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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..727dbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66507 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66507) diff --git a/old/66507-0.txt b/old/66507-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 59b324c..0000000 --- a/old/66507-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2010 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cholera and the Water Supply, by John Snow - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Cholera and the Water Supply - In the south districts of London in 1854 - -Author: John Snow - -Release Date: October 10, 2021 [eBook #66507] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOLERA AND THE WATER SUPPLY *** - - - - - CHOLERA - AND THE - WATER SUPPLY - IN THE - SOUTH DISTRICTS OF LONDON IN 1854. - - - BY - JOHN SNOW, M.D. - - - _Reprinted from the_ JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH _for October 1856_. - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY T. RICHARDS, 37, GT. QUEEN STREET. - - - - -In the summer of 1849, I published certain conclusions at which I have -arrived with regard to Asiatic cholera, and the facts and reasonings -which had led to them. The following is a very brief outline of these -views. The cholera commences as an affection of the alimentary canal, -and not with general illness; there is no evidence of poisoning of the -blood in this disease, except in some cases where secondary fever -occurs; there is conclusive evidence that cholera may be communicated -from person to person, and it follows, therefore, that the morbid matter -which produces the disease is applied to the interior of the alimentary -canal, where it increases and multiplies during the period of so-called -incubation, and passes off, during the attack, to cause fresh cases when -suitable opportunities occur. Various circumstances connected with the -propagation of cholera seemed in accordance with the above view of its -pathology. Thus, it was observed to pass frequently from person to -person in the crowded habitations of the poor, who eat, drink, cook, and -sleep in the same apartment, and pay little or no regard to cleanliness, -who live, in fact, under circumstances where the sudden and copious -evacuations of cholera, soiling the bed and body linen, would not fail -to contaminate the hands of the patient and his attendants, and be -thence transferred to any food they might touch. The absence of colour -and odour in the evacuations could not help to favour this result. The -social visitor who came to see the poor patient, or attend his funeral, -frequently suffered, whilst the medical man, and others who partook of -no food in the apartment, and who washed their hands when requisite, -escaped. The mining districts of this country have suffered excessively -from cholera in each epidemic, an event which might be explained by the -following circumstances when taken in connexion with the above view of -the cause of the disease. The miners stay eight or nine hours at a time -in the pits, and take food with them, which they eat invariably with -unwashed hands, and without knife and fork, whilst the pits are without -privies, and are generally extremely foul and dirty. The entire absence -of daylight must also cause the workmen to take much more dirt with -their food than they are aware of. It occurred to me, as soon as I began -to entertain the above opinions, that if the cholera excreta could -reproduce the disease in the way just mentioned, they might also do so -when diffused in water taken as drink, and that unless this were the -case, the whole of the phenomena of cholera, as an epidemic, could not -be explained. I, therefore, sought anxiously, and waited patiently, for -some confirmation of this part of the subject before I should make my -views known. Two outbreaks of cholera occurred, however, about the end -of July 1849, one in Horsleydown, and the other in the Wandsworth Road, -which I investigated, and which afforded what I considered conclusive -evidence on the subject. The water drank by the persons attacked in each -of these outbreaks had received, amongst other impurities, what must -have come from a patient previously ill of the disease. I was able also -to point out that the cholera was prevailing most in those districts of -the metropolis which received their supply of water from certain parts -of the Thames which contained the sewage of the town, and, consequently, -whatever proceeded from the cholera patients. Before the end of 1849 I -was able to show that a very close connexion existed between the -mortality from cholera and the nature of the water supply, not only in -London, but throughout the country. This connexion was very evident in -certain towns, as Exeter and Hull, where the supply of water had been -changed between the epidemic of 1832 and that of 1849. Where a polluted -supply was changed for an unpolluted one, the cholera was almost -prevented; and where a scanty but unpolluted supply had been changed for -one contaminated with the sewage of the town, the epidemic prevailed to -a fearful extent. The attention of Dr. Wm. Budd and Dr. Farr was -directed to this subject, with the result of confirming what I had -stated. - -Between the epidemics of 1849 and that of 1853, one of the water -companies supplying the south districts of London changed its source of -supply from the middle of the town, near the foot of the Hungerford -Suspension Bridge, to Thames Ditton, at a part of the river which is -beyond the influence of the tide, and, therefore, out of reach of the -sewage of the metropolis. In the autumn of 1853 it was shown by Dr. -Farr[1] that the districts partly supplied by this, the Lambeth Water -Company, with improved water, suffered less than the districts supplied -entirely by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company with the water from the -river at Battersea Fields, although in 1849 they had suffered rather -more than the latter districts. By showing the water supply in -subdistricts, and thus getting a more correct line of demarcation, I was -able to point out[2] that the advantage in favour of the population -partly supplied with the purer water was even greater than Dr. Farr had -indicated. - -I had learnt from the evidence of Mr. Quick in the _Health of Towns -Reports_, that the division of the houses, between the Lambeth Company -on the one hand, and the Southwark and Vauxhall Company on the other, -was not such as obtains in the north districts of London, where a parish -is often divided between two water companies, but where one company -always leaves off at the point at which the other begins. Throughout the -greater part of Lambeth and Southwark, the whole of Newington, and a -part of Camberwell, however, the supply of the two companies above -mentioned is actually intermixed, the pipes of both companies going down -the same streets, in consequence of the active competition which once -existed between three water companies, two of which have since -amalgamated and come to an agreement with the other—the Lambeth company. -Observing, therefore, when the cholera returned in 1854, that there was -the same advantage in favour of the districts partly supplied with water -from Thames Ditton, I determined to make an inquiry, the idea of which I -had previously entertained. It was obvious that, if the diminished -mortality depended on the improved supply of water, the benefit of the -whole diminution would be enjoyed by the inhabitants of houses having -this supply, whilst the population receiving impure water would suffer -as much as that of the districts which received the same water, and no -other. This point could be determined by ascertaining the water supply -of every house in which a fatal attack of cholera might occur. After -commencing the inquiry I found that the circumstances were calculated -for affording even more conclusive evidence than I had anticipated. The -pipes of the two water companies not only passed down all the streets, -but into nearly all the courts and alleys. A single house often had a -different supply from that on either side. Each water company supplied -alike both rich and poor, and thus there was a population of 300,000 -persons, of various conditions and occupations, intimately mixed -together, and divided into two groups by no other circumstance than the -difference of water supply. One group supplied with water contaminated, -to a large extent, with the sewage of London, and the other receiving a -supply altogether free from such impurity. - -I took great care to ascertain the nature of the water supply correctly -in every instance. I did not rest content with the mere reply of the -resident, or the appearance of the water, without other evidence, such -as the production of the receipt for the water rate. I was also assisted -very much by the application of a chemical test to the water, for -throughout all the dry weather, which lasted whilst my inquiries were -being made, a mixture of sea water extended further up the Thames than -usual, and the water of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company contained -nearly forty grains of common salt per gallon, whilst that of the -Lambeth Company contained only ·95 of a grain. These analyses were -verified in numerous cases where the source of the water could be proved -clearly by other evidence. For the first four weeks of the epidemic I -employed the list of deaths from cholera published in the Weekly Returns -of the Registrar-General, and for the next three weeks, during which my -inquiry extended, I was kindly permitted to copy the addresses of -persons dying of cholera at the General Register Office. My personal -inquiry extended over every subdistrict to which the supply of the -Lambeth Water Company extended, and it, therefore, included all the area -in which the supply of the two companies was intermixed in the manner -explained above. - -At the time I was making my inquiry, the entire number of houses -supplied by each water company was known, from a return made to -Parliament, but the number of houses supplied in each district and -subdistrict by each company respectively was not known. In order, -therefore, to see the exact bearing of my results, I found it desirable -to extend the inquiry over the districts supplied exclusively by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company; for this purpose I obtained the -assistance of Mr. Whiting, a medical man, who took great pains with his -part of the inquiry, which was merely to ascertain whether the houses in -which fatal attacks had taken place were supplied by the Southwark -Company, or from some other source, as a pump well or tidal ditch. His -inquiry extended over the first four weeks of the epidemic. - -I gave a copy of the first results of my inquiry to Dr. Farr, to whom I -was indebted for facilities very kindly afforded: and Dr. Farr being -much struck with these results, instituted a continuance of the inquiry -through the district registrars, who were requested to make a return of -the supply of water to each house in which a fatal attack of cholera -might occur in all the south districts of London. As the registrars -could not be expected to make a chemical analysis of the water, or to -seek out the landlord or agent in cases where the tenant was not -acquainted with the water supply, the question remained unanswered in a -considerable number of instances, but the return was obtained for more -than three-fourths of the deaths, and shows, no doubt, the correct -proportion. Dr. Farr’s inquiry commenced from the 27th of August, and -extended to the close of the epidemic; and as my inquiry extended to -August 26th, the water supply was obtained for the whole epidemic