSARES is compounded of -two Hebrew words; one of which signifies <i>joy</i>, and -the other, <i>the earth</i>, i. e. mortals, who inhabit it. -This etymology properly expresses the genial effects -of the sun, which makes glad the heart of man by -ripening the fruits of the earth, especially the grape: -Whence Virgil calls wine,</p> - -<blockquote><p><i>Munera lætitiamque Dei.</i> Æn. i. <i>v.</i> 640.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p class="noin">and stiles Bacchus the fabled inventer of it,</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>——<i>Bacchus lætitiæ dator.</i> Ib. <i>v.</i> 738.</p> - </blockquote> - -<p class="center">I am, -<br /> -<span class="margin"><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina">With the greatest respect,<br /></span> -Your most obedient humble Servant, -<br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>J. Nixon</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">London, -March 14. 1757. -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXII. <i>Some Remarks on a</i> Parthian <i>Coin -with a</i> Greek <i>and</i> Parthian <i>Legend, never -before published. In a Letter from the Rev.</i> -John Swinton, <i>M.A. of</i> Christ-Church, -Oxon. <i>F.R.S. to the Rev.</i> Thomas Birch, -<i>D.D. Secret. R. S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -Reverend Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 24, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">AS we know little of the reigns of -the latter Parthian kings, and less -still of their coins; an attempt to strike out even the -least new light on either of those heads will not, I persuade -myself, prove unacceptable to the Royal Society. -In this persuasion, I do myself the honour to send -you a few conjectures upon another brass Parthian -medal, in my possession, as remarkable, on account -of the double legend it contains, as the former, which -I endeavoured a little to illustrate about a year ago. -This medal, which certainly merits the attention of -the curious, is in very good conservation, and approaches -near the size of those of the middle Roman -brass. It exhibits the head, or effigies, of a Parthian -king, with a beard, diadem, and hair formed into -such curls as I never yet observed upon any antient -coins. Under the effigies, the Greek letters -ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ ΜΟ⦙⦙⦙, which demonstrate -the piece to be Parthian, appear; and, on the reverse, -a <i>Victory</i>, done something after the Roman manner, -tho' the workmanship is pretty rude, presents itself -to our view, together with a legend in a language<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span> -and character at this time unknown. The legend -consists of ten complete elements, placed behind the -<i>Victory</i> above-mentioned; besides which there is one -in the field of the medal, being probably the initial letter -of the name of the city where the coin was struck. -The metal, tho' termed by me brass, discovers something -of a composition similar to that of his Grace -the Duke of Devonshire's medal of Vologeses III. as -described by <a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>Sig. Haym. This coin, of which -I herewith transmit you a draught most accurately -taken (<i>See</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#TAB_IV">Tab. IV.</a></span> <i>Fig. 1.</i>), having not yet, as I -apprehend, been published; you will permit me now -to offer a few cursory remarks upon it, drawn up in -the shortest and most concise manner possible.</p> - -<p class="p2">1. The Greek legend, had all of it appeared, -would, undoubtedly have been either ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ ΜΟΝΝΗϹΗϹ, or ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕωΝ ΜΕΓΑϹ ΜΟΝΝΗϹΗϹ; of which I should chuse -the former, notwithstanding it is such Parthian Greek, -as the round of the medal seems not to have been -capable of containing the latter. It will be, at first -sight, observed, that this legend is different from -those of the Parthian coins hitherto described; which -are exhibited in the <a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>genitive, not the nominative, -case. The last two letters MO leave no room to -doubt, tho' the O is not so extremely well preserved, -that the piece was struck when Monneses sat upon the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> -Parthian throne. It is true, indeed, the first element -of the prince's name is not so apparently a <i>Mu</i>; tho' -it resembles that letter, even as preserved on this -very medal, much more than any other of the -Greek alphabet. It is however totally unlike the -<i>Alpha</i> near it, as well as all the other forms of -that element to be met with in Montfaucon<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>, -and bears not the least resemblance to <i>Beta</i><a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, -particularly the <i>Beta</i> which ought to have been -impressed on this piece; as most evidently appears -from a particle of that letter, visible in its proper -place. From whence we may infer, that the character -I am considering must be <i>Mu</i>; as <i>Alpha</i>, -<i>Beta</i>, and <i>Mu</i>, were the only initial letters, according -to Dr. Vaillant<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, of the names of the Parthian -kings reigning after the introduction of the <i>Omega</i> -of the minuscular form, as it here occurs, upon the -Parthian coins. But Monneses was the only one -of those princes whose name began with <i>My</i>, and -consequently the two last Greek elements on this -medal are part of his name. The metal and size -of this piece, as none belonging to the other Parthian -monarchs seem to have been yet met with -of the same form, which exactly agree with those -of Monneses's<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> coin published by Dr. Vaillant, may -likewise be urged, as an additional argument of no -small weight, in support of my opinion.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp59" id="facing176a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="TAB_IV"></a>Tab.</span> IV. <i>p. 176</i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing176a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div><i>Fig. 1.</i></div> - -<div><i>Num. Parth. apud Jeannem Swinton, A. M. -Oxoniens. R. S. S.</i></div> - -<div><i>Fig. 2. p. 202.</i></div> - -<div><i>Scale of feet, 20-1 Inch</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> - - 2. That the Greek and unknown legends on this -medal are either of the same or a similar import, -will be acknowleged by all versed in this kind of -literature extremely probable. The Greek and Phœnician -legends on the same <a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>coins of Tyre and -Sidon, as I have, upon examination, found, and shall -hereafter more fully evince, clearly correspond. The -Latin and Punic legends on Juba's medals, as has -been by me formerly proved<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>, very well agree. -The sense<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> I have assigned the legend in unknown -characters, exhibited by the reverse of my former Parthian -coin, with, I flatter myself, some appearance -of truth, sufficiently answers to the Greek one preserved -by other medals of the same prince. We -may therefore be permitted to suppose, that both -the legends handed down to us by the coin before -me related to Monneses, and conveyed the same, or -at least extremely similar, ideas to the Parthians and -the Greeks. Nothing can be more consonant to -reason, tho' we must not directly assume this as a -postulate, than such a supposition.</p> - -<p>3. This notion will likewise receive a farther accession -of strength from the characters of which the -unknown legend is composed. The first of them -so nearly approaches one of the forms of the Palmyrene <i>Pe</i>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>as it appears in <a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>Mr. Dawkins's alphabet, -that we may without scruple ascribe to it the -power of that letter. The second is so like the Palmyrene -and the Chaldee <i>Daleth</i><a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>, that it ought -indubitably to pass for that element. The third differs -something, tho' not greatly<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>, from one of -the forms of the Palmyrene <i>He</i>. The fifth, which -likewise occupies the eighth place, is by no means -remote from the figures of the <a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>Palmyrene and -Chaldee <i>Nun</i>. The sixth occurred in the third place -before. With regard to the seventh, it seems to me -pretty strongly to resemble some forms of the Palmyrene -<i>Mem</i><a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, and even exactly to answer to -that of the same letter in <a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>one of the Palmyrene -inscriptions preserved amongst those celebrated remains -of antiquity commonly, tho' perhaps improperly, -stiled <i>The Ruins of</i> <span class="smcap">Persepolis</span>. The ninth is the -<i>He</i> touched upon before. The tenth, which also succeeded -the third, if the powers of the other elements -have been rightly determined, must be <i>Schin</i>. Nor -does this character, if we view it in a certain position, -appear very remote from a rude form of that -letter. This legend then, according to what is here -advanced, as it now remains, consists of the words——PADESHANE -MONESH, PADESHAN -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>EMONESH, or <a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>PADESHAN AMONESH, that -is, MONESH, or AMONESH,——OF KINGS; -the word PADISHAH, or rather PADESHAH, as -it seems to have been written and pronounced by the <a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>ancient -Persians, in the Pehlawian, Pehelawian, -or Bastanian, that is, the old Persic, tongue, denoting <a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a><span class="smcap">King</span>. -That NI, or NE, was sometimes a -masculine plural termination in the antient Persic, -seems to appear from the word, or rather words, - <img src="images/198.jpg" width="100" height="22" alt="bər.zaivašŋī." />, BIR. ZEIVESHNI, LONGÆVI, -which occurs in Dr. Hyde<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>. And that -the vowels A and E were sometimes prefixed to the -Persian proper names, in the remoter periods of time, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>is abundantly manifest, from the words SFITAMAN, -ESFINTAMAN, or ESPINTAMAN, the <a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>name -of either the father or one of the ancestors -of Zerâtusht; XERXES, <a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a>AXERXES, -or AXERSES, and others of the same kind, that -might, with equal facility, be produced. Whether -therefore we read this legend——PADESHANE -MONESH, PADESHAN EMONESH, or PADESHAN -AMONESH, we cannot greatly err. -As the coin was not so perfectly struck, part of -the Greek legend is thereby apparently lost; from -whence, and the evident want of a word there, we -may conclude, that the Parthian legend, for Parthian -by the explication here laid down it appears to be, -on the correspondent part of the reverse, must have -met with the same fate. What that Parthian term -was, I cannot take upon me to say; but the whole -legend was probably something like THE GREAT -KING MONNESES, MONNESES THE KING -OF KINGS, or MONNESES<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> THE GREAT -KING OF KINGS; all which titles are intirely -consonant to those assumed by the Parthian kings<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, -and transmitted down to us on their other coins. -The Persian, or Parthian, termination of the proper -name MONNESES, and others that occur, was -ESH. This may be inferred from the legend now before -me, in conjunction with Scripture<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>, and has -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span>been remarked by some good authors<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>. That -the Greeks also expressed the <i>Schin</i> by their <i>Sigma</i>, -and superadded another termination to such words, -is sufficiently manifest from the Persian, or Parthian -<span class="smcap">Arshak</span><a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, which was converted into <span class="smcap">Arsaces</span> -by the Greek writers. I must farther observe, that, -according to Herodotus<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>, the antient letters of the -Persians were those used by the Assyrians; which I -take to have been the same with the elements that -prevailed amongst the Syrians, and formed the alphabet -of the Palmyrenes. Nay, we may collect from <a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>Epiphanius, -that a considerable part of the Persians -used the Palmyrene characters as late as the decline -of the fourth century after <span class="smcap">Christ</span>. All which -being maturely weighed, I cannot forbear thinking the -interpretation of the Parthian legend here laid down -in a good degree probable. I am far however from -insisting upon the truth of it. I shall only beg to be -indulged the liberty of proposing it to the consideration -of our most illustrious Society, and leave the -fate of it intirely to the decision of so very eminent -a part of the learned world.</p> - -<p>4. But however my explication of the Parthian -legend may be received, I believe it will scarce be -denied, that the coin was struck in the reign of -Monneses, one of the Parthian kings; this point -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span>having been so clearly evinced, by the reasons above -alledged. It may not be improper here to remark, -that the republic of letters has been obliged with the -publication of two of this prince's medals; the first -of which was <a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>coined in the year of the Parthian -æra 422, and the other in 425<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>. Neither of them -however exhibits the <i>Victory</i> impressed on the reverse -of mine. That symbol, adopted by the Parthians -in imitation of the Roman manner, must undoubtedly -have alluded to some victory, or at least some -remarkable advantage, gained by the Parthian forces -over the Romans, a little before the piece was struck. -What that advantage was, when and where obtained, -and whether history conspires with the medal, in -order to settle this point, I am next to inquire.</p> - -<p>5. Monneses, if Dr. Vaillant<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> may be credited, -ascended the Parthian throne in the year of the -Arsacidæ 422, nearly coincident with the 166th of -<span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Christ</em></span>, when M. Aurelius and L. Verus presided -over the Roman world. But so far were the Parthians -at that time from gaining any victories over -the Romans, that they were every where worsted -by them, and put to the rout. A Roman army, -under the command of Avidius Cassius, had penetrated -into Mesopotamia and Assyria, ravaged those -provinces, laid Seleucia in ashes, taken Ctesiphon, -and levelled the royal palace there with the ground, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>according to Dio<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>, the preceding year. Nay, -it appears both from <a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>Capitolinus and the Roman<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> -coins, that M. Aurelius and L. Verus triumphed -over the Parthians, the very year after Monneses, -as <a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>Dr. Vaillant will have it, came to the -crown. All which that celebrated antiquary acknowleges -to be true; and adds, that Monneses -concluded an infamous peace with the Romans, -ceding to them the whole province of Mesopotamia, -for which he was soon after deposed by -his subjects. Here then we can discover not the -faintest traces of a reason for the appearance of a <i>Victory</i> -upon the medals of this prince. Nor does any -thing like a reason for such an appearance, in antient -history, occur, before the 950th year of Rome, corresponding -with the 197th of <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Christ</em></span>; when the -Parthians, animated by the civil dissentions, which -reigned amongst the Romans, Albinus and Severus -then fiercely contending for the empire, entered -Mesopotamia with a powerful army<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>, and reduced -to their obedience most of the cities of that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span>province. Now if, with F. Corsini<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>, we admit -the commencement of the Parthian æra to have -happened in the 525th year of Rome; the 425th or -426th year of the former and the 950th of the latter -of those æra's, wherein the Parthians undertook the -Mesopotamian expedition, will nearly coincide. But it -may be proved from a medal of Monneses, described -by the <a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>Marquis Scipio Maffei, in opposition to -<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>Dr. Vaillant, that this prince was not dethroned -in the year of the Arsacidæ 423, but had two years -afterwards the management and direction of the -Parthian affairs: wherefore, notwithstanding what -has been advanced to the contrary by that antiquary, -he might still have sat one or two years longer upon -the Parthian throne. This may likewise be inferred -from Dio, who mentions Vologeses as presiding over -the Parthians, not in 198, but in 199, about two -years after their irruption into Mesopotamia. All -which being with proper attention considered, it will -appear extremely probable, that the medal I have -been endeavouring to explain was coined either in -the 425th or 426th year of the Parthian æra, that is, -the 197th of <span class="smcap">Christ</span>; that the authority of <a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>Arrian, -<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a>Justin, and <a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>Athenæus, on which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>F. Corsini principally sounds his notion, may be intirely -depended upon; and, in fine, that the arguments -he makes use of on this occasion, to -<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>evince the truth of his scheme, however they may -be opposed by F. Frœlich, and the medal before me -mutually strengthen and support one another.</p> - -<p>6. I must not forget to remark, that F. Corsini -thinks, without a proper foundation, that the piece -of Monneses published by Dr. Vaillant may be -considered either as a Parthian or <a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>an Armenian coin. -This, I say, he takes, without a proper foundation, -to be the case. For the medals of the Armenian -kings, such as that he has obliged the learned world -with a draught of, and a most excellent dissertation -upon, discover a taste far different from that which -is exhibited by Dr. Vaillant's coin. The air of the -face, the curls into which the hair is formed, and in -fine every thing else visible upon the former, except -the symbols on the reverses, bear little resemblance to -what is presented to our view by the latter. As for the -titles, impressed on these medals, they are far from -being of the same kind; the Armenian princes in -this particular approaching nearer the successors of -Seleucus<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>, and contenting themselves with more -plain and simple titles than that lofty one affected by -Monneses, according to Dr. Vaillant, in common -with the other Parthian kings. To which I may -add, that my coin sets this point beyond dispute, by -the Parthian characters it has so apparently preserved; -all the Armenian medals I have hitherto met with, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span>about three or four in number, as well as that -of Baron Stosch<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>, which F. Corsini has so -learnedly explained, having only Greek legends upon -them. What therefore he has advanced, on this -head, must be considered as not altogether so consonant -to truth; especially, as he seems to have offered -nothing of any great weight in support of his -opinion.</p> - -<p>7. Before I dismiss the present subject, I must beg -leave to take notice of the Parthian character on the -field of my medal, which is not very unlike the -Chaldee<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> or Palmyrene <i>Aleph</i>, tho' of something -a more complex form. Should this be allowed, -that character may be considered as the initial letter -of ARSACIA, the name of a city subject to the -Parthians, placed by <a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>Ptolemy in Media; where, -according to <a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>Dr. Vaillant, many of the Parthian -medals were coined. That city is however believed -by some to have been seated on the spot occupied -at this time by Casbin, or rather Kazwîn<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>, one -of the principal towns of the Belâd Al Jebâl, or -mountainous part of the Persian Irâk; for a particular -account of which place, the curious may -have recourse to Golius, and the eastern geographers. -As I have already far exceeded the limits proposed -to myself, when I began this letter, I shall not now -touch upon any other observations relative to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span>medal before me, which is the only one I have hitherto -met with carrying a Greek and a Parthian -legend upon it; but only assure you that I am, with -the most perfect regard,</p> - -<p class="center"><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most obliged</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and most obedient Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginb"><big>John Swinton</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Christ-Church Oxon. Nov 29th, 1756.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXIII. <i>An Account of a Red Coral from the</i> -East-Indies, <i>of a very singular Kind: In -a letter from Mr.</i> John Ellis, <i>F.R.S. to -Mr.</i> Peter Collinson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 24, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Promised you, in my letter of the -7th of February 1754, published in -our Transactions, Vol. xlviii. p. 507. that I would, -when I had an opportunity, endeavour to illustrate -the tubular structure of the common red coral of the -Mediterranean sea, and of some of the keratophyta; -which two kinds, tho' evidently of as different natures -as stone and horn, yet are, from late observation, -found to be fashioned, or raised up into those -beautiful forms, by animals of the same class.</p> - -<p>This I shall attempt to do, by comparing them -with bodies of a similar kind, but of a less compact -texture: for which reason I formerly referred you, -in the above-mentioned letter, to a figure, which I -have given of the herring-bone-coralline with its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span> -animals alive in it, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> Vol. xlviii. <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> -XVII. <i>Fig.</i> E, F, G, to shew you the nature of the -tubular structure of the keratophyta.</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp48" id="facing189c" style="max-width: 79em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="TAB_III"></a>Tab.</span> III. <i>p. 189</i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing189c.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde</i></div> - -<div class="sync"> </div> -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="A"></a>A.</span> <i>A piece of pithy knobbit and Coral from the Spice -Islands in the East Indies which appears to be -form'd by animals of the Polype kind, contrary to -the receiv'd opinion of these bodies being vegetables; -the vermicular tubes, of which it is compos'd, being -no more than the cases or coverings of the bodies -of these Insects.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">B.</span> <i>The radiated holes on the yellow mealy surface, -through which these insects extend their arms or -claws, as in the common red coral.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">CC.</span> <i>Small Branches almost cover'd by a further addition -of tubes, that have risen all round and increas'd -the bulk of the Stem, continuing themselves along it -to extend the ramifications; by this means they involve -the former side branches into their own stem, -differing intirely from the laws of vegetation.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="D"></a>D.</span> <i>A piece of y<sup>e</sup>. knobby joints magnified to shew their -reticular texture like that of spongy orange wt<sup>h</sup> tubes.</i></p> - -<p><i>d.</i> <i>The same in its natural size.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="E"></a>E.</span> <i>A piece of y<sup>e</sup>. blood red tubes which is harden'd into -a shelly or stony substance with some appearance -of reticulations, taken from y<sup>e</sup>. space between y<sup>e</sup>. knobs.</i></p> - -<p><i>e.</i> <i>The same in its natural size.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="FF"></a>F.F.</span> <i>Small holes in y<sup>e</sup>. branches of y<sup>e</sup>. polypes.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">G.</span> <i>A mass of the stem not so highly magnified -shewing y<sup>e</sup>. tubes passing from stony to spongy.</i></p> - -<p><i>g.</i> <i>The same in its natural Size.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">H.</span> <i>The transverse section of the base shewing the -holes in the ends of the tubes.</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="I"></a>I.</span> <i>One of the radiated cells magnified, this is guarded -by 8 pointed valves, which close inward, when</i></p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap"><a id="K"></a>K.</span> <i>the Polype draws in his head</i> (<i>which is figur'd at</i> <span class="allsmcap">K</span>) -<i>and opens outward when it extends it.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> - -<p>I now lay before you a piece of red coral (<i>See</i> - <a href="#TAB_III"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> III.</a> <i>Fig.</i> A.) from the East Indies of a very -singular kind, which I received from your friend -Abraham Hume, Esq. The stem and branches of -this appear evidently to the naked eye to consist of a -combination of vermicular tubes closely connected -together: and, if we trace these little tubes to their -starry openings on the surface, <i>Fig.</i> B. we shall -plainly discover them to be the red testaceous coverings -of certain marine polypes, which have raised -themselves thus upright, and disposed themselves into -this remarkable vegetable form.</p> - -<p>In order to form some idea, how these masses are -increased and extended to the sizes we often meet -with them, and where the same regularity of shape -is preferred in the large, that we find in the small; -we think it more than probable to suppose, that the -species of polypes, that compose this coral, breed -as we find all other polypes do: and this appears -more evident to me, from what I have already discovered -in many kinds of corallines (<i>See Plate 38. -of my Essay on Corallines</i>), where the young polypes -in some species are produced in the egg state, while -others fall in great numbers from their matrices, -completely formed, down to the roots of their parent -corallines, either to begin a new race of the same -species near them, or to increase the trunk, and extend -the ramifications, of the plant-like figure which -they just descended from.</p> - -<p>From observing this method in nature, we shall -the easier account for the progress of those generations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> -of young testaceous polypes of this coral; which -appear to us succeeding each other, and raising themselves -up from the root or base, passing along the -stem and branches, and covering the whole anew -with their shelly cases: and in this their passage upwards -we may observe, in the specimen before us, -how they have involved and incrusted the small -lateral branches of the former generation, so as almost -to hide their appearance. From hence we may -trace them extending themselves to the extremities of -the upper branches, and there forming a new series -of slender twigs, proportionable to those which they -had just covered, still keeping order and exact symmetry -in the whole structure.</p> - -<p>The distinguishing character of this red coral, -after we have considered its fistulous texture, is the -knotty joints, of which it is composed: these appear -more distinct, and are placed at a greater distance, in -the smaller branches than the large; and, as we descend -to the trunk, the traces of these inequalities -but just appear.</p> - -<p>From these protuberances, or knots, the lateral -branches take their rise; and as these and the leading -branches grow up together, they frequently inosculate -at these joints, forming a kind of network, -like what we observe in many of those species of -keratophyta, which are called sea-fans.</p> - -<p>The surface of this coral, when recent, is covered -with a mealy friable matter, of a yellow colour, not -unlike that of the true red coral, but much fuller of -little raised starry cells. The figure of these cells is -owing to the radiated position of the claws of the -polypes.</p> - -<p>Upon removing this friable matter, we observe,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> -that the polypes of these cells have had a communication -with a small hole or opening into one of the -tubes, that lie immediately under it.</p> - -<p>This frequent intervention of the openings of the -small tubes, or their ramifications, between the sides -of the larger ones, makes the latter appear more irregular, -and not so parallel, as in the true red coral; -where we find fewer stars; and, where those occur, -we may observe it always alters the direction of the -tubes.</p> - -<p>I must further remark to you, that many of the -tubes of this coral appear, thro' a magnifying glass, -full of small holes, like those I have described in the -keratophyton (<i>Plate</i> 26. <i>Fig.</i> G. <i>p.</i> 62. <i>of my Essay -on Corallines</i>); and these holes will appear more distinctly -to you, when you examine the half tubes, -or broken irregular ones, on the stem and great -branches of this coral.</p> - -<p>Further, if you compare the transverse section, at -the base of this coral, with a section of a common -Rattan cane, they will both appear full of holes in -the same regular order, and of nearly the same diameter: -whereas the tubes, on the surface of the -stem of this coral, look as irregular as so many holes -pierced or eaten out by worms.</p> - -<p>I hope by this time our ingenious botanical friends, -whom we could not persuade to part with these beautiful -sea-productions from the vegetable kingdom, -are thoroughly convinced, that this mealy, friable, -or calcarious covering, full of starry cells, which we -are sure to find covering all the recent red corals and -keratophyta, is not a mere blight of insects, common -to the sea vegetables as well as land ones, which -they have formerly insisted on; but that they will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> -consider this covering, for the future, as proper and -necessary for the well-being of these little animals, -as they do at present hair and wool for beasts, feathers -and down for birds, and scales and slime for -fishes.</p> - -<p>This red coral is mentioned by Rumphius, in his -<i>Herbarium Amboinense</i>, Vol. vi. Tab. 85. p. 264, -but, as the figure he has given, is not sufficient to demonstrate -its tubular texture and animal structure, I -have had it more accurately drawn; and those parts -in particular magnified, which may tend to illustrate -the foregoing description. He mentions, that it is in -great esteem with them, on account of its beautiful -figure; but would be much more so, if it was not -for the great difficulty they find in preserving the -smallest twigs from falling off; which is the reason, -I suppose, that the specimen is not more complete.</p> - -<p>Lastly, he tells us, that it is used by the inhabitants -of the Spice-islands as a principal ingredient in -their medicines to expel poison: as also, that they -have it in great esteem on account of its excellent -diuretic quality.</p> - -<p>Upon examining this coral in the microscope, I -observed, that the outside tubes of the stem were -chiefly stony, but that the inward parts were composed -of as many divisions of spongy tubes, as there -were of stony ones.</p> - -<p>This I find arises from the smaller ramifications, -which being spongy at the knobs, and stony in the -spaces between them, are inclosed and united together -into one common mass during the growth -of this coral; so that both the soft and hard parts -together make up the inside of its trunk or stem. -When we examine minutely the two parts, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> -compose the branches, we find, that the knobs consist -of little sponge-like tubes interwoven together, -as they appear magnified at <i>Fig.</i> <a href="#D">D</a>; and the shank -or part between the knobs is composed of stony -tubes, that are more erect (<i>See the piece magnified -at</i> <a href="#E">E</a>): these tubes appear to be branched from the -lateral holes at <a href="#FF">FF.</a> The Fig. <a href="#E">E</a> likewise shews the -appearance of the tubes on the surface of the main -stem.</p> - -<p>The radiated openings in the little wart-like figures -on the surface of the branches are guarded by eight -pointed valves, as magnified at <i>Fig.</i> <a href="#I">I.</a>: these inclose -the heads of the polype, one of which is figured at <a href="#K">K.</a></p> - -<p>The stem of this specimen is so intirely divested of -its yellow mealy covering, that we may easily trace -the manner in which the animals, that compose it, -have carried up their stony tubular cells, which lie -side by side along the surface. These tubes have -still some marks of sponginess at particular distances, -which, as they come to join together, form those -irregular cross-lines, that surround the stem in several -places. <i>See Fig.</i> <a href="#A">A.</a></p> - -<p>In other specimens I have observed the principal -stems covered over with calcarious tubes, such as -I have described in the Essay on Corallines, <i>&c.</i> -in that species of keratophyton called Venus's Fan. -<i>Plate 26</i>.</p> - -<p>The sponginess of the knobby joints occasions -that excessive brittleness in the lesser branches; -which accounts for the difficulty, which Rumphius -mentions, of getting good specimens of this beautiful -coral.</p> - -<p>I have lately seen a white pipy and stony coral<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> -with spongy knobs, which is only a different species -of this genus, in the very curious cabinets of our -friends Dr. John Fothergill, M. D. and Mr. Isaac -Romilly, F.R.S. specimens of which they have -both lately received from the East Indies. The -examining of these has given me an opportunity to -be more particular in the description of this coral; -which seems to point out to us the great affinity -there is between corals, keratophyta, and sponges.</p> - -<p>I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Dear Sir,<br /> -<span class="margin">Your most affectionate humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><big>John Ellis</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Laurence Lane, -Mar. 24, 1757.</p> - - <hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXIV. <i>An Account of the Effects of a Storm -at</i> Wigton <i>in</i> Cumberland. <i>Communicated -by Mr.</i> Philip Miller, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"> -<i>To the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secr. R. S.</i> -</p> -<p><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 31, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Received the inclosed letter by the -post, giving an account of the storm, -which happened lately in the north. If the Royal -Society have not already been informed of the effects -of it, and you think the contents of it worthy their -notice; I beg you will be so good as to communicate -it to them. The facts therein mentioned have -been confirmed to me by a person of skill and integrity.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> -Mr. Thomlinson's conjecture of the cause -of the leaves of trees appearing scorched after the -storm, I believe to be true; having two or three -times myself observed the same in Sussex, at a considerable -distance from the sea; when all the hedges, -trees, and woods, on the side toward the sea, have -had their leaves scorched, as if fire had passed over -them; and their opposite sides from the sea have -continued in full verdure; which frequently happens -in storms from the south-west: and, upon tasting -their leaves, I have found them as salt, as if they had -been steeped in brine. I am,</p> - -<p class="center">SIR,<br /> -Your most obedient humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><big>Philip Miller</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Chelsea, Nov. 23. -1756.</p> - -<p class="center p2"><i>To Mr.</i> Philip Miller.</p> -<p class="right">Wigton, Nov. 15. 1756.</p> -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">ON the 6th of last month, at night, happened a -most violent hurricane, such an one, perhaps, -as has not been known in these parts in any one's -memory. It lasted four hours at least, from about -eleven till three. The damage it has done is very -deplorable. The corn has sufferd prodigiously. Stacks -of hay and corn have been intirely swept away: -houses unroofed, and in several places driven down -by its fury: trees without number torn up by the -roots; others snapt off by the middles, and their -fragments scattered over the adjoining fields. Some -were twisted almost round, or split down to the very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span> -ground; and, in short, left in such a shattered, -mangled condition, as scarce any description can give -you an adequate idea of.</p> - -<p>The change in the face of the country was very -surprising in one single night: for, to complete the -dismally-desolate scene, the several tribes of vegetables -(in all their verdure the day before), as if -blasted with æthereal fire, hung down their drooping -heads. Every herb, every plant, every flower, had -its leaves withered, shrivelled up, and turned black. -The leaves upon the trees, especially on the weather -side, fared in the same manner. The evergreens -alone seem to have escaped. The grass also, in a -few days time, recovered itself in a great measure.</p> - -<p>I agreed at first with the generality of people in -their opinion, that lightning had done all this mischief: -but upon recollecting, that there had not -been much seen any where, in many places none at -all, but that the effect was general<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>, as far as -ever the wind had reached; I began to think, that -some other cause might probably be assigned. Accordingly, -I set myself immediately to examining -the dew or rain, which had fallen on the grass, windows, -<i>&c.</i> in hopes of being enabled, by its taste, -to form some better judgment of the sulphureous or -nitrous particles (or of whatever other quality they -were), with which the air was so strongly impregnated -that night, as to produce such strange effects. Nor was -I deceived in my expectations: for, upon tasting it, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span>I found it as brackish as any sea-water. The several -vegetables also, which I tasted, were all salt, more -or less, and continued so for five or six days after; -the saline particles not being then washed off; from -the corn and windows in particular; the latter of -which, when the moisture on the outside was exhaled -next day, sparkled and appeared exceeding -brilliant in the sunshine. This saltness, I conceive, -has done the principal damage: for common salt -dissolved in water, I find, upon experiment on some -fresh vegetables (when sprinkled two or three times -upon them) has the very same effect, except that it -does not turn them quite so black: but particles of -a sulphureous, or <a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>other quality, may have been -mixed with it. That this salt water had been -brought from the sea<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>, every body, I think, will -allow; but the manner how<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, is not so easy to -conceive.</p> - -<p>This freedom, Sir, perhaps may want an apology: -but, as a gentleman<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> of the Society you have the -honour to be a member of, did not think something -of the like nature either unworthy of his own notice, -or that of the world; and as the hurricane principally -affected these parts of nature, in the knowledge -of which you have so eminently distinguished yourself; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span>I flattered myself you would excuse the trouble -I should give you in a perusal of an account of this -very strange, tho' hitherto unnoticed, phenomenon.</p> - -<p>I am, Sir, with the greatest respect and esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Your most humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><big>Thomas Thomlinson</big>.</span> -</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXV. <i>An Account of the Effects of Lightning -upon the Steeple and Church of</i> Lestwithiel, -Cornwall; <i>in a Letter to the Right Honourable -the Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>President -of the R.S. By Mr.</i> John Smeaton, -<i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 21, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">JAnuary 25. 1757. about five o'clock -in the evening, returning home from -the Edystone works near Plymouth, I observed four -flashes of lightning, within the space of six or seven -minutes, towards the west; but heard no noise of -thunder<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>. A few days after, I was informed, that -the same evening the lightning had shattered the -church of Lestwithiel in a very surprising manner.</p> - -<p>The 1st of March I was at Lestwithiel: they -had then begun to repair the damages; but had not -made such a such progress, but that the principal -effects were equally observable as at first. I observed, -and was informed, as follows:</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span></p> -<p>At the time before-mentioned, the inhabitants -were alarmed by a violent flash of lightning, accompanied -with thunder so sudden, loud, and dreadful, -that every one thought the house he was in was falling -upon him; almost every one being within doors, -on account of a violent shower of rain, which preceded -the lightning: so that no body saw or heard -any thing of the mischief done to the church, till it -was observed accidentally after the shower.</p> - -<p>The steeple is carried up, plain and square, to -about 49 feet, with a kind of slate-stone, rough-casted -on the outside; upon which is formed a very -elegant octogon Gothic lanthorn about 9 feet high, -and thereon a stone spire about 52 feet height, with -a spindle and vane rising about 3 feet above the stone: -so that the whole together was about 113 feet. Each -face of the lanthorn finishes above with a sort of a -Gothic pediment, with a little pinacle upon each, -separated from the body of the spire.</p> - -<p>I will not affirm, that the lightning entered in at -the spindle or vane at top; but will suppose it, for -the sake of methodizing the facts. The vane was -of plate copper, which being turned round, and -rivetted, made a socket to turn upon. The spindle -did not reach thro' the socket, but the weight of -the vane rested upon the top of the spindle, the top -of the socket being closed. About the vane were -many acute angles, and some almost sharp; but I did -not observe any pointing directly upward. The vane -was much bruised, which might be occasioned by -the fall; but the socket was rent open, as if it had -been burnt by gunpowder; and in such a manner, -as I cannot conceive could be occasioned by the fall.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> -Under the spindle, that carried the vane, was a bar -of much the same size and length<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, that passed -thro' the center of several of the uppermost stones -successively, in order to unite them the more firmly -together, and was run in with lead: all which surrounding -stones were broke off, except one, which, -together with the bar, fell down within the tower.</p> - -<p>The shell of the spire, as far down as 35 feet from -the top, was no more than 7 inches thick, and the -courses about the same height: so that scarce any -one stone in the spire could weigh more than 30 or -40 pounds; but they were joined together at the ends, -with mortoise and tenon, in a curious manner. -Above 20 feet of the upper part was intirely thrown -down, and dispersed in all directions; and, as I was -informed, some pieces were found at the distance of -200 yards. A great many stones fell upon the roof -of the church; and several made their way thro' -both roof and cieling down into the church, breaking -the pews, and whatever they fell upon. Six feet -still lower the spire was separated; the westermost -half being thrown down; the eastern half was left -standing, but disjointed, and in so critical a posture, -that it seemed ready to fall every moment: so that -this was ordered to be taken down immediately; and -likewise to 6 feet below, the work being found remarkably -shattered. In this condition it was when -I saw it. The whole of the spire I found much -cracked and damaged, but the remainder of the 7 -inch shell so greatly, that there seemed scarcely a -whole joint.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> - The pediments over every face of the lanthorn -were damaged more or less; but the whole ashlering -of that to the N.W. was torn off from the inner -wall, to which it was connected. At first sight this -might seem to be done by the falling of the stones -from above; but I was convinced to the contrary, by -observing, that several of the pediments were damaged, -and even stones struck out, where the little -pinacles above them were left standing.</p> - -<p>About the top of the lanthorn is a bell for the -clock to strike on: it is hung upon a cross-bar, with -gudgeons at each end; the whole being suspended -to a beam laid across the tower. The cross-bar was -so bent, that the clock-hammer would not touch the -bell by above 2 inches. This could not be done by -the falling of stones, because the beam would defend -the bell from receiving any stroke in the direction to -which the cross-bar was bent. As to the wire, that -drew the hammer, as I was informed, not one bit -of it could be found.</p> - -<p>The bells (four in number) for ringing hung in -the square part of the tower, below the lanthorn, two -above and two below: the wheels of every one were -broke to pieces, and one of the iron straps, by -which they are fastened to the yoke, unhooked; -and, as appeared to me, could not be replaced -without great force, or unloosing. Whether these -accidents were occasioned by the lightning, or the -falling stones, I leave undetermined.</p> - -<p>In the floor under the bells was placed the clock, -cased up with slight boards. The verge, that carries -the pallets, was bent downwards, as if a ten pound -weight had fallen ten feet high right upon it. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> -crutch, that lays hold of the pendulum, looked as if -it had been cut off by a blunt tool, and heated by -the blow, till it was coloured blue, at the place where -it was cut. It turned at a right angle, and might -be about <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">10</span></span> of an inch broad by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">10</span></span> thick. As to the -pendulum, which hung pretty near the wall, the -upper part of the rod was struck with such violence -against the wall, that a smart impression thereof was -made in the plaister: and near the upper part of the -impression appeared a circular shady ring, of a blackish -colour, something like as if a pistol had been discharged -of powder, and the muzzle held near the -wall. The casing of boards round the clock remained -unhurt.</p> - -<p>In this story, on the north and south side, are two -narrow windows or air-loops; against the upper part -of which, on the outside, were fixed the timber -dials belonging to the clock, both which were blown -off, and broke to pieces, possibly by the fall: and -not only that, but part of the stone jambs were -broke out also, near to where the rod passed, that -carried the hands. In this story also was a sort of -window or air-loop on the east side, that had communicated -with the church, but was stopped up -with lath and plaister: also several putlock-holes for -the scaffolding, which had gone thro' the wall into -the church, but were stopped up with stone, and -plaistered over: all these were forced out into the -church, and the plaister torn from the wall.</p> - -<p>The ground-story of the tower or bellfrey is expressed -in the plan (<i>See</i> <a href="#TAB_IV"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> IV.</a> <i>Fig.</i> 2.). The -south entrance A and north B were shut with -wooden doors. The upper part of the eastern C,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> -that communicated with the church, was made up -with lath and plaister; and before it, in the church, -are the seats D, raised one higher than another; so -that the floor of the seats next the wall was half up -the door-way; consequently the vacuity under the -seats lay open to the bellfrey.</p> - -<p>About the middle of the westermost side, at <i>a</i>, -one of the paving-stones, about 1 foot square, and -1½ inch thick, was thrown up, and a hole pierced -into the wall, rather below the level of the pavement, -into which one might put three fingers. On the -opposite side, the south-west angle of the middle -buttress at <i>b</i> had a stone taken out even with the -ground, and a hole continued in to the buttress; so -that there is great appearance of its reaching thro' -both wall and buttress, which together is 8 feet; -but the hole was too rugged and crooked to put any -thing thro'. Besides this hole, this wall was pierced -in several places, and the plaister thrown off both -within and without. One place within, about 4 feet -above the floor, right over <i>c</i>, was a hole of about 14 -inches square pierced 6 inches in the wall; and so -near square, that I inquired, whether it had not been -made by art; but was assured of the contrary.</p> - -<p>The north and south doors of the tower were both -blown out, and broke in many pieces. Many of the -arch-stones over both doors were disjointed and displaced: -two of the stones making the jamb of the -south door at <i>g</i> were forced quite out, and one of -them broke.</p> - -<p>The vaulting of the east door-way C was plaistered -underneath: the plaister was sprung from the stone -in 30 or 40 places, like as if a small bar of iron had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> -been drove from above thro' the joints of the stone, -and thereby forced off the plaister with its end. The -lath and plaister partition, which stopped up the -upper part of this door-way, was forced into the -church, and the wainscotting making the back of -the last seat was torn from the wall from end to end. -Some part of the vapour seems to have made its way -thro' the cavity under the seats; for most of the -boards composing the rise of the steps from seat to -seat were blown out forwards; and several panels -of wainscot at each end of the seats, at <i>d</i> and <i>e</i>, were -forced out, and broke. Hence the vapour seems to -have divided itself into three branches; one moving -directly forward to the east window G, being 13 feet -wide, and about 20 feet high, consisting of five -principal lights divided by stone mullions: two of -the lights were in a manner wholly destroyed, and -several large holes in those remaining; the glass -and lead being carried outward, like as if an harlequin -had leaped thro' the window. The north window -E, fronting the broken panels at <i>d</i>, was very -much shattered: but the south window F had scarce -a whole pane left.</p> - -<p>It is farther to be noted, that almost all the lights -in the church, tho' not broke, were bagged outward; -but those parts remaining intire in the window -D most remarkably so.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>N.B.</i> It was said in the London papers, that the -organ was intirely spoilt: it is certain there is not, -nor ever was, any organ in this church.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXVI. <i>An Account of the Case of the late -Right Honourable</i> Horace <i>Lord</i> Walpole; -<i>being a Sequel to his own Account published -in the</i> Philosophical Transactions, <i>Vol.</i> xlvii. -<i>p. 43. and 472</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<h3>I.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Copy of a Letter from</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S. -to Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, <i>Professor of Medicine in the -University of</i> Edinburgh, <i>and F.R.S. relating to -the Case of the Right Honourable Lord</i> Walpole; -<i>with Dr.</i> Whytt'<i>s Answer. Communicated by Dr.</i> -Pringle.</p> - -<p class="right">London, 22 Feb, 1757.</p> -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 21, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Imagined, that upon hearing of Lord -Walpole's death, you would be desirous -to know the state of his Lordship's health -from the time he published his own case; whether -he continued the use of his medicines to the last; -what distemper he died of; and, if his body was -opened, what was the condition of his bladder and -kidneys. I informed myself, as well as I could, of -all these particulars; and I hope I shall be able to -give you some satisfactory account of most of them.</p> - -<p>Last year, in the month of March, about ten -months before his Lordship's death, I happened to -meet him at a friend's house, where he dined, and -never saw any man of his age with a more healthful -appearance. He was then in his 78th year. He <span class="err" title="original: eat">ate</span> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> -with an appetite, and of a variety of dishes; drank -some Madeira, and was very chearful the whole -time. His Lordship then told me, that he had -enjoyed perfect health since he sent his case to the -Royal Society; that he thought it probable there -was still a stone in his bladder, but so diminished, -or smoothed, as to give him no uneasiness; that he -did not think it safe to go about the streets of London -in a coach, but that he went every where in a chair; -and that, in the country, he could travel 40 miles a -day in his post-chaise, without fatigue, or feeling any -of his old pains upon the motion. That he continued -to drink, for a constancy, three pints of oystershell -lime-water daily; and to take, as often, from -half an ounce to a whole ounce of soap, by way of -lenitive. All these circumstances I am sure of, because -I noted them down when I came home.</p> - -<p>From this time to the beginning of winter, Lord -Walpole (as Mr. Graham, his apothecary, informed -me) continued in the same state of health; but some -time after coming to town, his Lordship was seized -with a lingering feverish disorder, very much affecting -his spirits, but intirely unconnected with the stone. -Dr. Shaw, who attended his Lordship for about a -fortnight before his death, told me, that there had -never been any stoppage of water, or passing of -bloody urine, or any pain about his bladder or kidneys, -during his last illness; but that he now and -then felt some irritation in making water, a symptom -too inconsiderable to require any other medicine than -the continuation of his lime-water; which, in smaller -quantity, he drank till within two or three days of -his end.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Ranby and Mr. Hawkins, surgeons, with -Mr. Graham, were present at the opening of the -body; and from the two last I received the account -of the dissection.</p> - -<p>The coats of the bladder appeared to be a little -thicker than natural, but were otherwise sound. The -<i>glandula prostata</i> was of a large size, but not distempered. -They found three <i>calculi</i>, two lying loose in -the bladder, and the other, a very small one, sticking -in the passage, at that part, which is surrounded by -the prostate gland. Mr. Graham favoured me with a -sight of them all. The two first were very much -alike, being of the shape and size of the kernel of a -Spanish nut; only the sides were irregularly flattened, -but without forming any sharp angle. The surface -of each was every where smooth, except where there -had been a separation of some small scales, not so thick -as one's nail; and the largest exfoliation from one of -these stones appeared to have been nearly about the -breadth of the nail of my little finger. The polish -otherwise, as well as the colour of both, might be -compared to a boy's marble. One of these <i>calculi</i> -weighed 21 grains, the other 22 grains: they were -heavy for that bulk, and seemingly of a hard substance. -The smallest stone having been put up with -some others of the same size, taken out of the gall-bladder, -Mr. Graham could not be positive which -of them it was; and therefore I can only say, that -what he thought most likely to be so, was about -the size and shape of the seed of an apple, with the -point broken off, and the edge ragged. This, as I -observed, was found in the passage, seemed to be -coming away, and probably had occasioned that irritation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> -the patient had now and then felt during his -last illness. It weighed only about a grain.</p> - -<p>No parts could have a sounder appearance than -both the ureters and kidneys. The first were not -dilated; nor did the last contain any stone, mucus, or -gravel: the pelvis in each was of a natural size.</p> - -<p>The rest of the abdominal <i>viscera</i> were in the same -healthful state, except the gall-bladder, which was -full of stones. The largest was about the size of a -small chesnut, but rounder. The surface was smooth, -particularly at one part, where it seemed to have -rubbed upon a lesser <i>calculus</i>, of the shape of one of -the <i>vertebræ</i> of a small animal, without the processes. -This last had a hollow on each side corresponding to -the convexity of the large stone; and these cavities -being finely polished, it seemed as if sometimes one -side, sometimes the other, of the small stone had been -turned to the great one, and had been shaped in that -manner by the attrition. The largest <i>calculus</i> weighed -one drachm two scruples and two grains; the small -one but nine grains: they both sunk in water; and -felt specifically heavier than any stones I have ever seen -taken out of the gall-bladder. Besides these two, there -were several very small <i>calculi</i> of irregular shapes, and -of rough surfaces, which all together did not weigh -above five grains. Mr. Graham, who had attended -his Lordship for about 40 years, assured me, that he -never had any symptom that indicated a stoppage of -the bile, or the passage of a stone from the gall-bladder -into the intestines.</p> - -<p>Neither the head nor breast were opened.</p> - -<p class="p2">These are all the materials, I can furnish you with, -relating to this case. If you desire to be more particularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span> -informed of any of these circumstances, let -me know, and I will endeavour to procure you all -the lights I can. In the mean while, I should be -glad to have your remarks upon what I have now sent -you; and since you have been so long in the train of -thinking, with more than usual attention, on this -subject, I presume it would be very agreeable to the -gentlemen of the Royal Society to have a paper from -you on this occasion; and the rather, as his Lordship -began his course of soap and lime-water, upon hearing -of your success by that method of cure. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -SIR, <i>&c.</i><br /> - -<span class="margin"><big>John Pringle</big>.</span> -</p> - -<h3>II.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Some Observations on the Case of the late Right Honourable -Lord</i> Walpole, <i>of</i> Woolterton: <i>In a Letter -to Dr.</i> John Pringle, <i>F.R.S. By</i> Robert -Whytt, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p class="right">Edinburgh, March 16. 1757.</p> -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 21, 1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">P<span class="smcap">Hysicians</span> have not, perhaps, differed -more widely in any thing, than -in their opinions of the medicines lately proposed for -the cure of the stone. While some imagined, that -Mrs. Stephens's medicines, or soap and lime-water, -were in most cases to accomplish a dissolution of the -stone; others have been positive, that nothing of this -kind was to be expected from them: nay, they have -condemned these medicines, when used in large -quantities, and long persisted in, as hurtful to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> -stomach, guts, and urinary passages; and have ascribed -the remarkable ease, which they almost always -give to calculous patients, to their depositing a -calcarious powder upon the surface of the stone, by -which it is rendered less hurtful to the bladder. And -this opinion seems to have been not a little strengthened, -by the great quantity of white sediment observed -in the urine of those patients, who have used -soap and lime-water in considerable quantities. Now, -as I am of opinion, that most of these objections -and doubts, concerning the effects of soap and lime-water -in the cure of the stone, may be cleared by a -candid consideration of Lord Walpole's case, I shall -trouble you with a few remarks, which have occurred -to me, in comparing it with the appearances -found in his Lordship's body after death, of which -you were so obliging as to send me a particular account.</p> - -<p class="p2">1. Whatever doubts may have been entertained -concerning the cause of Lord Walpole's complaints, -yet it now appears evidently beyond dispute, that -they must have been owing, not to a scorbutic corrosive -humour in his bladder, as was imagined by -some<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>, but to stones lodged in it. These stones -may possibly have lain there since 1734; for from -that time to spring 1747, his Lordship was free of -any gravelish complaints, only passing some red sand -at times. But at what time soever they may have -first arrived in the bladder, in 1747 and 1748 they -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span>seem to have acquired such a bulk, or were become -so rough or pointed in their surface, as to occasion -great pain, frequent provocations to urine, and sometimes -bloody urine; especially after any considerable -motion. These complaints, however, were soon relieved, -by swallowing daily an ounce of Alicant -soap, and three English pints of lime-water made -with calcined oyster-shells; and from 1748 to 1757 -his Lordship was kept almost intirely free from any -return of them, except for some months of 1750 -and 1751, during which he took only one-third -part of the quantity of soap and lime-water above-mentioned<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>.</p> - -<p class="p2">2. It is highly probable, nay, I think, altogether -certain, that the soap and lime-water not only relieved -Lord Walpole of the painful symptoms occasioned -by the stones in his bladder, but also prevented -their increase.</p> - -<p>If these stones came into the bladder in 1734, -they must, in so many years as his Lordship lived -after this, have acquired a very great bulk: nay, if we -suppose them not to have been lodged in the bladder -above a year before they began to occasion frequent -inclination to make urine, with pain, and sometimes -sudden stoppages of urine; yet, from 1746 to 1757, -they ought to have grown to a much larger size -than that of the kernel of a Spanish nut<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>. 'Tis -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span>true, the stone may increase faster in some patients, -and slower in others; but stones, after remaining a -dozen or more years in the bladder, generally weigh -several ounces. Some years since l saw a stone, weighing -near six ounces, taken from a boy of no more -than 14 years of age.</p> - -<p class="p2">3. Lord Walpole's case not only shews the power -of soap and lime-water to relieve the painful symptoms, -and prevent the increase, of the stone in the -bladder, but also makes it probable, that these medicines -do communicate to the urine a power of dissolving -the stone.</p> - -<p>In the beginning of 1749 his Lordship voided -with his urine a calculous substance of a flat shape, -about the bigness of a silver penny, and covered with -a soft white <i>mucus</i><a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>; and upon the surfaces of the -stones found in his bladder there were some inequalities, -which seemed to have been made by the separation -of thin <i>lamellæ</i> or scales. Further, the small -stone found in the beginning of the <i>urethra</i> must -have been in a dissolving state, and considerably -lessened in the bulk: for, if it had lain long in the -bladder, and never been larger, it ought to have -been voided thro' the <i>urethra</i> with the urine; and it -could not have arrived lately in the bladder, since -Lord Walpole had not had, for several years before -his death, any nephritic pains, or symptoms of stones -passing from the kidnies; and since it is not likely, -that a stone of the size and shape of the seed of an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span>apple<a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> would pass thro' the ureters without being -felt. Now if this small stone, found in the <i>urethra</i>, was -partly dissolved by the virtue of the soap and lime-water; -it will appear at least probable, that the two -larger stones in the bladder were so likewise. But -altho' Lord Watpole's calculous concretions had remained -undiminished, and without any symptoms of -dissolution; it would not therefore follow, that soap -and lime-water cannot dissolve the stone in other patients, -where the concretion may be of a less firm -texture.</p> - -<p>The Rev<sup>d.</sup> Dr. Richard Newcome, now Lord Bishop -of Llandaff, while drinking two English quarts -of lime-water daily, for the cure of the stone in his -bladder, poured his urine every morning and evening -upon a piece of human <i>calculus</i> weighing 31 grains; -by which, in the space of four months, it was reduced -to three pieces, weighing in all only six grains. -Upon one of these pieces, weighing 2.31 grains, he -caused to be daily poured, for two months, the fresh -urine of a person, who drank no lime-water; at the -end of which time the piece of <i>calculus</i> was found -to weigh 2.56 grains, having increased in weight a -quarter of a grain. This same piece being afterwards -steeped in the bishop's urine (who continued to drink -lime-water as above), from June 24th to July 9th, -was in these few days quite crumbled into powder. -Since this experiment shews, beyond dispute, that -lime-water, unassisted by soap, can communicate to -the urine a power of dissolving the stone out of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span>body, it can scarcely be doubted, that it must have -the like effect on it, when lodged in the bladder. -And that the dissolution of the stone in the bladder -has been completed by soap alone, appeared evidently -in the case of the Rev. Mr. Matthew Simson, Minister -of Pancaitland near Edinburgh; an account of -which will soon be made public<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> by Dr. Austin, -who opened his body after death. Mr. Simson had, -from 1730, been afflicted in a less or greater degree -with the symptoms of a stone in the bladder; -and in November 1735 was sounded by Dr. Drummond -of Perth, and Mr. Balderston, surgeon in this -city, by whom a stone was not only plainly felt, but -also by the patient himself. In February 1737 he -began to take soap; and after 1743 never had any -gravelish symptoms. He died in May 1756; and, -when his bladder was looked into, there was neither -stone nor gravel found in it.</p> - -<p class="p2">4. It appears from Lord Walpole's case, that soap -and lime-water, even when taken in large quantities, -proceed very slowly in dissolving the stone.</p> - -<p>From July 1748, to the beginning of 1757, his -Lordship drank three English pints of lime-water, -and swallow'd for the most part an ounce of soap, -daily; except from April 1750 to June 1751, during -which time he took only one pint of lime-water, -and one-third part of an ounce of soap, daily. However -speedily soap and lime-water may dissolve the -greatest part of urinary stones out of the body, yet -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span>being mixed with the aliment and humours of the -stomach and guts, and afterwards with the whole -mass of blood, it is impossible but their force must -be greatly impaired before they arrive with the urine -at the bladder. When, therefore, urinary stones are -of an uncommon hard texture, we are perhaps -scarcely to expect any sensible dissolution of them -by the use of soap and lime-water: but when they -are of a softer kind, there is no reason to doubt, that -these medicines will in time dissolve them; and this -will happen sooner or later, in proportion to the -hardness of the stone, to the quantity of the medicines -swallowed by the patient, and the exact regimen -he observes, as to diet<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>.</p> - -<p>But however slowly soap and lime-water may proceed -in dissolving the stone, yet they generally give -speedy relief to the patient. Lord Walpole did not -take these medicines in the full quantity till the end -of July 1748; and, in a few months after, he was -not only greatly relieved of all his complaints, but -in December was able to ride an hundred miles in his -coach, without finding any uneasiness, altho' the two -last days of the journey the horses went at a full -trot<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>. In winter 1750, and spring 1751, when -his Lordship swallowed only one third part of the -soap and lime-water, which he had been in use to -take, his pains and frequent inclination to make urine -returned in a good degree<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>; but, after taking the -medicines in the full quantity, he soon became as -easy as before<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span></p> - -<p>It would seem, while Lord Walpole used only one -pint of lime-water and one third of an ounce of -soap daily, that the petrifying quality of his urine -was not intirely destroyed, and that the stony particles -newly formed on the surface of the <i>calculi</i> occasioned, -by their roughness, the return of his painful -symptoms. However, when he had recourse to -the medicines in a larger quantity, the petrescent -quality of his urine was not only destroyed, but this -fluid seems to have acquired a power of dissolving -the rough stony particles deposited on the surface of -the <i>calculi</i>; and in this way soon removed the pain, -bloody urine, and frequent desire to make water, -upon using any considerable exercise.