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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b2e4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65893 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65893) diff --git a/old/65893-0.txt b/old/65893-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9cc7a1f..0000000 --- a/old/65893-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2463 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Atoms at the Science Fair, by Robert -G. LeCompte - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Atoms at the Science Fair - Exhibiting Nuclear Projects - -Authors: Robert G. LeCompte - Burrell L. Wood - -Release Date: July 21, 2021 [eBook #65893] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATOMS AT THE SCIENCE -FAIR *** - - - - - - Atoms at the Science Fair - EXHIBITING NUCLEAR PROJECTS - - - U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION/Division of Technical Information - - -Each year more students undertake science fair projects, many of which -involve some aspect of nuclear science or technology. - -The United States Atomic Energy Commission has prepared this booklet to -help these young exhibitors, their science teachers, project counselors, -and parents. - -The booklet suggests also some of the numerous nuclear topics on which -students can base meaningful science projects. It offers all -exhibitors—regardless of age, experience, or project topic—advice on how -to plan, design, and construct successful exhibits. It describes some -rewards awaiting those who win their way to the National Science -Fair-International, including 10 AEC Special Awards offered for the most -outstanding nuclear exhibits. - -Detailed advice on conducting science projects is omitted, partly -because several earlier publications deal with the subject, but also -because much of the personal satisfaction gained while doing a science -project stems from the student investigator’s opportunity to exercise -his initiative, imagination, and judgment in solving a problem of his -own choice, in his own way. - -We trust this booklet will encourage students to enter science fair -competition, and hope it will help their advisers guide them toward -better projects and more successful exhibits. - - {Edward J. Brunenkant} - Edward J. Brunenkant, Director - Division of Technical Information - - - - - Atoms at the Science Fair - Exhibiting Nuclear Projects - - - by Robert G. LeCompte and Burrell L. Wood - - - - - CONTENTS - - - SCIENCE PROJECTS, EXHIBITS, AND FAIRS 1 - Science Projects 1 - Project Exhibits 2 - Science Fairs 2 - YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT 4 - Choosing the Topic 4 - Where to Get Help 8 - Documenting Your Work 9 - EXHIBITING YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT 11 - Planning the Content of Your Exhibit 11 - How Exhibits Are Judged 12 - Designing Your Exhibit 16 - About Color 25 - Completing Your Exhibit 27 - COMPETITION AND ITS REWARDS 30 - QUO VADIS? 34 - APPENDIX I—NUCLEAR SCIENCE PROJECT IDEAS 37 - APPENDIX II—NUCLEAR ENERGY-RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 47 - APPENDIX III—SUGGESTED REFERENCES 48 - APPENDIX IV—WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 50 - APPENDIX V—SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES 51 - APPENDIX VI—INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES 52 - - - United States Atomic Energy Commission - Division of Technical Information - - Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-65589 - 1968 - - [Illustration: Interviews help AEC Special Awards judges identify - the most outstanding nuclear-related exhibits entered in each - National Science Fair-International. Here, Elizabeth Winstead of - Jacksonville, Florida, explains her irradiated fruit flies to Dr. - Paul W. McDaniel, AEC Director of Research and a Special Awards - judge at the 1963 national fair, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Selected - as one of the 10 winners, Miss Winstead and her science teacher - spent a week at the Commission’s Argonne National Laboratory near - Chicago.] - -ROBERT G. LeCOMPTE majored in English (A. B., St. Benedict’s, 1935) and -has worked primarily as a communicator—reporter, house-organ editor and -photographer, military-information officer and instructor, -public-relations consultant, and information and exhibits specialist. He -joined the Atomic Energy Commission’s staff at Albuquerque, New Mexico, -in 1951, transferring in 1957 to the AEC’s Headquarters, where he is -Exhibits and Education Officer in the Division of Technical Information. -His concern with science stems from aviation writing, World War II -service as an Air Force pilot and technical-intelligence officer, -science-news reporting, and requirements for presenting AEC -scientific-technical developments to the lay public. He has been -involved in science fair activities since 1960, when he began the study -which led to establishment of AEC Special Awards for outstanding -nuclear-related exhibits at the National Science Fair-International. - -BURRELL L. WOOD is a chemist (A.B. in French and B.S. in Chemistry, -Presbyterian College, 1940; M.S. in Chemistry, University of Georgia, -1942; Ph. D. in Chemistry, University of North Carolina, 1952). In 1953, -while head of the Chemistry Department at Furman University, Dr. Wood -organized a statewide science fair program in South Carolina. He moved -to the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 1957, and -expanded that state’s program by organizing four regional science fairs. -He joined the staff of Science Service in 1960 and edited _Chemistry_ -magazine and “Things of Science” experimental kits. In 1961 he joined -the Atomic Energy Commission’s Headquarters staff and is now Exhibit -Coordinator in the Division of Special Projects. He served at the -National Science Fair-International in 1962 and 1963 as a judge of -nuclear-related exhibits considered for AEC Special Awards. - - - - - Atoms at the Science Fair - Exhibiting Nuclear Projects - - - by ROBERT G. LeCOMPTE and BURRELL L. WOOD - - - - - SCIENCE PROJECTS, EXHIBITS, AND FAIRS - - -In almost every area of endeavor, we learn best by _doing_. Books and -lectures provide background, but it is by putting theory into practice -that we make knowledge truly our own. To learn a language, we read and -speak it. Our knowledge of mathematics follows practice at problem -solving, and so it is with science. - - -Science Projects - -In conducting a good science project, we work in much the same manner as -professional scientists. Like them, we observe, experiment, investigate, -speculate, and check the validity of our speculations with more -experiments, all in order to learn something. If our work is good, -others may learn from it too, but only if we present it adequately. - -Better understanding of an area of science is the least that we can gain -from doing a science project. At their best, science projects foster -habits of effective planning, attention to detail, careful work, and -high performance standards that will serve us well throughout our lives. -Moreover, there is always the promise that the project will open the -door to a satisfying career. - - -Project Exhibits - -More and more, scientists are called upon to share their work not only -with other scientists but also with legislators, administrators, -sociologists, artists—all kinds of people in all kinds of professions. -To follow this lead, student scientists also must tell other people -about their science projects. - -When executed properly, exhibits are an effective way to do this. -Exhibits which combine interesting visual materials with well-written -messages can communicate much in very limited time and space. Good -exhibits can speak clearly to a great variety of viewers. Those already -generally familiar with the subject may absorb the entire message, but -even the uninitiated will find something of interest. - - -Science Fairs - -Fairs have been popular throughout history. Generally they have been -occasions to display work or feats of which people are proud. Often they -have stimulated progress and the exchange of goods and ideas. - -Early in this century some teachers encouraged their students to -undertake individual science projects, then exhibit them before their -classmates and fellow students. Between the two World Wars some -individual school systems developed citywide science fairs to show the -most outstanding of these exhibits from each school. The science fair -movement gained momentum rapidly after World War II, and in 1950 the -First National Science Fair was held in Philadelphia, drawing exhibitors -from 13 affiliated area fairs. - -Today the national event draws exhibitors from more than 200 affiliated -state and regional fairs. Recent entry of competitors from several other -countries has produced its new title—National Science Fair-International -(NSFI). It is the “Olympic Games” for science fair exhibitors, conducted -by Science Clubs of America, an activity of Science Service, 1719 N -Street N. W., Washington, D. C. - - [Illustration: _The growing international flavor of the national - science fair is exemplified in contestants like Anders S. Brahme, - Sweden’s entrant at Albuquerque in 1963, and the first non-U. S. - student to achieve Atomic Energy Commission Special Awards - recognition. He was one of 10 alternates to the 10 winners and is - shown receiving a Certificate of Achievement from Harry S. Traynor, - AEC Assistant General Manager._] - -Usually state and regional science fairs are limited, like the national -event, to the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades, but occasionally they have a -division for junior high school entrants. In school districts where -junior high schools hold fairs, the district fair frequently includes -both senior high and junior high divisions. Some elementary schools -conduct science fairs for their 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students. In -both the elementary and junior high school divisions, exhibitors usually -compete against entrants of their own grade level, for example, 5th -graders against 5th graders, and 9th graders against 9th graders. In the -senior division each entrant competes against all others. Although the -overall quality of exhibits at local fairs is rarely up to that of -regional, state, and national fairs, the local events are possibly the -most valuable educational tools because they are viewed by so large a -“grass-roots” audience of classmates, parents, teachers, and other local -citizens. - -In science fairs—as in athletics or music—top prizes are seldom won by -first-time competitors. Almost all national fair exhibitors have -participated in science fairs at various levels for a year or more -before winning their way into the national event. Both experience in -science projects and practice in display techniques are required to -develop outstanding exhibits. Since this is true, the time to start the -science project which will form the basis for your exhibit is now! - - - - - YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT - - -Choosing the Topic - -Since you will necessarily spend considerable thought, time, physical -effort, and (sometimes) money on your project, pick a topic from which -you can expect to learn something. If you can avoid the temptation to -pick one with which you are already familiar, you will probably get more -out of it. Your project should be an adventure, not merely a drill! - -On the other hand your science project need not be in utterly unexplored -areas; to be successful you need not come up with data and conclusions -which will confound professional scientists who have spent their lives -in similar work. You are a student and a hobbyist, not yet a -professional research scientist. Primarily your project should advance -your personal knowledge, and your abilities to observe, speculate, -hypothesize, experiment, deduce, and conclude. - -You should choose a project which you can expect to follow to a -successful conclusion, but which is enough above your current knowledge -to make you “stretch” your abilities. - -But it is important not to bite off more than you can chew. The project -should not demand so much time that you neglect other responsibilities. -However, you need not pass up an interesting topic because covering all -of it would consume too much time. Instead, zero in on just those -aspects which interest you most. - - [Illustration: _Sophomore Eileen O’Brien of New Dorp High School, - Staten Island, New York, displayed this nuclear-related exhibit at - the 13th NSFI at Seattle in 1962, but did not win any AEC - recognition._] - - [Illustration: _At the 14th NSFI at Albuquerque in 1963, junior - Eileen O’Brien returned with a new and better exhibit of a related - but more advanced project..._] - - [Illustration: _... and found herself an AEC Special Awards winner - invited, with her science teacher, to spend a week at Argonne - National Laboratory._] - - [Illustration: _At the 15th NSFI at Baltimore in 1964, senior Eileen - O’Brien qualified again as an AEC Special Awards winner by - exhibiting a more advanced project, but one still related to her - earlier ones._ - Courtesy Science Service] - -You may be able to select a project which will be of continuing interest -in later years. For example, a 9th-grade general-science student might -begin by making an _overall survey_ of a topic to discover what is -already known about it and what remains to be discovered. As a -10th-grade biology student, he might investigate _biological_ aspects of -his topic, and then follow with investigations of _chemical_ and -_physical_ aspects of it while studying 11th grade chemistry and 12th -grade physics. Some outstanding science fair exhibits have resulted from -such progressive development of a single project which the exhibitors -undertook first in junior high school. - -Whenever you ask a question about some aspect of nature you have a -possible project topic. “How does a chicken hatch?” “What is the best -way to treat a burn?” “How could nuclear energy be used in space -travel?” You need only examine the questions that occur to you every day -to find dozens of topics on which to base projects. - -You might identify promising topics by reviewing the table of contents -in your science text, noting chapters or topics of particular interest. -Or you may find it helpful to consult the references listed in the -appendix to this booklet. If you are interested in a project related to -atomic energy, the appendix lists also many nuclear topics and research -areas. - -It is probably wise to select several potential project topics, do a -little reading on each of them, and then pick one. Before reaching a -decision, discuss them with your teachers and parents. Your science -teacher can help you pick a topic that will relate closely to classroom -work, and may be able to suggest interesting approaches you haven’t -considered. By talking your project topic over with your parents and -advisers you can make sure that you will have the time, working space, -moral support, and financial resources needed to complete it -successfully. - - [Illustration: _After failing as sophomores to qualify for AEC - Special Awards at Seattle, both these Texans came back as juniors to - win at Albuquerque with better exhibits of similar, but more refined - projects. James L. Ash (below) is from Dallas, and Michael A. - Haralson (above) is from Abilene._] - - [Illustration: James L. Ash] - -At the outset, the exhibit possibilities of your chosen project may not -be clearly apparent. You cannot predict exactly what procedures you will -follow nor what conclusions you will draw. As you proceed, you will -probably uncover many facts which you will want to tell people about. If -you choose a good topic, work carefully and accurately, and cover the -topic fully, you will produce a successful project which can form the -basis for a good exhibit. - - -Where to Get Help - -One mark of a truly educated individual is his willingness to discuss -his problems with others and profit by their advice and help. One of the -most important things that you can learn while doing a project is how -and where to obtain information and assistance. - -Your _science teacher_ may be an excellent source. If he cannot provide -specialized help himself probably he can direct you to those who can. - -Your _school librarian_ can point out specialized references such as -scientific encyclopedias and “reserved” reference books. Scientific -magazines and journals have good “survey articles” on recent -developments. Don’t overlook the public, college, and special technical -libraries near you. Also, academies of science, technical societies, and -science laboratories may have libraries or publications you can use. - -It is to be hoped that your topic is one on which some expert local -counseling will be available—from your science teacher or one of your -parents, your family physician or the local pharmacist, your -agricultural extension agent, or scientific and engineering personnel of -a nearby manufacturing plant, defense installation, research laboratory, -or college. - -Select a _project adviser_ and try to enlist his cooperation. Explain -your choice of topic to him and how you plan to develop it. (If you have -already done background reading you may find him more receptive and more -helpful.) You may need to consult him on several different occasions. -You will probably want him to check you project plan to make sure that -you have not left out an important step, or included some potential -pitfall. Also, you may want him to review the final written report in -which you summarize your work and findings. - -However, your project must rest upon work done by you. It is permissible -to obtain assistance from others, but never to the extent that you are -standing on the sidelines watching someone else do your work. Keep your -interviews brief and approach each conference with a clear idea of what -you are seeking and why, and always only after you have already done as -much as possible—whether by way of reading or project work—to find the -answer on your own. By doing this you will gain valuable habits of -self-reliance, and added stature in your adviser’s eyes. - -_Special equipment and materials_ may be obtained or borrowed through -laboratories. College laboratories assist sometimes. Some industrial -organizations may have surplus equipment and materials that they are -willing to lend or donate. - - -Documenting Your Work - -Project Notebook Every scientist worth his salt keeps detailed notes on -each project on which he works. You should do likewise. This notebook, -which could as well be a set of file cards, contains a running, -day-by-day account of everything that concerns the project—observations, -speculations, experiments, materials, expenses, procedures, data and -observations, hypotheses, checks for validity, conclusions, and -conjectures. From such notebooks comes the information for the -scientist’s formal report, or “paper”, by which he advises his employers -and colleagues of the progress of his work. - -Since the notebook contains everything pertaining to your project, it -may become disarranged, no matter how well you organize it in the -beginning. If so, don’t worry—just keep it up to date. - -Project Report But there should be nothing haphazard about the final -report on your project. In some science fairs, this report is displayed -in the exhibit and considered in the judging. Even where not required, -the project report belongs with your exhibit. - -After writing your report you will find that much of your exhibit -planning—and even some of the text which will appear in your exhibit—is -already accomplished. - -If you are doing your project as a classroom assignment, your teacher -may specify the manner in which your report is to be organized. -Otherwise, you can follow a format such as this: - - 1. TITLE. Keep it short. If accuracy requires more than a few words, - consider using a very brief main title and a more definitive subtitle. - - 2. ABSTRACT. This is a very brief condensation of the entire report - summarizing the objectives of the project, what you did, and the - conclusions you came to. - - 3. INTRODUCTION. Describe your topic and give some background - information such as relevant work done by others. Summarize your - purpose, scope, and method of investigation. State the questions or - hypotheses your examined. Include the most significant findings of - your investigations. - - 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Describe in detail the materials, equipment, - methods, experiments, controls, unforeseen difficulties and remedies. - - 5. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA. Describe your observations. Include some of - your observational data here as an example. You may wish to put the - bulk of it in an appendix. - - 6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. Give the main conclusions your observations - tend to prove or deny. (Disproval of your initial hypothesis may be as - important as proof of it!) Include the evidence developed for each - main conclusion and any exceptions, or for opposing theories. Offer - possible explanations. Compare your results and interpretations with - those of other workers in the same field. - - 7. NEW QUESTIONS, POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE PROJECTS, IF ANY. - - 8. APPENDIX. Give more detailed and supplementary information, often - including graphs, tables, photographs, and drawings. - - 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Keep it brief, listing only those books and - periodicals which you actually used to provide background information. - - 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Both prudence and the best traditions of science - require that you acknowledge all help which you receive. Usually - student scientists do not produce laboratory work of professional - quality, nor do student exhibitors match the skill of commercial - designers and fabricators. Consequently, when judges encounter very - exceptional unacknowledged work, they may reasonably wonder if the - exhibitor received some professional help. And if on part, they - speculate, on how much more? Result: they might be tempted to - disqualify the exhibit entirely, whereas if you had acknowledged - frankly—“Professor James Smith, Alpha University, for loan of four - color transparencies”, or “My father, who devised the lighting - system”—you might lose a point or two on their scorecards, but remain - in competition. - -Your project notebook and your formal project report are important -components of your exhibit to follow. If both are completed first, you -will find planning the rest of your exhibit a much simpler task. - - - - - EXHIBITING YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT - - -Planning the Content of Your Exhibit - -Try to organize your exhibit content so that it will be meaningful to -viewers who know less about it than you do. The following outline may be -followed, but is not the only one possible. Don’t be afraid to let the -unusual aspects of your project influence the organization of its -exhibit. - -Title The same title you chose for your project report may be an -acceptable exhibit title. It should be brief and as nontechnical as -possible. A subtitle may explain or amplify the main title. - -The Summary Message (or Statement of the Problem) Give the viewer a -capsule explanation of the project and its significance. You may use a -simplified version of your abstract, eliminating information and -language which is not meaningful to the average viewer. Keep it simple. - -Hypotheses and Conclusions List these briefly in a manner understandable -to the average viewer. (Those interested in details can find them in -your notebook and project report.) - -Method and Scope of Investigation Hit only the high points, but -emphasize instances where you feel you displayed unusual imagination, -ingenuity, or resourcefulness. - -Observations and Data Both are important, but in an exhibit too many -data can be dull. Select only those which are essential to the capsule -story of your project. - -Photographs and Illustrations Review the foregoing elements to see where -pictures will tell your story as well as (or better than) words. List -all photographs you have already taken of your project, ones you can -still obtain, and drawings which will illustrate or help narrate your -story. Don’t be selective yet. Later, when you are designing your -exhibit layout, space limitations will force you to choose. - -Equipment and Specimens These also help narrate your story. Select -objects and apparatus which will provide viewers a good grasp of your -project work. Have you hit upon a low-cost substitute for expensive -laboratory equipment? Do some of your specimens present clearly visible -evidence of points you want to make? Are any of the experimental results -or specimens particularly unusual, spectacular, or beautiful? List