of -1854. It was only necessary to make a computation of the small number of -attacks occurring in houses supplied by pump wells or some other source, -in the three weeks—the 5th to the 7th inclusive—of the epidemic, in -Bermondsey and the other districts which do not receive the Lambeth -water. This computation was made according to the result ascertained in -the previous four weeks, and must approach very nearly to the truth. - -In treating of the general results of this inquiry, it is desirable to -divide the epidemic into different periods, as the influence of the -water supply was found to diminish in relative intensity as the epidemic -progressed. In the first four weeks of the epidemic of 1854, that is, -from July 9th to August 5th inclusive, there were 334 deaths from -cholera in the districts to which the supply of the two water companies -we are considering extends. The water supply in every one of these -instances was made a matter of personal inquiry, and the result of each -case was published by me in detail in the Appendix to a work on Cholera. -In 286 instances the supply of the house in which the attack took place -was that of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company; in 14 instances it was -that of the Lambeth Company; in 4 cases the supply was from a pump well; -in 26 cases the water was drawn direct from the river, or a canal, or a -tidal ditch; and in 4 cases the supply could not be ascertained, owing -to the address of the deceased persons, prior to the fatal attack, not -being known. The number of houses supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall -Company was 40,046, having a population estimated by the -Registrar-General[3] at 266,516, and the number of houses supplied by -the Lambeth Company was 26,107, with an estimated population of 173,748; -the mortality from cholera was, therefore, at the rate of 107 to each -100,000 inhabitants supplied by the former company, and 8 to each -100,000 supplied by the latter; in other words, the disease was between -thirteen and fourteen times as fatal to the population having the impure -water as to that having the improved supply. It is particularly worthy -of remark that, during the four weeks of the epidemic we are now -considering, there were but 563 deaths from cholera in the whole -metropolis, of which 286, or more than one-half, occurred amongst the -customers of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, who comprise a little -more than one-tenth of London, and a considerable number of the -remaining deaths took place amongst mariners, and others employed -amongst the shipping, who almost invariably draw their drinking water -directly from the river; it is, therefore, evident that at this early -period of the epidemic the impure water of the Thames was almost the -exclusive means of the propagation of the malady. - -In the next three weeks of the epidemic there were 1,180 deaths from -cholera in the districts supplied by the two water companies. Of these, -the fatal attack took place in 977 cases in houses supplied by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company; in 84 cases in houses supplied by the -Lambeth company; in 101 instances the supply was from some other source; -and in 18 cases it could not be ascertained, for reasons previously -stated. Taking into account the population supplied respectively by each -company, the mortality was, at this period of the epidemic, nearly eight -times as great in that supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company as -in that supplied by the Lambeth Company. - -During the last ten weeks of the epidemic, from August 27th to November -4th inclusive, 3,564 deaths occurred in the districts to which the -supply of the two water companies extends, and the returns of the -district registrars showed that in 2,443 cases the water supply of the -house in which the fatal attack took place was that of the Southwark and -Vauxhall Company; in 313 cases it was that of the Lambeth Company; in -207 instances the supply was from pump wells and other sources -independent of the two water companies, and in 601 instances the supply -was not ascertained.[4] These numbers show a mortality of 916 to each -100,000 inhabitants supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, and -180 to each 100,000 supplied by the Lambeth Company; consequently, at -this period of the epidemic, the mortality was still more than five -times as great amongst the population supplied by the former company as -amongst that supplied by the latter. - -The results of my inquiry into the supply of water were, of course, -obtained separately for each district and subdistrict in which the -inquiry was made, and were so published; but I was unable at the time to -show the relation between the supply of houses in which fatal attacks -took place, and the entire supply of each district and subdistrict, on -account of the latter circumstance not being known. I expressed myself -as follows in an article which I published soon after my inquiry was -made: “I hope shortly to learn the number of houses in each subdistrict -supplied by each of the water companies respectively, when the effect of -the impure water in propagating cholera will be shown in a very striking -manner, and with great detail.”[5] This information did not, however, -come within my reach till recently, and not even then with all the -accuracy I could desire. In the Report on the Cholera Epidemics of -London as affected by the Consumption of Impure Water, lately written by -Mr. Simon, and published by the General Board of Health, there is a -statement of the number of houses supplied by each of the water -companies respectively in each district and subdistrict. The line has -not been very accurately drawn where a street, as often happens, is -partly in one district and partly in another; and thus, in the recent -Report, the subdistricts of St. Saviour’s, Southwark, Leather Market, -Bermondsey, Battersea, and Peckham, have been represented to contain a -few houses supplied by the Lambeth Company, although they do not contain -any. With regard to Bermondsey, it is stated in a foot note that some -ends of streets may have been included which have passed the -registration boundary, and this has happened in other cases; but the -errors arising from this cause are limited in amount, and cannot much -affect the statistical calculations that I have made. There is also a -further imperfection in the account of the water supply of the -subdistricts. The numbers which are stated to represent the houses -supplied by each water company in each subdistrict are found on adding -up the tables not to do so, but to represent the number of houses, minus -those situated in streets in which no death occurred; the latter being -placed all together at the end of each group of subdistricts which -constitutes a district. Streets vary in size from one or two houses to -two or three hundred, and the small streets would obviously be the most -likely to be exempt from mortality; it could, therefore, do little good -to distinguish such streets; however, if thought desirable, this could -as well have been done by simply stating the number of the houses, -without deducting them from the gross number in each subdistrict. The -number of houses in these exempted streets is about one-ninth of the -whole. Instead of being able to compare, as I could wish, the mortality -in the houses supplied by each company with the exact number of houses -supplied, I have only been able to compare it with the number of houses -in the streets in which deaths occurred. This will necessarily raise the -proportion of deaths about one-ninth; but there is every reason to -believe that the relative proportion of deaths in the population -supplied by the two companies respectively, which is the real object of -the inquiry, will remain almost unaltered. - -As the first four weeks of the epidemic did not furnish a sufficient -number of cases in all the subdistricts to serve for a statistical -inquiry in detail, I have commenced by taking the first seven weeks of -the epidemic collectively; and the first of the tables which accompanies -this paper exhibits the results of my personal inquiry, when placed in -connexion with the number of persons and houses supplied in each -subdistrict by each water company respectively.[6] The reader will -observe from the last division of the table that the proportion of -deaths was, in every subdistrict, very much greater amongst the -population supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company than amongst -that supplied by the Lambeth Company, and that the relative mortality is -nearly the same throughout, except in two or three instances, where -there were but one or two deaths for the basis of calculation amongst -the customers of the Lambeth Company. The second table shows the results -of that part of the inquiry conducted by Mr. Whiting, treated in a -similar manner. In the subdistricts here enumerated, which were -supplied, except just on the border of three of them, exclusively by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company, the mortality will be observed to be -nearly the same, only a little higher, than amongst the population -supplied by the same company, and mixed with that supplied by the -Lambeth Company, as shown in the previous table. In the third table the -figures contained in the two first are collected into a more compact -form, to show the result of the inquiry during the first part of the -epidemic, arranged in districts. The fourth table contains the results -of that part of the inquiry made by Dr. Farr, when compared with the -population supplied by each water company respectively. It is -necessarily arranged in districts—for the results were so published in -the Weekly Returns[7]—and not in subdistricts. The mortality during the -last ten weeks of the epidemic was greater than during the first seven -weeks, but the reader will observe that a very great disproportion -continues in every district between the mortality of the population -supplied by one company and that supplied by the other. There is no -district to which the supply of both companies extends in which the -mortality is not more than three times as great amongst the persons -supplied by the Southwark Company as amongst those supplied by the -Lambeth Company, and the general result shows a proportion of ninety-one -to eighteen, or more than five to one, as was stated before. - -In the fifth table the numbers in the previous ones are added together, -and fresh calculations made, so as to show the result of the inquiry for -the whole epidemic. The instances in which the water supply was not -specified, or not ascertained, in the returns made by the district -registrars must evidently nearly all have been cases in which the house -was supplied by one or other of the water companies, for, if the persons -received no such supply, and obtained water from a pump well, canal, or -ditch, there could be no difficulty in knowing the fact. Moreover, as -the two water companies are guided by precisely the same regulations, -the difficulty in ascertaining the supply is exactly the same with -regard to one as the other; I, therefore, concluded that I could not be -wrong in dividing the non-ascertained cases between the two companies in -the same proportion as those which were ascertained, and I have done so -at the foot of table V, in order to obtain a complete view of the -influence of the water supply during the whole epidemic of 1854. These -general results I have employed as the basis of some further -calculations. - -In table VI I have copied from the Weekly Returns of the -Registrar-General the mortality from cholera in every subdistrict to -which the supply of both, or either, of the water companies