</p> - -<p>Soap and lime-water not only relieve the painful -symptoms occasioned by the stone, by wearing off -its sharp points, and rougher parts, which used to -irritate the tender membrane, which lines the bladder; -but, when this membrane has been wounded or -lacerated by the stone, there is nothing, that will heal -it more speedily than lime-water; which the ingenious -Dr. Langrish has found to be remarkable also for -its effects in curing the bladders of dogs, after being -fretted with soap-lees<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>.</p> - -<p>The power of soap and lime-water to alleviate -the painful symptoms attending the stone is so great, -that, as far as I remember, I have only met with one -patient, who did not find himself considerably relieved -by them. But it is to be observed, that this -patient neither took them in full quantity, nor persisted -in their use for a long enough time: and, -when he was afterwards cut, the stone taken out of his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span>bladder was almost as thick set with sharp prickles, -as the back of an hedgehog: so that, in this case, no -remarkable ease could be procured to the patient by -the medicines, until they had quite dissolved these -sharp points, and rendered the surface of the stone -smooth and equal; which was not to be done but -after a very long time, especially as the stone was of -a pretty hard texture.</p> - -<p>It may be proper to take notice, that when, along -with the stone, there is any ulceration in the bladder, -soap does mischief, and lime-water often fails of -giving any considerable relief. However, even in this -case it is perhaps one of the best remedies we know.</p> - -<p class="p2">5. Soap and lime-water, taken in large quantities, -and persisted in for many years together, appear to -be innocent, and no way injurious to health.</p> - -<p>Lord Walpole, who used these medicines for upwards of -eight years, was not only relieved of the -painful symptoms of the stone, but had his health -improved by them in other respects<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>. His appetite, -healthful look, and a degree of spirits uncommon -at his age, continued till the end of 1756, -when his last illness begin to attack him. And -as his health did not appear to be any way injured by -these medicines, so, where his body was opened after -death, his kidneys and ureters were observed to be -quite sound and natural, as was likewise his bladder; -only its coats appeared a little thicker than usual, -owing probably to the long-continued friction of the -stones upon it. Neither the kidneys, ureters, nor -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span>bladder, were loaded or crusted with any calcarious -matter; an effect most unjustly ascribed to soap and -lime-water, since in the urinary passages, to which -the air has no access, they cannot deposite their calcarious -part<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>; and since the white stuff observable -in the urine of such patients, as take these medicines -in large quantities, is only the usual sediment -of the urine changed in its nature and colour, -with, perhaps, some of the dissolved particles of the -stone<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>.</p> - -<p>As the urinary passages were no-way injured, so -neither were the stomach, guts, and other <i>viscera</i> of -the lower belly. These had all a healthful appearance, -except the gall-bladder, which was almost full -of biliary concretions: nor is it surprising, that soap -and lime-water, which prevent the growth of urinary -<i>calculi</i>, should have no effect on biliary stones, since, -altho' these medicines dissolve the former out of the -body, yet they do not make the smallest impression -on the latter.</p> - -<p>I presume it will be needless to take notice, that -the lingering nervous fever, of which Lord Walpole -died, cannot, with any colour of reason, be ascribed -to the large use of soap and lime-water; since, if they -could have produced such an effect, they must have -done it in much less time than eight years and an -half.</p> - -<p>It may not be amiss to observe, that altho' soap -and lime-water, taken in large quantities, are no-way -injurious to health, yet in some cases they may -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span>become improper, on account of the particular state -of the patient. Thus, in a scorbutic or putrid disposition -of the humours, soap at least ought to be -totally omitted; and such patients, who are much -troubled with the hæmorrhoids, ought to be sparing -in its use, as the alkaline salt, with which it abounds, -will scarcely fail to exasperate their pain. Where the -patient is naturally very costive, less lime-water and -more soap ought to be used; and, on the contrary, -where the body is too loose, little or no soap is to be -taken, but the cure is to be trusted to lime-water -alone; which, in this case, ought to be drank to the -quantity of two English quarts a day.</p> - -<p class="p2">As the foregoing observations will, I am afraid, appear -more tedious than important, I shall only add, -that I am, with great esteem,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -<br /> -Your most obedient humble Servant,<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Robert Whytt</big>.</span> -</p> - -<h3>III.</h3> - -<p class="center"><i>Dr.</i> Pringle's <i>Paper read after Dr.</i> Whytt's <i>Letter</i>.</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 21, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">DR. Pringle begs leave to inform the -Society, that having read the copy -of his letter, within these few days, to Dr. Shaw, -Mr. Hawkins, and Mr. Graham, those gentlemen -found his account agreeable to their several observations; -only Mr. Graham took notice, that, of late -years, Lord Walpole, in his journies to Norfolk, had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span> -twice voided some blood with his urine, but with -little uneasiness; and that at other times had passed -some sand and stony particles (tho' never larger than -the head of a small pin), attended with frettings of -the parts, scarce painful. But Mr. Graham was not -sure, whether these accidents were prior or subsequent -to the sequel of the case, communicated to the Society -by his Lordship.</p> - -<p>Dr. Pringle thinks it may be likewise proper to acquaint -the Society with another circumstance in Lord -Walpole's case, which he had both from Dr. Shaw -and Mr. Graham, <i>viz.</i> that after using the soap and -lime-water for some time, his Lordship was freed -from a very obstinate dry and scurfy eruption, which -had resisted several other medicines. But as there -were no marks of a putrid scurvy (that species expressly -alluded to towards the end of Dr. Whytt's -letter) the Society will easily understand, how the -lithontriptic medicines may be prejudicial to one -troubled with the true putrid scurvy (such as is most -incident to sailors) and yet not be improper for those, -that are subject to the scurfy eruptions, which are -commonly, tho' erroneously, called scorbutic.</p> - -<p> -Pall-Mall, 20 April, -1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span> </p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXVII. <i>An Account of the Virtues of Soap -in dissolving the Stone, in the Case of the -Rev. Mr.</i> Matthew Simson. <i>Communicated -by</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 28, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">A Few days ago I received from -Dr. Austin, physician at Edinburgh, -the case of the Rev. Mr. Simson, drawn up -by himself, in the form of a letter to Dr. Austin; -and which you may remember was alluded to by -Dr. Whytt, in the paper read at the last meeting of -the Society.</p> - -<p>As I am at liberty to communicate this account to -others, I thought it would not be unacceptable to the -gentlemen of the Society, to have another well-attested -instance laid before them of the virtues of -soap in dissolving the stone, or, at least, in removing -all those painful symptoms, which usually accompany -that distemper.</p> - -<p>To the patient's own narration I have subjoined -an extract from Dr. Austin's letter to me, containing -the sequel of the case from the date of Mr. Simson's -letter to his death; with an account of the -state of his bladder, as it appeared to Dr. Austin -upon dissection. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,<br /> -Your most obedient humble Servant,<br /> -<big>John Pringle</big>.</p> - -<p class="noin">Pall-Mall, 27 April, -1757.</p> -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span> - -<i>A Letter from the Rev. Mr.</i> Simson, <i>Minister at</i> -Pencaitland, <i>to Dr.</i> Adam Austin, <i>Physician in</i> -Edinburgh.</p> - -<p> -Dear Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 28, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">ACcording to your desire, I send you -the history of my case; which is -as follows:</p> - -<p>I was of an healthy constitution till the year 1730, -when I was seized with a frequent inclination to -make water, without any previous pain in the kidneys -or ureters. This symptom continued till the -year 1733, without giving me much uneasiness.</p> - -<p>In June 1733, as I was riding from Edinburgh to -my own house at Pencaitland, I was seized with a -great difficulty and pain in making water, which -went off when I got home.</p> - -<p>In the month of July, having again got on horseback, -I was seized with the same complaint, but -more violent; for then some drops of blood came -away. From this time, if I rode eight or ten miles, -I passed some blood, but without pain.</p> - -<p>In September I made a journey of 60 miles on -horseback; but every two miles was obliged to dismount, -and made some bloody water.</p> - -<p>I continued much in the same way all the year -1734, as the preceding; only had one additional -complaint, of a pain in the glans after making -water, and likewise in the neck of the bladder. The -only thing I did for it was, to drink plentifully of -warm milk and water; and gave over riding, on account -of the bloody urine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p> - -<p>In the month of August I was sounded by my -nephew, Dr. Simson, professor of medicine in the -university of St. Andrew's; but he found no stone, -which he attributed to a wrong posture I was in, -when he sounded me.</p> - -<p>During the winter, if I walked more than usual, -I was sure to have a return of the bloody urine and -strangury.</p> - -<p>In November 1735, I was sounded by Mr. Balderstone, -surgeon, in Edinburgh, a gentleman very -expert in that operation, and likewise by Dr. Drummond -of Perthshire. They both distinctly felt a -stone: and I myself took hold of the catheter, when -it was in my bladder, and felt the stone as distinctly, -as if it had been in my hand.</p> - -<p>About Christmas I was seized with a pain along -the left ureter, and violent vomitings; but, upon -using a turpentine clyster and opiates, it went off.</p> - -<p>During the year 1736, I continued much the -same as the preceding year, always drinking great -plenty of milk and water; which gave me great -relief, as to the bloody urine.</p> - -<p>I was advised by my nephew, Dr. Simson, to go -to London, and be cut by Mr. Cheselden; the rest of -my friends advising me to be cut by Mr. Smith, a -lithotomist at Perth. However, I deferred the operation, -and continued much the same all the year 1737, -having severe fits now and then.</p> - -<p>In the year 1738 Sir Alexander Gibson, of Addiston, -informed me, that he had been in my condition, -had passed several small stones, and had found -incredible service from the use of soap pills: for, -from not being able to get out of bed, in the space<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span> -of two months after using the soap he was able to go -a hunting. However, for some time I was afraid to -try the soap, not knowing what effects it might have -on a confirmed stone; Sir Alexander Gibson's case -being only that of small stones. But the Rev. Mr. -Lundie, of Salton, by experiments convinced me of -the efficacy of soap in dissolving a confirmed stone -out of the bladder; for the stone gradually grew -smoother and smoother, and at last was quite dissolved.</p> - -<p>On the 12th of February 1739, I first began the -use of the soap, and in the beginning took only a -drachm in the 24 hours. The first week it made -me a little qualmish: however, I gradually increased -the dose; so that in six weeks I took six drachms a -day, without its disagreeing in the least with me. I -made it up into pills, and washed them down with -a draught of warm milk and water.</p> - -<p>From the time I began to use the soap, my gravelish -symptoms gradually abated; but, upon walking -two or three miles, I made bloody urine. However, -that symptom gradually abated; and in the -year 1743 all the symptoms of a stone quite vanished, -insomuch that I could walk, ride, or go in a machine, -as well as ever.</p> - -<p>From February 1739, to July 1743, I took every -day five or six drachms of soap: but after that time I -diminished the dose to half an ounce; and never -after had any return of a gravelish symptom, tho' I -still imagine the stone is not intirely dissolved; for -after sitting some time, I find as it were something -come to the neck of the bladder, but which gives -me no uneasiness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> - -<p>This, Sir, according to the best of my memory, -is my case: and if it can be of any benefit to you, -in the cure of this painful disease, it will give great -pleasure to,</p> - -<p class="center">Dear Sir,<br /> -Your most obedient Servant,<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Matthew Simson</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Nov. 20th, 1749.</p> - -<p class="p2"><i>The Extract from Dr.</i> Austin'<i>s Letter to Dr.</i> Pringle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 28, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE Rev. Mr. Simson's letter to me -as written in the year 1749; about -which time he told me, that he had ridden 40 miles -in a day, without any bad symptom ensuing.</p> - -<p>In the year 1752 he broke his thigh-bone at the -neck; by a fall from his horse, and continued for six -weeks in great pain; but after that time he grew easier, -and was able to put his foot to the ground. One -day, as his servant was helping him to walk across -the room, he let him fall; upon which Mr. Simson -felt a severe pain: the broken leg became then evidently -shorter than the other; and by that misfortune -he was confined to his bed for near two years. -However, about six months before he died, he was -so well recovered, as to be able to go to church, and -to perform divine service.</p> - -<p>About the beginning of May 1756, Mr. Simson -was seized with a diarrhæa, which resisted all medicine, -and carried him off in the 83d year of his age. -From the date of his letter to his death he had never -discontinued the use of the soap (except during the time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span> -of his last illness), tho' he had not been troubled with -any painful symptom of a stone since the year 1743.</p> - -<p>I obtained leave of his friends to open the body, -but found no stone or gravel in the bladder; that -part appearing to be, in every respect, in a natural -state, except at the neck, where the coats seemed to -be schirrous, and were about a quarter of an inch -thick.</p> - -<p>It is probable, that the stone had been of a softer -texture, and more easily dissolved, than ordinary; -otherwise five or six drachms of soap taken daily, even -for so long a time, could not have dissolved it intirely; -for many have used that medicine in much larger -doses, and at the same time have drank lime-water -plentifully, without obtaining such effects; tho' all -their painful symptoms were removed by that course, -as Dr. Whytt has shewn in his treatise on this subject.</p> - -<p>I shall only add, that Mr. Simson's son, who is -now minister at Fala, was present at the opening of -the body, and can attest, that there was no stone -found in the bladder.</p> - -<p class="right"><big>Adam Austin</big>.</p> - -<p class="noin">Edinburgh, -15 April 1757.</p> - -<p class="p2 hang"><i>A Letter from Dr.</i> Adam Drummond <i>to Dr.</i> Adam -Austin, <i>relating to the Rev. Mr.</i> Matthew Simson'<i>s -Case. Communicated by</i> J. Pringle, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read June 23, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Have yours; and was present when -Mr. Balderstone sounded Mr. Simson; -and both of us perceived, very distinctly, a large -stone: and Mr. Simson himself felt it; which we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span> -were the more sollicitous he should do, as he was -sounded before by Dr. Simson, who had declared -there was no stone. But the particular magnitude of -it we could not well determine at the end of a long -catheter; tho' I remember Mr. Balderstone, who was -well versed in that business, conjectured it to be -pretty large. He was sounded only once by us, as -the urethra was a little hurt by turning the catheter. -There is only one circumstance in the case, which Mr. -Simson seems to have omitted; that, from the first -symptoms of the stone, he passed a great deal of -<i>mucus</i> mixed with <i>pus</i>, as well as blood; and great -quantities of gritty red sand, all in single grains, never -any concreted into small stones. I take the -more notice of this, as I do not remember, that, after -he used the soap, he ever passed any sand, but a -good deal of <i>mucus</i>, in which the soap was discoverable -by its frothing. Could the gritty particles -of sand be again suspended in the urine, so as to become -invisible? or were they wrapt up in the soapy -liquid, so as to escape observation? I have seen several -stones of a soft consistence dissolved into mucilage -by soap: but the sand passed by Mr. Simson, -before he used the soap, seems to indicate his stone -of a harder nature, tho' indeed it felt obtuse at the -end of the catheter.</p> - -<p>I shall rejoice, if many instances of this kind are -found afterwards: but this seems to be the only one -yet, of a stone in the bladder being dissolved by soap -alone. I am,</p> - -<p class="center">Dear Doctor,<br /> -Your most humble Servant,<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Adam Drummond</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Bandeeran, June 5. -1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXVIII. <i>An Account of the Impressions of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> -Plants on the Slates of Coals: In a Letter -to the Right Honourable</i> George <i>Earl of</i> -Macclesfield, <i>President of the R.S. from -Mr.</i> Emanuel Mendes da Costa, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -My Lord, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read April 28, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I Have the honour to address this letter -to your Lordship, in order to be -communicated to the Royal Society, if your Lordship -deems it worthy the attention of that learned and -illustrious assembly.</p> - -<p>The impressions of various kinds of plants are -frequently, I might say always, found in some of -the strata lying over coal; but more particularly in a -stratum of earthy slat, which, in my History of Fossils, -page 168. Species IV. I have synonymed <i>Schistus -terrestris niger carbonarius</i>, and which always lies -immediately upon the coal-stratum, not only in the -coal-pits of this kingdom, but of many other parts -of Europe, <i>e.g.</i> France, Saxony, Bohemia, Silesia, -<i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>Most of these impressions, my Lord, are of the -<i>herbæ capillares et affines</i>, the gramineous, and -the reed tribes: but, however, among them many -rare and beautiful impressions undoubtedly of vegetable -origin, and impressed by plants hitherto unknown -to botanists, are not unfrequently met with.</p> - -<p>Besides these, my Lord, found over coal-pits, there -are likewise found in some parts of this kingdom, -as at Robinhood's-bay in Yorkshire, Coalbrookdale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span> -in Shropshire, <i>&c.</i> many curious impressions of the -fern tribe in regular nodules of iron-stone; and, in the -latter place, not only impressions of plants, but even -the cones or iuli of some kinds of trees are met -with, very perfect and fair, and curiously imbedded -in masses of iron-stone.</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing229a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_V"></a>Tab.</span> V. <i>p. 229</i>.</div> - - <img class="w100" src="images/facing229a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<p class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i> -</p> -</div> - -<p>The most part of the impressions of ferns, grasses, -<i>&c.</i> are easily recognizable, they so minutely tally -to the plants they represent. Others indeed, tho' -they do not exactly answer any known species, yet -have characters so distinctly expressed, that they are -easily arranged under their respective genera<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>. -Therefore I shall not trouble your Lordship with any -further remarks on all such, but shall only touch on -those elegant and extraordinary impressions, probably -of unknown vegetables, above-mentioned: for -that they are the parts and impressions of vegetables, -I think clearly evinced, if we attentively and with -a philosophical mind consider them, and reflect on -the various circumstances, which attend them in the -places, where they now lie buried.</p> - -<p>I have therefore the honour, my Lord, to exhibit -the drawings of seven such extraordinary impressions, -and the fossiles themselves, for your Lordship's and -this learned body's inspection (<i>See</i> <a href="#Tab_V"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> V</a>.). The -impressions figured Nº. 1. is from Mr. Mytton's collieries -at Drilt, near Oswestry, in Shropshire; as are -also those figured Nº. 2, 4, and 7: they are found -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span>sometimes two feet in length, and are generally -covered with a thin crust of coal. The specimina -Dr. Woodward exhibits, Catalogue B, pages 106, 107. -specimina <i>q.</i> 22. and <i>q.</i> 32. are analogous to this, -tho' not exactly the same. The Doctor's fossiles -were from Haigh in Lancashire; and he imagines -the impressions to be made by vegetables of the fir -kind. Volckman also, in his <i>Silesia subterranea</i>, tab. -22. fig. 2. figures a branch with a rhomboidal work -on it, and with three long narrow leaves, which -seems akin to this impression.</p> - -<p>Nº. 2. seems of the reed tribe: the knobs placed -in rows, which are like the vesicles on the <i>quercus -marina</i>, and some other <i>algæ</i>, are very remarkable. -Woodward, Catalogue B. page 9. specimen <i>a.</i> 1. exhibits -an impression akin to this, which he imagines -to be of the fern kind.</p> - -<p>Nº. 3. from a coal-pit in Yorkshire. I cannot -but think this impression is owing to somewhat of -the fir kind. Dr. Woodward, who exhibits such -a like impression, Catalogue B. p. 16. specimen <i>a.</i> -108. imagines the same: his words are, “The impression -is much like what might be made by the -branches of the common fir, after the leaves are -fallen or stript off.”</p> - -<p>Nº. 4. seems to be of the same kind as Nº. 2.</p> - -<p>Nº. 5. This extraordinary impression is from -Mostyn-colliery in Flintshire. It is a little obscured; -but, when attentively viewed, exhibits a reticular -impression, the meshes whereof are rhomboidal hollows, -and the sides of the rhombs, or the net-work, -are raised, or in relief.</p> - -<p>Nº. 6. is from Newcastle. Volckman, ibid, part 3. -tab. 4. fig. 9. seems to be of this kind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></p> - -<p>Nº. 7. The same author, Volckman, figures a -somewhat-like impression, ibid. fig. 5.</p> - -<p>Only these seven extraordinary impressions I have -presumed, my Lord, to treat of at this present time; -but I have many more in my cabinet equally curious, -some few of which I here exhibit to the Society, without -taking any further notice of them: only I shall -add, that many extraordinary impressions occur in -Woodward's and other collections, and many are -iconed in authors, worthy the attention of the curious.</p> - -<p>These impressions, my Lord, are not only met -with in small pieces; but large evident branches, -some feet in length, have been found. I have, in the -collieries of Derbyshire, frequently traced branches -with (what seemed to me) long narrow leaves proceeding -from them, and parts of other vegetables, -above a foot's length: but the hardness of the substance -they are immersed in renders it impossible to -get them out without breaking them to pieces<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>.</p> - -<p>As these remains of vegetables are very extraordinary, -I would recommend to the curious in botany -to take notice of them, as an <i>Appendix Plantarum -adhuc incognitarum</i>. For my part, I am so very -little skilled in botany, that I hardly presume to -offer my opinion; which is, that they are impressions -and parts of species of the firs and pines, of -the tithymals, the cereus's, and other arborescent -plants, and of large reeds; for some of the said -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span>kind are embellished with ribbed, studded, and reticulated -works; <i>e.g.</i> the Hercules' club, or <i>rubi facie -senticosa planta Lobelii</i>, described by Dr. Grew, <i>Museum -Reg. Soc.</i> p. 221. the <i>cerei, &c.</i></p> - -<p>I further exhibit to the Society some few specimina -of iron-stones with cones or iuli imbedded in them. -These, my Lord, are from veins of ball iron-stone, -in the lands of Lord Gower, at Okenyate, a village -on the Roman road of Watling-street; and from the -iron-works at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. The -cones are frequently met with in fragments, but -rarely so intire, and are never found but in the strata -of iron-stone. I have added to these a figured fossile -body, much like a cone, found sometimes in our -chalk-pits in England, but chiefly in the pits at -Cherry-Hinton in Cambridgeshire. Dr. Woodward, -Catalogue B. p. 22. specimen <i>b.</i> 72. calls them cones -seeming to be of the larix; and imagines they were -not come to ripeness or maturity. They certainly -have some resemblance to cones, tho' I much doubt -them to be so; but they most exactly resemble the -roots of the <i>cyperus rotundus vulgaris</i> of botanists.</p> - -<p>I shall finish this paper, my Lord, by acquainting -your Lordship and the Society, that I firmly believe -these bodies to be of the vegetable origin, buried in -the strata of the earth at the time of the universal -deluge recorded by Moses. It is, I must confess, -with regret, that I find there are some, who reject -the burial of these bodies at that fatal catastrophe, -but substitute partial deluges to account for it. Did -those gentlemen consider, or maturely weigh, the -many remarkable and strong evidences of an universal -deluge, every-where obvious in the bowels of the -earth, they certainly would abandon their imaginary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> -system: for, my Lord, it is not only the immense -quantities of marine remains, dispersed in all terrestrial -strata, which are to be considered (that circumstance -alone might give some reasoning to their system -of partial deluges), but the following more weighty -circumstances are likewise to be added and flung into -the scale. 1º. The heavings, displacings, trappings, -and breaks of the metallic veins, and the loads of rubble, -met with at vast depths, and where no marine -remains were ever found; and such heavings, <i>&c.</i> are -not rare in metallic or mineral works: of which, -to give your Lordship an idea, I have presumed to -sketch the following plan of such a phænomenon.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="image233" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image233.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="captionin hang">These cross-loads are not unfrequent in the mines on North -Downs, near Redruth, in Cornwall. Wheal-Widden copper-work -there, in 1750, was about 60 fathoms deep. The load -was 20 feet over; and has many cross-loads two or three feet -over, which sometimes heave the metallic load from one to five -or six fathom. These cross-loads are generally filled with fragments -of stone, minerals and other rubble.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span></p> - -<p>2º. If these effects proceed from local deluges, -recedings of the sea, gulphs atterrated, <i>&c.</i> we should -then indeed find marine remains: but how will that -account for the vast quantity of remains of terrestrial -vegetables and animals, equally met with, and in -like manner as the marine remains, in the bowels of -the earth? And, 3º. Were local or partial deluges -the cause, we should then find only the animals and -plants of the climates or places, where such deluges -have happened; whereas in these fossil remains it -is quite the contrary: the remains of those plants -and animals, we know, are of animals and plants, -the inhabitants of the most remote climes from those, -where they now lie buried; <i>e.g.</i> the rhinoceros-bones, -in the cave called Baumans-hole, in the Hartz -Forest in Germany; the strange bones in the Antra -Draconum in Hungary; the horns of the moose-deer, -and other prodigious horns, and elephants bones, -found in England, Ireland, Germany, Sibiria, and -even America, <i>&c.</i> of vegetables, parts of the arbor -tristis in France; bamboo's, or great Indian reeds, -frequent in England; with numbers of other such -examples. And of those remains even of the marine -shells, yet unknown to us, all appear exotic to the -climes where they now lie deposited; <i>e.g.</i> the cliffs at -Harwich in Essex abound with a species of <i>buccinum -heterostrophum</i>, and other shells, never yet discovered -in the adjacent waters. The <i>ammonitæ</i> of so many -species, and the innumerable variety of <i>conchæ -anomiæ</i>, with which this island abounds, are yet unknown -to be inhabitants of our seas, and appear exotic -to this climate. Therefore, my Lord, I reasonably -conclude partial or local deluges could never have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span> -produced such effects. However, unprejudiced to -any opinion, if the learned, who favour the system -of partial deluges, will either confute these my assertions, -or give solid reasons for the facts alleged to -be producible by local deluges, atterrations, <i>&c.</i> I will -joyfully embrace the truth: but till then, my Lord, -I would recommend to those systematical gentlemen, -not to pervert that excellent maxim of the great -Lord Bacon, and, instead of <i>Non fingendum neque -excogitandum, sed inveniendum quid natura faciat, -aut ferat</i>, not to corrupt it into <i>fingendum atque excogitandum, -non inveniendum quid natura faciat, aut -ferat</i>.</p> - -<p>I am, with great submission and respect,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p> - -<p class="center">Your Lordship's<br /> -<span class="margin">Most devoted,</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and most obliged,</span><br /> -<span class="marginb">humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="marginsec"><big>Emanuel Mendes da Costa</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">London, 27 April, -1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span> -XXIX. <i>A Catalogue of the</i> Fifty Plants <i>from</i> -Chelsea Garden, <i>presented to the</i> Royal -Society <i>by the worshipful Company of Apothecaries, -for the Year 1756, pursuant to -the Direction of Sir</i> Hans Sloane, <i>Baronet, -Med. Reg. & Soc. Reg. nuper Præses, by</i> -John Wilmer, <i>M. D. clariss. Societatis -Pharmaceut.</i> Lond. <i>Socius, Hort.</i> Chels. -<i>Præfect. & Prælector Botan.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read April 28, -1757.</div> - -<ul> -<li>1701 <span class="dropcap">A</span>Bronanum campestre incanum Carlinæ odore. C.B.P.</li> - -<li>1702 Abrotanum humile corymbis majoribus aureis. H. Reg. Par.</li> - -<li>1703 Acer platanoides. Muntingii histor.</li> - -<li>1704 Amelanchier. Lobel.</li> - -<li>1705 Anchusa lutea minor. J.B. 3. 583.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Buglossum luteum annuum minimum. Tourn. 134.</li> - -<li>1706 Arctotis ramis decumbentibus foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis - subtus argenteis flore magno aureo pediculo longissimo. - Miller's Icons.</li> - -<li>1707 Ascyrum magno flore, C.B. 280.</li> - -<li>1708 Asphodelus Allobrogicus magno flore Lilii H.L. 65.</li> - -<li>1709 Aster caule ramoso scabro perenni foliis ovatis sessilibus - pedunculis nudis unifloris. Miller's Icons.</li> - -<li>1710 Astragalus repens minor flore cæruleo, filiqua</li> -<li class="isub1"> Epigottidi simili. Index Plant. Boerh.</li> -<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span></li> -<li>1711 Barleria inermis foliis ovatis denticulatis petiolatis. Lin. Sp. - Plant. 637.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Barleria solani folio flore coccineo. Plum. nov. gen. 31.</li> - -<li>1712 Blitum Kaly minus album dictum. Kaly minus Ger. Emac. 535.</li> - -<li>1713 Campanula maxima foliis latissimis. C.B. 94.</li> - -<li>1714 Caryophillus montanus umbellatus floribus variis, luteis - ferrugineis Italicus. Barrel obs. 648.</li> - -<li>1715 Cataria Hispanica Betonicæ folio angustiore flore cæruleo. Tourn.</li> - -<li>1716 Celastrus spinis nudis, ramis teretibus, foliis acutis. Hort. - Cliff. 72.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Lycium. Boerhaav. Ind. alt. 2. 237.</li> - -<li>1717 Ceralus racemosa sylvestris fructu non eduli rubro. H.R. Par.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Cerasia racemosa rubra. 2. Tabernamont. Icon, 987.</li> - -<li>1718 Chamædrys Hispanica tenuifolia multiflora. H. R. Par. Tourn. 205.</li> - -<li>1719 Cherophyllum palustre latifolium flore albo. Boerh. 70.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Myrrhis palustre latifolia rubra. Tourn. 315.</li> - -<li>1720 Chenopodium Stramonii folio. Vaill.</li> - -<li>1721 Cirsium foliis non hirsutis floribus compactis. C.B.P. 377.</li> - -<li>1722 Cirsium maximum Asphodeli radice. C.B. 377.</li> - -<li>1723 Colutea foliolis ovatis integerrimis caule fruticolo. Phil. - Miller's Icons.</li> - -<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span>1724 Convallaria foliis sessilibus racemo terminal composito. Lin. Sp. - Pl. 315.</li> - -<li>1725 Conyza mas Theophrasti major Dioscoridis. C.B.P. 265.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Major Monspeliensis odorata. J.B. 2. 1053.</li> - -<li>1726 Coriandrum majus. C.B. 158. Officinar. 145.</li> - -<li>1727 Cornus Orientalis sylvestris fructu teretiformi. T. Cor.</li> - -<li>1728 Crithmum, sive Fæniculum maritimum, minus. C.B. 288. Offic. 152.</li> - -<li>1729 Crocus sativus. C.B. 65. Officinar. 152.</li> - -<li>1730 Cyclamen vernum minus orbiculato folio, inferne rubente, flore - minore ruberrimo. Mor. Hist. 3. 551.</li> - -<li>1731 Elichrysum graveolens acutifolium alato caule. Hort. Eltham.</li> - -<li>1732 Gramen spica aristata. Lin. Sp. Pl. 83.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Gramen loliaceum spica longiore lolium Dioscoridis. C.B.P.</li> - -<li>1733 Leucanthemum Tanaceti folio, flore majore. Boerh. 107.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Matricaria Tanaceti folio, flore majore, semine umbilicato. - Tourn. 493.</li> - -<li>1734 Meadia. Catesby Hist. Car. 3. p. 1. Dodecatheon. - Lin. Sp. Pl. 144.</li> - -<li>1735 Medica magno fructu, aculeis sursum et deorsum rendentibus. Tourn. - 411.</li> - -<li>1736 Moscatellina foliis fumariæ bulbosæ, de qua Cordus. J.B. 2. 206.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Radix cava minima viridi flore. Ger. 933.</li> - -<li>1737 Narcissus Illyricus Liliaceus. C.B.P. 55.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Pancratii Monspeliaci Hemerocallidis Valentinæ facie. - Lilio-narcissus, vel Narcissus tertius Matthioli. J.B. 2. 613.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span></li> - -<li>1738 Osmunda vulgaris et palustris. Tourn. 547.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Filix ramosa non dentata florida. C.B.P. 357.</li> - -<li>1739 Papaver laciniato folio capitulo hispido rotundiore. Tourn.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Argemone capitulo rotundiore. Park. 369.</li> - -<li>1740 Papaver Orientale hirsutissimum magno flore. Tourn. Cor. 17.</li> - -<li>1741 Periclymenum perfoliatum Virginianum sempervirens et florens. - H.L.B.</li> - -<li>1742 Phillyrea, Oleæ Ephesiacæ folio. Pluk. Phyt. Tab. 310. fig. 5.</li> - -<li>1743 Phlomis Lychnitis. Clus. Hist. 27.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Verbascum sylvestre Monspeliense flore luteo hiante. J.B. 3. 307.</li> - -<li>1744 Polygonum foliis cordatis caule volubili, floribus carinatis. Lin. - Sp. Plant. 364.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Fagopyrum scandens Americanum maximum. Tourn. Inst.</li> - -<li>1745 Saxifraga sedi folio, flore albo, multiflora. T. 252.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Sedum Pyrenaicum pyramidale longifolium elegantissimum. - Schol. Botan. Par.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Sanicula Pyrenaica longifolia multiflora elegantissma. H.L.</li> - -<li>1746 Serratula Noveboracensis maxima foliis longis serratis. Hort. - Eltham. 355.</li> - -<li>1747 Thalictrum minus. C.B.P. 337.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Thalictrum minus seu Rutæ pratensis genus minus semine striato. - J.B. 3. 487.</li> - -<li>1748 Verbascum fœmina flore luteo magno. C.B. 239.</li> - -<li>1749 Vicia leguminibus sessilibus reflexis pilosis solitariis - pentaspermis corollæ vexilis glabris. Lin. Sp. Pl. 736.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span></li> -<li class="isub1"> Vicia leguminibus solitariis deorsum flexis hirsutis. - Sauv. Monspeliens. 235.</li> - -<li>1750 Ulmus folio latissimo scabro. Ger. Emac. 1481. Latiore folio. - Park. 1404.</li> - -</ul> -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXX. <i>Remarks on the Opinion of</i> Henry -Eeles, <i>Esq; concerning the Ascent of Vapour, -published in the</i> Philosoph. Transact. -<i>Vol.</i> xlix. <i>Part</i> i. <i>p.</i> 124. <i>By</i> Erasmus -Darwin, <i>M.D. Communicated by Mr.</i> -William Watson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To Mr.</i> William Watson, <i>F.R.S.</i></p> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE inclosed papers were designed for the -perusal of the Royal Society; being an endeavour -to confute the opinion of Mr. Eeles about -the ascent of vapours, published in the last volume -of their Transactions. But the author, having no -electrical friend, whose sagacity he could confide in, -has at length prevailed upon himself to be so free to -send them to Mr. Watson; to whom the world is -so much indebted for the advancement of their -knowlege in electricity.</p> - -<p>Whence, Sir, if you should think that these papers -have truth, the great Diana of real philosophers, to -patronize them, you will confer a favour upon me, -by laying them before that learned Body. If, on the -contrary, you should deem this confutation trifling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span> -or futil, I hope you will be humane enough to suppress -them, and give me your objections; and by -that means lay a still greater obligation on one, who -has not the pleasure to be personally acquainted with -you. From,</p> - -<p class="center">SIR,<br /> - -<span class="margin">Your very humble Servant,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><big>Erasmus Darwin</big>,</span><br /> -<span class="margina"><i>Physician at Litchfield, Staffordshire</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">March 23. 1757.</p> - -<h3><em class="gesperrt">LETTER I.</em></h3> - -<p class="center"><i>To the very honourable and learned the</i> <span class="smcap">President</span> -<i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Members</span> <i>of the</i> Royal Society.</p> - -<p> -Gentlemen, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read May 5, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">THERE is ever such a charm attendant -upon novelty, that be it in -philosophy, medicine, or religion, the gazing world -are too often led to adore, what they ought only to -admire: whilst this vehemence of enthusiasm has -generally soon rendered that object contemptible, that -would otherwise have long laid claim to a more sober -esteem. This was once the fate of chemistry: the -vain and pompous boasts of her adepts brought the -whole art into disrespect; and I should be sorry, if -her sister electricity should share the same misfortunes. -It is hence the ingenious Mr. Eeles will excuse -me, for endeavouring to lay before you my opinion -on the ascent of vapours, tho' it by no means -coincides with that he is so strenuous to establish, -and plucks a plume from his idol goddess electricity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></p> - -<p>The probability, supporting the hypothesis of Mr. -Eeles, according to his own expressions, rests on this: -“That every particle of vapour is endued with a -portion of electric fire; and that there is no other -sufficient cause assigned for their ascending.” (<i>Phil. -Trans. vol.</i> xlix. <i>part.</i> i. <i>p.</i> 134.). My design is therefore -first to attempt to shew, that another theory, -founded on principles better known, will sufficiently -explain the ascent of vapours: and then, that some -kinds of vapours are not endued with a more or less -than their natural share of electric æther.</p> - -<p>The immense rarefaction of explosive bodies by -heat, depends either on the escape of air before condensed -in them, or on the expansion of the constituent -parts of those bodies. This distinction has not been -sufficiently considered by any one to my knowlege; -nor shall I at present amuse the Society upon this -head; it being enough for my present purpose to observe, -that they may be thus distinguished: where air -is emitted, it cannot be condensed again into the same -bulk by cold; but the expansion of heated parts of -bodies, as soon as that heat is withdrawn, ceases to -exist.</p> - -<p>Nitre comes under the first of these classes: in detonation -it emits great quantities of air, not afterwards -condensible to the like space. This may be -seen by firing a few grains of gunpowder in an -unblown bladder, or in a vessel nearly full of water -with its mouth inverted. The same is true of all the -solid parts of animals and vegetables, when subjected -to fire; as appears from the experiments of that -learned philanthropist, Dr. Hales.</p> - -<p>But of water the contrary is evident. In the steam-engine,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span> -a jet of cold water, we find, instantly condenses -that immense rarefaction; which I apprehend could -not be, if it was constituted of escaped elastic air. -And altho' this steam must be acknowledged to put -on some properties of air; such as ventilating a fire; -or that a taper blown out by it, is capable of being -again lighted immediately, and that without a crackling -noise, which occurs when touched with water; -this does not in the least invalidate our opinion, tho' -it has certainly conduced very much to propagate the -former one: since from this way of reasoning, the -whole must be air, and we should have no water at -all in vapour.</p> - -<p>From considering this power of expansion, which -the constituent parts of some bodies acquire by heat; -and withal, that some bodies have a greater affinity to -heat, that is, acquire it sooner and retain it longer than -others; which affinity appears from experiments, and -which, I apprehend, is in some ratio of their specific -gravities and their powers of refraction, reflexion, or -absorption of light; or at least in some ratio much -greater than that of their specific gravities alone. From -considering these, I say, many things, before utterly -inexplicable, became easily understood by me. Such -as, Why when bismuth and zinc are fused together, -and set to cool, the zinc, which is specifically heavier, -is found above the bismuth? Why the buff covering -of inflammatory blood, the skum of heated milk, the -sedative salt of borax, which are all specifically heavier -than the liquids in which they are formed, are -still formed at the surface of them? How benzoin, -sulphur, and even the ponderous body mercury, may -be raised into vapour, again to be condensed unaltered?<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span> -And, lastly, how water, whose parts appear from the -æolipile to be capable of immeasurable expansion, -should by heat alone become specifically lighter than -the common atmosphere, without having recourse to -a shell inclosing air, or other assistant machinery? -and when raised, I am persuaded we shall find, that -to support them floating, perhaps many days, in the -atmosphere, is not a knot so intricate, as to oblige us -to conjure up a new divinity to unravel it.</p> - -<p>But before we proceed to this second part of our -task, it will be necessary previously to consider, first, -how small a degree of heat is required to detach -or raise the vapour of water from its parent-fluid. -In the coldest day, I might say the coldest night, -of winter, when the weather is not frosty or very -damp, wet linen or paper will become dry in the -course of a few hours. A greater degree of heat -must indeed cause a quicker evaporation. But I am -persuaded, that was it not for the pressure of the superincumbent -fluid, greatly less than that of boiling -water would instantly disperse the whole so heated -into vapour.</p> - -<p>Secondly, That in the opinion of Sir Isaac Newton, -well illustrated by the late lamented Mr. Melvil, the -sun-beams appear only to communicate heat to bodies -by which they are refracted, reflected, or obstructed; -whence, by their impulse, a reaction or vibration is -caused in the parts of such impacted bodies.</p> - -<p>This is supported by the experiment of approaching -some light body, or blowing smoke near -the focus of the largest glasses; and from observing, -that these do not ascend, it is evident the air is not -so much as warmed by the passage of those beams -thro' it, yet would instantly calcine or vitrify every<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span> -opake body in nature. And from this we may collect, -that transparent bodies are only heated at their -surfaces, and that perhaps in proportion to their -quantity of refraction: which will further give and -receive illustration from those very curious experiments, -of producing cold by the evaporation of liquors, -published by the learned Dr. Cullen, in the -late volume of Essays Physical and Literary, at Edinburgh. -In these experiments a spirit-thermometer -was immersed in spirit of wine, and being suddenly -retracted, was again exposed to the air; and as the -spirit of wine adhering to the glass evaporated, the -spirit contained within the thermometer was observed -to subside. Now as the difference of the refraction of -spirit of wine and glass is exceedingly minute, compared -with the difference of refraction of spirit of -wine and air; we may consider, in the above experiment, -the heat to be communicated to the thermometer -only at its surface: but here the adherent fluid -escapes as soon as heated; by which means the glass, -and its contents, are deprived of that constant addition -of heat, which other bodies perpetually enjoy -either from the sun-beams immediately, or from the -emanations of other contiguous warmer bodies; and -must thence, in a few minutes, become colder than -before.</p> - -<p>The ingenious Mr. Eeles, I dare say, has already -foreseen the use I am going to make of this principle; -<i>viz.</i> “That the little spherules of vapour will thus, -by refracting the solar rays, acquire a constant -heat, tho' the surrounding atmosphere remain -cold.” And as from the minuteness of their diameters, -if they are allowed to be globules, they must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> -do this to a very great degree, I apprehend none of -those objections will take place against us, with which -Mr. Eeles has so sensibly confuted the former received -theories on this subject.</p> - -<p>If we are asked, how clouds come to be supported -in the absence of the sun? It must be remembered, -that large masses of vapour must for a considerable -time retain much of the heat they have acquired in -the day; at the same time reflecting, how small a -quantity of heat was necessary to raise them; and -that doubtless even a less will be sufficient to support -them, as from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere -at a given height, a less power may be able to -continue them in their present state of rarefaction; -and, lastly, that clouds of particular shapes will be -sustained or elevated by the motion they acquire from -winds.</p> - -<p>I should here have concluded this paper, perhaps -already too long; but upon revising it, I find, where -the affinity of some bodies with heat is mentioned, -that the deductions made from thence are not sufficiently -explained to be intelligible. First then, If -the power of expansion of any two bodies, by heat, -be in a greater proportion than their specific gravities, -then will there be a certain degree of heat, in which -their specific gravities will be equal; and another, in -which the gravity of that, which was lighter when -cold, will exceed the gravity of that, which was -heavier when cold. Hence zinc and bismuth alter -their specific gravities in fusion; some urine, and -many solutions of solids, grow turbid as they cool; -others alter their colours. Secondly, If (the power -of expansion by heat being equal) the power of retaining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span> -heat be in a greater ratio than the specific -gravities; then, during the time of cooling after being -sufficiently heated, there will be an instant, when -the heavier body will become the lighter, and swim -upon the other. This seems the case in the buff covering -of inflamed blood, the skum of heated milk, -and the cristallization of some salts: for if these -effects were from the evaporation of the thinner -parts at the surface, they should happen during the -greatest evaporation, or when boiling; but, on the -contrary, they are all done in the greatest degree -when the liquor has for some time began to cool. -Lastly, If the quickness of acquiring heat be in a -greater proportion than their specific gravities (the -power of expansion being equal), then, during the -time of their acquiring heat, there will be an instant, -when the body, that was heavier when cold, will now -become the lighter. From one or more of which -principles, I apprehend, the volatility or fixity of all -minerals, and many other bodies, takes its origin.</p> - -<p>It is no part of my design to account to you, -gentlemen, in what manner such an expansion of -the parts of bodies can be brought about by the -action of fire. Tho' perhaps a rotatory motion only -of each particle on its own center might be sufficient -to produce such a rarefaction; and the more so, if -such parts were any other figures than spheres, as -by the percussion of their angles they must result -further from each other. Nor is the existence of such -a rotatory motion without some probability, when we -observe the verticillary motion given to charcoal-dust -thrown on nitre in fusion, or the wonderful agitation -of the parts of burning phosphorus, or even of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span> -common red letter-wafer touched by the flame of a -candle. But as in this paper I have laboured (and -I hope not without success) to shew you, that some -properties of solar heat are sufficient to account for -the elevation and support of vapours; so in another -letter I propose nearly to demonstrate to you, that -the electric æther is far from having any share in the -production of this important phænomenon.</p> - -<p>From,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,<br /> - -Your very humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><big>Erasmus Darwin</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Litchfield, -Mar. 20, 1757.</p> - -<h3><em class="gesperrt">LETTER II.</em></h3> - -<p class="center"><i>To the very honourable and learned the</i> <span class="smcap">President</span> -<i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Members</span> <i>of the</i> Royal Society.</p> - -<p> -Gentlemen, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read May 5, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">EVERY theoretical inquiry, whose -basis does not rest upon experiments, -is at once exploded in this well-thinking age; where -truth, under your patronage, has at length broke -thro' those clouds, with which superstition, policy, -or parade, had overwhelmed her. But experiments -themselves, gentlemen, are not exempted from fallacy. -A strong inventive faculty, a fine mechanic -hand, a clear unbiassed judgment, are at once required -for the contrivance, conduct, and application, -of experiments; and even where these are joined<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span> -(such is the condition of humanity!) error too frequently -intrudes herself, and spoils the work.</p> - -<p>My very respectable antagonist, Mr. Eeles, to -whose ear, I am convinced, the voice of truth is -more agreeable than that of applause, will forgive -me the following critique on his performance; as -by that means, I am persuaded, the probability of -his notions will be intirely destroyed, and the foregoing -theory receive additional supports.</p> - -<p>For this purpose our first endeavour will be to -shew the uncertainty of some of the most material -principles, that support his arguments; and afterwards, -the fallacy of the experiments he has given -us.</p> - -<p>First then, in page 130. Mr. Eeles has asserted, -that the greatest possible rarefaction of water is when -it boils. I think it might be said, with equal propriety, -that the greatest rarefaction of solids was -when they began to melt: and this may indeed be -verbally true, if we chuse to alter the names of -bodies, when they undergo any alteration by fire; -so solids take the name of fluids, when they are in -fusion; and water the name of vapour, when it is -greatly rarefied in the steam-engine. Whence we -find this assertion seems to be founded on a confusion -in terms, and the fact far from being existent -in nature.</p> - -<p>In page 133. the sphere of electrical activity is -said to be increased by heat. If by electrical activity -is here meant an increase of its repulsive power (the -thing, which seems to be wanted in Mr. Eeles's hypothesis), -I know no experiment to show it. If it -be meant, that it is capable of being attracted to a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> -greater distance; I conjecture it may, as the heat -will rarefy the ambient air, and we know the electric -æther is attracted at very great distances in <i>vacuo</i>; -but this cannot properly be called an increased activity -of electric fire.</p> - -<p>We are afterwards told (page <i>ib.</i>) “that electric -fire will not mix with air:” whence, in the succeeding -section, it is argued, “That as each particle -of vapour, with its surrounding electric fluid, will -occupy a greater space than the same weight of -air, they will ascend.” In answer to this, it must -be observed, that there are some bodies, whose parts -are fine enough to penetrate the pores of other bodies, -without increasing their bulk; or to pass thro' them, -without apparently moving or disturbing them. A -certain proportion of alcohol of wine mixed with -water, and of copper and tin in fusion, are instances -of the first of these; the existence and passage of light -thro' air, and, I am persuaded, of electric fire, are -instances of the second.</p> - -<p>To illustrate this, the following experiment was -instituted. A glass tube, open at one end, and with -a bulb at the other, had its bulb, and half way from -thence to the aperture of the tube, coated on the -inside with gilt paper. The tube was then inverted -in a glass of oil of turpentine, which was placed on -a cake of wax, and the tube kept in that perpendicular -situation by a silk line from the cieling of the -room. The bulb was then warmed, so that, when -it became cold, the turpentine rose about half-way -up the tube. A bent wire then being introduced, -thro' the oil into the air above, high electricity was -given. The oil did not appear at all to subside:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span> -whence I conclude, the electric atmosphere flowing -round the wire and coating of the tube above the -oil, did not displace the air, but existed in its pores.</p> - -<p>This experiment I formerly tried various ways, as -I had conceived, if the electric matter would displace -air, it might have been applied to answer the -end of steam in the steam-engine, and many other -great mechanical purposes. But as from the above -it appears, that the contrary is true, it is evident, that -electric matter surrounding particles of vapour must, -in fact, increase their specific gravity, and cannot -any-ways be imagined to facilitate their ascent.</p> - -<p>I may add further, that if this be true, that it -pervades the pores of air, its specific levity cannot, -by any means I know, be compared with that of -air. Its particular attraction to some bodies, at -least to much the greater part of the terraqueous -globe, is abundantly greater than that of air to those -bodies: and hence its gravitation to the whole globe -would appear, at first view, to exceed that of air. -But the more I consider this, the more perplexing -and amazing it appears to me: and thence must -leave it to the investigation of my very ingenious -antagonist, or some other able philosopher.</p> - -<p>I come now to the experiments, that are given us -to show all vapour to be electrifed. In these Mr. -Eeles seems to have been led into error, by not having -observed, that many bodies electrifed will retain that -electricity for some time, altho' in contact with conductors. -The Leyden phial may be touched three -or four times by a quick finger before the whole is -discharged. Almost all light dry animal or vegetable -substances, such as feathers and cork, do this in a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> -much greater degree: and in general I have observed, -the more slow any bodies are to acquire electricity, -the more avaritious they are to keep it.</p> - -<p>Part of the plume of a feather, hanging to a green -line of silk about a foot long, which was suspended -from the midst of an horizontal line of the same, -about four yards in length, was electrified with a dry -wine-glass, according to the method of Mr. Eeles; -and, after being touched nine times with my finger, -at the intervals of two seconds of time, still manifested -signs of electricity, by being attracted at the -tenth approach of it.</p> - -<p>A cork ball, on the same line and circumstances, -after being electrised, was touched at the intervals of -ten seconds repeatedly, for seven times, before it was -exhausted. The fumes of boiling water were conveyed -upon this ball after being electrised; and, after -a fumigation for thirty seconds, it shewed signs of -electricity, by being attracted to the approaching -finger; and, after thirty seconds more, without any -fumigation, it again obeyed the finger; and again, -after thirty more, but at less and less distances. The -same appearances occurred to me from the fumes of -resin. From whence I apprehend, that Mr. Eeles, -having dipped the electrised down of the <i>juncus bombycinus</i> -in vapour for perhaps half a minute (for no -time is mentioned), and finding it still retained its -electric attraction, was not aware, that this same had -happened, if he had by intervals touched it with his -finger, or any other known conductor of electricity.</p> - -<p>As Mr. Eeles had here objected, that there was -no real opposition in the electric æther of glass, and -that from wax; the common experiment to shew this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span> -was many times repeated with constant success; <i>viz.</i> -the cork ball, suspended as above, after being electrised -by the wine-glass, and repelled from it, was -strongly attracted by a rubbed stick of sealing-wax; -and <i>vice versâ</i>. In the same manner I observed the -electric æther from a black silk stocking (which was -held horizontally extended by the top and foot, and, -being rubbed in the midst with an iron poker, was -applied to the cork ball), to be similar to that of -glass, and opposite to that of wax. But the following -experiment appears to me to put this matter out -of all doubt, and to demonstrate, that this difference -is only a <i>plus</i> and <i>minus</i> of the same specific æther, -and not different qualities of it, as Mr. Eeles would -suppose.</p> - -<p>A stick of dry sealing-wax was rubbed on the side -of a dry wine-glass, and a cork ball, suspended as in -the former experiments, played for some time between -them: but glass rubbed with glass, or wax with wax, -did not manifest any electric appearance. Whence -it would appear, that in rubbing glass and wax together, -the glass accumulated on its surface the identical -æther that the wax lost. Nor is this a digression -from my design: for if this opposition of the electricity -of glass and wax be established, it still contributes -to demonstrate the fallacy of Mr. Eeles's experiments.</p> - -<p>But what alone would intirely destroy this electric -hypothesis, is, that from the experiments of Mr. -Franklin and others, the clouds are sometimes found -to be electrised <i>plus</i>, sometimes <i>minus</i>, and sometimes -manifest no signs of electricity at all. Whence to -say an accumulation of electric æther supports these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> -clouds, seems an assertion built upon a very unstable -foundation, whose whole superstructure may well -enough be termed an air-built castle, the baseless fabric -of a vision.</p> - -<p>Add to this, that Mr. Eeles, in page 140. tells us, -that himself has passed thro' clouds resting on the -sides of mountains. Ought not those clouds to have -immediately discharged their electricity, and fallen? -And common experience may remind us, that any -cold bodies will condense vapour, whatever be their -electric properties. So mirrors, or the glass of windows, -in damp rooms, are most frequently found -covered with dew; which, of all other bodies, ought -most to be exempted from collecting vapours supported -by electricity, as they are the least capable to -attract or draw off that æther.</p> - -<p>From all which, well examined, I am persuaded, -gentlemen, you will be induced to conclude, that -tho' clouds may sometimes possess an accumulation -of electricity, yet that this is only an accidental circumstance, -and not a constant one; and thence can -have no possible influence either in the elevation or -support of them. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,<br /> - -Your very humble Servant,<br /> - -<span class="margin"><big>Erasmus Darwin</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Litchfield, -March 23. 1757.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp67" id="facing254a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_VI"></a>Tab.</span> VI. <i>p. 255</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing254a.jpg" alt="" /> - - <div class="captionin"><i>The grey Coot-footed</i> Tringa <i>shot near Halifax in Yorkshire (January 1757) and Presented to me by M<sup>r</sup>. Thomas -Belton Florist of Worley-clough in Yorkshire. Drawn from nature of the Figures of Life by Geo. Edwards in Feb.⁴ 1757.</i></div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXI. <i>An Account of new-discovered Species -of the Snipe or Tringa: In a Letter -to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. F.R.S. -from Mr.</i> George Edwards, <i>Librarian of -the College of Physicians</i>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span></h2> -</div> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read May 5, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I <span class="smcap">Take</span> the liberty to lay before you -the figure and description of a new-discovered -species of the snipe or tringa kind, which was -lately shot at Sowerby-bridge in Yorkshire, and sent -to me by Mr. Florist of Worley-clough, near Hallifax -in the same county. If the account, that follows, -shall be thought by you deserving to be communicated -to the Royal Society, the real bird, which I have -preserved dry, shall be produced at the same time.</p> - -<p>This bird is like in shape to most others of the -tringa or snipe kind. Its size is better shewn by the -figure lying before you (<i>See</i> <a href="#Tab_VI"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> VI.</a>), than by the -dried bird, which is much shrunk since the drawing -of it was made. I chuse, by way of distinction, to -name it the coot-footed tringa, as it differs from -other birds of that genus no otherwise, than in having -its toes webbed in the same particular manner as the -fulica, or our bald-coot. One of its feet is shewn -in the plate, magnified a little, to make it the better -understood, in what manner the webs or membranes -spreading on both sides of the toes are scalloped or -indented at each of the toe-joints. These scallopings -are finely pectinated on their outer edges, as the enlarged -figure expresses. The hinder toe is small, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> -finely pectinated on the under side. The bill is black, -and channelled on both sides of the upper mandible; -in which channels the nostrils are placed near the forehead: -it is compressed somewhat like a duck's bill, -and ridged along its upper part, as a figure of the -head in the corner of the plate may shew. The -lower head, figured with it, is intended to shew the -bill (which is very narrow) of another species of -coot-footed tringa, brought from North America, -and described and figured in my Natural History of -Birds, <i>&c.</i> plate 46. The eyes are placed farther -backward from the bill than in many other sorts of -birds; in which the wisdom of Providence is remarkable: -for birds of this genus commonly feeding -in soft muddy ground on the banks of rivers or the -sea, have occasion to thrust their bills deep into the -shores, to extract worms and insects; and their eyes -would be in danger, were they placed more forward. -The fore part of the head, the neck, breast, belly, -thighs, covert-feathers withinside the wings and under -the tail, are white: the top and hinder part of -the head is black. The lower part of the neck behind, -and the back, are of a blueish ash or slate-colour, -with a mixture of blackish or dusky: the -upper sides of the wings and tail are of a blackish or -dusky colour: the tips of the covert of the wings -are white; the tips of the middlemost or shortest of -the quills are also white, and form white transverse -bars across the wings. Two or three of the middle -quills are wholly white, and all of them have their -inner webs white toward their bottoms. It hath -twelve feathers in the tail; the outermost of which, -on each side, is edged with white. The covert-feathers -on the rump, or upper side of the tail, are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> -dusky and white. The legs are bare of feathers -above the knees (as they are in most birds, who -wade in shallow waters), and of an ash-colour.</p> - -<p>I believe no discovery of this bird has been made -till now: and it is very probable there are many -more species of birds in this island, that have hitherto -escaped the notice of curious inquirers. Mr. Ray, -in a book by him published, London, 1674. called, -A Collection of English Words, <i>&c.</i> with a Catalogue -of English Birds and Fishes, <i>&c.</i> after naming -the coot in his catalogue of birds, p. 92. says, -“Mr. Johnson of Brigna, near Grota-bridge in Yorkshire, -shewed me a bird of the coot kind, scallop-toed, -not much bigger than a black-bird.” As so -little is said by Mr. Ray, one can hardly determine -any thing concerning the bird he mentions: and 'tis -plain he thought this note scarce worth notice, as he -hath not preserved it in the Ornithology since by him -published. Nor can I believe it was the bird now -before us; for he says it was not much bigger than a -black-bird; which implies, that it was something -bigger. And, on reading his description of the black-bird, -I find he makes it to weigh four ounces; consequently -it is four times the weight of the bird above -described by me: for my obliging friend, Mr. Florist, -who sent me this bird, says in his letter, that, when -newly killed, it weighed one ounce. Therefore I -am inclined to think, that the bird Mr. Ray has so -slightly mentioned, is a bird not as yet fully discovered. -I am, Reverend Sir,</p> - -<p class="center">Your most humble Servant,<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Geo. Edwards</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">College of Physicians, Lond.</p> -<p>May the 3d, 1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span> -XXXII. <i>Observationes de Corallinis, iisque insidentibus -Polypis, aliisque Animalculis Marinis: -Quas Regiæ Societati Londinensi -offert</i> Job Baster, <i>Med. Doct. Acad. Cæsar. -Reg. Societ. Lond. & Scient. Holland. Socius.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 19, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi"><span class="smcap">Domicilium</span> meum mari propinquum<a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> -occasionem præbet, in -nondum satis cognitam quorundam animalium, in -mare degentium, generationem et œconomiam inquirendi. -Quæ observavi Regiæ Societati temporis -successu offerre animus est; sed in hac prima dissertatione -tantum observationes quasdam de corallinis, -iisque insidentibus polypis, et aliis animalculis marinis, -exhibere in animum induxi.</p> - -<p>Paucis abhinc annis, inter doctos viros dissensio -fuit, utrum corallia, corallinæ, et kerato-phyta veræ -essent plantæ, quæ crescunt, et vegetant, in quibus -insecta marina nidificant; an vero horum ipsorum -essent opus et fabrica. Multi et sagacissimi historiæ -naturalis scrutatores ultimam complexi sunt sententiam; -sed nemini contradicere studens, simpliciter tantum -et fideliter illa referam, quæ variis temporibus in -corallinis observavi, et quæ lectorem benevolum, ut -spero, convincent, corallinas non magis a polypis fabrefieri, -quam diversa fungorum genera ab illis fabricantur -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span>animalculis, quibus, æstivo tempore, quasi -repleta inveniuntur.</p> - -<p>Dura corallia, quæ recenter ex mari extracta, et in -rotundum animalculis obsita reperiebantur, primam -ansam dedere suspicandi, hæc ab illis esse fabrefacta.</p> - -<p>Cum omnia juniora conchylia tenerrimæ et viscosæ -substantiæ reperiantur, ex analogia conclusum fuit, -parva et tenera animalcula, quæ coralliis insident, -æque hæc fabricare potuisse, ac illa durissimas suas -conchas et buccina. Sed in historia naturali non tuto -ex analogia licet concludere.</p> - -<p>Verun quidem est, quod recens natum conchylium -tam tenerum est, quam parvus ille corallio insidens -polypus; sed tunc concha ejus vel buccinum -etiam erit tenerrimum, et quo magis in eo contentum -crescit animal, eo major, durior et firmior fit concha: -et interior conchæ superficies semper est lævissima -et glaberrima, ne tenerrimum animalculi corpus aliquo -modo lædi posset, ut in ostreis, mytulis, solenibus, -et quibuscunque conchis et buccinis, hoc videre -est.</p> - -<p>Sed an hoc in coralliis invenitur? Nunquam polypi -in ipsa coralliorum substantiâ habitant, sed semper -intra hanc et circumdatam corticem. Cavitates, quas -in coralliis invenies, non glabræ aut læves sunt, sed -asperæ et acutæ. Parvus corallii ramulus nec tener -est nec mollis, sed æque durus habita magnitudinis -proportione ac maximum: nec minores illi insident -polypi quam ramis majoribus.