them -for possible use. - -Handout Brochure An important but frequently overlooked exhibit -component is the “handout brochure” to be distributed to interested -viewers. Even a single mimeographed page can supply more written -information than should be displayed in the limited space of the -exhibit. It can provide serious viewers a condensed version of the -project report. The brochure provides all viewers a reference when they -discuss the science fair and your exhibit with others. Consider the -handout brochure while planning your exhibit’s contents because it can -contain data and graphs which might otherwise clutter and confuse your -exhibit proper. - - -How Exhibits Are Judged - -Rules for the judging of exhibits vary, but most science fairs stick -fairly closely to the criteria and point values used by the National -Science Fair-International, which are: - - I. Creative Ability Total 30 points - - How much of the work appears to show originality of approach or - handling? Judge that which appears to you to be original regardless of - the expense of purchased or borrowed equipment. Give weight to - ingenious uses of materials, if present. Consider collections creative - if they seem to serve a purpose. - - II. Scientific Thought Total 30 points - - Does the exhibit disclose organized procedures? Is there a planned - system, classification, accurate observation, or controlled - experiment? Does exhibit show a verification of laws, or a cause and - effect, or present by models or other methods a better understanding - of scientific facts or theories? Give weight to probable amount of - real study and effort which is represented in the exhibit. Guard - against discounting for what might have been added, included, or - improved. - - III. Thoroughness Total 10 points - - Score here for how completely the story is told. It is not essential - that step-by-step elucidation of construction details be given in - working models. - - IV. Skill Total 10 points - - Is the workmanship good? Under normal working conditions, is the - exhibit likely to demand frequent repairs? In collections, how skilled - is the handling, preparation, mounting or other treatment? - - V. Clarity Total 10 points - - In your opinion, will the average person understand what is being - displayed? Are guide marks, labels, and descriptions spelled - correctly, and neatly yet briefly presented? Is there sensible - progression of the attention of the spectator across or through the - exhibit? - - VI. Dramatic Value Total 10 points - - Is this exhibit more attractive than others in the same field? Do not - be influenced by “cute” things, lights, buttons, switches, cranks, or - other gadgets which contribute nothing to the exhibit. - -Such rules leave much to the individual discretion of the judges, -particularly regarding the distinction between the science project -itself and the exhibit. Be sure to study your local rules and judging -criteria carefully. Since usually 60 points pertain to creativity and -sound scientific thought, a large part of your score depends on the -original excellence of your science project. The remaining 40 points -apply to the manner in which you develop your exhibit of that project. - - [Illustration: _AEC Special Award competition is judged by a - “blue-ribbon” panel composed of people who head research and - development programs at AEC offices and laboratories throughout the - United States. At the 14th NSFI at Albuquerque, these judges spent - the morning identifying eligible exhibits, “huddled” late in the - afternoon to select semifinal choices, and then in the evening - talked with each semifinalist before making the final choice of - winners and alternates._] - -Judges study criteria and point values before evaluating exhibits. -Although your exhibit should speak for itself, at many fairs the judges -chat with each exhibitor to determine how well he understands his -project area. Be prepared to present details concisely and clearly, but -avoid lengthy explanations unless asked. - - -Designing Your Exhibit - -After you have finished your project, documented your work in a project -report, planned and listed what must go into the exhibit, and -familiarized yourself with the ground rules under which you will -compete, you are ready to design your exhibit. The sections which follow -suggest guidelines and construction hints on exhibit structure; ways of -presenting information (text, photographs, transparencies, line -drawings, captions, models, specimens, laboratory equipment, etc.); -layout and location of exhibit items, exhibit materials, color, and -lighting. - - - STRUCTURE - -_Size._ National Science Fair-International rules limit exhibit size to -48 inches wide and 30 inches deep. The structure may rest on the floor, -on its own supports, or on a table (normally about 30 inches high) -supplied by the fair. Even if local rules permit more space, you may -find it desirable to build to NSFI rules so your structure will be -eligible at all fairs. - -The overall height of your exhibit is limited by practical -considerations to about 7 feet, since the passing viewer’s eye -encompasses most easily the area between 30 and 90 inches above the -floor and the view of someone standing near is even more limited. -Tabletop structures 48 inches or less in height work out nicely, and can -conserve materials. - -_Shape._ With few exceptions, science fair exhibitors can explain their -projects adequately within structures similar to those shown in Figures -1 and 2. Such tabletop “booth” exhibits have these common features: (a) -a large back wall which can be used for the introductory message, for -featured illustrations or specimens, or for important conclusions; (b) -two smaller side walls, angled outward for easier viewing, which can -contain supplementary text and illustrations; and (c) horizontal display -space at table height to hold specimens, apparatus, project notebook and -project report, handout brochures, etc. Some exhibitors fit this space -with a slanted- or stepped-shelf unit. If the back and side walls are -fastened to such a base the structure is stronger. - - [Illustration: _These two basic structures are designed for - simplicity, flexibility, economy of materials, and repeated use in - successive years of science fair competition. Both meet NSFI rules - on maximum dimensions. The structure shown in Figure 1 is easiest to - build. The one in Figure 2 is a modified Figure 1 designed to - accommodate an outsize object which must rest on the floor._] - - [Illustration: Figure 1] - - [Illustration: Figure 2] - -Many variations are possible. Very tall objects might be handled by the -self-supporting structure shown in Figure 2. Some exhibitors extend back -and side walls to the floor, but this requires more panel material and -tempts the exhibitor to mount text and illustrations below the level of -easy viewing. - -The title board can be functional as well as attractive, as in Figure 1. -It puts your main title where it can be seen easily and it conserves -wall space. It can brace the side walls and serve to shield lights. - -_Materials._ Attractive exhibit structures can be built from artboard -and similar paper products, so for one-time-only elementary school -exhibits you may not wish to invest in more permanent materials. But if -you look forward to other projects, exhibits, and fairs, you will be -wise to consider materials which will hold up in repeated use. Even -though most fairs do not permit you to compete in successive years with -the same exhibit material, seldom do they require you to build a new -structure each year to hold your changing displays. - -“Masonite” and similar wood-fiber particle boards are relatively -inexpensive, take paint and adhesives well, are fairly light, and in -thicknesses of more than ⅛ inch and lengths of less than 48 inches are -sufficiently rigid when supported by adjoining panels. They are -available with rows of holes pre-drilled to accommodate a multiplicity -of “pegboard” hanger devices. If you hope to use your basic structure -for other exhibits, pegboard allows you flexibility in rearranging -three-dimensional exhibit items. Also, the holes facilitate wiring down -display items that might be dislodged by careless viewers or filched by -thoughtless souvenir hunters. - -One standard 4-by-8 foot sheet of hardboard or plywood will suffice for -the typical tabletop structure if you divide it as shown in Figure 3. - -Plywood and untempered hardboard should be sealed with a primer coat -before finish painting. If you seal the reverse side of the panels also, -they warp less. For finish coats, the enamel now available in aerosol -spray cans will save you some brush work. Always apply spray paints in -several light coats while the surface is horizontal, to avoid unsightly -“runs”. - -For bracing, framing, and other woodwork, white pine is strong, light, -easy to work, and unlikely to warp if seasoned properly. - -Hinges, washers, bolts, nails, or screws which will be painted may be of -uncoated steel. Otherwise, you may find brass, stainless steel, -aluminum, or chrome-plated steel better. - -If your exhibit proves to be a winner, you may need to erect and -dismantle it at several fairs. A little ingenuity and foresight in the -selection of removable-pin hinges, wing-nut bolt assemblies, and the -like, may save a lot of time later and help keep your exhibit structure -in good condition. - - [Illustration: Figure 3] - - CUTTING 4′ × 8′ PLYWOOD OR HARD BOARD FOR MAXIMUM ECONOMY - BACK WALL PANEL 34″ × 48″ - TITLE BOARD OR “HEADER” - 6″ - SIDE WALL PANELS (2 ea.) 28″ × 48″ - OVERHEAD PLAN OF TYPICAL SCIENCE FAIR EXHIBIT STRUCTURE - BACK WALL PANEL - SIDE WALL PANEL - SIDE WALL PANEL - BASE UNIT - 30″ (allowable) - LIGHT BEHIND HEADER - 48″ (allowable) - SIDE PLAN OF SAME STRUCTURE - CONCEALED LIGHT - HEADER - BACK PANEL - SIDE PANELS - ELECTRICAL OUTLET BOX - BASE UNIT - TABLE - -_Lighting and Wiring._ Fluorescent lighting is bulky and hard to conceal -in the average science fair exhibit. Incandescent showcase lamps work -well, take up less space, and are less expensive. If you need shielded -light, consider inexpensive clip-on bed lamps. - -Most fairs have rigid rules on electrical wiring and you should study -them and those of the National Science Fair-International. If you will -install a fused entry-outlet box on your back wall or base unit, as -shown in Figure 3, you can run all fixture cords to that one location. -Most fairs provide power cords reaching to the exhibitor’s electrical -inlet, but don’t depend on it. Procure 25 to 50 feet of heavy-duty -extension cord and keep it handy, just in case. - - - PRESENTING INFORMATION - -After determining the shape and size of your structure, you can decide -how best to present the information needed to explain your project. Some -exhibitors prefer to build their structure first, so that they may try -out different arrangements of illustrations and three-dimensional items -on the finished display space. Or, you can measure off your back wall, -side walls, and interior base areas, and then “try out” the size and -placement of your display items on matching-size sheets of tracing -paper. - -There are many good ways to present the same information. Exhibit design -is an art with some established principles but with few fixed rules. -Here are some guidelines which may help you. - -_Preliminary Sketches._ Make sketches of all possible layout ideas and -study each for clarity of content and visual effect. - -_Text._ Keep all text to a minimum number of words. Viewers come to see -an exhibit, not to read it! A good illustration, specimen, or a graphic -representation (see Figure 4) can save many words. Where text is needed, -letter it clearly and large enough for easy reading. But avoid -unnecessarily large or garish lettering—titles and text should only -explain your exhibit, never dominate it! - - [Illustration: Figure 4] - -_Text Placement._ Some exhibitors place captions uniformly over or under -all illustrations, but text blocks placed at the side may communicate as -clearly, and help prevent visual monotony (see Figure 5). - -_Points of Emphasis._ If you use a series of illustrations or specimens -to tell a running story, consider enlarging or featuring one of the most -significant items so it can serve as the focal point of the series, as -in Figure 5. - -_Large Photos._ Unless your photographs can be viewed in detail without -stooping and squinting, either have them enlarged or discard them. - -_Color Photos._ Color photos are expensive, but just one or two will add -interest to a large group of black-and-white prints. - -_Charts and Graphs._ If your exhibit contains charts and graphs, keep -them simple. Avoid line charts if several curves must cross and recross. -Logarithmic charts, scatter diagrams, and similar ratio charts are -confusing to the average viewer. Caption and explain charts and graphs -adequately. Simple pie, bar, and representational charts, as shown in -Figure 6, can be particularly meaningful. Often the use of colors will -make the various factors more discernible. - - [Illustration: Figure 5] - -_White Space._ Next to content, the exhibitor’s most valuable tool is -“white space”—those unoccupied areas of his display panels. Crowded, -busy panels on which materials and text fill every inch of space are a -hallmark of the amateur. Worse, they defeat their purpose, for viewers -usually take one hurried glance, decide that understanding so cluttered -an exhibit would be a chore, and move on to simpler displays. (As a rule -of thumb, approximately 40% of your available display space should be -occupied by absolutely nothing!) - -_Organization._ Just as you organize words into sentences and -paragraphs, your exhibit elements (textual and visual) should be -organized into groups and subgroups. (See Figures 1 and 2.) Here again -the “feature” technique may be employed. For example, if you are -displaying several similar specimens you may emphasize the most unusual -one by placing it on a raised or differently-colored background as shown -in Figure 7. - - [Illustration: Figure 6] - - [Illustration: Figure 7] - -_Apparatus._ Amateur exhibitors sometimes get carried away with -enthusiasm for large arrays of mechanical apparatus which are both -unnecessary and confusing. If your project involved development of a -unique piece of equipment, consider whether you can display it alone, -without the entire assembly into which it fits. Sometimes this can be -done by displaying the featured part alongside a drawing or photograph -of the complete assembly, as in Figure 4. Again, keep details to a -minimum; leave them in the project report. - -_Mechanical movement._ Usually motion in a science fair exhibit is -called for only when there is a clear need for it. Thus it is logical to -use a turntable to revolve different fluorescing mineral specimens under -“black light”, or to present successive radioactive ore specimens to a -Geiger-counter probe. But to use such a turntable to present a series of -photographs would probably be unnecessarily contrived. Usually you may -spend your efforts better on sound content, clean design, and clear text -than on mechanical gimmicks. - -_Pushbuttons and Such._ Few audience-participation devices in science -fair exhibits merit the effort, money, and space expended on them. But -if you do display equipment for viewers to operate, make certain it can -be operated safely and dependably even when you are absent (as during -the judging). Nothing frustrates an exhibit viewer more than a -pushbutton that doesn’t work! - -_Demonstrations._ These can be informative and interesting, and you may -want to include one. But since you cannot be on hand to demonstrate at -all times, design your exhibit to “stand alone” without the -demonstration. And when you are absent, you may avoid unsatisfied viewer -curiosity either by removing the idle demonstration equipment, or by -posting a “Next demonstration at ____ o’clock” sign. - -_Living Things._ Plants or animals which have been employed in the -science project can often be displayed to lend interest and meaning to -the exhibit. But since the science fair follows the project, interim -growth and aging may alter living specimens so that at fair time they -are considerably less meaningful or attractive than at the peak of your -project. Also, if you compete in several fairs, you may find -transportation and special care of your living specimens difficult and -onerous. If you do plan to exhibit living specimens, familiarize -yourself with local and national fair regulations governing their use, -make sure that animals can be housed attractively and comfortably, and -protect both animals and plants from inquisitive fingers. Then be -selective and employ the minimum needed to make your point in the -exhibit. - - -About Color - -Properly employed, color is functional as well as aesthetically -pleasing. You may find the following suggestions helpful in deciding -which colors to employ in your exhibit, and where. - -In a space as small as your science fair exhibit, one or two basic -colors, plus black and white, should suffice. Use your color in a few -large blocks, not in many small patches. Different basic colors can be -used to define different main areas of emphasis; then different shades -of the basic colors can be used to define subareas. - -Life-science project exhibits can rely most safely on pastel shades -running heavily to greens and yellows, while physical-science projects -are portrayed frequently against more intense colors. In either case, -avoid violent contrasts and “paintpot” variety. Your exhibit should -convey an air of handsome restraint, not flippant prettiness or carnival -gaudiness. Your colors should attract and enhance, not shock or confuse! - - [Illustration: Figure 8 - - _Far too frequently science fair judges are asked to evaluate very - poor exhibits of what may have been very worthwhile science - projects. Some of the more common mistakes they encounter have been - included by our artist in the sketch above. Now that you have read - our advice on designing science fair exhibits, how many shortcomings - can you identify? (Answers below.)_ - - _Answers: Structure extends too high and too low for easy viewing, - and width exceeds dimensions usually allowed. The main title is too - long. Two words are misspelled. The best display space is wasted on - ordinary objects which contribute little new understanding to topic - exhibited. There are too many photographs which are too small and - poorly positioned for viewing. Specimen boxes positioned on the - floor as an afterthought where few viewers will attempt to inspect - them. Endless text provides details of little or no interest to the - average viewer. More text on introductory topic (“Catching Bugs”) - than on the exhibit topic. No logical progression from the original - problem and hypothesis through experimentation and observation to - conclusions. There is no project notebook, report, or handout - brochure. No thought has been given to lighting. No points of - emphasis in either text or illustrations. White space has not been - exploited._] - - A STEP-BY-STEP ACOUNT OF HOW I MOUNT MY BUGS - CATCHING BUGS - MOUNTING BUGS - SCIZZORS - TWEEZERS - PIN - COTTON - NET - CHLOROFORM - SOME OF MY BUGS - -Where desired, visibility and impact of illustrations and specimens can -be increased by mounting them against contrasting background colors. -Avoid the amateurish impulse to always tape or paint a border around -illustrations, specimens, and blocks of type. Placed properly against a -contrasting background, these provide their own best border. - -The final test of color is how it looks in actual use, so experiment -with your color schemes before making a final choice. And if you have -any doubts, invite the reactions of your family and friends and also the -advice of your art teacher. - - -Completing Your Exhibit - -Before mounting your exhibit elements on the structure permanently, lay -them out temporarily. (You will probably want to move them around -several times to get the best position.) You can then pencil in your -title, text, and caption blocks in actual size. Use separate sheets of -paper for each, and try out various locations around the materials they -explain. - -Use of too many letter styles will detract from the attractiveness of -your exhibit. Headings can be all in capital letters, and subheads in -smaller “caps”, or in initial caps and “lower case” letters. Statements -and other text should use caps and lower case. Do not use all caps for a -paragraph of descriptive material—a mass of capitals is harder to read. - -Before completing the lettering, you should try out your layout and text -on classmates, family, and perhaps your English teacher. Science fair -exhibits should be understandable to intelligent laymen as well as to -trained specialists. Technical jargon, pompous adjectives, and stilted -sentence structure are not scientific. In scientific writing, as in any -good writing, the simple, direct approach is usually best. Try to use -short sentences, familiar words, and a minimum of technical terms and -formulae. - -Are your present photographs too small? You can experiment with -desirable sizes of photos by clipping from old magazines any -illustrations that appear about the right size, and trying them on your -layout. You can then have your photos enlarged to the ideal sizes that -you find most pleasing. Matte-finish photo prints are preferable since -glossy prints produce “glare”. Before mounting photographs, trim off the -white border, which detracts from the impact of your pictures and the -simple unity of your exhibit. - -When fully satisfied with your layout, begin the final lettering of your -text. For hand-lettering, sketch with a soft pencil first, using a ruler -and eraser freely. A lettering guide, borrowed from your school’s -graphic arts department, will prove very helpful. Unless you are -experienced you can save yourself trouble by not lettering directly upon -the background. Instead, letter each copy block on a separate piece of -art paper which can be glued into position later. Have a friend or -teacher double-check your lettering for typographical errors. - -With illustrations and copy blocks complete and trimmed to size, you are -ready to start mounting. For paper products use “rubber cement”, -obtainable at stationery stores. Coat both surfaces completely, but do -not press them together until each is dry. To avoid air bubbles, first -separate the coated surfaces with a “slip sheet” of waxed paper or -aluminum foil, which can be slipped out when the materials are -positioned exactly. Then press into place with a soft cloth or rubber -roller. (Excess cement will rub off when dry, without damage.) Also -consider using double-coated adhesive tape for mounting. It is -obtainable at art-supply stores. - -Assemble your structure, mount your lighting fixtures, and plug them in. -Install whatever equipment needs to be displayed. Put your project -notebook, project report, and handout brochure in place. Your science -fair exhibit is finished and you are ready to compete! - - [Illustration: _Typical arrival day activities at the 14th National - Science Fair-International, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1963._] - - - - - COMPETITION AND ITS REWARDS - - -Some of you can look forward to enjoying within the next several years a -thrilling experience. - -Some morning in May you will bid your parents farewell, walk up the -steps of an airliner, and touch down a few hours later in a distant -city. For the next five days you will be caught up in the excitement and -fascination of the National Science Fair-International! - -The full impact of your nation’s science fair hits you the morning you -set up your exhibit in the auditorium. You knew that you had a good -exhibit when you entered the district fair back home in March. (Since -this is your second year of serious competition, and you have improved -both your science project and your exhibit, you weren’t too surprised to -win there.) But regional and statewide competition is even tougher, so -you were holding your breath until they finally called your name! - -Now here you are, and as you appraise the 400 other exhibits going up -besides yours, you realize this is the “big league”. These guys and gals -are really good. But some of your awe evaporates as you talk with your -neighbors, and while you help the pretty blonde with the guppies -position her heavy aquaria. Win or not, this is going to be fun! - -And so it is—during the tension of the judging the next day, when you -show your exhibit to the public the day after that, and throughout the -tours of research laboratories and industrial processing plants that -follow. In conversations with the judges, in the varied social contacts -with more than 400 fellow exhibitors from the United States and several -foreign countries, you get a fresh look at the rewards of serious -scientific endeavor. One evening you listen enthralled by the startling -concept