extends. I -have also calculated the number of deaths which would have taken place -in each subdistrict according to the number of persons supplied with -water by each company respectively, and in accordance with the mortality -ascertained for the whole of the population supplied; and it will be -observed that the calculated mortality bears a very close relation to -the real mortality in each subdistrict. This relation exists with regard -both to the gross mortality and to the mortality to each 10,000 living, -all through the table, and proves the overwhelming influence which the -nature of the water supply exerted over the mortality, overbearing every -other circumstance which could be expected to affect the progress of the -epidemic. Thus, in the crowded, dirty, and very poor subdistricts of -Lambeth Church, first part, and Waterloo, first part, lying by the river -side, the mortality was low in consequence of the water supply being -chiefly that of the Lambeth Company; whilst in the thinly peopled, and -comparatively genteel subdistricts of Clapham and Battersea the -mortality was very high, in consequence of the impure water of the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company. Taking this inquiry altogether, and -considering that the results which were published two years ago, and -could only be estimated collectively, are now corroborated in detail -through upwards of thirty subdistricts, it probably supplies a greater -amount of statistical evidence than was ever brought to bear on a -medical subject. - -At the latter part of 1854, the General Board of Health procured from -the two water companies, by order of the Secretary of State, a list of -all the houses which they supplied, which lists are very valuable, as -affording the means of ascertaining the exact water supply of each -district and subdistrict separately. By direction of the Scientific -Committee of the Board of Health, the lists have been employed in making -a supplemental inquiry into the effect of the water supply on cholera. -For this purpose they were compared with the lists of deaths at the -General Registrar Office, and the results have been embodied in the -recent Report of Mr. Simon, previously referred to. There are, however, -certain circumstances, which were probably unknown to the Scientific -Committee, and which render it impossible that an inquiry, conducted in -this manner, could do more than approximate to the truth; and show why -it can bear no comparison in point of accuracy to a personal inquiry, -made on the spot, at the time of the epidemic. In the first place, -throughout the greater part of Lambeth, Newington, and the Borough, the -houses are either without numbers, or numbered very irregularly, and the -numbers are liable to frequent change, as new houses are built, or older -ones repainted; there are also frequently repetitions of the same number -in the same street, and although, in some instances, the companies have -returned the names of the occupiers, that can be of no assistance in the -case of the poor, who occupy but one or two rooms, and form the greater -bulk of the population. In the next place, the poor often furnish, -unintentionally, a wrong number to the registrar, even when the houses -are regularly numbered. They know their own homes perfectly, but, having -no occasion to refer to the number, they partially forget it; and, in -the greater number of my personal inquiries, I had to call at two or -three houses before I found the one in which the death occurred. For -these reasons it follows that, in comparing the lists of the water -supply with the lists of deaths, many errors must have occurred; and as -the deaths were six times as numerous in the houses supplied by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company as in those supplied by the Lambeth -Company, the evident result would be that out of every six mistakes five -would transfer a death from the former company to the latter, and only -one would transfer a death from the latter company to the former. -Another source of error, but operating to a less extent, is, that a -number of persons who were attacked with cholera in houses supplied by -the Southwark Company died in the workhouses of St. Saviour’s, Lambeth, -and Newington, which were supplied by the Lambeth Company. It need -excite no surprise, therefore, that the supplemental inquiry, embodied -in the recent Report, instead of showing a mortality of 160 and 27 for -the population supplied by the two water companies, or a difference of 6 -to 1, showed a mortality of 125 and 37 per 10,000, or a difference of -only 3½ to 1. It must be obvious, however, independently of the above -facts, that a difference of three and a-half to one would not explain -the great difference in the mortality of the various districts and -subdistricts. The epidemic of 1853 is included with that of 1854 in Mr. -Simon’s Report; but as there were but few deaths in 1853, and those -chiefly amongst the population supplied by the Southwark Company, this -circumstance would not much affect his results. - -It is probable that, when the facts brought to light by this inquiry are -sufficiently known, no one will deny the influence of impure water in -promoting the mortality of cholera; but it must not be supposed that it -is mere impurity of an ordinary kind that causes the disease, for there -are innumerable facts to prove that ordinary impurities have no such -effect, and that it is only when the specific morbid matter of the -disease gains access to the water that cholera is propagated. Thousands -of people drank water from their own neglected cisterns, during the late -epidemic, as impure as that of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, -without ill effect. An inquiry made by the vestry of St. James’, -Westminster,[8] proved that the contents of a cesspool had been -percolating for months through the three feet of earth which separated -it from the pump well in Broad Street; but although hundreds of people -were daily drinking the water, and cholera was extending fearfully in -many parts of London, only a few scattered cases occurred in the streets -near the pump till the end of August, when, a case having happened -amongst the persons using the privy connected with the cesspool above -mentioned, more than five hundred persons were attacked within two or -three days. - -In the cases in which the cholera poison gains access to a limited -supply of drinking water, such as a tank or pumpwell, the outbreak it -occasions is always sudden, violent, and limited; but when a river is -the medium of the propagation of the disease, its progress is more -gradual and extended, being diffused amongst the whole population using -the water. - -It is hardly necessary to remark, that every circumstance which proves -the communication of cholera through the medium of water, corroborates -the views, explained at the beginning of this paper, regarding its -propagation in the crowded houses of the poor; for it cannot be supposed -that a morbid matter, which can produce its specific effects after being -diffused and distributed through a quantity of water, could fail to act -in an undiluted state. - -It was my intention to make some remarks on the drainage and water -supply of towns, but this communication has already exceeded the limits -which I prescribed for it. - - - - - TABLE I. - _Shewing the results of the Author’s personal Inquiry in Twenty-One - Sub-Districts._ - - - ┌────────────┬──────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────╥ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │Number of│ │Estimated ║ - │Registration│ Registration │inhabited│Population│ constant ║ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.│houses in│ in 1851. │population║ - │ │ │ 1851. │ │per house.║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│1. │ 1,887│ 16,022│ 8·5║ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch│ │ │ ║ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road │ 2,558│ 18,126│ 7·1║ - │ Southw. │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Borough │ 2,069│ 15,862│ 7·7║ - │ │ Road │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. London Road│ 2,365│ 17,836│ 7·5║ - │Newington │1. Trinity │ 3,224│ 20,922│ 6·5║ - │ │2. St. Peter, │ 4,925│ 29,861│ 6·1║ - │ │ Walworth │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. St. Mary │ 2,309│ 14,033│ 6·1║ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, │ 1,729│ 14,088│ 8·1║ - │ │ part 1 │ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Waterloo, │ 2,191│ 18,348│ 8·4║ - │ │ part 2 │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. Lambeth │ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. │ 2,451│ 18,409│ 7·5║ - │ │ 1 │ │ │ ║ - │ │4. Lambeth │ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. │ 3,849│ 26,784│ 7·0║ - │ │ 2 │ │ │ ║ - │ │5. Kennington,│ 3,977│ 24,261│ 6·1║ - │ │ part 1 │ │ │ ║ - │ │6. Kennington,│ 3,288│ 18,848│ 5·7║ - │ │ part 2 │ │ │ ║ - │ │7. Brixton │ 2,362│ 14,610│ 6·1║ - │ │8. Norwood │ 600│ 3,977│ 6·6║ - │Wandsworth │3. Wandsworth │ 1,522│ 9,611│ 6·3║ - │ │4. Putney │ 918│ 5,280│ 5·7║ - │ │5. Streatham │ 1,419│ 9,023│ 6·4║ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich │ 259│ 1,632│ 6·3║ - │ │4. St. George │ 2,845│ 15,849│ 5·6║ - │Lewisham │5. Sydenham │ 801│ 4,501│ 5·6║ - ├────────────┴──────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ Totals │ 47,548│ 317,883│ 6·6║ - └───────────────────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────╨ - - ┌────────────┬──────────────╥───────────────────────────────────────╥ - │ │ ║ ║ - │ │ ║ ║ - │ │ ║“Number of houses, and estimated number║ - │Registration│ Registration ║of persons, supplied in 1854 with water║ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.║ as under.” ║ - │ │ ║ ║ - │ │ ║ ║ - │ │ ║ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫───────────────────┬───────────────────╫ - │ │ ║ │ ║ - │ │ ║ By Southwark and │ By the Lambeth ║ - │ │ ║ Vauxhall Co. │ Company. ║ - │ │ ║ │ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫───────┬───────────┼───────┬───────────╫ - │ │ ║No. of │ Estim. │No. of │ Estim. ║ - │ │ ║houses.│Population.│houses.│Population.║ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│1. ║ 343│ 2,915│ 1,557│ 13,234║ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch║ │ │ │ ║ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road ║ 1,779│ 12,630│ 563│ 3,997║ - │ Southw. │ ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Borough ║ 1,176│ 8,937│ 878│ 6,672║ - │ │ Road ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. London Road║ 383│ 2,872│ 1,533│ 11,497║ - │Newington │1. Trinity ║ 1,661│ 10,132│ 1,372│ 8,370║ - │ │2. St. Peter, ║ 2,340│ 14,274│ 1,758│ 10,724║ - │ │ Walworth ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. St. Mary ║ 489│ 2,983│ 899│ 5,484║ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, ║ 438│ 3,548│ 1,474│ 11,939║ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Waterloo, ║ 864│ 7,171│ 1,510│ 12,533║ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. Lambeth ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 415│ 3,113│ 2,117│ 15,878║ - │ │ 1 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │4. Lambeth ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 1,124│ 7,868│ 2,289│ 16,023║ - │ │ 2 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │5. Kennington,║ 2,586│ 15,775│ 444│ 2,708║ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │6. Kennington,║ 1,206│ 7,874│ 986│ 5,620║ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ │7. Brixton ║ 310│ 1,922│ 1,509│ 9,356║ - │ │8. Norwood ║ 0│ 0│ 160│ 1,066║ - │Wandsworth │3. Wandsworth ║ 144│ 907│ 15│ 94║ - │ │4. Putney ║ 13│ 74│ 0│ 0║ - │ │5. Streatham ║ 0│ 0│ 515│ 3,244║ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich ║ 0│ 0│ 4│ 25║ - │ │4. St. George ║ 767│ 4,295│ 971│ 5,437║ - │Lewisham │5. Sydenham ║ 0│ 0│ unkno.