</p> - -<p>Cum vero hic, in Zelandia, necdum ulla dura corallia -recenter ex mare extracta explorare licuit, me -tantum ad corallinas determinare debui, ubique sere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span> -prope littora reperiundas, et quibus simillimi, qui coralliis, -insident polypi.</p> - -<p>Animadvertam tantum mihi videri, animalcula, -quæ summas coralliorum extremitates inhabitant, et -Nobilissimo Marsiglio flores visa sunt, ad genus etiam -polyporum referri debere, et in his extremitatibus -non nata esse, sed irrepsisse, dum illas vacuas et -domicilio aptas invenerint: eodem certe modo, -quo cancelli, quos <i>Bernard l'hermite</i> vocant Galli, -vacua irreptant buccina. Et hi cancelli, ut observant -piscatores, non casu aut temerarie id faciunt, -sed quasi ex consulto. Si sex vel septem cancelli vivi -prudenter ex suis buccinis extrahantur, et hæc inter -se permixta iis iterum exhibeantur, quisque cancellus -in proprium suum, nunquam in alterius buccinum -irrepit, et hoc ablatum undique quæritat, quod jucundum -visu est.</p> - -<p>Necesse mihi fuit quasdam sed paucas corallinarum -et polyporum figuras addere: si vero quis plura -desideret, elaboratum opus sagacissimi Domini Ellis -adeat, in quo quamplurimas et accuratissimas corallinarum -et polyporum delineationes inveniet<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>.</p> - -<h3><i>De Plantis Marinis generatim.</i></h3> - -<p>Plantæ marinæ a terrestribus in plurimis differunt, -nam hæ in raro aëre excrescentes, nutrimentum -suum radicum ope, in terra proserpentium, hauriunt: -du millæ plerumque nec radices nec folia habent, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span>sed ex trunco et ramis consistunt. Illa plantæ marinæ -pars, qua substantiæ, cui increscit, adhæret, radicis -nomen non meretur, nisi quatenus plantam uni -semper loco tenet adfixam: sed quod primarium -radicis munus est, nutrimentum ei non adfert: ipsa -planta per truncum et ramos ex medio, cui semper -immersa est, incrementum suum acquirit. Neque -maris sundus radicibus recipiendis aptus esset, nam -plerumque inconstans et volubile sabulum est, quod -continuo fluctuum motu de loco in locum dimovetur, -ita ut uno temporis momento radices nudæ, altero -sub arena forent sepultae.</p> - -<p>Sed quamdiu vera vegetatio marinarum erit ignota, -non bene explicari poterit, quare corallia et kerato-phyta, -licet ab imo ad summum undique animalculorum -cellulis obsessa, læte tamen crescant, ut hoc -in plurimis, non tamen in omnibus, observare est. -Nam Nobilissimus Marsigli kerato-phyta invenit, -quæ nulla cortice, aut quæ uno loco cortice erant -obducta, altero non: et corticem hanc non nisi polyporum -cellulas fuisse clare ex ejus verbis patet<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>.</p> - -<p>At rogare mihi liceat, an vera vegetatio plantarum -terrestrium, quæ semper nobis ante oculos sunt, bene -cognita et perspecta sit? an quidem novimus, quæ -vera sit radicum functio, et quomodo hanc exerceant? -Nonne plurimæ inveniuntur plantæ, quæ paucissimis -instructæ radicibus in altum crescunt, maxime ergo -foliorum ope, quæ succos nutritios ex vaporibus in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span>aëre natantibus hauriunt, plantam alunt, et sic radicum -defectum supplent. Sed liceat mihi, accuratissimi -Bonneti verba adferre; “Plantæ, dicit hic sagacissimus -naturæ scrutator, semper sunt sugentes, et in -statu suctionis, interdiu radicum ope nutriuntur, -noctu foliorum<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>. Sed optandum est<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>, quod arte -quadam exacte posset determinari, et tunc inter se -comparari hanc nutrimenti copiam, quam plantæ -radicum ope acquirunt, cum illâ, quæ folia adferunt. -Examen hoc forsan nos doceret, quod <i>Aër</i> -non minus quam <i>Terra</i> ad plantarum nutritionem -et incrementum contribuat.”</p> - -<p>Si ergo medium tam rarum et tenue, ut aër (ut ex -Cel<sup>i</sup>. Halæi et Boneti experimentis certum est) tantum -ad plantarum nutritionem adferat, mirum non -est, quod nunquam quiescens et quam maxime heterogenea -aqua maris plantas marinas, licet expansis -radicibus destitutas, ad tantam magnitudinem, altitudinem -et duritiem faciat excrescere. Sed nonne -similiter crescunt plurima fungorum genera? Quas -radices habent quercubus aliisque lignis increscentes -agarici? Quas phallus, elvela, et plura, quæ in <i>Methodo -suo fungorum</i> describit <i>J. G. Gledisch</i>.</p> - -<p>Hæc de plantis marinis præmittere volui, ut evincam -corallinas, licet radicibus careant, crescere, vegetare, -et plantas esse posse, ut aliæ terrestres et fungi, -quæ similiter aut minimas habent radices, aut plane -iis destituuntur.</p> - -<p>Cætera, quæ de vegetatione, floribus et seminibus -plantarum marinarim observavi, alio tempore indicabo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span></p> -<h3><i>De Corallinis.</i></h3> - -<p>Corallinæ omnes habent proprietates, quas in -genere de plantis marinis indicavimus: Sed præterea, -quod præcipuum est hujus dissertationis propositum, -omni fere corallinæ, si rami ejus ad justam magnitudinem -et firmitatem creverint, tam hyeme quam -ætate, animalcula insident, quæ a multitudine brachiorum, -et similitudine, quam cum polypis, in -aqua fossarum dulci, reperiundis, habent, etiam polypi -vocantur.</p> - -<p>Si quis corallinæ plantam, eique insidentes polypos, -rite examinare studet, non incipiat parvam tenuis ramuli -partem in vitro concavo jacentem microscopio -inspicere; sed totam corallinæ plantam recenter ex -mare extractam in vitrum pellucidum, aqua marina -repletum, prudenter inserat: aut talem plantam orbi -porcellano concavo in fundo coloris profunde cærulei -imponat, et addita sufficiente aquæ marinæ pellucidæ -quantitate, ejus ramos prudenter expandat; tunc post -quadrantis horæ quietem, illos lente amplificante -intueatur, et sic distinctissime in hac unica planta -polypos diversi generis, et plerumque mira alia videbit -insecta; quæ microscopio dein ad libitum ulterius -examinari possunt.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Corallinæ, quæ <a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>capillares et filamentosos habent -ramulos, aut quæ <a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>juniores et tenuiores adhuc sunt, ut</p> - -<p>Quae navibus post longum iter;</p> - -<p>Aut quæ doliis istis coniformibus, quæ ad littora -vel fluminum majorum exitum in mare ad -nautarum securitatem ponuntur;</p> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> -<p>Aut januis emissariorum aquæ marinæ in his regionibus, -accreverint, raro vel nunquam habent polypos.</p> -</div> - -<p>Sed si eadem corallinæ species jam ad sufficientem -magnitudinem et firmitatem, et præsertim supra ostrea, -saxa, silices, aliaque in fundo maris quiete jacentia -corpora, increverit, polypis scatet. Perspicaci -suo judicio decidat lector B.</p> - -<p>An hoc efficitur, quia polyporum semen, ova, vel -nata progenies gravitate sua fundum petat?</p> - -<p>Vel quia animalculis his perpetuus navium aut doliorum -motus obstet, ut hæc non satis tuta credant, -et ideo in fundo maris semper immota eligant corpora, -quibus ovula sua confidant?</p> - -<p>Vel quia pix et colophonia, quibus naves, dolia, et -emissariorum januæ illuminuntur, corallinis, quæ illis -increscunt, noxiam vel polypis ingratam qualitatem -communicent? Hoc saltem semper obvenit, me -numquam tot polypos invenisse in corallinis, quas a -navibus, doliis aut emissariorum januis abraseram, -quam in illis, quæ ostreis, mytulis et silicibus in fundo -maris erant innatæ.</p> - -<p>Hoc <i>primum</i> mihi <i>argumentum</i> est, corallinas a -polypis non formatas esse; nam tunc plantæ juniores -et minores æque suos haberent polypos, ac maximæ.</p> - -<p><i>Secundum argumentum</i>, quod polypi vel casu vel -instinctu quodam sese corallinis affigant, sed veram -plantæ partem non constituant, est, quod polypi non -omnes majoris plantæ ramos æqualiter obsident; hic -ramus vel hujus rami tantum pars polypis obsessa erit -quam plurimis, altera nullis. Corallinam habeo, <a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>cujus -truncum plurimi inhabitant polypi, dum nullos<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span> -in ramulis poteram detegere, licet armato oculo. Et -sic algæ<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> vel quercui sic dictæ marinæ sæpius corallinæ -increscunt, in quibus nunquam polypos inveni. -Hoc fieri non deberet, si corallinæ polyporum essent -opus. Omnes corallinæ semper suos deberent habere, -et ramis suis æqualiter et proportionaliter insidentes -polypos; et nunquam sine his essent reperiundæ, -ut tamen sæpius sit. Cel. Jussieu<a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> quasi mirabundus -dicit, se semel alcyonium et spongiam ramosam -sine polypis invenisse, licet recenter a rupe -essent abstractæ.</p> - -<p><i>Tertium argumentum</i> erit, quod fere semper una -eademque<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> corallinæ planta diversi generis alat polypis: -in una eademque<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> corallinæ tubulariæ planta -quinque diversas polyporum species inveni<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>.</p> - -<p>Liceat jam mihi rogare, quibusnam horum quinque -hæc corallina ortum suum debeat? Certe non -primæ aut secundæ, ut videtur, magnitudinis, nam -hi summis tantum insident corallinæ extremitatibus, -et microscopium clare ostendit locum, ubi corpus -polypi minus pellucidum et superficiei rudioris glabræ -huic corallinæ adhæret. Nec fabricavit corallinam -tertia species, quæ extrema corporis parte, quasi -caudâ, corallinæ est affixa: et minus adhuc quarta, -nam clare videre est, horum cellulas corallinæ circumdatas, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span>ut examen apum arboris ramum circumcludit: -et si hæ polyporum cellulæ non nimis densæ -sunt, ipsius corallinæ color translucet.</p> - -<p>Si hæ quatuor polyporum species hanc corallinam -non fabricaverint, non fecit certe quinta.<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>Mirabilissima -et minima hæc animalcula ad genus polyporum -certe pertinent, et omnibus fere corallinis, algis, aliisque -plantis marinis incredibili sæpe insident copia. -Jucundissimum est videre, quomodo se expandunt, -et mox mira agilitate, capta prædâ, se subito contrahunt, -quod bis vel ter in minuto horæ repetunt.</p> - -<p>Æque jam, ut in una eademque corallinæ planta -diversos invenis polypos, sic in diversis corallinæ speciebus -videbis similes et eosdem polypos:<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> quod -etiam illi obstat sententiæ corallinas polyporom esse -opus aut fabricam. Polypi dum operantur, ut cætera -animalia, instinctu innato operantur: ergo, -una eademque polyporum species semper easdem -fubricaret corallinas: sic semper similes et uniformes -apes faciunt favos, vespæ nidos, araneæ tela. Hic vero -contrarium eveniret; iidem polypi uno tempore hanc, -alio tempore illam fabricarent corallinam: quod rationi -contrarium est, et mihi <i>quartum argumentum</i>. -Sed hoc verum est, quod eadem polyporum species -non diversas corallinas, sed in diversis corallinis easdem -et uniformes semper sibi construant cellulas.</p> - -<p><i>Quinto</i>, si corallinæ a polypis essent fabrefactæ, nunquam -polypi et eorum cellulæ etiam vivis animalibus, -aliisque corporibus, essent adfixæ. Polypos inveni in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span>ostreorum<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> conchis, cancri<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> arachnoideæ pedibus, -animali<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>, quod emissariorum januis et navibus quietis -sæpius adhæret et anus (<i>aars-gat</i>) vocatur, et aliis -plurimis, sine minimo corallinæ vestigio. Et animalia -illa, quæ piscatores nostri<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> <i>klap-konten</i> vocant, et -majorum polyporum species esse videntur, nunquam -teneris insident corallinis, sed semper hæc supra ostreorum -conchas et lapides inveni, et quamvis illorum -progressum ipse non viderim, tamen de loco in -locum sese transmovisse, expertus sum.</p> - -<p><i>Sexto</i>: Hæ corallinæ non solum polypis, sed cochleis, -buccinis<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> aliisque plurimis insectis marinis conveniunt, -ut illis ova vel progeniem confidant. Hoc -præcipue mensibus Februario et Martio videre est: -accepi tunc diversas corallinas diversis cochleis et -buccinis plenas, et sæpe inter hæc quosdam cancellos -ova sua jamjam excludentes. Mater cochlea ovula -sua supra vel juxta corallinas deposuit; pulli exclusi -contra has ascenderunt, ne illis innixi fluctuum motu -eluerentur, vel ut adversus hostes suos tuto se absconderent.</p> - -<p>Quantum omnibus animalibus divina prospexerit -prudentia, animus nunquam satis assequi quacunque -industria potest. <i>Deus</i>, ut jam animadvertit Rex<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> -Psalmista, <i>plantavit arbores cedros Libani, ubi aviculæ -nidificent, et abietes domicilia ciconiæ: Montes -excelsissimos rupicaprarum, petras murium montanorum -perfugium</i>. Sic corallinæ domicilia et perfugium -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span>sunt polypis aliisque minoribus insectis marinis. -Et præsertim hoc censeo, quia tempore hyemali, mensibus -Decembri et Januario, corallinarum ramos plurimis -vesiculis, operculo vel valvula tectis, obsessos -inveni: quare has vesiculas habeo pro ovis ab aliis -insectis his corallinis impositis.</p> - -<p>Omnes, qui nunquam satis laudanda incomparabilis -<span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Reaumurii</em></span> scripta legerunt, sciunt, quam miris et -differentibus modis insecta quædam sua ova opponunt, -vel in <a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>gyrum, vel in <a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>lineam spiralem, vel <a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>singula -ova a filis libere in aere pendentia, vel, ut -hic fere casus est, per <a id="FNanchor_165" href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>paria lignosæ substantiæ ramorum -imposita. Quam mira quam varia est etiam -ipsorum <a id="FNanchor_166" href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>ovorum figura! Culicum<a id="FNanchor_167" href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> autem ova, -quoad externam figuram, quam maxime his corallinæ -vesiculis similia sunt.</p> - -<p>Omnia vero insectorum ova inter se et cum his -vesiculis in eo conveniunt, quod<a id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> operculum vel -valvulum habent eo in loco, ubi eruca vel vermis -exitum invenire debet; permittente quidem hac valvulâ -exitum extrorsum, omnem vero introitum aëris -vel aquæ prorsus negante. Sed præter hanc cum aliorum -insectorum ovis convenientiam, ipsæ vesiculæ mihi -vera ova videntur, quia recenter ex mare extractæ -erant perspicuæ, in spiritu frumenti vero statim fiebant -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span>opacæ, albæ, cum puncto flavo<a id="FNanchor_169" href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>. Secundo, -quia hyeme plures vesiculæ in corallinis reperiuntur, -perpaucæ vero æstate; nam tum illorum pulli exclusi -sunt, et corallinæ cochleis parvis, forsan ex his ovis -progenitis, magis sunt obsessæ.</p> - -<p>Nam hæ vesiculæ mihi ipsorum polyporum ova -esse non videntur, licet sæpius <a id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>polypos in illis invenire -contigit: et ideo crederem hos polypos in vesiculis -repertos, quoniam licet adulti tamen vesiculis -multo minores sint, post veri pulli exclusionem in -vacua illa ova irrepsisse; cum jam antea observavimus -cancellos in vacua irrepere buccina, et ipsos polypos -vacuis corallinæ tubulariæ summitatibus sese adfigere. -Sed quam maxime has vesiculas non polyporum, sed -aliorum animalculorum ova esse censeo, quia perspicacissimus -<i>Reaumurius</i> initio hyemis in oris Galliæ -provinciæ <i>Pictaviensis</i> (<i>Poitou</i>) ova cochlearum marinarum -invenerit, quæ quamvis his vesiculis paulum -majora, erant tamen simillima<a id="FNanchor_171" href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>. Licet corallinæ -speciosam habeant verisimilitudinem, ut quasi animalium -opus appareant, aliæ tamen sunt plantæ marinæ, -præsertim <i>alcyonium digitatem molle</i>, quas adhuc -magis a polypis fabrefactas diceres; sed si accuratione -indagine observantur, pro veris plantis erunt -agnoscendæ, ut in posterum, quando profusius agam -de plantis marinis, demonstrare spero. Alia vero -alcyonia, ut <i>vesicaria marina Bauhini</i>, &c. vera animalium -opera, namque eorum sunt ovaria. Plantæ -marinæ unicæ non sunt, quæ pro insectorum opere -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span>sunt habitæ. Liceat mihi locum adferre ex notis, quas -Nobilissimus <i>Lyonnet Theologiæ insectorum Doctiss. -el Rev. Lessers</i> subjunxit: “Credendum non est, ut -quidam faciunt, si stagnantes aquas viridi et fibrosâ -membrana tectas videas, hanc insectorum texturam -esse. Est algæ species, quæ in his stagnis -crescit, et insectis est pro alimento.”<a id="FNanchor_172" href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> - -<h3><i>De Polypis Corallinis insidentibus.</i></h3> - -<p>Completam historiæ et oeconomiæ polyporum in -corallinis repertorum descriptionem dare nondum -suscipio, sed paucis enarrabo, quæ de illis observare -mihi licuit.</p> - -<p>Auctores, qui aquæ dulcis polypos examinarunt, -quatuor eorum species enumerant: sed in aqua marina -major differentium specierum numerus est; plus -quam viginti diversos vidi polypos, quos ut plurimum -in laudatis figuris etiam delineavit accuratissimus -<i>Ellis</i>, et profecto adhuc plures sunt. Sed hic monendum, -quod cum aquæ dulcis polypi nudo oculo -facile queant conspici, plerique marini non nisi lente -aut microscopio possint examinari: et aqua marina, -in qua polypi vivunt, bis, vel ad minimum semel, -nucthemeri spatio, debet renovari, aut polypi moriantur.</p> - -<p>Ad exemplum D<sup>i.</sup> <i>Schaffer</i> in duas species primo -polypos distinguam; in polypos, qui cellulas sibi construant, -et in polypos, qui corporis extremitate corallinis -aliisque corporibus extus sese affigant, vel in -cavitates naturales alcyoniorum, coralliorum, &c. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span>(de quibus in posterum) irrepant, ut cancelli in vacua -buccina. Polypi, qui in cellulis habitant, cæteris -plerumque sunt minores: horum cellulæ corallinæ<a id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> -truncum vel ramos circumdant, a quibus prudenti -manu sine corallinæ læsione satis facile possunt abradi: -et si hæ cellulæ non nimia sint copia, et corallina -contra solis splendorem inspiciatur, præsertim si color -vivide ruber, aureus aut subniger est, facile per -ipsas cellulas translucet.</p> - -<p>Polyporum, qui sine cellulis in corporum quorundam -cavitatibus habitant, aut extrinsecus illis affixi -sunt, plurimæ sunt species. Apertis<a id="FNanchor_174" href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> corallinæ tubulariæ -ramis (nam in tali planta semper adsunt rami -vel tubi naturaliter<a id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> clausi, id est, integri, in quibus -nunquam polypus insidet) majorum polyporum species -sæpius supra sedet; quos a colore rubente polypos -vocabo <i>coccineos</i>, et præ cæteris observavi. In -detritis et apertis, ut modo dixi, corallinæ tubulariæ -ramulis, inserta sua cauda vel corporis parte posteriore, -polypus habitat, et ex hoc ramo facile et sæpe levi -quassatione delabitur, præsertim si ille jam per aliquot -dies servatus debilis, æger, aut mortuus sit<a id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>.</p> - -<p>Si vegetum talem polypum, corallinæ insidentem, -vehementius amplificante microscopio intueris, facile -differentiam vides inter scabram et quasi granulatam -polypi cutem, et lævissimam corallinæ corticem.</p> - -<p>Hic polypus coccineus duplici brachiorum genere -est munitus, quod in aliis minoribus non vidi; et hæc -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span>coloris sunt subalbidi. <a id="FNanchor_177" href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>Inferiora et longiora octodecim -vel viginti sunt, nam numerus sæpe variat, et -expansa patinam formant, in cujus medio<a id="FNanchor_178" href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> ipsum -polypi corpus coccineum est. Hoc corpus in duas -partes dividi potest. Inferiori placentam referenti perpendiculariter -alia pyriformis est infixa, quæ duodecim<a id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> -vel quatuordecim habet brachia, prioribus tenuiora -et breviora.</p> - -<p>Hanc partem pyriformem polypus valde <a id="FNanchor_180" href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a>extendere -potest, præsertim si prædam captans expansa claudit<a id="FNanchor_181" href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> -brachia; et rursus ita contrahere, ut quasi <a id="FNanchor_182" href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>globulus -inferiori et depressæ parti adhæreat. In extremo -hujus partis <a id="FNanchor_183" href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>os polypi esse videtur: sed ob partium -exilitatem non omnia satis distincta possunt videri, ut -in majoribus aquæ dulcis polypis; sed ex similitudine -partium hæc tuto licet concludere.</p> - -<p>Si longiora brachia fortiori microscopio attente contemplaris, -cutem eorum valde asperam vides, ut est -piscium (quos <i>Haijen</i> vocant) vel ut superficies corii -granulati (<i>chagrein-leer</i>) forsitan ut minora animalcula, -quæ polyporum esca sunt, eo melius, ne elabantur, -retinere possint. Sed inter hujus speciei polypos -vidi umum cæteris<a id="FNanchor_184" href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> majorem, ex cujus corpore, -illo loco ubi pars superior inferiori et depressæ -inhæret, sex vel octo enascebantur<a id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> ramuli, in quorum -extremitatibus erant duo vel tres parvi globuli, -punctum coccineum in medio habentes. Huic polypo -bis in die novam dedi aquam, quam maxime de -ejus vita sollicitus, ea spe, ut hi globuli in juniores -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span>excrescerent polypos, sed quamvis per mensem sic -vivum servaverim, nihil mutatum vidi, nisi quod -globuli paululum evaserint majores.</p> - -<p>Quæ deinceps de polyporum generatione observavi, -non ita mihi satisfaciunt, ut illa pro certis et comprobatis -habeam: si vero hac æstate meliora adiscam, -Regiæ Societati indicabo.</p> - -<h3><i>De aliis Insectis Marinis.</i></h3> - -<p>Si noctu aqua maris, quæ littora nostra alluit, lapide -injecto vel baculo movetur, innumeras videre -est scintillas igneas, quæ nihil aliud sunt, quam minima -animalcula lucentia, non nisi fortiore microscopio -visibilia.</p> - -<p>Ut hæc animalcula idoneâ colligas copiâ, sufficientem -aquæ quantitatem, in qua has scintillas observasti, -per chartam emporeticam filtrare facias, donec semiuncia -aut minus aquæ supra chartam restat: hujus -guttula, vitro concavo, penicilli vel pennæ ope, imposita, -fortiore microscopio examinetur, et celerimo -motu illa natare videbis. Tres diversas horum -observavi species, quas ad vivum delineatas exhibet -tabulæ <a href="#Tab_X">X.</a> fig. I.</p> - -<p>Sed mare plura alit insecta, quibus hæc lucendi -facultas inest, et quorum in corallinis repertorum -quædam delineata sunt <a href="#Tab_X">tab X.</a> fig. 1, 2, 4, 5. sed -quoniam plures <a id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>auctores de his scripserunt, non -commemorabo.</p> - -<p>Si corallinæ recenter ex mare extractæ major -planta, orbi porcellano concavo, et cujus fundus est -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span>profundi coloris cærulei, cum sufficiente quantitate -aquæ marinæ pellucidissimæ et filtratæ, at ante jam -monui, imponatur, et ejus ramuli prudenter penna -expandentur, et lente oculari inspiciantur, silvam -saepius videre est, in qua plurima pascuntor animalia, -præter diversi generis polypes ramis infixos et brachia -extendentes: alia plura sunt, præsertim in infima -parte, si corallinæ supra ostrea creverint, quæ huc -et illuc cursitant, et forsitan sæpius hianti ostreo alimento -inserviunt. Sic vigesimo tertio Octobris 1756 -ostreum accepi, cui magna <a id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>corallinæ planta erat -innata, in qua, præter tres diversas polyporum species, -sex differentia reperiebam insecta. -<a id="FNanchor_188" href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>Primum vermis -erat, cujus caput sex majoribus et duobus minoribus -cornubus erat instructum. <a id="FNanchor_189" href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>Alteram valde -parvum araneam longipedem (Gallis <i>le Faucheur</i>) -referebat, admodum lente se movens. Tertium vermis -erat, similis figuræ 3, sed in designando deperdebatur. -<a id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>Quartum, quintum et sextum non nisi fortiore -microscopio distincte erant visibilia. Horum -quod littera c nocatur, mirandæ erat structuræ.</p> - -<p>Diversa sic ostrea et corallinas explorans, plura -talia admiranda insecta vidi, quorum delineationem -sistunt tabulae <a href="#Tab_X">X.</a> figuræ 2, 3, 4, 5, 7. Decimo sexto -ejusdem mensis Octobris, plures mihi sed valde parvæ -apportabantur corallinæ, quæ a dolio coniformi erant -abrasæ: in his licet sæpe et attente exploratis nullos -detegere poteram polypos, sed duo alia mirabilissima insecta.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp84" id="facing275a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_VII"></a>Tab.</span> VII. <i>p. 275</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing275a.jpg" alt="" /> - - <div class="captionin"> <i>I. Rhosiud ad vivum pinxit.</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span>Horum, quæ secunda figura tabulæ decimæ littera A -exhibet, erant millia, celerrimo motu vel repentia -vel natantia: sex suis pedibus postremis ramulum -arripiebant, ut erucarum, quas geometras appellant, -mos est, et mirum in modum prone et supine se -flectentes, de ramo in ramum saliebant quasi agilissimi. -Inter hæc erant pauca cæteris majora, quæ <a id="FNanchor_191" href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>naturali -et <a id="FNanchor_192" href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>aucta magnitudine delineare curavi. <a id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>Alterum -animal non minos mirum erat; sed horum omnium -cognitio multo melius delineationis inspectu, quam -ex valde prolixa descriptione peti potest.</p> - -<p>Sed si omnia insecta marina, quæ in diversis corallinis -reperi, delineare vellem, infinitum opus susciperem; -nam eorum numerus et diversitas captum -nostrum superant.</p> - -<p>Hæc ergo, ut spero, sufficient ad demonstrandum -corallinas non polyporum opus aut fabricam esse, -sed his et plurimis aliis insectis marinis domicilio et -perfugio aut alimento inservire.</p> - -<p> -Dabam Zirizœæ in Zelandia,<br /> -17 Martii 1757. -</p> - -<h3>TABULARUM EXPLICATIO.</h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_VII">Tabula Septima.</a></span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> I. Exhibet corallinæ plantam, quæ corallina -muscosa, sive muscus marinus tenui capillo spermophorus -vocatur.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> II. Corallina ramulis dichotomis teneris capillaribus -rubentibus.</p> -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span> -<i>Fig.</i> III. Junior planta corallinæ tubulariæ laryngi -similis.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> IV. Duæ species <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, fig. I. et. II. et <i>c</i> eschara -papyracea utrinque cellulifera, uni basi adnatæ, -quod sæpius in doliis marinis coniformibius contigit.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> V. Corallinæ rubræ ramulus, quem per aliquot -hebdomadas in aqua marina sæpius renovata servavi, -quo tempore parvi ramuli <i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, multum -creverunt, et alii <i>b</i>, <i>b</i>, pullulaverunt.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VI. Pars conchæ ostrei, in qua, præter filamenta -quædam viridia, duo polypi <i>a</i> <i>a</i> conspiciendi.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VII. Cancer arachnoideus, cui duæ polyporum -species insidebant. Singulus in <i>a</i>, et multi cellulas -habitantes in <i>b</i>.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VIII. Animal, quod <i>aarsgat</i> vocatur, et januis -emissasiorum veterioribus et navibus accrescit: -huic parva corallinæ planta erat innata, in qua -nullos detegere poteram polypos; plurimos vero -<i>b.</i> <i>b.</i> ipsi animali insidentes.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>N.B.</i> Caudas horum et præcedentis figuræ polyporum -nimis longas delineavit pictor, ut eo -melius in conspectum venirent.</p> -</div> - -<h4><span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_VIII">Tabula Octava.</a></span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> I. Ramus corallinæ rubentis magnitudine naturali.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> II. Idem microscopio visus, et tres polyporum -species in eo conspiciendæ.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>a. b.</i> Duæ diversæ species caudâ vel corporis parte -posteriore corallinæ affixæ.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Tertia species in cellulis habitans.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span> -<i>d.</i> Polypus mortuus.</p> - -<p><i>e.</i> Polyporum cellulæ.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> III. Planta corallinæ tubulariæ laryngi similis -magnitudine naturali.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> IV. Hujus plantæ ramus maximus, microscopio -visus, in quo quinque diversos polypos inveni.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>a.</i> Prima et maxima species polypi, quem coccineum -voco, et <a href="#Tab_IX">tab. IX.</a> fig. II. fortiore adhuc -microscopio visum exhibet.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Eadem sed minor species.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Tertia, quæ eadem ut hujus tabulæ fig. II. litt. <i>b</i>.</p> - -<p><i>d.</i> Quarta, quæ eadem ut hujus tabulæ fig. II. litt. <i>c</i>.</p> - -<p><i>e.</i> Quinta et minima polyporum species, maxime -aucta magnitudine adhuc delineata fig. <span class="allsmcap">1</span>. <a href="#Tab_IX">tab. IX.</a></p> - -<p><i>f.</i> Cellulæ, quas quarta species habitat.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> V. Corallina erecta pennata denticulis alternis -caule appressis: in hac nulli erant polypi nisi in -cellulis circumcirca truncam affixis <i>a a</i>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>b.</i> Cochleæ magnitudine auctæ in B.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Eschara millepora minima crustacea cellulis tubiformibus, -animalculis domicilio inserviens, et -magnitudinæ auctæ in C.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VI. Corallina abietis forma, quam mense Decembri -accepi: ejus rami vesiculis vel ovulis <i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, -per paria ordine quadam positis, erant obsessi.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. Talis vesicula vel ovum microscopio visum.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Cochleæ, & <i>c.</i> Eschara minima, ut in præcedente -figura magnitudine aucta in B et C.</p> - -<p><i>d.</i> <i>d.</i> Dua corpuscula fusca, quæ microscopio visa -nidum vermium referunt in D.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VII. Corallina pennata et siliquata, ab ostreo -abstracta: in hac præter tres polyporum species</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>a</i> A, <i>b</i> B. (quæ cædem ac in fig. II.) <i>c</i> C, sex alia -insecta reperire contigit, quæ delineata sunt in -<a href="#Tab_X">tab. X.</a> fig. 1, 6, 8.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="facing276a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_VIII"></a>Tab.</span> VIII. <i>p. 276</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing276a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="captionin"><i>I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit.</i></div> - <div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<h4><span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_IX">Tabula Nona.</a></span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> I. Minimorum polyporum marinorum genus, -cum polypis ramosis (<i>polypes à bouquet</i>) aquæ -dulcis conveniens.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. talis polypus conservæ marinæ viridi insidens vix -oculo nudo conspicuus.</p> - -<p>B. idem lente oculari, et in C fortiore visus microscopio.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> II. Polypus coccineus, quem tabulæ secundæ</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> III. & IV. naturali et aucta magnitudine exhibent, -hic fortissimo microscopio visus.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. hic polypus expansis brachiis, prædam expectans.</p> - -<p>B. idem brachia contrahendo, prædam arripiens.</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Brachia majora inferiora numero 16, 18, vel 20.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Brachia superiora breviora numero 12, 14, vel 16.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Corporis pars superior pyriformis, inferiori infixa.</p> - -<p><i>d.</i> Corporis pars inferior compressa.</p> - -<p><i>e.</i> Locus, ubi polypus corallinæ inhæret.</p> - -<p>C. idem polypus a parte anteriore visus, cum corporis -partem superiorem pyriformem in globulum -contraxerat, quod in majoribus polypis -(vide infra fig. IV, V, VI.) magis visibile.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> III. Similis polypus coccineus, cæteris major, -ex cujus corpore (ubi partes <i>c</i> et <i>d</i> conjunguntur) -octo ramuli enascebantur, qui in summitatibus -duos vel tres gerebant globulos, punctum rubrum -in medio habentes, et quos in polypos juniores -excreturos fore speraveram frustra.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[310]</span></p> -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>a.</i> Hujus polypi brachia longiora inferiora.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Brachia breviora superiora.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> In medio corporis pyriformis os polypi esse videtur.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> IV. Majus, ut videtur, genus polyporum, quos -<i>klapkonten</i> vocant, ostreorum conchis insidentium, -quorum hic, rudius attractum, brachia penitus in -corpus suum abscondit.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> V. Idem polypus corpore extenso brachia expandens.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> VI. Idem capta præda se contrahens.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="facing278a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_IX"></a>Tab.</span> IX. <i>p. 278</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing278a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="captionin"><i>I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit.</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> - -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> - -<div class="figcenter illowp83" id="facing279a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_X"></a>Tab.</span> X. <i>p. 279</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing279a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="captionin"><i>I. Rhodius ad vivum pinxit.</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<h4><span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_X">Tabula Decima.</a></span></h4> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> I. Tres species animalculorum lucentium in -guttula aquæ marinæ fortiore microscopio visorum.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> II. Mirum animalculum in corallinis a doliis -marinis coniformibus abrasis repertum.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. tales minores erant centeni.</p> - -<p>B. decem vel duodecim erant hac magnitudine -naturali.</p> - -<p>C. idem animal microscopio visum.</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Antennæ.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> Primum par pedum vel brachiorum.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Secundum par.</p> - -<p><i>d.</i> Tertium et maximum par.</p> - -<p><i>e</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>e</i>. Quatuor corpuscula oviformia, quæ animal -ut movebat natando.</p> - -<p><i>f</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>f</i>, <i>f</i>. Sex pedes posteriores, quibus simul -corallinæ ramum arripiens, quaquaversum se -flectore poterat.</p> - -<p><i>g.</i> Cauda in cujus extrema parte anus.</p> - -<p><i>h.</i> Oculi.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> III. Aliud animal in iisdem corallinis repertum.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A. illud animal pronum.</p> - -<p>B. supinum.</p> - -<p>C. fortiore microscopio visum.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. exhibent quasdam noctilucas, -et alia animalcula in diversis corallinis reperta, -ea magnitudine, qua tertia et quarta lens microscopii -à Dº. Cuff in Anglia fabrefacti illa ostendit.</p> - -<p class="hang">Animalculum <i>c</i>, fig. 8. mirabilissimæ erant structuræ, -et plurima habebat membra.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXIII. <i>Remarks on Dr.</i> Job Baster's Observationes -de Corallinis, &c. <i>printed -above, p. 258. In a Letter to the Right -Honourable</i> George <i>Earl of</i> Macclesfield, -<i>President of the R. S. from Mr.</i> John -Ellis, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p> -My Lord, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read June 9, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">I <span class="smcap">Have</span> read Dr. Job Baster's letter to -the Royal Society; wherein he endeavours -to prove, that corallines are not of an animal, -but a vegetable nature; and has brought many arguments -to support his system; which, to gentlemen -not well acquainted with the subject, may appear -plausible.</p> - -<p>I could have wished the Doctor had read and -examined thoroughly what has been lately written -on the subject: I then should not have had occasion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span> -to trouble your Lordship with the following remarks, -which I find necessary to support what I have already -advanced on that head.</p> - -<p>His first argument is, That because he does not -find as many polypes in the corallines adhering to -ships, flood-gates, and buoys, as in deep water on -oysters, muscles, and rocks, therefore he concludes, -that corallines are not formed by polypes.</p> - -<p>In answer to this, let us examine the pliable structure -of these bodies, and how wisely nature has defended -such tender substances with a tough thin -membranaceous covering, and we shall find, that the -sea is calm enough often near the surface to give -them time to grow, even in the strongest currents: -but, without doubt, they are more liable to be destroyed -in such agitated situations, than in the calm -depths of the sea.</p> - -<p>His second argument is, That finding polypes are -not equally dispersed over the whole plant, how can -they form it? and gives us an example, <a href="#Tab_VIII"><i>Tab.</i> VIII.</a> -<i>fig.</i> 5. of a coralline, that is incrusted with many -other corallines or polypes on the stem, but has none -on the branches.</p> - -<p>Here we plainly see the mistake: the Doctor looks -for the tender part of the polype on the surface of -the coralline, considering it as a plant; and indeed, -if this was the case, he ought so to do; but he never -once takes notice of the internal hollow structure of -the stem, branches, and denticles of those bodies, to -inform us whether he found an animal in those parts -or no. This material point he seems not to have -thought on; which is really the true point in controversy -at present among gentlemen, who have not -examined these bodies recent in sea-water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span></p> - -<p>His third argument is, That almost always one -and the same coralline plant cherishes polypes of -different kinds; and refers us to <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. 2. -and 4.</p> - -<p>In fig. 2. he gives us an elegant painting of a geniculated -red conserva for a coralline, surrounded, as -is very common, by many species of small corallines -and escharas. And in fig. 4. he gives us a drawing -of one of the tubular corallines, with the head of -the animal at the top of it; the stem of this is incrusted -with four different corallines and escharas, -like the conserva fig 2.; and then he asks, which -of these five polypes made the tubular coralline?</p> - -<p>To give him some proof of the animal nature of -this coralline, let him consult Ray's Synopsis, ed. 3. -p. 34. n. 4. and there he will find one of his species, -called <i>adianti aurei minimi facie planta marina</i>, -taken notice of so long ago as the year 1713. by -Dr. Lloyd, as a zoophyte, from its stem or tube's -being full of a thick reddish liquor, rather resembling -blood than the juice of a plant; which, upon -pressing the stem, communicated with the little head -at top.</p> - -<p>His fourth argument is, That as upon one and -the same coralline plant you shall find different kind -of polypes; so, in different species of coralline, the -same polypes; and, to confirm this, he quotes my -Essay on Corallines; where I have remarked, that -the polypes in the denticles of the setaceous or bristly -coralline, Nº. 16. appear to be like those, that are on -the lobster's horn coralline, Nº. 19. And to illustrate -this, he observes, that bees and wasps always build -their cells invariably the same; and that therefore -these two corallines should be the same.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span></p> - -<p>But herein he takes this matter wrong: he has -considered, in all his observations, the heads of those -parts of the polype, in which are the mouths, arms, -or tentacula, which appear coming out of the cups, -denticles, and at the ends of the tubes of the corallines, -as so many whole and intire animals, without -every observing, that the body of the animal is contained -in the tubular part of the root, stem, and -branches; and that these differ from one another -widely both in size and shape, as he may plainly see -in the two corallines he has instanced: for the more -exact drawings of which, I shall refer him, <i>viz.</i> for -the setaceous or bristly coralline, to my Plate, Nº. 38. -the natural size of which is at fig. 4. and the magnified -one at fig. D: this he will observe to have a -small stem, and its branches disposed in a pinnated -form: and for the lobster's-horn coralline, I shall -refer him to Tab. xxii. of Vol. xlviii. of the Philosophical -Transactions; where, at Nº. 3. the natural -size is expressed, and at C the upper part of this -coralline is drawn in proportion to the bristly coralline -from the same magnifying glass; which shews -the stem to be much larger, and surrounded by its -branches growing in whorles at equal distances, not -unlike the equisetum, or horse-tail plant; and yet the -heads of this animal nearly resemble the other, only -a little larger. Further, his comparison to bees and -wasps, and their cells, is not conclusive: for these -ramified, hollow, and denticulated bodies, called corallines, -which we so frequently find dead on our -shores, are properly skins of certain marine polypes, -and not nests, as those constructed by these little -winged animals are. And yet we find as great a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span> -regularity in the same species of these corallines, as -when we compare two oak trees to one another, or -two of Mr. Trembley's branched fresh-water polypes -to one another.</p> - -<p>He then proceeds to his fifth argument, That if -corallines were formed by polypes, neither the polypes, -nor even their cells, would ever fix on living -animals, or any other bodies.</p> - -<p>Here we may observe, that the consequence he -draws doth not follow; for corallines may be formed -or produced by certain species of polypes, and yet -polypes of another species may be found adhering to -other bodies, and even to animal bodies.</p> - -<p>By his sixth argument he endeavours to prove, -That the vesicles, which are found in regular rows -on the sea-fir coralline in winter, <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. 6. -do not belong to it; and are no more than the eggs -of some sea insect deposited on it, of which there -may be a great variety.</p> - -<p>But to convince him of his mistake, let him take -off one of the vesicles, and apply a large magnifier -to the place, and he will discover a hole, by which -this vesicle or ovary has had a communication thro' the -skin with the parent polype. For a further illustration -of the manner in which these vesiculated polypes -breed, let him consult the 38th Plate of my Essay, -where he will find several accurate figures (drawn by -Mr. Ehret from the life) of these vesicles, with the -spawn of the polypes coming out of them; some of -which spawn we evidently discovered to be young -polypes with their arms formed; and, as they fell -from the vesicle, extending themselves in the watch-glass -of sea-water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span></p> - -<p>In examining the drawings for his plates, I have -observed, that <a href="#Tab_VII">Tab. VII.</a> fig. 2. is evidently a red conserva, -which he calls a coralline. We have no corallines, -but many conservas, of this form and bright -red colour on our coasts; and these shores, I believe, -are allowed to have similar marine productions with -those of Holland.</p> - -<p><a href="#Tab_VII">Tab. VII.</a> fig. 5. he calls a branch of red coralline, -which he says he kept several weeks in sea-water, -and that often changed; during which time it -sprouted and grew very much. This experiment, I -am persuaded, is very true; because it is plainly a -vegetable, as appears from his own exact drawing of -it; and seems to be the <i>fucus teres rubens minus in -longnum protensus</i> of Ray's Synopsis, ed. 3. p. 91. N. -53. This is one of his principal arguments to prove -the vegetation of corallines.</p> - -<p><a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. 1. he calls a branch of red coralline; -and at fig. 2. he has it magnified, where it appears -to be a geniculated red conserva, drawn and painted -with great exactness.</p> - -<p class="p2">These arguments, my Lord, and these figures of -real vegetables, which the Doctor has given us for -corallines, shew, how much he is willing to support -the old opinion of the botanists: but I am satisfied -he will soon alter his opinion, when he observes the -remarkable difference of the texture of vegetable and -coralline bodies, when viewed in sea-water thro' a -good aquatic microscope. And to convince him -more fully, that corallines are an animal substance, -let him burn them, and he will perceive the same -pungent volatile alkaline smell, which he finds in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span> -burning horn, hair, or oysters; whereas burnt fucus's -and conservas yield a smell not much unlike that of -common land vegetables. Even the stony corallines, -when their cretaceous covering has been dissolved in -vinegar, the membranous part, that remains of them, -put into the fire, yields the same animal smell with -other corallines.</p> - -<p>Further, since I find the Doctor has promised the -Royal Society to continue his researches at the seaside, -the following hints may be of use to him. -And, first, he will find, that those he seems to -think naked polypes, which he found adhering to -corallines and other bodies, are really small corallines -and escharas, with their proper skins and cells; all -which I have particularly described already. I would -then recommend him to examine such corallines as -are taken out of the deepest water, which are found -adhering to shells and fucus's. He will find Mr. Cuff's -aquatic microscope, or one of that form, the most -commodious for observing these animals alive.</p> - -<p>The most transparent ones he will find the best to -discover their gelatinous inside, which runs thro' the -stem and ramifications, and ends in the heads, where -the claws are. Some of the best kinds to observe -are as follows: The sea-oak coralline, the lily-flowering -coralline, the great tooth coralline, the -sea-thread coralline, and the branched tubular coralline. -Pieces of these should be cut off while they -are in the sea water, and placed in watch-glasses full -of the same: in these they should remain a while, -till they recover themselves; and when they are -placed on the stage of the microscope, the motion -of the internal part communicating with the heads -will be easily discovered.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span></p> - -<p>If the Doctor will immerse some of these corallines, -when they are extended, in two thirds of spirit -of wine and one third of clear sea-water, it will -preserve them many years, as I have experienced. -He may then put the different sorts into distinct -phials, and view them at pleasure with a lens of -about one inch and half focus.</p> - -<p>In fine, my Lord, opportunities so seldom offer at -the sea-side to make these experiments with accuracy; -and likewise to this, the strong lines of vegetation -that these bodies carry in their appearance, and your -Lordship will not be surprised, that there are so many -gentlemen, even of the Royal Society, that totally disbelieve -them to be animals.</p> - -<p>Many there are in the Society, that are wavering -between both opinions. If then, my Lord, you -think, that any specimens which I have, or any -demonstrations tending to clear up this point, that -lie in my power, will be acceptable to your Lordship -and the Society, your Lordship may freely command -them, whenever you think proper, from</p> - -<p class="center"> -Your <em class="gesperrt"><span class="smcap">Lordship's</span></em> -<br /> -Much obliged and most obedient Servant, -<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>John Ellis</big>.</span> -</p> - -<p>London, -June 9. 1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span> -XXXIV. <i>An Account of an extraordinary -Operation performed in the Dock-Yard at</i> -Portsmouth: <i>Drawn up by Mr.</i> John -Robertson, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 26, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE Royal William, a first rate -man of war, built about 40 years -ago, having, upon examination, been judged in so -good a state, as to be worthy of repairing for sea service, -was ordered into dock, and brought thither on -the 29th of June 1756. On these occasions it is -usual to lay across the middle line of the bottom of -the dock, at distances of about five feet from one -another, thick pieces of oak timber of about four -feet long; their upper surfaces lying in the same -plane, or so posited, that a line stretched from the -two extreme blocks will touch all the intermediate -ones; and on the middle of these blocks the keel of -the ship is to rest. On the said day the tide did not -rise so high as was expected; and there was not quite -depth enough of water to float the ship in, and set -her on the blocks, notwithstanding the assistance of -an empty lighter, which, being fixed to the stern, -lifted the ship at the end six inches: and as the -officers knew they should not have so much water -again before the next spring-tides, they were determined -to heave her in; which is a very common -operation in most dock-yards. Now it so happened, -thro' the great weight of the head and stern, that -the ship cambered very much; that is, her keel, -from being straight, was become much curved, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span> -two extremities hanging lower than the middle part -by many inches; and consequently the foremost -part of the keel, instead of sliding over the blocks, -forced all the foremost ones away, for above 60 feet; -whereby that part of the keel rested on the bottom -or floor of the dock, and the aftermost part rested -on such of the blocks, as had escaped the violence, -which had displaced the others. In this situation the -keel was very far from being strait; and so it was -resolved to lift by main force the head of the ship, -until the keel should be strait; and in that position -to support it by the blocks, which had been forced -away from their places.</p> - -<p>For this purpose there were set up, under the -wales and other parts of the ship, to the length of -near 80 feet of the stem, as many shoars, as were -judged necessary; and also nine pair of bed-screws, -three pair under each bow, and three pair under the -knee of the head. At each shoar a workman was appointed, -to drive wedges between the heels of the -shoars and the parts of the dock whereon they rested; -whereby the shoars were raised end-wise, and consequently -the body of the ship lifted at the same time. -While this was doing, the 18 screws were also at -work: and between these efforts the fore part of the -ship was raised upwards of 19 inches, so much being -necessary to bring the fore part of the keel in a right -line with the hinder part.</p> - -<p>In this service were employed about 270 men; -whereof about 144 worked at the screws, and the -others worked at the shoars with their mawls and -wedges; and the whole operation was performed in -about seven hours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span></p> - -<p>My curiosity leading me to inquire what was the -weight of the ship, in the condition she was at the -time of bringing her into the dock; for this purpose -I procured draughts of the elevation and section, and -of the plans at the line of floating, and at the parallel -sections of every foot distance down to the -keel. Then, by finding the mean area between every -two sections, I was thereby enabled to come at the -magnitude of a solid, that would nearly fill the trough -the ship made in the water; and, by increasing this -magnitude by that of the keel, and so much of the -stern-post and stem, as were under water, the cubic -feet of the fluid displaced by the ship were obtained, -being 54869; and consequently her weight was -3532091 pounds, or 1576 tons, 16 <i>C</i>. 2 qrs. 3 ℔. -These numbers were not altogether so easily come -at, as they would have been, had the ship swam on -an even keel, her draught of water before being 13 -feet 2 inches, and abast 16 feet 6 inches. However, -the computation may be esteemed as correct as the -nature of the subject would admit; because I found -pretty near the same solidity by another method.</p> - -<p>I got a block or model made, by a scale of a quarter -of an inch to a foot, of so much of the Royal -William's body, as was immerged, when she was -brought into dock; and this block I immersed in a -trough of sea-water, and found its weight in the -following manner.</p> - -<p>The length of the trough was 46 inches, breadth -14 inches, and depth 8 inches: at each corner was -a graduated scale of inches, and pencil-lines drawn -round the inside of the trough at every inch. Sea-water -was poured into the trough to the height of 5<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span> -inches; and the trough was exactly levelled, by -means of the pencil-line, at 5 inches: then the -block being forced under the water's surface, the -fluid, when still, was risen to 6⅓ inches; consequently -the magnitude of the block was equal to a -parallelopipedon of 46 inches long, 14 inches broad, -and 1⅓ inches deep, or to 858⅔ cubic inches.</p> - -<p>Now 858⅔ cubic inches are equal to 0.4969 cubic -feet.</p> - -<p>And a cubic foot of sea-water weighs 64.373² -pounds avoirdupoize.</p> - -<p>Then 64.373² × 0.4969 = 31.987 pounds.</p> - -<p>So that by a quarter inch scale, a model similar to -the Royal William weighs near 32 ℔.</p> - -<p>But a quarter inch scale is <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">48</span></span> of a foot scale.</p> - -<p>And the model is to the ship as 1³ is to 48³, or -as 1 is to 110592.</p> - -<p>Then 3537506 ℔. (= 110592 × 31.987), or 1579 -tons, 4 <i>C.</i> 3 qrs. 14 ℔. is the weight sought.</p> - -<p>The difference by the two methods amounts to -5415 ℔. or to 2 tons, 8 <i>C.</i> 1 qr. 11 ℔.</p> - -<p>Some of the persons present at this experiment -read the height of the water at 6⅜ inches: the difference -between 6⅜ and 6⅓ inches is <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">24</span></span> of an inch; -a difference easily to be made by different persons in -an experiment of this kind. But observing, that the -computation made on 6⅜ inches amounted to near -50 tons more than on 6⅓ inches, I caused the trough -to be diminished in its depth to 6½ inches, had -one of the ends cut off, and a board fixed on the -open side, being desirous of making the experiment -with the trough standing on one end: and indeed, -in this situation, an error of ⅒ of an inch in the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span> -height of the water makes a difference of about 16½ -tons in the weight of the ship. Into this upright -trough water was poured to the height of 36 inches; -and the block being immerged, the water was raised -9⅓ inches: so that the block was equal in magnitude -to a parallelopipedon of 14 inches long, 6½ -inches wide, and 9⅓ inches deep, or to 849⅓ cubic -inches: from whence I find the weight of the ship -to be 1562 tons, 1 <i>C.</i> 2 qrs. 16 ℔. And altho' I -take this number to be nearest the truth, yet it may -be observed, that it is no easy matter to come at accuracy -in this subject by any of the methods in common -use.</p> - -<p>My next inquiry was, to find how much of this -weight was lifted, and how to proportion it among -the screws and mawl-men: but in this, less accuracy -must be expected than in the preceding inquiry; for -the exact number of men employed is not known; -neither can it be told, how many worked at the -screws, and how many with the mawls; and only -a guess can be made at the part lifted. However, -something may be gathered, which may, perhaps, be -worth the knowing.</p> - -<p>Let the weight raised be taken at half the weight -of the ship; for 64 feet, the length of the keel -raised, is not far from half the whole length: add -to this the sally of the head, the weight of the -forecastle, the friction of the timber, and the resistance -of the parts bent by the cambering: beside, the -mawls worked at several shoars set up abast the said -64 feet.</p> - -<p>Now the weight by the last experiment was -3499064 pounds: one half, or 1749532 ℔. I take<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span> -to be the weight raised between the screws and -mawls.</p> - -<p>The distance between two contiguous threads of -each screw was 1⅓ inches; the length of the two -opposite levers was 12 feet 8 inches, or 152 inches, -and described a circumference of 477½ inches: each -screw was worked by 8 men: their force, reckoned -at 30 ℔. each, makes the power working on each -screw equal to 240 ℔.</p> - -<p>Hence, from the known property, each screw could -raise 65485 ℔.</p> - -<p>And the 18 screws raised 1178730 ℔.</p> - -<p>Then there remained 570802 ℔. to be raised -among about 126 mawls:</p> - -<p>Which gives 4530 ℔, or a little more than two -tons, to be raised by each man with his mawl and -wedges; which is considerably less than what I have -seen raised by way of experiment.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXV. <i>Observations on an Evening, or rather -Nocturnal, Solar</i> Iris. <i>By Mr.</i> George -Edwards, <i>Librarian of the College of -Physicians</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Reverend Dr.</i> Birch.</p> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read June 16, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">ON Sunday evening the 5th of June -1757, being walking in the fields -near Islington, about half a mile north of the upper -reservoir or bason of the New River, I observed the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span> -sun to sink beneath the visible horizon to the north-west, -it being very clear in that quarter, except some -thin clouds a little above the horizon, which were -painted of fine red and golden colours, as is usual -when the sun sets in a calm clear evening. But -about 20 minutes after sun-set, as near as I could -judge, it then being darkish, I was greatly surprised -to see an Iris in the dusky air, at a height greater -than is seen at any time in the rainbow. It was in -the contrary quarter of the heavens to the setting sun, -and fell on the smoke, mists, and evening vapours -arising from the city of London and its neighbourhood. -The arch seemed to be a full half circle, -tho' its lower parts fell some degrees short of the -horizon. It was very distinctly seen for about 15 -minutes. Its colours the same as in the rainbow, -but fainter. The lower ends of the bow arose gradually -higher from the earth, as the sun declined -beneath the horizon, until the whole arch disappeared. -The center of the arch was above the horizon -at its first appearance. What most perplexed -me, was, to find the cause of this painted arch. I -could not believe, that it proceeded from the sun-beams -falling on rain; for there had been none that -afternoon; nor was there any sort of signs of rain -or rainy clouds to be seen; the wind being northerly, -and the air cool, and somewhat hazy in the quarter -where the bow appeared; which was not near so -bright as the rainbow appears to be in the day-time; -and I believe, that it would not have been visible at -all in the presence of the sun. I imagine it was -formed on the gross particles of the evening vapours, -mixed with those of the smoke arising from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span> -town; for had the sun-beams shot from beneath the -horizon on falling rain at a considerable height above -the earth, I believe the darkness would have rendered -the appearance of such a bow far brighter than it -appears to the sight in the presence of the sun: but -this night or evening arch being reflected, as I suppose, -from particles so minute as those of floating -vapours, gave but little light and colour to the sight, -and what would not have been visible, had the -sun been above the horizon. For the same reason, -the moon and stars are visible in the absence of the -sun, and, on the contrary, are unseen when the sun -is present: and if we light a candle, and set it in -the sun-beams, the flame is lost to our sight, tho' the -same candle will give us a considerable share of light -in the night. As I have never before seen or heard -of such an arch, I thought this account of it (imperfect -as it is) might not be disagreeable to the -Royal Society.</p> - -<p>It could not be a lunar arch, the moon being then -many degrees below the horizon, and the arch in a -place, where it could not be affected by the moon's -rays. The consciousness of my inability to give a -proper account of such an uncommon appearance -could not deter me from the attempt.</p> - -<p>I think I have said all that is necessary on this -subject; yet am ready to answer any question for -the farther illustrating of it. I am,</p> - -<p class="center">Reverend Sir, -<br /> -Your most humble Servant, -<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Geo. Edwards</big>.</span></p> - -<p>College of Physicians, London, -June 6th, 1757.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span> -XXXVI. <i>The Effects of the</i> Opuntia, <i>or -Prickly Pear, and of the</i> Indigo <i>Plant, -in colouring the Juices of living Animals. -Communicated by</i> H. Baker, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -June 23<sup>d,</sup> 1757. -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read June 23, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">MR. Baker received a letter yesterday -from Dr. Alexander Garden, of -Charles Town in South Carolina, part of which he -hopes he shall be excused for laying before the Royal -Society.</p> - -<p>The Doctor writes thus:——“As you desired, I -tried the effects of the prickly pear in colouring -the urine. A few days after your letter, I went -down to one of the islands, and gathered some of -the fruit, and gave four of the pears to a child of -three years of age, and six pears to one of five. -The next morning I examined the urine of both, -and it appeared of a very lively red colour, as if -tent-wine had been mixed with clear water. The -urine of the eldest was deeper coloured, and of a -darker look: the youngest (who always naturally -made clear urine) was of a more lively and beautiful -red. Next day I gave six pears to a Negroe -wench, who gave suck, and strictly forbad her -suckling her child for six or eight hours; and -then taking some of her milk in a tea-cup, and -setting it by for some hours, the cream had a reddish -lustre, tho' it was very faint.</p> - -<p>I was led to this last experiment by an observation, -which I made on the milk of cows, who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span> -had fed in an indigo-field; the indigo had not -only tinged their urine blue, but the cream of -the milk was of a most beautiful blue colour, and -had a radiated appearance from the centre (Is it -not hence probable, that the dye is the oily part -of the plant?). The milk underneath was clear -and white as usual.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Garden wrote, a year ago, that the prickly -pear grows in great abundance about Carolina; and -also that the cochineal insects are found upon it; -but hitherto no attempts have been made to cure -them as the Spaniards do. In hope, that some rich -dye may be produced from the plant itself, Mr. -Baker proposed some experiments to Dr. Garden, -which he intends to prosecute this summer.</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXVII. <i>Account of an extraordinary -Shower of black Dust, that fell in the -Island of</i> Zetland <i>20th</i> October 1755<a id="FNanchor_194" href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>. -<i>In a Letter from Sir</i> Andrew Mitchell, -<i>of</i> Westshore, <i>Bart. to</i> John Pringle, -<i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Pall-Mall, June 9th, 1757.</p> - -<p><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read June 23, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IN compliance with your desire, I made -particular inquiry, whether at or about -the time the earthquake happened at Lisbon the 1st -of November 1755. any uncommon phænomena -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span>were observed to appear in the islands of Orkney or -Zetland, as such had happened about that time in -other parts of Scotland. From Orkney I was informed, -that nothing particular had happened; only, that about -the time mentioned the tides were observed to be -much higher than ordinary. I received from Zetland -a letter, dated 28th May 1756. from Mr. William -Brown, Master of the grammar-school at Scalloway -in that country, a sensible and observing man; -wherein he writes verbatim as follows. “Blessed be -God, notwithstanding the great devastations, that -have been made in other parts of the world by -earthquakes, we have been intirely free from any -disaster of that nature: nor has any thing extraordinary -happened in this country since you left -it; only on Monday the 20th October last, betwixt -the hours of three and four in the afternoon, -the sky being very hazy, as it uses to be before a -storm of thunder and lightning, there fell a black -dust over all the country, tho' in greater quantities -in some places than in others. It was very much -like lampblack; but smelled strongly of sulphur. -People in the fields had their faces, hands, and -linen, blackened by it. It was followed by rain.——Some -people assign the cause of it to some extraordinary -eruption of Hecla. But I shall trouble -you no more about it, as no doubt some of -your friends have written to you of it some time -ago.”——</p> - -<p>In June 1756. I returned to Zetland; and, upon -further inquiry, found what Mr. Brown had written -me was attested by Mr. Mitchell, parson of the -parish of Tengwall, and by several Gentlemen of -credit and reputation, who had seen and observed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span> -the same phænomenon in different parts of the country -at the time above-mentioned.</p> - -<p>Mr. Brown having omitted to mention, how the -wind did blow at the time the black dust was observed, -I made particular inquiry about that circumstance, -and found it was from the S.W. which does -not seem to favour the opinion, that the dust proceeded -from an eruption of mount Hecla, which lies -about N. W. from Zetland; unless it may be supposed, -that a north wind happening just before had -carried this dust to the southward, and the south-west -wind immediately following had brought it -back to the northward. But, in this case, would -not this black dust have been observed in Zetland at -its first travelling to the southward? Upon inquiry, -I did not hear it was.</p> - -<p>Thus far I have obeyed your commands, which -I will always do with pleasure; and if you think it -worth while to lay this letter before the Royal Society, -I leave you at full liberty to do so, or not, as you think -proper: but what it contains may be relied on as -truth. I am, with great regard,</p> - -<p class="center">Dear Sir, -<br /> -Your most obedient humble Servant, -<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>And. Mitchell</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>P.S.</i> I may add, that the distance from mount -Hecla to Zetland is between 500 and 600 -miles.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXVIII. <i>A Description of some Thermometers -for particular Uses. By the Right -Honourable the Lord</i> Charles Cavendish, -<i>V.P.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read June 30, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE thermometer (<a href="#Tab_XI"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> XI.</a> <i>fig.</i> 1.) -is designed for shewing the greatest -degree of heat, which happens in any place during -the absence of the observer. It consists of a -cylinder of glass joined to a tube, and differs from -common thermometers only in having the top of the -stem drawn out into a capillary tube, which enters -into a glass ball C, joined on to the stem at the -place where it begins to be contracted. The cylinder, -and part of the tube, are filled with mercury; -the top of which shews the common degrees of heat -as usual. The upper part of the tube above the -mercury is filled with spirit of wine, and some of -the same liquor is left in the ball C, so as to fill it -almost up to the top of the capillary tube.</p> - -<p>Now when the thermometer rises, the spirit of -wine will be driven out of the tube, and will fall -into the ball C. When the thermometer sinks again, -as the spirit cannot return back from the ball, the -top of the tube will remain empty, and the length -of the empty part will be proportional to the fall of -the thermometer. Therefore, by means of a proper -scale, the top of the spirit of wine will shew how -many degrees it has been higher than when observed; -which being added to the present height, will give -the greatest degree of heat it has been at.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp88" id="facing300a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_XI"></a>Tab.</span> XI. <i>p. 300</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing300a.jpg" alt="" /> - - <div class="caption right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i> </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[334]</span></p> - -<p>To fit this thermometer for a new observation, it -is necessary to fill the upper part of the tube with -spirits; which may be done, by inclining the instrument -till the spirits in the ball C cover the end of -the capillary tube. For if the cylinder is then heated, -by applying the hand to it, or by the flame of a -lamp held at some distance, till the spirits rise to the -top of the tube and run over into the ball C, and is -then suffered to cool in the same position, the tube -will remain full of spirits, and the thermometer will -be fitted for a new experiment.