being explained by one of the “big men” in science. You’ve seen -his name and picture in newspapers, textbooks, and technical journals, -and there he stands, talking seriously to you and your fellow -exhibitors. As he explains a problem that has puzzled you, you begin to -see science as a community of kindred minds where every serious -truth-seeker is welcome, where there is no rank other than that bestowed -on active intellects, sound procedures, and reasoned, honest -conclusions. - -All too soon, the week is almost over. At the Awards Banquet they are -calling the names of the winners and you sit unsurprised when the early -prizes pass you by. You’ve studied those winning exhibits, and you must -acknowledge that they have the edge on yours—one because of the very -unusual hypothesis posed and proved, the other because of the masterful -clarity with which it explains the area of investigation. - -But next they name the winners of special awards, presented by the -American Chemical Society, The American Institute of Biological -Sciences, the military departments, and similar organizations, for -outstanding exhibits related to the programs of the sponsors. And here -you are on the stage, having your photograph taken with the nine other -winners of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Special Awards! - -After the banquet, the AEC representative explains to you that the AEC -Special Award includes considerably more than the Certificate of -Achievement you have just received. - -First, a duplicate certificate will be sent to your principal for -display among the school trophies. Then, in August you and your science -teacher will fly to Chicago for a week as exciting and rewarding as the -one you have just completed. You will be guests of the AEC’s Argonne -National Laboratory—an outstanding center for nuclear research. Your -group will spend several days behind the scenes in Argonne’s -laboratories. You will visit outstanding research facilities and science -museums in downtown Chicago. Best of all, you will have an opportunity -to discuss your interests and career plans with members of the Argonne -staff—men and women who are doing professional research in the same -areas that interest you. - -What are the costs of such an experience? Only the attention you pay to -your science instruction; the thought and care you devote to a project -related to nuclear science; and the clarity and ingenuity with which you -explain that project to your classmates, teachers, and the general -public through your science fair exhibit. - - [Illustration: _First Atomic Energy Commission Special Awards - winners, selected at the 13th NSFI at Seattle, photographed during - their Nuclear Research Orientation Week at the AEC’s Argonne - National Laboratory near Chicago in August 1962. High point of the - week, winners report, is the opportunity—pictured here—to talk - face-to-face with Argonne scientists who are working in areas of - research of particular interest to each student visitor._ - Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory] - - [Illustration: continued] - - [Illustration: _1963 AEC Special Awards winners and their science - teachers spent their Nuclear Research Orientation Week at Argonne - National Laboratory. Top photograph is of Elizabeth Winstead of - Jacksonville, Florida, whose prize-winning exhibit at Albuquerque is - pictured on the cover. The photograph below hers is of William E. - Murray, Jr., of Bethesda, Maryland, who was also an AEC Special - Awards winner at Seattle in 1962._ - Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory] - - - - - QUO VADIS? - - -Or “where do you go from here?” - -First, resolve now to enter science fair competition this year. You may -not win, but at least you will have started, and you will gain some of -the experience needed for victory in later years. - -Next, choose a science project topic, and discuss your choice with your -science teacher, science club adviser, or hobby counselor. Especially if -this is your first attempt, choose a topic which can be investigated -with materials and equipment available to you at school or at home, and -which can be finished by mid-February. Also, allocate definite -times—particularly on weekends and holidays—when you will work on your -project. (Remember that exams and term papers will probably keep you -very busy in late January and early February.) - -Third, execute your project, keeping careful notes and consulting your -project counselor from time to time. Then draft your Project Report, -discuss it with your counselor, revise and edit it as necessary, and get -it typed in final form. Also verify the date your local science fair -opens. - -Fourth, plan your exhibit content, design and build your exhibit -structure, select your exhibit components and draft your text, and make -trial layouts until you arrive at the best possible design, including -color. Prepare your color backgrounds, letter your text, and install -text, components, and lighting. Get your handout brochure mimeographed. - -Fifth, enter local science fair competition. If you don’t win, find out -why by comparing your project and your exhibit with the winners’, and by -discussing it with your parents, classmates, teachers, judges, and -viewers. If you do win, attempt to understand what made your exhibit -better than the others. - -Finally, continue reading and thinking about your basic project topic, -so that next year you will know whether you want to continue to work on -the same topic or to shift your interest to another field. - -Above all, have fun, and - - - GOOD LUCK! - - - - - APPENDIX I - NUCLEAR SCIENCE PROJECT IDEAS - - -The following projects related to nuclear science were exhibited at the -National Science Fair-International from 1950 through 1963. - - -General and Theoretical Topics - - The Review and Future of the Atom - Simplified Nuclear Physics - Approach to the Study of Nuclear Physics - Elementary Particles—an Investigation of the Fundamental Components of - Matter and Energy - Odd Nucleon Effect - A Study of Binding Energies and Nuclear Reactions - The Integrated Theory of Atomic Structure Through Inductive and - Deductive Reasoning - Tools of Nuclear Physics - E = MC²—Energy Equals Mass Multiplied by the Speed of Light Squared - Downfall of Parity - How to Measure the Charge of the Electron - How Atoms Are Constructed - Formation of Heavy Nuclear Particles - Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Third Electrons in Transition-Metal Complexes - Probability in Electron Position - Stability of Radioactive Equilibria - The Electron: Measurement of Its Charge and Mass - Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure - Fourth State of Matter - Project-Observation Satellite - Creation of Antimatter - Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum - Stochastic-Radioactive-Equilibria Models - Cosmology - Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction - Electron Chemistry - Plasma-Ion Engine - Plasma Production by Gaseous Ionization - Finite Calculus and Particle Physics - Two Applications of the Plasma Discharge - Increasing the Efficiency of a Plasma Jet Suitable for Space - Propulsion - Prediction of Elements 99-118 - Exact Evaluation of the Charge of the Electron - Three-Dimensional Periodic Chart of Atoms - Atom Mobiles - Weight of an Atom - Determination of the Charge of an Electron Using the Millikan-Stokes - Effects - Atomic-Particles Detection and Analysis - Electron-Charge Determination by Oil-Drop Method - The Mineral That May Shape Our Destiny: Uranium - A Machine to Show Radioactive Materials - The Making of Active Metals - The Extraction of Uranium from Carnotite - The Chemistry of Thorium - - -Special Apparatus Topics - - Construction and Operations of Wilson Cloud Chamber - Geiger-Müller Counter: Theory and Construction - Experiments with a Homemade Geiger Counter - An Experimental High-Voltage Geiger Counter - Design and Construction of a Scintillation Counter - The Construction and Theory of Radiation Detectors for Radioactive - Experiments - The Underlying Principles of Accelerators for Positively Charged - Particles - Electronic-Equipment Construction and Applications to Nuclear Theory - and Techniques - A Germanium Linear Accelerator - Proton Accelerator - Construction of a One-Half Million Electron-Volt Proton Cyclotron - Construction of Apparatus for Accelerating and Detecting High-Energy - Beta Radiation - Betatron - A Continuous Cloud Chamber - Van de Graaff Generator - The Mass-Energy Problem of Particle Accelerators - Mass Spectrograph for Determining the Mass of Atoms - A Liquid-Scintillation Spectrometer for Counting Natural Carbon-14 - Samples - Proton Linear Accelerator - Magnetic Thermonuclear Chamber - Atom Smasher and Ionic-Drive Reaction Motor - Expansion Cloud Chamber for Observation of Tracks of Alpha Particles - Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer - High-Voltage Particle Acceleration - Linear Accelerator - Van de Graaff Generator Designed for an Accelerating Tube - Wilson Cloud Chamber - Low Energy Linear Accelerator - Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance and Spectrometry - Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment - Theory, Design, and Construction of a 10½-inch Cyclotron - Carbon-14 Counter - Proton-Free Precession Magnetometry - The Bubble Chamber - Electron Accelerator - Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance - Beta Synchrotron - Electrostatic Particle Accelerator with Van de Graaff Generator Power - Supply - The Cyclotron - Linear Alpha-Particle Accelerator - The Plasma Jet - Beta-Ray Spectrometer - Freon-13 B1 Bubble Chamber - Wilson Liquid-Piston Cloud Chamber - Expansion-Type Cloud Chamber - Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer - Linear-Subatomic-Particle Accelerator - Experimental Linear Accelerator - New Design in Microwave Techniques Used in Electron Acceleration - Application of Relativity to the Phenomena of a Diffusion Cloud - Chamber - 0.5-Mev Electron Accelerator - Radio-Frequency Plasma Torch - Design, Construction, and Operation of a 3-inch Freon Bubble Chamber - Experiments in Plasma Physics - Studies with a 500,000-volt Electron Accelerator - An Experimental Plasma Generator - The Plasma Torch - Using Nuclear Emulsions to Track Ionizing Particles - Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure - Emission Studies of a Nitrogen Plasma - A Combination 3-Mev Neutron Source and Medium-energy X-ray Source - Van de Graaff Electron Accelerator - Cosmic Rays Studied with a Counter-controlled Cloud Chamber - Radio-Frequency Plasma Generator - Plasma Acceleration - Investigation of High-Temperature Plasma Techniques Necessary for a - Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction - Atom Smasher—An Electrostatic Particle Accelerator - Design, Construction, and Use of a 0.5-Mev Linear Particle Accelerator - in Study of Short DeBroglie Wavelengths by - Crystal-Diffraction Method - Production of Plasma by a High-Frequency Magnetic Field - - -Radiation Topics - - A Cosmic Ray - Beta- and Gamma-Ray Analysis - Calculating the Angle of Deflection for Beta-Ray Under Normal - Atmospheric Conditions in Magnetic Fields of Differing - Intensities - Effects of Absorption and Geometry on Beta Count Rate - Detection and Recording of Cosmic Radiation - A Study of Alpha Particles by Means of the Continuous Cloud Chamber - Visual Detection of Alpha Particles - Detection of Subatomic Particles - A Survey of Background Radiation Made with a Geiger Counter - ⁵¹Ne as a Radiation Detector - Detection of Atomic Radiation - Methods of Measuring Radioactivity - Preliminary Study of the Effect of Radiation from some Common - Radioactive Materials on Photographic Film - Carnotite and Radioactivity - Study and Analysis of a Sample of Radioactive Sand from the Atomic - Explosion at Alamogordo - The Use of Ion Exchangers in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes - Radiation Effects on Fruit Flies - Effects of Radiation on _Drosophila melanogaster_ - Investigating Radioactive Minerals with Thick-Emulsion Photography - Actions of Gamma Radiation on the Offspring of Irradiated Female - Guppies - Influence of Beta-Particle Bombardment upon the Embryonic Development - of the Chick - Autoradiographs of Brain Tumors - A Radiation Detector - A Study of Cosmic Rays - Effects of Atomic Radiation on Rats - Atomic Radiation and the Geiger Counter - Atomic Radishes - Effects of X-Ray Radiation on Plants and Animals - Radiation Demonstration - Nuclear Radiations - Radiation Sterilization - X-Ray, Light’s Cousin - Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Plants and Animals - Roentgen Rays and the Construction of an X-Ray Machine - Visual and Aural Detection of Cosmic and Atomic Radiation - Radioautography - Experimentation with Ionizing Radiation - Radiation Hazard? - Phosphorus Uptake by Autoradiography - Demonstration of Rutherford’s Method of Separating Alpha, Beta, and - Gamma Radiation - Radiation—Effects and Possible Protection - Tired Blood—Production of Anemia by Radioactivity - Techniques of Autoradiography - Cosmic Radiation and Life - Radiation in Plant Breeding - Experiments with Induced-Radioactivity Apparatus - Effects of Radiation on the Blood in White Rats - Radioautographic Study of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Rat - The Effects of Beta Rays from ³²P on the Tissues on White Rabbits - Radioactivity Around Us - Effects of Radiation on Mice - Experiment, Design, and Application of Solid Propellant Rockets to - Radiation Studies of the Upper Atmosphere - Comparative Study of Radiation - Alpha and Beta Rays (Photographs) - A Laboratory-Scale Neutron Irradiator - Colchicine vs. Radiation - Mutations in German Millet Induced by Gamma Radiation - Cosmic Radiation - Cloud Chamber Study of Alpha and Beta Radiation - Effects of Radiation on Chick Embryos - The Protection of Cystamine and AET on X-Irradiated Mice - The Effects of X Ray on the Blood of Guinea Pigs - Measurement of Radioactivity in Milk - Chemical Modification of Radiation Effects - The Absorption of Alpha Particles in Air and Other Cases - Mass Absorption of Beta Radiation - The Danger of Radioactive Contamination of Kelp - Carnotite Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality Rates of _Daphnia - magna_ - Mutations Produced by the Irradiation of German Millet Seeds - Spectrometer Analysis of Beta Emitters - The Effects of Total-Body X-ray Radiation on the Hematopoietic System - of the Guinea Pig - Energies of Nuclear Radiations - An Analysis of Tracks Formed by Atomic Particles in a Diffusion Cloud - Chamber - Effects of X-Ray Radiation on the Bacteria _Serratia marcescens_ - Effects of Prenatal Radiation on Postnatal Learning Behavior of Mice - Color Changes in Gemstones by Radiation and Heat Induction - Studies in Effects of the Protection from Ionizing Radiations - Temperature Variation and Effects of Radiation on Reproduction and - Mortality - Effects of Irradiated Neoplasmic Extracts on Carcinoma in Cottontail - Rabbits - Determining Locus of Irradiated Mutant Drosophila “b1-pt-rd” - Effects of Radiation on Bacteria - Effects of Total-Body Irradiation on Longevity of Tissue Homografts in - Rabbits - Radiation—Why Be Concerned? - Radiation Effects on Drosophila - Effect of X rays on Drosophila - Effect of Irradiation on Black Shank Fungus - Comparative Determination of Radioactivity in Rowan County Soils - Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Radiation on Penicillium - The Teratogenetic Effects of X ray on Hamsters - Protection from Total-Body Irradiation - Effects of Ionizing Radiation from a ⁶⁰Co Source on Ascorbic-Acid - Concentration in _Raphanus sativus_ - Drugs vs. Radiation - Radiation Effects on Selected Botanical Specimens - Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum - Radioactive Uptake of ³²P in Animals and Subsequent-Recovery Period - Effects of X rays on Living Cells - Radiation Effect on Chick Embryos - Dietary Defense Against Radiation - Irradiation Effects on Gene Mutations in Drosophila - A Study in Radioactivity - Bacteria Protection from Radiation - Damaging Effects of Radiation - Effect of X-irradiation on Titration of Influenza Virus - Effect of Vitamin-K1 Analogue on Coagulation Time of - Cobalt-60-irradiated Mice - Effect of Gamma Radiation on Regeneration Rate of Planaria - Spirogyra and Cobalt-60 - Effects of Blood Serum from Irradiated Guinea Pigs on Tissue Cultures - Chemical Protection from Radiation in Planaria - Induced Mutations in Drosophila - Effects of Gamma Rays on Yeast and Aspergillus - Radiation-Protective Effects of RNA - Radiation, Hematology, and Biochemical Study of Molt-Control Hormones - of Crayfish, and Possible Importance to Man - Radiation and Mutations - Aromatics Possibly Help Determine Plant Radiosensitivity - Bone Marrow Transplantation and Recovery - Mutation in Tomato Plants Produced by Gamma-Ray Radiation - Dietary Control of Ionizing Radiation - Effects of Cooling on Radiation Damage to Living Cells - Rate of Regeneration of Eyespots in Planaria - Effects of Radiation on Transmission of Nerve Impulses - Irradiation of Amino Acids - - -Radioisotopes Topics - - Use of Radioactive Salts in Plant and Animal Nutrition Studies - The Radioactive Isotopes: Its Uses in Medical Research and Treatment - Chemical Activity of Deuterium as Compared with Hydrogen - Radioisotopes in Medicine - Pinpointing the Past with Carbon-14 - Algae Uptake of ³²P - Radioiodine and Construction of a Geiger-Mueller Counter - Radioiodine in Guppies - Uses of Radioisotopes - Radioisotopes - Chelation of a Radioactive Isotope in Rats - The Role for Radioactive Testosterone on Hematopoieses - Phosphorus-32 Tracer Studies Conducted with the Coleus Plant - Tracing the Organ Uptake of Radioisotopes in Animal Tissue - Carbon-14 in Photosynthesis - Transfer of Radioactive Elements on Succeeding Generations - Corrosion and Adsorption Studies Using Radiochemical Techniques - The Radioactive Elements—Separation, Detection, and Properties - Experiments with Radioisotopes - Translocation of Radioactive Phosphorus - Assimilation of Radioactive Isotopes in Fish - Use of ³²P by Plants - Comparative Studies of Isotope Utilization in Tomato Plants - Detection of Strontium-90 in Backbones of Fish from Areas of the - United States - The Circulation of Iodine (¹³¹I) in the Parabiotic Rat - Radioactive Zinc and Zinc-Chelates in the Hormone Metabolism of - Plant-Tissue Culture - Effect of Dietary Calcium on Deposition of Calcium-45 and Strontium-90 - Autoradiographical Evidences of Cytological-Radioisotope Deposition - Tracing the Development of a Chick Embryo with ³²P - Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers - Beware! Strontium-90 Everywhere - Plant Research with Radioactive Phosphorus - The Kettleman Hills Formation (Carbon-14 Dating) - Radiobiologic Investigations of Contractile Activity and ATP-induced - Pinocytosis _in vitro_ - Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁵Zn - Atomic Farming - Nutrient Passage Through Plant Grafts as Tested with Radioisotopes - Study of the Period of DNS Synthesis Using Tritiated Thymidine - Absorption of Radioactive Iodine by Molds and Bacteria - Radioisotopes as Tracers - Translocation of ³²P in Plants - - -Nuclear-Change Topics - - Demonstration of Chain Reaction - A Study of Chain Reactions - The Theory and Construction of an Inexpensive Neutron Source of - Moderate Strength - A Study of the Reaction ₅B¹⁰(n,a)₃Li⁷ with the Aid of Nuclear Research - Plates - How Fission and Fusion Take Place - Uranium Fission and Isotope Production - From Uranium to Energy - Atomic Transmutation - Atomic Disintegration - Conversion of Atomic Power to Electric Power - Interactions Between Subatomic Particles - A General Study of Atomic Energy: Its Fundamentals and Its Uses - Atomic Power Plant - Construction of an Atomic Reactor - Atomic Power for Space Travel - Atomic Weapons - Model of Atomic Power Plant - Bikini Bomb-Explosion Model - Destruction by the Atom Bomb - Demonstrated Principles of Nuclear Physics - The Sun—Our Chief Source of Energy - Uranium—Radioactivity and Fission - Atomic Power—The Servant of Man - Power from the Sun - The Process of Nuclear Fission - Fusion—Source of Solar Energy - Electricity from Atomic Power - Effects of Thermal Neutrons on Mammalian Systems - Fusion - Nuclear-Powered Electric Generator - Particle Characteristics and Reactions - Fusion Theory of the Universe - Project Fusion - The Magnetic-Mirror Machine - Plasmatron - The Heating and Confinement of a Thermodynamically Stable Plasma - Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction - The Stability of Radioactive Equilibria - Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁰Zn - Subatomic Particle Research - Nuclear Disintegration and Density - The Theory of the Plasma Torch - - - - - APPENDIX II - NUCLEAR ENERGY-RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATIONS - - -Listed below are a number of areas in which nuclear knowledge or atomic -energy products may be used to achieve investigative, developmental, or -engineering data and results which would have been unattainable a few -years ago. Science fair exhibits may be based on projects in which these -nuclear “tools” are employed to help solve problems of a non-nuclear -nature. Such exhibits receive consideration for AEC Special Awards at -the National Science Fair-International. - - -Biology - -Biosynthesis of Compounds; Plant Genetics; Plant Metabolism; Plant -Nutrition; Effects of Soil Density and Water Content; Disease Control; -Pollination Agents; Crop Improvement; Photosynthesis; Ecological Cycles; -Pest Control; Action of Pesticides; Ecology of Wildlife; Dispersion of -Pesticides; Nutrition of Domestic Animals; Milk Production; Mammalian -Aging; Animal Physiology; Genetic Chemistry. - - -Medicine - -Blood and Water Volume Studies; Cardiac Output; Blood Flow; Measurement -of Physiological Functions; Location of Appetite Control Centers; -Formation of Blood Cells; Metabolic Processes; Cancer Study; Leukemia -Study; Antibody Therapy; Study of the Central Nervous System; Vitamin -Studies; Behavior of Viruses. - - -Chemistry - -Reaction Mechanisms; Catalysis; Exchange; Kinetics; Corrosion; Dilution; -Diffusion; Mineral Flotation; Detergent Action; Mirror Formation; Metal -Plating; Analysis. - - -Physics - -Standard Length Measurements; Film Thickness; Nuclear Structure; Vapor -Pressures; Elementary Particles. - - -Geology - -Sedimentation; Ocean Currents; Underground-Water Resources and Movement; -Geological Dating. - - -Industry - -Thickness Gauging; Process Control; Inspections for Defects; Volume -Gauging; Leak Detection; Sterilization; Electron Printing; Flow-rate -Gauging; Tool-wear Gauging; Dye-migration Measurement; Oil-well -Acidizing Control; Lubricant Studies; Cleansing Efficiencies; -Measurement of Oxygen in Metals; Food Preservation; Power Sources; -Self-luminous Light Sources. - - - - - APPENDIX III - SUGGESTED REFERENCES - - -The following is a partial listing of publications on science projects, -science fairs, and atomic energy. Many of these publications also -contain bibliographies which readers may use to multiply their source of -knowledge. - - -Science and Science Projects - -_Science Projects Handbook_, Shirley Moore (Ed.), Ballantine Books, - Inc., New York, 1960, 254 pp., $0.50. - -_Ideas for Science Projects_, V. Showalter and I. Slesnick, National - Science Teachers Association, Washington, D. C., 1962, 53 pp., - $1.00. - -_Wonderful World of Science_, Shirley Moore and Judy Viorst, Science - Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1961, 246 pp., - $0.50. - -_How To Do an Experiment_, Philip Goldstein, Harcourt, Brace and World, - Inc., New York, 1957, 260 pp., $2.60. - -_Science News Letter_, published every week by Science Service, 1719 N - Street N. W., Washington, D. C., single copies, $0.15; $5.50 per - year. - -_Scientific American_, published every month by Scientific American, - Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, single copies $0.60; $7.00 per - year. - - -Science Projects and Science Fairs - -_Project Ideas for Young Scientists_, John Taylor, Phoebe Knipling, and - Falconer Smith, Joint Board on Science Education, Washington, D. - C., 1962, 173 pp., $1.25. - -_Ideas for Science Fair Projects_, Ronald Benrey and other winners of - the National Science Fair-International, Fawcett Publications, - Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut, 1962, 144 pp., $0.75. - -_Science Fair Projects_, Science and Mechanics Publishing Company, - Chicago, Illinois, 1962, 162 pp., $0.75. - -_Your Science Fair_, Arden Welte, James Diamond, and Alfred Friedl, - Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1959, 103 pp., - $2.75. - -_Scientific Exhibits_, Thomas Hull and Tom Jones, Charles C. Thomas, - Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1961, 126 pp., $6.50. - - -Atomic Energy and Nuclear Science Experiments and Projects - -_Sourcebook on Atomic Energy_, Samuel Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand - Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1958, 641 pp., $4.40. - -_Annual Report to Congress of the Atomic Energy Commission_, available - from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing - Office, Washington, D. C. (January 1964), 512 pp., $1.75. - -_Fundamental Nuclear Energy Research_ (annual report), available from - the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, - Washington, D. C. (December 1963), 412 pp., $2.50. - -_Atomic Energy_ (including experiments), Irene Jaworski and Alexander - Joseph, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1961, 218 pp., - $4.95. - -_Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science - Demonstrations_, Samuel Schenberg, available from the - Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, - Washington, D. C., 1958, 59 pp., $0.35. - -_Teaching with Radioisotopes_, U. S. Government Printing Office, out of - print but possibly available in school libraries or science - departments. - -_Experiments with Radioactivity_, National Science Teachers Association, - Washington, D. C., 1957, 20 pp., $0.50. - -_Atomic Energy_, Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, available - from Official Boy Scout Distributors (at local retail stores) or - from Boy Scouts of America, National Supply Service, New - Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. - -_Scientific Instruments You Can Make_, Helen M. Davis, Science Service, - 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1959, 253 pp., $2.00. - -_Experiments with Atomics_, Nelson Beeler and Franklin Branley, Thomas - Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1954, 160 pp., $2.50. - -_Atomic Experiments for Boys_, Raymond F. Yates, Harper and Row - Publishers, Inc., New York, 1952, 132 pp., $2.50. - -_Atomic Energy and Civil Defense_ (Price List 84) a listing of related - publications available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. - Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., free. - - -Preparation of Scientific and Technical Reports - -_How to Write Scientific and Technical Papers_, Sam F. Trelease, - Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1958, 185 pp., - $3.25. - -_Writing Useful Reports_, Robert E. Tuttle and C. A. Brown, - Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York, 1956, 635 pp., $4.75. - -_Technical Reporting_, Joseph N. Ulman, Jr., and J. R. Gould, Holt, - Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York, 1959, 289 pp., regular edition - $6.75; textbook edition $5.00. - -_Report Writers’ Handbook_, Charles E. Van Hagan, Prentice-Hall, Inc., - Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, 276 pp., regular edition - $9.35; textbook edition $7.00. - - - - - APPENDIX IV - WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS - - -No scientist worth his title ever exposes himself needlessly to any -potential hazards which confront him in his investigations. Thoughtful -student scientists also will avoid any unnecessary exposure to ionizing -radiation, particularly since bad habits acquired while doing student -projects may be difficult to overcome later. - -Before undertaking experiments with radioactivity, consult your science -teacher or project counselor. Any materials to be irradiated should be -processed with professional equipment by persons trained and authorized -to operate it. Use of radioisotopes, even in quantities exempt from -license requirements, usually involves special laboratory facilities, -techniques, and instruments, as well as the isotope itself. Make certain -that all these will be available to you before you embark on your -project. - -If possible, conduct all work with radioisotopes under the supervision -of a trained, experienced isotope technician. At the very least, -familiarize yourself with the specialized handling techniques required -(see _Experiments with Radioactivity_ or _Laboratory Experiments with -Radioisotopes for High School Science Demonstrations_, listed in -Appendix III). Then follow them to the letter! - - - - - APPENDIX V - SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES - - -Your science teacher or project counselor may know of a nearby -laboratory from which you can obtain the radioisotopes required for your -investigation. If you wish to write direct to a commercial source, some -of the suppliers of application-exempt quantities are: - - Atomic Corporation of America - 14725 Arminta Street - Panorama City, California - - Abbott Laboratories - Box 1008 - Oak Ridge, Tennessee - - Bio-Rad Laboratories - 32nd & Griffin Avenue - Richmond, California - - Nuclear Consultants Corporation - 9842 Manchester Road - St. Louis 19, Missouri - - U. S. Nuclear Corporation - 801 N. Lake Street - Box 2022 - Burbank, California - - Nuclear-Chicago Corporation - 333 East Howard Avenue at Nuclear Drive - Des Plaines, Illinois - - New England Nuclear Corporation - 575 Albany Street - Boston, Massachusetts - - Union Carbide Nuclear Company - Oak Ridge National Laboratory - Isotope Sales Department - P. O. Box X - Oak Ridge, Tennessee - - ChemTrac Corporation - 130 Alewife Brook Pkwy. - Cambridge 40, Massachusetts - - Nuclear Consultants, Inc. - 33-61 Crescent Street - Long Island City 6, New York - - - - - APPENDIX VI - INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES - - - _Finalists who enter the ISF must follow these rules without - exception._ - -The following code refers to the ISF rules listed below: - - S—School Fairs (recommended) - R—Regional Fairs (recommended) - I—ISF (required) - - -S-R-I - -Categories established for grouping and judging science projects at the -ISF are: - - Botany - Zoology - Medicine and Health - Biochemistry - Chemistry - Pure Physics - Applied Physics and Engineering - Mathematics and Computers - Earth and Space Sciences - - Entries in any of these categories, if nuclear-related, will be - considered for AEC Special Awards at the International Science Fair. - - -S-R-I - -Project exhibit size is limited to 30 inches deep (front to back), 48 -inches wide (side to side), and 12 feet high (floor to top). Any project -exceeding these dimensions is oversize and does not qualify for entrance -in the ISF. - - -R-I - -Each exhibitor must assemble his or her exhibit without major outside -help, except for transportation and unpacking. - - -S-R-I - -A typed abstract of the project, using not more than 250 words, is -required and must be displayed with the project. - - -S-R-I - -Anything which could be hazardous to public display is prohibited. This -includes: - -Live poisonous animals may not be displayed. - -No dangerous chemical substances such as caustics, acids, highly -combustible solids, fluids or gases may be displayed. If such materials -are required, inert substitutes should be used. - -No open flames are permitted. - -Any project producing temperatures exceeding 100°C must be adequately -insulated from its surroundings. - -Highly flammable display materials are prohibited. - -Tanks which have contained combustible gases must be purged with carbon -dioxide. No combustible fuel may be displayed. - -High voltage equipment such as large vacuum tubes or dangerous -ray-generating devices must be shielded and safety checked by a -qualified inspector. Students should be cautioned in advance about the -dangers of experimenting with such equipment and their work carefully -supervised. - - -S-R-I - -No live, warm-blooded animals may be displayed at the ISF. Projects -involving the use of such animals may display photographs, drawings, -charts or graphs to illustrate the conditions, developments, and results -of the investigations. This eliminates the needless shipping, housing, -care, harm, discomfort or loss of animals. - - -S-R-I - -During judging the exhibit area is closed to all except judges and -authorized personnel. Exhibitors may be present only at a specified time -during which they are to remain at their exhibits. - - -S-R-I - -All exhibitors must be interviewed at their projects by at least one -judge. The purpose of all interviews is to determine the exhibitors’ -familiarity with the project, the science involved, and to give the -student an opportunity to meet the judges, react to questions and to -discuss their work with a recognized leader. Care must be taken to allow -a reasonable interview time within the time limits allotted for judging. - - -I - -Not more than two students, male or female, may be certified as -finalists to the ISF from an affiliated science fair. They must be -students in 10th, 11th or 12th year classes in a public, private or -parochial school. - - -I - -A student who will have reached age 21 on or before May 1, preceding the -ISF is not eligible to participate as a finalist in the ISF. - - -I - -A student may enter only one project and it must be his own work. Group -projects involving two or more students give experience to beginners and -are acceptable in S or R fairs but may not be entered in the ISF. - - -I - -The identical repetition of previous year’s project is not permitted. -However, a student may again exhibit work on a continuing problem -provided the work demonstrates considerable progress when compared with -the previous year. - - -I - -Finalists must be accompanied to the ISF by an official adult escort -designated and/or sponsored by the regional fair. Responsibility and -liability for entry in the ISF rests with the affiliated fair -organization which finances the entry, provides transportation for the -finalists and their projects, and living expenses during ISF. - - -I - -Students planning to enter exhibits in the ISF which contain materials -that may be regulated by a quarantine should first consult with a -Federal or State plant pest control or animal health inspector, a county -agricultural agent, or write to the Director, Plant Pest Control -Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Federal Center Building, -Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. - - -S-R-I Regulations for Experiments With Animals - -_This guide was prepared and approved by the National Society for -Medical Research, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (National -Research Council), and the American Association for Laboratory Animal -Science (1968)._ - -1. The basic aims of scientific studies involving animals are to achieve -an understanding of life and to advance our knowledge of life processes. -Such studies lead to respect for life. - -2. Insects, other invertebrates and protozoa are materials of choice for -many experiments. They offer opportunities for exploration of biological -principles and extension of established ones. Their wide variety and the -feasibility of using larger numbers than is usually possible with -vertebrates makes them especially suitable for illustrating principles. - -3. A qualified adult supervisor must assume primary responsibility for -the purposes and conditions of any experiment that involves living -animals. - -4. No experiment should be undertaken that involves anesthetic drugs, -surgical procedures, pathogenic organisms, toxicological products, -carcinogens, or ionizing radiation unless a trained life scientist, -physician, dentist or veterinarian directly supervises the experiment. - -5. Any experiment must be performed with the animal under appropriate -anesthesia if pain is involved. - -6. The comfort of the animal used in any study shall be a prime concern -of the student investigator. Gentle handling, proper feeding, and -provision of appropriate sanitary quarters shall be strictly observed. -Any experiment in nutritional deficiency may proceed only to the point -where symptoms of the deficiency appear. Appropriate measures shall then -be taken to correct the deficiency, if such action is feasible, the -animal(s) shall be killed by a humane method. - - -This booklet is one of the “Understanding the Atom” Series. Comments are -invited on this booklet and others in the series; please send them to -the Division of Technical Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, -Washington, D. C. 20545. - -Published as part of the ABC’s educational assistance program, the -series includes these titles: - - _Accelerators_ - _Animals in Atomic Research_ - _Atomic Fuel_ - _Atomic Power Safety_ - _Atoms at the Science Fair_ - _Atoms in Agriculture_ - _Atoms, Nature, and Man_ - _Books on Atomic Energy for Adults and Children_ - _Careers in Atomic Energy_ - _Computers_ - _Controlled Nuclear Fusion_ - _Cryogenics, The Uncommon Cold_ - _Direct Conversion of Energy_ - _Fallout From Nuclear Tests_ - _Food Preservation by Irradiation_ - _Genetic Effects of Radiation_ - _Index to the UAS Series_ - _Lasers_ - _Microstructure of Matter_ - _Neutron Activation Analysis_ - _Nondestructive Testing_ - _Nuclear Clocks_ - _Nuclear Energy for Desalting_ - _Nuclear Power and Merchant Shipping_ - _Nuclear Power Plants_ - _Nuclear Propulsion for Space_ - _Nuclear Reactors_ - _Nuclear Terms, A Brief Glossary_ - _Our Atomic World_ - _Plowshare_ - _Plutonium_ - _Power from Radioisotopes_ - _Power Reactors in Small Packages_ - _Radioactive Wastes_ - _Radioisotopes and Life Processes_ - _Radioisotopes in Industry_ - _Radioisotopes in Medicine_ - _Rare Earths_ - _Research Reactors_ - _SNAP, Nuclear Space Reactors_ - _Sources of Nuclear Fuel_ - _Space Radiation_ - _Spectroscopy_ - _Synthetic Transuranium Elements_ - _The Atom and the Ocean_ - _The Chemistry of the Noble Gases_ - _The Elusive Neutrino_ - _The First Reactor_ - _The Natural Radiation Environment_ - _Whole Body Counters_ - _Your Body and Radiation_ - -A single copy of any one booklet, or of no more than three different -booklets, may be obtained free by writing to: - - USAEC, P. O. BOX 62, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37830 - -Complete sets of the series are available to school and public -librarians, and to teachers who can make them available for reference or -for use by groups. Requests should be made on school or library -letterheads and indicate the proposed use. - -Students and teachers who need other material on specific aspects of -nuclear science, or references to other reading material, may also write -to the Oak Ridge address. Requests should state the topic of interest -exactly, and the use intended. - -In all requests, include “Zip Code” in return address. - - - Printed in the United States of America -USAEC Division of Technical Information Extension, Oak Ridge, Tennessee - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATOMS AT THE SCIENCE FAIR *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -.fnblock dl { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; } -.fnblock dt { text-align:justify; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:justify; margin-top:0; font-size:90%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -dl.pcap { font-family:sans-serif; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Atoms at the Science Fair, by Robert G. LeCompte</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Atoms at the Science Fair</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Exhibiting Nuclear Projects</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Authors: Robert G. LeCompte</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em;'>Burrell L. Wood</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 21, 2021 [eBook #65893]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net </p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATOMS AT THE SCIENCE FAIR ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Atoms at the Science Fair" width="1000" height="1563" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="ss"><span class="small">Atoms at the Science Fair -<br /><span class="smallest">EXHIBITING NUCLEAR PROJECTS</span></span></span></h1> -<p class="center small"><span class="ssn">U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION/Division of Technical Information</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<p class="tb">Each year more students undertake science fair projects, -many of which involve some aspect of nuclear science or -technology.</p> -<p>The United States Atomic Energy Commission has prepared -this booklet to help these young exhibitors, their science -teachers, project counselors, and parents.</p> -<p>The booklet suggests also some of the numerous nuclear -topics on which students can base meaningful science projects. -It offers all exhibitors—regardless of age, experience, -or project topic—advice on how to plan, design, and -construct successful exhibits. It describes some rewards -awaiting those who win their way to the National Science -Fair-International, including 10 AEC Special Awards offered -for the most outstanding nuclear exhibits.</p> -<p>Detailed advice on conducting science projects is omitted, -partly because several earlier publications deal with the -subject, but also because much of the personal satisfaction -gained while doing a science project stems from the student -investigator’s opportunity to exercise his initiative, imagination, -and judgment in solving a problem of his own choice, -in his own way.</p> -<p>We trust this booklet will encourage students to enter science -fair competition, and hope it will help their advisers -guide them toward better projects and more successful exhibits.</p> -<p class="jr1"><img class="inline" src="images/ejb.jpg" alt="Edward J. Brunenkant" width="300" height="100" /> -<br />Edward J. Brunenkant, Director -<br />Division of Technical Information</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div> -<h1 title=""><span class="small"><span class="ss">Atoms at the Science Fair -<br /><span class="smaller">Exhibiting Nuclear Projects</span></span></span></h1> -<p class="jr1"><span class="ssn">by Robert G. LeCompte and Burrell L. Wood</span></p> -<h2 id="toc" class="center">CONTENTS</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1">SCIENCE PROJECTS, EXHIBITS, AND FAIRS</a> 1</dt> -<dd><a href="#c2">Science Projects</a> 1</dd> -<dd><a href="#c3">Project Exhibits</a> 2</dd> -<dd><a href="#c4">Science Fairs</a> 2</dd> -<dt><a href="#c5">YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT</a> 4</dt> -<dd><a href="#c6">Choosing the Topic</a> 4</dd> -<dd><a href="#c7">Where to Get Help</a> 8</dd> -<dd><a href="#c8">Documenting Your Work</a> 9</dd> -<dt><a href="#c9">EXHIBITING YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT</a> 11</dt> -<dd><a href="#c10">Planning the Content of Your Exhibit</a> 11</dd> -<dd><a href="#c11">How Exhibits Are Judged</a> 12</dd> -<dd><a href="#c12">Designing Your Exhibit</a> 16</dd> -<dd><a href="#c13">About Color</a> 25</dd> -<dd><a href="#c14">Completing Your Exhibit</a> 27</dd> -<dt><a href="#c15">COMPETITION AND ITS REWARDS</a> 30</dt> -<dt><a href="#c16">QUO VADIS?</a> 34</dt> -<dt><a href="#c17">APPENDIX I—NUCLEAR SCIENCE PROJECT IDEAS</a> 37</dt> -<dt><a href="#c18">APPENDIX II—NUCLEAR ENERGY-RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATIONS</a> 47</dt> -<dt><a href="#c19">APPENDIX III—SUGGESTED REFERENCES</a> 48</dt> -<dt><a href="#c20">APPENDIX IV—WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS</a> 50</dt> -<dt><a href="#c21">APPENDIX V—SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES</a> 51</dt> -<dt><a href="#c22">APPENDIX VI—INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES</a> 52</dt> -</dl> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">United States Atomic Energy Commission -<br />Division of Technical Information</span></p> -<p class="center smaller">Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-65589 -<br />1968</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="528" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Interviews help AEC Special Awards -judges identify the most outstanding -nuclear-related exhibits entered in each -National Science Fair-International. -Here, Elizabeth Winstead of Jacksonville, -Florida, explains her irradiated -fruit flies to Dr. Paul W. McDaniel, AEC -Director of Research and a Special -Awards judge at the 1963 national fair, -Albuquerque, New Mexico. Selected as -one of the 10 winners, Miss Winstead -and her science teacher spent a week at -the Commission’s Argonne National -Laboratory near Chicago.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="ss">ROBERT G. LeCOMPTE</span> majored in English (A. B., St. Benedict’s, -1935) and has worked primarily as a communicator—reporter, -house-organ editor and photographer, military-information officer -and instructor, public-relations consultant, and information and -exhibits specialist. He joined the Atomic Energy Commission’s -staff at Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1951, transferring in 1957 to -the AEC’s Headquarters, where he is Exhibits and Education Officer -in the Division of Technical Information. His concern with -science stems from aviation writing, World War II service as an -Air Force pilot and technical-intelligence officer, science-news -reporting, and requirements for presenting AEC scientific-technical -developments to the lay public. He has been involved in -science fair activities since 1960, when he began the study which -led to establishment of AEC Special Awards for outstanding nuclear-related -exhibits at the National Science Fair-International.</p> -<p><span class="ss">BURRELL L. WOOD</span> is a chemist (A.B. in French and B.S. in -Chemistry, Presbyterian College, 1940; M.S. in Chemistry, University -of Georgia, 1942; Ph. D. in Chemistry, University of North -Carolina, 1952). In 1953, while head of the Chemistry Department -at Furman University, Dr. Wood organized a statewide science fair -program in South Carolina. He moved to the New Mexico Institute -of Mining and Technology in 1957, and expanded that state’s program -by organizing four regional science fairs. He joined the staff -of Science Service in 1960 and edited <i>Chemistry</i> magazine and -“Things of Science” experimental kits. In 1961 he joined the -Atomic Energy Commission’s Headquarters staff and is now Exhibit -Coordinator in the Division of Special Projects. He served at -the National Science Fair-International in 1962 and 1963 as a judge -of nuclear-related exhibits considered for AEC Special Awards.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h1 title=""><span class="small"><span class="ss">Atoms at the Science Fair -<br /><span class="smaller">Exhibiting Nuclear Projects</span></span></span></h1> -<p class="center small"><span class="ssn">by ROBERT G. LeCOMPTE and BURRELL L. WOOD</span></p> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">SCIENCE PROJECTS, EXHIBITS, AND FAIRS</span></h2> -<p>In almost every area of endeavor, we learn best by -<i>doing</i>. Books and lectures provide background, but it is -by putting theory into practice that we make knowledge -truly our own. To learn a language, we read and speak -it. Our knowledge of mathematics follows practice at -problem solving, and so it is with science.</p> -<h3 id="c2">Science Projects</h3> -<p>In conducting a good science project, we work in much -the same manner as professional scientists. Like them, -we observe, experiment, investigate, speculate, and check -the validity of our speculations with more experiments, all -in order to learn something. If our work is good, others -may learn from it too, but only if we present it adequately.</p> -<p>Better understanding of an area of science is the least -that we can gain from doing a science project. At their -best, science projects foster habits of effective planning, -attention to detail, careful work, and high performance -standards that will serve us well throughout our lives. -Moreover, there is always the promise that the project -will open the door to a satisfying career.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h3 id="c3">Project Exhibits</h3> -<p>More and more, scientists are called upon to share their -work not only with other scientists but also with legislators, -administrators, sociologists, artists—all kinds of people -in all kinds of professions. To follow this lead, student -scientists also must tell other people about their science -projects.</p> -<p>When executed properly, exhibits are an effective way to -do this. Exhibits which combine interesting visual materials -with well-written messages can communicate much -in very limited time and space. Good exhibits can speak -clearly to a great variety of viewers. Those already generally -familiar with the subject may absorb the entire -message, but even the uninitiated will find something of -interest.</p> -<h3 id="c4">Science Fairs</h3> -<p>Fairs have been popular throughout history. Generally -they have been occasions to display work or feats of which -people are proud. Often they have stimulated progress and -the exchange of goods and ideas.</p> -<p>Early in this century some teachers encouraged their -students to undertake individual science projects, then exhibit -them before their classmates and fellow students. -Between the two World Wars some individual school systems -developed citywide science fairs to show the most -outstanding of these exhibits from each school. The science -fair movement gained momentum rapidly after World -War II, and in 1950 the First National Science Fair was -held in Philadelphia, drawing exhibitors from 13 affiliated -area fairs.