│ unkno.║ - ├────────────┴──────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │ Totals ║ 16,038│ 107,290│ 20,554│ 143,901║ - └───────────────────────────╨───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────╨ - - ┌────────────┬──────────────╥──────────────────────────────────────────────────┬ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks │ - │Registration│ Registration ║of cholera took place during first seven weeks of │ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.║ epidemic of 1854. │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫─────────┬───────┬────────┬──────────┬────────────┼ - │ │ ║Southwark│ │Thames, │ │ │ - │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│canals, │ From │ Supply not │ - │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ or │pumpwells.│ascertained.│ - │ │ ║ Co. │ │ditches.│ │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │St. Saviour,│1. ║ 11│ 13│ 0│ 0│ 1│ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch║ │ │ │ │ │ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road ║ 52│ 5│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ Southw. │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. Borough ║ 61│ 7│ 0│ 0│ 3│ - │ │ Road ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. London Road║ 21│ 8│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │Newington │1. Trinity ║ 52│ 6│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │2. St. Peter, ║ 84│ 4│ 0│ 0│ 2│ - │ │ Walworth ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. St. Mary ║ 19│ 1│ 0│ 1│ 0│ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, ║ 9│ 1│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. Waterloo, ║ 25│ 8│ 2│ 1│ 0│ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. Lambeth ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 6│ 9│ 1│ 0│ 2│ - │ │ 1 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │4. Lambeth ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 34│ 13│ 0│ 1│ 5│ - │ │ 2 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │5. Kennington,║ 63│ 5│ 0│ 3│ 0│ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │6. Kennington,║ 34│ 3│ 0│ 1│ 0│ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │7. Brixton ║ 5│ 2│ 0│ 0│ 2│ - │ │8. Norwood ║ 0│ 2│ 5│ 1│ 0│ - │Wandsworth │3. Wandsworth ║ 1│ 0│ 8│ 2│ 0│ - │ │4. Putney ║ 0│ 0│ 0│ 1│ 0│ - │ │5. Streatham ║ 0│ 1│ 0│ 5│ 0│ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich ║ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │4. St. George ║ 30│ 9│ 0│ 2│ 1│ - │Lewisham │5. Sydenham ║ 0│ 1│ 0│ 2│ 1│ - ├────────────┴──────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ Totals ║ 507│ 98│ 16│ 20│ 17│ - └───────────────────────────╨─────────┴───────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────┴ - - ┌────────────┬──────────────┬────────╥─────────────────┐ - │ │ │ Deaths ║ │ - │ │ │ from ║ │ - │ │ │cholera ║ Mortality per │ - │Registration│ Registration │in first║ 10,000 supplied │ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.│7 weeks ║ with water as │ - │ │ │ of ║ under. │ - │ │ │epidemic║ │ - │ │ │of 1854.║ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼────────╫─────────┬───────┤ - │ │ │ ║Southwark│ │ - │ │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│ - │ │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ - │ │ │ ║ Co. │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │St. Saviour,│1. │ 25║ 37·7│ 9·9│ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch│ ║ │ │ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road │ 57║ 41·1│ 12·5│ - │ Southw. │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │2. Borough │ 71║ 68·2│ 10·4│ - │ │ Road │ ║ │ │ - │ │3. London Road│ 29║ 73·1│ 6·9│ - │Newington │1. Trinity │ 58║ 51·3│ 7·1│ - │ │2. St. Peter, │ 90║ 58·8│ 3·7│ - │ │ Walworth │ ║ │ │ - │ │3. St. Mary │ 21║ 64·5│ 1·8│ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, │ 10║ 25·6│ 0·8│ - │ │ part 1 │ ║ │ │ - │ │2. Waterloo, │ 36║ 34·8│ 6·3│ - │ │ part 2 │ ║ │ │ - │ │3. Lambeth │ ║ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. │ 18║ 19·2│ 5·6│ - │ │ 1 │ ║ │ │ - │ │4. Lambeth │ ║ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. │ 53║ 42·9│ 8·1│ - │ │ 2 │ ║ │ │ - │ │5. Kennington,│ 71║ 39·9│ 18·4│ - │ │ part 1 │ ║ │ │ - │ │6. Kennington,│ 38║ 43·2│ 5·7│ - │ │ part 2 │ ║ │ │ - │ │7. Brixton │ 9║ 26·0│ 2·1│ - │ │8. Norwood │ 8║ │ 18·7│ - │Wandsworth │3. Wandsworth │ 11║ 11·0│ │ - │ │4. Putney │ 1║ │ │ - │ │5. Streatham │ 6║ │ 3·0│ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich │ 0║ │ │ - │ │4. St. George │ 42║ 69·8│ 16·5│ - │Lewisham │5. Sydenham │ 4║ │ │ - ├────────────┴──────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ Totals │ 658║ 47·2│ 6·8│ - └───────────────────────────┴────────╨─────────┴───────┘ - - - - - TABLE II. - _Shewing the results of the Inquiry made by Mr. Whiting in Eleven - Sub-Districts._ - - - ┌────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────╥ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │Number of│ │Estimated ║ - │Registration│ Registration │inhabited│Population│ constant ║ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts. │houses in│ in 1851. │population║ - │ │ │ 1851. │ │per house.║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│2. St. Saviour │ 2,713│ 10,709│ 7·3║ - │ Southw. │ │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, │1. St. Olave │ 880│ 8,015│ 9·1║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │2. St. John, │ 1,480│ 11,360│ 7·7║ - │ │ Horselydown │ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James │ 2,863│ 18,899│ 6·6║ - │ │2. St. Mary │ 1,865│ 13,934│ 7·5║ - │ │ Magdalen │ │ │ ║ - │ │3. Leather │ 2,279│ 15,295│ 6·7║ - │ │ Market │ │ │ ║ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham │ 2,657│ 16,290│ 6·1║ - │ │2. Battersea │ 1,760│ 10,560│ 6·0║ - │Camberwell │2. Camberwell │ 2,851│ 17,742│ 6·2║ - │ │3. Peckham │ 3,457│ 19,444│ 5·6║ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe │ 2,792│ 17,805│ 6·4║ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │Totals │ 25,597│ 169,053│ 6·5║ - │ │Totals of Table│ 47,548│ 317,883│ 6·6║ - │ │ I. │ │ │ ║ - │Houses in streets where no │ │ │ 6·4║ - │ death occurred │ │ │ ║ - │Not identified │ │ │ 6·6║ - ├────────────┬───────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │Totals of │ │ │ ║ - │ │ thirty-two │ 73,145│ 480,936│ 6·0║ - │ │ Sub-districts│ │ │ ║ - └────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────╨ - - ┌────────────┬───────────────╥─────────────────────────────────────── - │ │ ║ - │ │ ║ - │ │ ║“Number of houses, and estimated number - │Registration│ Registration ║of persons, supplied in 1854 with water - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts. ║ as under.” - │ │ ║ - │ │ ║ - │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫───────────────────┬─────────────────── - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ By Southwark and │ By the Lambeth - │ │ ║ Vauxhall Co. │ Company. - │ │ ║ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫───────┬───────────┼───────┬─────────── - │ │ ║No. of │ Estim. │No. of │ Estim. - │ │ ║houses.│Population.│houses.│Population. - ├────────────┼───────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼─────────── - │St. Saviour,│2. St. Saviour ║ 2,238│ 16,337│ 123│ 898 - │ Southw. │ ║ │ │ │ - │St. Olave, │1. St. Olave ║ 961│ 8,745│ 0│ 0 - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ │ - │ │2. St. John, ║ 1,170│ 9,360│ 0│ 0 - │ │ Horselydown ║ │ │ │ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James ║ 3,511│ 23,173│ 105│ 693 - │ │2. St. Mary ║ 2,301│ 17,258│ 0│ 0 - │ │ Magdalen ║ │ │ │ - │ │3. Leather ║ 2,090│ 14,003│ 163│ 1,092 - │ │ Market ║ │ │ │ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham ║ 1,106│ 6,747│ 22│ 134 - │ │2. Battersea ║ 1,046│ 6,276│ 46│ 270 - │Camberwell │2. Camberwell ║ 1,474│ 9,139│ 103│ 639 - │ │3. Peckham ║ 971│ 5,438│ 70│ 392 - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe ║ 1,909│ 12,218│ 0│ 0 - ├────────────┼───────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼─────────── - │ │Totals ║ 18,777│ 128,694│ 632│ 4,124 - │ │Totals of Table║ 16,038│ 107,290│ 20,554│ 143,901 - │ │ I. ║ │ │ │ - │Houses in streets where no ║ 4,500│ 28,929│ 3,643│ 23,338 - │ death occurred ║ │ │ │ - │Not identified ║ 411│ 2,712│ 25│ 165 - ├────────────┬───────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼─────────── - │ │Totals of ║ │ │ │ - │ │ thirty-two ║ 39,726│ 267,625│ 24,854│ 171,528 - │ │ Sub-districts║ │ │ │ - └────────────┴───────────────╨───────┴───────────┴───────┴─────────── - - ┌────────────┬───────────────╥──────────────────────────────────────────────────┬ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks │ - │Registration│ Registration ║of cholera took place during first seven weeks of │ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts. ║ epidemic of 1854. │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - │ │ ║ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫─────────┬───────┬────────┬──────────┬────────────┼ - │ │ ║Southwark│ │Thames, │ │ │ - │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│canals, │ From │ Supply not │ - │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ or │pumpwells.│ascertained.│ - │ │ ║ Co. │ │ditches.│ │ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │St. Saviour,│2. St. Saviour ║ 115│ 0│ 10│ 0│ 0│ - │ Southw. │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │St. Olave, │1. St. Olave ║ 43│ 0│ 5│ 0│ 5│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. St. John, ║ 48│ 0│ 3│ 0│ 0│ - │ │ Horselydown ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James ║ 102│ 0│ 21│ 0│ 0│ - │ │2. St. Mary ║ 83│ 0│ 4│ 0│ 0│ - │ │ Magdalen ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. Leather ║ 81│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │ Market ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham ║ 19│ 0│ 0│ 5│ 0│ - │ │2. Battersea ║ 42│ 0│ 8│ 4│ 0│ - │Camberwell │2. Camberwell ║ 96│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │3. Peckham ║ 59│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe ║ 68│ 0│ 35│ 0│ 0│ - ├────────────┼───────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ │Totals ║ 756│ 0│ 86│ 9│ 5│ - │ │Totals of Table║ 507│ 98│ 16│ 20│ 17│ - │ │ I. ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Houses in streets where no ║ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ death occurred ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Not identified ║ │ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────┬───────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ │Totals of ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ thirty-two ║ 1263│ 98│ 102│ 29│ 22│ - │ │ Sub-districts║ │ │ │ │ │ - └────────────┴───────────────╨─────────┴───────┴────────┴──────────┴────────────┴ - - ┌────────────┬───────────────┬────────╥─────────────────┐ - │ │ │ Deaths ║ │ - │ │ │ from ║ │ - │ │ │cholera ║ Mortality per │ - │Registration│ Registration │in first║ 10,000 supplied │ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts. │7 weeks ║ with water as │ - │ │ │ of ║ under. │ - │ │ │epidemic║ │ - │ │ │of 1854.║ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼────────╫─────────┬───────┤ - │ │ │ ║Southwark│ │ - │ │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│ - │ │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ - │ │ │ ║ Co. │ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │St. Saviour,│2. St. Saviour │ 125║ 70·3│ │ - │ Southw. │ │ ║ │ │ - │St. Olave, │1. St. Olave │ 53║ 49·1│ │ - │ Southwark │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │2. St. John, │ 51║ 50·1│ │ - │ │ Horselydown │ ║ │ │ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James │ 123║ 44·0│ │ - │ │2. St. Mary │ 87║ 48·0│ │ - │ │ Magdalen │ ║ │ │ - │ │3. Leather │ 81║ 57·8│ │ - │ │ Market │ ║ │ │ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham │ 24║ 28·1│ │ - │ │2. Battersea │ 54║ 66·9│ │ - │Camberwell │2. Camberwell │ 96║ 104·8│ │ - │ │3. Peckham │ 59║ 108·4│ │ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe │ 103║ 55·6│ │ - ├────────────┼───────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │Totals │ 856║ 58·7│ │ - │ │Totals of Table│ 658║ 47·2│ 6·8│ - │ │ I. │ ║ │ │ - │Houses in streets where no │ 0║ │ │ - │ death occurred │ ║ │ │ - │Not identified │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┬───────────────┼────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │Totals of │ ║ │ │ - │ │ thirty-two │ 1514║ 47·2│ 5·7│ - │ │ Sub-districts│ ║ │ │ - └────────────┴───────────────┴────────╨─────────┴───────┘ - - - - - TABLE III. - _Shewing the results of the whole Inquiry during the First Seven Weeks - of the Epidemic, arranged in Districts._ - - - ┌────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────╥ - │ │Number of│ │Estimated ║ - │Registration│inhabited│Population│ constant ║ - │ Districts. │houses in│ in 1851. │population║ - │ │ 1851. │ │per house.║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│ 4,600│ 35,731│ 7·8║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, │ 2,360│ 19,375│ 8·2║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey │ 7,007│ 48,128│ 6·9║ - │St. George, │ 6,992│ 51,824│ 7·4║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │Newington │ 10,458│ 64,816│ 6·2║ - │Lambeth │ 20,447│ 139,325│ 6·8║ - │Wandsworth │ 8,276│ 50,764│ 6·1║ - │Camberwell │ 9,412│ 54,667│ 5·8║ - │Rotherhithe │ 2,792│ 17,805│ 6·4║ - │Sub-district│ │ │ ║ - │ of │ 801│ 4,501│ 5·6║ - │ Sydenham │ │ │ ║ - │Not │ │ │ 6·6║ - │ identified│ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ Totals │ 73,145│ 486,936│ 6·7║ - └────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────╨ - - ┌────────────╥───────────────────────────────────────╥ - │ ║ ║ - │Registration║“Number of houses, and estimated number║ - │ Districts. ║of persons, supplied in 1854 with water║ - │ ║ as under.” ║ - │ ║ ║ - ├────────────╫───────────────────┬───────────────────╫ - │ ║ │ ║ - │ ║ By the Southwark │ By the Lambeth ║ - │ ║ and Vauxhall Co. │ Company. ║ - │ ║ │ ║ - ├────────────╫───────┬───────────┼───────┬───────────╫ - │ ║No. of │ Estimated │No. of │ Estimated ║ - │ ║houses.│population.│houses.│population.║ - ├────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │St. Saviour,║ 2,631│ 19,617│ 1,689│ 14,201║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, ║ 2,193│ 18,638│ 0│ 0║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey ║ 8,402│ 57,884│ 268│ 1,785║ - │St. George, ║ 3,419│ 25,039│ 3,183│ 23,712║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Newington ║ 5,224│ 31,940│ 5,473│ 33,531║ - │Lambeth ║ 8,077│ 54,982│ 11,763│ 83,786║ - │Wandsworth ║ 3,028│ 18,390│ 618│ 3,870║ - │Camberwell ║ 4,005│ 23,472│ 1,835│ 10,478║ - │Rotherhithe ║ 2,336│ 14,951│ 0│ 0║ - │Sub-district║ │ │ │ ║ - │ of ║ 0│ 0│unknow.│ unknow.║ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Not ║ 411│ 2,712│ 25│ 165║ - │ identified║ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │ Totals ║ 39,726│ 267,625│ 24,854│ 171,528║ - └────────────╨───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────╨ - - ┌────────────╥───────────────────────────────────────────────────┬ - │ ║ │ - │Registration║ Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks │ - │ Districts. ║ of cholera took place during first seven weeks of │ - │ ║ epidemic of 1854. │ - │ ║ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┬───────┬────────┬───────────┬────────────┼ - │ ║Southwark│ │Thames, │ │ │ - │ ║ and │Lambeth│canals, │Pump-wells.│ Supply not │ - │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ or │ │ascertained.│ - │ ║ Co. │ │ditches.│ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼───────────┼────────────┼ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼───────────┼────────────┼ - │St. Saviour,║ 126│ 13│ 10│ 0│ 1│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │St. Olave, ║ 91│ 0│ 8│ 0│ 5│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Bermondsey ║ 266│ 0│ 25│ 0│ 0│ - │St. George, ║ 134│ 20│ 0│ 0│ 3│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Newington ║ 155│ 11│ 0│ 1│ 2│ - │Lambeth ║ 176│ 43│ 8│ 7│ 9│ - │Wandsworth ║ 62│ 1│ 16│ 17│ 0│ - │Camberwell ║ 185│ 9│ 0│ 2│ 1│ - │Rotherhithe ║ 68│ 0│ 35│ 0│ 0│ - │Sub-district║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ of ║ 0│ 1│ 0│ 2│ 1│ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │Not ║ │ │ │ │ │ - │ identified║ │ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼────────┼───────────┼────────────┼ - │ Totals ║ 1263│ 98│ 102│ 29│ 22│ - └────────────╨─────────┴───────┴────────┴───────────┴────────────┴ - - ┌────────────┬─────────╥─────────────────┐ - │ │Deaths in║ Mortality per │ - │Registration│ first ║ 10,000 supplied │ - │ Districts. │ seven ║ with water as │ - │ │weeks of ║ under. │ - │ │epidemic.║ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┬───────┤ - │ │ ║Southwark│ │ - │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│ - │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ - │ │ ║ Co. │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │St. Saviour,│ 150║ 64·4│ 9·1│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │St. Olave, │ 104║ 48·8│ │ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │Bermondsey │ 291║ 45·9│ │ - │St. George, │ 157║ 53·5│ 8·4│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │Newington │ 169║ 48·5│ 3·2│ - │Lambeth │ 243║ 32·8│ 4·9│ - │Wandsworth │ 96║ 33·7│ 3·3│ - │Camberwell │ 197║ 78·8│ 8·5│ - │Rotherhithe │ 103║ 45·4│ │ - │Sub-district│ ║ │ │ - │ of │ 4║ │ │ - │ Sydenham │ ║ │ │ - │Not │ ║ │ │ - │ identified│ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ Totals │ 1514║ 47·2│ 5·7│ - └────────────┴─────────╨─────────┴───────┘ - - - - - TABLE IV. -_The Inquiry of the General Register Office during the Last Ten Weeks of - the Epidemic._ - - - ┌────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────╥ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │Number of│ │Estimated ║ - │Registration│inhabited│Population│ constant ║ - │ District. │houses in│ in 1851. │population║ - │ │ 1851. │ │per house.║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│ 4,600│ 35,721│ 7·8║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, │ 2,360│ 19,375│ 8·2║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey │ 7,007│ 48,128│ 6·9║ - │St. George, │ 6,992│ 51,824│ 7·4║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │Newington │ 10,458│ 64,816│ 6·2║ - │Lambeth │ 20,447│ 139,325│ 6·8║ - │Wandsworth │ 8,276│ 50,764│ 6·1║ - │Camberwell │ 9,412│ 54,667│ 5·8║ - │Rotherhithe │ 2,792│ 17,805│ 6·4║ - │Greenwich & │ │ │ ║ - │ sub-dis. │ │ │ ║ - │ Sydenham │ │ │ ║ - │Houses not │ │ │ 6·6║ - │ identified│ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ Totals │ 72,344│ 482,435│ 6·7║ - └────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────╨ - - ┌────────────╥───────────────────────────────────────╥ - │ ║ ║ - │ ║ ║ - │Registration║“Number of houses, and estimated number║ - │ District. ║of persons, supplied in 1854 with water║ - │ ║ as under.” ║ - │ ║ ║ - │ ║ ║ - ├────────────╫───────────────────┬───────────────────╫ - │ ║ │ ║ - │ ║ By Southwark and │ By the Lambeth ║ - │ ║ Vauxhall Co. │ Company. ║ - │ ║ │ ║ - ├────────────╫───────┬───────────┼───────┬───────────╫ - │ ║ No. of│ Estimated │No. of │ Estimated ║ - │ ║houses.│Population.│houses.│Population.║ - ├────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │St. Saviour,║ 2,631│ 19,617│ 1,689│ 14,201║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, ║ 2,193│ 18,638│ 0│ 0║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey ║ 8,402│ 57,884│ 268│ 1,785║ - │St. George, ║ 3,419│ 25,039│ 3,183│ 23,712║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Newington ║ 5,224│ 31,940│ 5,473│ 33,531║ - │Lambeth ║ 8,077│ 54,982│ 11,763│ 83,786║ - │Wandsworth ║ 3,028│ 18,390│ 618│ 3,870║ - │Camberwell ║ 4,005│ 23,472│ 1,835│ 10,478║ - │Rotherhithe ║ 2,336│ 14,951│ 0│ 0║ - │Greenwich & ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ sub-dis. ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Houses not ║ 411│ 2,712│ 25│ 165║ - │ identified║ │ │ │ ║ - ├────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │ Totals ║ 39,726│ 267,625│ 24,854│ 171,528║ - └────────────╨───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────╨ - - ┌────────────╥─────────────────────────────────────────┬ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - │Registration║Water supply of the houses in which fatal│ - │ District. ║ attacks of cholera took place. │ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┬───────┬──────────┬────────────┼ - │ ║Southwark│ │ │ │ - │ ║ and │Lambeth│ From │ Supply not │ - │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │pumpwells.│ascertained.│ - │ ║ Co. │ │ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │St. Saviour,║ 280│ 59│ 0│ 2│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ - │St. Olave, ║ 186│ 0│ 0│ 23│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ - │Bermondsey ║ 555│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │St. George, ║ 254│ 79│ 0│ 53│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ - │Newington ║ 303│ 47│ 1│ 174│ - │Lambeth ║ 349│ 95│ 9│ 231│ - │Wandsworth ║ 206│ 6│ 73│ 40│ - │Camberwell ║ 167│ 24│ 113│ 48│ - │Rotherhithe ║ 139│ 0│ 11│ 30│ - │Greenwich & ║ │ │ │ │ - │ sub-dis. ║ 4│ 3│ │ │ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ │ - │Houses not ║ │ │ │ │ - │ identified║ │ │ │ │ - ├────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ Totals ║ 2,443│ 313│ 207│ 601│ - └────────────╨─────────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────┴ - - ┌────────────┬─────────╥─────────────────┐ - │ │ Deaths ║ │ - │ │ from ║ Mortality per │ - │Registration│ cholera ║ 10,000 supplied │ - │ District. │ in last ║ with water as │ - │ │ten weeks║ under. │ - │ │ of ║ │ - │ │epidemic.║ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┬───────┤ - │ │ ║Southwark│ │ - │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│ - │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ - │ │ ║ Co. │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │St. Saviour,│ 341║ 143│ 41│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │St. Olave, │ 209║ 100│ │ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │Bermondsey │ 555║ 96│ │ - │St. George, │ 386║ 101│ 33│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │Newington │ 525║ 95│ 14│ - │Lambeth │ 684║ 63│ 11│ - │Wandsworth │ 325║ 112│ 15│ - │Camberwell │ 352║ 71│ 23│ - │Rotherhithe │ 180║ 93│ │ - │Greenwich & │ ║ │ │ - │ sub-dis. │ 7║ │ │ - │ Sydenham │ ║ │ │ - │Houses not │ ║ │ │ - │ identified│ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ Totals │ 3,564║ 91│ 18│ - └────────────┴─────────╨─────────┴───────┘ - - - - - TABLE V. - _Shewing the results of the Inquiry for the whole Epidemic of 1854._ - - - ┌─────────────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────────╥ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │Number of│ │Estimated ║ - │ Registration │inhabited│Population│ constant ║ - │ District. │houses in│ in 1851. │population║ - │ │ 1851. │ │per house.