</p> - -<p>The top of the capillary tube is made to stand -pretty near to one side of the ball, and also to the top -of it, that a less inclination of the instrument may -be sufficient to make the spirit of wine in the ball -cover the end of the tube.</p> - -<p>The ball C is joined on as high as possible, so as -to hide no part of the tube, except that, where the -bore is contracted. By this means, the top of the -spirit of wine begins to appear before the thermometer -has sunk one degree.</p> - -<p>It will be convenient to leave some mercury in -the ball C, which may be made to cover the end of -the capillary tube, by inclining the thermometer -more than what is necessary to make the spirit of -wine cover it. By this means some mercury may -be got back into the tube, in case any of it should -happen to be driven into the ball by the thermometer's -being exposed to too great a heat.</p> - -<p>The scale of degrees at top, which shews the descent -of the thermometer from the highest point it -has arrived at, ought not, in strictness, to be the same -at all times of the year; for those degrees exceed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span> -the common degrees of heat pointed out by the top -of the mercury, as much as the column of spirit of -wine expands, and therefore are greatest when that -column is so; that is to say, when the greatest heat -to which the instrument has been exposed is least. -A difference of 30 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, in -the greatest rise of the thermometer, would require -the scale to be altered one sixtieth part: and the -error arising from making use of the same scale will -be about one sixth of a degree, if the thermometer -is observed when it has fallen ten degrees.</p> - -<p>In the instrument here described, the bore of the -tube is about 0.027 inches; and one inch of it contains -two grains of mercury, and answers to about -ten degrees, the cylinder containing about 2280 -grains. If a much shorter tube was made use of, -a considerable error might arise from too great a -quantity of spirits adhering to the sides of the tube, -in that part, which is filled with mercury; especially -when the thermometer rises fast. This makes it necessary -to employ a cylinder of a considerable bigness, -if it is desired to have the scale of degrees -pretty large.</p> - -<p>If the weight of the mercury is thought inconvenient, -it may be avoided by the construction described -in <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 2.</a> where the bottom of the tube is -bent so as to point upwards, and is joined to a ball A, -which communicates with a cylinder placed above it. -In all other respects it is the same as the instrument -before described.</p> - -<p>It is filled with spirit of wine and mercury; the -quantity of the latter being sufficient to fill the -whole tube and the ball A.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span></p> - -<p>No part of the spirit, with which the cylinder is -filled, can get into the tube, as long as the instrument -is kept in an erect position, or even if it is carefully laid -down flat on a table. For tho' in this last case some -of the spirits may get into the ball A, it will rise to -that part of the ball, which is then uppermost, and -will not touch the orifice of the tube <i>n</i>; which was -the reason for adding this ball, which would be unnecessary, -if the instrument was kept constantly erect, -or nearly so. If the spirit should come to touch the -orifice of the tube <i>n</i>, it would work up between the -mercury and the glass; which would put the instrument -out of order.</p> - -<p class="p2">The thermometer <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 3.</a> is designed for shewing -the greatest cold, which happens in any place during -the time the instrument is left in it. The tube is -bent into the shape of a syphon of unequal legs standing -parallel to one another, the bend being at the -bottom. The top of the shorter leg is bent to a -right angle, and immediately opens into a ball A, -which, by means of a short bent tube on the opposite -side, communicates with a cylinder standing -parallel to the legs of the syphon, and pointing -downwards. This cylinder contains the greatest -part of the fluid; and is added only to make the -thermometer more sensible than it would be, if the -ball A was made of a sufficient bigness to contain the -proper quantity of fluid. This instrument is filled -with spirit of wine, with the addition of as much -mercury as is sufficient to fill both legs of the -syphon, and about a fourth or fifth part of the -ball A.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span></p> - -<p>The common degrees of heat are shown by the -top of the mercury in the longest leg, or by the top -of the spirit, in case any of it is left above the mercury.</p> - -<p>When the mercury in the longest leg sinks by -cold, that in the shorter leg will rise, and will run -over into the ball A; from whence it cannot return -back when the thermometer rises again, as the surface -of the mercury in the ball is below the orifice -of the tube <i>n</i>. Therefore the upper part of the -shorter leg will be filled with a column of spirits of -a length proportional to the increase of heat; the -bottom of which, by means of a proper scale, will -show how much the thermometer has been lower -than it then is; which being subtracted from the -present height, will give the lowest point that it has -been at.</p> - -<p>If no further contrivance was used, the mercury -would fall into the ball A in large drops; which -would make the instrument less accurate. For the -thermometer's beginning to rise immediately after a -drop is fallen, or just as it is going to fall (in which -case it will return back into the tube), will make a -difference of such part of a degree nearly as that drop -answers to. To prevent this inconvenience, the top -of the shorter leg, close to the ball, is contracted, by -being held in the flame of a lamp; and the passage -is further streightened by a solid thread of glass placed -within the tube, and extending from the bottom of -the shorter leg to the part near the ball A, where it -is most contracted. By this means, as soon as any -small portion of mercury is got beyond the end of -the thread of glass, it breaks off, and falls into the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span> -ball in very small drops. This thread of glass is -fastened by the heat given to the tube in making the -bend next to the ball. In order to fill the shorter -leg with mercury, to fit the instrument for a new -experiment, it must be inclined till the mercury in -the ball covers the orifice of the tube <i>n</i>. The cylinder -being then heated, the mercury will be forced -into the shorter leg, and will run down the thread of -glass in drops, which will soon unite. By this means, -such a quantity of mercury must be got into the -shorter leg, as, upon the cooling of the instrument, -will be sufficient to drive all the spirit of wine into -the ball with a less degree of cold than what the -thermometer is likely to be exposed to.</p> - -<p>The ball A must always have some mercury in it, -but never enough to fill it up to the orifice of the -tube <i>n</i>. It must therefore be made of such a size, -as to contain all the mercury, which can come into -it from the tube without being too full. If it should -happen to be made too small, so as to be too full in -cold weather, any part of the mercury may easily -be driven into the cylinder, and got back again into -the ball when wanted in warmer weather.</p> - -<p>It will be better to leave a little of the spirit above -the mercury in the longest leg; in which case the -top of the spirit will shew the common degrees of -heat. For the filling the tube, so as to leave none, -is attended with some trouble; and more of it will -be apt to get up there, if the instrument should happen -to be held in an improper situation, or if it be -kept in too warm a place without filling the shorter -leg with mercury by the method above described. -If too great a quantity should get up, tho' it would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span> -not affect the scale for the common degrees of heat, -it would however cause some error in the degrees on -the shorter leg; inasmuch as the expansion of that -portion of spirits, which has got up into the longer -leg, exceeds the expansion of the mercury, which -must supply its place. It may be got back at pleasure, -by exposing the thermometer to such a degree -of cold as will make the spirit get beyond the bend -of the syphon; for then it will run up along the -thread of glass in the shorter leg till it gets above -the mercury there. For this purpose the point of 0 -degrees of Fahrenheit's scale should be near the bend; -by which means, any part of the spirit of wine may -be got beyond it by an artificial cold; and there will -be no danger of the whole getting beyond it by any -natural cold; in which case the air would get up -into the ball.</p> - -<p>The scale of degrees on the shorter leg will, in -different seasons, be liable to an error of the same -kind as that, which was explained in the first-mentioned -thermometer; but in this it will be less considerable, -as the space between the two scales is filled -with mercury, whose expansion is about six times -less than that of spirit of wine.</p> - -<p>In the thermometer, which I have, the bore of -the tube is about 0.054 inches; and one inch of it -contains eight grains of mercury, and answers to -seven degrees of Fahrenheit's scale. The drops of -mercury, which fall into the ball A, answer to -about one eighth of a degree.</p> - -<p class="p2">If instruments of the nature of those above described, -were to be used for finding the temper of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span> -the sea at great depths, some alteration would be -necessary in the construction of them, principally -upon account of the great pressure of the water; -the ill effect of which can, I believe, be prevented -no other way, than by leaving the tube open. For -if the thermometer was made strong enough to resist -the pressure without breaking, yet it would be impossible -to be sure, that the figure of the glass would -not thereby be altered, which should make the experiment -uncertain.</p> - -<p>The instrument for finding the greatest heat might -be made just like that of <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 1.</a> only leaving the top -open. It is to be filled with mercury only, as is -also the lower part of the ball at top, but not near -so high as the end of the capillary tube. The upper -part of that ball, being left open, will in a great -measure be filled with the sea-water, which will be -forced into it by the pressure.</p> - -<p>If this instrument (the tube being quite full of -mercury) is plunged into any part of the sea, where -the heat is greater than that of the air above, part of -the mercury will be driven out of the tube; and, -upon bringing it into a colder place, the sea-water or -air in the ball will enter into the tube, and will fill -the space left by the mercury.</p> - -<p>As this thermometer does not show the common -degrees of heat, it must be placed in a vessel of -water with another thermometer, and the scale of -degrees at top will shew how much the heat it has -been exposed to is greater than that of the water in -the vessel.</p> - -<p>The sea-water getting into the glass will corrode -the mercury, and thereby foul the glass; which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span> -will make the experiment less exact: and therefore -it would be much more convenient, if the sea-water -could intirely be kept out; which probably may be -done by tying a bladder full of air to the neck of -the ball C, which will contract by the pressure of -the water, without letting any of it get in.</p> - -<p>If this can be done, the instrument may be filled -with mercury and spirits, just like that at <a href="#Tab_IX">fig. 1.</a> But -it would be more convenient to fill it with mercury -only: in which case it may be made with as small a -tube and ball as common mercurial thermometers: -or it may be filled with spirits only. The instrument -will thereby become much less bulky; which -will compensate the want of the common scale of -heat.</p> - -<p>It is better to put but little mercury into the ball -at top, for fear of its getting into the capillary tube -by the motion of the instrument.</p> - -<p>The thermometer for finding the greatest cold, if -applied to this purpose, must also be left open at top. -There is another inconvenience to be avoided; which -is, that the mercury in the ball A, by the tossing of -the instrument, might sometimes get into the shorter -leg of the syphon; which would spoil the experiment. -To prevent such an accident, the most convenient -construction, which occurs to me, is that of -<a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 4.</a> which differs from <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 3.</a> in having the ball A -omitted; so that the mercury running out of the -shorter leg will fall to the bottom of the cylinder, -and will not be so liable to get back into the tube by -motion. The cylinder is made to stand not quite -parallel to the legs of the syphon, that the mercury -contained therein may more easily be brought to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span> -touch the end of the tube, in order to fit the instrument -for a new experiment.</p> - -<p>If, by means of a bladder, the sea-water can be -kept out of the glass, this instrument may be made -to shew the common degrees of heat; but even then, -in order to render it less bulky, it may be better to -supply the want of them as in the last instrument. -The longer leg of the syphon may in that case be -made as short as you please; only making the ball B -big enough to receive all the mercury, which may -be driven into it by heat.</p> - -<p>If thermometers of this kind were to be sent up -into the air by means of a kite, they might be made -like those proposed for the sea; but it would not be -necessary to leave them open.</p> - -<p>As it would be desirable to make them as small as -possible, they should be made so as not to shew the -common degrees of heat: and it would also, on -that account, be convenient to omit the thread of -glass placed within the shorter leg of the syphon in -<a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 3.</a> and <a href="#Tab_XI">4.</a> This thread of glass is placed there -in order to make the mercury fall into the ball A. -<a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 3.</a> or cylinder C. <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 4.</a> in smaller drops, and also -to facilitate the filling the shorter leg with mercury. -The latter purpose may be answered by having a ball -blown towards the bottom of the shorter leg, as -marked in <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 4.</a> at M: for as soon as the mercury -driven out of the cylinder by heat gets to that ball, -it will pass by the spirit of wine. The other purpose -may probably be answered by having the tube -contracted as much as possible at <i>n</i>.</p> - -<p>In the foregoing instruments the tubes made use -of were of a large bore, as most of the errors in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span> -them would increase by making use of smaller ones. -Possibly less ones might be used without much inconvenience. -The chief advantage will be, the -making these thermometers more sensible of the -changes of heat, than when large cylinders are used. -This will be of service when the greatest degree of -heat or cold continues but a short time.</p> - -<p>It is better to use plain spirit of wine, than what -is tinged, which seems more apt to cause a foulness -in the tube, and thereby makes the surface of the -mercury less well defined. I am induced to believe -so, from observing, that the portion of spirits above -the mercury in the tube <a href="#Tab_XI">fig. 3.</a> which at first was -strongly tinged with cochineal, in some months became -perfectly colourless, the tinging particles being -deposited in different parts of the tube, and causing -a foulness there. The colour of the spirits in the -cylinder does not appear to be altered.</p> - -<p class="p2">The dark-shaded part in the several figures represents -mercury, the dotted part spirit of wine.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp91" id="facing311a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_XII"></a>Tab.</span> XII. <i>p. 311</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing311a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XXXIX. <i>Observationes Anatomico-Medicæ, -de Monstro bicorporeo Virgineo A. 1701. -die 26 Oct. in</i> Pannonia, <i>infra</i> Comaromium, -<i>in Possessione</i> Szony, <i>quondam Quiritum</i> -Bregetione, <i>in lucem edito, atque -A. 1723. die</i> 23 Febr. Posonii <i>in Cœnobio -Monialium</i> S. Ursulæ <i>morte functo -ibidemque sepulto. Authore</i> Justo Johanne -Torkos, <i>M.D. Soc. Regalis Socio.</i></h2></div> - -<p class="center">[<i>See</i> <a href="#Tab_XII"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> XII.</a>]</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read May 23. -1751.</div> - -<p>I. <span class="dropcap">P</span>ARTUS hic bicorporeus singulare -exemplum exhibet admirandarum -virium imaginationis maternæ in fœtum utero -contentum. Mater enim hujus bicorporis, primis -graviditatis suæ mensibus vel potius hebdomadis, attentius -contemplabatur canes coëuntes, arctius cohærentes, -et capitibus erga se invicem quodammodo -conversos, eosque sibi crebrius præfigurabat.</p> - -<p>II. In partu, primum prodiit umbilicotenus Helenæ -corpus; post tres demum horas editi sunt ejus -pedes, cum adnexo corpore altero Judithæ. Helenæ -corporis statura erat altior et rectior, Judithæ brevior -et obliquior; et quamvis infra lumbos, a tergo, in -unum corpus concretæ fuissent, attamen vultu et corporibus, -semilateraliter, erga se fuerant conversæ, ut -commode sedere, lentoque gradu procedere et recedere -potuerint. Unus communi ipsis erat alvi exitus, -intra duas nates, seu Helenæ dextrum et Judithæ -sinistrum femur, situatus. Unam quoque habebant -vulvam, intra quatuor pedes reconitam, ut dum<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span> -erectis starent corporibus, ne vestigium ejus conspicuum -esset. Quoad duos istos excretionum meatus, -observatum est, quod, una excretionem alvi moliente, -altera quoque nisum egerendi senserit; in reddenda -vero urina, quælibet, diverso tempore, stimulos habuerit: -quamobrem altera ad urinæ missionem solicitata, -altera subinde recessum negavit. Unde in juventute, -utut alias semper semet tenerrime amarent et -amplexarentur, sæpius altercationes inter ipsas exortæ, -et alterutra aliam vel dorso injectam abripuit, vel -colluctando eo, quo vellet, protraxit.</p> - -<p>III. Anno ætatis sexto, Judithæ paralysis totius -partis sinistræ; obtigit ex qua affectione, utut convaluisset, -per totam vitam suam debilior, tardior, et -stupidior perstitit; e contra Helena semper agilior, -docilior, et formosior suit.</p> - -<p>IV. Prout diversa erant corpora, ita functionum -vitalium, animalium, et naturalium, magna in utroque -corpore, tam in sano quam ægroto statu, observata -est differentia. Et quamvis variolas et morbillos -uno eodemque tempore habuissent, reliqui tamen -morbi eis non erant communes. Cum Judith sæpius -convelleretur, Helena nec alterata nec debilitata -fuit. Helena erat pleuritica. Judith benigniore febre -laboravit: alterâ tussi, catarrho, colicâ afflictâ, altera -sana exstitit. Hinc etiam quælibet, pro suo diverso -statu, diversis medicamentis tractabatur: phlebotomia -autem semper in saniore et vegetiore celebrabatur.</p> - -<p>V. Anno ætatis decimo sexto, menstrua comparuerunt, -quæ deinde per totam vitam, non tamen æquali -tempore, modo, et quantitate successere. Subinde -alterutra majores hinc sensit molestias; Judith -vero crebrius convellebatur, variisque hystericis -et pectoris affectionibus obnoxia fuit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span></p> - -<p>VI. Anno ætatis vicesimo secundo, seu A. C. 1723. -die 8 Febr. Judith fortiter convulsa est, postea comatosa, -usque ad mortem, quæ die 23 Febr. mane -contigit, perstitit. Intra hos dies Helena febricula -laboravit, eique accesserunt crebriores lipothymiæ, -quibus tandem ita debilitata est, ut integra quamvis -mente et loquela, subito, tribusque horæ minutis -prius quam Judith, in agonem inciderit: postea -vero ambæ, post brevem agonem, uno ferme momento -expiraverint.</p> - -<p>VII. Corporibus post mortem dissectis, reperta -sunt in quolibet corpore viscera singula: In Helena -omnia sana; in Judithæ thorace vero cor nimis -magnum, fortissimo pericardio velatum, et pulmonum -dexter lobus putridus: Arteria aorta et vena cava ex -utroque corde descendentes, antequam arteriæ et -venæ iliacæ ex iisdem emergerent, inflexæ coadunabantur, -et unam arteriam aortam, unamque venam -cavam, e corde uno ad aliud procedentes seu reflexas, -præsentarunt. In abdomine utrinque viscera omnia -sana et integra. Quodlibet corpus suum habuit hepar, -splenem, pancreas, renes, vesicam, uterum cum ovariis, -tubis Fallopianis, et portione vaginæ, quæ utrinque -concurrentes unam communem vaginam efformarunt. -Partes genitalium externorum, præter commune -orificium vaginæ, cuilibet erant propriæ, velut -clitoris, nymphæ, orificium urethræ; alæ seu labia -utrinque ad perinæum concurrentia fossulam navicularem -densiorem constituerant. Ventriculus cum -intestinis, in utrâque, naturaliter erant situata; intestina -recta autem utrinque ad os sacrum reflexa et -coalita, unum satis amplum et communem canalem -constituerunt: os sacrum ad secundam divisionem<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span> -concretum erat, et unum corpus efformando, in -uno utrique ossi sacro communi, osse coccygis, terminabatur.</p> - -<p class="p2">Ex prærecensitis, sicut causa diversitaris actionum -et functionum patet, ita etiam ex arteriarum aortarum, -et venarum cavarum, intestinorum quoque rectorum -et vaginarum uteri, compagine, coadunatione et harmonia, -apparet ratio conformitatis et disparitatis -morborum, synthanasiæ, communis nisus egerendæ -alvi, possibilis imprægnationis alterutrius, vel fors -utriusque virginis, uno eodemque coitu.</p> - -<p>Hæc omnia conquisivi et retexui, partim e relationibus -fide dignis autoptarum; partim ex ephemeridibus -B. Caroli Raygeri, soceri mei, qui, dum viveret, -medicum cœnobii dicti ordinarium agebat; partim -ex libro cœnobiali, cui B. Vir formulas medicamentorum -inscripserat. Dab. Posonii die 3 Julii -1757.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<big>Justus Joannes Torkos</big>, -<br /> -Eques Pannonius, Medic. Doct. et<br /> -Liberæ Regiæ Civitatis Posoniensis<br /> -Physicus ordinarius. -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="hang">The interval between the reading of this paper before -the Royal Society and the present publication, -was occasioned by the long indisposition, and -afterwards death, of their late President Martin -Folkes, Esq; who having taken it to his house, -with a view of collecting and adding to it some -further particulars, it could not be found after his -decease. But Dr. Torkos, the writer, being again -applied to, immediately transmitted the copy of it -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span> -printed above: and, in order to supply in some -measure the want of what Mr. Folkes's extensive -reading and industry might have furnished the -public with, in relation to so very remarkable a -fact, the following accounts, printed and manuscript, -are subjoined as a supplement to the preceding -article.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hang p2"><i>Extract of a Letter of</i> William Burnet, <i>Esq; F.R.S. -eldest Son of Dr.</i> Gilbert Burnet, <i>Lord Bishop of</i> -Salisbury, <i>to Dr. (afterwards Sir)</i> Hans Sloane, -<i>dated at</i> Leyden, May 9. 1708. <i>N. S.</i><a id="FNanchor_195" href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> - -<blockquote><p> -“<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Send you inclosed the print of a wonderful -union of two twin sisters, who are at this -time to be seen at the Hague. I saw them, and -observed all, that I could think tended to explain -the appearance. They are Hungarians, as the -lines under the print will shew you. There is -there an exact enough description of their condition; -only I may add, that in <a href="#Tab_XII">fig. 1.</a> the urinal -passage is between the two foremost thighs, as -they are in the print. The same is true of the -anus in the 2d figure, in such manner, that the -situation of these parts is the same to outward appearance -as naturally, with this difference, that -they are between two different bodies here, whereas -in the course of nature they are between the -two parts of the same body. It seems probable, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span>that their parts are distinct; but that the most -remote labia of each are outwardly visible, and -the two contiguous ones are within. There seems -to be no cheat in the thing; and the skin, where -they are joined, is perfectly smooth, without any -scar. They are now about six years old. They -speak French and High German. They are very -full of action, and talk one more than the other. -When one stoops to take up any thing, she carries -the other quite from the ground; and that one -of them often does, being stronger as well as more -lively than the other. They have not their feeling -common any where but in the place of their conjunction. -This is all I can say about it. If you -think it worth while, you will do me an honour -in giving the print, and the substance of this account, -to the Society; to which, tho' an unworthy -member, I would be proud to be capable of any -service.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>This letter was read to the Royal Society on the -12th of May 1708<a id="FNanchor_196" href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>; and the print mentioned in -it produced; which, being now become extremely -difficult to be met with, is thought proper to be engraved -again, and inserted here. <i>See</i> <a href="#Tab_XIII"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> XIII.</a></p> - -<p>Soon after the date of Mr. Burnet's letter the -twin sisters were brought to England, and publicly -shewn in London, as appears from the following MS. -note in a copy of the print bound up by the writer -with Fortunius Licetus <i>de Monstris</i><a id="FNanchor_197" href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>, edit. Amstelod. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span> -1665. 4to. in the possession of Thomas Wilbraham, -M.D. F.R.S. “<i>Londini 14 Junii 1708. -has vidi gemellas (plus annis sex natas) quarum -forma et vivacitas elegantior et vegetior quam -pictura et descriptio.</i>”</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp85" id="facing316a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_XIII"></a>Tab.</span> XIII. <i>p. 316</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing316a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="sync"> </div> - -<div class="left"> - <div><i>Corpora Binarum sic concrevere Sororum,</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>Non nisi Divina dissocianda manu.</i></div> - <div><i>SZÖNY Patria est, vicus COMORÆ co terminus Arci,</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>Qvæ nunquam Lunæ paruit Imperio.</i></div> - <div><i>Amplexa est ulnis HELENAM Lucina priorem,</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>Horis deinde tribus JUDITHA fuit.</i></div></div> - - <div class="rightcol"><div><i>Exitus Urinæ patet unicus, unicus alvo,</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>Observant numerum cætera membra suum.</i></div> - <div><i>Misit ad Ignotos tenuis Fortuna Parentum,</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>Neu pereat tantæ Fama stupenda rei.</i></div> - <div><i>InterIora Latent, neqVeVnt abstrVsa VIDerI:</i></div> - <div class="indent"><i>eXIgVo totVM CorpVs In ære patet.</i></div> - -</div> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div></div> - -<p class="p2">Another account of them by an eye-witness in -London is in a manuscript volume among those of -Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. in the British Museum, intituled, -<i>A short History of human Prodigies and -monstrous Births, of Dwarfs, Sleepers, Giants, strong -Men, Hermaphrodites, numerous Births, and extreme -old Age, &c.</i> The name of the writer was James -Paris du Plessis. In p. 39. under the Title <i>Two -Sisters conjoined</i>, he gives a drawing of them, and -the following description: “These two monstrous -girls were born at Szony in Hungary in the year -1701. They were born conjoined together at the -small of the back. I asked the father and mother, -if they could not be separated one from the other? -but they answered, No; because the urinary and -fœcal vessels and passages were so united, as to have -but one issue for the urine, and another for the excrements, -betwixt both. They were brisk, merry, -and well-bred: they could read, write, and sing very -prettily: they could speak three different languages, -as Hungarian or High Dutch, Low Dutch, and -French, and were learning English. They were -very handsome, very well shaped in all parts, and -beautiful faces. Helen was born three hours before -her sister Judith. When one stooped, she -lifted the other from the ground, and carried the -other upon her back; neither could they walk<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span> -side by side. They loved one another very tenderly. -Their clothes were fine and neat. They -had two bodies, four sleeves; and one petticoat -served to the bodies, and their shifts the same. -When one went forward, the other was forced -to go backward.”</p> - -<p class="p2">A later and more particular account is contained -in p. 41, <i>& seqq.</i> of a book very seldom met with -in this country, being printed at Vienna in 1729. -intituled, <i>Gerardi Cornelii Drieschii Historia magnæ -Legationis Cæsareæ, quam Caroli VI. auspiciis suscepit -Damianus Hugo Virmondtius</i>, &c. The following -extract, tho' long, will not probably be thought -unentertaining.</p> - -<p>“Sunt in comitatu Commaroniensi in terris illustrissimi -Zichii (pagus Hungaris Szony dicitur) -à parentibus colonis, quibus sua vita constat, dum -hæc scribo, anno 1701. vii calendas Novembreis -procreatæ in lucem duæ filiæ gemellæ, posticâ -parte, quâ spina dorsi definit, concretæ, sic ut altera -alteram sequi, quo se cunque vertat, cogatur: -cætera haud deformes aspectu, nisi concretio illa -corporum prodigium efficeret. Binæ singulis manus, -totidem pedes, et capita, necnon corpora: -suus membris omnibus usus; rationis multò etiam, -quod mirere, certior; ut, si sedentes solum videris, -neque sciveris, hic monstri notare nihil valeas. -Majori natu, quæ lucem citius aspexit tribus -horis, Helenæ, minori Judithæ nomen est. Hæc -ante annos circiter tres stupore apoplectico tacta -linguæ modicum ex eo ac bonæ mentis officium -impeditum habuit, simplicitatem quandam ingenii<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span> -modo ut redoleat. Illa animo semper integro atque -spiritu prædita eodem, pudicâ facie, non inconcinnis -motibus, intuentium in se oculos ad -misericordiam commovet, utpote quæ rationis -planè compos, sororis tenerrimè amans, nec status -ignara sui, duplicem miseriam tolerat, suam et -istius. Ductæ sunt olim infantes per varias regiones -ac provincias, Germaniam, Angliam, Galliam, -Italiam, Poloniam, Bataviam, Austriam, Moraviam, -Hungariam, à medico Hungarico nomine -Csuszio, qui easdem certâ pecuniâ ad tempus sibi -a parentibus concreditas et elocatas, bonâ eorundem -veniâ, paterno à solo âbduxit; unde trium -gentium linguis, Germanicâ, Gallicâ, Hungaricâ, -hodiedum etiam loquuntur; alias desuetudine -usuque interrupto, ætate præsertim nondum satis -confirmatâ, omnino dedidicere.</p> - -<p>Dux Augustus Saxo Cizius inter purpuratos -<span class="allsmcap">LXXII</span> patres à constantia religionis, timore erga -Deum et caritate in proximum notissimus, archiepiscopus -Strigoniensis, veritus, ne frequentes hæ -perignationes puellarum adhuc infantium innocentiæ -officerent, ac mores denique illarum, ut -fieri non raro assolet, planè depavarent, pacto -persolutoque pretio à medico redemit, et revocatas -domum ad suos virginibus à divâ Ursulâ nuncupatis -intra Posonium deinceps educandas commisit, -necessariis ad hoc sumptibus benignè subministratis. -Ingressæ non diu puerilem ætatem suerant, nonusque -illis annus agi cœptus currebat, quando harum -in disciplinam virginum tradebantur. Hic legere -primum ac scribere, ea, quæ ad fidem necessaria -sunt, mente atque animo comprehendere; operas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span> -manuum exercere varias, acu præcipuè phrygionicâ -pingere, denticulatas affabre fimbrias conficere, et -cætera quæ sunt ejusdem generis, edoctæ fuerunt. -Vidi ego ex illarum operibus aliqua, quæ magistras -hâc in arte fecisse non pudeat. Receptæ autem -sunt sacrum hoc in collegium anno secul ix. die <span class="allsmcap">XII</span>. -kalendas Aprilis, ibi <span class="allsmcap">XI</span> mansionis, vitæ <span class="allsmcap">XIX</span> jam -planè complerunt. Istuc divarum contubernium, -quod adhuc constanter incolunt, nunquam postea -deseruere. Addita illis e prudentioribus virago, -quæ indefinentur adsit, quo velint, ducat, actonibus -invigilet, de quibus respondere, ad aliosque -referre, si necessum fuerit, aliquando possit. Ex -hâc scire quæ cupiebam, remotis arbitris, nullo -negotio percepi. Crediderat namque, quod res -quoque erat, non curiositatis gratiâ, sed officii, ac -boni publici causâ ista à me rogari: quare alios -omnes secedere jussi, solus cum eadem remanens, -ut quæ, junioribus præsertim aliquot præsentibus, -accuratius explicare verecundia illam antea prohibuerat, -majori mecum libertate communicaret. -Partes, quas vel nominare pudor honestasque vetuit, -per quas potus ciborumque fæces et reliqua -corporis excrementa (sit verbo venia) ejicimus, non -illis his, quibus nobis, constitutæ locis. Illis quidem, -ubi nos eas habemus, occlusa sunt omnia; -at infernè, quâ parte concretio illa corporum incipit, -easdem obtinent utrique communes. Neque -tamen cum necessitas alterutram premit ad exonerandum, -exempli gratiâ, ventrem, altera se quoque -sentit tam inutili pondere gravatam, at satisfaciendum -necessario naturæ sit: sed jam huic, jam isti -istud imbecillitatis humanæ incommodum perferendum<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span> -est, sitque etiam, ut cum alvum purgat -altera, alteri meatus sit urinarius aperiendus. Muliebria, -quæ statis fœminas vicibus incommodant, -non uno ambabus tempore veniunt. Octidui -quandoque intervallo ac longiori disjuncta sunt. -Dum dormit hæc, sæpe vigilat illa, et in alterius -labore altera nonnunquam quiescit. Visa una potare -est, aut cibo corpus reficere, cum aliud alii -agebatur. Sedent, stant, ambulant, jacent semper -unà, nec sine incommodo. Non permittit conglutinatio -ista corporum, hæ uti actiones separentur. -Si colloquuntur, obtortis faciem collis obvertunt. -Suavia dant sibi, cum amant, et pugnis -impetunt, cum furunt. Donec suæ utrique vires -adhuc constabant, si sorte exortæ inter illas aliquando -discordiæ essent, hæc, quæ se læsam magis -credebat aut fortem, sublatam in humeros aliam -alio asportabat. Veruntamen ingenio miti magis ac -placido sunt quam incenso aut iracundo, et in communibus -malis communem fidem, commune robur -adhibent, immissam sibi à Deo miseriam fortitèr -sustinentes. Ante triennium in gravi secundò -genitæ morbo, de quo nonnulla superiùs facta est -mentio est, prior nata sacris omnibus munita ad -mortem quoque feliciter obeundam disposita ab -sacerdote fuit, quia medicorum pars potior credit -aliâ extinctâ aliam haud posse longùm amplius -superesse. Id quod probare ex hoc etiam laborant, -quod quoties male uni sit, quamvis altera non -eadem continuo ægrotatione teneatur, angustias -tamen animi certas, hebetationem sensuum, et -commotionem quandam viscerum in seipsa experiatur. -Equidem dubitandum minimè reor, quin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span> -monstrosa hæc bina corpora duplici mente ac spiritu -regantur. Nam sive cor faciamus, sive cerebrum -statuamus animi sedem, ex utrolibet idem -nullo negotio evincitur. Adde tot actiones multiplices, -cogitationes rerum diversas, sensa animi varia, -quæ, ut aliud nihil sit, isthuc pariter nos docent. -Unum præcipue hic admirandum venit, quod -commemorare superius memoria excidit; post -prodigiosum videlicet hunc difficilemque partum -natos esse matri alios liberos, ex eodem patre procreatos, -sanos et valentes, corpore, specie ac forma -integros, qui monstri nihil admixtum habeant.”</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XL. <i>Observations on the Origin and Use of -the Lymphatic Vessels of Animals: being -an Extract from the</i> Gulstonian <i>Lectures, -read in the Theatre of the College of Physicians -of</i> London, <i>in</i> June 1755. <i>By</i> -Mark Akenside, <i>M.D. Fellow of the College -of Physicians, and of the Royal Society</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 30, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">IT is proved, by a multitude of experiments, -that the lymphatics communicate -with the blood-vessels. They may be -distended by blowing air, or by injecting water or -mercury, into an artery: and the lymph, which -they carry, is frequently, in a morbid state, found -tinged with a mixture of the red globules or crassamentum -of the blood. Upon this foundation two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span> -different theories have been raised, concerning the -connection of the lymphatics with the arteries.</p> - -<p>Of these, we shall first consider that of the late -famous professor Boerhaave. He observed, that every -artery of the body is greater, in its diameter, than -any of its branches: and this observation being found -true, as far as our eye and the microscope can inform -us, he inferred, by analogy, that it held good even -thro' the most minute subdivisions of the arterial -system. But, says he, proportionable to the diameter -of the canal is the size of the particles moving thro' -it: therefore, if an ultimate capillary artery, admitting -only one red globule at once to pass thro' it, send -off lateral branches, these branches will be capable -of receiving such particles only as are smaller than a -red globule. But the particles next in magnitude -below the red globules are the yellow serous ones; -and the lateral vessel, thus receiving them, is a serous -artery, and the trunk of a second order of vessels. -In like manner, this trunk, being continued on thro' -many lessening branches, will at last grow so minute, -as to admit only one serous globule: its lateral -branches, therefore, will receive only such particles -as are smaller than the serous ones: but these are the -particles of the lymph; and this lateral branch is a -lymphatic artery, and the trunk of a third order of -vessels. Thus, in the red arteries are contained all -the circulated fluids of the body; in the serous arteries, -all except the red blood; in the lymphatics, all -except the red blood and serum: and this subordination -is, according to the same laws, continued down -thro' fluids more subtile than the lymph, to the -smallest vessel, which is propagated from the aorta.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span> -Such was Boerhaave's doctrine concerning the vascular -system of animal bodies; like many of his -other notions, ingenious, plausible, and recommending -itself, at first sight, by an appearance of geometrical -and mechanical accuracy: but founded upon -insufficient data, and by no means to be reconciled -to appearances.</p> - -<p>For, in the first place, should we admit his hypothesis, -it is certain, that the conical or converging -form of the aorta, and the change of direction in its -branches, must, in the distant blood-vessels, occasion -a great resistance to the moving blood, and a great -diminution of its velocity. Suppose that this resistance -be, in any capillary red artery, to the resistance -in the trunk of the aorta, as any larger assignable number -is to unit: the resistance, then, in a capillary serous -artery will, to that in the aorta, be as the square of -that number is to unit; in the capillary lymphatic, -as the cube; and so in progression: that is, the velocity -of the fluids, in the remoter series of vessels, -will be, physically, nothing. But we know, on the -contrary, that some very remote series of vessels have -their contents moved with a very considerable velocity; -particularly the vessels of the insensible perspiration: -and in anatomical injections, the liquor -thrown into an artery scarce returns more easily or -speedily by the corresponding vein, than by the most -subtile excretory ducts. Moreover, there are an infinite -number of observations of morbid cases, in -which the red blood itself has been evacuated thro' -some of the most remote series of vessels, merely -from an occasional temporary obstruction in one part, -or a præternatural laxity in another; and without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span> -any lasting detriment to the structure and subordination -of the vessels; which yet, upon this hypothesis, -must have been utterly destroyed before such an irregularity -could have happened.</p> - -<p>The other theory concerning the origin of the -lymphatics has been maintained by some very eminent -physiologists later than Boerhaave; and supposes, -that these vessels receive their lymph from the -blood-vessels, or from the excretories of the larger -glands, by the intermediation of only one small -vessel, which these authors term a lymphatic artery, -invisible in its natural state, nor yet rendered subject -to the senses by experiments. But to this it may be -answered, that the lymphatics are traced into many -parts of the body, and lost there; and therefore -most probably have their origin there, where no -large gland nor blood-vessel is to be found in their -neighbourhood: that it contradicts the whole analogy -of nature, to suppose the motion of an animal -fluid more discernible in the veins than in the arteries: -and, finally, that it seems rather an instance -of want of thought, and of being imposed upon -by words, to call the lymphatic vessels veins, because -they are furnished with valves; and then, because -they are called veins, to take for granted, that of -course they must be the continuation of arteries.</p> - -<p>In attempting to investigate matters too subtile for -the cognizance of our senses, the only method, in -which we can reasonably proceed, is by inferring -from what we know in subjects of the same nature: -and our conclusion thus inferred, concerning the subject -sought, will be firmer and more unquestionable, -in proportion as it resembles the subject known. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span> -if the subjects be really of the same kind; if no -difference can be shewn between them, in any respect -material to the inquiry, in which we are engaged; -in this case our inference from analogy becomes the -very next thing to a physical certainty: and this I -apprehend to be true in relation to the problem before -us, concerning the origin of the lymphatic vessels. -Tho' in general we cannot, by experiments, -arrive at the extremities of those tubes, nor satisfy -ourselves, by inspection, in what manner they receive -their fluid; yet in a very considerable number of -them we can do both. There is a certain part of -the human body very abundantly provided with lymphatics; -in which part we can actually force injections -thro' those vessels into a cavity, where their -extremities open: and from this cavity, on the other -hand, we can at pleasure introduce a coloured liquor -into their extremities, and trace it from smaller into -wider canals; from capillary tubes, without valves, -into large lymphatic trunks copiously furnished with -them. We know likewise, that into this cavity are -continually exhaling an infinite number of watery -and mucous vessels, both arterial tubes and excretory -ducts: that these keep it moist with a perpetual vapour, -which the extremities of those lymphatics are, -in the mean time, perpetually imbibing. Does it -not seem strange, while these particulars are known -and acknowledged by all the world, that the great -authors of anatomy and physiology should never have -reasoned from them; but should run into complex -and obscure suppositions, in order to explain a process, -which they may at any time examine with their -own eyes? But perhaps this inadvertency may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span> -accounted for, if we recollect, that at the time when -these vessels, and the structure of this part, were discovered, -the lymph, and every thing belonging to it, -was utterly unknown; and that the vessels in question -were first seen and considered as performing -another and more remarkable office: which circumstance, -it should seem, has prevented succeeding authors -from being duly attentive to them in the capacity -of lymphatics. However this be, it is certain, -that the lymphatics of the mesentery, commonly -called the lacteals, differ from those of the other -parts in no one particular, save that occasionally they -carry chyle instead of lymph; or rather carry lymph -mixed, at stated times (that is, for two or three -hours after the creature has taken food) with an -emulsion of vegetable and animal substances, and -coloured white by that mixture. At other times, -(that is, during sixteen of eighteen hours out of the -twenty-four) they contain nothing but lymph; and -are, in every respect, mere lymphatic vessels, not to -be distinguished from those in any other part of the -body. Their structure is the same; the membrane -of which they are formed, their valves, the lymph -which they contain, the glands thro' which they -pass, their direction from smaller tubes to larger, -and from these to the blood, differ in nothing from -what we observe of the other lymphatics. Their -lymph, in the mean time, is without doubt or controversy -supplied from the cavity of the intestines; -being the watery moisture continually exhaled there -for the purposes of digestion, and for the preservation -of the alimentary canal, and as continually taken -up by the roots or extremities of these vessels, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span> -order to be carried back to the blood, after it has -performed its office in the bowels. Let it also be -remembered, that these vessels, in other places of the -body, are generally, when we trace them, lost in -muscular, tendinous, or membranous parts: and -then, I should presume, it may fairly, and with a -good degree of evidence, be concluded, that the -lymphatics of the body, in general, have their origin -among the little cavities of the cellular substance of -the muscles, among the mucous folliculi of the tendons, -or the membranous receptacles and ducts of -the larger glands: that their extremities or roots do, -from these cavities, imbibe the moisture exhaled -there from the ultimate arterial tubes, just as the -lacteals (the lymphatics of the mesentery) do on the -concave surface of the intestines: and that the minute -imbibing vessels, by gradually opening one into another, -form at length a lymphatic trunk, furnished -with valves to prevent the return of its fluid, and -tending uniformly, from the extremities and from -the viscera, to reconvey to the blood that lymph, or -that fine <span class="err" title="original: stream">steam</span>, with which they are kept in perpetual -moisture; a circumstance indispensibly necessary -to life and motion: while, at the same time, -the continual re-absorption of that moisture by the -lymphatics is no less necessary, in order to preserve -the blood properly fluid, and to prevent the putrefaction, -which would inevitably follow, if this animal -vapour were suffered to stagnate in the cavities where -it is discharged.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLI. <i>A Letter to the Right Honourable the -Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>President, the</i> Council, -<i>and</i> Fellows, <i>of the</i> Royal Society, -<i>concerning the Variation of the Magnetic -Needle; with a Sett of Tables annexed, -which exhibit the Result of upwards of -Fifty Thousand Observations, in Six periodic -Reviews, from the year 1700 to the -year 1756, both inclusive; and are adapted -to every Five Degrees of Latitude -and Longitude in the more frequented -Oceans. By</i> William Mountaine <i>and</i> -James Dodson, <i>Fellows of the Royal Society</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right"> -Dated London, Nov. 9th. 1757.</p> - -<p><em class="gesperrt">SIRS</em>,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 10, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">ON the 20th of March 1755, we -presented an address to this illustrious -Body, intituled, “An Attempt to point out, -in a concise manner, the Advantages which would -accrue from a periodic Review of the Variation of -the Magnetic Needle, throughout the known World; -requesting contributions thereto, by communicating -such observations concerning it, as had then -been lately made, or could be procured from correspondents -in foreign parts.”</p> - -<p>This address was read at the same time, and afterwards -honoured with a place in the Transactions, -vol. xlviii. part ii. for 1754: which favour we now -acknowledge in the most grateful manner; and, pursuant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span> -to our engagements, beg leave to lay before -you some account of the communications received, -with a specimen of the uses and applications which -we have been enabled to make of those, and other -assistances with which we have been indulged.</p> - -<p>On application to the Honourable the Commissioners -of the Navy, we were obliged with an order -of free access to all their masters log-books and -journals.</p> - -<p>The Directors of the Honourable East India -Company granted the like privilege.</p> - -<p>The Honourable Committee of the Hudson's Bay -Company obliged us with sundry observations, made, -and tabulated, by their own Captains.</p> - -<p>James Bradley, D. D. Regius Professor of Astronomy, -and F.R.S. favoured us with several observations -made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.</p> - -<p>John Hyde, Esq; F.R.S. communicated a sett of -useful observations, extracted from two journals kept -on board the Triton and Britannia East Indiamen.</p> - -<p>A correct journal kept on board the Delawar East -Indiaman was handed to us by a gentleman unknown.</p> - -<p>Capt. George Snow furnished a considerable number -of observations, made with care and accuracy -by himself, in several successive voyages to, and from -Barbadoes and Virginia; together with several remarks -upon the subject: <i>One</i>, which we apprehend -to be material, we beg leave to insert, as it meets -with some confirmation by the tables annexed; <i>viz.</i> -“At Barbadoes the variation seems at a stand very -near; for in the road, 1752, I observed 5 degrees -east; and by Mr. Halley's draught, in the year -1701, 5½ degrees: in 1747, at Port Royal keys, -Jamaica, I observed the variation 7° 20' E.; and -on the coast of Carthagena the same week, off<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[331]</span> -the high land of Sancta Martha, 7° 45' E. nearly -south of Port Royal: Therefore these curves are -not much altered; and the curve at Jamaica is -nearly at a stand, as tho' tied; and the south part -of them, with the rest, dropping to the westward.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Mungo Murray, author of a treatise on ship-building, -presented us with several observations taken -on board the Prince Edward and Chesterfield East -Indiamen, and his Majesty's ship the Neptune.</p> - -<p>For all these favours we return our sincere thanks.</p> - -<p>No observations made upon land have been received, -except Dr. Bradley's aforesaid; which has -frustrated our intentions of continuing the curves -from sea to sea.</p> - -<p>By collecting, comparing, and adjusting, all these -materials, we have been enabled to construct variation-curves -upon Dr. Halley's mercator-chart, adapted -to the year 1756; which will soon be in readiness -to present to this Royal Society.</p> - -<p>As a work of this kind requires much time, and -a multitude of observations, both by sea and land, to -render it more perfect and general; we hope the ingenious -in all nations will lend their assistance: By -this means every periodic review will be productive -of improvement.</p> - -<p>From the first instant that we made this affair the -object of our more particular consideration, we have -attended to the mode of increase and decrease in the -variation: and as a considerable number of observations, -made at periodic times, and duly registered, -seem to be the most essential toward determining the -laws of its mutation, or proving its irregularity, we -have therefore formed a sett of tables, from actual observations -collected for the years 1710, 1720, 1730, -and 1744, the date of our last chart; which, together<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span> -with Dr. Halley's for the year 1700, and the present -chart now publishing, compleat six reviews: These -are tabulated, and shew the quantity of the variation, -at those several periods, to every 5 degrees of latitude -and longitude in the more frequented oceans; which -we hope will prove acceptable, as nothing of the like -kind has yet appeared, or can easily be obtained.</p> - -<p>Our materials have been so deficient, that even in -the limits to which our tables are confined, we have -been obliged to leave blanks in some of the above -periods, for want of that concurrent testimony, on -which the numbers inserted are founded: but, considering -the difficulties unavoidably attending a work -of this sort, and the little assistance which we have -met with from private hands, we hope that this -Royal Society will not only excuse those vacancies, -but also those in the great tracts of sea, as well as -land, concerning which we are very unwillingly -obliged to be intirely silent.</p> - -<p>Agreeable to our former address, we lay only -what appear to be facts before you, without attempting -to introduce any hypothesis for the solution -of these phænomena; some of which (being very -extraordinary) we recommend peculiarly to the notice -of those gentlemen, who may endeavour the investigation -of their causes.</p> - -<p>Under the equator, in longitude 40° E. from London, -the highest variation during the whole 56 years -appears to be 17°¼ W. and the least 16°½ W.: and -in latitude 15° N. longitude 60° W. from London, -the variation has been constantly 5° E. but in other -places the case has been widely different; for in the -latitude 10° S. longitude 60° E. from London, the -variation has decreased from 17° W. to 7°¼ W., and -in latitude 10° S. longitude 5° W. from London, it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span> -has increased from 2°¼ W. to 12°¾ W.; and in latitude -15° N. longitude 20° W. it has increased from -1° W. to 9° W.</p> - -<p>But there is still a more extraordinary appearance -in the Indian seas: for instance, under the equator,</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="variation"> -<tr><td class="tdc bl br">Longitude from <i>London</i></td> <td colspan="2" class="tdc bl br">Variation in</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdc bl br"> </td> <td class="tdc bl br">1700.</td> <td class="tdc bl br">1756.</td></tr> - - <tr><td class="tdc bt bl br">Degrees.</td> <td class="tdc bt bl br">Degrees.</td> <td class="tdc bt bl br">Degrees.</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 3¼ W">2¾ W</span></td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"> 85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td></tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noin">Where the west variation in the longitude 40° E. is -the same in both the above years; and in 1700 the -west variation seemed to be regularly decreasing from -longitude 50° E. to the longitude 100° E.; but in -1756 we find the west variation decreasing so fast, -that we have east variation in the longitude 80°, 85°, -and 90° E; and yet, in the longitude 95° and 100° E. -we have west variation again.</p> - -<p>Such are the irregularities, that experience hath -shewn us, in the variation of the magnetic needle; -which appear so considerable, that we cannot think -it wholly under the direction of one general and uniform -law; but rather conclude, with the learned and -judicious Dr. Gowen Knight, Fellow of this Society, -in the 87th prop. of his treatise upon attraction and -repulsion, That it is influenced by various and different<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span> -magnetic attractions, in all probability occasioned by -the heterogeneous compositions in the great magnet, -the <i>Earth</i>.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding all which, should the sagacity -of some eminent philosopher be able to exhibit rules, -whereby the quantity of the variation may be computed -for future times, yet then such a review, as -we have now made, will be necessary at a proper -interval, to prove the truth of them: and should no -such rules appear, then will a continued succession of -such reviews be necessary so long as commerce and -navigation subsist among us.</p> - -<p>What we have now done is intirely for the public -service, the sale of the former chart never having -made good its expence; and we propose to continue -our endeavours for another review, at the proper -time, if we shall then be alive, and capable of the -task: but as the contrary may probably happen, we -beg leave to conclude with recommending such a -continuation, in the strongest manner, to such of the -members of this Royal Society, or others, who may, -at the proper intervals, have leisure and ability for -such a performance.</p> - -<p>We are, with the greatest deference,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Your Lordship's,<br /> -And the Royal Society's,<br /> -<span class="margin">Most faithful and</span><br /> -<span class="margina">most obedient Servants,</span><br /> - -<span class="margina"><big>William Mountaine.</big></span><br /> -<span class="margina"><big>James Dodson.</big></span> -</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[335]</span> -<i>A</i> TABLE, <i>exhibiting the different Variations of -the</i> <span class="smcap">Magnetic-Needle</span> <i>in the more frequented -Oceans, from the Year 1700 to the Year 1756</i>.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="variationa"> - <tr><th class="bl br">Latitude.</th> -<th class="bl br">Longitude, From London.</th> - <th colspan="6" class="tdc bl br">VARIATION.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="bl br bb"> </td><td class="bl br bb"> </td> - <td class="bl br bb">Anno 1700.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1710.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1720.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1730.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1744.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1756.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W </td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W </td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 3¼ W">2¾ W</span></td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span></td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> 4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr> -</table> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<table class="autotable" summary="variationb"> -<tr><th class="bl br">Latitude.</th> -<th class="bl br">Longitude, From London.</th> - <th colspan="6" class="tdc bl br">VARIATION.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="bl br bb"> </td><td class="bl br bb"> </td> - <td class="bl br bb">Anno 1700.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1710.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1720.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1730.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1744.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1756.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span> -10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> 6¾ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 3½ W">2½ W</span></td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span> -15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span> -20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[340]</span> -30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[341]</span> -40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> 8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="sync"> </div> -<table class="autotable" summary="variationb"> -<tr><th class="bl br">Latitude.</th> -<th class="bl br">Longitude, From London.</th> - <th colspan="6" class="tdc bl br">VARIATION.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="bl br bb"> </td><td class="bl br bb"> </td> - <td class="bl br bb">Anno 1700.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1710.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1720.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1730.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1744.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1756.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td><td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 W </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">45 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td><td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">50 N</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[342]</span> - 5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> 1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"> 5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 17 W">18 W</span></td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> - </tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr> <tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">5 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[343]</span> -10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">105 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">10 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">110 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span> -15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">105 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">15 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">110 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[345]</span> -20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">20 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">105 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[346]</span> -25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">25 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> -</tr> - -</table> -<div class="sync"> </div> -<table class="autotable" summary="variationd"> -<tr><th class="bl br">Latitude.</th> -<th class="bl br">Longitude, From London.</th> - <th colspan="6" class="tdc bl br">VARIATION.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="bl br bb"> </td><td class="bl br bb"> </td> - <td class="bl br bb">Anno 1700.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1710.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1720.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1730.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1744.</td> -<td class="bl br bb">Anno 1756.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td> -<td class="bl br bt"><i>Degrees.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 18 W">17½ W</span></td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span> -30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">30 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">100 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">1¾ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 5½ W">5 W</span></td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5¾ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">27 W</td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="err" title="original: 26½ W">26 W</span></td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[348]</span> -35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">85 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">90 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">13 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">35 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">95 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0¾ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">2½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">0½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">3¼ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">1¼ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4 E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12½ E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl"> </td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6½ E</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">5 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">4½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">6 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">7¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">8½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">10 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">9¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">11¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">12¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">14¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">30 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">35 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">21¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">40 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">23¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">28½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">45 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">28¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27¼ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">50 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">27½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">28¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">55 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">25¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">26½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">60 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">24¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">65 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">22 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">70 E</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">20 W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">19½ W</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">75 E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">19¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¾ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td> <td class="tdr bb br bl">18¼ W</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdr bb br bl">40 S</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">80 E</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">17½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">17 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">16½ W </td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">16 W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">15½ W</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">17¼ W</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span><span class="smcap">Variation</span> <i>of the</i> Magnetic-Needle, <i>from the Islands -of</i> Orkney <i>to</i> Hudson's Straits, <i>for the Year 1757</i>.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="variatione"> - - <tr><td class="bt bl br">West Longitude From <i>London</i>.</td> -<td class="bl br bt"> </td> -<td class="bt bl br" colspan="8">Degrees of North Latitude.</td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bbd bl br"> </td><td class="bbd bl br"> </td> -<td class="bbd bl br">56</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">57</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">58</td> - <td class="bbd bl br">59</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">60</td> - <td class="bbd bl br">61</td> - <td class="bbd bl br">62</td> - <td class="bbd bl br">63</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br">Degrees.</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="br bb bl vm">Degrees of West Variation.</td> - <td class="bl"> </td> <td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td><td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td><td class="bl br"> </td><td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="bb bl br">4</td> <td class="bb bl br"> </td><td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> <td class="bb bl br">18</td> - <td class="bb bl br">18</td> - <td class="bb bl br">19</td> - <td class="bb bl br">19</td> <td class="bb bl br"> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">10</td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">19</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">19</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">20</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">20</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">21</td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">27</td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">24</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">24</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">25</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">25</td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td></tr> - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">45</td> <td class="bt bb bl br">29</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">29</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">30</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br">31</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td><td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> <tr> <td class="bt bb bl br">55</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> - <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">65</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">39</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">40</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">41</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Variation</span> <i>in</i> Hudson's-Bay <i>and</i> Straits, <i>for the -Year 1757</i>.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="variationf"> -<tr><td class="bt bl br">West Longitude From <i>London</i>.</td> -<td class="bl br bt"> </td> -<td class="bt bl br" colspan="10">Degrees of North Latitude.</td> - </tr> - -<tr><td class="bbd bl br"> </td> -<td class="bbd bl br"> </td> - - <td class="bbd bl br">52</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">55</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">56</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">57</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">58</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">59</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">60</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">61</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">62</td> -<td class="bbd bl br">63</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl br">Degrees.</td> -<td rowspan="10" class="br bb bl vm">Degrees of West Variation.