</p> -<p>Today the national event draws exhibitors from more -than 200 affiliated state and regional fairs. Recent entry -of competitors from several other countries has produced -its new title—National Science Fair-International (NSFI). -It is the “Olympic Games” for science fair exhibitors, -conducted by Science Clubs of America, an activity of -Science Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="591" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>The growing international flavor of the national science fair is exemplified -in contestants like Anders S. Brahme, Sweden’s entrant -at Albuquerque in 1963, and the first non-U. S. student to achieve -Atomic Energy Commission Special Awards recognition. He was -one of 10 alternates to the 10 winners and is shown receiving a -Certificate of Achievement from Harry S. Traynor, AEC Assistant -General Manager.</i></p> -</div> -<p>Usually state and regional science fairs are limited, -like the national event, to the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades, -but occasionally they have a division for junior high school -entrants. In school districts where junior high schools hold -fairs, the district fair frequently includes both senior high -and junior high divisions. Some elementary schools conduct -science fairs for their 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students. In -both the elementary and junior high school divisions, exhibitors -usually compete against entrants of their own -grade level, for example, 5th graders against 5th graders, -and 9th graders against 9th graders. In the senior division -each entrant competes against all others. Although the -overall quality of exhibits at local fairs is rarely up to -that of regional, state, and national fairs, the local events -are possibly the most valuable educational tools because -they are viewed by so large a “grass-roots” audience of -classmates, parents, teachers, and other local citizens.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>In science fairs—as in athletics or music—top prizes -are seldom won by first-time competitors. Almost all -national fair exhibitors have participated in science fairs -at various levels for a year or more before winning their -way into the national event. Both experience in science -projects and practice in display techniques are required -to develop outstanding exhibits. Since this is true, the time -to start the science project which will form the basis for -your exhibit is now!</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT</span></h2> -<h3 id="c6">Choosing the Topic</h3> -<p>Since you will necessarily spend considerable thought, -time, physical effort, and (sometimes) money on your -project, pick a topic from which you can expect to learn -something. If you can avoid the temptation to pick one with -which you are already familiar, you will probably get more -out of it. Your project should be an adventure, not merely -a drill!</p> -<p>On the other hand your science project need not be in -utterly unexplored areas; to be successful you need not -come up with data and conclusions which will confound -professional scientists who have spent their lives in similar -work. You are a student and a hobbyist, not yet a professional -research scientist. Primarily your project should -advance your personal knowledge, and your abilities to -observe, speculate, hypothesize, experiment, deduce, and -conclude.</p> -<p>You should choose a project which you can expect to -follow to a successful conclusion, but which is enough -above your current knowledge to make you “stretch” -your abilities.</p> -<p>But it is important not to bite off more than you can -chew. The project should not demand so much time that -you neglect other responsibilities. However, you need not -pass up an interesting topic because covering all of it -would consume too much time. Instead, zero in on just -those aspects which interest you most.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="646" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Sophomore Eileen O’Brien of New Dorp -High School, Staten Island, New York, -displayed this nuclear-related exhibit -at the 13th NSFI at Seattle in 1962, but -did not win any AEC recognition.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="638" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>At the 14th NSFI at Albuquerque in -1963, junior Eileen O’Brien returned -with a new and better exhibit of a related -but more advanced project...</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="796" height="638" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>... and found herself an AEC Special -Awards winner invited, with her science -teacher, to spend a week at Argonne -National Laboratory.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p04d.jpg" alt="" width="795" height="629" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>At the 15th NSFI at Baltimore in 1964, -senior Eileen O’Brien qualified again -as an AEC Special Awards winner by -exhibiting a more advanced project, -but one still related to her earlier ones.</i> -<span class="jr">Courtesy Science Service</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>You may be able to select a project which will be of -continuing interest in later years. For example, a 9th-grade -general-science student might begin by making an -<i>overall survey</i> of a topic to discover what is already known -about it and what remains to be discovered. As a 10th-grade -biology student, he might investigate <i>biological</i> aspects -of his topic, and then follow with investigations of -<i>chemical</i> and <i>physical</i> aspects of it while studying 11th -grade chemistry and 12th grade physics. Some outstanding -science fair exhibits have resulted from such progressive -development of a single project which the exhibitors undertook -first in junior high school.</p> -<p>Whenever you ask a question about some aspect of nature -you have a possible project topic. “How does a chicken -hatch?” “What is the best way to treat a burn?” “How -could nuclear energy be used in space travel?” You need -only examine the questions that occur to you every day -to find dozens of topics on which to base projects.</p> -<p>You might identify promising topics by reviewing the -table of contents in your science text, noting chapters -or topics of particular interest. Or you may find it helpful -to consult the references listed in the appendix to this -booklet. If you are interested in a project related to atomic -energy, the appendix lists also many nuclear topics and -research areas.</p> -<p>It is probably wise to select several potential project -topics, do a little reading on each of them, and then pick -one. Before reaching a decision, discuss them with your -teachers and parents. Your science teacher can help you -pick a topic that will relate closely to classroom work, -and may be able to suggest interesting approaches you -haven’t considered. By talking your project topic over with -your parents and advisers you can make sure that you will -have the time, working space, moral support, and financial -resources needed to complete it successfully.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="797" height="694" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>After failing as sophomores to qualify for AEC Special -Awards at Seattle, both these Texans came back as -juniors to win at Albuquerque with better exhibits of -similar, but more refined projects. James L. Ash -(below) is from Dallas, and Michael A. Haralson (above) -is from Abilene.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="James L. Ash" width="800" height="688" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<p>At the outset, the exhibit possibilities of your chosen -project may not be clearly apparent. You cannot predict -exactly what procedures you will follow nor what conclusions -you will draw. As you proceed, you will probably -uncover many facts which you will want to tell people -about. If you choose a good topic, work carefully and accurately, -and cover the topic fully, you will produce a -successful project which can form the basis for a good -exhibit.</p> -<h3 id="c7">Where to Get Help</h3> -<p>One mark of a truly educated individual is his willingness -to discuss his problems with others and profit by -their advice and help. One of the most important things that -you can learn while doing a project is how and where to -obtain information and assistance.</p> -<p>Your <i>science teacher</i> may be an excellent source. If he -cannot provide specialized help himself probably he can -direct you to those who can.</p> -<p>Your <i>school librarian</i> can point out specialized references -such as scientific encyclopedias and “reserved” reference -books. Scientific magazines and journals have good “survey -articles” on recent developments. Don’t overlook the public, -college, and special technical libraries near you. Also, -academies of science, technical societies, and science -laboratories may have libraries or publications you can -use.</p> -<p>It is to be hoped that your topic is one on which some -expert local counseling will be available—from your science -teacher or one of your parents, your family physician -or the local pharmacist, your agricultural extension agent, -or scientific and engineering personnel of a nearby manufacturing -plant, defense installation, research laboratory, -or college.</p> -<p>Select a <i>project adviser</i> and try to enlist his cooperation. -Explain your choice of topic to him and how you plan to -develop it. (If you have already done background reading -you may find him more receptive and more helpful.) You -may need to consult him on several different occasions. -You will probably want him to check you project plan to -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -make sure that you have not left out an important step, or -included some potential pitfall. Also, you may want him to -review the final written report in which you summarize -your work and findings.</p> -<p>However, your project must rest upon work done by you. -It is permissible to obtain assistance from others, but -never to the extent that you are standing on the sidelines -watching someone else do your work. Keep your interviews -brief and approach each conference with a clear idea of -what you are seeking and why, and always only after you -have already done as much as possible—whether by way -of reading or project work—to find the answer on your -own. By doing this you will gain valuable habits of self-reliance, -and added stature in your adviser’s eyes.</p> -<p><i>Special equipment and materials</i> may be obtained or borrowed -through laboratories. College laboratories assist -sometimes. Some industrial organizations may have surplus -equipment and materials that they are willing to lend or -donate.</p> -<h3 id="c8">Documenting Your Work</h3> -<p><b>Project Notebook</b> Every scientist worth his salt keeps -detailed notes on each project on which he works. You -should do likewise. This notebook, which could as well be -a set of file cards, contains a running, day-by-day account -of everything that concerns the project—observations, -speculations, experiments, materials, expenses, procedures, -data and observations, hypotheses, checks for -validity, conclusions, and conjectures. From such notebooks -comes the information for the scientist’s formal -report, or “paper”, by which he advises his employers and -colleagues of the progress of his work.</p> -<p>Since the notebook contains everything pertaining to your -project, it may become disarranged, no matter how well -you organize it in the beginning. If so, don’t worry—just -keep it up to date.</p> -<p><b>Project Report</b> But there should be nothing haphazard -about the final report on your project. In some science -fairs, this report is displayed in the exhibit and considered -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -in the judging. Even where not required, the project -report belongs with your exhibit.</p> -<p>After writing your report you will find that much of your -exhibit planning—and even some of the text which will -appear in your exhibit—is already accomplished.</p> -<p>If you are doing your project as a classroom assignment, -your teacher may specify the manner in which your report -is to be organized. Otherwise, you can follow a format such as this:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><span class="ss">1.</span> TITLE. Keep it short. If accuracy requires more than a -few words, consider using a very brief main title and a more -definitive subtitle.</p> -<p><span class="ss">2.</span> ABSTRACT. This is a very brief condensation of the entire -report summarizing the objectives of the project, what you -did, and the conclusions you came to.</p> -<p><span class="ss">3.</span> INTRODUCTION. Describe your topic and give some -background information such as relevant work done by others. -Summarize your purpose, scope, and method of investigation. -State the questions or hypotheses your examined. Include the -most significant findings of your investigations.</p> -<p><span class="ss">4.</span> MATERIALS AND METHODS. Describe in detail the materials, -equipment, methods, experiments, controls, unforeseen -difficulties and remedies.</p> -<p><span class="ss">5.</span> OBSERVATIONS AND DATA. Describe your observations. -Include some of your observational data here as an example. -You may wish to put the bulk of it in an appendix.</p> -<p><span class="ss">6.</span> DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. Give the main conclusions -your observations tend to prove or deny. (Disproval of your -initial hypothesis may be as important as proof of it!) Include -the evidence developed for each main conclusion and any exceptions, -or for opposing theories. Offer possible explanations. -Compare your results and interpretations with those of other -workers in the same field.</p> -<p><span class="ss">7.</span> NEW QUESTIONS, POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE -PROJECTS, IF ANY.</p> -<p><span class="ss">8.</span> APPENDIX. Give more detailed and supplementary information, -often including graphs, tables, photographs, and -drawings.</p> -<p><span class="ss">9.</span> BIBLIOGRAPHY. Keep it brief, listing only those books -and periodicals which you actually used to provide background -information.</p> -<p><span class="ss">10.</span> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Both prudence and the best -traditions of science require that you acknowledge all help -which you receive. Usually student scientists do not produce -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -laboratory work of professional quality, nor do student exhibitors -match the skill of commercial designers and fabricators. -Consequently, when judges encounter very exceptional unacknowledged -work, they may reasonably wonder if the exhibitor -received some professional help. And if on part, they speculate, -on how much more? Result: they might be tempted to -disqualify the exhibit entirely, whereas if you had acknowledged -frankly—“Professor James Smith, Alpha University, for loan -of four color transparencies”, or “My father, who devised the -lighting system”—you might lose a point or two on their -scorecards, but remain in competition.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Your project notebook and your formal project report -are important components of your exhibit to follow. If both -are completed first, you will find planning the rest of your -exhibit a much simpler task.</p> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">EXHIBITING YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT</span></h2> -<h3 id="c10">Planning the Content of Your Exhibit</h3> -<p>Try to organize your exhibit content so that it will be -meaningful to viewers who know less about it than you do. -The following outline may be followed, but is not the only -one possible. Don’t be afraid to let the unusual aspects of -your project influence the organization of its exhibit.</p> -<p><b>Title</b> The same title you chose for your project report -may be an acceptable exhibit title. It should be brief and as -nontechnical as possible. A subtitle may explain or amplify -the main title.</p> -<p><b>The Summary Message (or Statement of the Problem)</b> -Give the viewer a capsule explanation of the project and its -significance. You may use a simplified version of your -abstract, eliminating information and language which is not -meaningful to the average viewer. Keep it simple.</p> -<p><b>Hypotheses and Conclusions</b> List these briefly in a manner -understandable to the average viewer. (Those interested -in details can find them in your notebook and project report.)</p> -<p><b>Method and Scope of Investigation</b> Hit only the high -points, but emphasize instances where you feel you displayed -unusual imagination, ingenuity, or resourcefulness.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p><b>Observations and Data</b> Both are important, but in an -exhibit too many data can be dull. Select only those which -are essential to the capsule story of your project.</p> -<p><b>Photographs and Illustrations</b> Review the foregoing elements -to see where pictures will tell your story as well as -(or better than) words. List all photographs you have already -taken of your project, ones you can still obtain, and -drawings which will illustrate or help narrate your story. -Don’t be selective yet. Later, when you are designing your -exhibit layout, space limitations will force you to choose.</p> -<p><b>Equipment and Specimens</b> These also help narrate your -story. Select objects and apparatus which will provide -viewers a good grasp of your project work. Have you hit -upon a low-cost substitute for expensive laboratory equipment? -Do some of your specimens present clearly visible -evidence of points you want to make? Are any of the experimental -results or specimens particularly unusual, spectacular, -or beautiful? List them for possible use.</p> -<p><b>Handout Brochure</b> An important but frequently overlooked -exhibit component is the “handout brochure” to be -distributed to interested viewers. Even a single mimeographed -page can supply more written information than -should be displayed in the limited space of the exhibit. It -can provide serious viewers a condensed version of the -project report. The brochure provides all viewers a reference -when they discuss the science fair and your exhibit -with others. Consider the handout brochure while planning -your exhibit’s contents because it can contain data and -graphs which might otherwise clutter and confuse your -exhibit proper.</p> -<h3 id="c11">How Exhibits Are Judged</h3> -<p>Rules for the judging of exhibits vary, but most science -fairs stick fairly closely to the criteria and point values -used by the National Science Fair-International, which are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">I. Creative Ability </span>Total 30 points</p> -<p>How much of the work appears to show originality of approach -or handling? Judge that which appears to you to be -original regardless of the expense of purchased or borrowed -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -equipment. Give weight to ingenious uses of materials, if -present. Consider collections creative if they seem to serve a -purpose.</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">II. Scientific Thought </span>Total 30 points</p> -<p>Does the exhibit disclose organized procedures? Is there a -planned system, classification, accurate observation, or controlled -experiment? Does exhibit show a verification of laws, -or a cause and effect, or present by models or other methods -a better understanding of scientific facts or theories? Give -weight to probable amount of real study and effort which is -represented in the exhibit. Guard against discounting for what -might have been added, included, or improved.</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">III. Thoroughness </span>Total 10 points</p> -<p>Score here for how completely the story is told. It is not essential -that step-by-step elucidation of construction details be -given in working models.</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">IV. Skill </span>Total 10 points</p> -<p>Is the workmanship good? Under normal working conditions, -is the exhibit likely to demand frequent repairs? In collections, -how skilled is the handling, preparation, mounting or -other treatment?</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">V. Clarity </span>Total 10 points</p> -<p>In your opinion, will the average person understand what is -being displayed? Are guide marks, labels, and descriptions -spelled correctly, and neatly yet briefly presented? Is there -sensible progression of the attention of the spectator across or -through the exhibit?</p> -<p class="jr1"><span class="lj">VI. Dramatic Value </span>Total 10 points</p> -<p>Is this exhibit more attractive than others in the same field? -Do not be influenced by “cute” things, lights, buttons, switches, -cranks, or other gadgets which contribute nothing to the exhibit.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Such rules leave much to the individual discretion of the -judges, particularly regarding the distinction between the -science project itself and the exhibit. Be sure to study your -local rules and judging criteria carefully. Since usually 60 -points pertain to creativity and sound scientific thought, a -large part of your score depends on the original excellence -of your science project. The remaining 40 points apply to -the manner in which you develop your exhibit of that project.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="986" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>AEC Special Award competition -is judged by a “blue-ribbon” -panel composed of people who -head research and development -programs at AEC -offices and laboratories -throughout the United -States. At the 14th NSFI -at Albuquerque, these -judges spent the morning identifying -eligible exhibits, “huddled” -late in the afternoon to -select semifinal choices, and -then in the evening talked -with each semifinalist before -making the final -choice of winners and -alternates.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<p>Judges study criteria and point values before evaluating -exhibits. Although your exhibit should speak for itself, at -many fairs the judges chat with each exhibitor to determine -how well he understands his project area. Be prepared to -present details concisely and clearly, but avoid lengthy -explanations unless asked.</p> -<h3 id="c12">Designing Your Exhibit</h3> -<p>After you have finished your project, documented your -work in a project report, planned and listed what must go -into the exhibit, and familiarized yourself with the ground -rules under which you will compete, you are ready to design -your exhibit. The sections which follow suggest guidelines -and construction hints on exhibit structure; ways of -presenting information (text, photographs, transparencies, -line drawings, captions, models, specimens, laboratory -equipment, etc.); layout and location of exhibit items, exhibit -materials, color, and lighting.</p> -<h4>STRUCTURE</h4> -<p><i>Size.</i> National Science Fair-International rules limit -exhibit size to 48 inches wide and 30 inches deep. The -structure may rest on the floor, on its own supports, or on -a table (normally about 30 inches high) supplied by the fair. -Even if local rules permit more space, you may find it -desirable to build to NSFI rules so your structure will be -eligible at all fairs.</p> -<p>The overall height of your exhibit is limited by practical -considerations to about 7 feet, since the passing viewer’s -eye encompasses most easily the area between 30 and 90 -inches above the floor and the view of someone standing near -is even more limited. Tabletop structures 48 inches or -less in height work out nicely, and can conserve materials.</p> -<p><i>Shape.</i> With few exceptions, science fair exhibitors can -explain their projects adequately within structures similar -to those shown in Figures <a href="#fig10">1</a> and <a href="#fig11">2</a>. Such tabletop “booth” -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -exhibits have these common features: (a) a large back wall -which can be used for the introductory message, for -featured illustrations or specimens, or for important -conclusions; (b) two smaller side walls, angled outward -for easier viewing, which can contain supplementary text -and illustrations; and (c) horizontal display space at table -height to hold specimens, apparatus, project notebook and -project report, handout brochures, etc. Some exhibitors fit -this space with a slanted- or stepped-shelf unit. If the back -and side walls are fastened to such a base the structure -is stronger.