║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ │ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │St. Saviour, │ 4,600│ 35,721│ 7·8║ - │ Southwark │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, Southwark │ 2,360│ 19,375│ 8·2║ - │Bermondsey │ 7,007│ 48,128│ 6·9║ - │St. George, Southwark│ 6,992│ 51,824│ 7·4║ - │Newington │ 10,458│ 64,816│ 6·2║ - │Lambeth │ 20,447│ 139,325│ 6·8║ - │Wandsworth │ 8,276│ 50,764│ 6·1║ - │Camberwell │ 9,412│ 54,667│ 5·8║ - │Rotherhithe │ 2,792│ 17,805│ 6·4║ - │Greenwich & sub-dis. │ │ │ ║ - │ Sydenham │ │ │ ║ - │Houses not identified│ │ │ 6·6║ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │ Totals │ 72,344│ 482,435│ 6·7║ - │Non-ascertained cases│ │ │ ║ - │ distributed in │ │ │ ║ - │ proportion of │ │ │ ║ - │ others │ │ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────╫ - │Population │ │ │ ║ - │ (Registrar-General)│ │ │ ║ - └─────────────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────╨ - - ┌─────────────────────╥───────────────────────────────────────╥ - │ ║ ║ - │ ║ ║ - │ Registration ║“Number of houses, and estimated number║ - │ District. ║of persons, supplied in 1854 with water║ - │ ║ as under.” ║ - │ ║ ║ - │ ║ ║ - ├─────────────────────╫───────────────────┬───────────────────╫ - │ ║ │ ║ - │ ║ By Southwark and │ By the Lambeth ║ - │ ║ Vauxhall Co. │ Company. ║ - │ ║ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────╫───────┬───────────┼───────┬───────────╫ - │ ║ No. of│ Estimated │No. of │ Estimated ║ - │ ║houses.│Population.│houses.│Population.║ - ├─────────────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │St. Saviour, ║ 2,631│ 19,617│ 1,689│ 14,201║ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ ║ - │St. Olave, Southwark ║ 2,193│ 18,638│ 0│ 0║ - │Bermondsey ║ 8,402│ 57,884│ 268│ 1,785║ - │St. George, Southwark║ 3,419│ 25,039│ 3,183│ 23,712║ - │Newington ║ 5,224│ 31,940│ 5,473│ 33,531║ - │Lambeth ║ 8,077│ 54,982│ 11,763│ 83,786║ - │Wandsworth ║ 3,028│ 18,390│ 618│ 3,870║ - │Camberwell ║ 4,005│ 23,472│ 1,835│ 10,478║ - │Rotherhithe ║ 2,336│ 14,951│ 0│ 0║ - │Greenwich & sub-dis. ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ ║ - │Houses not identified║ 411│ 2,712│ 25│ 165║ - ├─────────────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │ Totals ║ 39,726│ 267,625│ 24,854│ 171,528║ - │Non-ascertained cases║ │ │ │ ║ - │ distributed in ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ proportion of ║ │ │ │ ║ - │ others ║ │ │ │ ║ - ├─────────────────────╫───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────╫ - │Population ║ │ 266,516│ │ 173,748║ - │ (Registrar-General)║ │ │ │ ║ - └─────────────────────╨───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────╨ - - ┌─────────────────────╥─────────────────────────────────────────┬ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - │ Registration ║Water supply of the houses in which fatal│ - │ District. ║ attacks of cholera took place. │ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - │ ║ │ - ├─────────────────────╫─────────┬───────┬──────────┬────────────┼ - │ ║Southwark│ │ │ │ - │ ║ and │Lambeth│ From │ Supply not │ - │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │pumpwells.│ascertained.│ - │ ║ Co. │ │ │ │ - ├─────────────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ - │ ║ │ │ │ │ - ├─────────────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │St. Saviour, ║ 406│ 72│ 10│ 3│ - │ Southwark ║ │ │ │ │ - │St. Olave, Southwark ║ 277│ 0│ 8│ 28│ - │Bermondsey ║ 821│ 0│ 25│ 0│ - │St. George, Southwark║ 388│ 99│ 0│ 56│ - │Newington ║ 458│ 58│ 2│ 176│ - │Lambeth ║ 525│ 138│ 24│ 240│ - │Wandsworth ║ 268│ 7│ 106│ 40│ - │Camberwell ║ 352│ 33│ 115│ 49│ - │Rotherhithe ║ 207│ 0│ 46│ 30│ - │Greenwich & sub-dis. ║ 4│ 4│ 2│ 1│ - │ Sydenham ║ │ │ │ │ - │Houses not identified║ │ │ │ │ - ├─────────────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │ Totals ║ 3,706│ 411│ 338│ 623│ - │Non-ascertained cases║ │ │ │ │ - │ distributed in ║ 561│ 62│ │ │ - │ proportion of ║ │ │ │ │ - │ others ║ │ │ │ │ - ├─────────────────────╫─────────┼───────┼──────────┼────────────┼ - │Population ║ 4,267│ 473│ 338│ │ - │ (Registrar-General)║ │ │ │ │ - └─────────────────────╨─────────┴───────┴──────────┴────────────┴ - - ┌─────────────────────┬─────────╥─────────────────┐ - │ │ Deaths ║ │ - │ │ from ║ Mortality per │ - │ Registration │ cholera ║ 10,000 supplied │ - │ District. │ in last ║ with water as │ - │ │ten weeks║ under. │ - │ │ of ║ │ - │ │epidemic.║ │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────╫─────────┬───────┤ - │ │ ║Southwark│ │ - │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│ - │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │ - │ │ ║ Co. │ │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ ║ │ │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │St. Saviour, │ 491║ 207│ 50│ - │ Southwark │ ║ │ │ - │St. Olave, Southwark │ 313║ 148│ │ - │Bermondsey │ 846║ 142│ │ - │St. George, Southwark│ 543║ 155│ 41│ - │Newington │ 694║ 143│ 17│ - │Lambeth │ 927║ 96│ 16│ - │Wandsworth │ 421║ 145│ 18│ - │Camberwell │ 549║ 150│ 31│ - │Rotherhithe │ 283║ 138│ │ - │Greenwich & sub-dis. │ 11║ │ │ - │ Sydenham │ ║ │ │ - │Houses not identified│ ║ │ │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │ Totals │ 5,078║ 138│ 23│ - │Non-ascertained cases│ ║ │ │ - │ distributed in │ ║ │ │ - │ proportion of │ ║ │ │ - │ others │ ║ │ │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────╫─────────┼───────┤ - │Population │ 5,078║ 160│ 27│ - │ (Registrar-General)│ ║ │ │ - └─────────────────────┴─────────╨─────────┴───────┘ - - - - - TABLE VI. - _The Mortality from Cholera in 1854, in Thirty-one Sub-Districts, as - compared with Calculations founded on the Results shewn in_ Table V. - - - ┌────────────┬──────────────┬──────────╥───────────────────────────╥ - │Registration│ Registration │Population║ Estimated population ║ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.│ in 1851. ║ supplied with water as ║ - │ │ │ ║ under. ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼──────────╫─────────┬───────┬─────────╫ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │ │ ║Southwark│ │ Both ║ - │ │ │ ║ and │Lambeth│Companies║ - │ │ │ ║Vauxhall │ Co. │together.║ - │ │ │ ║ Co. │ │ ║ - │ │ │ ║ │ │ ║ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼──────────╫─────────┼───────┼─────────╫ - │St. Saviour,│1. │ 16,022║ 2,915│ 13,234│ 16,149║ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch│ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │2. St. Saviour│ 19,709║ 16,337│ 898│ 17,235║ - │St. Olave │1. St. Olave │ 8,015║ 8,745│ 0│ 8,745║ - │ │2. St. John, │ 11,300║ 9,360│ 0│ 9,360║ - │ │ Horselydown │ ║ │ │ ║ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James │ 18,899║ 23,173│ 693│ 23,866║ - │ │2. St. Mary │ 13,934║ 17,258│ 0│ 17,258║ - │ │ Magdalen │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │3. Leather │ 15,295║ 14,003│ 1,092│ 15,095║ - │ │ Market │ ║ │ │ ║ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road │ 18,126║ 12,630│ 3,997│ 16,627║ - │ Southw. │ │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Borough │ 15,862║ 8,937│ 6,672│ 15,609║ - │ │ Road │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │3. London Road│ 17,836║ 2,872│ 11,497│ 14,369║ - │Newington │1. Trinity │ 20,922║ 10,132│ 8,370│ 18,502║ - │ │2. St. Peter, │ 29,861║ 14,274│ 10,724│ 24,998║ - │ │ Walworth │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │3. St. Mary │ 14,033║ 2,983│ 5,484│ 8,467║ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, │ 14,088║ 3,548│ 11,939│ 15,487║ - │ │ part 1 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │2. Waterloo, │ 18,348║ 7,171│ 12,533│ 19,704║ - │ │ part 2 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │3. Lambeth │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. │ 18,409║ 3,113│ 15,878│ 18,991║ - │ │ 1 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │4. Lambeth │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │ church, pt. │ 26,784║ 7,868│ 16,023│ 23,891║ - │ │ 2 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │5. Kennington,│ 24,261║ 15,775│ 2,708│ 18,483║ - │ │ part 1 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │6. Kennington,│ 18,848║ 7,874│ 5,620│ 13,494║ - │ │ part 2 │ ║ │ │ ║ - │ │7. Brixton │ 14,610║ 1,922│ 9,356│ 11,278║ - │ │8. Norwood │ 3,977║ 0│ 1,066│ 1,066║ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham │ 16,290║ 6,747│ 134│ 6,881║ - │ │2. Battersea │ 10,560║ 6,276│ 276│ 6,552║ - │ │3. Wandsworth │ 9,611║ 907│ 94│ 1,001║ - │ │4. Putney │ 5,280║ 74│ 0│ 74║ - │ │5. Streatham │ 9,023║ 0│ 3,244│ 3,244║ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich │ 1,632║ 0│ 25│ 25║ - │ │2. Camberwell │ 17,742║ 9,139│ 639│ 9,778║ - │ │3. Peckham │ 19,444║ 5,438│ 392│ 5,830║ - │ │4. St. George │ 15,849║ 4,295│ 5,437│ 9,732║ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe │ 17,805║ 12,218│ 0│ 12,218║ - │Houses supplied in streets │ ║ 28,929│ 23,338│ 52,267║ - │ where no death occurred │ ║ │ │ ║ - │Houses not identified │ ║ 2,712│ 165│ 2,877║ - ├───────────────────────────┼──────────╫─────────┼───────┼─────────╫ - │ Totals │ 482,435║ 267,625│171,528│ 439,153║ - │Population as estimated by │ ║ 266,516│173,748│ 440,264║ - │ the Registrar-General │ ║ │ │ ║ - └───────────────────────────┴──────────╨─────────┴───────┴─────────╨ - - ┌────────────┬──────────────╥───────────────┬ - │Registration│ Registration ║ Deaths from │ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.║ cholera in │ - │ │ ║ 1854. │ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫───────┬───────┼ - │ │ ║ │ │ - │ │ ║ │Deaths │ - │ │ ║ Total │ per │ - │ │ ║deaths.│10,000 │ - │ │ ║ │living.│ - │ │ ║ │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────╫───────┼───────┼ - │St. Saviour,│1. ║ 113│ 71│ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch║ │ │ - │ │2. St. Saviour║ 378│ 192│ - │St. Olave │1. St. Olave ║ 161│ 201│ - │ │2. St. John, ║ 152│ 134│ - │ │ Horselydown ║ │ │ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James ║ 362│ 192│ - │ │2. St. Mary ║ 247│ 177│ - │ │ Magdalen ║ │ │ - │ │3. Leather ║ 237│ 155│ - │ │ Market ║ │ │ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road ║ 177│ 98│ - │ Southw. │ ║ │ │ - │ │2. Borough ║ 271│ 171│ - │ │ Road ║ │ │ - │ │3. London Road║ 95│ 53│ - │Newington │1. Trinity ║ 211│ 101│ - │ │2. St. Peter, ║ 391│ 131│ - │ │ Walworth ║ │ │ - │ │3. St. Mary ║ 92│ 66│ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, ║ 59│ 42│ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ - │ │2. Waterloo, ║ 118│ 64│ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ - │ │3. Lambeth ║ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 49│ 27│ - │ │ 1 ║ │ │ - │ │4. Lambeth ║ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. ║ 195│ 73│ - │ │ 2 ║ │ │ - │ │5. Kennington,║ 305│ 126│ - │ │ part 1 ║ │ │ - │ │6. Kennington,║ 143│ 75│ - │ │ part 2 ║ │ │ - │ │7. Brixton ║ 48│ 33│ - │ │8. Norwood ║ 10│ 25│ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham ║ 167│ 103│ - │ │2. Battersea ║ 171│ 162│ - │ │3. Wandsworth ║ 59│ 61│ - │ │4. Putney ║ 9│ 17│ - │ │5. Streatham ║ 15│ 17│ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich ║ 0│ 0│ - │ │2. Camberwell ║ 242│ 136│ - │ │3. Peckham ║ 175│ 90│ - │ │4. St. George ║ 132│ 83│ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe ║ 283│ 159│ - │Houses supplied in streets ║ │ │ - │ where no death occurred ║ │ │ - │Houses not identified ║ │ │ - ├───────────────────────────╫───────┼───────┼ - │ Totals ║ 5,067│ 105│ - │Population as estimated by ║ │ │ - │ the Registrar-General ║ │ │ - └───────────────────────────╨───────┴───────┴ - - ┌────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┐ - │Registration│ Registration │Calculated mortality in the population,│ - │ Districts. │Sub-Districts.│ supplied with water as under. │ - │ │ │ │ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼─────────┬───────┬──────────┬──────────┤ - │ │ │Southwark│ │ │Calculated│ - │ │ │ and │Lambeth│ │deaths per│ - │ │ │Vauxhall │Co. at │ The two │ 10,000 │ - │ │ │ Co. at │27 per │Companies.│ supplied │ - │ │ │ 160 per │10,000.│ │by the two│ - │ │ │ 10,000. │ │ │Companies.