</td> -<td class="bl"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="bl br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="bb bl br">65</td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bb bl br">39</td> - -<td class="bb bl br">40</td> - -<td class="bb bl br">41</td> -<td class="bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bb bl br">71</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">41</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">41</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bb bl br">79</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">43</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bb bl br">81</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">38</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">39</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">40</td> - </tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bb bl br">83</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">18</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">20</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">39</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">40</td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">86</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">35</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">37</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td></tr> - - <tr><td class="bt bb bl br">92</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">17</td> - -<td class="bt bb bl br">17</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> - - <tr> <td class="bt bb bl br">94</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">17</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">18</td> - <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="bt bb bl br">95</td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> - <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> <td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br">18</td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -<td class="bt bb bl br"> </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>We have been informed, that in Hudson's-Bay, there has been -very little alteration in the variation of the compass during the -twenty years last past.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[350]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLII. <i>An Account of some extraordinary -Tumors upon the Head of a labouring -Man, now in</i> St. Bartholomew's <i>Hospital. -By</i> James Parsons, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 10, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THIS poor man, whose name is -John Tomlinson, gives this account -of himself: That he was born at or near -Rotherham in Yorkshire, and is now about 25 years -of age: that when he was a boy of four or five -years old, at play with other children, he received a -blow from one of them upon the top of his head; -and believes that hurt, he then received, was the -beginning of the appearances, that are represented -before you. <i>See</i> <a href="#Tab_XIV"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> XIV.</a> The tumor upon the -top of his head, however, grew first, and, after -having spread all over the vertex, extended gradually -downwards over his right shoulder, and forwards -over the <i>os frontis</i>, on the same side, till it stretched -downwards into a lax flabby substance all over the -right side of his face and shoulder: then the upper -of the three anterior tumors arose from the large one; -the middle one from the <i>ala nasi</i>, pulling it down -by its weight, as you see it in <a href="#Tab_XIV">Figure 1.</a><a id="FNanchor_198" href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>; and the -lower one was pendulous from the inside of the great -tumor by a narrow neck. These are the appearances -which present themselves at first sight; but those -under the great tumor are no less extraordinary; for, -upon lifting up the great tumor, and looking up -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span>under it, his right eye comes in sight, with which -he sees very well, and the eye is clear and sound; -but the under lid is pulled down, and stretched to -six or seven inches long, to which a tumor hung -also, as large as that anterior one at the chin, the -lowest of the three; besides several flaps and <i>rugæ</i> -of skin, and smaller tumors.</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="facing350a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> -<span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_XIV"></a>Tab.</span> XIV. <i>p. 350</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing350a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="caption"><span class="left">I. Parsons MD. <i>ad viv. del.</i></span></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<p>The hairy scalp is so stretched by the vertical tumor, -that the hairs are driven asunder; so that the -tumor is in some places bald, and the whole is rugged -and uneven. At its basis, all round, till we come -to the extended part that goes away to the right -shoulder, a bony edge may be distinctly felt, as if the -skull was depressed at the top: and yet I cannot but -believe, that there is no depression of the arch of the -inner table, because the man was from his childhood -ever very healthy; being never troubled with those -symptoms, which usually attend a depression of the -<i>cranium</i>. From this seeming edge the <i>os frontis</i> -shoots out a great way over the <i>ossa nasi</i>, perhaps to -two or three inches beyond the frontal sinus's; and -is the basis, from which the great pendulous tumor -hangs downwards and forwards.</p> - -<p>From the root of the nose, under the upper of the -three smaller tumors, arises a large trunk of a vein, -which ramifies up to the vertical tumor, and to the -right over the upper part of the great pendulous one: -these are very conspicuous, and serve to bring back -the residual blood from the tumors: nor is it unlikely -that the arteries bear a proportion with these veins in -their size, in order to supply the tumors with the -matter, which has given them their great increase; -but these, lying concealed, cannot be spoken to with -any certainty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span></p> - -<p>If we compare this growth of the frontal bone -with that of other <i>exostoses</i>, I believe there may this -difference be rationally observed; that other <i>exostoses</i> -are generally attended with ulcerous tumors, -which are for the most part cancerous; and these -may commence at any age. I have now drawings, -taken from the right hand of a man of 50, which -represent risings of the <i>radius</i> and <i>ulna</i>, with the fingers, -to a most frightful degree; and these begun -but six years before, and are attended with foul running -ulcers; and now the bones of the arm and -hand, on the left side, are beginning to have the same -appearances: whereas the frontal bone of the present -subject appears sound, as far as we are able to judge -by examination: nor does there appear the least disposition -to ulceration in any part of it. When this -is the case, the growth generally begins while the -subjects are young; upon which we shall be more -particular a little further on. His sensation upon -every part of these tumors, is exactly like that of -every other part of his skin, having not the least -uneasiness upon being handled. This poor man -worked at day-labour in the fields till some months -before he came to town.</p> - -<p>Perhaps it may not be improper to lay down the -dimensions of these tumors, as the case is so extraordinary; -for the size of them is almost incredible: -but I made my drawing in the presence of several -of the gentlemen of that hospital, who allowed it to -be very exact, and precise in the expression of the -parts, as well as in the dimensions. The vertical -tumor is about seven inches diameter at the basis, -where the bony edge is felt, mentioned before, and -about four inches high from that edge. From that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[353]</span> -edge, or the basis of the vertical tumor, to the bottom -of the great tumor, is ten inches; so that the -length of both, from the vertex to the end of the -great one, is about 14 inches: and upon viewing it, -when he turns his side towards you, the whole mass -is eight or nine inches over all the way; hard at top, -and flabby downwards, hanging in kinds of plaits. -From the eye to the opposite outline of the great -tumor is six inches; and lower down, from the left -corner of his mouth to the opposite outline of the same -tumor, eight inches. The upper small tumor, over -the nose, is one inch three quarters long by one inch -and a half; the middle tumor is two inches long from -the <i>ala nasi</i>, to which it hangs, and of the same -breadth; and the lowest tumor, shaped like a goose's -egg, is four inches and a half long by near three -inches over.</p> - -<p>This man is under the care of Mr. Crane, an eminent -surgeon of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, who has -just now taken off the lowest of these three anterior -tumors, and also the tumor mentioned, which hung -underneath to the under lid of his right eye. He intends -proceeding to take off that at the <i>ala nasi</i> next, -and so on till he takes away all the smaller tumors -first: afterwards the larger will be considered. The -substance of those cut off was intirely fat; nor was -there the least speck of blood in the lowest of the -three smaller tumors; but there was an hæmorrhage -from a vessel divided in taking off that hanging to -the right eye-lid; which soon yielded to the methods -he made use of, and went on successfully till quite -healed.</p> - -<p>It is pity no one of the people of condition in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span> -country, where this poor man lived, took notice of -him while he was a lad; because, when the vertical -tumor begun, or even after it had made some progress, -if he had been sent up to any of our hospitals, -there would have been no difficulty in curing him. -This leads me to some precautions, which, I hope, -will render my account of the case of some use, considered -in a physiological light; which was my intention -in thus laying it before this learned Society.</p> - -<p>There is a great deal of difference between injuries -received in young subjects and in adults. In the -latter, the consequences are not apt to be of so dangerous -a nature as in the former (except indeed where -there happen violent fractures or wounds, which immediately -dispatch the person, young or old); because, -in such as are so far advanced in years, as -that the parts have done growing, or, in other words, -are incapable of carrying the person to any larger -size, preserving the natural proportion, a tumor arising -from a blow on the head would be merely local, -without extending to any neighbouring parts in so -extraordinary a manner: but in children, as in the -case before you, a tumor may increase every moment -from a blow, and spread itself to the neighbouring -parts, to the ruin of the child, unless timely care be -taken to prevent it; because in such young subjects -the parts are continually growing, the vessels enlarging -in their diameters, and carrying more and -more nutrition to every point, in proportion to the -nature of each individual organ, always preserving -such an equilibrium, in the distribution of the nutritive -juices, as is proper to secure the due proportion -of every part as it increases: but when a tumor arises<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[355]</span> -from a blow in such a growing subject, if no wound -is made, nor suppuration brought on in the tumor, -then the parts of the tumor being only weakened, -the equilibrium is destroyed, a greater flux of juices -than ordinary is carried to it, the due resistance being -impaired, and a luxuriancy of growth is produced in -the place of the injury, which greatly exceeds that -of the rest of the body; and will most certainly continue -in the same manner, during the growth of the -subject, when once thus begun. In the present subject, -this luxuriancy was communicated even to the veins, -which are apparent and large, and which were before, -in their natural state, scarce visible; and not only to -these, but to the very bones of the forehead: and as -to the integuments and membranes of the body, -their great distensibility is well known to every one. -I have seen an <i>ovarium</i> so distended by water, and -thickened as it grew, that it had substance enough -to bear being dressed by a tanner, and contained nine -gallons, which I saw poured into it after it was dressed. -And does not every corpulent person shew the same -power of distension in the membranes and integuments -of the body, as well as wens of all kinds upon -the surface?</p> - -<p>I thought so extraordinary a case well worth the -notice of the learned members of this Society in itself; -and the more so, as these few hints fall naturally -from it, to render its publication useful. We -are taught by this, how necessary it is for all such as -have the management of youth under their care, to -have an early regard to every accident that may befall -children; for many times injuries of this kind have -been thought very trivial, which, being overlooked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[356]</span> -and neglected too long, have been followed by very -direful circumstances. I have known about a young gentleman -to have great hard swellings about his head, -and become epileptic, losing his senses as he advanced -in years, from a blow with the back of a book given -him by a master. I am, with due respect,</p> - -<p class="center">The <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Society</em></span>'s -<br /> -<span class="margin">Most obedient Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>James Parsons</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="noin">Sept. 18. 1757.</p> - -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLIII. <i>An Extract of the Register of the -Parish of</i> Great Shefford, <i>near</i> Lamborne, -<i>in</i> Berkshire, <i>for Ten Years: With Observations -on the same: In a Letter to</i> -Tho. Birch, <i>D. D. Secret. R. S. from the -Rev. Mr.</i> Richard Forster, <i>Rector of</i> Great -Shefford.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Great Shefford, near Lamborne, -Berks, July 8. 1757.</p> - -<p>Rev. Sir,</p> - <div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 17, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">WHEN I settled in the country, -abundant leisure enabled me to -keep an exact parish-register. I have now finished -ten years, I trust, with sufficient care, having examined -every thing accurately myself. The sight of -three letters, lately published in the Transactions, -upon the subject of political arithmetic, put me upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[357]</span> -overlooking and methodizing my own account; -which I here send you, to make what use you think -proper of it.</p> - -<p class="center">From Lady-day 1747. to Dº. 1757.</p> - -<table summary="register"> -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">Baptized-</td> -<td>{ Males</td> -<td class="tdr">73 }</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">———</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">148</td> -</tr> - - <tr> -<td>{ Females</td> -<td class="tdr">75 }</td> </tr> - -<tr><td rowspan="2" class="vm">Buried-</td> -<td>{ Males</td> -<td class="tdr">44 }</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">———</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="vm">83</td></tr> -<tr><td>{ Females</td> -<td class="tdr">39 }</td> </tr> - - <tr><td> </td> - <td> </td> <td> </td> - <td>Increase-</td> -<td class="bt">65</td></tr></table> - -<table summary="registera"> - -<tr><td rowspan="12" class="vm br">Buried</td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - <tr><td>Under</td> -<td>2 years of age</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">25</td></tr> - - <tr><td>Between</td> -<td>2 & 5</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">4</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> -<td>5 - 10</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">3</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> -<td>10 - 20</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">4</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> - <td>20 - 30</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">5</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> - <td>30 - 40</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">9</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> - <td>40 - 50</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">4</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> - <td>50 - 60</td> -<td>——</td> -<td class="tdr">4</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> -<td>60 - 70</td> -<td>——</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td> - <td>70 - 80</td> -<td>——</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td> - <td>80 - 87</td> -<td>——</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td></tr> - - <tr><td> </td> <td> </td><td> </td><td> </td> - <td class="tdr bt bb">83</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>And but one alive above 87, who is 91.</p> - -<p>The Number of People 425.</p> -<p>The Number of Houses 90.</p> -<p>The Number of Acres 2245. whereof ⅙ is waste.</p> - -<p>I do not offer such trifling numbers as these, as a -fit subject to build a canon of life upon; but only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[358]</span> -as they may furnish us with a few particulars, which -may throw some small light upon a subject hitherto very -little cultivated: and as what has been advanced this -way has been always taken from great cities, a little -from the country perhaps may not be disagreeable.</p> - -<p>The first observable in my numbers is, that the -two infancies of human life are exactly equal; i. e. -as many die above 60 as under 2 years of age; and -that these two periods of life are by much the most -sickly, five eighths of the whole, nearly, dying in -these two stages, which renders the intermediate -numbers very small.</p> - -<p>This will give us some reason to suspect, that -capital cities are very improper to estimate the probabilities -of life from. The continual flux of people from -the circumjacent country, to seek for employment, -makes the decrements of life seem much larger than -they really are. London is very remarkable upon -this account; and Breslaw must receive pretty large -accessions, as a very considerable manufacture is carried -on there.</p> - -<p>The second thing I would observe from my table -is, that it confirms what Dr. Brackenridge observes of -the Isle of Wight; <i>viz.</i> that the births are to the -burials as 2 to 1 almost; ours being as 15 to 8 nearly. -Now if this is the case of all the country places in -England, it will give us a strong presumption, that -the increase of mankind is much quicker than Dr. -Derham's proportion of 1 to 12; especially if we -consider,</p> - -<p>Thirdly, That of the living not 1 in 50 dies -yearly; and this in a village not very healthy. We -are situated upon the celebrated Lamborne stream,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[359]</span> -which dries up generally in August, and leaves a stagnated -water, and stinking mud, at a critical season of -the year, which bring on a putrid fever, and make -our place sometimes very sickly. In the year 1751 -we buried 17, and in 1756. 11: and therefore we -may presume, that in the healthiest parts of the nation, -the proportion is still greater, perhaps not one -in 60. In order to clear up this, it were to be wished, -that the actual number of the people was known, -where-ever the bills of mortality are exhibited. All -reasoning without this preliminary is really not much -better than groping in the dark.</p> - -<p>A fourth thing observable from my numbers is, -that the quantity of people allotted to a house is too -big in all former calculations: for if we divide 425, -the number of people, by 90, the number of houses, -it gives but 4.72, which is not quite 4¾ to a house; -and therefore 5 to a house, I believe, is as much as -ought to be allowed, taking the nation all together. -Now if the number of houses, taken in Queen Anne's -time, be any thing near the right, with one fourth -more allowed for cottages, according to Dr. Brackenridge's -computation, we shall make the people in -England, allowing 5 to a house, to be only 4,556,550. -which appears, at first sight, to be too small a number. -However, of Shefford I would beg leave to observe, -(and it is far from being the poorest of villages) that -more than two thirds of all the houses are downright -cottages, and must be excluded, one as much as another, -from any proposed assessment. Upon this -foundation we must grant, that at least half the -houses in England, take towns and all together, must -be cottages, and plead an exemption from taxation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span> -all alike. And thus the number of houses will be -1,458,096. which, multiplied by 5, will give us the -number of people, 7,290,480. If to this we add -the proposed increase, 789,558. we shall have -8,080,038 for the number of people now alive in -England.</p> - -<p>The fifth and last thing I would observe from my -numbers is, that we may hence guess at the number -of people in the whole kingdom: for if 1871, the -good acres in Shefford, demand 425 persons for their -cultivation, then will 25,300,000 good acres in -England require 5,704,168 for the cultivation of the -land only. Now supposing one third part of the -people only to live in towns, above what is necessary -for the cultivation of the land belonging to such -towns, then we must add 2,852,084 to the above -sum, which gives us 8,556,252 for the number of -people in England. It may probably here be said, -that this is but little better than reckoning at random. -Indeed I allow it is so. But then I must beg leave to -observe, that it has full as good a foundation to stand -upon, as any calculation, that I have seen hitherto -advanced. It has one <i>datum</i>, viz. a certain number -of persons to a certain number of acres. It ought -to be noted at the same time, that we are an inland -place, have no sort of manufacture carried on, and -consequently no accession of strangers.</p> - -<p>If we examine the calculation arising from the -consumption of wheat, we shall see some reason to -suspect, that the number of inhabitants in England -is not short of eight millions. I am persuaded I -do not exaggerate, when I affirm, that three fourths -of the people north of Trent, and in Wales, do not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span> -eat wheat: and as this is near a third part of England, -it will follow, that one fourth of the whole is -left out of the calculation, and that we must add -near two millions to it to make it complete.</p> - -<p>Again, I compute, that in my parish there are -killed annually 160 fat hogs, <i>viz.</i> above one to three -persons; and that this humour of pig-killing prevails -over half of England at least, and is in some -measure indulged in all parts. Now we will suppose, -that there are but six millions of people in the nation, -and that what is killed in the northern half -makes up for what is deficient by reason of towns in -the southern half; we must from hence conclude, -that a million of fat hogs are killed in England every -year. Now one hog with another takes two quarters -of corn, sometimes barley, sometimes pease: if we -put half barley, we shall be under the truth. And -here we shall have a million quarters of barley, not -only to balance the exportation of wheat, but also to -be equivalent to, as much bread-corn as will maintain -a full million of people.</p> - -<p>Farther, it is well known, that the greatest part of -the corn-trade is, of late years, got into the hands of -millers: and it has been whispered about for a considerable -time, and, I think, now the millers do not -deny it, that <i>some</i> whiting is carried to all the great mills. -The excuse alleged for it is, that it makes the flour -<i>wet</i>, and consequently <i>bake</i>, the better. I am rather -inclined to be of opinion, that it is to give a colour -to something that wants colour. And indeed, who-ever -tastes the common bakers bread against a piece -of genuine wheat-bread, will have some reason to -suspect, that all is not gold, that glitters. Every body<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[362]</span> -knows, that the millers buy large quantities of barley -and pease, they say, to fat hogs: but then they have -pollard, middlings, <i>&c.</i> to fat them with; and so -may possibly mix the barley and pease with wheat to -grind. But as this is all surmise, I would have no -more weight laid upon it than it deserves.</p> - -<p>The next article is of the same nature; I mean, -something of a mystery in trade; and therefore to be -touched very gently. What I would hint is, that it -is the opinion of many very intelligent persons, that -a good deal of malt is made, which does not pay the -excise. I do not pretend to ascertain the quantity: -perhaps one eighth may not be an extravagant supposition. -And if this be the case, we shall find as -much barley, as will weigh against bread for half a -million of people.</p> - -<p>But here, in all probability, you will object, that -if all these articles be admitted, we shall make the -number of people near eleven millions; which is -undoubtedly too much. I am ready to grant it. And -here, if I might take the liberty to speak my mind, -I think, that the allowance of one quarter of wheat -to three persons is too scanty, and must quite starve -the poor, whose chief provision is bread: and therefore, -two persons to a quarter may be pretty near the -truth. And then the numbers will stand thus:</p> - -<table summary="provision"> -<tr><td>Such as eat wheat, by supposition</td> -<td class="tdr">4,500,000</td></tr> -<tr><td>In the North, and in Wales</td> -<td class="tdr">1,500,000</td></tr> -<tr><td>Against the fatting article </td> -<td class="tdr">1,000,000</td></tr> -<tr><td>Against the two last articles</td> -<td class="tdr">1,000,000</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> - -<td class="tdr bt">8,000,000</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span> - -I cannot conclude this long scroll without recommending -it strongly to the members of the Royal -Society, who have many of them seats in parliament, -and most of them interest in those that have, to get -an Act passed for perfecting registers. The trouble -is trifling; the expence nothing. It would be of -great service likewise to number the people: and -this might be done with great ease. I was not three -hours in finishing mine on foot; tho' it is, perhaps, -as extensive, for the number of people, as most in -England, being near five miles in length. I am,</p> - -<p class="center"> -Reverend Sir, -<br /> -Your affectionate Brother, -<br /> -<span class="margin">and very humble Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>Richard Forster</big>, <i>Rector</i>.</span> -</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLIV. <i>A remarkable Case of an Aneurism, -or Disease of the principal Artery of the -Thigh, occasioned by a Fall. To which is -prefixed a short Account of the Uncertainty -of the distinguishing Symptoms of -this Disease. By</i> Jos. Warner, <i>F.R.S. -and Surgeon to</i> Guy's Hospital.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 17, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">WHEN the coats of an artery become -by any means præternaturally -distended, when they become wounded, or -when they become ruptured in such a manner as to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span> -discharge and deposit their former contents under -the neighbouring integuments, under the aponeurosis, -or tendinous expansion of a neighbouring muscle, -or still more deeply under the muscles themselves; -the natural consequence attending this accident will -sooner or later be a degree of elevation, or tumor: -which species of tumor is known by the term -<i>aneurism</i>.</p> - -<p>If a true aneurism happens, that is, a swelling -arising from a general weakness of the coats of an -arterial vessel, or from a wound or rupture of some -of its coats, it may be often distinguished from a -tumor proceeding from any other cause by a degree of -pulsation, supposing the situation of the injured -vessel be superficial; as may be evinced in recent -aneurisms of the humeral artery, which sometimes -happen from bleeding near the bending of the elbow-joint; -as well as in aneurisms of the inferior part -of the radical artery, of the ulnary artery, or of the -anterior artery of the leg called <i>tibialis antica</i>; and -as may be observed to be sometimes the case too in -those arteries, whose situations are not superficial; to -wit, in aneurisms of the <i>aorta ascendens</i>, the curvature -of the <i>aorta</i>, and of the <i>carotides</i>.</p> - -<p>The symptom of pulsation in tumors, which take -their rise from a partial wound, or from a general -weakness, and subsequent dilatation of the coats of -an artery, is not confined to this species of aneurism, -but is frequently attendant upon false aneurisms -(that is, such tumors, as are occasioned by extravasated -arterial blood), supposing the disease to be a -recent one of either of the preceding vessels, or of -any other arterial vessel not deeply situated: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[365]</span> -this symptom of pulsation in false aneurisms will -sometimes be accompanied with a discoloration, or -variegated appearance, of the integuments dependent -upon the insinuation of the blood underneath them.</p> - -<p>But if the extravasation be confined under an aponeurosis, -or if the disease has been of so long standing, -as to admit of the thinner parts of the extravasated -blood being absorbed, or by any other means -dispersed, and the fibrous parts, which are left behind, -should be accumulated in considerable quantities, and -acquire so compact and solid an appearance, as to resemble -brown macerated leather in their colour and -texture, which I have always observed to be the case -in old diseases of this kind; under these circumstances, -the original symptoms of pulsation on the swelling, -and a discoloration of the integuments, for the most -part become imperceptible: for which reasons the -true nature of the disease must be attended with a -degree of uncertainty.</p> - -<p>It must be acknowleged by all those, whose experience -has given them opportunities of examining -into these diseases, that the symptoms of a pulsation, -and a discoloration of the teguments from extravasated -blood, are not only very often wanting in old -aneurisms, but in the most recent ones: which -proves the non-existence of these symptoms to be no -certain characteristics of tumors not being aneurismal: -and the reason why this often happens may be readily -explained, and conceived of, from demonstrating the -very deep or low situation of many arteries, that are -known to be liable to these injuries; such as the -femoral arteries, the <i>arteriæ tibiales posticæ</i>, the <i>arteriæ -peroneæ</i>, and some others.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[366]</span></p> - -<p>Notwithstanding I have treated of pulsation on -tumors, and a discoloration of the integuments or -coverings of the part, when they do exist, as being -the truest marks of aneurisms; yet it must not be -inferred from what has hitherto been advanced, -that the appearances of these symptoms are unexceptionable -rules of tumors being aneurismal; seeing it -does happen, that mere imposthumations, or collections -of matter, arising from external as well as from -internal causes, are sometimes so immediately situated -upon the heart itself, and at other times upon some -of its principal arteries, as to partake in the most -regular manner of their contraction and dilatation -(systole and diastole).</p> - -<p>Some years ago I saw an instance of a boy, about -13 years of age, who had his breast-bone much -broken by a fall. On this account he was admitted -into Guy's Hospital; but not till a fortnight after the -accident happened.</p> - -<p>Upon examination, there appeared an evident separation -of the broken parts of the bone, which were -removed at a considerable distance from each other: -the intermediate space was occupied by a tumor of -a considerable size: the integuments were of their -natural complexion: the tumor had as regular a -contraction and dilatation as the heart itself, or the -aorta could be supposed to have.</p> - -<p>Upon pressure, the tumor receded; upon a removal -of the pressure, the tumor immediately resumed -its former size and shape. All these are the -distinguishing signs of a true recent aneurism. The -situation and symptoms of this swelling were judged -sufficient reasons for considering the nature of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[367]</span> -disease as uncertain; on which account it was left to -take its own course. The event was, the tumor -burst in three weeks after his admittance, discharged -a considerable quantity of matter, and the patient -did well.</p> - -<p>From what has been above advanced it is plain, -if these arguments can be supported by facts, that -the laying down such rules for infallibly distinguishing -aneurismal tumors from tumors proceeding from -very different causes, must be a matter of the greatest -difficulty: and, as a further proof of their uncertainty, -I take the liberty of offering the following -short history of a remarkable case, which has lately -occurred in my own experience.</p> - -<p class="p2">In the month of December 1756. John Yates, -aged 35 years, received an hurt upon and about his -knee, by falling upon the ground from a man's -back. The accident was immediately followed with -a considerable degree of lameness and pain; which -upon standing or walking were greatly increased.</p> - -<p>He continued in much the same state for about -six weeks after the accident. At the end of this -time, the calf or the leg was attacked with an œdematous -or doughy swelling; which, in a fortnight, -became so painful, as to disable him from walking. -The tumor continued to increase for about eight -weeks; and at length extended itself so far upwards, -as to affect the greatest part of the thigh, the whole -of which was attended with excessive pain, but -more particularly so about the knee.</p> - -<p><i>N. B.</i> So far I relate from the patient's own account.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[368]</span></p> - -<p>On the 28th of April 1757. he was admitted into -Guy's Hospital under my care.</p> - -<p>Upon examination, the thigh appeared enlarged -to a very great size. The tumor was uniform, and -extended from the inside of the knee to within a -very small space of the groin. The integuments -were in every part of their natural colour.</p> - -<p>Upon pressing the tumor on the inside, it appeared -soft, and there was a very evident fluctuation to be -felt on its internal and lateral part; but there was -not the least appearance of pulsation.</p> - -<p>The tumor, on its superior and posterior parts, -was of a stony hardness.</p> - -<p>The leg, which, according to the patient's account, -had some time ago been much swelled, did not now -appear to be at all so.</p> - -<p>He was continually in great pain, and had been for -some time incapable of getting any sleep. His appetite -was bad. He was a good deal emaciated. He -had a constant slow fever, which arose about five -weeks before his admission into the hospital. He -appeared pale and sallow in his complexion.</p> - -<p>From the time of his being placed under my care -to the end of ten days, there was no alteration in -the swelling, or in the symptoms attending it.</p> - -<p>In expectation therefore of affording him that relief, -which could by no other means be procured, I -judged it adviseable to make an opening into the tumor; -which I did by incision into the most prominent -and fluctuating part; upon which there immediately -gushed out a large stream of thin florid blood, -and at this instant discovered to me the true state of -that disease; which, till now, could not be ascertained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span> -by any peculiar symptom distinguishable <span class="err" title="original: by by the">by - the</span> touch, or perceptible to the eye.</p> - -<p>Seeing this, I immediately filled up the wound -with lint and tow; and then proceeded, in as expeditious -a manner as possible, to apply a tight bandage -upon the thigh, near to the groin; and, lest -this might accidentally break, I applied a second ligature -below the first, and proceeded to amputate -the limb upon the spot.</p> - -<p>During the operation the man fainted, but soon -recovered from this deliquium; and, without any -bad symptoms, gradually recovered his rest, appetite, -and strength, and is now in perfect health.</p> - -<p>Upon a dissection of the thigh and leg, I discovered -the following appearances:</p> - -<p>A great part of the fleshy portions of two of the -extensor muscles of the leg, to wit, the <i>vastus internus</i>, -and <i>crureus</i>, were destroyed, with the subjacent -<i>periosteum</i>.</p> - -<p>Four of the muscles, whose uses are to bend the -leg, and which compose the internal and external -hamstrings; to wit, <i>gracilis</i>, <i>semitendinosus</i>, <i>semimembranosus</i>, -and <i>biceps tibiæ</i>, together with that -adductor and flexor muscle of the leg called <i>sartorius</i>, -were removed at a considerable distance from the -thigh-bone on its inferior part, and from the <i>tibia</i> -and <i>fibula</i> on their superior parts; by which means a -large bed or cavity was formed for containing the -extravasation, which consisted partly of a fluid, and -partly of a coagulated blood; but by far the greatest -part of the coagulum had acquired so firm and -fibrous a consistence and appearance, as nearly to resemble -brown macerated leather in its colour and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span> -texture. The neighbouring muscles appeared livid -and lacerated.</p> - -<p>The <i>os femoris</i> was become carious on its inferior -and posterior parts; and, at about an inch distance -above the condyle of that bone internally, there arose -a considerable <i>exostosis</i>.</p> - -<p>The capsular ligament of the knee-joint was become -much thickened, and contained about two -ounces of a viscid yellow <i>synovia</i>.</p> - -<p>The femoral artery, on its inferior part, just above -its division into <i>tibialis antica</i> and <i>postica</i>, was diseased; -which disease extended four inches upwards.</p> - -<p>The coats of the artery were considerably thickened, -and lacerated longitudinally.</p> - -<p>The smallest diameter of the diseased part of the -artery was two inches and one quarter: the largest -diameter of the diseased part of the artery was two -inches and one half.</p> - -<p class="noin"> -Hatton-Garden, -Nov. 17. 1757. -</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLV. <i>Farther Experiments for increasing -the Quantity of Steam in a Fire-Engine. -By</i> Keane Fitz-Gerald, <i>Esq; F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Nov. 24, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Gave a former account to the Royal -Society of some experiments made -for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, -by blowing air thro' boiling water<a id="FNanchor_199" href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>. The effects -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span>then evidently produced left me, and I believe many -others, who came to view the experiments, no room -to doubt the seeming cause. In which error I should -probably have still remained, had not farther experiments -demonstrated the mistake.</p> - -<p>Whatever apology I ought to make this learned -Society, for having given in that account prematurely, -I believe their great regard to truth, which has -always been the basis of their researches for the improvement -of natural knowlege, will require none -for this. I shall therefore, as briefly as I can, relate -the further experiments, that were made, which evidently -demonstrate the error of the former; and -from which some phænomena have occurred, perhaps -hitherto unknown.</p> - -<p>In order to try what difference the air passing thro' -a thinner body of water might occasion, I brought -the horizontal pipe, which (as mentioned in the -former account) was placed 12 inches under the -surface of the water, to within six inches; and -found, on setting the engine to work, that the -leaden pipe, for the conveyance of air from the bellows -into the boiler, became much hotter than I had -perceived it before; which could not happen, if a -constant cool air had passed thro': and on shutting the -cock, which was fixed in the leaden pipe to hinder -the steam from ascending into the bellows before the -engine should be set to work, tho' no air could then -possibly pass thro', yet the bellows still continued to -move with the same regularity as before; which, on -examination, was found defective on the inside, where -the middle board, that divides the two bodies, was -warped and cracked in several places, thro' which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[372]</span> -the air passed very regularly from one body to the -other at each stroke, instead of passing thro' the pipe -into the boiler, as imagined. By this, the cause of -deception was evident; which I was still in hopes -of remedying, by having a new pair of bellows -made, somewhat larger, and much stronger. When -this was fixed, and the engine worked a few strokes, -I was surprised to find the bellows did not come -down, but remained fully charged with air, tho' it -had 400 lb. weight upon it; and that, on increasing -the weight gradually to 1400 lb. which was as much -as the bellows could support, the air was not forced -thro'.</p> - -<p>I also made several experiments, by lowering the -horizontal pipe two feet under the surface of the -water, and raising it at different times to within four -inches of the surface, and could not at any depth -force the air thro', whilst the engine worked; but on -opening the steam-pipe, which is a pipe for letting -the steam pass from the boiler whenever the engine -stops, the bellows could then readily force the air -thro', tho' the water boiled ever so strong, and seemingly -made a surprising increase of steam.</p> - -<p>I had the leaden pipe to convey the air from the -bellows, which was first put thro' the top into the -boiler, carried on the outside, and passed horizontally -into it, about the height the water generally stands, -that by opening a cock, fixed for the purpose close to -the boiler, I could readily discharge all the steam -lodged in the pipe; and by shutting the cock, and -making small holes at three or four inches distance, -I could almost find the point, where the air and -steam met in opposition, cool air being strongly expelled -thro' one, and hot steam thro' the other.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[373]</span></p> - -<p>It was also perceptible, that the air was impelled -somewhat, tho' not considerably, more forward by -the addition of each hundred weight on the bellows:</p> - -<p>That the deeper the horizontal pipe was placed -in the water, the less resistance was made by the -steam:</p> - -<p>That in proportion as the heat of the steam was -increased, by making the water boil more strongly, -the resistance to the pressure of the air by the weight -on the bellows became greater.</p> - -<p>It is a very doubtful matter, whether air forced -thro' boiling water would have answered the purpose -intended: but I believe it was never imagined, that -air could not be readily forced thro', until proved by -the foregoing experiments. The attempt, tho' it has -failed demonstrably in that point, has produced the -same effect from another cause, as to saving coals, -and throwing up more water. For, by the constant -care, that was taken during the time of making these -experiments, to measure the coals, to admit only a -proper quantity of fuel to be laid on, and also to -mark the time exactly it took in burning; the engine -then did, and still continues to require eight -bushels of coals less, in every 24 hours work, than -it did before; and also, from the regularity of its -stroke, to throw up more water; the same care being -required from the engineer, who can have no -pretence for consuming more coals now, than appeared -sufficient during the time the experiments -were making.</p> - -<p>Tho' some of the properties of steam are well -known; yet the degrees of expansion it is capable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[374]</span> -of; whether air be mixed with, or necessary to, its -formation; as also how far its power of resistance -may reach; are probably not yet known, to a proper -degree of exactness. Niewentit fixes the expansion -of a cubical inch of water, converted into steam, at -13365, Dr. Desaguliers at 14000, and Mr. Payne -at 4000 times. The great scope in this subject -from a plenum to a vacuum, if I may be allowed the -expression, as also the very useful purposes, to which -it has already been, and possibly may be still further -applied, will, I hope, be an inducement to those, -who are much better qualified, to proceed in so -useful an inquiry.</p> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLVI. <i>Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 27</i> Martii, -<i>Ann. 1755. habita Ulissipone in Domo -Patrum Congregationis Oratorii à</i> Joanne -Chevalier <i>ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, -Regiæ</i> Londinensis <i>Societatis Socio, -Regiæque</i> Parisiensis <i>Scientiarum Academiæ -correspondente</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">Tubo optico 8 pedum peracta est observatio cœlo -sereno, claroque.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 8, -1757.</div> -<table summary="immersiones"> -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Immersiones.</span></td> -<td colspan="3">Hora postmeridiana temporis veri.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> - <td class="tdc">h</td> <td class="tdc">'</td> <td class="tdc">"</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="dropcap">I</span>nitium penumb rædubium</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">29</td> <td class="tdc">50</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Initium eclipsis dubium</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">33</td> <td class="tdc">35</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Certe jam incæperat</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">34</td> <td class="tdc">05</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad mare humorum</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">44</td> <td class="tdc">00</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[375]</span> -Umbra ad Grimaldum</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">44</td> <td class="tdc">53</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Grimaldus totus in umbra</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">47</td> <td class="tdc">58</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Mare humorum totum in umbra</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">51</td> <td class="tdc">14</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Thico incipit mergi</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">53</td> <td class="tdc">29</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Thico totus mergitur</td> <td class="tdc">10</td> <td class="tdc">55</td> <td class="tdc">14</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad Reinholdum</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">08</td> <td class="tdc">04</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Umbram ingreditur Copernicus</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">19</td> <td class="tdc">22</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad mare nectaris</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">24</td> <td class="tdc">52</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Totum in umbra</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">33</td> <td class="tdc">50</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad mare tranquillitatis</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">35</td> <td class="tdc">24</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Promontorium acutum in umbra</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> <td class="tdc">45</td> <td class="tdc">46</td> -</tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Emersiones.</span> </td> - <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc">h</td> <td class="tdc">'</td> <td class="tdc">"</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Incipit emergere ab umbra Copernicus</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> -<td class="tdc">04</td> <td class="tdc">38</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Totus Copernicus extra umbram</td> -<td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">07</td> <td class="tdc">40</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Incipit egredi Grimaldus</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">09</td> <td class="tdc">38</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Totus Grimaldus extra umbram</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">38</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Incipit emergere mare fœcunditatis</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">31</td> <td class="tdc">37</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Emergit mare humorum</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">36</td> <td class="tdc">11</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Incipit emergere Capuanus</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">39</td> <td class="tdc">40</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Egreditur Schicardus</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">48</td> <td class="tdc">30</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Emergit Thico</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">51</td> <td class="tdc">40</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Totum mare nectaris egreditur</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc">58</td> <td class="tdc">09</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Finis eclipsis</td> <td class="tdc">13</td> <td class="tdc">13</td> <td class="tdc">02</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Finis penumbræ dubius</td> <td class="tdc">13</td> <td class="tdc">16</td> <td class="tdc">50</td> -</tr> </table> - -<hr /> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLVII. <i>Eclipsis Lunæ Die 4ᵃ</i> Februarii, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[376]</span> -<i>Ann. 1757. habita Ulissipone à</i> Joanne -Chevalier <i>Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, -Regiæ</i> Londinensis <i>Societatis Socio, -Regiæque Scientiarum</i> Parisiensis <i>Academiæ -correspondente, et a</i> Theodoro de Almeida -<i>ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, -ac Physicæ publico Professore</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 8. -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">HANC observationem peregi tubo -optico novem pedes longo, cujus -lens ocularis focum habebat ad 4 pollices, et lineam -unam: adhibui preterea vitrum planum cæruleum, -quod oculum inter et ocularem lentem interponebam, -ut ingressum macularum in umbram observarem -juxta ea quæ in observatione eclipsis lunæ ann. 1755. -invenit clarissimus vir Josephus Soares de Barros ex -regia Berolinensi academia. Primum igitur vitro -cæruleo adhibito observabam ingressum maculæ in -umbram, et tempore notato iterum solo tubo optico -ingressum ejusdem maculæ in umbram observabam, -et differentiam utriusque ingressûs notabam.</p> - -<p>Initio eclipsis cœlum serenum ac clarum fuit, -postea nubilum, et post maximam obscurationem -vapores horizontis et claritas incipientis diei observationem -peragere impediere.</p> - -<table summary="observations"> - <tr><td> </td> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc">Manè.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> -<td class="tdc"><small>H.</small></td> - <td class="tdc"><small>M.</small></td> - <td class="tdc"><small>S.</small></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Initium penumbræ</td> - <td class="tdc">4</td> - <td class="tdc">52</td> - <td class="tdc">49</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Initium dubium eclipsis</td> - <td class="tdc">4</td> - <td class="tdc">55</td> - <td class="tdc">29</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Certo jam incæperat</td> -<td class="tdc">4</td> -<td class="tdc">57</td> -<td class="tdc">30</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[377]</span> -Umbra ad Aristarchum observata vitro -cæruleo plano</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">00</td> -<td class="tdc">19</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Solo tubo optico adhibito</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">00</td> -<td class="tdc">50</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Keplerus umbram ingreditur observatus - tubo, et vitro cæruleo plano</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">13</td> -<td class="tdc">20</td></tr> - <tr><td>Observatus solo tubo optico</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">14</td> -<td class="tdc">00</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Plato umbram ingreditur observatus - tubo, et vitro cæruleo</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">15</td> -<td class="tdc">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">—— Solo tubo</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">15</td> -<td class="tdc">40</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad Eudoxum</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">17</td> -<td class="tdc">18</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Mare serenitatis incipit mergi</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">30</td> -<td class="tdc">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Copernicus observatus tubo et vitro - cæruleo umbram ingreditur</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">36</td> -<td class="tdc">48</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">—— Solo tubo</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">37</td> -<td class="tdc">22</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Mare Crisium ingreditur umbram</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">53</td> -<td class="tdc">51</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">—— Medium in umbra</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">59</td> -<td class="tdc">30</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">—— Totum mergitur</td> -<td class="tdc">6</td> -<td class="tdc">5</td> -<td class="tdc">21</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Mare fœcunditatis occultari incipit</td> -<td class="tdc">6</td> -<td class="tdc">7</td> -<td class="tdc">41</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad promontorium acutum</td> -<td class="tdc">6</td> -<td class="tdc">8</td> -<td class="tdc">33</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Umbra tangit mare nectaris</td> -<td class="tdc">6</td> -<td class="tdc">22</td> -<td class="tdc">51</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Umbra ad Langrenum</td> -<td class="tdc">6</td> -<td class="tdc">23</td> -<td class="tdc">33</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="center"><i>Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone -habitæ a</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Joanne Chevalier</em></span>, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<table summary="observationsb"> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="dropcap">A</span>NNO 1757 telescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum nocte serenâ, nullâque lunari -luce illustratâ, observavi immersionem totalem primi satellitis die 21 -Martii tempore vero postmeridiano</td> - <td>11<sup>h</sup></td> - <td>13'</td> - <td>1"</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Die vero 22 Martii tempore vero, et antemeridiano, observavi -immersionem totalem tertii satellitis</td> -<td>0<sup>h</sup></td> - <td>13'</td> -<td>32"</td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">XLVIII. <i>Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[378]</span> -Jovis Ulissipone habitæ à</i> Joanne Chevalier, -<i>Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, -Regiæque</i> Londinensis <i>Societatis Socio, -Anno 1757</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 8, 1757.</div> - -<table summary="observationsc"> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="dropcap">T</span>Elescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum observavi emersionem primi satellitis die -7 Junii cum cœlum serenum ac clarum esset, hora postmeridiana temporis veri</td> -<td>10<sup>h</sup></td> -<td>29'</td> - <td>12"</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Die 8 Junii eodem telescopio observavi emersionem secundi satellitis -hora postmeridiana </td> -<td>8<sup>h</sup> </td> -<td>32'</td> - <td>48"</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">cœlum aliquantum nubilum erat.</td> -</tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Eadem die observavi emersionem tertii satellitis hora postmeridiana - </td> -<td>9<sup>h</sup></td> - <td>36'</td> - <td>25"</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">cœlo claro.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Die 15 Junii cœlo claro observavi emersionem secundi satellitis hora -postmeridiana</td> -<td>11<sup>h</sup></td> -<td>6'</td> -<td>15"</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl">Sequenti die 16 Junii observavi immersionem tertii satellitis hora -matutina temporis veri </td> -<td>0<sup>h</sup></td> -<td>0'</td> -<td>29"</td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[379]</span> -XLIX. <i>A remarkable Case of the Efficacy of -the Bark in a Mortification. In a Letter -to</i> William Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S. from -Mr.</i> Richard Grindall, <i>Surgeon to the</i> -London <i>Hospital</i>.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Austin-Friars, Dec. 7th, 1757.</p> - -<p><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 8, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">THE following case being very singular -has induced me to lay it -before the Royal Society, and beg the favour to do -it through your means. Although numerous instances -are related in the records of medicine, of the great -danger in interrupting nature in her operations, there -is not one (so far as I know), in which more violent -and extraordinary effects have been produced, than -in the following.</p> - -<p>It may happen also, that this instance may be of -service in ascertaining the virtue of the medicine in -intermittents, when in the hands of men of judgment.</p> - -<p>On the 28th of June 1757. Mary Alexander, aged -31 years, of the parish of Whitechapel, was brought -into the London hospital, having a mortification in -both hands, which reached about an inch and half -above the wrists. All her toes, and about an inch of -one foot beyond the last joint, were mortified; her -nose was also intirely destroyed by a mortification; -and all these happened at the same time. Upon inquiry -into the cause of this misfortune, I found, that -on Monday the 30th of May she was seized with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[380]</span> -quotidian ague, which usually began about three of the -clock in the afternoon, and lasted near two hours; -which was succeeded by a hot fit, and then a violent -sweat. And in this manner she was afflicted for seven -days without any material alteration; when, being -informed by a neighbour, of a person, who had an -infallible remedy for the cure of an ague, she applied -to him. He brought her two phials, containing about -an ounce and half each, of a pale yellowish liquor; -one of which he directed her to take directly, promising, -that she should have no return of the fit of -consequence; and that, if she had any small return, -the second bottle should cure her effectually. In -consequence of which, she took one dose, which was -at the time the cold fit had been on about a quarter -of an hour: she had no sooner swallowed it, but, as -she says, her stomach was on fire, and felt as if she -had swallowed the strongest dram possible. The cold -fit left her instantly; but she was immediately seized -with so violent a fever, as to make her burn, and be -extremely thirsty, all the following night; much -more so than ever she had been before, till the next -morning, when a sweat a little relieved her from the -violent heat. When she rose in the morning, she -was much troubled with a great itching in the hands, -feet, and nose; and soon after all those parts began -to feel numbed, or, as she describes it, as if her -hands and feet were asleep; which she took but little -notice of, till the evening of that day, when she -found the nails of both hands and feet were turning -black, and, at the same time feeling great pain in -both, as also in her nose, and that they appeared of -a darkish red colour, like the skin in cold weather.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[381]</span> -Upon which, at nine o'clock that night she sent for -an apothecary, from whom, I have since been informed, -the person before mentioned had bought the -medicine, which he gave her. The apothecary was -not at home; his journeyman went, and finding the -woman had a difficulty of breathing, ordered her a mixture -with sperma ceti and ammoniacum to be taken -occasionally. The apothecary did not see her himself -till the 16th of June, when finding her in a very bad -condition, that her hands, and feet, and nose, were -intirely black, and had many vesicles or small bladders -upon them, filled with a blackish bloody water; he -opened them, and let out the fluid, and dressed them -with yellow basilicon; and in this manner continued -treating her till the 20th of the same month, when, -finding no material alteration for the better, he ordered -her a brownish mixture, of which she was to -take four spoonfuls every four hours; which, he informed -me, was a decoction of the bark; and says, -on taking this, she was better, as the mortification -seemed inclined to stop. But as it was a bad case, he -advised the woman to be carried to an hospital: and -in this condition was she brought in, when she was -immediately put into a course of the bark, taking a -drachm of the powder every four hours; and in 48 -hours taking it there was a perfect separation of all -the mortified parts. She was then ordered to take -it only three times in 24 hours; and pursuing this method -for eight days, there was a very good digestion -from the parts above the mortification.</p> - -<p>The mortified part became now so offensive, that -the poor woman pressed me much to take off her -hands, assuring me she would go through the operations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[382]</span> -with good courage, being very desirous to live, -though in this miserable condition.</p> - -<p>On the 12th of July I took off both her hands: I -had very little more to do, than saw the bones, nature -having stopped the bleeding, when she stopped -the mortification. In a day or two after, I took -off all the toes from both feet, and now discontinued -the bark, the parts appearing in a healthy -and healing condition; which went on so for five -weeks, when, on a sudden, the parts began to look -livid, her stomach failed her, and she was feverish; -but, upon taking an ounce of the bark, in 36 hours -her sores began again to look well. She was not -suffered to leave off the bark so soon this time, but -continued taking it twice a day for a month. She -is now almost well: that part of her face, from -whence the nose mortified, was healed in seven weeks; -the stumps of both arms are intirely healed; and -both feet are well, only waiting for one piece of bone -scaling off, which I believe will be in a very short -time; and she is now in good health.</p> - -<p>The person, who gave her this medicine, is a Barber -and Peruke-maker at Bow. I applied to him -several times, to inform me what it was he had given -her. The affair was talked of so much in his neighbourhood, -and the man threatned by the woman's -husband, that for a long time I could not get him to -tell me, till I told him, I had been informed where -he bought the medicines; and the time of the day, that -he had them, corresponding with the time of his giving -them to the woman, and that I knew it was tincture -of myrrh, he at last told me, that he had frequently -given the above quantity of an ounce and half<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[383]</span> -of it in an ague; that it had never done any harm; -and hardly ever failed to cure. Upon which information, -I carried some tincture of myrrh to the woman, -who tasted it, and is well assured it is the same -liquor the barber gave her in her ague-fit.</p> - -<p>I am, with respect,</p> - -<p class="center">Your obliged and obedient Servant. -<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>Richard Grindall</big>.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">L. <i>A Letter to the Rev.</i> Tho. Birch, <i>D.D. -Secret. R.S. from</i> John Pringle, <i>M.D. -F.R.S. inclosing Two Papers communicated -to him by</i> Robert Whytt, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="right">Pallmall-Court, St. James's, -Dec. 10. 1757.</p> - -<p><em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>,</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 15, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">ABOUT three weeks ago I put into -your hands an extract of a letter, -I had then received from Dr. Whytt, containing -a postscript to his <i>Observations on Lord</i> Walpole'<i>s -Case</i>; and slightly mentioning some doubts he had -then about the justness of Dr. Springsfeld's experiments -with lime-water, from some trials he himself -had made, upon reading that gentleman's curious -treatise on the extraordinary lithontriptic quality of -the waters at Carlsbad in Bohemia. Within these -few Days, Dr. Whytt having favoured me with a full -account of those experiments, I have herewith sent -you his paper, in order, if you please, to lay it before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[384]</span> -the Society; which the author desires may be -done, in case these observations should be judged -useful.</p> - -<p>The other paper inclosed was sent me by the same -hand, to be likewise presented to the Society, as a -well-attested instance of the electrical power in the -cure of a palsy. To the other testimonies I have -subjoined what Dr. Whytt says in his letter to me, -by way of strengthening the evidence. I shall only -add, that since Mr. Brydone, the author of this account, -has omitted telling how long the patient has -continued in perfect health since the operation, it -appears she must have been well for some months -before the date of his paper; because, before the end -of last summer, Dr. Whytt transmitted the same -case to me, which I then returned, in order to have -it drawn up in a fuller manner, and with other -vouchers besides the gentleman, who performed the -cure. The Doctor has been so good as to comply -with my request, having procured a more ample account -of the circumstances from Mr. Brydone, and -the attestation of two ministers, besides that of the -patient herself.<a id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> My difficulties being thus removed, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[385]</span>I believe I may now with freedom offer this -very curious case to the attention of the Society.</p> - -<p>I am,</p> - -<p class="center">SIR, -<br /> -Your most obedient humble Servant, -<br /> -<span class="margin"><big>John Pringle</big>.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Postscript to Dr.</i> Whytt'<i>s Observations on Lord</i> -Walpole'<i>s Case</i><a id="FNanchor_201" href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 8, -1757.</div> - -<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapb"><span class="dropfix">“ </span>I</span> Do not know, if it be worth while -to observe, that lately, in making -some experiments with different <i>calculi</i>, there was -one almost as white as chalk, but of a less hard -substance than the others; and which was not -in the least degree dissolved or softned by being -infused 20 days in oystershell lime-water, but -yielded somewhat to a solution of Spanish soap -in common water.</p> - -<p>From this experiment one may conclude, that -it is better to prescribe both soap and lime-water -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">[386]</span>for the stone, than any one of them alone; and -that if one of these remedies has failed of giving -relief, the other ought to be tried: for as the -above white <i>calculus</i>, which yielded a little to the -solution of soap, resisted lime-water; so there may -perhaps be others, that are readily dissolved by -lime-water, but little affected by soap.</p> - -<p>Dr. Springsfeld's experiments with lime-water -are somehow not just; for in several <i>calculi</i> I -have found the dissolving power of oystershell -lime-water above eight times greater than he -makes it.”</p> - -<h3 class="hang chap"><i>Some Observations on the lithontriptic Virtue -of the</i> Carlsbad <i>Waters, Lime-water, and -Soap: In a Letter to Dr.</i> John Pringle, -<i>F.R.S. from Dr.</i> Robert Whytt, <i>F.R.S. -and Professor of Medicine in the University -of</i> Edinburgh.</h3> - -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">SIR</em>, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 15, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">FROM the experiments related in Dr. -Springsfeld's <i>Commentatio de prærogativa -thermarum Carolinarum, &c.</i> which you were -so good as to send me some time ago, it appears, -that these waters are not only possessed of a very extraordinary -power of dissolving the stone, but that -in this respect they greatly exceed lime-water.</p> - -<p>(A) Thus, Dr. Springsfeld having infused, for 14 -Days, in a heat of 96 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, -three pieces of the same <i>calculus</i>, each weighing 30<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[387]</span> -grains, in eggshell lime-water, the Carlsbad water, -and in the urine of one who daily drank this last -water, renewing these several menstruums every day, -he found, on the 15th day, that the <i>calculus</i> in the -lime-water had lost 1 grain, the <i>calculus</i> in the Carlsbad -water 6 grains, and that in urine 5 grains.</p> - -<p>(B) Again, having divided another <i>calculus</i> into -four parts, each of which was reduced to 80 grains, -he put the first in oystershell lime-water, the second -in Carlsbad water, and the third in the urine of a -person who drank this water. After 20 days, during -which time the menstruums were renewed every -day, and kept in a heat of 96 degrees, the dried -<i>calculi</i> had lost of their weight as follows: the first 3 -grains, the second 18 grains, and the third 14 grains.</p> - -<p class="p2">Altho' I make no doubt that Dr. Springsfeld, who -appears to be a man of candour, as well as learning, -has faithfully related the event of the experiments, -which he made; yet either the lime-water he used -must have been very weak, or some other mistake -must have happened in his experiments: for in all -the numerous trials I made, about 15 years ago, of -lime-water, as a solvent for the stone, I always found -its dissolving power much greater, than it appears in -Dr. Springsfeld's experiments. And as in these trials -different urinary stones were used, it can scarcely be -imagined, that it was owing to the peculiar hardness -of Dr. Springfeld's <i>calculi</i>, that the lime-water -made so little impression on them. However, to be -still further satisfied of this matter, I made the following -experiments.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[388]</span> - -1. I put a piece of a very hard <i>calculus</i>, which -I shall call <i>x</i>, weighing 80 grains, in oystershell -lime-water, renewing the lime-water every day, and -keeping it in a heat between 90 and 106 degrees of -Fahrenheit's scale. After 20 days, I took out the -<i>calculus</i>; and having set it by for some days, till it -was become quite dry, I brushed away all the rotten -part of it, which was reduced to a kind of chalky -powder, and found that the undissolved part of it -weighed 57 grains.