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<p class="pcap"><i>These two basic structures are designed for simplicity, flexibility, -economy of materials, and repeated use in successive years of -science fair competition. Both meet NSFI rules on maximum dimensions. -The structure shown in Figure 1 is easiest to build. The -one in Figure 2 is a modified Figure 1 designed to accommodate an -outsize object which must rest on the floor.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="632" height="732" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 1</span></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="559" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 2</span></p> -</div> -<p>Many variations are possible. Very tall objects might be -handled by the self-supporting structure shown in <a href="#fig11">Figure 2</a>. -Some exhibitors extend back and side walls to the floor, -but this requires more panel material and tempts the -exhibitor to mount text and illustrations below the level -of easy viewing.</p> -<p>The title board can be functional as well as attractive, -as in <a href="#fig10">Figure 1</a>. It puts your main title where it can be seen -easily and it conserves wall space. It can brace the side -walls and serve to shield lights.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p><i>Materials.</i> Attractive exhibit structures can be built -from artboard and similar paper products, so for one-time-only -elementary school exhibits you may not wish to -invest in more permanent materials. But if you look forward -to other projects, exhibits, and fairs, you will be wise to -consider materials which will hold up in repeated use. -Even though most fairs do not permit you to compete in -successive years with the same exhibit material, seldom -do they require you to build a new structure each year to -hold your changing displays.</p> -<p>“Masonite” and similar wood-fiber particle boards are -relatively inexpensive, take paint and adhesives well, are -fairly light, and in thicknesses of more than ⅛ inch and -lengths of less than 48 inches are sufficiently rigid when -supported by adjoining panels. They are available with -rows of holes pre-drilled to accommodate a multiplicity -of “pegboard” hanger devices. If you hope to use your -basic structure for other exhibits, pegboard allows you -flexibility in rearranging three-dimensional exhibit items. -Also, the holes facilitate wiring down display items that -might be dislodged by careless viewers or filched by -thoughtless souvenir hunters.</p> -<p>One standard 4-by-8 foot sheet of hardboard or plywood -will suffice for the typical tabletop structure if you divide -it as shown in <a href="#fig12">Figure 3</a>.</p> -<p>Plywood and untempered hardboard should be sealed -with a primer coat before finish painting. If you seal the -reverse side of the panels also, they warp less. For -finish coats, the enamel now available in aerosol spray -cans will save you some brush work. Always apply spray -paints in several light coats while the surface is horizontal, -to avoid unsightly “runs”.</p> -<p>For bracing, framing, and other woodwork, white pine is -strong, light, easy to work, and unlikely to warp if seasoned -properly.</p> -<p>Hinges, washers, bolts, nails, or screws which will be -painted may be of uncoated steel. Otherwise, you may find -brass, stainless steel, aluminum, or chrome-plated steel -better.</p> -<p>If your exhibit proves to be a winner, you may need to -erect and dismantle it at several fairs. A little ingenuity -and foresight in the selection of removable-pin hinges, -wing-nut bolt assemblies, and the like, may save a lot of -time later and help keep your exhibit structure in good -condition.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1361" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 3</span></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>CUTTING 4′ × 8′ PLYWOOD OR HARD BOARD FOR MAXIMUM ECONOMY</dt> -<dd>BACK WALL PANEL 34″ × 48″</dd> -<dd>TITLE BOARD OR “HEADER”</dd> -<dd class="t">6″</dd> -<dd>SIDE WALL PANELS (2 ea.) 28″ × 48″</dd> -<dt>OVERHEAD PLAN OF TYPICAL SCIENCE FAIR EXHIBIT STRUCTURE</dt> -<dd>BACK WALL PANEL</dd> -<dd>SIDE WALL PANEL</dd> -<dd>SIDE WALL PANEL</dd> -<dd>BASE UNIT</dd> -<dd>30″ (allowable)</dd> -<dd>LIGHT BEHIND HEADER</dd> -<dd>48″ (allowable)</dd> -<dt>SIDE PLAN OF SAME STRUCTURE</dt> -<dd>CONCEALED LIGHT</dd> -<dd>HEADER</dd> -<dd>BACK PANEL</dd> -<dd>SIDE PANELS</dd> -<dd>ELECTRICAL OUTLET BOX</dd> -<dd>BASE UNIT</dd> -<dd>TABLE</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<p><i>Lighting and Wiring.</i> Fluorescent lighting is bulky and -hard to conceal in the average science fair exhibit. Incandescent -showcase lamps work well, take up less space, and -are less expensive. If you need shielded light, consider -inexpensive clip-on bed lamps.</p> -<p>Most fairs have rigid rules on electrical wiring and you -should study them and those of the National Science Fair-International. -If you will install a fused entry-outlet box -on your back wall or base unit, as shown in <a href="#fig12">Figure 3</a>, you -can run all fixture cords to that one location. Most fairs -provide power cords reaching to the exhibitor’s electrical -inlet, but don’t depend on it. Procure 25 to 50 feet of heavy-duty -extension cord and keep it handy, just in case.</p> -<h4>PRESENTING INFORMATION</h4> -<p>After determining the shape and size of your structure, -you can decide how best to present the information needed -to explain your project. Some exhibitors prefer to build -their structure first, so that they may try out different -arrangements of illustrations and three-dimensional items -on the finished display space. Or, you can measure off your -back wall, side walls, and interior base areas, and then -“try out” the size and placement of your display items on -matching-size sheets of tracing paper.</p> -<p>There are many good ways to present the same information. -Exhibit design is an art with some established -principles but with few fixed rules. Here are some guidelines -which may help you.</p> -<p><i>Preliminary Sketches.</i> Make sketches of all possible -layout ideas and study each for clarity of content and -visual effect.</p> -<p><i>Text.</i> Keep all text to a minimum number of words. -Viewers come to see an exhibit, not to read it! A good illustration, -specimen, or a graphic representation (see -<a href="#fig13">Figure 4</a>) can save many words. Where text is needed, -letter it clearly and large enough for easy reading. But -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -avoid unnecessarily large or garish lettering—titles and -text should only explain your exhibit, never dominate it!</p> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="844" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 4</span></p> -</div> -<p><i>Text Placement.</i> Some exhibitors place captions uniformly -over or under all illustrations, but text blocks -placed at the side may communicate as clearly, and help -prevent visual monotony (see <a href="#fig14">Figure 5</a>).</p> -<p><i>Points of Emphasis.</i> If you use a series of illustrations -or specimens to tell a running story, consider enlarging or -featuring one of the most significant items so it can serve -as the focal point of the series, as in <a href="#fig14">Figure 5</a>.</p> -<p><i>Large Photos.</i> Unless your photographs can be viewed in -detail without stooping and squinting, either have them enlarged -or discard them.</p> -<p><i>Color Photos.</i> Color photos are expensive, but just one or -two will add interest to a large group of black-and-white -prints.</p> -<p><i>Charts and Graphs.</i> If your exhibit contains charts and -graphs, keep them simple. Avoid line charts if several -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -curves must cross and recross. Logarithmic charts, scatter -diagrams, and similar ratio charts are confusing to the -average viewer. Caption and explain charts and graphs -adequately. Simple pie, bar, and representational charts, as -shown in <a href="#fig15">Figure 6</a>, can be particularly meaningful. Often -the use of colors will make the various factors more -discernible.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="661" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 5</span></p> -</div> -<p><i>White Space.</i> Next to content, the exhibitor’s most valuable -tool is “white space”—those unoccupied areas of his -display panels. Crowded, busy panels on which materials -and text fill every inch of space are a hallmark of the -amateur. Worse, they defeat their purpose, for viewers -usually take one hurried glance, decide that understanding -so cluttered an exhibit would be a chore, and move on to -simpler displays. (As a rule of thumb, approximately 40% -of your available display space should be occupied by -absolutely nothing!)</p> -<p><i>Organization.</i> Just as you organize words into sentences -and paragraphs, your exhibit elements (textual and visual) -should be organized into groups and subgroups. (See Figures -<a href="#fig10">1</a> and <a href="#fig11">2</a>.) Here again the “feature” technique may be employed. -For example, if you are displaying several similar -specimens you may emphasize the most unusual one by -placing it on a raised or differently-colored background as -shown in <a href="#fig16">Figure 7</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="692" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 6</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="427" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 7</span></p> -</div> -<p><i>Apparatus.</i> Amateur exhibitors sometimes get carried -away with enthusiasm for large arrays of mechanical apparatus -which are both unnecessary and confusing. If your -project involved development of a unique piece of equipment, -consider whether you can display it alone, without -the entire assembly into which it fits. Sometimes this can -be done by displaying the featured part alongside a drawing -or photograph of the complete assembly, as in <a href="#fig13">Figure 4</a>. -Again, keep details to a minimum; leave them in the project -report.</p> -<p><i>Mechanical movement.</i> Usually motion in a science fair -exhibit is called for only when there is a clear need for it. -Thus it is logical to use a turntable to revolve different -fluorescing mineral specimens under “black light”, or to -present successive radioactive ore specimens to a Geiger-counter -probe. But to use such a turntable to present a -series of photographs would probably be unnecessarily -contrived. Usually you may spend your efforts better on -sound content, clean design, and clear text than on mechanical -gimmicks.</p> -<p><i>Pushbuttons and Such.</i> Few audience-participation devices -in science fair exhibits merit the effort, money, and -space expended on them. But if you do display equipment -for viewers to operate, make certain it can be operated -safely and dependably even when you are absent (as during -<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span> -the judging). Nothing frustrates an exhibit viewer more -than a pushbutton that doesn’t work!</p> -<p><i>Demonstrations.</i> These can be informative and interesting, -and you may want to include one. But since you cannot -be on hand to demonstrate at all times, design your -exhibit to “stand alone” without the demonstration. And -when you are absent, you may avoid unsatisfied viewer -curiosity either by removing the idle demonstration equipment, -or by posting a “Next demonstration at ____ o’clock” -sign.</p> -<p><i>Living Things.</i> Plants or animals which have been employed -in the science project can often be displayed to lend -interest and meaning to the exhibit. But since the science -fair follows the project, interim growth and aging may alter -living specimens so that at fair time they are considerably -less meaningful or attractive than at the peak of your -project. Also, if you compete in several fairs, you may find -transportation and special care of your living specimens -difficult and onerous. If you do plan to exhibit living specimens, -familiarize yourself with local and national fair regulations -governing their use, make sure that animals can -be housed attractively and comfortably, and protect both -animals and plants from inquisitive fingers. Then be selective -and employ the minimum needed to make your point -in the exhibit.</p> -<h3 id="c13">About Color</h3> -<p>Properly employed, color is functional as well as aesthetically -pleasing. You may find the following suggestions -helpful in deciding which colors to employ in your exhibit, -and where.</p> -<p>In a space as small as your science fair exhibit, one or -two basic colors, plus black and white, should suffice. Use -your color in a few large blocks, not in many small patches. -Different basic colors can be used to define different main -areas of emphasis; then different shades of the basic colors -can be used to define subareas.</p> -<p>Life-science project exhibits can rely most safely on -pastel shades running heavily to greens and yellows, while -physical-science projects are portrayed frequently against -more intense colors. In either case, avoid violent contrasts -and “paintpot” variety. Your exhibit should convey an air of -handsome restraint, not flippant prettiness or carnival -gaudiness. Your colors should attract and enhance, not -shock or confuse!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="466" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">Figure 8</span></p> -<p class="pcapc"><i>Far too frequently science fair judges are asked to evaluate very -poor exhibits of what may have been very worthwhile science projects. -Some of the more common mistakes they encounter have been -included by our artist in the sketch above. Now that you have read -our advice on designing science fair exhibits, how many shortcomings -can you identify? (Answers below.)</i></p> -<p class="pcapc"><i>Answers: Structure extends too high and too low for easy viewing, -and width exceeds dimensions usually allowed. The main title is too -long. Two words are misspelled. The best display space is wasted -on ordinary objects which contribute little new understanding to -topic exhibited. There are too many photographs which are too -small and poorly positioned for viewing. Specimen boxes positioned -on the floor as an afterthought where few viewers will attempt to -inspect them. Endless text provides details of little or no interest -to the average viewer. More text on introductory topic (“Catching -Bugs”) than on the exhibit topic. No logical progression from the -original problem and hypothesis through experimentation and observation -to conclusions. There is no project notebook, report, or -handout brochure. No thought has been given to lighting. No points -of emphasis in either text or illustrations. White space has not -been exploited.</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>A STEP-BY-STEP ACOUNT OF HOW I MOUNT MY BUGS</dt> -<dd>CATCHING BUGS</dd> -<dd>MOUNTING BUGS</dd> -<dd class="t">SCIZZORS</dd> -<dd class="t">TWEEZERS</dd> -<dd class="t">PIN</dd> -<dd class="t">COTTON</dd> -<dd class="t">NET</dd> -<dd class="t">CHLOROFORM</dd> -<dt>SOME OF MY BUGS</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<p>Where desired, visibility and impact of illustrations and -specimens can be increased by mounting them against contrasting -background colors. Avoid the amateurish impulse -to always tape or paint a border around illustrations, -specimens, and blocks of type. Placed properly against a -contrasting background, these provide their own best border.</p> -<p>The final test of color is how it looks in actual use, so -experiment with your color schemes before making a final -choice. And if you have any doubts, invite the reactions of -your family and friends and also the advice of your art -teacher.</p> -<h3 id="c14">Completing Your Exhibit</h3> -<p>Before mounting your exhibit elements on the structure -permanently, lay them out temporarily. (You will probably -want to move them around several times to get the best -position.) You can then pencil in your title, text, and caption -blocks in actual size. Use separate sheets of paper for each, -and try out various locations around the materials they -explain.</p> -<p>Use of too many letter styles will detract from the attractiveness -of your exhibit. Headings can be all in capital -letters, and subheads in smaller “caps”, or in initial caps -and “lower case” letters. Statements and other text should -use caps and lower case. Do not use all caps for a paragraph -of descriptive material—a mass of capitals is harder to -read.</p> -<p>Before completing the lettering, you should try out your -layout and text on classmates, family, and perhaps your -English teacher. Science fair exhibits should be understandable -to intelligent laymen as well as to trained specialists. -Technical jargon, pompous adjectives, and stilted -sentence structure are not scientific. In scientific writing, -as in any good writing, the simple, direct approach is usually -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -best. Try to use short sentences, familiar words, and a -minimum of technical terms and formulae.</p> -<p>Are your present photographs too small? You can experiment -with desirable sizes of photos by clipping from old -magazines any illustrations that appear about the right size, -and trying them on your layout. You can then have your -photos enlarged to the ideal sizes that you find most pleasing. -Matte-finish photo prints are preferable since glossy -prints produce “glare”. Before mounting photographs, trim -off the white border, which detracts from the impact of -your pictures and the simple unity of your exhibit.</p> -<p>When fully satisfied with your layout, begin the final -lettering of your text. For hand-lettering, sketch with a soft -pencil first, using a ruler and eraser freely. A lettering -guide, borrowed from your school’s graphic arts department, -will prove very helpful. Unless you are experienced -you can save yourself trouble by not lettering directly upon -the background. Instead, letter each copy block on a separate -piece of art paper which can be glued into position later. -Have a friend or teacher double-check your lettering for -typographical errors.</p> -<p>With illustrations and copy blocks complete and trimmed -to size, you are ready to start mounting. For paper products -use “rubber cement”, obtainable at stationery stores. Coat -both surfaces completely, but do not press them together -until each is dry. To avoid air bubbles, first separate the -coated surfaces with a “slip sheet” of waxed paper or aluminum -foil, which can be slipped out when the materials -are positioned exactly. Then press into place with a soft -cloth or rubber roller. (Excess cement will rub off when -dry, without damage.) Also consider using double-coated -adhesive tape for mounting. It is obtainable at art-supply -stores.</p> -<p>Assemble your structure, mount your lighting fixtures, -and plug them in. Install whatever equipment needs to be -displayed. Put your project notebook, project report, and -handout brochure in place. Your science fair exhibit is -finished and you are ready to compete!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="1201" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Typical arrival day activities at the 14th National Science -Fair-International, Albuquerque, New Mexico, -1963.</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<h2 id="c15"><span class="small">COMPETITION AND ITS REWARDS</span></h2> -<p>Some of you can look forward to enjoying within the next -several years a thrilling experience.</p> -<p>Some morning in May you will bid your parents farewell, -walk up the steps of an airliner, and touch down a few hours -later in a distant city. For the next five days you will be -caught up in the excitement and fascination of the National -Science Fair-International!</p> -<p>The full impact of your nation’s science fair hits you the -morning you set up your exhibit in the auditorium. You knew -that you had a good exhibit when you entered the district -fair back home in March. (Since this is your second year of -serious competition, and you have improved both your science -project and your exhibit, you weren’t too surprised to -win there.) But regional and statewide competition is even -tougher, so you were holding your breath until they finally -called your name!</p> -<p>Now here you are, and as you appraise the 400 other exhibits -going up besides yours, you realize this is the “big -league”. These guys and gals are really good. But some of -your awe evaporates as you talk with your neighbors, and -while you help the pretty blonde with the guppies position -her heavy aquaria. Win or not, this is going to be fun!</p> -<p>And so it is—during the tension of the judging the next -day, when you show your exhibit to the public the day after -that, and throughout the tours of research laboratories and -industrial processing plants that follow. In conversations -with the judges, in the varied social contacts with more than -400 fellow exhibitors from the United States and several -foreign countries, you get a fresh look at the rewards of -serious scientific endeavor. One evening you listen enthralled -by the startling concept being explained by one of -the “big men” in science. You’ve seen his name and picture -in newspapers, textbooks, and technical journals, and there -he stands, talking seriously to you and your fellow exhibitors. -As he explains a problem that has puzzled you, -you begin to see science as a community of kindred minds -where every serious truth-seeker is welcome, where there -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -is no rank other than that bestowed on active intellects, -sound procedures, and reasoned, honest conclusions.</p> -<p>All too soon, the week is almost over. At the Awards -Banquet they are calling the names of the winners and you -sit unsurprised when the early prizes pass you by. You’ve -studied those winning exhibits, and you must acknowledge -that they have the edge on yours—one because of the very -unusual hypothesis posed and proved, the other because of -the masterful clarity with which it explains the area of -investigation.</p> -<p>But next they name the winners of special awards, -presented by the American Chemical Society, The American -Institute of Biological Sciences, the military departments, -and similar organizations, for outstanding exhibits related -to the programs of the sponsors. And here you are on the -stage, having your photograph taken with the nine other -winners of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Special -Awards!</p> -<p>After the banquet, the AEC representative explains to you -that the AEC Special Award includes considerably more than -the Certificate of Achievement you have just received.</p> -<p>First, a duplicate certificate will be sent to your principal -for display among the school trophies. Then, in August you -and your science teacher will fly to Chicago for a week as -exciting and rewarding as the one you have just completed. -You will be guests of the AEC’s Argonne National Laboratory—an -outstanding center for nuclear research. Your -group will spend several days behind the scenes in Argonne’s -laboratories. You will visit outstanding research -facilities and science museums in downtown Chicago. Best -of all, you will have an opportunity to discuss your interests -and career plans with members of the Argonne staff—men -and women who are doing professional research in the same -areas that interest you.</p> -<p>What are the costs of such an experience? Only the attention -you pay to your science instruction; the thought and -care you devote to a project related to nuclear science; and -the clarity and ingenuity with which you explain that -project to your classmates, teachers, and the general -public through your science fair exhibit.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="854" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>First Atomic Energy Commission -Special Awards winners, selected -at the 13th NSFI at Seattle, photographed -during their Nuclear Research -Orientation Week at the -AEC’s Argonne National Laboratory -near Chicago in August 1962. -High point of the week, winners report, -is the opportunity—pictured -here—to talk face-to-face with -Argonne scientists who are working -in areas of research of particular -interest to each student -visitor.</i> -<span class="jr">Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14a.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="continued" width="1000" height="830" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="605" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>1963 AEC Special Awards winners and their -science teachers spent their Nuclear Research -Orientation Week at Argonne National -Laboratory. Top photograph is of Elizabeth -Winstead of Jacksonville, Florida, whose -prize-winning exhibit at Albuquerque is pictured -on the cover. The photograph below -hers is of William E. Murray, Jr., of Bethesda, -Maryland, who was also an AEC Special -Awards winner at Seattle in 1962.