│ - ├────────────┼──────────────┼─────────┼───────┼──────────┼──────────┤ - │St. Saviour,│1. │ 46│ 36│ 82│ 57│ - │ Southw. │ Christchurch│ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. St. Saviour│ 261│ 2│ 263│ 153│ - │St. Olave │1. St. Olave │ 140│ 0│ 140│ 160│ - │ │2. St. John, │ 150│ 0│ 150│ 160│ - │ │ Horselydown │ │ │ │ │ - │Bermondsey │1. St. James │ 370│ 2│ 372│ 156│ - │ │2. St. Mary │ 276│ 0│ 276│ 160│ - │ │ Magdalen │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. Leather │ 224│ 3│ 227│ 150│ - │ │ Market │ │ │ │ │ - │St. George, │1. Kent Road │ 202│ 11│ 213│ 134│ - │ Southw. │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. Borough │ 143│ 18│ 161│ 104│ - │ │ Road │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. London Road│ 46│ 31│ 79│ 55│ - │Newington │1. Trinity │ 162│ 22│ 184│ 99│ - │ │2. St. Peter, │ 228│ 29│ 257│ 103│ - │ │ Walworth │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. St. Mary │ 48│ 15│ 63│ 74│ - │Lambeth │1. Waterloo, │ 57│ 31│ 86│ 55│ - │ │ part 1 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │2. Waterloo, │ 115│ 34│ 149│ 76│ - │ │ part 2 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │3. Lambeth │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. │ 50│ 43│ 93│ 49│ - │ │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │4. Lambeth │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ church, pt. │ 126│ 43│ 167│ 71│ - │ │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │5. Kennington,│ 253│ 7│ 260│ 146│ - │ │ part 1 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │6. Kennington,│ 126│ 15│ 141│ 105│ - │ │ part 2 │ │ │ │ │ - │ │7. Brixton │ 31│ 25│ 56│ 49│ - │ │8. Norwood │ 0│ 3│ 3│ 28│ - │Wandsworth │1. Clapham │ 108│ 0│ 108│ 158│ - │ │2. Battersea │ 100│ 1│ 101│ 152│ - │ │3. Wandsworth │ 15│ 0│ 15│ 149│ - │ │4. Putney │ 1│ 0│ 1│ 160│ - │ │5. Streatham │ 0│ 9│ 9│ 27│ - │Camberwell │1. Dulwich │ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ - │ │2. Camberwell │ 146│ 2│ 148│ 151│ - │ │3. Peckham │ 87│ 1│ 88│ 151│ - │ │4. St. George │ 69│ 15│ 84│ 86│ - │Rotherhithe │Rotherhithe │ 196│ 0│ 196│ 160│ - │Houses supplied in streets │ │ │ │ │ - │ where no death occurred │ │ │ │ │ - │Houses not identified │ │ │ │ │ - ├───────────────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼──────────┼──────────┤ - │ Totals │ 4,282│ 462│ 4,744│ 108│ - │Population as estimated by │ 4,267│ 473│ 4,740│ 108│ - │ the Registrar-General │ │ │ │ │ - └───────────────────────────┴─────────┴───────┴──────────┴──────────┘ - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - Weekly Returns of Deaths, November. - -Footnote 2: - - On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd edit., p. 73. - -Footnote 3: - - Weekly Returns for 1854, p. 433. - -Footnote 4: - - Weekly Returns for 1854, pp. 514–18. - -Footnote 5: - - Medical Times and Gazette, Oct. 7, 1854, p. 365. - -Footnote 6: - - The numbers of deaths in the third division of this Table and the - next, are copied from page 85 of the work “On the Mode of - Communication of Cholera”. - -Footnote 7: - - Loc. cit. - -Footnote 8: - - Sackville Street. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Cholera and the Water Supply</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>In the south districts of London in 1854</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Snow</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 10, 2021 [eBook #66507]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOLERA AND THE WATER SUPPLY ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>CHOLERA<br /> <span class='xsmall'>AND THE</span><br /> WATER SUPPLY<br /> <span class='xsmall'>IN THE</span><br /> <span class='xlarge'>SOUTH DISTRICTS OF LONDON IN 1854.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='xsmall'>BY</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>JOHN SNOW, M.D.</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='small'><i>Reprinted from the</i> <span class='sc'>Journal of Public Health</span> <i>for October 1856</i>.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>LONDON:</div> - <div>PRINTED BY T. RICHARDS, 37, GT. QUEEN STREET.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c003'><span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>In the summer of 1849, I published certain conclusions at -which I have arrived with regard to Asiatic cholera, and the -facts and reasonings which had led to them. The following -is a very brief outline of these views. The cholera commences -as an affection of the alimentary canal, and not with -general illness; there is no evidence of poisoning of the -blood in this disease, except in some cases where secondary -fever occurs; there is conclusive evidence that cholera may -be communicated from person to person, and it follows, -therefore, that the morbid matter which produces the disease -is applied to the interior of the alimentary canal, where it -increases and multiplies during the period of so-called incubation, -and passes off, during the attack, to cause fresh cases -when suitable opportunities occur. Various circumstances -connected with the propagation of cholera seemed in accordance -with the above view of its pathology. Thus, it was -observed to pass frequently from person to person in the -crowded habitations of the poor, who eat, drink, cook, and -sleep in the same apartment, and pay little or no regard to -cleanliness, who live, in fact, under circumstances where the -sudden and copious evacuations of cholera, soiling the bed -and body linen, would not fail to contaminate the hands of -the patient and his attendants, and be thence transferred -to any food they might touch. The absence of colour and -odour in the evacuations could not help to favour this result. -The social visitor who came to see the poor patient, -or attend his funeral, frequently suffered, whilst the medical -man, and others who partook of no food in the apartment, -and who washed their hands when requisite, escaped. The -mining districts of this country have suffered excessively from -cholera in each epidemic, an event which might be explained -by the following circumstances when taken in connexion -with the above view of the cause of the disease. The miners -stay eight or nine hours at a time in the pits, and take food -with them, which they eat invariably with unwashed hands, -and without knife and fork, whilst the pits are without -privies, and are generally extremely foul and dirty. The -entire absence of daylight must also cause the workmen to -take much more dirt with their food than they are<a id='t1'></a> aware of. It -occurred to me, as soon as I began to entertain the above -opinions, that if the cholera excreta could reproduce the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>disease in the way just mentioned, they might also do so -when diffused in water taken as drink, and that unless this -were the case, the whole of the phenomena of cholera, as an -epidemic, could not be explained. I, therefore, sought -anxiously, and waited patiently, for some confirmation of -this part of the subject before I should make my views -known. Two outbreaks of cholera occurred, however, about -the end of July 1849, one in Horsleydown, and the other in -the Wandsworth Road, which I investigated, and which -afforded what I considered conclusive evidence on the subject. -The water drank by the persons attacked in each of -these outbreaks had received, amongst other impurities, what -must have come from a patient previously ill of the disease. -I was able also to point out that the cholera was prevailing -most in those districts of the metropolis which received their -supply of water from certain parts of the Thames which contained -the sewage of the town, and, consequently, whatever -proceeded from the cholera patients. Before the end of -1849 I was able to show that a very close connexion existed -between the mortality from cholera and the nature of the -water supply, not only in London, but throughout the -country. This connexion was very evident in certain towns, -as Exeter and Hull, where the supply of water had been -changed between the epidemic of 1832 and that of 1849. -Where a polluted supply was changed for an unpolluted one, -the cholera was almost prevented; and where a scanty but -unpolluted supply had been changed for one contaminated -with the sewage of the town, the epidemic prevailed to a -fearful extent. The attention of Dr. Wm. Budd and Dr. -Farr was directed to this subject, with the result of confirming -what I had stated.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Between the epidemics of 1849 and that of 1853, one of -the water companies supplying the south districts of London -changed its source of supply from the middle of the town, -near the foot of the Hungerford Suspension Bridge, to -Thames Ditton, at a part of the river which is beyond the -influence of the tide, and, therefore, out of reach of the -sewage of the metropolis. In the autumn of 1853 it was -shown by Dr. Farr<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c005'><sup>[1]</sup></a> that the districts partly supplied by this, -the Lambeth Water Company, with improved water, suffered -less than the districts supplied entirely by the Southwark -and Vauxhall Company with the water from the river at -Battersea Fields, although in 1849 they had suffered rather -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>more than the latter districts. By showing the water supply -in subdistricts, and thus getting a more correct line of -demarcation, I was able to point out<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c005'><sup>[2]</sup></a> that the advantage in -favour of the population partly supplied with the purer -water was even greater than Dr. Farr had indicated.</p> - -<p class='c004'>I had learnt from the evidence of Mr. Quick in the -<i>Health of Towns Reports</i>, that the division of the houses, between -the Lambeth Company on the one hand, and the Southwark -and Vauxhall Company on the other, was not such as -obtains in the north districts of London, where a parish is -often divided between two water companies, but where one -company always leaves off at the point at which the other -begins. Throughout the greater part of Lambeth and Southwark, -the whole of Newington, and a part of Camberwell, -however, the supply of the two companies above mentioned -is actually intermixed, the pipes of both companies going -down the same streets, in consequence of the active competition -which once existed between three water companies, -two of which have since amalgamated and come to an agreement -with the other—the Lambeth company. Observing, -therefore, when the cholera returned in 1854, that there -was the same advantage in favour of the districts partly supplied -with water from Thames Ditton, I determined to make -an inquiry, the idea of which I had previously entertained. -It was obvious that, if the diminished mortality depended on -the improved supply of water, the benefit of the whole diminution -would be enjoyed by the inhabitants of houses having -this supply, whilst the population receiving impure water -would suffer as much as that of the districts which received -the same water, and no other. This point could be determined -by ascertaining the water supply of every house in -which a fatal attack of cholera might occur. After commencing -the inquiry I found that the circumstances were -calculated for affording even more conclusive evidence than -I had anticipated. The pipes of the two water companies -not only passed down all the streets, but into nearly all the -courts and alleys. A single house often had a different supply -from that on either side. Each water company supplied -alike both rich and poor, and thus there was a population of -300,000 persons, of various conditions and occupations, intimately -mixed together, and divided into two groups by no -other circumstance than the difference of water supply. One -group supplied with water contaminated, to a large extent, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>with the sewage of London, and the other receiving a supply -altogether free from such impurity.