</p> - -<p>2. At the same time a piece of another <i>calculus</i>, -<i>z</i>, weighing 15 grains, was, after a like infusion of -20 days in oystershell lime-water, reduced to 10 -grains.</p> - -<p>3. I put a piece of <i>z</i>, weighing 14 grains, in a -solution of half an ounce of the internal part of -Spanish soap in nine ounces of water, and every -third day renewed the solution, which was kept in -a heat of about 60 degrees. After 14 days, I found -the undissolved part not to exceed 11 grains.</p> - -<p>4. A piece of a white chalky <i>calculus</i>, <i>y</i>, weighing -30 grains, had near 4 grains of its substance -dissolved, by being 14 days infused as above in a solution -of soap.</p> - -<p class="p2">From Nº. 1. above, compared with Dr. Springsfeld's -Exper. (B), it appears, that the dissolving power -of oystershell lime-water is to that of the Carlsbad -water as 23 to 18, supposing the <i>calculi</i> used in these -experiments to have been equally easy to dissolve.</p> - -<p>Nº. 3. compared with Dr. Springsfeld's Exper. (A), -shews, that the dissolving power of a solution of the -inner part of Spanish soap, in a heat of 60 degrees,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[389]</span> -is to that of the Carlsbad water, in a heat of 96 degrees, -as 15 to 14.</p> - -<p>From Nº. 4. compared with (A), the dissolving -power of soap is to that of the Carlsbad water only as -4 to 6; but it is probable, that had the solution of -soap been kept in a heat of 96 degrees, its dissolving -power would, even in this experiment, have nearly -equalled that of the Carlsbad water. It may, perhaps, -be worth while to observe, that a piece of the -white chalky <i>calculus</i> of Nº 4. was not in the smallest -degree dissolved by lying in lime-water 20 days.</p> - -<p class="p2">5. In Exper. 19. of my Essay on the Virtue of -Lime-water, a piece of a <i>calculus</i>, <i>b</i>, weighing 31 -grains, lost 7 grains by being infused 36 hours, in a -heat of above 100 degrees, in very strong oistershell -lime-water. And in the same water, of a moderate -strength, another piece of <i>b</i> lost, in the same -time, 5 grains.</p> - -<p class="p2">In this last experiment, the lithontriptic virtue of -lime-water appears to be stronger than in Nº. 1. and -2. above; and greatly exceeds that of the Carlsbad -water in Dr. Springsfeld's Exper. (A) and (B).</p> - -<p>But altho', from what has been said, it appears -not only that lime-water, but also a solution of soap, -dissolves the stone in close vessels as fast, nay faster, -than the <i>thermæ Carolinæ</i>; yet these last waters, -when the <i>calculi</i> were so placed in open vessels, that -the water from the fountain might constantly flow -along them, effected a much quicker dissolution than -lime-water, or even soap-lye, or indeed any known -menstruum, except, perhaps, strong spirit of nitre:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[390]</span> -for, in the first experiment made by Dr. Springsfeld, -a <i>calculus</i> of two ounces and a half was, in this -manner, quite dissolved in six days. From this experiment, -compared with that of Dr. Springsfeld -mentioned above (B), it will be found, upon calculation, -that the dissolving power of the Carlsbad -water, when it is allowed to flow constantly from -the fountain along the stone, is nearly 39 times -greater than when it is only poured fresh on the <i>calculus</i> -once a day<a id="FNanchor_202" href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a>. What may have been the reason -of this surprising difference of the lithontriptic -power of the Carlsbad water in these different circumstances, -I will not pretend to say. I think it -can scarcely be accounted for from the gentle motion -of the water along the surface of the <i>calculus</i>. Was -it then owing to some very volatile active part, which -the water quickly loses, after being taken from the -fountain?</p> - -<p>But how great soever the dissolving power of the -Carlsbad waters may be, when they issue from the -bowels of the earth, yet that they do not communicate -a much greater dissolving power to the urine, -than lime-water, will appear from comparing the -two following experiments.</p> - -<p>In Dr. Springsfeld's Exper. (A) above, the urine of -a person, who drank the Carlsbad waters, reduced, -in 14 days, a piece of <i>calculus</i>, weighing 30 grains, -to 25 grains. And in an experiment made by Dr. -Newcome, now Lord Bishop of Llandaff, who -drank four English pints of oystershell lime-water -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[391]</span>daily, his Lordship's urine reduced, in four months, -a piece of <i>calculus</i>, weighing 31 grains, to three -small bits, weighing in all 6 grains<a id="FNanchor_203" href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>. Whence it -follows, that the dissolving power of his Lordship's -urine must have been to the dissolving power of the -urine of the person who drank the Carlsbad waters -nearly as 35 to 65<a id="FNanchor_204" href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a>. But if we consider, that the -<i>calculus</i> infused in the urine of the person who drank -the Carlsbad waters was kept always in a heat of 96 -degrees, while in Dr. Newcome's experiment, which -was made during part of the autumn and winter, -no artificial heat was used, it will appear probable, -that the dissolving power of his Lordship's urine was -little inferior to that of the person who drank the -Carlsbad waters; for lime-water, in a heat of 96 -degrees, dissolves the <i>calculus</i> at least twice as fast, -as in the common heat of the air in winter. Further, -if it be attended to, that the quantity of Carlsbad -waters drank every day before dinner is from six to -eight lib. while his Lordship only drank four lib. -of lime-water in 24 hours, it will follow, that -whatever the different dissolving powers of the lime-water -and Carlsbad waters may be out of the body, -yet the former seems, in proportion to the quantity -drank, to communicate at least an equal dissolving -power to the urine.</p> - -<p>But without presuming to decide certainly, as to -the comparative virtue of the Carlsbad waters and -lime-water, I shall conclude with observing, that -tho' the Carlsbad waters are less disagreeable to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[392]</span>taste, and may be drank in larger quantity, than -lime-water, yet this last may be drank equally -good in all places, and at all seasons of the year; -which is not the case with the Carlsbad waters.</p> - -<p>November 30. 1757.</p> - -<h3 class="hang chap"><i>An Instance of the Electrical Virtue in the -Cure of a Palsy. By Mr.</i> Patrick Brydone.</h3> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 15, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">ELizabeth Foster, aged 33, in poor circumstances, -unmarried, about 15 years -ago was seized with a violent nervous fever, accompanied -with an asthma, and was so ill, that her life -was despaired of. She recovered however from the -violence of her distemper, but the sad effects of it remained. -For, from this time, she continued in a -weakly uncertain state of health till the month of -July, 1755, when she was again taken ill of the -same kind of fever; and after it went off she was troubled -with worse nervous symptoms than ever, ending -at last in a paralytic disorder, which sometimes affected -the arm, sometimes the leg, of the left side; in such -a manner as that these parts, tho' deprived of all motion -for the time, yet still retained their sensibility. -In this condition she remained till the spring 1756, -when unexpectedly she grew much better; but not -so far as to get quite rid of her paralytic complaints; -which, in cold weather, seldom failed to manifest -themselves by a numbness, trembling, sensation of -cold, and a loss of motion in the left side.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[393]</span></p> - -<p>This paralytic tendency made her apprehensive of -a more violent attack; which accordingly soon happened: -for, about the end of August, in the same -year, her symptoms gradually increased, and in a very -short time she lost all motion and sensation in her left -side. In this state she continued throughout last winter -with the addition of some new complaints; for -now her head shook constantly; her tongue faltered -so much, when she attempted to speak, that -she could not articulate a word; her left eye grew -so dim, that she could not distinguish colours with -it; and she was often seized with such an universal -coldness and insensibility, that those who saw -her at such times scarce knew whether she was dead -or alive.</p> - -<p>Whilst the woman was in this miserable condition, -observing that she had some intermissions, during -which she could converse and use her right leg and -arm, in one of those intervals I proposed trying to relieve -her by the power of electricity. With this view, -I got her supported in such a manner as to receive the -shocks standing, holding the phial in her right hand, -whilst the left was made to touch the gun-barrel. -After receiving several very severe shocks, she found -herself in better spirits than usual; said she felt a heat, -and a prickling pain in her left thigh and leg, which -gradually spread over all that side; and after undergoing -the operation for a few minutes longer, she -cried out, with great joy, that she felt her foot on -the ground.</p> - -<p>The electrical machine producing such extraordinary -effects, the action was continued; and that day -the woman patiently submitted to receive above 200<span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[394]</span> -shocks from it. The consequence was, that the shaking -of her head gradually decreased, till it intirely -ceased; that she was able at last to stand without any -support; and on leaving the room quite forgot one of -her crutches, and walked to the kitchin with very -little assistance from the other. That night she continued -to be well and slept better than she had done -for several months before, only about midnight she -was seized with a faintishness, and took notice of a -strong sulphureous taste in her mouth; but both faintness -and that taste went off, upon drinking a little water. -Next day, being electrised as before, her strength -sensibly increased during the operation, and when -that was over she walked easily with a stick, and could -lift several pounds weight with her left hand, which -had been so long paralytic before. The experiment -was repeated on the third day; by which time she -had received in all upwards of 600 severe shocks. -She then telling us that she had as much power in -the side that had been affected as in the other, we -believed it unnecessary to proceed farther as the electricity -had already, to all appearance produced a compleat -cure. And indeed the patient continued to be -well till the Sunday following, <i>viz</i>. about three days -after the last operation; but upon going that day to -church, she probably catched cold; for on Monday -she complained of a numbness in her left hand -and foot; but, upon being again electrised, every -symptom vanished, and she has been perfectly well -ever since.</p> - -<p>Coldingham, Nov. 1757.</p> - -<p class="right"> -Patrick Brydone. -</p> - -<p> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[395]</span> -That the above is a true and exact account of my -case, and of the late wonderful cure wrought on me, -is attested by</p> - -<p class="right"> -<big>Elizabeth Foster</big>. -</p> - -<p>I was eye witness to the electrical experiments made -by my son on Elizabeth Foster, and saw with pleasure -their happy effects. By the blessing of God accompanying -them, from a weak, miserable, and at -sometimes almost an insensible state, she was, in a -very short time, restored to health and strength; of -which the above is in every respect a true account.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<big>Robert Brydone</big>, -Minister of Coldingham. -</p> - -<h3 class="hang chap"><i>Extract of a Letter from Dr.</i> Whytt <i>to Dr.</i> Pringle, -<i>relating to this Account: Dated</i> Edinburgh, <i>1 Dec. -1757</i>.</h3> - -<p class="noin drop-capi">SOME days ago I had transmitted to me Mr. Brydone's -account (inclosed) of the success of the electrical -shocks in a paralytic patient, attested by the patient -herself, and by Mr. Brydone's father, who is -minister at Coldingham, in the shire of Berwick. At -the same time I had a letter from the Reverend Mr. -Allan, Minister of Eymouth (in the neighbourhood), -informing me, that he had examined the patient particularly, -and found Mr. Brydone's account to be perfectly -true. He further informs me, that he never -observed the electrical shock so strong from any machine, -as from Mr. Brydone's. It seems, that gentleman -has not only applied himself to the study of -natural philosophy, but also of medicine.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<big>Robert Whytt</big>. -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[396]</span> -LI. <i>An Account of some fossile Fruits, and -other Bodies, found in the Island of</i> Shepey. -<i>By</i> James Parsons, <i>M.D. F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>To the Right Honourable the</i> <span class="smcap">Earl</span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap">Macclesfield</span>, -President <i>of the</i> Royal Society.</p> - -<p class="right">Sept. 25, 1757.</p> -<p> -My Lord, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 15, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">BEING ever desirous to promote the -business of this learned Society, I -could not lose the opportunity that presented, of laying -before you an account, and drawings (<i>See</i> <a href="#XV"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> -XV.</a> <i>&</i> <a href="#XVI">XVI.</a>), of a most curious parcel of fossil -fruits, and some other bodies, sent me from Shepey-Island, -by my ingenious friend Mr. Jacob, of Faversham, -Surgeon, and Fellow of the Antiquary Society.</p> - -<p>I do not remember, that fossil seeds, or fruits, are -recorded in our Transactions, tho' many of other kinds -have places in them; nor indeed that the memoirs -of other academies have made mention of any such -fruits; and therefore, as these are chiefly pyritical, -and consequently liable to fall to pieces, I thought it -necessary to make drawings of them while in a sound -state, in order for engraving, if the Society shall think -fit; lest their being so subject to moulder away might -put it out of my power to preserve their forms. However, -I have great hopes I shall be able to preserve the -greater part of them intire till they are shewed to the -Society.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[397]</span> - -In describing these bodies, we shall be obliged to -make the best conjectures we can of some of them -only; for several are sufficiently obvious to every naturalist, -and easily known by comparing them to such -recent fruits, as are frequent enough among us. Some -of them are absolutely exotics; and indeed they are -all rare and curious, and, in my humble opinion, well -worth the notice of the Royal Society.</p> - -<p>Doctor Woodward's catalogue<a id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>, which is so ample -and full of all kinds of fossil bodies, has only a very -few fruits; and these are only some hazle nuts found -in different places, a few pine-cones, and laryxes; and -one fruit, which was taken for an unripe nutmeg. -In this collection before us they are all very different, -and such as have not been seen before.</p> - -<p>It will not be amiss, in this place, to give a short -detail of such bodies as are capable of either being -petrified themselves, or of leaving their impressions -in stony matter. By being petrified, is meant being impregnated -with stony, pyritical, or any other metalline -or sparry matter; for there are inumerable specimens, -wherein all these are apparent.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Testaceous</em></span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Crustaceous Animals</em></span>. -</h3> -<p>The shelly matter of these is of so compact and dry -a nature, that they will endure for ages: and if in a -soil or bed where moisture has access, they will receive -stony matter into their pores, and become ponderous -in proportion to the quantity imbibed. If in a dry -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[398]</span>place, they will remain fair and sharp, suffering very -little change by any length of time; whilst the flesh -of these, being subject to putrifaction, is soon destroyed; -and yet, according to circumstances that happen, -some of these may be replaced in due form by stony -particles. I have a gryphites, with the form of the -fish in its place, as is the case in several of the oyster -kinds. This may be occasioned by the shells being -close, or nearly so, and stony matter gradually insinuating -into their cavity, so as to fill up the whole.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Wood</em>.</span></h3> - -<p>The kinds of wood found fossil are very different: -some are of a firmer texture than others: and this too -is according to the places wherein they are deposited. -Some I have seen so highly impregnated with a fine -stony and pyritical matter, as to bear a polish like a -pebble; some, tho' quite reduced to stone, yet preserving -the fibrous appearance of the original state; -and some which is found in boggy bottoms, being not -at all changed, except in color: this is called bog oak, -or bog deal, well known to country people in many -places of these three kingdoms, who light themselves -about their business with slips of this wood, cut on -purpose instead of candles, as it burns with a clear and -durable flame. It is remarkable, that altho' oak or -fir shall lie ages immersed in water under ground, it -shall not putrify; but acquire such sulphureous particles -by lying in steep, in the bog-water, as to qualify -it for this use. Other wood, deposited in marly -ground, is found incrusted over, trunk and branches, -with a white crust; the wood remaining intire within.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[399]</span> -At other times, wood thus incrusted shall be eroded by -the matter which covers it, having something acrimonious -in its substance. We may add to these, clusters -of the twigs of shrubs, and small wood, which -we find flakes of, incrusted with sparry or calcarious -matter, in many places; parts of which are totally -changed into that matter, whilst others are only inveloped -with it.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Bones</em></span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Animals</em></span>. -</h3> -<p>We see, by every day's experience, that the human -skeleton moulders to dust in a very few years, when -buried in mould: so it does even in vaults, where -the coffins are kept dry. In the first case, the moisture -and salts of the earth divide and dissolve the texture -of the bones; in the latter, those of the air, -which gradually insinuate themselves into them, and -at length destroy them. How long a skeleton whose -bones are well dried and prepared, being totally deprived -of its medullary substance, will last, as we now -order them for anatomical purposes, we cannot say: -but it may be reasonably conjectured, that they will -undergo the fate of the softer kinds of wood, such -as beech, which grows rotten in no great number of -years; because their internal substance is spungy and -cellular, and their crust is very thin, except about the -middle of the bones of the arm and thigh, I mean the -humerus and fœmur. The same destruction would -happen, if bodies were deposited in a sandy soil; because -water finds its way either by dripping downwards, -or by springs underneath. But human skeletons have -been found intire within a rock, where neither moisture<span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[400]</span> -nor air could get at them. Mr. Minors, an eminent -Surgeon and Anatomist of the Middlesex-hospital, -when he was in the Army, at Gibraltar, saw an -intire skeleton, standing upright, in a dry rock, part -of which had been blown up with gunpowder, in carrying -on some works in the fortifications, which left -the skeleton quite exposed. Indeed, the bones of -Elephants have been found in Shepey-Island, but -much destroyed, several of which I have in my Collection; -an account of which we have in the last volume -but one<a id="FNanchor_206" href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> of our Transactions; their size and -substance being so considerable, as to resist for a long -time that decay which those of the human could not -withstand. To these we may add the horns of large -animals, as the elk, and others, which have been -found in bogs, preserved as the bog-oak, <i>&c.</i> mentioned.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Teeth</em></span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Palates</em></span> <i>of</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Fishes</em></span> <i>and other Animals</i>. -</h3> -<p>These are of so hard and firm a texture, as to suffer -no great change, wheresoever found; for we see, -that no erosion appears in them, their enamel and its -polish being intirely preserved; yet sometimes their -roots will be found changed, especially in the yellow -ones, having no enamel to guard them in their roots.</p> - -<h3><i>Parts of</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Vegetables</em></span>. -</h3> -<p>The leaves of plants, whose fibres are firm and dry, -will endure for a long time; but those of a succulent -nature never can, as they putrify very soon. We see -the leaves of ferns of several kinds, polypodium, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[401]</span>tricomanes, and other capillary plants, with nodules -of stone formed about them; flags, reeds, rushes, -equisetum, and many such, of a firm texture, are found -in slate and stone; and even the iuli of trees are said -to have been found fossil as well as their leaves.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Seeds</em></span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Fruits</em></span>. -</h3> -<p>All seeds and the stones of fruits, having a firm -texture, are also capable of being strongly impregnated -with stony and pyritical matter; and I make no -doubt but that the smaller seeds, if carefully looked -for, might be found fossil, as well as these before -you; such, I mean, as have a firmness in the covering; -but being small, and mixt with the dirt, sand, -and the like, probably is the reason of their being overlooked. -Fruits of various kinds are found petrified; -but this is only in their green state, when they are -hard enough to endure till they are impregnated -with stony or mineral particles. The rudiments of -fruits, when once well formed, and a little advanced, -are firm and acid: and the more remote they are -from maturity, the more secure from putrifaction; -and their acid juice is no small help to their preservation -from growing soon rotten. But indeed, when -the fruit advances in growth, the texture grows gradually -more lax; the acid juices are now beginning -to be replaced by saccharine or others more soft; the -fibres are driven farther asunder, and they now arrive at -their most ripe state: and the utmost maturity of fruits -is the next step to putrifaction. Hence they are destroyed -before stony or other particles can have time -enough to impregnate them: and this is exactly the -case with the flesh of animals of every kind. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[402]</span> -husks and hard calyces of fruits, as well as their stones, -are also susceptible of petrifaction.</p> - -<p>If these fruits, which I have the honour to lay before -you, are antediluvian, one would be apt to imagine -they, in some measure, point out, with Dr. Woodward, -the time of year in which the deluge began; -which he thinks was in May: and yet this very opinion -is liable to some objections; because altho' fruits capable -of being petrified, from their green state, may -be pretty well formed in May here, as well as in the -same latitude elsewhere, in favour of this opinion; -yet there are the stones of fruits, found fossil, so perfect, -as to make one imagine they were very ripe, -when deposited in the places where they are discovered; -which would induce one to think the deluge -happened nearer Autumn, unless we could think them -the productions of more southern latitudes, where perhaps -their fruits are brought to perfection before ours -are well formed.</p> - -<p>What follows is a catalogue of these fossil fruits -&c. before you: and I should be glad, if any of the -gentlemen would take the trouble of examining -them, in order to assist in our conjectures about such -of them, as appear doubtful: but first beg leave to -insert the following remark:</p> - -<p>I cannot omit an observation of Doctor Mason, -Woodwardian professor, in this place; which is well -worth notice, and indeed which I never attended to. -It regards the impressions of fishes upon slate. Now -there are several kinds of slate, which have such impressions -upon them: in some there remains only the -bare impression, without any part of the fish; in others -the scales only, but retaining the intire form of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[403]</span> -animal; and in others no part adheres to the slate, -but the skeleton, or part of it, most commonly the -spine. He says that he always observed, that the -bones are never seen but upon the grey or blue slate, -or their impressions; and that the scales or skin are to -be found only upon the black stone or slate; which -makes him conjecture, that something erosive in the -grey slate destroys every part but the bony system; but -that the black, being of a more soft and unctuous nature, -preserves the scales, and often the very skin. This, -however, must be referred to further observation.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp82" id="facing403a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XV"></a>XV. <i>p. 403</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing403a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="captionin">IP MD. <i>delin.</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<p class="center"><a href="#XV">TAB. XV.</a></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 1, 3. -These two bodies seem to be figs, petrified -when hard and green; being, as I have just -observed, then capable of receiving the pyritical -particles, with which they are manifestly -impregnated. One is more perfect in -its form than the other; and they are now -shooting their salts, and will soon fall to -pieces.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 2. appears to be a Myrobalan, distinguished -from the other species of that name by its -round figure; and is called the belleric -Myrobalan. It is nearly destroyed by the -pyritical matter, and will not long remain -whole.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 4. seems to be a species of Phaseolus, one of -those especially distinguished by the fruits. -<i>Fructibus splendentibus nigris.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 5. Another Phaseolus.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 7. Another. See <i>Fig. 4.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[404]</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 8. Semen Cucurbitæ, a large species of American -gourd.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 9. Coffee-berries.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 10, 11. Two species of Beans, very apparent.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 12. Unknown. This, however, appears to be -a fruit, with the calyx running up, and embracing -it, in its hard green state; being -somewhat compressed on the upper part, as -it lay confined in the earth.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 13. <i>An Staphilodendri species?</i> The learned and -reverend Dr. Hales gave me, some years ago, -a handful of the recent fruits, one or two -of which are sent with this fossil one, for -your consideration. He had them from Bengal, -and called them, in the Indian name, -Neermelis; and said the natives used them -to fine down liquors.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 14. A compressed pod of the Arachidna, or -Underground-Pea. The full-grown pods are -much larger, but of various sizes, as are -other kinds. This, however, seems to have -been, when deposited where it was found, -not so far advanced. It has the reticulated -surface, the apex on one side, and every -other character of that fruit or seed-pod, -but somewhat compressed.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 15. is evidently an Acorn. We have of this -species here, and in America also.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 16. An exotic fruit, like a small melon; but -uncertain. It is somewhat deformed by compression.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 17. This I took at first for a fruit; but now I -rather believe it a Fungoides of a very pretty -kind.</p> -<p class="hang"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">[405]</span> -<i>Fig.</i> 18. <i>An Anguria?</i> I take it for a seed of a -species of water-melon.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 19. seems a small plumb-stone.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 20. Unknown. The calyx seems to run up -and embrace this fruit towards the apex.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 21. Unknown. This resembles an American -seed, which I have in my collection, but do -not know its name. Its apex is inclining to -one side; and it appears to have had a strong -pedicle.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 22. <i>An Lachryma Jobi?</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 23. A Cherry-stone.</p> -<div class="figcenter illowp82" id="facing405a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XVI"></a>XVI. <i>p. 406</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing405a.jpg" alt="" /> - - -<div class="captionin">IP <i>MD. delin.</i></div> -<div class="right"><i>J. Mynde sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<p class="center"><a href="#XVI">TAB. XVI.</a></p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 1. <i>An Euonymi species?</i> If this be an Euonymus, -it is not so far advanced as to form the -seeds: and is therefore to be considered only in -its progress from the flower towards seeding: -which is the case in several of these, whose -calyces appear still upon them, and hinder -us from absolutely determining what they are.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 2. A berry of the Sapindus, or Soap-tree, of -America, being not at all deformed, only -having a little lump of pyrites upon it: but -there is another quite free.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 3. <i>Huræ Germen.</i> This is undoubtedly the -young Sand-box, or fruit of the Hura, so well -known for its beautiful form to the curious, -who collect specimens of natural history; -and seems to shew the time of the deluge.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 4. This, I think, is certainly the stone of an -eastern Mango; such as comes over to us<span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[406]</span> -pickled, and, the stone being opened on one -side, is generally stuffed with spices.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 5. <i>Euonymi latifolii species.</i> This is a large -species of Euonymus, perhaps of Clusius.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 6. This body seems to be a Milleped, or Wood-louse. -It is turned round, the two extremities -meeting; which is the attitude assumed -by these animals, upon being in any-wise -obstructed in their passage, or handled.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 7. A small long Bean, like our horse-bean; -but longer than any we have in England.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 8. Unknown to me.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 9. A species of Horse-chesnut from America.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 10. The external husk of the fruit of the Sapindus, -or Soap-tree.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 11. I cannot determine whether this be an -Olive, or the yellow Myrobalan; but believe -it the Myrobalan.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 12. <i>A Palmæ species?</i> It seems a small Palma-coco.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 13, 14. unknown, as well as <i>fig.</i> 15.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 16. Unknown. The reason of the four last being -not to be distinguished is, that they seem -to be the buds of their several species, before -they were perfectly formed. So that while -some of the antediluvian productions are mature, -others appear to be premature; and -consequently one would be inclined to think -them the inhabitants of places of different -latitudes.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 17. A species of foreign Walnut, injured and -compressed.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 18. A Plumb-stone.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 19. The claw of an American Crab; which,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">[407]</span> -being on the opposite side of the mass containing -the body, could not come in view -with it at the same time.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 20. The body of the crab, with other parts, -appearing thro' the stony matter that invelopes -it, which appears to be an induration -of yellow clay.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 21. seems a long American Phaseolus. Part of -the petrified husk is upon it.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 22. An American Echinite of the flat kind, -much resembling that species which Rumphius -calls <i>Echinus sulcatus primus</i>.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>Fig.</i> 23. <i>Arista cujusdam Graminis.</i> This body has -all the characteristics of an ear of corn, or -some species of grass, of which there are -many.</p> - -<p>This has been taken for a spine of an Echinus: -but, as we are to consider its nearest -resemblance to whatsoever body, we must -conclude it as we have said. I never saw -any spine in the least like it; but an ear of -corn, ripe and dry, is as susceptible of being -petrified, as a crustaceous animal, in -every respect. Indeed the spiculæ of the -ear, each arising from the grain, being very -slender, are of course destroyed during the -petrifaction; but the form of the ear is actually -preserved, as much as the nature and -circumstances of the thing will allow.</p> - -<p class="noin"><i>Fig. a.</i> A manifest species of Pediculus Marinus -crumped up.</p> - -<p><i>b.</i> A Seed-vessel, given me by Mr. Da Costa, -found in a clay-pit in Staffordshire.</p> - -<p><i>c.</i> Cocculus Indicus.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[408]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">LII. <i>Observations upon the Comet that appeared -in the Months of</i> September <i>and</i> -October <i>1757, made at the Royal Observatory -by</i> Ja. Bradley, <i>D.D. Astronomer -Royal, F.R.S. and Member of the Royal -Academy of Sciences at</i> Paris.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 22, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">I Deferred to give an account of my -observations upon the Comet that -hath lately appeared, till I could settle the places of -the stars with which it had been compared; several -of them not being inserted in the British catalogue, -and those which are, requiring some small corrections, -which I have since made from my own observations.</p> - -<p>When I first discovered this Comet, it appeared -to the naked eye like a dull star of the 5th or 6th -magnitude; but viewing it thro' a seven-foot Telescope, -I could perceive a small Nucleus (surrounded, -as usual, with a nebulous atmosphere), and a short -tail extended in a direction opposite to the sun.</p> - -<p>Some small stars then appearing in the field of -the telescope with the Comet, I measured its distance -from them with a Micrometer; and on September -12<sup>d</sup> at 16<sup>h</sup> 2' mean time, I found it to be 1° -13' 5" distant from a small star, whose right ascension -was afterwards found to be 89° 49' 40" and declination -36° 11' 30" north: and near the same time -the Comet was observed to be 43' 10" from another -star, whose right ascension was 90° 20' 0" and declination -35° 12' 0" north.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">[409]</span></p> - -<p>Hence I collected, that the Comet's right ascension -was 89° 29' 10" and its declination 35° 0' 20" -north.</p> - -<p>September 13<sup>d</sup> 12<sup>h</sup> 37' mean time (which is likewise -made use of in the following observations), the -Comet had the same right ascension with a small star, -whose right ascension was 93° 5' 30" and declination -34° 36' 40" north; and it was about two minutes -more northerly than the star. Hence the Comet's -right ascension was 93° 5' 30" and its declination 34° -38' 40" north.</p> - -<p>September 14<sup>d</sup> 14<sup>h</sup> 0' the Comet preceded θ Geminorum -1° 31' 35" in right ascension, and was 11' -35" more southerly. The apparent right ascension -of θ Geminorum was then 99° 11' 40" and its declination -34° 13' 25" north. Hence the right ascension -of the Comet was 97° 40' 5" and its declination -34° 1' 50" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 17<sup>d</sup> 13<sup>h</sup> 0' a small star (whose right ascension -was 109° 55' 20" and declination 31° 27' 40") preceded -the Comet 47' 10" in right ascension, and was -12' 30" more northerly. Hence the Comet's right -ascension was 110° 42' 40" and its declination 31° -15' 10" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 19<sup>d</sup> 15<sup>h</sup> 17' a star (whose right ascension -was 118° 29' 40" and declination 28° 9' 45") preceded -the Comet 1° 14' 0" in right ascension, and -was more southerly 15' 45". Hence the Comet's -right ascension was 119° 43' 40" and declination 28° -25' 30" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 23<sup>d</sup> 15<sup>h</sup> 57' a star (whose right ascension -was 134° 55' 45" and declination 22° 15' 55" north) -preceded the Comet 12' 30" in right ascension, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[410]</span> -was 29' 0" more northerly. Hence the Comet's right -ascension was 135° 8' 15" and its declination 21° 46' -55" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 24<sup>d</sup> 15<sup>h</sup> 21' the Comet had the same declination -with a small star that preceded it 10' 15" in -right ascension. This star's right ascension was afterwards -found to be 138° 13' 45" and its declination -20° 5' 20". Hence the Comet's right ascension was -138° 24' 0" and its declination 20° 5' 20" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 28<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 22' the Comet followed Regulus -1° 7' 12" in right ascension, and was 14' 45" more -northerly. The right ascension of Regulus being -then 148° 51' 13" and its declination 13° 8' 35" -north; the Comet's right ascension was 149° 58' 25" -and its declination 13° 23' 20" north.</p> - -<p>Sept. 30<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 24' ρ Leonis (whose right ascension -was 155° 0' 10" and declination 10° 32' 53" north) -followed the Comet 18' 45" in right ascension, and -was 7' 53" more northerly. Hence the Comet's right -ascension was 154° 41' 25" and its declination 10° -25' 0" north.</p> - -<p>October 2<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 48' the 37th star Sextantis. Hevel. -in the British Catalogue (whose right ascension was -158° 21' 25" and declination 7° 38' 40" north) preceded -the Comet 32' 50" in right ascension, and was -3' 20" more southerly. Hence the Comet's right -ascension was 158° 54' 15" and its declination 7° -42' 0" north.</p> - -<p>October 3<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 45' <i>c</i> Leonis (whose right ascension -was 162° 2' 15' and declination 7° 24' 0" north) -followed the Comet 1° 12' 55" in right ascension, and -was 56' 40" more northerly. Hence the Comet's -right ascension was 160° 49' 20" and its declination -6° 27' 20" north.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[411]</span></p> - -<p>October 4<sup>d</sup> 17<sup>h</sup> 0' <i>d</i> Leonis (whose right ascension -was 162° 0' 15" and declination 4° 54' 57" north) -preceded the Comet 40' 15" in right ascension, and -was more southerly 20' 53". Hence the Comet's -right ascension was 162° 40' 30" and its declination -5° 15' 50" north.</p> - -<p>October 7<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 54' the 79th Leonis in the British -Catalogue (whose right ascension was 167° 53' 37" -and declination 2° 44' 15" north) followed the Comet -13' 0" in right ascension, and was more northerly 38' -35". Hence the Comet's right ascension was 167° -40' 37" and its declination 2° 5' 40" north.</p> - -<p>October 8<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 53' the Comet preceded <i>v</i> Leonis -1° 53' 30" in right ascension, and was 37' 20" more -northerly. The right ascension of this star was 171° -7' 45" and its declination 0° 30' 55" north; therefore -the Comet's right ascension was 169° 14' 15" and its -declination 1° 8' 15" north.</p> - -<p>October 11<sup>d</sup> 16<sup>h</sup> 52' the Comet followed <i>v</i> Leonis -2° 33' 30" in right ascension, and appeared 1° 55' 5" -more southerly; but it being near the horizon, the -difference of right ascension must have been contracted -by refraction about 1' 5", and the difference -of declination about 1' 30": so that the corrected -right ascension of the Comet was 173° 42' 20" and -its declination 1° 25' 40" south.</p> - -<p>Immediately after this observation a fog arose, -which prevented me from repeating it; and several -mornings following proving hazy or cloudy, I could -not see the Comet again till October 18th, about an -hour and a quarter before sun-rising; when the twilight -being strong, and the Comet low, it appeared -very faint. However, I was unwilling to omit the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">[412]</span> -opportunity of determining its place, as near as I could, -by a single observation, in the following manner.</p> - -<p>At 6<sup>h</sup> 59' 54" ½ sidereal time, I observed the -passage of the Comet over the perpendicular wire of -my equatorial Sector; then leaving the instrument -in the same position till the next evening, I observed, -that at 22<sup>h</sup> 8' 15" sidereal time, the 17th star of -Eridanus in the British Catalogue passed over the -same wire (or horary circle) 9' 30" more southerly -than the Comet. And at 23<sup>h</sup> 45' 36" sidereal time -the star marked <i>b</i> in Eridanus passed, 19' 55" more -northerly than the Comet.</p> - -<p>I found that the situation of my instrument was -not sensibly altered between the 18th and 19th of -October; for the transits and the difference of declination -of the same stars being observed with it -again on the 19th of October, they agreed very well -with those that were taken the preceding night. It -may therefore be supposed, that the position of the -instrument continued the same likewise during the -time of the foregoing observations.</p> - -<p>The right ascension of the 17th star of Eridanus -being 49° 39' 10" and its declination 5° 55' 25" south; -and the right ascension of <i>b</i> of Eridanus being 73° -59' 15" and its declination 5° 25' 10" south; I collected, -that when the Comet passed the wire (or horary -circle) which was October 17<sup>d</sup> 17<sup>h</sup> 12' mean -time, its right ascension was 182° 34' 0" and its declination -5° 45' 35" south.</p> - -<p>The last time that I saw the Comet was on the -19th of October in the morning; but it then appeared -so faint, that I could not observe its place. -Its elongation from the sun was then but about 20<span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[413]</span> -degrees; and from that day to the present it hath -always been less; which is the principal reason why -it was invisible to us at the time when it was in its -perihelion, and hath remained so ever since. The -elongation will indeed soon become greater, and yet -it is probable that we shall not be able to see the -Comet again; because its real distance from the sun -will be greater than it was when I first saw it, and it -will be also four times further from us than it was -at that time.</p> - -<p>The Comet kept nearly at the same distance from -the earth for ten or twelve days together after I first -saw it; but its brightness gradually increased then, -because it was going nearer to the sun. Afterwards, -when its distance from the earth increased, altho' it -continued to approach the sun, yet its lustre never -much exceeded that of stars of the second magnitude, -and the tail was scarce to be discerned by the -naked eye.</p> - -<p>All the forementioned observations were made with -a Micrometer in a seven-foot Tube, excepting those -of the 3d, 11th, and 17th days of October, which -were taken with a curious Sector constructed for such -purposes by the late ingenious Mr. George Graham; -of which Dr. Smith has given a very exact description -in his third book of Optics.</p> - -<p>Supposing the Trajectory of this Comet to be parabolic, -I collected from the foregoing observations, -that its motion round the sun is <i>direct</i>, and that it -was in its <i>perihelion</i> October the 21st, at 7<sup>h</sup> 55' mean -(or equated) time at Greenwich. That the inclination -of the plane of its Trajectory to the ecliptic is -12° 50' 20"; the place of the descending Node ♉ 4°<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[414]</span> -12' 50"; the place of the Perihelion ♄ 2° 58' 0"; -the distance of the Perihelion from the descending -Node 88° 45' 10"; the Logarithm of the Perihelion -distance 9.528328; the Logarithm of the diurnal -motion 0.667636.</p> - -<p>From these Elements (which are adapted to Dr. -Halley's general Table for the Motion of Comets in -parabolic Orbits), I computed the places of this Comet -for the respective times of the foregoing observations, -as in the following table; which contains -likewise the longitudes and latitudes deduced from -the observed right ascensions and declinations, and -also the differences between the computed and observed -places. These differences (no-where exceeding -40") shew, that the elements here set down will -be sufficient to enable future astronomers to distinguish -this Comet upon another return; but as they -do not correspond with the elements of the orbit of -any other Comet hitherto taken notice of, we cannot -determine at present the period thereof.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[415]</span></p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="orbit"> -<tr><th class="bt bb br bl" colspan="4">Greenwich, 1757. Mean Time.</th> -<th class="bt bb br bl" colspan="4">Comet. Long. Observ.</th> - -<th class="bt bb brd bl" colspan="4">Latit. Observ. </th> -<th class="bt bb br bl" colspan="4">Long. Comp.</th> - <th class="bt bb br bl" colspan="4">Latit. Comput.</th> -<th class="bt bb br bl">Diff. Long.</th> -<th class="bt bb br bl">Diff. Latit.</th></tr> - <tr><td class="bt bb bl tdc"> </td> -<td class="bt bb tdc"><i>d.</i></td> -<td class="bt bb tdc"><i>h.</i></td> -<td class="bt bb br tdc">'</td> -<td class="bt bb bl tdc">S.</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">°</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">'</td> -<td class="bt bb br tdc">"</td> -<td class="bt bb bl tdc">°</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">'</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">"</td> -<td class="bt bb brd"> </td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">S.</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">°</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">'</td> -<td class="bt bb br tdc">"</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc bl">°</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">'</td> -<td class="bt bb tdc">"</td> -<td class="bt bb br tdc"> </td> -<td class="bt bb br bl tdc">"</td> -<td class="bt bb br bl tdc">"</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bl">Sept.</td> -<td class="bt tdr">12</td> -<td class="bt tdr">16</td> -<td class="bt br tdr">2</td> -<td class="bt bl tdc">♊</td> -<td class="bt tdr">29</td> -<td class="bt tdr">34</td> -<td class="bt br tdr">13</td> -<td class="bt bl tdr">11</td> -<td class="bt tdr">32</td> -<td class="bt tdr">16</td> -<td class="bt brd">No.</td> -<td class="bt tdc">♊</td> -<td class="bt tdr">29</td> -<td class="bt tdr">34</td> -<td class="bt br tdr">11</td> -<td class="bt bl tdr">11 </td> -<td class="bt tdr">32</td> -<td class="bt tdr">20</td> -<td class="bt br">No.</td> -<td class="bt br bl tdr">-2</td> -<td class="bt br bl tdr">+4</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr">13</td> -<td class="tdr">12</td> -<td class="tdr br">37</td> - -<td class="tdc bl">♋</td> -<td class="tdr">2</td> -<td class="tdr">35</td> -<td class="tdr br">34</td> -<td class="tdr bl">11</td> -<td class="tdr">12</td> -<td class="tdr">13</td> -<td class="tdr brd"> </td> -<td class="tdc">♋</td> -<td class="tdr">2</td> -<td class="tdr">35</td> -<td class="br tdr">47</td> -<td class="bl tdr">11</td> -<td class="tdr">12</td> -<td class="tdr">11</td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br bl tdr">+13</td> -<td class="br bl tdr">-2</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bb bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">14</td> -<td class="tdr bb">14</td> -<td class="tdr bb br">0</td> -<td class="bb bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">6</td> -<td class="tdr bb">27</td> -<td class="tdr bb br">45</td> -<td class="tdr bb bl">10</td> -<td class="tdr bb">44</td> -<td class="tdr bb">3</td> -<td class="bb brd"> </td> -<td class="bb"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">6</td> -<td class="tdr bb">27</td> -<td class="tdr bb br">42</td> -<td class="tdr bb bl">10</td> -<td class="tdr bb">43</td> -<td class="tdr bb">43</td> -<td class="bb br"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">-3</td> -<td class="tdr bb bl br">-20</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt">17</td> -<td class="tdr bt">13</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">0</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt">17</td> -<td class="tdr bt">49</td> -<td class="tdr br bt">40</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">9</td> -<td class="tdr bt">3</td> -<td class="tdr bt">31</td> -<td class="tdr brd bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt">17</td> -<td class="tdr bt">50</td> -<td class="tdr br bt">16</td> -<td class="tdr bl bt">9</td> -<td class="tdr bt">3</td> -<td class="tdr bt">11</td> -<td class="tdr br bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bl br bt">+36</td> - -<td class="tdr bl br bt">-20</td></tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> -<td class="tdr">15</td> -<td class="tdr br">17</td> - <td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr br">8</td> - <td class="tdr bl">7</td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - <td class="tdr">49</td> -<td class="tdr brd"> </td> -<td> </td> - <td class="tdr">26</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> -<td class="tdr br">50</td> -<td class="tdr bl">7</td> -<td class="tdr">36</td> - <td class="tdr">30</td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="tdr bl br">-18</td> - <td class="tdr bl br">-19</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bb bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">23</td> - <td class="tdr bb">15</td> - <td class="tdr bb br">57</td> - <td class="tdc bb bl">♌</td> - <td class="tdr bb">11</td> - <td class="tdr bb">19</td> - <td class="tdr bb br">18</td> - <td class="tdr bb bl">4</td> - <td class="tdr bb">33</td> - <td class="tdr bb">38</td><td class="tdr brd bb"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">♌</td> - <td class="tdr bb">11</td> - <td class="tdr bb">19</td> - <td class="tdr bb br">4</td> - <td class="tdr bb bl">4</td> -<td class="tdr bb">33</td> - <td class="tdr bb">32</td> <td class="tdr bb br"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb br bl">-14</td> - <td class="tdr bb br bl">-6</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bl tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">24</td> - <td class="tdr bt">15</td> - <td class="tdr bt br">21</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">14</td> - <td class="tdr bt">44</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">19</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">3</td> - <td class="tdr bt">49</td> - <td class="tdr bt">37</td> -<td class="brd bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">14</td> - <td class="tdr bt">44</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">3</td> - <td class="tdr bt">49</td> - <td class="tdr bt">39</td> -<td class="tdr br bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bl br bt">-16</td> - <td class="tdr bl br bt">+2</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> -<td class="tdr br">22</td> -<td class="tdr bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr">27</td> -<td class="tdr">23 </td> - <td class="tdr br">43</td> - <td class="tdr bl">1</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> -<td class="tdr">44</td> - <td class="tdc brd">No.</td> -<td class="tdr"> </td> -<td class="tdr">27</td> -<td class="tdr">23</td> -<td class="tdr br">32</td> - <td class="tdr bl">1</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> -<td class="tdr">52</td> -<td class="tdc br">No.</td> -<td class="tdr br bl">-11</td> - <td class="tdr br bl">+8</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr bb bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bb">30</td> - <td class="tdr bb">16</td> - <td class="tdr br bb">24</td> -<td class="tdc bl bb">♍</td> - <td class="tdr bb">2</td> - <td class="tdr bb">45</td> - <td class="tdr br bb">43</td> - <td class="tdr bl bb">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb">5</td> - <td class="tdr bb">30</td> - <td class="tdc brd bb">So.</td> - <td class="tdc bb">♍</td> - <td class="tdr bb">2</td> - <td class="tdr bb">45</td> - <td class="tdr br bb">39</td> - <td class="tdr bl bb">0</td> - <td class="tdr bb">5</td> - <td class="tdr bb">17</td> - <td class="tdc br bb">So.</td> -<td class="tdr bl bb">-4</td> - <td class="tdr bl br bb">-13</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdc bt bl">Octob.</td> - <td class="tdr bt">2</td> - <td class="tdr bt">16</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">48</td> <td class="tdr bl bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">7</td> - <td class="tdr bt">37</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">43</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">1</td> - <td class="tdr bt">5</td> - <td class="tdr bt">50</td> <td class="tdr brd bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">7</td> - <td class="tdr bt">37</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">42</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">1</td> - <td class="tdr bt">5</td> - <td class="tdr bt">32</td> -<td class="tdr br bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr br bl bt">-1</td> - <td class="tdr br bl bt">-18</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> -<td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr br">45</td> <td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">51</td> - <td class="tdr br">36</td> - <td class="tdr bl">1</td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> <td class="tdr brd"> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">51</td> -<td class="tdr br">29</td> - <td class="tdr bl">1</td> - <td class="tdr">31</td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> <td class="tdr br"> </td> - <td class="tdr br bl">-7</td> - <td class="tdr bl br">-27</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdr bl bb"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb">4</td> - <td class="tdr bb">17 </td> - <td class="tdr br bb">0</td> <td class="tdr bl bb"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb">12</td> - <td class="tdr bb">1</td> - <td class="tdr br bb">4</td> - <td class="tdr bl bb">1</td> -<td class="tdr bb">56</td> -<td class="tdr bb">42</td> <td class="tdr brd bb"> </td> <td class="tdr bb"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb">12</td> - <td class="tdr bb">0</td> - <td class="tdr br bb">25</td> - <td class="tdr bb bl">1</td> - <td class="tdr bb">56</td> - <td class="tdr bb">23</td> <td class="tdr br bb"> </td> -<td class="tdr bl br bb">-39</td> - <td class="tdr bl br bb">-19</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">7</td> - <td class="tdr bt">16</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">54</td> <td class="bt bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt">17</td> -<td class="tdr bt">51</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">3</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">2</td> - <td class="tdr bt">56</td> - <td class="tdr bt">48</td> <td class="bt brd"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt"> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">17</td> - <td class="tdr bt">51</td> - <td class="tdr br bt">6</td> - <td class="tdr bl bt">2</td> - <td class="tdr bt">56</td> -<td class="tdr bt">24</td> <td class="tdr br bt"> </td> -<td class="tdr bt bl br"> +3</td> -<td class="tdr bt bl br">-24</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl"> </td> -<td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr br">53</td> <td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> -<td class="tdr">39</td> -<td class="tdr br">45</td> -<td class="tdr bl">3</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> <td class="tdr brd"> </td> <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdr">19</td> - <td class="tdr">39</td> -<td class="tdr br">33</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">28</td> <td class="br"> </td> -<td class="tdr bl br">-12</td> - <td class="tdr bl br">-39</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr br">52</td> <td class="tdr bl"> </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - <td class="tdr br">22</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3</td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">49</td> <td class="tdr brd"> </td> <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">47</td> - <td class="tdr br">47</td> - <td class="tdr bl">3</td> - <td class="tdr">49</td> -<td class="tdr">29</td> <td class="br"> </td> - <td class="tdr bl br">+25</td> - <td class="tdr bl br">+40</td></tr> - -<tr> <td class="bb bl"> </td> -<td class="bb tdr">17</td> - <td class="bb tdr">17</td> - <td class="bb tdr br">12</td> - <td class="bb tdc bl">♎</td> - <td class="bb tdr">4</td> - <td class="bb tdr">38</td> - <td class="bb tdr br">58</td> - <td class="bb tdr bl">4</td> - <td class="bb tdr">15</td> - <td class="bb tdr">42</td> - <td class="bb tdc brd">So.</td> -<td class="bb tdc">♎</td> - <td class="bb tdr">4</td> - <td class="bb tdr">38</td> - <td class="bb tdr br">36</td> - <td class="bb tdr bl">4</td> - <td class="bb tdr">15</td> - <td class="bb tdr">2</td> - <td class="bb tdc br">So.</td> - <td class="bb tdr br bl">-22</td> -<td class="bb tdr br bl">-40</td></tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[416]</span> -LIII. <i>The Resolution of a General Proposition -for Determining the</i> horary <i>Alteration of -the Position of the Terrestrial Equator, from -the Attraction of the Sun and Moon: With -some Remarks on the Solutions given by -other Authors to that difficult and important -Problem. By Mr.</i> Tho. Simpson, -<i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 22, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">SINCE the time, that that excellent -Astronomer, my much honoured -friend Dr. Bradley, published his observations and -discoveries concerning the inequalities of the precession -of the equinox, and of the obliquity of the ecliptic, -depending on the position of the lunar nodes, mathematicians, -in different parts of Europe, have set -themselves diligently to compute, from physical principles, -the effects produced by the sun and moon, in -the position of the terrestrial equator; and to examine -whether these effects do really correspond with the -observations.</p> - -<p>Two papers on this subject have already appeared -in the Philosophical Transactions; in which the authors -have shewn evident marks of skill and penetration. -There is, nevertheless, one part of the subject, -that seems to have been passed over without a due degree -of attention, as well by both those gentlemen, -as by Sir Isaac Newton himself.</p> - -<p>This part, which, upon account of physical difficulties, -is indeed somewhat slippery and perplexing, -I shall make the principal subject of this essay.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_417">[417]</span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Proposition.</span></h3> - -<p><i>Supposing an homogeneous sphere</i> OABCD (<a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1.</a>) -<i>revolving uniformly about its centre, to be acted on at -the extremity</i> A <i>of the radius</i> OA, <i>in a direction</i> AL -<i>perpendicular to the plane of the equator</i> ABCD, <i>and -parallel to the axis of rotation</i> Pp, <i>by a given force, -tending to generate a new motion of rotation at right -angles to the former; It is proposed to determine the -change, that will arise in the direction of the rotation -in consequence of the said force.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp77" id="image417" style="max-width: 25em;"> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap"><a id="Fig_1"></a>Fig. 1.</span></div> - <img class="w100" src="images/image417.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Let <i>F</i> denote the given force, whereby the motion -about the axis P<i>p</i> is disturbed, supposing <i>f</i> to represent -the centrifugal force of a small particle of matter -in the circumference of the equator, arising from the -sphere's rotation; and let the whole number of such -particles, or the content of the sphere, be denoted -by <i>c</i>: let also the momentum of rotation of the -whole sphere, or of all the particles, be supposed, -in proportion to the momentum of an equal number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[418]</span> -of particles, revolving at the distance OA of the -remotest point A, as <i>n</i> is to <i>unity</i>.</p> - -<p>It is well known, that the centripetal force, whereby -any body is made to revolve in the circumference -of a circle, is such, as is sufficient to generate all the -motion in the body, in a time equal to <i>that</i>, wherein -the body describes an arch of the circumference, -equal in length to the radius. Therefore, if we here -take the arch AR = OA, and assume <i>m</i> to express -the time, in which that arch would be uniformly -described by the point A, the <i>motion</i> of a particle -of matter at A (whose central force is represented -by <i>f</i>) will be equal to <i>that</i>, which might be uniformly -generated by the force <i>f</i>, in the time <i>m</i>; and the motion -of as many particles (revolving, all, at the same -distance) as are expressed by <i>cn</i> (which, by hypothesis, -is equal to the momentum of the whole body), -will, consequently, be equal to the momentum, that -might be generated by the force <i>f</i> × <i>cn</i>, in the same -time <i>m</i>. Whence it appears, that the momentum of -the whole body about its axe P<i>p</i> is in proportion to -the momentum generated in a given particle of time -<i>m'</i>, by the given force <i>F</i> in the direction AL, as -<i>ncf</i> × <i>m</i> is to <i>F</i> × <i>m'</i>, or, as <i>unity</i> to -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>m'</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> -(because -the quantities of motion produced by unequal -forces, in unequal times, are in the ratio of the forces -and of the times, conjunctly). Let, therefore, AL be -taken in proportion to AM, as -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>m'</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> -is to <i>unity</i> -(supposing AM to be a tangent to the circle ABCD -in A), and let the parallelogram AMNL be compleated; -drawing also the diagonal AN; then, by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[419]</span> -the composition of forces, the angle NAM (whose -tangent, to the radius OA, is expressed by OA × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>m'</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span>) -will be the change of the direction of the -rotation, at the end of the aforesaid time (<i>m'</i>). But, -this angle being exceeding small, the tangent may be -taken to represent the measure of the angle itself; -and, if Z be assumed to represent the arch described -by A, in the same time (<i>m'</i>) about the center O, we -shall also have <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>m'</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>m</i></span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">Z</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">AR</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">Z</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">AO</span></span>, and consequently -OA × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>m</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>m'</i></span></span> = Z × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span>. -From whence it appears, -that the angle expressing the change of the direction -of the rotation, during any small particle of time, -will be in proportion to the angle described about -the axe of rotation in the same time, as <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> is to -<i>unity</i>. <i>Q.E.I.</i></p> - -<p>Altho', in the preceding proposition, the body is -supposed to be a perfect sphere, the solution, nevertheless, -holds equally true in every other species of -figures, as is manifest from the investigation. It is -true, indeed, that the value of <i>n</i> will not be the -same in these cases, even supposing those of <i>c</i>, <i>f</i> -and <i>F</i> to remain unchanged; except in the spheroid -only, where, as well as in the sphere, <i>n</i> will -be = ⅖; the momentum of any spheroid about its -axis being 2-5ths of the momentum of an equal -quantity of matter placed in the circumference of -the equator, as is very easy to demonstrate.</p> - -<p>But to shew now the use and application of the -general proportion here derived, in determining the -regress of the equinoctial points of the terrestrial<span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[420]</span> -spheroid, let AE<i>a</i>F (<i><a href="#Fig_2">Fig. 2.</a></i>) be the equator, and -P<i>p</i> the axis of the spheroid: also let HECF represent -the plane of the ecliptic, S the place of the sun, -and HAPNH the plane of the sun's declination, -making right-angles with the plane of the equator -AE<i>a</i>F: then, if AK be supposed parallel, and -OKM perpendicular, to OS, and there be assumed -<i>T</i> and <i>t</i> to express the respective times of the annual -and diurnal revolutions of the earth, it will appear -(from the <i>Principia</i>, B. III. prop. xxv.) that the -force, with which a particle of matter at A tends -to recede from the line OM in consequence of the -sun's attraction, will be expressed by <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>3tt</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>TT</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> × <i>f</i>; -<i>f</i> denoting the centrifugal force of the same particle, -arising from the diurnal rotation. Hence, by the -resolution of forces, <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>3tt</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>TT</i></span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> × <i>f</i> will be the -effect of that particle, in a direction perpendicular to -OA, to turn the earth about its center O.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="image420" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap"><a id="Fig_2"></a>Fig. 2.</span></div> -<img class="w100" src="images/image420.jpg" alt="" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">[421]</span></p> - -<p>But it is demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton, and -by other authors, that the force of all the particles, -or of all the matter in the whole spheroid AP <i>ap</i>, to -turn <i>it</i> about its center, is equal to ⅕th of the force -of a quantity of matter, placed at A, equal to the -excess of the matter in the whole spheroid above -<i>that</i> in the inscribed sphere, whose axis is P<i>p</i>. Now -this excess (assuming the ratio of π to 1, to express -<i>that</i> of the area of a circle to the square of the radius) -will be truly represented by - -<span class="fraction"> -<span class="fnum">4π</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">3</span> -</span> × OP × (OA² - OP²); - -and, consequently, the force of all the matter in the -whole earth, by - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>3tt</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>TT</i></span> </span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> - -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">4π</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">15</span> </span> -× OP × (OA²- OP²). - -Let, therefore, this quantity be now substituted for -<i>F</i>, in the general formula <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span>, writing, at the same -time, <span class="fraction"> -<span class="fnum">4π</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">3</span> -</span> × OA² × OP, and ⅖, in the place of their -equals <i>c</i> and <i>n</i>; by which means we have (here) - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>F</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>ncf</i></span></span> -= <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>3tt</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>2TT</i></span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OA² - OP²</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA²</span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AK × OK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA²</span></span>. - -Put the given quantity - -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>3tt</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>2TT</i></span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OA² - OP²</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA²</span></span> -= <i>k</i>; - -and let the angle -EA<i>e</i> represent the horary alteration of the position -of the terrestrial equator, arising from the force <i>F</i> -(here determined), and let the arch E<i>e</i> be the regress -of the equinoctial point E, corresponding thereto: -then, in the triangle EA<i>e</i> (considered as spherical) -it will be sin. <i>e</i>∶ sin. AE (∷ sin. EA<i>e</i>∶ sin. E<i>e</i>) - -∷ EA<i>e</i> ∶ E<i>e</i> -(= <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. AE x EA<i>e</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">sin. E</span></span>) -= <i>k</i> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. AE</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">sin. E</span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">AK × OK</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA²</span></span> -= <i>k</i> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. AE × cos. AH × sin. AH</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">sin. E</span></span>. - -But in -the triangle EHA, right-angled at A (where HA is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[422]</span> -supposed to represent the sun's declination, AE his -right ascension, and HE his distance from the equinoctial -point E<a id="FNanchor_207" href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>) we have (<i>per spherics</i>) -</p> -<table summary="distance"> -<tr><td>sin. AE</td> <td>∶</td> <td>1 (rad.)</td> -<td>∷</td> -<td>co-t. E</td> <td>∶</td> <td>co-t. AH,</td></tr> - -<tr><td>(sin. AH)²</td> <td>∶</td> <td>(sin. EH)²</td> <td>∷</td> <td>(sin. E)²</td> -<td>∶</td> <td>1² (rad.