</i> -<span class="jr">Courtesy Argonne National Laboratory</span></p> -</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">QUO VADIS?</span></h2> -<p>Or “where do you go from here?”</p> -<p>First, resolve now to enter science fair competition this -year. You may not win, but at least you will have started, -and you will gain some of the experience needed for victory -in later years.</p> -<p>Next, choose a science project topic, and discuss your -choice with your science teacher, science club adviser, or -hobby counselor. Especially if this is your first attempt, -choose a topic which can be investigated with materials -and equipment available to you at school or at home, and -which can be finished by mid-February. Also, allocate definite -times—particularly on weekends and holidays—when -you will work on your project. (Remember that exams and -term papers will probably keep you very busy in late -January and early February.)</p> -<p>Third, execute your project, keeping careful notes and -consulting your project counselor from time to time. Then -draft your Project Report, discuss it with your counselor, -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -revise and edit it as necessary, and get it typed in final -form. Also verify the date your local science fair opens.</p> -<p>Fourth, plan your exhibit content, design and build your -exhibit structure, select your exhibit components and draft -your text, and make trial layouts until you arrive at the -best possible design, including color. Prepare your color -backgrounds, letter your text, and install text, components, -and lighting. Get your handout brochure mimeographed.</p> -<p>Fifth, enter local science fair competition. If you don’t -win, find out why by comparing your project and your exhibit -with the winners’, and by discussing it with your -parents, classmates, teachers, judges, and viewers. If you -do win, attempt to understand what made your exhibit -better than the others.</p> -<p>Finally, continue reading and thinking about your basic -project topic, so that next year you will know whether you -want to continue to work on the same topic or to shift your -interest to another field.</p> -<p>Above all, have fun, and</p> -<p class="tbcenter">GOOD LUCK!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">APPENDIX I</span> -<br />NUCLEAR SCIENCE PROJECT IDEAS</h2> -<p>The following projects related to nuclear science were -exhibited at the National Science Fair-International from -1950 through 1963.</p> -<h3>General and Theoretical Topics</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">The Review and Future of the Atom</p> -<p class="t0">Simplified Nuclear Physics</p> -<p class="t0">Approach to the Study of Nuclear Physics</p> -<p class="t0">Elementary Particles—an Investigation of the Fundamental Components of Matter and Energy</p> -<p class="t0">Odd Nucleon Effect</p> -<p class="t0">A Study of Binding Energies and Nuclear Reactions</p> -<p class="t0">The Integrated Theory of Atomic Structure Through Inductive and Deductive Reasoning</p> -<p class="t0">Tools of Nuclear Physics</p> -<p class="t0">E = MC²—Energy Equals Mass Multiplied by the Speed of Light Squared</p> -<p class="t0">Downfall of Parity</p> -<p class="t0">How to Measure the Charge of the Electron</p> -<p class="t0">How Atoms Are Constructed</p> -<p class="t0">Formation of Heavy Nuclear Particles</p> -<p class="t0">Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</p> -<p class="t0">Third Electrons in Transition-Metal Complexes</p> -<p class="t0">Probability in Electron Position</p> -<p class="t0">Stability of Radioactive Equilibria</p> -<p class="t0">The Electron: Measurement of Its Charge and Mass</p> -<p class="t0">Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure</p> -<p class="t0">Fourth State of Matter</p> -<p class="t0">Project-Observation Satellite</p> -<p class="t0">Creation of Antimatter</p> -<p class="t0">Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum</p> -<p class="t0">Stochastic-Radioactive-Equilibria Models</p> -<p class="t0">Cosmology</p> -<p class="t0">Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction</p> -<p class="t0">Electron Chemistry</p> -<p class="t0">Plasma-Ion Engine</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<p class="t0">Plasma Production by Gaseous Ionization</p> -<p class="t0">Finite Calculus and Particle Physics</p> -<p class="t0">Two Applications of the Plasma Discharge</p> -<p class="t0">Increasing the Efficiency of a Plasma Jet Suitable for Space Propulsion</p> -<p class="t0">Prediction of Elements 99-118</p> -<p class="t0">Exact Evaluation of the Charge of the Electron</p> -<p class="t0">Three-Dimensional Periodic Chart of Atoms</p> -<p class="t0">Atom Mobiles</p> -<p class="t0">Weight of an Atom</p> -<p class="t0">Determination of the Charge of an Electron Using the Millikan-Stokes Effects</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic-Particles Detection and Analysis</p> -<p class="t0">Electron-Charge Determination by Oil-Drop Method</p> -<p class="t0">The Mineral That May Shape Our Destiny: Uranium</p> -<p class="t0">A Machine to Show Radioactive Materials</p> -<p class="t0">The Making of Active Metals</p> -<p class="t0">The Extraction of Uranium from Carnotite</p> -<p class="t0">The Chemistry of Thorium</p> -</div> -<h3>Special Apparatus Topics</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Construction and Operations of Wilson Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Geiger-Müller Counter: Theory and Construction</p> -<p class="t0">Experiments with a Homemade Geiger Counter</p> -<p class="t0">An Experimental High-Voltage Geiger Counter</p> -<p class="t0">Design and Construction of a Scintillation Counter</p> -<p class="t0">The Construction and Theory of Radiation Detectors for Radioactive Experiments</p> -<p class="t0">The Underlying Principles of Accelerators for Positively Charged Particles</p> -<p class="t0">Electronic-Equipment Construction and Applications to Nuclear Theory and Techniques</p> -<p class="t0">A Germanium Linear Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Proton Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Construction of a One-Half Million Electron-Volt Proton Cyclotron</p> -<p class="t0">Construction of Apparatus for Accelerating and Detecting High-Energy Beta Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Betatron</p> -<p class="t0">A Continuous Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Van de Graaff Generator</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<p class="t0">The Mass-Energy Problem of Particle Accelerators</p> -<p class="t0">Mass Spectrograph for Determining the Mass of Atoms</p> -<p class="t0">A Liquid-Scintillation Spectrometer for Counting Natural Carbon-14 Samples</p> -<p class="t0">Proton Linear Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Magnetic Thermonuclear Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Atom Smasher and Ionic-Drive Reaction Motor</p> -<p class="t0">Expansion Cloud Chamber for Observation of Tracks of Alpha Particles</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer</p> -<p class="t0">High-Voltage Particle Acceleration</p> -<p class="t0">Linear Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Van de Graaff Generator Designed for an Accelerating Tube</p> -<p class="t0">Wilson Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Low Energy Linear Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance and Spectrometry</p> -<p class="t0">Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment</p> -<p class="t0">Theory, Design, and Construction of a 10½-inch Cyclotron</p> -<p class="t0">Carbon-14 Counter</p> -<p class="t0">Proton-Free Precession Magnetometry</p> -<p class="t0">The Bubble Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Electron Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance</p> -<p class="t0">Beta Synchrotron</p> -<p class="t0">Electrostatic Particle Accelerator with Van de Graaff Generator Power Supply</p> -<p class="t0">The Cyclotron</p> -<p class="t0">Linear Alpha-Particle Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">The Plasma Jet</p> -<p class="t0">Beta-Ray Spectrometer</p> -<p class="t0">Freon-13 B1 Bubble Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Wilson Liquid-Piston Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Expansion-Type Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer</p> -<p class="t0">Linear-Subatomic-Particle Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Experimental Linear Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">New Design in Microwave Techniques Used in Electron Acceleration</p> -<p class="t0">Application of Relativity to the Phenomena of a Diffusion Cloud Chamber</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<p class="t0">0.5-Mev Electron Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Radio-Frequency Plasma Torch</p> -<p class="t0">Design, Construction, and Operation of a 3-inch Freon Bubble Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Experiments in Plasma Physics</p> -<p class="t0">Studies with a 500,000-volt Electron Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">An Experimental Plasma Generator</p> -<p class="t0">The Plasma Torch</p> -<p class="t0">Using Nuclear Emulsions to Track Ionizing Particles</p> -<p class="t0">Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure</p> -<p class="t0">Emission Studies of a Nitrogen Plasma</p> -<p class="t0">A Combination 3-Mev Neutron Source and Medium-energy X-ray Source</p> -<p class="t0">Van de Graaff Electron Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Cosmic Rays Studied with a Counter-controlled Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Radio-Frequency Plasma Generator</p> -<p class="t0">Plasma Acceleration</p> -<p class="t0">Investigation of High-Temperature Plasma Techniques Necessary for a Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction</p> -<p class="t0">Atom Smasher—An Electrostatic Particle Accelerator</p> -<p class="t0">Design, Construction, and Use of a 0.5-Mev Linear Particle Accelerator in Study of Short DeBroglie Wavelengths by Crystal-Diffraction Method</p> -<p class="t0">Production of Plasma by a High-Frequency Magnetic Field</p> -</div> -<h3>Radiation Topics</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A Cosmic Ray</p> -<p class="t0">Beta- and Gamma-Ray Analysis</p> -<p class="t0">Calculating the Angle of Deflection for Beta-Ray Under Normal Atmospheric Conditions in Magnetic Fields of Differing Intensities</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Absorption and Geometry on Beta Count Rate</p> -<p class="t0">Detection and Recording of Cosmic Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">A Study of Alpha Particles by Means of the Continuous Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Visual Detection of Alpha Particles</p> -<p class="t0">Detection of Subatomic Particles</p> -<p class="t0">A Survey of Background Radiation Made with a Geiger Counter</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<p class="t0">⁵¹Ne as a Radiation Detector</p> -<p class="t0">Detection of Atomic Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Methods of Measuring Radioactivity</p> -<p class="t0">Preliminary Study of the Effect of Radiation from some Common Radioactive Materials on Photographic Film</p> -<p class="t0">Carnotite and Radioactivity</p> -<p class="t0">Study and Analysis of a Sample of Radioactive Sand from the Atomic Explosion at Alamogordo</p> -<p class="t0">The Use of Ion Exchangers in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Effects on Fruit Flies</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i></p> -<p class="t0">Investigating Radioactive Minerals with Thick-Emulsion Photography</p> -<p class="t0">Actions of Gamma Radiation on the Offspring of Irradiated Female Guppies</p> -<p class="t0">Influence of Beta-Particle Bombardment upon the Embryonic Development of the Chick</p> -<p class="t0">Autoradiographs of Brain Tumors</p> -<p class="t0">A Radiation Detector</p> -<p class="t0">A Study of Cosmic Rays</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Atomic Radiation on Rats</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Radiation and the Geiger Counter</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Radishes</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of X-Ray Radiation on Plants and Animals</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Demonstration</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear Radiations</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Sterilization</p> -<p class="t0">X-Ray, Light’s Cousin</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Plants and Animals</p> -<p class="t0">Roentgen Rays and the Construction of an X-Ray Machine</p> -<p class="t0">Visual and Aural Detection of Cosmic and Atomic Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Radioautography</p> -<p class="t0">Experimentation with Ionizing Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Hazard?</p> -<p class="t0">Phosphorus Uptake by Autoradiography</p> -<p class="t0">Demonstration of Rutherford’s Method of Separating Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation—Effects and Possible Protection</p> -<p class="t0">Tired Blood—Production of Anemia by Radioactivity</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<p class="t0">Techniques of Autoradiography</p> -<p class="t0">Cosmic Radiation and Life</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation in Plant Breeding</p> -<p class="t0">Experiments with Induced-Radioactivity Apparatus</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on the Blood in White Rats</p> -<p class="t0">Radioautographic Study of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Rat</p> -<p class="t0">The Effects of Beta Rays from ³²P on the Tissues on White Rabbits</p> -<p class="t0">Radioactivity Around Us</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on Mice</p> -<p class="t0">Experiment, Design, and Application of Solid Propellant Rockets to Radiation Studies of the Upper Atmosphere</p> -<p class="t0">Comparative Study of Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Alpha and Beta Rays (Photographs)</p> -<p class="t0">A Laboratory-Scale Neutron Irradiator</p> -<p class="t0">Colchicine vs. Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Mutations in German Millet Induced by Gamma Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Cosmic Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Cloud Chamber Study of Alpha and Beta Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on Chick Embryos</p> -<p class="t0">The Protection of Cystamine and AET on X-Irradiated Mice</p> -<p class="t0">The Effects of X Ray on the Blood of Guinea Pigs</p> -<p class="t0">Measurement of Radioactivity in Milk</p> -<p class="t0">Chemical Modification of Radiation Effects</p> -<p class="t0">The Absorption of Alpha Particles in Air and Other Cases</p> -<p class="t0">Mass Absorption of Beta Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">The Danger of Radioactive Contamination of Kelp</p> -<p class="t0">Carnotite Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality Rates of <i>Daphnia magna</i></p> -<p class="t0">Mutations Produced by the Irradiation of German Millet Seeds</p> -<p class="t0">Spectrometer Analysis of Beta Emitters</p> -<p class="t0">The Effects of Total-Body X-ray Radiation on the Hematopoietic System of the Guinea Pig</p> -<p class="t0">Energies of Nuclear Radiations</p> -<p class="t0">An Analysis of Tracks Formed by Atomic Particles in a Diffusion Cloud Chamber</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of X-Ray Radiation on the Bacteria <i>Serratia marcescens</i></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<p class="t0">Effects of Prenatal Radiation on Postnatal Learning Behavior of Mice</p> -<p class="t0">Color Changes in Gemstones by Radiation and Heat Induction</p> -<p class="t0">Studies in Effects of the Protection from Ionizing Radiations</p> -<p class="t0">Temperature Variation and Effects of Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Irradiated Neoplasmic Extracts on Carcinoma in Cottontail Rabbits</p> -<p class="t0">Determining Locus of Irradiated Mutant Drosophila “b1-pt-rd”</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on Bacteria</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Total-Body Irradiation on Longevity of Tissue Homografts in Rabbits</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation—Why Be Concerned?</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Effects on Drosophila</p> -<p class="t0">Effect of X rays on Drosophila</p> -<p class="t0">Effect of Irradiation on Black Shank Fungus</p> -<p class="t0">Comparative Determination of Radioactivity in Rowan County Soils</p> -<p class="t0">Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Radiation on Penicillium</p> -<p class="t0">The Teratogenetic Effects of X ray on Hamsters</p> -<p class="t0">Protection from Total-Body Irradiation</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Ionizing Radiation from a ⁶⁰Co Source on Ascorbic-Acid Concentration in <i>Raphanus sativus</i></p> -<p class="t0">Drugs vs. Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Effects on Selected Botanical Specimens</p> -<p class="t0">Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum</p> -<p class="t0">Radioactive Uptake of ³²P in Animals and Subsequent-Recovery Period</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of X rays on Living Cells</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation Effect on Chick Embryos</p> -<p class="t0">Dietary Defense Against Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Irradiation Effects on Gene Mutations in Drosophila</p> -<p class="t0">A Study in Radioactivity</p> -<p class="t0">Bacteria Protection from Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Damaging Effects of Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Effect of X-irradiation on Titration of Influenza Virus</p> -<p class="t0">Effect of Vitamin-K1 Analogue on Coagulation Time of Cobalt-60-irradiated Mice</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<p class="t0">Effect of Gamma Radiation on Regeneration Rate of Planaria</p> -<p class="t0">Spirogyra and Cobalt-60</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Blood Serum from Irradiated Guinea Pigs on Tissue Cultures</p> -<p class="t0">Chemical Protection from Radiation in Planaria</p> -<p class="t0">Induced Mutations in Drosophila</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Gamma Rays on Yeast and Aspergillus</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation-Protective Effects of RNA</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation, Hematology, and Biochemical Study of Molt-Control Hormones of Crayfish, and Possible Importance to Man</p> -<p class="t0">Radiation and Mutations</p> -<p class="t0">Aromatics Possibly Help Determine Plant Radiosensitivity</p> -<p class="t0">Bone Marrow Transplantation and Recovery</p> -<p class="t0">Mutation in Tomato Plants Produced by Gamma-Ray Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Dietary Control of Ionizing Radiation</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Cooling on Radiation Damage to Living Cells</p> -<p class="t0">Rate of Regeneration of Eyespots in Planaria</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Radiation on Transmission of Nerve Impulses</p> -<p class="t0">Irradiation of Amino Acids</p> -</div> -<h3>Radioisotopes Topics</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Use of Radioactive Salts in Plant and Animal Nutrition Studies</p> -<p class="t0">The Radioactive Isotopes: Its Uses in Medical Research and Treatment</p> -<p class="t0">Chemical Activity of Deuterium as Compared with Hydrogen</p> -<p class="t0">Radioisotopes in Medicine</p> -<p class="t0">Pinpointing the Past with Carbon-14</p> -<p class="t0">Algae Uptake of ³²P</p> -<p class="t0">Radioiodine and Construction of a Geiger-Mueller Counter</p> -<p class="t0">Radioiodine in Guppies</p> -<p class="t0">Uses of Radioisotopes</p> -<p class="t0">Radioisotopes</p> -<p class="t0">Chelation of a Radioactive Isotope in Rats</p> -<p class="t0">The Role for Radioactive Testosterone on Hematopoieses</p> -<p class="t0">Phosphorus-32 Tracer Studies Conducted with the Coleus Plant</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<p class="t0">Tracing the Organ Uptake of Radioisotopes in Animal Tissue</p> -<p class="t0">Carbon-14 in Photosynthesis</p> -<p class="t0">Transfer of Radioactive Elements on Succeeding Generations</p> -<p class="t0">Corrosion and Adsorption Studies Using Radiochemical Techniques</p> -<p class="t0">The Radioactive Elements—Separation, Detection, and Properties</p> -<p class="t0">Experiments with Radioisotopes</p> -<p class="t0">Translocation of Radioactive Phosphorus</p> -<p class="t0">Assimilation of Radioactive Isotopes in Fish</p> -<p class="t0">Use of ³²P by Plants</p> -<p class="t0">Comparative Studies of Isotope Utilization in Tomato Plants</p> -<p class="t0">Detection of Strontium-90 in Backbones of Fish from Areas of the United States</p> -<p class="t0">The Circulation of Iodine (¹³¹I) in the Parabiotic Rat</p> -<p class="t0">Radioactive Zinc and Zinc-Chelates in the Hormone Metabolism of Plant-Tissue Culture</p> -<p class="t0">Effect of Dietary Calcium on Deposition of Calcium-45 and Strontium-90</p> -<p class="t0">Autoradiographical Evidences of Cytological-Radioisotope Deposition</p> -<p class="t0">Tracing the Development of a Chick Embryo with ³²P</p> -<p class="t0">Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers</p> -<p class="t0">Beware! Strontium-90 Everywhere</p> -<p class="t0">Plant Research with Radioactive Phosphorus</p> -<p class="t0">The Kettleman Hills Formation (Carbon-14 Dating)</p> -<p class="t0">Radiobiologic Investigations of Contractile Activity and ATP-induced Pinocytosis <i>in vitro</i></p> -<p class="t0">Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁵Zn</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Farming</p> -<p class="t0">Nutrient Passage Through Plant Grafts as Tested with Radioisotopes</p> -<p class="t0">Study of the Period of DNS Synthesis Using Tritiated Thymidine</p> -<p class="t0">Absorption of Radioactive Iodine by Molds and Bacteria</p> -<p class="t0">Radioisotopes as Tracers</p> -<p class="t0">Translocation of ³²P in Plants</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<h3>Nuclear-Change Topics</h3> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Demonstration of Chain Reaction</p> -<p class="t0">A Study of Chain Reactions</p> -<p class="t0">The Theory and Construction of an Inexpensive Neutron Source of Moderate Strength</p> -<p class="t0">A Study of the Reaction ₅B¹⁰(n,a)₃Li⁷ with the Aid of Nuclear Research Plates</p> -<p class="t0">How Fission and Fusion Take Place</p> -<p class="t0">Uranium Fission and Isotope Production</p> -<p class="t0">From Uranium to Energy</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Transmutation</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Disintegration</p> -<p class="t0">Conversion of Atomic Power to Electric Power</p> -<p class="t0">Interactions Between Subatomic Particles</p> -<p class="t0">A General Study of Atomic Energy: Its Fundamentals and Its Uses</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Power Plant</p> -<p class="t0">Construction of an Atomic Reactor</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Power for Space Travel</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Weapons</p> -<p class="t0">Model of Atomic Power Plant</p> -<p class="t0">Bikini Bomb-Explosion Model</p> -<p class="t0">Destruction by the Atom Bomb</p> -<p class="t0">Demonstrated Principles of Nuclear Physics</p> -<p class="t0">The Sun—Our Chief Source of Energy</p> -<p class="t0">Uranium—Radioactivity and Fission</p> -<p class="t0">Atomic Power—The Servant of Man</p> -<p class="t0">Power from the Sun</p> -<p class="t0">The Process of Nuclear Fission</p> -<p class="t0">Fusion—Source of Solar Energy</p> -<p class="t0">Electricity from Atomic Power</p> -<p class="t0">Effects of Thermal Neutrons on Mammalian Systems</p> -<p class="t0">Fusion</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Powered Electric Generator</p> -<p class="t0">Particle Characteristics and Reactions</p> -<p class="t0">Fusion Theory of the Universe</p> -<p class="t0">Project Fusion</p> -<p class="t0">The Magnetic-Mirror Machine</p> -<p class="t0">Plasmatron</p> -<p class="t0">The Heating and Confinement of a Thermodynamically Stable Plasma</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<p class="t0">Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction</p> -<p class="t0">The Stability of Radioactive Equilibria</p> -<p class="t0">Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁰Zn</p> -<p class="t0">Subatomic Particle Research</p> -<p class="t0">Nuclear Disintegration and Density</p> -<p class="t0">The Theory of the Plasma Torch</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">APPENDIX II</span> -<br />NUCLEAR ENERGY-RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATIONS</h2> -<p>Listed below are a number of areas in which nuclear -knowledge or atomic energy products may be used to achieve -investigative, developmental, or engineering data and results -which would have been unattainable a few years ago. Science -fair exhibits may be based on projects in which these nuclear -“tools” are employed to help solve problems of a non-nuclear -nature. Such exhibits receive consideration for AEC -Special Awards at the National Science Fair-International.