²)</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="noin">From whence we get, sin. AE × co-t. AH × (sin. AH)² -= (sin. EH)² × co-t. E × (sin. E)². But co-t. AH × -sin. AH = co-s. AH × 1 (rad.), and co-t. E × sin. E -= co-s. E × 1 (rad.): therefore sin. AE × co-s. AH -× sin. AH = (sin. EH)² × co-s. E × sin. E; and, consequently, - -<i>k</i> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">sin. AE × co-s. AH × sin. AH</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">sin. E</span></span> - -= <i>k</i> × co-s. E × sin. EH² (= E<i>e</i>). -</p> - -<p>Let, now, the sun's longitude EH be denoted by -Z (considered as a flowing quantity); then, (sin. Z)² -being = ½-½ co-s. 2 Z, we shall have <i>k</i> × co-s. E × -(sin. EH)² = ½<i>k</i> × co-s. E × (1-co-s. 2 Z). But the -angle described about the axe of rotation P<i>p</i>, in the -time that the sun's longitude is augmented by the particle -Ż, will be = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> × Ż. -Therefore (by the general -proposition) we have, as 1∶ ½<i>k</i> × co-s. E × (1-co-s. 2 Z) -∷ <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> × Ż∶ ½<i>k</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> × co-s. E × Ż-Ż co-s. 2 Z, -the true regress of the equinoctial point E, during -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[423]</span>that time: whose fluent, ½<i>k</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> × co-s. E × -(Z- ½ sin. 2 Z), will consequently be the total regress of -the point E, in the time that the sun, by his apparent -motion, describes the arch HE or Z; which, on the -sun's arrival at the solstice, becomes barely = ½<i>k</i> × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> × co-s. E × an arch of 90°∶ the quadruple whereof, -or ½<i>k</i> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum"><i>T</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden"><i>t</i></span></span> -× co-s. E × 360° (= <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3<i>t</i></span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">4<i>T</i></span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OA²-OP²</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA²</span></span> -× co-s. E × 360°) is therefore the whole annual precession -of the equinox caused by the sun. This, -in numbers (taking <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">OP</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">OA</span></span> = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">229</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">230 </span></span>) -comes out <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">4 × 366¼</span></span> × -<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">2</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">230½</span></span> × 0.917176 × 360° = 21´´ 6´´´.</p> - -<p>The very ingenious M. Silvabelle, in his essay on -this subject, inserted in the 48th volume of the Philosophical -Transactions, makes the quantity of the annual -precession of the equinox, caused by the sun, to -be the half, only, of what is here determined. But -this gentleman appears to have fallen into a twofold -mistake. First, in finding the <i>momenta of rotation</i> -of the terrestrial spheroid, and of a very slender ring, -at the equator thereof; which <i>momenta</i> he refers -to an axis perpendicular to the plane of the sun's -declination, instead of the proper axe of rotation, -standing at right angles to the plane of the equator. -The difference, indeed, arising from thence, with -respect to the spheroid (by reason of its near approach -to a sphere) will be inconsiderable; but, in the ring, -the case will be quite otherwise; the equinoctial -points thereof being made to recede just twice as fast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[424]</span> -as they ought to do. This may seem the more -strange, if regard be had to the conclusions, relating -to the nodes of a satellite, derived from this very -assumption. But, that these conclusions are true, is -owing to a second, or subsequent mistake, at Art. -27; where the measure of the sun's force is taken -the half, only, of the true value; by means whereof -the motion of the equinoctial points of the ring is -reduced to its proper quantity, and the motion of -the equinoctial points of the terrestrial spheroid, to -the half of what it ought to be.</p> - -<p>That expert geometrician M. Cha. Walmsley, in -his Essay on the Precession of the Equinox, printed -in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions, -has judiciously avoided all mistakes of this last kind, -respecting the sun's force, by pursuing the method, -pointed out by Sir Isaac Newton; but, in determining -the effect of that force, has fallen into others, -not less considerable than those above adverted to.</p> - -<p>In his third Lemma, the momentum of the whole -Earth, about its diameter, is computed on a supposition, -that the momentum or force of each particle is -proportional to its distance from the axis of motion, -or barely as the quantity of motion in such particle, -considered abstractedly. No regard is, therefore, had -to the lengths of the unequal levers, whereby the particles -are supposed to receive and communicate their -motion: which, without doubt, ought to have been -included in the consideration.</p> - -<p>In his first proposition, he determines, in a very -ingenious and concise manner, the true annual motion -of the nodes of a ring (or of a single satellite) at the -earth's equator, revolving with the earth itself, about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[425]</span> -its center, in the time of one siderial day. This motion -he finds to be = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3co-s. 23° 29´</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">4 rad.</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">366¼</span></span> × 360°. Then, -in order to infer from thence, the motion of the equinoctial -points of the earth itself, he, first, diminishes -that quantity, in the ratio of 2 to 5: Because (as is -demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton in his 2d Lemma) -the whole force of all the particles situated without the -surface of a sphere, inscribed in the spheroid, to turn -the body about its center, will be only 2-5ths of the -force of an equal number of particles uniformly disposed -round the whole circumference of the equator, -in the fashion of a ring. The quantity (<span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3co-s. 23° 29´</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">4 rad.</span></span> -× ⅖ × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">366¼</span></span> × 360°) thus arising, will, therefore, express -the true motion of the equinoctial points of a -ring, equal in quantity of matter to the excess of the -whole earth above the inscribed sphere, when the force -whereby the ring tends to turn about its diameter is -supposed equal to the force whereby the earth itself -tends to turn about the same diameter, in consequence -of the sun's attraction. Thus far our author agrees -with Sir Isaac Newton; but, in deriving from hence -the motion of the equinoctial points of the earth itself, -he differs from him; and, in the corollary to his third -Lemma, assigns the reasons, why he thinks Sir Isaac -Newton, in this particular, has <i>wandered a little from -the truth</i>. Instead of diminishing the quantity above -exhibited (as Sir Isaac has done) in the ratio of all the -motion in the ring to the motion in the whole earth, -he diminishes it in the ratio of the motion of all the -matter above the surface of the inscribed sphere to the -motion of the whole earth: which matter, tho' equal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[426]</span> -to that of the ring, has nevertheless a different momentum, -arising from the different situation of the -particles in respect to the axis of motion.</p> - -<p>But since the aforesaid quantity, from whence the -motion of the earth's equinox is derived, as well by -this gentleman, as by Sir Isaac Newton, expresses truly -the annual regress of the equinoctial points of the -ring (and not of the hollow figure formed by the -said matter, which is greater, in the ratio of 5 to 4) -it seems, at least, as reasonable to suppose, that -the said quantity, to obtain from thence the true -regress of the equinoctial points of the earth, ought -to be diminished in the former of the two ratios -above specified, as that it should be diminished in the -latter. But, indeed, both these ways are defective, -even supposing the momenta to have been truly -computed; the ratio, that ought to be used here, -being that of the momenta of the ring and earth -about the proper axe of rotation of the two figures, -standing at right-angles to the plane of the ring and of -the equator. Now this ratio, by a very easy computation, -is found to be as 230²-229² to ⅖ of 230²; -whence the quantity sought comes out = <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">3co-s. 23° 29´</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">4 rad.</span></span> -× <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">366¼</span></span> × <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">230²-229²</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">230²</span></span> × 360° = 21´´ 6´´´: which is the -same that we before found it to be, and the double -of what this author makes it.</p> - -<p>What has been said hitherto, relates to that part -of the motion only, arising from the force of the sun. -It will be but justice to observe here, that the effect of -the moon, and the inequalities depending on the -position of her nodes, are truly assigned by both the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_427">[427]</span> -gentlemen above-named; the ratio of the diameters of -the earth, and the density of the moon being so assumed, -as to give the maxima of those inequalities, -such as the observations require: in consequence -whereof, and from the law of the increase and decrease -(which is rightly determined by theory, tho' the -absolute quantity is not) a true solution, in every other -circumstance, is obtained.</p> - -<p>The freedom, with which I have expressed myself, -and the liberty I have here taken, to animadvert -on the works of men, who, in many places, have -given incontestible proofs of skill and genius, may, -I fear, stand in need of some apology. 'Tis possible -I may be thought too peremptory. Indeed, I might -have delivered my sentiments with more caution and -address: but, had not I imagined myself quite clear -in what has been advanced, from a multitude of concurrent -reasons, I should have thought it too great -a presumption to have said any thing at all here, on -this subject. The great regard I have for this Society, -of which I have the honour to be a member, -will, I hope, be considered as the motive for my -having attempted to rectify some oversights, that -have occurred in the works of this learned body.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[428]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">LIV. <i>Remarks upon the Heat of the Air in</i> -July 1757. <i>in an Extract of a Letter -from</i> John Huxham, <i>M.D. F.R.S. to</i> -William Watson, <i>M.D. F.R.S. dated at</i> -Plymouth <i>19th of that Month. With additional -Remarks by Dr.</i> Watson.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 22, -1757.</div> - -<p class="noin"><span class="dropcapb"><span class="dropfix">“</span>F</span>ROM the beginning of June last -we have had a very dry season, -generally very warm, and sometimes excessively -hot. From the 7th to the 14th of this month -the heat was violent; greater, indeed, than has -been known here in the memory of man. I -have talked with several persons, who have lived -a considerable time in Jamaica, Gibraltar, and -Minorca; and they severally assert, that they never -felt such intense heat in any of those places. -Upon the 11th, 12th, and 13th of this month, -Fahrenheit's thermometer, in the shade, about -three o'clock in the afternoon, was at 87; nay, -upon the 12th it was even above 88.</p> - -<p>Abundance of people have suffered very severely -from these excessive heats: putrid, bilious, petechial, -nervous fevers, are exceedingly common -every-where. Dysenteries, hæmorrhages, most -profuse sweats, affect not only those in fevers, but -a vast many others. The days and nights were -so intolerably hot, that little or no sleep was to -be gotten day or night. The wind we had, like -the Campsin, actually blew hot, tho' strong.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[429]</span></p> - -<p>Upon the 15th, about seven at night, at Falmouth, -Penryn, Truro, and thereabouts, a pretty -smart shock of an earthquake was felt, attended -with a hollow rumbling noise, throwing down -pewter, china-ware, and such-like. The tinners -felt it eighty fathom under ground. No great -damage however was done. The day before we -had, about eleven o'clock before noon, a most -violent hurricane, which lasted five or six minutes, -attended with a heavy shower.”</p> - -<p>Thus far Dr. Huxham.</p> - -<p class="p2">The heat of the air at London, during the period -above-mentioned, was much greater than has been -usually observed in these high latitudes; tho' it was -never quite so severe here as at Plymouth. The following -table exhibits the degrees of the heat, taken -here upon the respective days, about four o'clock in -the afternoon, by a Fahrenheit's thermometer. The -instrument was placed in the shade; and the accuracy -of the observer, who favoured me with his minutes, -is not to be questioned.</p> - -<table summary="heat"> -<tr><td>1757. July</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>75</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">6</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>78</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">7</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>75½</td> -</tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="tdr">8</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>78</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">10</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>80¼</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">11</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>83¼</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">12</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>80¼</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">13</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>80</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">14</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>85</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">15</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>81</td> -</tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">16</td> <td>― ―</td> <td>73</td> -</tr></table> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_430">[430]</span> - -From hence it appears, that the air at London -was, upon several days, hotter than it had been observed -at Madeira for ten years together: for, by -Dr. Thomas Heberden's observations, mentioned in -the Philosophical Transactions, the heat of the air at -Madeira, during that period, was never but once -at 80.</p> - -<p class="right"> -<big>William Watson</big>. -</p> -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">LV. <i>Remarks upon the Letter of Mr.</i> John -Ellis, <i>F.R.S. to</i> Philip Carteret Webb, -<i>Esq; F.R.S. printed in the</i> Philosophical -Transactions, <i>Vol.</i> xlix. <i>Part</i> ii. <i>p.</i> 806. -<i>By Mr.</i> Philip Miller, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 15, -1757.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">THE paper of mine, which was -read before the Royal Society on -the 8th of May 1755, and afterward printed in the -xlixth volume of the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>, -was written at the request of Mr. Watson; who informed -me, that a letter from the Abbé Mazeas to the -reverend Dr. Hales had been communicated to the -Royal Society, in which it was mentioned, that the -Abbé Sauvages had made a discovery of the juice of -the Carolina Toxicodendron staining linen of a permanent -black. But Mr. Watson said, that the letter, -he thought, required a careful perusal before it was -printed; and he wished I would confirm it. I told -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[431]</span>him, if the letter was put into my hands, I would -look it over, and deliver my opinion of it.</p> - -<p>Accordingly Dr. Birch delivered the letter to me; -and, upon reading it, I found, that tho' this might -be a discovery to those two gentlemen; yet, as it had -been mentioned in several printed books long before, -I thought it might not be for the reputation of the -Royal Society to have it printed as such in their -Transactions.</p> - -<p>This was my motive for writing that paper: in -which I have not endeavoured to depreciate the discovery -of the Abbé Sauvages, but have only mentioned -what had occurred to me in those books of -botany, where that shrub is taken notice of. And -as the knowlege of it, and the method of collecting -the varnish, might be of service to the inhabitants of -the British colonies in America, I took the liberty of -adding the account given of it by Dr. Kœmpfer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ellis, in his letter to Mr. Webb, asserts, that -the American <i>Toxicodendron</i> is not the same with -Kœmpfer's <i>Arbor vernicifera legitima</i>. This assertion -of his makes it necessary to lay before the -Society the authorities, upon which I have grounded -my belief, that they are the same. But it may not -be amiss first to take notice, that the shrub mentioned -by the Abbé Sauvages is the same with that, -which the gardeners about London call the Poison-ash. -The title of it, mentioned by the Abbé Sauvages, -was given by myself to that shrub, in a catalogue -of trees and shrubs, which was printed in the -year 1730; before which it had no generical title -applied to it. And about the same time I sent several -of the plants to Paris and Holland with that title,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[432]</span> -which I had raised a few years before from seeds, -which were sent by Mr. Catesby from Carolina.</p> - -<p>And altho' this shrub had not been reduced to any -genus before, yet it had been some years growing in -the gardens of the Bishop of London at Fulham, at -Mr. Reynardson's at Hillenden, Mr. Darby's at Hoxton, -and in the Chelsea garden, which were raised -from seeds sent by Mr. Banister from Virginia; two -of which were growing at Chelsea in the year 1722, -when the care of that Garden was intrusted to me.</p> - -<p>The first intimation I had of the American shrub -being the same with Dr. Kœmpfer's true varnish-tree, -was from the late Dr. William Sherard, in the year -1726, when that gentleman desired me to bring him -a specimen of the American Toxicodendron from the -Chelsea garden; which I accordingly did: and then -the Doctor, and Dr. Dillenius, compared it with a -dried specimen in the collection of the former, which -was gathered in Japan, and which, if I remember -right, he told me he received from Dr. Kœmpfer -some years before. It appeared to those two gentlemen, -that they were the same; and their skill in the -science of botany was never doubted.</p> - -<p>About a year after this, I carried a specimen of -the American Toxicodendron to an annual meeting -of some botanists at Sir Hans Sloane's in Bloomsbury; -where there were present Mr. Dale of Braintree, Mr. -Joseph Miller, Mr. Rand, and some others; which -was then compared with Dr. Kœmpfer's specimen, -whose collection Sir Hans Sloane had purchased: and -it was the opinion of every one present, that they -were the same. Nor has any one doubted of their -being so, who has compared the American shrub<span class="pagenum" id="Page_433">[433]</span> -with Kœmpfer's figure and description of his true -varnish-tree, but Mr. Ellis.</p> - -<p>And now give me leave to examine his reasons for -differing in opinion from every late botanist, who -has mentioned this shrub.</p> - -<p>He says, that the midrib, which supports the lobe -leaves, is quite smooth in the poison-ash, as is also -the under side of the leaves; whereas Dr. Kœmpfer, -in his description of the midrib of the true varnish-tree, -calls it <i>læviter lanuginoso</i>; and in his description -of the lobes or <i>pinnæ</i> he says, they are <i>basi inequaliter -rotunda</i>; whereas those of the poison-ash -come to a point at their footstalks nearly equal to -that at the top. These characters, Mr. Ellis thinks, -are sufficient to prove, that they are different plants: -and he blames Dr. Dillenius for having omitted these -necessary characters in his description of it; and -supposes this must have misled the accurate Linnæus, -who quotes his synonyma.</p> - -<p>But as Dr. Linnæus is possessed of Kœmpfer's -book, he would little have deserved the appellation -of accurate in this particular, had he not consulted -the original, but trusted to a copy. But this I know -he has done, and is as well assured, that the plants -in question are the same, as Mr. Ellis can be of the -contrary.</p> - -<p>But here I must observe, that the branch, from -which Dr. Kœmpfer's figure is taken, is produced -from the lower part of a stem, which seems to have -been cut down, and not from a flowering branch; -and it is not improbable, that his description may -have been taken from the same branch: and if this -be the case, it is easy to account for the minute differences<span class="pagenum" id="Page_434">[434]</span> -mentioned by Mr. Ellis; for it would not be -difficult to produce instances of hundreds of different -trees and shrubs, whose lower and upper branches -differ much more in the particulars mentioned by -Mr. Ellis, than the figure and description given by -Kœmpfer do from the American Toxicodendron. -I will only mention two of the most obvious: the -first is the white poplar, whose shoots from the lower -part of the stem, and the suckers from the root, are -garnished with leaves very different in form and size -from those on the upper branches, and are covered -on both sides in the spring with a woolly down. -The next is the willow with smooth leaves, which, if -a standard, and the head lopped off, as is usual, the -young shoots are garnished with leaves much broader, -and of different forms from those on the older -branches; and these have frequently a hairy down -on their under surface, which does not appear on -those of the older. So that a person unacquainted -with these differences in the same tree would suppose -they were different. And the American Toxicodendron -has varied in these particulars much more, in -different seasons, than what Mr. Ellis has mentioned.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ellis next says, that the Toxicodendron mentioned -by Mr. Catesby, in his Natural History of Carolina, -is not the same with that, which is now called -by the gardeners poison-ash: but I am very positive -of the contrary; for most of the plants in the nursery-gardens -about London were first raised from the seeds, -which were sent by Mr. Catesby from Carolina; -part of which were sent to the late Dr. Sherard, as -is mentioned by him in the Philosophical Transactions, -Nº. 367; and another part came to my<span class="pagenum" id="Page_435">[435]</span> -hands, from which I raised a great many of the -plants, which were distributed, and some of them -are now growing in the Chelsea garden.</p> - -<p>And that this shrub grows naturally in Carolina, -I can have no doubt, having received the seeds of it -two or three times from the late Dr. Dale, who gathered -them in the woods of that country.</p> - -<p>In my paper above-mentioned I likewise observed, -that the seeds, which were sent to the Royal Society -by Father D'Incarville, for those of the true varnish-tree, -did not prove to be so; but the plants, which -were raised from them, were taken to be referred to -the spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer; which I believed -to be the same, and own, that it is yet my -opinion, notwithstanding what Mr. Ellis has said to -the contrary: for the number of lobes or <i>pinnæ</i> on -each leaf, with their manner of arrangement on the -midrib, are the same. And here we must observe, -that the figure of this given by Kœmpfer is from a -flowering branch; and every gardener or botanist -must know, that the leaves, which are situated immediately -below the flowers of most winged-leaved -plants, have fewer lobes or <i>pinnæ</i>, than those on the -lower branches: therefore I must suppose it to be the -case in this plant; and from thence, with some other -observations which I made on the seeds, I have asserted -it to be the wild or spurious varnish-tree of -Kœmpfer. But Mr. Ellis is of a contrary opinion, -because the base of the lobes of those plants, which -were raised from Father D'Incarville's seeds, are -rounded and indented like two ears. In Dr. Kœmpfer's -figure and description of the <i>fasi-no-ki</i>, the -leaves are intire, and come to a point at their base.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_436">[436]</span></p> - -<p>Here I think Mr. Ellis is a little too hasty in giving -his opinion, as he has not seen this plant in the state, -that the branch was, from which Kœmpfer's figure -was taken. For as there are often such apparent -differences between the leaves on the lower branches -of trees, and those which are at their extremities, as -that in the descriptive titles of the species Dr. Linnæus -frequently uses them to distinguish one from -another; so in making the same allowance for the -plant in question, I cannot help thinking that I am -in the right, and must abide by my opinion, till the -plants, which have been raised from Father D'Incarville's -seeds, have flowered, to convince me of -the contrary.</p> - -<p>However, I cannot help observing, that Mr. Ellis -has given a title to this shrub before he had seen any -of the characters, which are necessary to determine -the genus. And I have pretty good reason to believe -it should not be joined to the Rhus; for the three -seeds, which I received from the Royal Society, -were shaped like a wedge, being thicker on one -edge than the other, and not unlike those of the -beech-tree, as I noted in my catalogue when I sowed -them; and, by their structure, seemed as if the -three seeds had been inclosed in the same capsule.</p> - -<p>If it proves so, this will by no means agree with -the characters of Rhus; especially if the male flowers -should grow upon different plants from the fruit, -which is what I suspect. Nor can I agree with Dr. -Linnæus in this particular of joining all the species of -Toxicodendron to the genus of Rhus, many of -which have their male flowers growing upon different -plants from the fruit; and therefore would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_437">[437]</span> -more properly come into his twenty-second class of -<i>Dioecia</i>, than his fifth of <i>Pentandria</i>, into which he -ranges the Rhus. At the bottom of the characters -of that genus he has added a note, to shew the -varnish-tree is so.</p> - -<p>But as there are several other species which agree -in this essential character of distinction; so, according -to the Linnæan system, they should be separated -from the Rhus, with another generical title.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ellis observes, upon the poetical description, -which he lays Kœmpfer has given of the leaves of the -wild varnish-tree turning red in the autumn, that he -had not found it to be the case of the tree growing in -the stove at Busbridge. How it appeared in that situation, -I know not; but the leaves of all those, which -are growing in the Chelsea garden, and stand in the -open air, do constantly change to a purple colour in -the autumn, before they fall off from the shrub: -but those of the true varnish-tree are much more remarkable -for the deepness of their colour.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ellis says, he had received a letter from Dr. -Sibthorp, professor of botany at Oxford, in which -the Doctor informs him, that there is no specimen -of the true varnish-tree in the Sherardian collection -at Oxford; but that there is one of <i>fasi-no-ki</i>, or -spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer. How the Doctor -could write so, I cannot conceive; for I am very sure -there was no specimen of the latter in that collection -while it remained in London, having myself often -viewed that part of it: and sure I am, Dr. Dillenius -never added that synonym to the former: and I do -believe the latter was no other way known in Europe, -than by Kœmpfer's figure and description of it, excepting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_438">[438]</span> -that specimen of Kœmpfer's now in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>But, to confirm what I have before said, of Dr. -Sherard's having a specimen of the true varnish-tree, -I beg leave to quote what Dr. Dillenius has written -in the <i>Hortus Elthamensis</i>; where, after having described -the American Toxicodendron, he says, <i>Ceterum -historiam verniciferæ arboris Japoniæ, diligenter -et accurate more suo exsequutus est laudatus -Kœmpferius, cujus et descriptio et figura, quin et -planta sicca, quæ in Japonia lecta servatur in phytophylacio -Sherardino, nostræ huic speciei examussim -quadrat: id tantum, sexus nempe differentia, prætervisa -fuit auctori: quoniam autem ille liber non in -omnium his in locis, multo minus in America, manibus -versatur, non alienum videtur, si qui, quorum -interest, hæc legerint, ut norint, quæ ille de collectione -& preparatione vernicis illius habet, hoc loco -transcribere.</i> Then he goes on transcribing from -Kœmpfer the manner, in which it is collected.</p> - -<p>After this, I find Mr. Ellis is inclinable to think, -that the poison-ash, as it is called by the gardeners, -is the same with the <i>fasi-no-ki</i>, or spurious varnish-tree -of Kœmpfer. The difference between these -shrubs does not consist in small and minute particulars, -but the most obvious striking marks of distinction -appear at first sight; for the poison-ash has rarely -more than three or four pair of lobes to each leaf, -terminated by an odd one: in which particular it -agrees with the true varnish-tree of Kœmpfer; -whereas in the figure, which Kœmpfer has given of -the spurious varnish-tree, the leaves have seven or -eight pair of lobes terminated by an odd one: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_439">[439]</span> -this figure, as I before observed, is drawn from a -flowering branch. Every one, who is the least acquainted -with these things, knows, that the leaves -immediately below the flowers are considerably less -than those on the lower part of the branches: therefore -this is a more essential note of distinction than -those mentioned by Mr. Ellis.</p> - -<p>I must also observe, that Mr. Ellis would suggest, -that I supposed these two shrubs were only varieties -of each other produced by culture: whereas it must -appear to every one, who reads my paper, that my -intention in mentioning the spurious varnish-tree -was to shew it was different from Kœmpfer's true -varnish-tree, altho' Kœmpfer supposes otherwise.</p> - -<p>For the satisfaction of the curious, I have added -a leaf of each shrub, which are now growing in -the Chelsea garden, that if any person has the curiosity, -they may compare them with Kœmpfer's.</p> - -<p>In my paper I took notice, that one of the best -kinds of varnish was collected from the Anacardium -in Japan; and recommended it to the inhabitants of -the British islands in America, to make trial of the -occidental Anacardium, or Cashew-nut tree, which -abounds in those islands. This has occasioned Mr. -Ellis to take great pains to shew, that the eastern -and western Anacardium were different trees: a fact, -which was well known to every botanist before; and -of which I could not be ignorant, having been possessed -of both sorts near thirty years. But as I was -assured, from many repeated experiments, that the -milky juice, with which every part of the Cashew-tree -abounds, would stain linen with as permanent a -black as that of the oriental Anacardium; so I just<span class="pagenum" id="Page_440">[440]</span> -hinted, that it was worth the trial. Nor was my -hint grounded on those experiments only, but on -the informations I had received from persons of the -best credit, who had resided long in the American -islands, that people are very careful to keep their -linen at a distance from those trees, well knowing, -that if a drop of the juice fell upon it, they could -never wash out the stain.</p> - -<p>But Mr. Ellis, in order to prove that this tree has -no such quality of staining, says, he has made some -experiments on the caustic oil, with which the shell -or cover of the Cashew-nut abounds; and that he -found it was not endued with any staining quality. -But surely those experiments cannot be mentioned to -prove, that the milky juice of the tree has not this -property: and Sir Hans Sloane, in his History of -Jamaica, says, that the inhabitants of Jamaica stain -their cottons with the bark of the Cashew-tree.</p> - -<p>I shall not intrude farther on the patience of the -gentlemen, who may be present when this paper is -read; but humbly crave their pardon for detaining -them so long: nor should I have given them this -trouble, had not I thought my reputation concerned -on the occasion.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_441">[441]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">LVI. <i>An Answer to the preceding Remarks. -By Mr.</i> John Ellis, <i>F.R.S.</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Read Jan. 19, -1758.</div> - -<p class="drop-capi">MY letter to Mr. Webb, which is -printed in the second part of the -xlixth volume of the Philosophical Transactions<a id="FNanchor_209" href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a>, -was intended to shew this Honourable Society, that -Mr. Miller, in his reply to the Abbé Mazeas's letter, -had brought no proofs to lessen the discovery, which -he tells us the Abbé Sauvages had made, in attempting -to improve the art of painting or staining linens -and cottons of a fine durable black colour, by making -use of the juice of the Carolina pennated Toxicodendron, -instead of the common method of staining -black with gauls and a preparation of iron; which, he -says, always turns to a rusty colour when washed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller, instead of producing the proper proofs, -to shew that this method of staining cottons and -linens of a black colour was known before, or quoteing -the authors in which he says it is mentioned, -contents himself with telling the Society, that this -American Toxicodendron is the same plant with the -true varnish-tree of Japan; and that callicuts are -painted with the juice of this shrub.</p> - -<p>In my letter to Mr. Webb, I have endeavoured to -shew, that notwithstanding the authority of Dr. Dillenius, -and the authors that have followed him, it -does not appear, from Dr. Kœmpfer's description of -this Japan plant, that it can be the same with our -American one.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_442">[442]</span></p> -<p>The design, then, of this paper, is to lay before -this Society some further reasons, why these plants -cannot be the same; and that even if they were the -same, Mr. Miller has produced no authority to shew, -that this juice was ever made use of for this purpose -abroad; with some remarks on his reply to my letter, -in which he obliges me to be more particular -than I intended, in explaining some errors, which I -find he has run into.</p> - -<p>In my letter to Mr. Webb, I have pointed out the -exact description, which Kœmpfer has given us of -the leaves of this plant, shewing how much they -differ from our American one: but now I shall -mention some observations that escaped me before, -and which, I think, will give us a clearer proof of -this matter.</p> - -<p>Kœmpfer, then, informs us, that this Japan varnish-tree, -or <i>Sitz-dsju</i>, is a tree, not a shrub: and -this author (it is well known) is remarkably exact -in the description of his Japan plants, making the -necessary distinctions between a shrub, an arborescent -shrub, and a tree. He then goes on to explain the -manner of its growth; and tells us, that it grows with -long sappy shoots, very luxuriantly, to the height of -a sallow or willow-tree, which we may reasonably -allow to be from 20 to 30 feet: whereas this Carolina -pennated Toxicodendron, as Mr. Miller tells us -in his Dictionary, 6th edit. in folio, is a shrub, and -seldom rises above five feet high with us: and many -people, who have been in North America, agree, -that it is but a slow grower there, and is one of the -shrubby underwoods of that country: so that, allowing -it to grow even double the height it does<span class="pagenum" id="Page_443">[443]</span> -here, it is still but a shrub, in companion with the -other.</p> - -<p>Further, while Dr. Dillenius was warm with this -supposed discovery, of our having got the true Japan -varnish-tree in America, attempts were made there, -by intelligent persons under his direction, to procure -this varnish after the manner of Kœmpfer; but -without success, as I am assured by persons of that -country now here, with whom the Doctor corresponded.</p> - -<p>Let us now consult the growth of the Carolina -and Virginia Sumachs, or Rhus's, in our nursery-gardens, -and compare them with this little shrubby -Toxicodendron, and we shall find, that even in this -cold climate nature keeps her regular proportionable -pace in the growth of vegetables of the same country.</p> - -<p>Let us observe the growth of some of these -Rhus's, and we shall find that great luxuriancy of -the shoots, which Kœmpfer so justly describes in his -varnish-tree. One of these American ones even seems -to promise the same height as the Japan Rhus; -whereas this little shrubby Toxicodendron still preserves -the same dwarfish slow-growing habit, that it -has in its native country.</p> - -<p>This leads me, in the next place, to shew, that -these two plants must be of different genus's; the -one a Rhus, and the other a Toxicodendron: and -if so, according to Mr. Miller, they ought to be -properly distinguished, and not ranked together, as -Dr. Linnæus has done.</p> - -<p>In order to prove this, let us then examine Kœmpfer's -description of the parts of the flower, and see<span class="pagenum" id="Page_444">[444]</span> -whether it does not answer exactly to the genus of -Rhus; and whether the flowers are not male and -female in themselves, that is, hermaphrodites, on -the same tree. The original of Kœmpfer is as follows, -p. 791 of his <i>Amœnitates</i>: “Flosculos continent -pumilos, et citra coriandri seminis magnitudinem -radiantes, in luteum herbaceos, pentapetalos, -petalis carnosis nonnihil oblongis et repandis, -staminibus ad petalorum interstitia singulis, -apicatis, brevissimis, stylo perbrevi tricipite, floris -turbini insidente; fructus flosculum excipit gibbosus -utcunque in rhomboides figuram compressus.” -Whereas Dr. Dillenius, and the authors -that have copied after him, say, that his Toxicodendron -has the male blossoms on one plant, and the -female on the other; from whence it must evidently -be another genus.</p> - -<p>It appears, however, that Dr. Dillenius was not -altogether ignorant of this difference of genus in -these two plants; but, rather than his Toxicodendron, -which he had made agree exactly in the leaves, -should not agree in the fructification, he makes the -accurate Kœmpfer guilty of an unpardonable oversight, -in not taking notice of the difference of the -sexes of this varnish-tree in different plants: whereas -we have just now shewn, that nothing can be more -minutely and judiciously described, than he has done -both the male and female parts of the blossom, -which change into the fruit on the same plant.</p> - -<p>The original of Dr. Dillenius's remarks on Dr. -Kœmpfer's specimen runs thus: “Planta sicca, quæ -in Japonia lecta, servatur in phytophylacio Sherardino, -nostræ huic specie examussim quadrat, id<span class="pagenum" id="Page_445">[445]</span> -tantum sexus nempe differentia prætervisa fuit auctori.” -Hence we find how this error came to -spread, and this false synonym to be adopted by the -botanic writers, who copied after Dillenius.</p> - -<p>This shews us what little dependance we can have -upon the result of that meeting, which Mr. Miller -mentions he had with his botanic friends; where, -from the similitude of leaves only, without the parts -of fructification, they determined these two plants, -so different in their growth, to be one and the same -plant.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller remarks very justly, that the leaves of -the same tree often vary much in shape, such as -those of the poplar, sallow, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>But in answer to this, we may reasonably suppose, -that Dr. Kœmpfer, who was on the spot, would not -choose for his specimens leaves of the most uncommon -sorts that were on the tree, and neglect the -most common. This would be carrying the supposition -farther than can be allowed, unless we suppose -this author had not the understanding even of -a common gardener; for otherwise, I am persuaded, -Sir Hans Sloane would not have thought his specimens -worth purchasing.</p> - -<p>For another synonym to the true Japan varnish-tree, -as also to Dillenius's pennated Toxicodendron -with rhomboidal fruit, Mr. Miller brings in (in his -answer to the Abbé Mazeas's letter) the Bahama -Toxicodendron <i>foliis alatis fructu purpureo pyriformi -sparso</i> of Catesby's Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 40. so that he -would have all these three different plants one and the -same; and, in his reply to my letter, he still insists on -it, that these two Toxicodendrons are the same. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_446">[446]</span> -here I must beg the favour of this Honourable Society, -when they come more attentively to consider -this matter, to compare his answer to the Abbé Mazeas's -letter, and his reply to me, in this particular -part.</p> - -<p>I shall only at present take notice, that Catesby -says, this Toxicodendron, with the pear-shaped fruit, -grows usually on rocks in Providence, Ilathera, and -other of the Bahama islands; and does not mention, -that he ever saw it in Carolina. I cannot find it described -by any author as growing in Carolina, or in -any other part of the continent of North America: -nor do I believe that there is a plant of it now growing -in England, or that it is even the same genus -with Dillenius's rhomboidal-fruited one, from the -different structure both of its leaves as well as fruit.</p> - -<p>In looking over Dr. Linnæus's <i>Hortus Cliffortianus</i>, -I find he gives this Bahama Toxicodendron of Catesby -as a synonym to his <i>Elemifera foliis pinnatis</i>, -p. 486.</p> - -<p>I now come to that part of Mr. Miller's reply, relating -to the China varnish-tree, that was raised from -seeds sent to the Royal Society by Father D'Incarville; -where he still insists on it, that this is the -same with the spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer. His -reasons are, that notwithstanding the indentation and -roundness of the bottom of the lobe-leaves of the -China varnish-tree, and tho' the lobe-leaves of the -spurious Japan varnish-tree come to a point at the -base, and are no-way indented, but quite even on -the edges; yet he says, because they have an equal -number of <i>pinnæ</i>, or lobe-leaves, on the whole leaf -of each tree, they must be the same.</p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="facing447a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap"><a id="Tab_XVII"></a>Tab.</span> XVII. <i>p. 447</i>. -</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing447a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="captionin"><i>Rhus sinense foliis alates foliolis oblongis</i></div> -<div class="captionin"><i>Acuminatis ad basin sultrotundis et dentatis.</i></div> - -<div class="captionin"><i>J. Mynde delin et sc.</i></div> - -<div class="right"><i>Ex Horto Betanice Philippe Carter. & Webb. Armig.</i></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[447]</span> - -In answer to this, I say their lobe-leaves are not -equal; for I have examined both the specimens and -drawings of Dr. Kœmpfer's spurious varnish-tree, and -I don't find that the number of the <i>pinnæ</i> exceed seven -on a side: whereas I have a small specimen of a leaf -by me, that was taken from the top of one of D'Incarville's -China varnish-trees, which is above eight -feet high, and stands in an open exposure; and this -leaf, tho' but a foot long, has 12 lobe-leaves, on a side, -and each lobe indented at the base<a id="FNanchor_210" href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>. At the same -time I observed, that the leaves of the young shoots -of another tree were a yard long, as they were this -summer at the garden of the British Museum. Another -thing is remarkable in the leaves of this China -varnish-tree; and that is, the lobes of the leaves, as -they approach to the end, grow smaller and smaller; -whereas in the spurious Japan varnish-tree they are -rather, if there is any difference, larger towards the -end.</p> - -<p>I shall make this further remark, that tho' these -indentations on the lobe-leaves may vary in number -in this China varnish-tree; yet, as I observed before, -since they are continued on even in the smaller leaves -at the top of the branches of a tree eight feet high -in the open ground, it appears to me, that this specific -character, besides the form and insertion of the -lobe-leaves, will ever distinguish it as a different -species from the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i>, or spurious varnish-tree -of Kœmpfer.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller now goes on to tell us, he is confirmed -in his belief of their being the same, by making -some observations on the seeds of this China varnish-tree; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[448]</span>and therefore asserts, that they are the same. -It is natural to suppose he compared them with the -accurate drawings of the seeds of Kœmpfer's <i>Fasi-no-ki</i>, -p. 794. that being the only place where the seeds -of it are described.</p> - -<p>In the very next paragraph Mr. Miller seems to -forget, that from his own observations on the seeds -of the China varnish-tree, he has asserted it to be -the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i> of Kœmpfer; but now he finds, in -his memorandums, that those seeds were wedge-shaped, -and like the seeds of the beech-tree; and -that all the three seeds he received seemed to be inclosed -in one capsule: so that now he is at a loss -what to call it; and at the same time says I have -been too hasty in calling it a Rhus.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller goes on, and allows this China varnish-tree -changes to a purple in the autumn; but not so -deep as the true varnish-tree. I suppose he means, -by this true varnish-tree, the Carolina pennated Toxicodendron; -for Kœmpfer has not told us what colour -the true varnish-tree of Japan changes to in -autumn.</p> - -<p>But this is no certain proof on either side of the -question, only a corroborating circumstance of the -species of a tree: nor should I have mentioned it, -but for the manner in which Kœmpfer, with an -imagination truly poetical, describes the autumnal -beauty of his <i>Fasi-no-ki</i>, or spurious varnish-tree. -“Rubore suo autumnati quâ viridantes sylvas suaviter -interpolat, intuentium oculos e longinquo in -se convertit.” Even this description would make -one suspect it is not the same with the China varnish-tree, -which, I am informed, did not turn purplish in -the garden of the British Museum till the first frost<span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[449]</span> -came on: whereas it is well known, that some of -the Rhus's and Toxicodendrons, particularly the Carolina -pennated one, change to a fine scarlet colour -in the beginning of a dry autumn, even before any -frost appears.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller seems surprised, how I should think, -that the Carolina pennated Toxicodendron, or poison-ash -is like the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i> of Kœmpfer. I must here -acknowledge, at this time, not having seen Doctor -Kœmpfer's specimen, I imagined, from the shape of -the lobe-leaves (as he has described them) and from -the remarkable scarlet colour of both these trees in -autumn, that Mr. Miller might be right in what he -has advanced; for it was from his authority I took it, -depending on the information he gives us in his Dictionary, -fol. edit. 6. under the article <i>Toxicodendron</i>, -where he takes some pains to assure us, that they -are the very same plants.</p> - -<p>In the next paragraph I find Mr. Miller has intirely -mistaken the meaning of one part of my letter -to Mr. Webb; which I must recommend to him -to read again, and he will find it exactly <span class="err" title="original: agees">agrees</span> with -his own sentiments. There he will find my opinion -is, that notwithstanding the change of soil and situation, -this <i>Sitz-dsju</i>, or true varnish-tree, and the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i>, -or spurious varnish-tree of Kœmpfer, are distinct -species of Rhus or Toxicodendron, and will -ever remain so.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller now desires me, since I have seen Dr. -Kœmpfer's specimens in the British Museum, to declare, -whether I think I am mistaken.</p> - -<p>In answer to this, and to satisfy Mr. Miller as -well as myself, I have been very lately at the Museum,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_450">[450]</span> -and have looked very carefully over Dr. Kœmpfer's -specimens, and do sincerely think, as did other -judges at the same time, that the <i>Sitz-dsju</i> is not -the same with the Carolina pennated Toxicodendron, -nor the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i> the same with Father D'Incarville's -China varnish-tree.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller informs us, that one of the best kinds of -varnishes is collected from the Anacardium in Japan.</p> - -<p>In answer to this, I must beg leave to shew the -Society, that Dr. Kœmpfer does not so much as -mention, that this Anacardium grows in Japan; but -that the varnish, which is collected from it, is brought -to them from Siam: and I believe it will appear -plainly, from what follows, that there is not a plant -of this kind in the kingdom of Japan; for Siam and -Cambodia, especially the parts of those kingdoms, -where Kœmpfer informs us this Anacardium<a id="FNanchor_211" href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> grows, -lie in the latitudes of from 10 to 15 degrees north, -which must be full as hot as our West Indies: so -that it is not probable, that it would bear the cold -of the winters in Japan; for Japan lies from the latitudes -of 33 to above 40 degrees north, which is -about the same parallel with our North American -colonies.</p> - -<p>I shall now beg leave to lay before the Society -that passage of Dr. Kœmpfer, which relates to this -dispute, together with my translation of it, that it -may be compared with Mr. Miller's translation, which -he gives us in his reply to the Abbé Mazeas's letter, -Philosoph. Trans. vol. xlix. p. 164. 2d paragraph.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[451]</span></p> -<p>Dr. Kœmpfer, in his <i>Amœnitates</i>, p. 793. speaking -of the true varnish-tree, says, “Colitur frequens -in provinciis Tsi-kocko et Figo, in quibus inserti -agris scapi radices agunt et caudices edunt post -triennium vernicem suppeditantes. Optima regionis, -quin totius mundi, vernix perhibetur circa -urbem Jassino colligi. Vernicem ceres Japonica -largitur oppido nobilem et pretiosissimam, sed admodum -parcam; nec pro operibus, quæ regio -construit, sufficeret, nisi prius cum, <i>Nam Rak</i>, i. e. -vernice ignobiliore ex Siamo invecta, pro basi illinerentur. -Siamensis vernix promitur in provincia -Corsama, et regno Cambodiæ ex arbore Anacardo, -incolis <i>Tong Rak</i>, i. e. <i>Arbor Rak</i> dicta, cujus -fructus officinis nostris Anacardium dictus <i>Luk -Rak</i>, liquor <i>Nam Rak</i> appellatur. Perforatus -truncus immisso tubulo, tantâ copiâ fundit liquorem -ut Sinæ, Tunquino et Japoniæ pro deliniendis -utensilibus sufficiat, quin jam Bataviam et alia Indiæ -loca vasis ligneis inclusa appellit.”</p> - -<p>Which, translated into English, appears to me to -be thus:</p> - -<p>'This varnish-tree is often cultivated in the provinces -of Tsi-kocko and Figo: there they plant -the cuttings or truncheons in the fields, which take -root, and send forth vigorous shoots, which in -three years time yield this varnish.</p> - -<p>'The best varnish of the kingdom, nay, of the -whole world, is said to be collected about the city -of Jassino. The produce in Japan of this most -noble and very precious varnish, is so very little, -that there would not be sufficient for the wares -made in the kingdom, if they did not first lay on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[452]</span> -a ground with an ordinary kind of varnish, which -they call <i>Nam Rak</i>, and is brought to them from -Siam.</p> - -<p>'This Siam varnish is collected in the province of -Corsama, and in the kingdom of Cambodia, from -the tree Anacardus, called by the inhabitants <i>Tong</i> -or <i>Tree-Rak</i>; the fruit of which is called in our -shops Anacardium, or <i>Luk Rak</i>, and the liquor is -called <i>Nam Rak</i>.</p> - -<p>'To collect this liquor, they bore a hole in the -trunk, and put in a tube. By this method they -get as much of it as is sufficient not only to varnish -all the utensils of China, Tonquin, and Japan, but -it is even exported in close wooden vessels to Batavia, -and other parts of India.'</p> - -<p>The original of Kœmpfer, p. 794. speaking of the -true Japan varnish, is as follows: “Prostat non sincera -modo, sed et colorata, vel cinnabari nativa -Sinensi, vel terra rubra (quam Batavi antea, nunc -Sineses advehunt) vel atramenti popularis materiâ.”</p> - -<p>Which I apprehend may be read thus in English:</p> - -<p>'This varnish is not only sold quite pure, but -likewise coloured, and that with Chinese native -cinnabar, and a kind of red earth, which the -Dutch formerly, but now the Chinese, bring them; -and also with the materials that they make their -common (or Japan) ink of.'</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller translates it thus (<i>See p.</i> 164. <i>vol.</i> xlix. -<i>Phil. Transact.</i>): 'This varnish is used without mixture -to stain black: but the Chinese mix native -cinnabar, or a red kind of earth, with it, to make -a different colour.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_453">[453]</span></p> - -<p>Here we may observe, that Mr. Miller uses the -words staining black; which is not the sense of the -author, who, by mentioning the materials of Japan -ink, shews, that even in varnishing black it was necessary -to use this black mixture.</p> - -<p>Further, Mr. Miller says, that the Chinese mix -these colouring ingredients with this varnish: but -the original plainly says, that the Chinese import -them, and the Japanese mix them <span class="err" title="original: with varnish">with their varnish</span> -for sale.</p> - -<p>And in a former part of this letter, p. 162. vol. -xlix. Phil. Trans. he says, speaking of this true varnish-tree, -that callicuts are painted with the juice of -this shrub. But this bare assertion of his, without -producing a proper authority, I am persuaded this -Honourable Society will never admit as a matter of -proof to invalidate the discovery of the Abbé Sauvages.</p> - -<p>In looking over one of the numbers of Mr. Miller's -Dictionary, under the title of Anacardium, I -find he quotes a passage from Dr. Grew, which Sir -Hans Sloane has placed among his observations on -the Cashew-tree, <i>Hist. Jam. vol.</i> ii. <i>p.</i> 127. which is, -that cottons are stained with lime, and the oil, or -mellaginous succus, called Mel Anacardium (but for -the account of this Mel Anacardium I shall refer to -Parkinson's Theat. p. 1568); and Mr. Miller seems -to think it difficult to know which of the Anacardiums -is here meant.</p> - -<p>One would be apt think, from this passage, and -another that follows a little after in the same page of the -Hist. of Jamaica, relating to the black dye of the mellago -of this nut, that Sir Hans, at the time his history<span class="pagenum" id="Page_454">[454]</span> -was published, thought them, as Caspar Bauhin did, -of the same genus, but different species; and therefore -he has mixt the observations on both together.</p> - -<p>For, immediately after mentioning the staining of -cottons with this mellaginous succus, Sir Hans says, -that the gum is, in faculties and colour, like gum-arabic; -and that it is given internally in female obstructions; -and that the juice stains linen, which will -not wash out suddenly: but he says it is false, that -they remain till they flower next year, as Du Tertre -asserts.</p> - -<p>Sir Hans further quotes, from an anonymous Brasilian -author, that the apples stain linen; and that -the gum is good to paint and write; and the bark -dyes yarn and vessels serving for pots.</p> - -<p>And in another place he quotes De Laet, who -compiled a general history of America, and who -likewise takes his quotation from an old Brasilian -author, treating of the trees of Brasil, That the gum -of the Acajou is used by painters; the bark is used to -dye cotton-yarn and earthen ware. Here I must remark, -tho' foreign to our present purpose, that in the -original of Laet, what relates to the earthen ware -runs thus: “Et a faire de vaisseaux de terre.” So -that I believe it will appear more probable, that the -bark of these trees was used rather to burn earthen -ware vessels, than to dye them, as we find these -earthen vessels were used to boil their victuals in.</p> - -<p>These two quotations from Sir Hans Sloane confirm -the former, with regard to the use of the gum; -that is, its being fit, like gum-arabic, to be used for -water-colours, and to make ink; and that it is the -juice of the apple that stains, but this we find is not -durable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[455]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Miller has now only the bark of the Cashew-tree -left to support his argument. This the above-mentioned -Brasilian writers say, that the native Indians -of Brasil used to dye their cotton-yarn with; -but of what colour no mention is made. And whether -this bark is used to give strength to this yarn, -as we dye and tan our fishing-nets with oak-bark, or -for ornament, is uncertain; for a great deal of this -yarn was used in the making their net-hammocks, -as well as their coarse garments.</p> - -<p>Mr. Miller then introduces Sir Hans Sloane, in -opposition to Dr. Browne, whose History of Jamaica -I had quoted, to prove that the juice of the Acajou -was of the same nature and properties with that of -the gum-arabic, and consequently not fit for varnish: -whereas it plainly appears from the foregoing quotations, -taken from Sir Hans Sloane, that Dr. Browne -is right, and agrees exactly in opinion with him.</p> - -<p>He then makes Sir Hans say, that the inhabitants -of Jamaica stain their cottons with the bark of the -Cashew-nut tree. By this, one would naturally conclude, -that Mr. Miller has been endeavouring to -prove, in opposition to the Abbé Mazeas's letter, -that the art of painting or staining cottons of a fine -deep black colour, equal to that discovered by the -Abbé Sauvages, as described in his experiments on -the Carolina Toxicodendron, was practised by the -English forty or fifty years ago in Jamaica.</p> - -<p>If this was the case, it is something surprising, -that, notwithstanding our great intercourse with that -island, the callico-printers of England never got intelligence -of this valuable secret.</p> - -<p>Further, if Mr. Miller will consult Piso and Margrave,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_456">[456]</span> -writers of the best authority on the Brasilian -plants, he will find their accounts of the Acajou -exactly correspond with that delivered by Dr. Browne, -in his History of Jamaica, as well as Sir Hans Sloane's: -for they say, that the juice of this tree is equal in -virtue, and mechanical uses, to the best gum-arabic. -And if he still doubts, I shall lastly recommend him -to go to the British Museum, and there he may see -a most elegant specimen of the Cashew-gum, which -will put this matter quite out of all doubt.</p> - -<p>I shall now leave the decision of this controversy, -which Mr. Miller has obliged me so fully to explain -in my own vindication, to the candour and impartiality -of this Honourable Society.</p> - -<p class="hang"><i>P.S.</i> Since the foregoing paper was read, Professor -Sibthorp was so kind to deliver me an -exact drawing of the <i>Fasi-no-ki</i> in the Sherardian -collection at Oxford, taken by the Rev. -Mr. William Borlase, F.R.S. the title and -synonym of which are both in the Hand-writing -of Dr. Dillenius, as the Professor assures -me. See <a href="#XVIII"><span class="smcap">Tab.</span> XVIII.</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter illowp56" id="facing456a" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> -<div class="caption"><i>Philos. Trans. Vol. L.</i> <span class="smcap">Tab.</span> <a id="XVIII"></a>XVIII. -<i>p.</i> 456.</div> - <img class="w100" src="images/facing456a.jpg" alt="" /> - -<div class="center"><i>Fasi-noki</i></div> - -<div class="center"><i>Foccicodendron foliis alatis fructu Rhomboide H. Elth. from Japan.</i></div> - -<div class="right"><i>In Horto situ Shorards Oxon.</i></div> - -<div class="captionin"><i>W. Borlase delin. -J.M.Sc.</i></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[457]</span> -LVII. <i>A Letter to the Rev.</i> Thomas Birch, -<i>D. D. Secr. R.S. concerning the Number -of the People of</i> England; <i>by the Rev. -Mr.</i> Richard Forster, <i>Rector of</i> Great -Shefford <i>in</i> Berkshire.</h2> -</div> -<p class="right">Shefford, Nov. 9. 1757.</p> -<p> -Rev<sup>d</sup> Sir, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Dec. 22, -1757.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">Since I did myself the honour of -writing to you in July<a id="FNanchor_212" href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>, my bookseller -has sent me part ii. of vol. xlix. of the Transactions; -in which<a id="FNanchor_213" href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> I find another medium advanced -to determine the amount of the people in England: -and this is the number of houses, which pay the -window-tax, and which “amount to about 690,000, -besides cottages, that pay nothing.” To this is -added, that “tho' the number of cottages be not accurately -known, it appears from the accounts given -in, that they cannot amount to above 200,000.”</p> - -<p>Here I cannot but express my concern, that this -very ingenious gentleman has not been a little more -explicit, by informing us, what these accounts are, -upon which he builds so positive a conclusion. The -law requires no such accounts to be delivered in; and -parish-officers cannot be accused of works of supererogation: -besides (which is more to the purpose) I am -very certain no such accounts have been given in from -this part of the world. On the other hand, in all -parts of England, which I have seen (and that is, -I think, almost the whole) the number of cottages -greatly exceeds that of all other houses, except in -the middle of towns, and some villages about London.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_458">[458]</span>This is agreeable to the general interpretation of -that sentence passed upon our original parent, that <i>he -should eat bread by the sweat of his brows</i>; which is, -that the majority of his descendents should be poor -labouring people. This I do not mention with design -to defend the interpretation, but only to shew -the general sense of mankind.</p> - -<p>As my notion of the matter differs so widely from -that of this worthy gentleman, I did every thing in -my power to check any mistake, which might arise -from a fondness of one's own opinion; and which, -I hope, will vindicate me in the eye of every candid -inquirer. In a word, I set myself to count all the -houses in several contiguous parishes; and then examined -how many of them paid the window-tax, or -duty upon houses. And here I must observe, that -if there be any small mistake, it can hardly be supposed -to be in favour of my own scheme; because I -had the whole number of houses, by counting as I -rode along; and some might possibly be missed, tho' -of this I took the utmost care: whereas the number -of those, that pay the window-tax, I had from the -collectors rolls.</p> - -<p>The following table is the fruit of my labours:</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="tax"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Great Shefford</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">90</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">17</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Little Shefford</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">12</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">3</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Welford</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">162</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">62</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Chaddleworth</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">62</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">20</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Bright-Walton</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">72</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">21</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Catmore</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">10</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Farmborough</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">34</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">5</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">Fawley</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">47</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">7</td> -</tr><tr><td class="tdl">East Garston</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">99</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">41</td> -</tr> - <tr><td> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="tdr bt">588</td> <td class="bt">―</td> <td class="tdr bt">177</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_459">[459]</span> - -Here we see, that out of 588 houses only 177 -pay the window-tax. Now if we say with the philopher -<i>ex pede Herculem</i>, and suppose, that 200,000 -taxable houses stand in the country, we shall have -the following proportion, 177: 588∷ 200,000: -664406, for the whole number of houses that stand -in the country, commonly so called.</p> - -<p>Again, Lamborn parish, in which is a market-town, -contains 445 houses, of which 229 pay the -window-tax. Now if we suppose, in like manner, -200,000 taxable houses to stand in country towns (I -mean of the middling and inferior classes), we must -then say 229: 445∷ 200,000: 388646, the whole -number of houses, that stand in country towns.</p> - -<p>The remaining 290,000 houses must be placed in -cities and flourishing towns; and must have Dr. -Brakenridge's proportion assigned them; for without -all doubt he had some reason for pitching upon such -numbers; and as they could not be taken from -country towns or villages, must be assumed from the -present state of some flourishing place. Upon this -supposition, we must say 690,000: 200,000:: 290,000 -: 84,058. for the number of cottages in great towns; -which, if added to the houses that pay, makes the -whole number in large towns to be 374,058. These -three sums added together make the total amount of -houses in the nation to be</p> - -<table summary="houses"> - <tr><td class="tdr">664,406</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr">388,646</td></tr> - <tr> <td class="tdr">374,058</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="bt bb">1,427,110</td></tr> - </table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_460">[460]</span> - -The two former of these numbers should be multiplied -by 5, and the latter by 6. The reason of -this difference is the great quantity of servants kept -in large towns.</p> - -<table class="autotable" summary="servants"> -<tr><td class="tdr">1,053,052</td> <td>×</td> <td>5</td> <td>=</td> <td>5,265,260</td></tr> - <tr><td class="tdr">374,058</td> <td>×</td> <td>6</td> <td>=</td> <td>2,244,348</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> - <td class="bt bb">7,509,608</td></tr> - </table> - -<p>By this way of proceeding it appears, that the whole -number of people now alive in England is -somewhat more than seven millions and an half. I -would not be understood, as if I meant to recommend -this as exact; tho' I am in hopes, that, upon trial, -it will be found nearer the truth, than any thing hitherto -advanced. Neither will I lay any stress upon -its approaching so near to the numbers advanced in my -former letter; being sensible, that all the methods I -have hitherto tried are liable to very great objections. -Where certainty may be arrived at by a little industry, -all hypothesis should be despised and rejected.</p> - -<p>The militia act levies 32,000 men upon the whole -kingdom; and in the west riding of Yorkshire 1 in -45, if my intelligence is right, completed their -quota. Now if this proportion be applied to the -whole nation, 32,000 × 45 will give 1,440,000 for -the number of ballotters; and this multiplied by 5 -(which, considering the number of persons excepted, -must be under the truth) will amount to 7,200,000 -for the total of our people. But I dare not build -any thing upon this computation, as many parts of -the nation may have heavier quota's laid upon them -than the west riding.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_461">[461]</span></p> - -<p>Whether the kingdom is really in a declining or -increasing state, is, in like manner, a problem not to -be solved, I think, by mere calculation. If there -happens but a small mistake in the principles, what is -built thereupon will be extremely wide of the truth. -If one might take the liberty to guess by appearances, -I should think we are greatly increased within -these forty years, or since the accession of the present -Royal Family. This conjecture I found upon -the great facility, with which the government raises -men, compared to the violent methods made use -of in King William's and Queen Anne's time. Indeed -I am sensible, that when the great ease, with -which the government raises money, and the low -interest it pays, have been urged in the House of -Commons, as evident proofs of a flourishing trade, -and plenty of cash, it has constantly been answered -by a gentleman, who understands these matters better -than any body else, that they are rather proofs of a -want of trade, and that people do not know what -to do with their money. In the same manner it may -be answered, that the great facility, with which the -government raises soldiers, is not owing so much to -the great plenty of men, as to the want of employment: -which it is possible may really be the case.</p> - -<p>But where certainty may be had, it is trifling to -talk of appearances and conjectures. For a century -now past, the English way of philosophising (and -all the rest of the world is come into it) is not to sit -down in one's study, and form an hypothesis, and -then strive to wrest all nature to it; but to look -abroad into the world, and see how nature works; -and then to build upon certain matter of fact. In -compliance with this noble method, I have done all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_462">[462]</span> -in my power: I have examined the registers of several -neighbouring parishes, and send you the substance -of three of the most perfect ones. Indeed, -I could have added several others; but as they seem -to have been now and then neglected, I did not care -to trust to them. However, this I can safely deduce -from them; <i>viz.</i> that what I have here sent -will be a proper standard for these parts: and if other -gentlemen would take the like pains (and it is next -to nothing) in four or five parishes in each county, -and in every great town, we might perceive, by one -cast of the eye, whether our people are in an ebbing -or flowing state. I have not set down the burials, -as that would but have embarrassed the table; and the -increase will appear very well without them. However, -upon an average of all the parishes I have examined, -the proportion of the burials to the baptisms -is as 83 to 149,4.</p> - -<table summary="burials"><tr><td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td>Lambourn.</td> <td>Welford.</td> <td>Shefford.</td> <td>Total.</td></tr> -<tr><td>From</td> <td>1614 to 1623</td> <td>inclus.</td> <td class="tdr">327</td> <td class="tdr">67</td> <td class="tdr">69</td> -<td class="tdr">463</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1624 to 1633</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">401</td> <td class="tdr">62</td> <td class="tdr">64</td> <td class="tdr">527</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1634 to 1643</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">391</td> <td class="tdr">119</td> <td class="tdr">86 </td> <td class="tdr">596</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1662 to 1671</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">441</td> <td class="tdr">146</td> <td class="tdr">93</td> <td class="tdr">680</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1672 to 1681</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">380</td> <td class="tdr">132</td> <td class="tdr">108</td> <td class="tdr">620</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1682 to 1691</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">451</td> <td class="tdr">201</td> <td class="tdr">112</td> <td class="tdr">764</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1692 to 1701</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">366</td> <td class="tdr">134</td> <td class="tdr">88</td> <td class="tdr">588</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1702 to 1711</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">387</td> <td class="tdr">137</td> <td class="tdr">84</td> <td class="tdr">608</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1712 to 1721</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">422</td> <td class="tdr">171</td> <td class="tdr">97</td> <td class="tdr">690</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1722 to 1731</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">483</td> <td class="tdr">156</td> <td class="tdr">106</td> <td class="tdr">745</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1732 to 1741</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">578</td> <td class="tdr">205</td> <td class="tdr">128</td> <td class="tdr">911</td> -</tr><tr><td> </td> <td>1742 to 1751</td> <td>―</td> <td class="tdr">566</td> <td class="tdr">253</td> <td class="tdr">137</td> <td class="tdr">956</td> -</tr> -<tr><td> </td> -<td>1752 to 1756</td> -<td>―</td> -<td class="tdr">349</td> -<td class="tdr">120</td> -<td class="tdr">64</td> -<td class="tdr">533</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_463">[463]</span> -This table stands in need of no remarks: it speaks -loud enough of itself, that our people increase in a -very rapid manner. All I shall take the liberty of -observing from it is, that all the registers I have -looked over seem to resent the wretched policy of -King Charles II. who submitted himself and kingdom -too much to a powerful neighbour: and that -our civil war had no effect upon our numbers, in -comparison to our foreign wars.</p> - -<p class="p2">I trust, that the very ingenious author of the <i>politico-arithmetical</i> -letters, I have all along had my eye -upon, will take no offence, if I recommend an article -or two advanced by him to be reconsidered; which, -if pursued, might perhaps induce some small errors -in government.</p> - -<p>The first is, That all ways to increase our people -would be for the public welfare, even the naturalizeing -of foreigners: whereas, if I remember right, all -political writers lay it down as a maxim, that numbers -of people without employment are a burden -and disease to the body politic; and where there is -full employment, there the people multiply of course. -So that we should not measure the happiness of the -nation by the number of mouths, but by the number -of hands. Nay, if we were to import a quantity of -foreigners we must immediately re-export them, as -we actually did in the case of the Palatines and Saltzburghers. -Indeed, I cannot deny, but that if the -new-comers were to bring new trades with them, -they would be welcome: tho' I apprehend it is not -an easy matter to find out many new manufactures. -I can at present think of nothing but the cambrick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_464">[464]</span> -business; and that, with a little encouragement, might -be established in either Scotland or Ireland, without -the importation of strangers.</p> - -<p>The next thing I propose to be ruminated is the -assertion, That our commerce at sea is one cause of -the decay of our fencible men: which sounds in my -ear like saying, that if we had less trade, we should -have more people. And if this is the purport of it, -I am afraid it is a paradox, literally so called.</p> - -<p>That emigrations to our colonies do lessen our -numbers in appearance, is beyond dispute: but then -it is only in appearance: for if employment begets -people, the filling our plantations must increase us -beyond imagination, it having been made out, if I -misremember not, that every man rightly occupied -in America finds employment for three persons in -Old England. But then care should be taken, that -the planters were generally employed in raising rough -materials; and that every thing imported there were -manufactured by ourselves; because, if we settle -colonies, and then supply them with East-India stuffs -and foreign linens, it is neither better nor worse than -being at a vast expence to maintain other people's -poor.</p> - -<p class="p2">I cannot conclude without begging leave to observe, -that this gentleman's doctrine is, from beginning -to end, to say the best of it, ill timed. We -are contending with our hereditary enemy, the most -powerful prince in the world, not for superiority, -but for independence, <i>pro aris et focis</i>. And, at -such a time as this, to be told, that we are but little -better than half peopled, and the few we have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">[465]</span> -dwindling away every day, is indeed very discourageing: -whereas, on the contrary, I do not balance one -moment to declare it, as my fixt persuasion, that we -can spare 100,000 brisk young fellows, and still be -the most populous flourishing nation in Europe.</p> - -<p>I am,</p> - -<p class="center">Reverend Sir, -<br /> -Your affectionate Brother,<br /> -<span class="margin">and very humble Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="margina"><big>Richard Forster</big>.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak chap hang">LVIII. <i>A Letter to the Right Honourable -the Earl of</i> Macclesfield, <i>President of the</i> -Royal Society, <i>from the Rev.</i> William -Brakenridge, <i>D.D. F.R.S. containing an -Answer to the Account of the Numbers and -Increase of the People of England, by the -Rev. Mr.</i> Forster.</h2> -</div> - -<p> -My Lord, -</p> -<div class="sidenote">Read Mar. 16, -1758.</div> -<p class="drop-capi">As I endeavoured, at a former meeting -of the Society, to answer ex-tempore -some objections offered by a Gentleman in -the country, to what I have wrote concerning the -number of people in England; I now presume to send -you what I said then in writing, with some farther -reflections. And this subject I never intended to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_466">[466]</span> -have meddled with any more; but as I seem to be -called upon, to defend what I have formerly wrote, -I hope I shall be excused if I briefly attempt it. Your -Lordship, I know, and our illustrious Body only -desire a fair representation of facts, which is the -ground of all philosophical inquiries; and therefore -I shall endeavour to do this, as far as I can, without -regarding any hypothesis.</p> - -<p>My design, when I first entered on this subject, -was to discover whether our people were in an increasing -or decreasing state, with regard to their numbers; -which I thought of great importance to be known, -because of its influence on the affairs of Government, -in determining our strength, in settling of taxes, and -directing us in the œconomy and imployment of our -people. Now, in order to proceed in this inquiry, -it was evident to me, that if the number of houses -were exactly known, the number of people would -be nearly ascertained. And therefore I attended to -this, to find out the number of houses, as the only -thing that could with any certainty help us to judge -of this matter. And accordingly, being resolved to -depend only upon the most sure, and general observations, -I applied to a public office, where I thought -I might possibly get at their number. And I there -found, that from the last survey that was made, since -the year 1750, there were 690,700 houses in England -and Wales that paid the window-tax, and the -two-shilling duty on houses; besides cottages that paid -nothing. By cottages are understood those who neither -pay to church or poor, and are, by act of parliament -in 1747, in consideration of the poverty of -the people, declared to be exempted both from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_467">[467]</span> -tax and the two-shillings duty, and they only remain -not accurately known, to ascertain the whole number -of houses. However, they are so far known, that -from all the accounts that are hitherto given in, they -do not appear to be so many as 300,000; and from -what I myself have seen, in the books of that office, -I should think they were not much above 200,000; -for in some places, that I was perfectly acquainted -with, I found many of the day labourers rated to the -two-shillings duty, and there did not appear to be -one house in ten omitted. And therefore, if there -are not 300,000 cottages, as seems plain to me, there -cannot be a million of houses in the whole in England -and Wales; and the rated houses are to the cottages -more than two to one; of both which, according to -the returns made, there is now about one in seventeen -or 58,800 empty throughout the kingdom. But -if we were to allow, that there are a million of houses -in the whole; which is more than the Gentlemen in -the above mentioned office believe, and then deduct -those that are empty, there could not be above 941,200 -inhabited houses; and consequently supposing six to -a house, about 5,647,200 people, or near about five -millions and an half; which at the utmost, is what -I insist on to be the real number.</p> - -<p>But now the Gentleman, who objects to my calculations, -thinks, that I have made the number of houses -too few, and that in the whole there are above -1,400,000 houses, of which he imagines there are -more than 700,000 cottages; for he supposes them to -be more than the rated houses; and from thence he -infers, that there are about seven millions and an half of -people, in England and Wales; which I wish, with all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">[468]</span> -my heart, was the true number: But I am so far from -thinking that I have under-rated them, that I suspect -I have rather made them more than they are. However, -this controversy will soon be determined, there -being now orders given, as I am informed, to all the -Officers concerned in the window-tax, to make an -exact return of all the cottages, as well as the rated -houses, in each of their several districts. In the -mean time, the Gentleman and I differ in this, that -he supposes above 400,000 cottages more than I -can possibly imagine.</p> - -<p>Let us now see upon what grounds, and by what -method of reasoning he determines his numbers. -He makes a division of the 690,000 taxed houses into -three classes, placing 200,000 of them in the open -country and villages, and 200,000 in the market and -inferior towns, and the next, <i>viz.</i> 290,000, in <span class="err" title="original: the the">the -</span> cities and great towns; for, which division he has -nothing to direct him; no proof, nor even probability. -And as it is a mere arbitrary supposition, all reasoning -and calculations founded upon it are nothing to the -purpose, and the number of houses or people comptued -from thence must be false or uncertain. But -yet, upon this supposition, as if it was absolutely -certain, he goes on to compute the houses and people -in each division.</p> - -<p>As to the first, he says he has counted all the -houses in nine contiguous parishes in Berkshire, in -which, he has found the whole number to be 588, -and those charged to the duty to be only 177; -and therefore the cottages are to the rated houses -as 411 to 177, or above, two to one. And from -this he assumes, that the whole number of houses -thro' the villages and open country in England will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">[469]</span> -be to the cottages nearly in the same proportion. -But here I am surprised, that he should reason in so -loose and an inaccurate a manner. For, as there may -be 7000 parishes in the villages and open country, to -infer from the numbers in nine of them that are contiguous, -and that all of them together do not make -a very large parish, many being much larger as to -the number of houses, and where there may be particular -circumstances; I say, to infer from them what -the proportion will be in all parishes, in the villages -and open country, is the same way of reasoning as to -say, because the poor in one parish are in such a proportion, -therefore they are so in 1000 parishes, or -thro' four or five counties: whereas it is plain, that -the proportion differs almost in every parish, and in -every county; and the sum of all must be added together, -before we can know what the real proportion -is. And nothing can be inferred from the circumstances -of a few parishes, or even of a County, -what the proportion will be in the whole. And yet, -from such precarious and vague reasoning he presumes -to compute, that there are above 460,000 -cottages in the villages and open country; having -assumed, without any hesitation, that there are -200,000 rated houses in that extent. Such reasoning -is unusual in philosophical inquiries.</p> - -<p>In like manner the Gentleman reasons very inaccurately -about his second division, containing the lesser -market and country towns, having supposed in -them 200,000 taxed houses: For from one instance -of the market town of Langborne, having found the -whole number of houses to be to the cottages as 445 -to 229, or the rated homes to the cottages as 216 to -229, he supposes the like proportion in all the market<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">[470]</span> -towns. That is, tho' there be perhaps above -300 market towns in England, he supposes each of -them has the same proportion of the poor in it as the -single town of Langborne; which is unreasonable to -imagine. For every one of them may have a different -proportion, according to the various circumstances -of their trade and situation. But yet from this -strange and uncertain way of reasoning, without any -induction, and from one instance among 300 cases -at least, he concludes by proportion, that there are -388,646 houses in the country market towns, of -which there are 188,646 cottages, besides those in -the cities and great towns.</p> - -<p>In the next place, as to his third class, the cities -and great towns, he allows, that my proportion may -be among them, <i>viz.</i> that the rated houses are to the -cottages as 690,000 to 200,000, or 69 to 20: For -he thinks, that it cannot be any-where but in the most -flourishing places. And therefore, as he has arbitrarily -placed 260,000 taxed houses in them, he computes -that they must contain 84,058 cottages. But -he has given no proof, that my proportion is only in -the most flourishing places, besides these few instances -that he has produced; which are nothing to form -any general conclusion upon. For if we were to be -directed by a few cases, we might think that there -were much fewer cottages than I have allowed. -There are some parishes, in which there are none at -all. In the great parishes of St. James's and St George's -Westminster, in which there are about 7000 houses, -there are none: in the country parish of Chiselherst in -Kent, where there are above 100 houses, there are but -three: and in many parishes there is not one in 20. -So that from particular instances, there is nothing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_471">[471]</span> -to be concluded. But in all Middlesex, London, -Westminster, and Southwark included, in which the -poor are as numerous as in most places in the kingdom, -because of the numbers of labouring people that -flock hither for imployment, there is nearly the same -proportion that I have assigned. For from a late survey -in that district, as I am informed, there are -87,614 houses in the whole, and of these 19,324 -cottages, and 4810 empty. Which indeed shews, -that we are not so populous, in and near the metropolis, -as is commonly supposed, and much less than -I had calculated in my first letter: For from this account, -if it be true, there are not above 530,000 people -in that compass; of which, within the bills of mortality, -there die about 25,000 yearly; that is, not -less than one in 20.</p> - -<p>As to what the Gentleman mentions concerning -the militia, he seems to be much mistaken. For if -the proportion be as he says, that one in 45 is levied, -this directly proves the number of people in England -and Wales to be about five millions and an half, according -to my calculation; because the electors or -balloters are the fencible men, or those able to carry -arms. And if the whole levy be 32,000, then 45 -multiplied by 32,000 will give 1,440,000 for all the -fencible men in England. But Dr. Halley has clearly -shewn, that the fencible men are one quarter of the -whole people, children included; and therefore, four -times 1,440,000, or 5,760,000, will be the whole -number of the people; which is nearly what I have -made them.</p> - -<p>And thus, having seen how he has established his -numbers in opposition to me, let us now, in the next<span class="pagenum" id="Page_472">[472]</span> -place, consider what he has said with regard to the -increase of our people. He says, whether the kingdom -is really in a declining or increasing state, is a -problem not to be solved by calculation: And yet he -himself can guess by appearances, that it has greatly -increased within these 40 years. But, by his good -leave I must tell him, that it is a problem in political -arithmetic to be solved from some <i>data</i>, as -well as others. If the number of people be nearly -found, and the general proportion of births to burials, -at an average, thro' the kingdom be known, with -the annual losses of our fencible men, at a moderate -computation; from these <i>data</i>, I say, any one, -who understands numbers, will easily determine -whether we are increasing or decreasing. And accordingly, -I have shewn, that the annual increment -of our fencible men is not much above 8000, which -number is consumed by our annual losses; and therefore -we are not in an increasing state. For the whole -number of people must always be in proportion to -the fencible men; so that, if there is no increase of -them, there can be none upon the whole.</p> - -<p>It is true, I am the first who ventured upon a solution -of this question; but when I consider what I -have done, I cannot see but that the principles upon -which I reasoned are right. The <i>data</i> are, I think, -exact enough to discover our state. And Dr. Halley's -rule to compute the fencible men, where our losses -are to be reckoned, is undoubtedly true. So that if -there is any difficulty, it is in fixing the general proportion -between births and burials, thro' the kingdom, -<i>viz.</i> 112 to 100; which I have taken from Dr. Derham, -who had collected many observations; being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_473">[473]</span> -a greater proportion than Sir William Petty allowed. -And which if it is thought too small, it is to be considered, -that within the bills of mortality the births -are much under the burials as 4 to 5; and in some -of the great towns there are fewer births than burials, -and in others they are nearly equal; so that these -reduce the proportion that arises from the villages and -open country.</p> - -<p>But if we were to make a calculation from the births -and burials, only in the villages and open country; -which Dr. Derham has found to be at an average as -117 to 100, or nearly as 7 to 6; and suppose this to -obtain all over Britain and Ireland, in the towns as -well as the country, which is surely more than the -truth; we shall then find, that the annual increment -cannot be more than 9000 fencible men; which corroborates -my former estimate. For, to compute it by -the principles I have formerly endeavoured to establish; -let the number of our people in Britain and Ireland be -eight millions and an half, that is, five and an half in -England and three millions in Scotland and Ireland; -because some Irish Gentlemen have assured me, from -some facts, that there is half a million more in their -country than I formerly allowed; for I did not pretend -to calculate them; and then the annual number -of the dead, in Britain and Ireland, being one in 40, -will be about 212,500; which will be to the births -as, 100 to 117: And therefore the births must be -248,625, and the increase 36,125; of which the -fourth part is about 9000 for the fencible men, which -I am persuaded is more than the real number.</p> - -<p>Now let any one compute our losses in the moderate -way that I have done, and he will easily see, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_474">[474]</span> -they cannot be less than this number; and consequently -we are far from increasing. And indeed it is -evident from the number of empty houses thro' the -kingdom, mentioned above, <i>viz.</i> one in seventeen, -or 58,000, and one in twelve of those that are taxed -within the bills of mortality. For it is impossible, if -we were increasing, that there could be so many empty; -And therefore the appearance of so much building is -only the effect of our luxury, requiring larger, more -convenient, and more elegant houses, and not caused -by our increase.</p> - -<p>However, the Gentleman objects to all this, and -says, that he has examined the Registers of some -neighbouring parishes, and particularly of three that -are perfect; and he finds, that the burials are to the -baptisms as 83 to 149; which may possibly be the -case, as I myself have known it in one parish in the -Isle of Wight, where the place is healthy, and people -generally marry. But does he imagine that this proportion -is general all over England? If so, we should -increase in a rapid manner indeed! for then we should -double our people in 35 years, if it were not for -our losses; which no reasonable man will venture -to say. He does not reflect, that in many country -places, from their bad situation, there is very little -increase, and in some towns none at all, and in others -a decrease, continually supplied from the neighbouring -country. Within the bills of mortality there are annually -5000 burials more than the births; and consequently, -to maintain our numbers here, there must -be a yearly supply of 5000; which destroys the whole -increase of six or seven counties. And Dr. Derham -found, from the accounts he had of country parishes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_475">[475]</span> -that in general among them the proportion of births -to burials was not greater than 117 to 100, as we mentioned -above; so that nothing can be concluded from -particular healthy places. The question is, what is -the result upon the whole thro' the kingdom? what -is the general proportion of the births to burials, -from which the increase is to be estimated? and -which Sir William Petty says is 111 to 100, and -Dr. Derham as 112 to 100. See if he can disprove -these numbers by putting together all the different -accounts from every corner, among the towns as -well as the country; and if he cannot, to argue only -from a few instances is nothing to the purpose; for -<span class="err" title="original: where there there is">where there is</span> a multitude of different cases, -they must all be considered, to arrive at the general -truth. But even in the particulars he mentions, he -has not completed his argument; for, to make it -conclusive, he should have shewn, that, within these -last forty years, the time, he thinks, of our great increase, -in those parishes the number of houses or -people were increased, in proportion almost as the -births were above the burials, as 149 to 83: and if -that cannot be made to appear, it is plain, that, for -all he has said, the annual increase may be constantly -consumed by our losses.</p> - -<p>And now the worthy Gentleman having endeavoured -to shew, from the case of a few parishes in -the country, that we are in an increasing state, he -proceeds to give me his serious advice in two particulars:</p> - -<p><i>First</i>, That I would reconsider a proposition advanced -by me, That all reasonable ways of increasing -our people, even to the naturalizing of foreigners,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">[476]</span> -would be for the public welfare. In answer to which -kind admonition I must say, that I have often considered -the thing, as far as I can; and I think this may -be easily shewn against any political writer. That it is -the interest of a government, when they have powerful -and dangerous neighbours, to increase their people -by all reasonable means, even to the inviting of -foreigners, so far as the natural produce of the -country can sustain them; and that it is the fault -or weakness of an administration not to be able to -employ them. And in Britain, where they can have -the assistance of the produce of so many large and -fruitful countries of their own in America, I will -venture to say, that it is an error in their policy, not -to endeavour to increase their people; by which they -might be more formidable, and perhaps stronger than -their grand Enemy. The present King of Prussia has -shewn the utility of this within his dominions; by -which he has been enabled to make such a figure in -Europe.</p> - -<p>The <i>second</i> thing he admonishes me to reconsider -is, That I have supposed our commerce to be -one cause of the loss of our fencible men. And -who in the world doubts of it, but himself! Do shipwrecks, -the disasters and inclemency of the sea, the -scurvy, <i>&c.</i> beget people? But he will say, without -these we could not have trade, which employs great -numbers of our people; and therefore, what we -lose, we may gain another way. And just so he may -say of our wars, that occasion the destruction of so -many of our people, that they are no loss to us; -for we gain by them in their consequences, in securing -of our liberties and property, and by which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_477">[477]</span> -our trade is preserved and promoted. But notwithstanding -this, can it be said, that war does not diminish -our fencible men! The truth is, trade increases -riches, and gives more of the conveniences of life, -and brings luxury along with it; but it does not necessarily -breed people: For we see in those countries -where they have little trade, the people increase -much faster than they do with us, as appears from -the Bills of mortality in Prussia; where the general -proportion of the births to the burials is greater than -it is here, <i>viz.</i> 4 to 3; and by which the people -might double in 84 years, if it were not for their -losses. (<i>Vid. Phil. Trans. vol.</i> xxxvi.) Which great -increase, by the way, easily accounts for those vast -swarms of people that came from thence and the -adjacent countries in former ages, and over run all -Europe. And therefore it is not so terrible a paradox, -as he imagines, that possibly where there is -much less trade the people may increase faster; for -luxury and other vices, that come with trade, do -not promote an increase.</p> - -<p>And now, as he has been so good as to give me -his advice, I will return the favour, and desire him -to reconsider the method of reasoning by induction; -which may possibly help him to escape some paralogisms, -in arguing upon these subjects. And I -would likewise recommend it to him to inquire diligently, -whether the number of our houses in England -be increased these last sixty years; which, according -to his reasoning, ought at least to be doubled: -For if there is no increase of the houses, there -can be none of the people.</p> - -<p>To conclude: He adds, that my doctrine, from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_478">[478]</span> -beginning to end, to say the best of it, is ill-timed, -when we are contending with our hereditary enemy, -<i>pro aris & focis</i>. But here his zeal hurries him on, -that he does not look to the dates of my Letters. -For the first three were read before the Society, and -ordered to be printed, long before the war was proclaimed; -and as for the last, it is only a supplement -to the rest; in which I have shewn, that France, by -the bad œconomy of her people, is not in an increasing -state; which, I think, is a comfortable -hearing. But supposing they had been all printed -during the war: What then? Is a fact to be concealed -that, if discovered, may be useful to prevent -errors in government, and rectify our notions of the -œconomy of our people? What advantage can our -enemies make of such a discovery? Will it encourage -them to imagine that we shall be easier subdued, -when they know, by the most moderate computation, -we have at least two millions of fencible men in -our British islands. Enough, surely, to resist them in -all their attempts! But I doubt we are not so deficient -in our numbers as in public virtue, without -which the greatest multitude may be easily overcome.</p> - -<p class="p2">And thus, my Lord, I have endeavoured to answer -what this Gentleman has wrote in his second -Letter; for I pass over the first, as it does not seem -to contain any more in opposition to me, than what -I have here considered. And upon the whole I -cannot see, that he has said any thing to invalidate -what I have formerly advanced. If I could discover -it, I should be very ready to acknowlege my error.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_479">[479]</span> -I am sensible I have made this reply too long; but -I trust your usual benevolence to all our worthy -Members will excuse me, who shall always esteem -it an honour to be,</p> - -<p class="center">My Lord, -<br /> -Your Lordship's<br /> -<span class="margin">Most obedient</span><br /> -<span class="margina">and faithful Servant,</span> -<br /> -<span class="marginb"><big>Wm. Brakenridge</big>.</span></p> - -<p>Sion-College, -March 16. 1758.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">End</em></span> of <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Part</em></span> I. <span class="smcap"><em class="gesperrt">Vol.</em></span> L.</p> - -<div class="footnote"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Nom. Etymol. ad Calcem. Cat. Cant. p. 43. item Hist. -Plant. p. 680.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Bella-donna dicitur quod imaginationes non injucundas efficiat, -vel ut honeste satis Plinius, quod lusum generet. Bod. Comment. -in Theophr. p. 586 quod in somnis pulchras ostendat virgines -feminasque. Ibid. p. 1078.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Locis citatis.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Oper. omnia edit C.B. p. 756.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Ruell. in Dioscor. p. 536.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Nomina generica quæ ex Græca vel Latina lingua radicem -non habent rejicienda sunt.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Atropos una furiarum. Crit. Botan. p. 75.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> See Lin. Syst. Naturæ, edit. Lugd. Bat. 1756. p. 97. No. 222.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Mat. Med. lib. iv. cap. 69.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> See Sennert. lib. vi. par. 7. cap. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Stirpium Adversar. p. 103.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> Oper. Omn. p. 754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Rerum Scoticar. lib. vii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Ger. em. p. 341.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Page 586.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> Quadripart. Botan. p. 488.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Cicut. Aquat. Historia et Noxæ. Basil. 1716. p. 228.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Histoire de l'Academie Royale. 1703.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Hist. Plant. Lugd. Bat. Hort. p. 510.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> For August and September 1747, and for Sept. 1748.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Page 329.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Raii Hist. Plant. I. p. 681.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> Enumerat. Stirp. Helvet. p. 507.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> See Forestus, Etmuller, and the old chirurgical writers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Bibliotheque des Sciences et des beaux Arts pour les mois -Jan. Fevr. Mars. 1755.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> Tiberii Lambergen Lectio inauguralis, sisters Ephemeriden -persanati Carcinomatis. Groning. 1754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> Dr. Van Swieten Comment. in Aphor. Boerh. sect. 492.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> -Hom. <span class="err" title="original: Iiad">Iliad.</span> 23. <i>v.</i> 88.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> <i>Ut enim——si hoc fingamus, esse quasi finem——ita jacere -talum, ut rectus assistat; qui ita talus erit jactus, ut cadat rectus</i>——Cic. -de Fin. L. 3. §. 16. Ed. Verb.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> Vid. Dacier not. on Hor. L. ii. Od. 7, <i>v.</i> 25, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> Τὸ δέ σχῆμα τοῦ κατά τὸν Ἀϛράγαλον Πτώματος Ἀριθμοῦ Δόξαν εἶχεν. Jul. Pollux. L. ix. c. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> <i>Quatuor tali jacti casu venereum efficiunt.</i> Cic. de Div. L. i. -§. 13. Ed. Verb.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Mart. L. xiv. epig. 14.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> <i>Nec regna vini sortiere talis.</i> L. i. od. 4. <i>v.</i> 18.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> <i>Quem Venus artbitrum dicet bibendi?</i> L. ii. od. 7. <i>v.</i> 25. -Some think, that this cast was also named <i>basilicus</i> from the usage -here mentioned. Sanad. in Loc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> Prop. L. iv. el. 9. <i>v.</i> 18.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> Jul. Pollux. L. ix. c. 7. Lubin. on Pers. sat. 3. <i>v.</i> 49, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">——<i>Quid dexter</i> senio <i>ferret</i>,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">——<i>Damnosa</i> canicula <i>quantum</i></div> - <div class="verse indent0">Raderet——</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="right">Pers. sat. 3. <i>v.</i> 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> Dial. Ἀϛραγαλισμὸς.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> Sueton. C. Aug. §. 71.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> Sat. 3. <i>v.</i> 48. See Prat. not. in us. Delph. in loc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> Hor. L. ii. sat 7. <i>v.</i> 17.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> Mart. L. xiv. epig. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> Germ. Ant. Mon. p. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> Not. on Hor. L. i. ep. 20. <i>v.</i> 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> Mem. lit. de l'Acad. des Inscrip. V. 9.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> Rerum Mem. L. ii. tit. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> <i>Deum ipsum (Serapidem) multi Æsculapium—quidam -Osirim—plerique Jovem—plurimi Ditem patrem insignibus, quæ -in ipso manifesta, aut per ambages, conjectant.</i> Tac. His. L. iv. -Εἷς Ζεὺς, εἷς Ἀΐδης, εἷς Ἥλιος ἐστὶ Σάραπις, Oraculum Apollinis -apud M.A. Caus. Museum Rom. vol. ii. § 6. tab. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> Antiq. T. ii. P. 2. pl. 121, 122.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Porphyr. apud Euseb. Præp. Evang. L. iv. c. 23. -Τοὺς δὲ πονηροὺς δαίμονας οὐκ εἰκῇ ὑπὸ Σάραπιν ὑποπτεύομεν, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Suppl. T. ii. L. vi. c. 10. Tab. xlviii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Montfaucon, ibid.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Montfaucon, ibid.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> Vid. Observations sur les Antiquités d'Herculaneum, <i>&c.</i> -par Mess. Cochin & Bellicard, p. 83, Paris 1755.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> Within two miles of this place there is a steel Spaw of good -repute for the performance of several extraordinary cures, which -gives the same tincture with galls, and appears in every respect to -be the same with the water, that flows from this level.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> The proportions were adjusted according to the carat weights, -as it is by these, that the fineness of gold is usually expressed: A -carat is the twenty-fourth part of the whole compound: thus gold -of so many carats is a composition, of which so many twenty-fourths -are fine gold, and the rest an inferior metal.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> Observations sur les Antiquités d'Herculaneum, <i>&c.</i> p. 82</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> For a more particular account of this statue, now in the -palace at Portici, I beg leave to refer you to a paper of mine read -before the Royal Society on Feb. 24, last.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> Dio. L. xl.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> Suet. Vesp. c. 7.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> For authorities, see Middleton's Germana Antiq. Mon. -p. 152.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> Pliny (L. ix. ep. 39.) acquainting his architect with his -purpose to repair a temple of Ceres, which was upon his estate, -says, <i>Nullum in proximo suffugium aut imbris, aut solis. Videor -ergo munifice simul religioseque facturum, si ædi, quam pulcherrimam -exstruxero, addidero porticus: illam ad usum deæ, has ad hominum.</i> -That these portico's commonly inclosed the whole site of the ancient -temples, as in this at Pozzuoli, seems implied in what follows: -<i>Quantum ad porticus, nihil interim occurrit, quod videatur -esse istinc repetendum: nisi tamen, ut formam secundum rationem loci -scribas; neque enim possunt circumdari templo: nam solum templi hinc -flumine—hinc viâ cingitur.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> Mess. Cochin and Bellicard seem to think this room was intended -for another purpose, by their calling the funnels under the -holes in the seats of it, <i>conduits des fosses d'aisance</i>. Which of the -two hypothesis's is to be preferred, I submit to the judgment of the -learned; or rather, whether both of them may not be admitted, -as in no-wise incompatible the one with the other.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> Vitruvius Lib. iii. cap. 3. <i>Gradus in fronte ita constituendi -sunt, uti sint semper impares: namque cum dextro pede primus -gradus ascendatur, item in templo primus erit ponendus.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> The learned Abbate de Venuti, F.R.S. and Antiquary to -the Pope at Rome, has lately by letter favoured me with an ingenious -account of this phænomenon; tho' he mentions the granite -columns only as affected by it. <i>Cùm columnæ, quæ circumibant -templum, excavarentur e terrâ, quâ erant partim abrutæ——minutissimæ -conchæ, quæ ex testaceorum genere sunt, atque in saxorum -rimulis prope mare reperiuntur, ideoque a vulgo</i> Trutti di Mare <i>appellatæ, -columnas hasce (i. e. Thebaicas) quam sæpissimè perforaverant, -sese componentes, veluti apes in alveari, cùm essent sejunctæ integumentis -ex ipso lapide subtilissimis</i>.—</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> Vid. p. 168.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> Nec alius a Διονύσω sive sole est Δυσάρης, sive Δουσάρης, vel -Δευσάρης. Quæ vox (ut suspicor) conflata ex <span class="err" title="original: דוצ">דוץ</span> <i>Dutz</i> -et <span class="err" title="original: ארצ">ארץ</span> <i>Aretz</i>. -Quorum prius (<i>gaudium</i>) alterum notat (<i>terram</i>) ut notat -<i>lætitiam terræ</i>, sive mortalium. Nam Liber sive sol lætitiâ implet -mortales, maturando fruges, et uvas, unde de vino sic Maro,</p> - -<p class="center"> -<i>Munera lætitiamque Dei.</i> Æn. i. -</p> - -<p class="noin">Dusarem verò esse Arabum numen indicat locus ille Tertulliani in -Apolog. c. 24. “Unicuique etiam provinciæ et civitati suus deus -est. Ut Syriæ Astartes; <i>ut Arabiæ Disares</i>.”</p> - -<p>Etiam apud Stephanum sive Hermolaum Byzantium—Δυσάρη—σκόπελος ϗ κορυφὴ ὑψηλοτάτη Αραβίας. -Ἒιρηται δὲ ἀπό τοῦ Δυσάρου. -Θεὸς δὲ οὗτος παρὰ Ἂραψι ϗ Δαχαρηνοῖς τιμώμενος——Vossius -de Idololat. L. ii. c. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. <i>Del. Tesor. Britan.</i> Vol. ii. p. 36, 37. -In Londra, 1720.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> J. Foy Vaill. in <i>Arsacid. Imper.</i> Parisiis, 1728. <i>Numism. -Antiqu. Collect. a</i> Thom. Pembroch. et Montis Gomer. Com. P. 2. -T. 76. Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 30-38.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> Montfauc. <i>Palæograph. Græc.</i> p. 123, 124, 125. Parisiis, -1708.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> Idem ibid.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 335, 341.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Montfauc. ubi sup. p. 118, 119. Hadrian. Reland. <i>Palæstin. -Illustrat.</i> Tom. ii. p. 1014, 1015, 1055. Trajecti Batavorum, -1714. I have a Latin dissertation in the press here, almost -printed off, containing an explication of a considerable number of -coins of Tyre and Sidon, with Phœnician legends upon them.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>De Num. quibusd. Sam. et Phœn. &c. Dissert.</i> p. 53-56. -Oxon. 1750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlix. p. 593-607.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. p. 693.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. p. 693, 740.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> ubi sup.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> ibid.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> ubi sup. p. 693, 740.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> Chard. <i>Voyages en Perse</i>, &c. Tom. iii. p. 119. A Amsterdam -1711. <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlix. p. *597, *598.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> That the plural termination of PADESHAH, or SHAH, -which, according to Khojah Asdhalo'ddîn, denoted originally the -same thing, was AN, or perhaps ANE, in the days of Ammianus -Marcellinus, there is good reason to believe; the word SAANSAA, -KING OF KINGS, having been then used by the Persians, and -handed down to us by that author. The term ΣΑΑ, SAA, equivalent -to the Persic SHAH, KING, likewise occurs in Agathias, -a writer of the sixth century. Should my explication of the Parthian -legend of the coin before me meet with the approbation of -the learned, it will perhaps be granted me, that the plural of -PADESHAH, or PADESHA, amongst the Parthians was PADESHAN, -if not PADESHANE, in the second century after -<span class="smcap">Christ</span>. Hyd. <i>Hist. Rel. Vet. Pers.</i> p. 416. Khojah Asdhalo'ddîn, -D'Herbel. <i>Biblioth. Orient.</i> p. 767. Hadr. Reland. <i>Dissert.</i> viii. <i>de -Vet. Ling. Pers.</i> p. 221, 222. Ammian. Marcellin. Lib. xix. cap. 2. -Agath. Lib. iv. p. 135, 136. Parisiis, 1660. Ezech. Spanhem. <i>De -Præstant. et Us. Numism. Antiquor.</i> Tom. i. p. 463-466. Lond. -1706.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> Hyd. <i>Hist. Rel. Vet. Pers.</i> p. 79. Oxon. 1700.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> D'Herbel. <i>Biblioth. Orient.</i> p. 699, 767. Hyd. ubi sup. -Hadr. Reland. <i>Dissert.</i> viii. <i>de Vet. Ling. Pers.</i> p. 147. Trajecti ad -Rhenum, 1707.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> Hyd. ubi sup. p. 326.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> Hyd. ubi sup. p. 18, 312.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> Matth. Hiller. <i>Onomast. Sacr.</i> p. 619. Hadr. Reland. ubi -sup. p. 259-262.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> J. Foy Vaill. & Nicol. Haym Roman. ubi sup. & alib.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> Esth. c. x. <i>v.</i> <span class="allsmcap">1</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> Scalig. <i>Prolegom. in Lib. de Emend. Temp.</i> p. 41. Col. -Allobrog. 1629. & <i>Can. Isag.</i> s. 317. Matth. Hiller. ubi sup. p. -619, 620.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> Moses Chorenens. <i>Hist. Armen.</i> Lib. ii. iii. Theophil. Sigefr. -Bayer. <i>Hist. Osrhoen. &c.</i> p. 97. Petropoli, 1734.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> Herodot. Lib. iv. c. 87.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> Epiphan. <i>Adv. Hær.</i> Lib. ii. Tom. ii. p. 629. Paris. 1622.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 339.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> Maffeius, in <i>Gall. Antiqu. Quæd. Select.</i> Epist. 22. p. 106. -Parisiis, 1733.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 334, 335, 336, 339.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> Dio, Lib. lxxi. p. 802. <i>Imperator. Romanor. Numism. &c. -Stud. & Cur.</i> Francisc. Mediobarb. Birag. p. 218. J. Foy Vaill. -<i>Can. Chronologic. Reg. Parthor.</i> p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> Jul. Capitolin. in <i>M. Antonin. Philos.</i> et in <i>Ver.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> <i>Imperator. Romanor. Numism. &c. Stud. & Cur.</i> Francisc. -Mediobarb. Birag. S.R.I. Com. &c. p. 220. Mediolani, 1683.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. & in <i>Arsacid. Imper.</i> p. 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> Dio, Lib. lxxv. p. 853. J. Foy Vaill. in <i>Arsacid. Imper.</i> -p. 356. & in <i>Can. Chronologic</i>. p. 42. Ludovic. Du Four de Longuerüe, -Ab. S. Joan. de Jardo ad Melod. et Sept. Font. in Therasc. -<i>Annal. Arsacidar.</i> p. 51. Argentorati, 1732. Erasm. Froelich, S. J. S. -in <i>Dub. de Minnisar. Aliorumque Armen. Reg. Num. et Arsecidar, -Epoch. nuper vulgat.</i> p. 66. Viennæ Austriæ, 1754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> Edv. Corsin. Cl. Reg. Scholar. Piar. in Acad. Pisan. Humanior. -Litterar. Profess. <i>De Minnisar. Aliorumq; Armen. Reg. -Num. et Arsacid. Epoch. Dissertat.</i> p. 13-29. Liburni, 1754.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> Maff. in <i>Gall. Antiqu. Epist.</i> 22. p. 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> J. Foy Vaill. ubi sup. p. 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> Arrian. in <i>Parthic.</i> apud Photium, <i>Cod.</i> 58. & apud Syncell. -in <i>Chronograph.</i> p. 226.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> Just. Lib. xli. c. 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> Athen. <i>Deipnosoph.</i> Lib. iv. c. 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> Corsin. ubi sup.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> Corsin. ubi sup. p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> Erasm. Froel. ubi sup. p. 72.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> Corsin. in <i>Ded. Nob. Vir.</i> Phil. Venut. p. 5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> <i>Philosoph. Transact.</i> Vol. xlviii. p. 693, 740.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> Ptol. <i>Tab. Urb. Insign.</i> p. 39. Ed. Huds. Oxon. 1712.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> J. Foy Vaill. in <i>Arsacid. Imper.</i> pass.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> Hamdalla Ism. Abu'lfed. Mohammed Al Firauzabad. -Nassîr Al Tûsi, Ulugh Beik, &c. Golii not. ad Alfragan. p. 200-204.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> Upon inquiry, I find, that no such thing was taken notice of -in Northumberland; so it probably has not extended any further -to the eastward, than the skirts of our own county.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> In an adjoining bleach-yard, a piece of cloth, which had -been left out all night, was turned yellow; and was not without -some difficulty washed out again. Some also, which was spread out -the next day, contracted the same colour.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> The wind was westerly, and consequently would sweep the -Irish sea.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> No rain, or however very little, during the hurricane.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> Mr. Derham, in his Physico Theology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> Distance about thirty miles.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> <i>Viz.</i> About four feet long, and one inch square.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 48. and Essay on the -Virtues of Lime water, <i>&c.</i> edit. 2d. p. 197.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 48 and 473. and Essay -on Lime-water, p. 157 and 200.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> The two stones found in Lord Walpole's bladder were of -this size, and weighed one of them 22 and the other 21 grains.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> Philosoph. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 47.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> The stone found in the beginning of the passage from the -bladder was of this size, and weighed about a grain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> It is printed in this volume of the Philosoph. Transactions, -under the 28th of April, p. 221, & seqq.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> Essay on the Virtues of Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 140.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> Phil. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 46.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> Phil. Transact. Vol. xlvii. p. 472, 473.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> Essay on Lime-water, <i>&c.</i> p. 200, 201.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> Physical Experiments, p. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> Essay on Lime-water, <i>&c.</i>, 2d edit. p. 171, 201.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> Essay on Lime-water, <i>&c.</i> 2d edit. p. 170.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[138]</a> Ibid. p. 24, 25, 30 & 31.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[139]</a> The celebrated Dr. Scheuchzer has arranged the fossile -plants botanically, by Tournefort's system, in his folio work, intituled, -<i>Herbarium Diluvianum</i>; and Dr. Woodward's fossile plants, -Catalogue B, he informs us, were botanically considered and arranged -by those famous botanists Dr. Plukenet, and Mess. Doody, -Buddle, and Stonestreet.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[140]</a> Woodward, Catalogue B. p. 104. specimen <i>q.</i> 1. was of -6 1-half feet in length; and Catalogue D. p. 60. specimen <i>h.</i> 38. -was a yard long; <i>et alibi passim</i>. In the collieries at Swanvich in -Derbyshire, in 1752. a plant of the cane kind was found 14 feet -long: it ended in a point at one end, and at the root in a large -knob, and in the middle measured nine inches about.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[141]</a> Zirizææ, quæ, in insula Scaldiæ, secundum Zelandiæ oppidum -est.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[142]</a> Dominus Ellis, anno 1755. Lond. in 8º edidit <i>Essay on the -Natural History of Corals</i>, &c. quem librum Gallice versum in 4º -recudit P. de Hond Hagæ Comitum, sub titulo <i>Essay sur l'Histoire -Naturelle des Corallines, &c. par J. Ellis</i>, 1756.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[143]</a> Il y a une sorte de Lithophyte, qui veritablement est curieuse, -et bien extraordinaire: elle n'a point d'ecorce continuée, mais bien -quelques fragmens, par ci par la interrompus d'un glu, qui fleurit -dans l'eau. Hist. de la Mer. pag. 89. fig. 101. 179, 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[144]</a> Bonnet sur l'usage des Feuilles, pag. xviii. & 286.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> Id. ibid. pag. 66.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Tab. VII.</a> fig. I, II.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[147]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Ibid.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[148]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. V.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[149]</a> Vide talem delineatam in Mem. de l'Acad. p. 394, anni 1711.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[150]</a> Mem. de l'Academie, 1742.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[151]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. II, IV.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[152]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. IV.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[153]</a> Sic Dˢ. <i>Ellis</i> in una eademque planta diversos, polypos delineat, -tab. IV. fig. C. tab. V. fig. A. tab. XIV. fig. A. B. tab. -XXXVIII. F. N. E.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">[154]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Tab. IX.</a> fig. A, B, C.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">[155]</a> Sic Clar. <i>Ellis</i> eosdem etiam polypos invenit in corallina astaci -cornicularum æmula Nº. 14. et in corallina setacea instar arundinis -geniculara Nº. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">[156]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Tab. VII.</a> fig. VI.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">[157]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Ibid.</a> fig. VII.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[158]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Ibid.</a> fig. VIII.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Tab. IX.</a> fig. IV, V, VI.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">[160]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. VI.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">[161]</a> Psalm. civ. vers. 16, 17, 18.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">[162]</a> Memoir. des Insect. tom. ii. tab. iv. fig. 6, 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">[163]</a> Id. ibid. tab. iii. fig. xv.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">[164]</a> Id. tom. iii. mem. xi. tab. xxxii. fig. 1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165" class="label">[165]</a> Id. tom. v. mem. iii. tab. xv. fig. 1, 2, 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166" class="label">[166]</a> Id. tom. ii. mem. ii. tab. iii. tom. iv. tab xxxvii. fig. 11, -12, 19, 20.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167" class="label">[167]</a> Id. tom. iv. tab. xliv. fig. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168" class="label">[168]</a> Id. tom. ii. mem. ii. pag. 163. tab. iv. fig. 11, 12, 13. Ellis -Essay, pag. 100. tab. xxxiii. <i>a</i> A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169" class="label">[169]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. VI. <i>a</i> A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170" class="label">[170]</a> Ellis passim in figuris, præsertim tab. v. fig. A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171" class="label">[171]</a> Mem. de l'Acad. viii. pag. 253. tab. vi. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_172" href="#FNanchor_172" class="label">[172]</a> Lesser, Theologie des Insect. tom. ii. p. 112.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[173]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. II. IV.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174" class="label">[174]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175" class="label">[175]</a> <a href="#Tab_VII">Tab. VII.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176" class="label">[176]</a> Idem observat Cel. Jussiæus, licet corillinas a polypis tamen -fabrifatas autumat. Vide Mem. de l'Acad. 1742. et figuram inspice, -quomodo corporis extremitate corallinæ insident.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177" class="label">[177]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Tab. IX.</a> fig. II. <i>a</i> A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_178" href="#FNanchor_178" class="label">[178]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Tab. IX.</a> fig. II A. <i>c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_179" href="#FNanchor_179" class="label">[179]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> <i>b. b.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_180" href="#FNanchor_180" class="label">[180]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> A. <i>c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_181" href="#FNanchor_181" class="label">[181]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> B.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182" class="label">[182]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> C. <i>c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183" class="label">[183]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184" class="label">[184]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185" class="label">[185]</a> <a href="#Tab_IX">Ibid.</a> <i>c. c.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186" class="label">[186]</a> <i>Vionelli</i> nuove luci coperte. <i>Linnæi</i> Amæn. Acad. tom. iii. -de noctiluca marina.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_187" href="#FNanchor_187" class="label">[187]</a> <a href="#Tab_VIII">Tab. VIII.</a> fig. VII.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188" class="label">[188]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Tab. X.</a> fig. I.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189" class="label">[189]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Ibid.</a> fig. 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190" class="label">[190]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Ibid.</a> fig. 8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191" class="label">[191]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Tab. X.</a> fig. II. B.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192" class="label">[192]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Ibid.</a> C.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193" class="label">[193]</a> <a href="#Tab_X">Ibid.</a> fig. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194" class="label">[194]</a> See Phil. Transact. Vol. xlix. Part 2. p. 509.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195" class="label">[195]</a> Original Letters to Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. vol. A-B. in -the British Museum.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196" class="label">[196]</a> Journal, vol. xi. p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197" class="label">[197]</a> In this treatise, L. 2. p. 80. is the following passage: <i>In pago -Rorbachio non procul Heydelbergâ, Paræi etiam relatu, gemini utriusque -sexûs obversis tergoribus annexis orti sunt.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198" class="label">[198]</a> The two figures shew a fore and back view of this subject.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199" class="label">[199]</a> -See above, Nº. X, p. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200" class="label">[200]</a> After this paper was read at the Society, Dr. Pringle having -acquainted Dr. Whytt, that Mr. Patrick Brydone had omitted, in -his account, the name of the parish, where the woman lived, the -time when she was cured, and also that he had not fully dated his -paper; Dr. Whytt some time after wrote to Dr. Pringle, that having -desired Mr. Brydone to furnish him with these particulars, he had -received for answer, “That the woman, on whom the cure was -performed, had lived all her life in the parish of Coldinghame, -and for the last twelve years in that town: That her father had -died of the palsy seven years ago, after having been subject to -that distemper for several years: That the cure was performed -in his father's house at Coldinghame, on the 4th, 5th, 6th, -and 11th of days of April 1757. a circumstance he had noted -down: That as to the date of his paper, presented to the Royal -Society, he only recollects it was written some day in the beginning -of November last; but as the woman still continued -well, he hoped the precise day of the month was no material -omission.” This letter to Dr. Whytt is dated, Coldinghame, -January 9th, 1758.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201" class="label">[201]</a> See above, p.<a href="#Page_209"> 209,</a> & seqq.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202" class="label">[202]</a> Vid. Essay on the Virtue of Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 176, 177.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203" class="label">[203]</a> Essay on Lime-water, 2d edit. p. 208, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204" class="label">[204]</a> Ibid. p. 176 and 177.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205" class="label">[205]</a> Since my writing this discourse, Dr. Mason informs me, that -these are found no other than recent nuts and laryxes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206" class="label">[206]</a> Vol. xlviii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207" class="label">[207]</a> No error arises from considering the triangles E A <i>e</i> and -AEH, as being formed on the surface of a sphere, tho' the earth -itself is not accurately such. The angle (E A <i>a</i>) representing the -effect of the solar force, is properly referred to the surface of a -sphere; therefore (after the measure thereof is truly determined) -the figure AP <i>ap</i> is itself taken as a sphere, in order to avoid -the trouble of introducing a new scheme.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208" class="label">[208]</a> Part I. p. 161.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209" class="label">[209]</a> Page 806.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210" class="label">[210]</a> -See <span class="smcap"><a href="#Tab_XVII">Tab. XVII.</a></span> where this specimen is exactly delineated.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211" class="label">[211]</a> This is likewise called the Malacca Bean, from its growing -in great plenty on that coast, near the equinoctial line.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_212" href="#FNanchor_212" class="label">[212]</a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213" class="label">[213]</a> Page 887.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="Corrections">Corrections</h3> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> -<ul> - <li>The medicinal virtues of these waters have been been treated</li> - <li>The medicinal virtues of these waters have <span class="u">been</span> treated</li> </ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> - -<ul><li>which indeed greaty relieved him:</li> - -<li>which indeed <span class="u">greatly</span> relieved him:</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> -<ul> - <li>infusion from the eightteenth scruple</li> - <li>infusion from the <span class="u">eighteenth</span> scruple</li></ul> - -<p>Footnote <a href="#Footnote_28">28</a></p> - <ul><li>Hom. Iiad. 23. <i>v.</i> 88.</li> - -<li>Hom. <span class="u">Iliad.</span> 23. <i>v.</i> 88.</li> -</ul> - -<p>Footnote <a href="#Footnote_67">67</a></p> - -<ul><li>conflata ex דוצ <i>Dutz</i> et ארצ</li> - -<li>conflata ex <span class="u">דוץ</span> <i>Dutz</i> et <span class="u">ארץ</span></li> -</ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<ul><li>in addding too large</li> - -<li>in<span class="u"> adding</span> too large</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> -<ul> - <li>He eat with an appetite</li> - <li>He <span class="u">ate</span> with an appetite</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> -<ul> - <li>by any peculiar symptom distinguishable by by the touch,</li> - <li>by any peculiar symptom distinguishable <span class="u">by the</span> touch,</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<ul><li>he will find it exactly agees</li> - -<li>he will find it exactly <span class="u">agrees</span></li></ul> -<p>p. <a href="#Page_475">475</a></p> - -<ul><li>for -where there there is a multitude of different cases</li> - -<li>for -<span class="u">where there is</span> a multitude of different cases</li></ul> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_453">453</a></p> - -<ul><li>that the Chinese import them, and the Japanese mix them with varnish -for sale.</li> -<li>that the Chinese import them, and the Japanese mix them with <span class="u">their</span> varnish -for sale.</li></ul> -<p>The missing word “their” was added according to page 220 of this edition: -PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS: GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, -OF THE INGENIOUS IN MANY Considerable Parts of the WORLD, -by C. C. DÜRR, Printer of the University, 1771 -</p> - -<p>p. <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<ul> - <li><i>viz.</i> 290,000, in the the cities</li> - <li><i>viz.</i> 290,000, in <span class="u">the</span> cities</li> </ul> - -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, GIVING SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PRESENT UNDERTAKINGS, STUDIES, AND LABOURS, OF THE INGENIOUS, IN MANY CONSIDERABLE PARTS OF THE WORLD ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/198.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/198.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 99acdf1..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/198.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7334f26..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing054c.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing054c.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bc1b297..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing054c.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing168.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing168.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5b04879..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing168.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing176a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing176a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d9c762c..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing176a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing189c.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing189c.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c077199..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing189c.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing229a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing229a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 490f12d..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing229a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing254a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing254a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf6d6e7..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing254a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing275a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing275a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 583b47e..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing275a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing276a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing276a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5f2f9a0..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing276a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing278a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing278a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fd02c95..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing278a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing279a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing279a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 60dc3b1..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing279a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing300a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing300a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 99a5bba..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing300a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing311a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing311a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7e03f28..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing311a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing316a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing316a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6dfd933..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing316a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing350a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing350a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d0d3cf4..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing350a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing403a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing403a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bd802d3..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing403a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing405a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing405a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 22df9d6..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing405a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing447a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing447a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d7b40f3..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing447a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/facing456a.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/facing456a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 31530ff..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/facing456a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/image114b.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/image114b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index db45329..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/image114b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/image233.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/image233.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f8d52a3..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/image233.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/image417.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/image417.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 63e8c14..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/image417.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/65867-h/images/image420.jpg b/old/65867-h/images/image420.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 03cf1cd..0000000 --- a/old/65867-h/images/image420.jpg +++ /dev/null |