</p> -<h3>Biology</h3> -<p>Biosynthesis of Compounds; Plant Genetics; Plant Metabolism; -Plant Nutrition; Effects of Soil Density and Water -Content; Disease Control; Pollination Agents; Crop Improvement; -Photosynthesis; Ecological Cycles; Pest Control; -Action of Pesticides; Ecology of Wildlife; Dispersion of -Pesticides; Nutrition of Domestic Animals; Milk Production; -Mammalian Aging; Animal Physiology; Genetic Chemistry.</p> -<h3>Medicine</h3> -<p>Blood and Water Volume Studies; Cardiac Output; Blood -Flow; Measurement of Physiological Functions; Location of -Appetite Control Centers; Formation of Blood Cells; Metabolic -Processes; Cancer Study; Leukemia Study; Antibody -Therapy; Study of the Central Nervous System; Vitamin -Studies; Behavior of Viruses.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h3>Chemistry</h3> -<p>Reaction Mechanisms; Catalysis; Exchange; Kinetics; -Corrosion; Dilution; Diffusion; Mineral Flotation; Detergent -Action; Mirror Formation; Metal Plating; Analysis.</p> -<h3>Physics</h3> -<p>Standard Length Measurements; Film Thickness; Nuclear -Structure; Vapor Pressures; Elementary Particles.</p> -<h3>Geology</h3> -<p>Sedimentation; Ocean Currents; Underground-Water Resources -and Movement; Geological Dating.</p> -<h3>Industry</h3> -<p>Thickness Gauging; Process Control; Inspections for -Defects; Volume Gauging; Leak Detection; Sterilization; -Electron Printing; Flow-rate Gauging; Tool-wear Gauging; -Dye-migration Measurement; Oil-well Acidizing Control; -Lubricant Studies; Cleansing Efficiencies; Measurement of -Oxygen in Metals; Food Preservation; Power Sources; Self-luminous -Light Sources.</p> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">APPENDIX III</span> -<br />SUGGESTED REFERENCES</h2> -<p>The following is a partial listing of publications on science projects, -science fairs, and atomic energy. Many of these publications -also contain bibliographies which readers may use to multiply -their source of knowledge.</p> -<h3>Science and Science Projects</h3> -<p class="revint"><i>Science Projects Handbook</i>, Shirley Moore (Ed.), Ballantine Books, -Inc., New York, 1960, 254 pp., $0.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Ideas for Science Projects</i>, V. Showalter and I. Slesnick, National -Science Teachers Association, Washington, D. C., 1962, 53 pp., -$1.00.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<p class="revint"><i>Wonderful World of Science</i>, Shirley Moore and Judy Viorst, Science -Service, 1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1961, 246 -pp., $0.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>How To Do an Experiment</i>, Philip Goldstein, Harcourt, Brace and -World, Inc., New York, 1957, 260 pp., $2.60.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Science News Letter</i>, published every week by Science Service, -1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., single copies, $0.15; -$5.50 per year.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Scientific American</i>, published every month by Scientific American, -Inc., 415 Madison Avenue, New York, single copies $0.60; $7.00 -per year.</p> -<h3>Science Projects and Science Fairs</h3> -<p class="revint"><i>Project Ideas for Young Scientists</i>, John Taylor, Phoebe Knipling, -and Falconer Smith, Joint Board on Science Education, Washington, -D. C., 1962, 173 pp., $1.25.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Ideas for Science Fair Projects</i>, Ronald Benrey and other winners -of the National Science Fair-International, Fawcett Publications, -Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut, 1962, 144 pp., $0.75.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Science Fair Projects</i>, Science and Mechanics Publishing Company, -Chicago, Illinois, 1962, 162 pp., $0.75.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Your Science Fair</i>, Arden Welte, James Diamond, and Alfred -Friedl, Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, -1959, 103 pp., $2.75.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Scientific Exhibits</i>, Thomas Hull and Tom Jones, Charles C. -Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1961, 126 pp., $6.50.</p> -<h3>Atomic Energy and Nuclear Science Experiments and Projects</h3> -<p class="revint"><i>Sourcebook on Atomic Energy</i>, Samuel Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand -Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1958, 641 pp., $4.40.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Annual Report to Congress of the Atomic Energy Commission</i>, -available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government -Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (January 1964), 512 pp., -$1.75.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Fundamental Nuclear Energy Research</i> (annual report), available -from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing -Office, Washington, D. C. (December 1963), 412 pp., $2.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Atomic Energy</i> (including experiments), Irene Jaworski and Alexander -Joseph, Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1961, -218 pp., $4.95.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes for High School Science -Demonstrations</i>, Samuel Schenberg, available from the Superintendent -of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, -Washington, D. C., 1958, 59 pp., $0.35.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<p class="revint"><i>Teaching with Radioisotopes</i>, U. S. Government Printing Office, out -of print but possibly available in school libraries or science departments.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Experiments with Radioactivity</i>, National Science Teachers Association, -Washington, D. C., 1957, 20 pp., $0.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Atomic Energy</i>, Boy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, available -from Official Boy Scout Distributors (at local retail stores) -or from Boy Scouts of America, National Supply Service, New -Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Scientific Instruments You Can Make</i>, Helen M. Davis, Science Service, -1719 N Street N. W., Washington, D. C., 1959, 253 pp., -$2.00.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Experiments with Atomics</i>, Nelson Beeler and Franklin Branley, -Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1954, 160 pp., $2.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Atomic Experiments for Boys</i>, Raymond F. Yates, Harper and Row -Publishers, Inc., New York, 1952, 132 pp., $2.50.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Atomic Energy and Civil Defense</i> (Price List 84) a listing of related -publications available from the Superintendent of Documents, -U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., free.</p> -<h3>Preparation of Scientific and Technical Reports</h3> -<p class="revint"><i>How to Write Scientific and Technical Papers</i>, Sam F. Trelease, -Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1958, 185 -pp., $3.25.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Writing Useful Reports</i>, Robert E. Tuttle and C. A. Brown, Appleton-Century-Crofts, -Inc., New York, 1956, 635 pp., $4.75.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Technical Reporting</i>, Joseph N. Ulman, Jr., and J. R. Gould, Holt, -Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New York, 1959, 289 pp., regular edition -$6.75; textbook edition $5.00.</p> -<p class="revint"><i>Report Writers’ Handbook</i>, Charles E. Van Hagan, Prentice-Hall, -Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, 276 pp., regular edition -$9.35; textbook edition $7.00.</p> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">APPENDIX IV</span> -<br />WORKING WITH RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS</h2> -<p>No scientist worth his title ever exposes himself needlessly -to any potential hazards which confront him in his -investigations. Thoughtful student scientists also will avoid -any unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation, particularly -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -since bad habits acquired while doing student projects may -be difficult to overcome later.</p> -<p>Before undertaking experiments with radioactivity, consult -your science teacher or project counselor. Any materials -to be irradiated should be processed with professional -equipment by persons trained and authorized to -operate it. Use of radioisotopes, even in quantities exempt -from license requirements, usually involves special laboratory -facilities, techniques, and instruments, as well as -the isotope itself. Make certain that all these will be -available to you before you embark on your project.</p> -<p>If possible, conduct all work with radioisotopes under the -supervision of a trained, experienced isotope technician. -At the very least, familiarize yourself with the specialized -handling techniques required (see <i>Experiments with Radioactivity</i> -or <i>Laboratory Experiments with Radioisotopes -for High School Science Demonstrations</i>, listed in <a href="#c19">Appendix III</a>). -Then follow them to the letter!</p> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">APPENDIX V</span> -<br />SUPPLIERS OF RADIOISOTOPES</h2> -<p>Your science teacher or project counselor may know of a -nearby laboratory from which you can obtain the radioisotopes -required for your investigation. If you wish to write -direct to a commercial source, some of the suppliers of -application-exempt quantities are:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Atomic Corporation of America</p> -<p class="t0">14725 Arminta Street</p> -<p class="t0">Panorama City, California</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Abbott Laboratories</p> -<p class="t0">Box 1008</p> -<p class="t0">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Bio-Rad Laboratories</p> -<p class="t0">32nd & Griffin Avenue</p> -<p class="t0">Richmond, California</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Nuclear Consultants Corporation</p> -<p class="t0">9842 Manchester Road</p> -<p class="t0">St. Louis 19, Missouri</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">U. S. Nuclear Corporation</p> -<p class="t0">801 N. Lake Street</p> -<p class="t0">Box 2022</p> -<p class="t0">Burbank, California</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Nuclear-Chicago Corporation</p> -<p class="t0">333 East Howard Avenue at Nuclear Drive</p> -<p class="t0">Des Plaines, Illinois</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">New England Nuclear Corporation</p> -<p class="t0">575 Albany Street</p> -<p class="t0">Boston, Massachusetts</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Union Carbide Nuclear Company</p> -<p class="t0">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</p> -<p class="t0">Isotope Sales Department</p> -<p class="t0">P. O. Box X</p> -<p class="t0">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">ChemTrac Corporation</p> -<p class="t0">130 Alewife Brook Pkwy.</p> -<p class="t0">Cambridge 40, Massachusetts</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Nuclear Consultants, Inc.</p> -<p class="t0">33-61 Crescent Street</p> -<p class="t0">Long Island City 6, New York</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c22"><span class="small">APPENDIX VI</span> -<br />INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE FAIR RULES</h2> -<blockquote> -<p><i>Finalists who enter the ISF must follow these rules without exception.</i></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The following code refers to the ISF rules listed below:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">S—School Fairs (recommended)</p> -<p class="t0">R—Regional Fairs (recommended)</p> -<p class="t0">I—ISF (required)</p> -</div> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>Categories established for grouping and judging science projects -at the ISF are:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Botany</p> -<p class="t0">Zoology</p> -<p class="t0">Medicine and Health</p> -<p class="t0">Biochemistry</p> -<p class="t0">Chemistry</p> -<p class="t0">Pure Physics</p> -<p class="t0">Applied Physics and Engineering</p> -<p class="t0">Mathematics and Computers</p> -<p class="t0">Earth and Space Sciences</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p>Entries in any of these categories, if nuclear-related, will be -considered for AEC Special Awards at the International Science -Fair.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>Project exhibit size is limited to 30 inches deep (front to back), -48 inches wide (side to side), and 12 feet high (floor to top). Any -project exceeding these dimensions is oversize and does not -qualify for entrance in the ISF.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<h3>R-I</h3> -<p>Each exhibitor must assemble his or her exhibit without major -outside help, except for transportation and unpacking.</p> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>A typed abstract of the project, using not more than 250 words, -is required and must be displayed with the project.</p> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>Anything which could be hazardous to public display is prohibited. -This includes:</p> -<p>Live poisonous animals may not be displayed.</p> -<p>No dangerous chemical substances such as caustics, acids, -highly combustible solids, fluids or gases may be displayed. If -such materials are required, inert substitutes should be used.</p> -<p>No open flames are permitted.</p> -<p>Any project producing temperatures exceeding 100°C must be -adequately insulated from its surroundings.</p> -<p>Highly flammable display materials are prohibited.</p> -<p>Tanks which have contained combustible gases must be purged -with carbon dioxide. No combustible fuel may be displayed.</p> -<p>High voltage equipment such as large vacuum tubes or dangerous -ray-generating devices must be shielded and safety checked by a -qualified inspector. Students should be cautioned in advance about -the dangers of experimenting with such equipment and their work -carefully supervised.</p> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>No live, warm-blooded animals may be displayed at the ISF. -Projects involving the use of such animals may display photographs, -drawings, charts or graphs to illustrate the conditions, -developments, and results of the investigations. This eliminates -the needless shipping, housing, care, harm, discomfort or loss of -animals.</p> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>During judging the exhibit area is closed to all except judges and -authorized personnel. Exhibitors may be present only at a specified -time during which they are to remain at their exhibits.</p> -<h3>S-R-I</h3> -<p>All exhibitors must be interviewed at their projects by at least -one judge. The purpose of all interviews is to determine the exhibitors’ -familiarity with the project, the science involved, and to -give the student an opportunity to meet the judges, react to questions -and to discuss their work with a recognized leader. Care -must be taken to allow a reasonable interview time within the time -limits allotted for judging.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>Not more than two students, male or female, may be certified -as finalists to the ISF from an affiliated science fair. They must -be students in 10th, 11th or 12th year classes in a public, private -or parochial school.</p> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>A student who will have reached age 21 on or before May 1, preceding -the ISF is not eligible to participate as a finalist in the ISF.</p> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>A student may enter only one project and it must be his own -work. Group projects involving two or more students give experience -to beginners and are acceptable in S or R fairs but may not -be entered in the ISF.</p> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>The identical repetition of previous year’s project is not permitted. -However, a student may again exhibit work on a continuing -problem provided the work demonstrates considerable progress -when compared with the previous year.</p> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>Finalists must be accompanied to the ISF by an official adult -escort designated and/or sponsored by the regional fair. Responsibility -and liability for entry in the ISF rests with the affiliated -fair organization which finances the entry, provides transportation -for the finalists and their projects, and living expenses during -ISF.</p> -<h3>I</h3> -<p>Students planning to enter exhibits in the ISF which contain materials -that may be regulated by a quarantine should first consult -with a Federal or State plant pest control or animal health inspector, -a county agricultural agent, or write to the Director, Plant -Pest Control Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Federal -Center Building, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.</p> -<h3>S-R-I Regulations for Experiments With Animals</h3> -<p><i>This guide was prepared and approved by the National Society -for Medical Research, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources -(National Research Council), and the American Association -for Laboratory Animal Science (1968).</i></p> -<p>1. The basic aims of scientific studies involving animals are to -achieve an understanding of life and to advance our knowledge of -<span class="pb" id="Page_55">55</span> -life processes. Such studies lead to respect for life.</p> -<p>2. Insects, other invertebrates and protozoa are materials of -choice for many experiments. They offer opportunities for exploration -of biological principles and extension of established ones. -Their wide variety and the feasibility of using larger numbers than -is usually possible with vertebrates makes them especially suitable -for illustrating principles.</p> -<p>3. A qualified adult supervisor must assume primary responsibility -for the purposes and conditions of any experiment that involves -living animals.</p> -<p>4. No experiment should be undertaken that involves anesthetic -drugs, surgical procedures, pathogenic organisms, toxicological -products, carcinogens, or ionizing radiation unless a trained life -scientist, physician, dentist or veterinarian directly supervises the -experiment.</p> -<p>5. Any experiment must be performed with the animal under -appropriate anesthesia if pain is involved.</p> -<p>6. The comfort of the animal used in any study shall be a prime -concern of the student investigator. Gentle handling, proper feeding, -and provision of appropriate sanitary quarters shall be strictly -observed. Any experiment in nutritional deficiency may proceed -only to the point where symptoms of the deficiency appear. Appropriate -measures shall then be taken to correct the deficiency, -if such action is feasible, the animal(s) shall be killed by a humane -method.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<p class="tb">This booklet is one of the “Understanding the Atom” -Series. Comments are invited on this booklet and others -in the series; please send them to the Division of Technical -Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, -D. C. 20545.</p> -<p>Published as part of the ABC’s educational assistance -program, the series includes these titles:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0"><i>Accelerators</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Animals in Atomic Research</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Atomic Fuel</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Atomic Power Safety</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Atoms at the Science Fair</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Atoms in Agriculture</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Atoms, Nature, and Man</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Books on Atomic Energy for Adults and Children</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Careers in Atomic Energy</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Computers</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Controlled Nuclear Fusion</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Cryogenics, The Uncommon Cold</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Direct Conversion of Energy</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Fallout From Nuclear Tests</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Food Preservation by Irradiation</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Genetic Effects of Radiation</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Index to the UAS Series</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Lasers</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Microstructure of Matter</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Neutron Activation Analysis</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nondestructive Testing</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Clocks</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Energy for Desalting</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Power and Merchant Shipping</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Power Plants</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Propulsion for Space</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Reactors</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Nuclear Terms, A Brief Glossary</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Our Atomic World</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Plowshare</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Plutonium</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Power from Radioisotopes</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Power Reactors in Small Packages</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Radioactive Wastes</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Radioisotopes and Life Processes</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Radioisotopes in Industry</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Radioisotopes in Medicine</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Rare Earths</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Research Reactors</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>SNAP, Nuclear Space Reactors</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Sources of Nuclear Fuel</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Space Radiation</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Spectroscopy</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Synthetic Transuranium Elements</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>The Atom and the Ocean</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>The Chemistry of the Noble Gases</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>The Elusive Neutrino</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>The First Reactor</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>The Natural Radiation Environment</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Whole Body Counters</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Your Body and Radiation</i></p> -</div> -<p>A single copy of any one booklet, or of no more than three -different booklets, may be obtained free by writing to:</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller ss">USAEC, P. 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Requests -should be made on school or library letterheads and indicate -the proposed use.</p> -<p>Students and teachers who need other material on specific -aspects of nuclear science, or references to other -reading material, may also write to the Oak Ridge address. -Requests should state the topic of interest exactly, and the -use intended.</p> -<p>In all requests, include “Zip Code” in return address.</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller">Printed in the United States of America -<br />USAEC Division of Technical Information Extension, Oak Ridge, Tennessee</span></p> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATOMS AT THE SCIENCE FAIR ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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