</p> - -<p class='c004'>I took great care to ascertain the nature of the water supply -correctly in every instance. I did not rest content with -the mere reply of the resident, or the appearance of the water, -without other evidence, such as the production of the receipt -for the water rate. I was also assisted very much by the -application of a chemical test to the water, for throughout -all the dry weather, which lasted whilst my inquiries were -being made, a mixture of sea water extended further up the -Thames than usual, and the water of the Southwark and -Vauxhall Company contained nearly forty grains of common -salt per gallon, whilst that of the Lambeth Company contained -only ·95 of a grain. These analyses were verified in -numerous cases where the source of the water could be -proved clearly by other evidence. For the first four weeks -of the epidemic I employed the list of deaths from cholera -published in the Weekly Returns of the Registrar-General, -and for the next three weeks, during which my inquiry extended, -I was kindly permitted to copy the addresses of persons -dying of cholera at the General Register Office. My -personal inquiry extended over every subdistrict to which -the supply of the Lambeth Water Company extended, and -it, therefore, included all the area in which the supply of -the two companies was intermixed in the manner explained -above.</p> - -<p class='c004'>At the time I was making my inquiry, the entire number -of houses supplied by each water company was known, -from a return made to Parliament, but the number of houses -supplied in each district and subdistrict by each company -respectively was not known. In order, therefore, to see the -exact bearing of my results, I found it desirable to extend -the inquiry over the districts supplied exclusively by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company; for this purpose I -obtained the assistance of Mr. Whiting, a medical man, who -took great pains with his part of the inquiry, which was -merely to ascertain whether the houses in which fatal attacks -had taken place were supplied by the Southwark Company, -or from some other source, as a pump well or tidal ditch. -His inquiry extended over the first four weeks of the -epidemic.</p> - -<p class='c004'>I gave a copy of the first results of my inquiry to Dr. -Farr, to whom I was indebted for facilities very kindly -afforded: and Dr. Farr being much struck with these results, -instituted a continuance of the inquiry through the district -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>registrars, who were requested to make a return of the supply -of water to each house in which a fatal attack of cholera -might occur in all the south districts of London. As the -registrars could not be expected to make a chemical analysis -of the water, or to seek out the landlord or agent in cases -where the tenant was not acquainted with the water supply, -the question remained unanswered in a considerable number -of instances, but the return was obtained for more than -three-fourths of the deaths, and shows, no doubt, the correct -proportion. Dr. Farr’s inquiry commenced from the 27th of -August, and extended to the close of the epidemic; and -as my inquiry extended to August 26th, the water supply -was obtained for the whole epidemic of 1854. It was -only necessary to make a computation of the small number -of attacks occurring in houses supplied by pump wells or -some other source, in the three weeks—the 5th to the 7th -inclusive—of the epidemic, in Bermondsey and the other -districts which do not receive the Lambeth water. This -computation was made according to the result ascertained in -the previous four weeks, and must approach very nearly to -the truth.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In treating of the general results of this inquiry, it is desirable -to divide the epidemic into different periods, as the -influence of the water supply was found to diminish in relative -intensity as the epidemic progressed. In the first four weeks -of the epidemic of 1854, that is, from July 9th to August -5th inclusive, there were 334 deaths from cholera in the districts -to which the supply of the two water companies we -are considering extends. The water supply in every one of -these instances was made a matter of personal inquiry, and -the result of each case was published by me in detail in the -Appendix to a work on Cholera. In 286 instances the supply -of the house in which the attack took place was that of -the Southwark and Vauxhall Company; in 14 instances it -was that of the Lambeth Company; in 4 cases the supply -was from a pump well; in 26 cases the water was drawn -direct from the river, or a canal, or a tidal ditch; and in 4 -cases the supply could not be ascertained, owing to the address -of the deceased persons, prior to the fatal attack, not -being known. The number of houses supplied by the Southwark -and Vauxhall Company was 40,046, having a population -estimated by the Registrar-General<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c005'><sup>[3]</sup></a> at 266,516, and -the number of houses supplied by the Lambeth Company -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>was 26,107, with an estimated population of 173,748; the -mortality from cholera was, therefore, at the rate of 107 to -each 100,000 inhabitants supplied by the former company, -and 8 to each 100,000 supplied by the latter; in other -words, the disease was between thirteen and fourteen times -as fatal to the population having the impure water as to that -having the improved supply. It is particularly worthy of -remark that, during the four weeks of the epidemic we are -now considering, there were but 563 deaths from cholera in -the whole metropolis, of which 286, or more than one-half, -occurred amongst the customers of the Southwark and Vauxhall -Company, who comprise a little more than one-tenth of -London, and a considerable number of the remaining deaths -took place amongst mariners, and others employed amongst -the shipping, who almost invariably draw their drinking water -directly from the river; it is, therefore, evident that at this -early period of the epidemic the impure water of the Thames -was almost the exclusive means of the propagation of the -malady.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In the next three weeks of the epidemic there were 1,180 -deaths from cholera in the districts supplied by the two -water companies. Of these, the fatal attack took place in -977 cases in houses supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall -Company; in 84 cases in houses supplied by the -Lambeth company; in 101 instances the supply was from -some other source; and in 18 cases it could not be ascertained, -for reasons previously stated. Taking into account -the population supplied respectively by each company, the -mortality was, at this period of the epidemic, nearly eight -times as great in that supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall -Company as in that supplied by the Lambeth Company.</p> - -<p class='c004'>During the last ten weeks of the epidemic, from August -27th to November 4th inclusive, 3,564 deaths occurred in -the districts to which the supply of the two water companies -extends, and the returns of the district registrars showed -that in 2,443 cases the water supply of the house in which -the fatal attack took place was that of the Southwark and -Vauxhall Company; in 313 cases it was that of the Lambeth -Company; in 207 instances the supply was from pump -wells and other sources independent of the two water companies, -and in 601 instances the supply was not ascertained.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c005'><sup>[4]</sup></a> -These numbers show a mortality of 916 to each 100,000 inhabitants -supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>and 180 to each 100,000 supplied by the Lambeth Company; -consequently, at this period of the epidemic, the mortality -was still more than five times as great amongst the population -supplied by the former company as amongst that supplied -by the latter.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The results of my inquiry into the supply of water were, -of course, obtained separately for each district and subdistrict -in which the inquiry was made, and were so published; but -I was unable at the time to show the relation between the -supply of houses in which fatal attacks took place, and the -entire supply of each district and subdistrict, on account of -the latter circumstance not being known. I expressed myself -as follows in an article which I published soon after my -inquiry was made: “I hope shortly to learn the number of -houses in each subdistrict supplied by each of the water -companies respectively, when the effect of the impure water -in propagating cholera will be shown in a very striking -manner, and with great detail.”<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c005'><sup>[5]</sup></a> This information did not, -however, come within my reach till recently, and not even -then with all the accuracy I could desire. In the Report on -the Cholera Epidemics of London as affected by the Consumption -of Impure Water, lately written by Mr. Simon, -and published by the General Board of Health, there is a -statement of the number of houses supplied by each of the -water companies respectively in each district and subdistrict. -The line has not been very accurately drawn where a street, -as often happens, is partly in one district and partly in another; -and thus, in the recent Report, the subdistricts of St. -Saviour’s, Southwark, Leather Market, Bermondsey, Battersea, -and Peckham, have been represented to contain a few -houses supplied by the Lambeth Company, although they -do not contain any. With regard to Bermondsey, it is stated -in a foot note that some ends of streets may have been included -which have passed the registration boundary, and -this has happened in other cases; but the errors arising from -this cause are limited in amount, and cannot much affect the -statistical calculations that I have made. There is also a -further imperfection in the account of the water supply of -the subdistricts. The numbers which are stated to represent -the houses supplied by each water company in each -subdistrict are found on adding up the tables not to do so, -but to represent the number of houses, minus those situated -in streets in which no death occurred; the latter being -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>placed all together at the end of each group of subdistricts -which constitutes a district. Streets vary in size from one -or two houses to two or three hundred, and the small streets -would obviously be the most likely to be exempt from mortality; -it could, therefore, do little good to distinguish such -streets; however, if thought desirable, this could as well have -been done by simply stating the number of the houses, -without deducting them from the gross number in each subdistrict. -The number of houses in these exempted streets is -about one-ninth of the whole. Instead of being able to compare, -as I could wish, the mortality in the houses supplied -by each company with the exact number of houses supplied, -I have only been able to compare it with the number of -houses in the streets in which deaths occurred. This will necessarily -raise the proportion of deaths about one-ninth; but -there is every reason to believe that the relative proportion -of deaths in the population supplied by the two companies -respectively, which is the real object of the inquiry, will remain -almost unaltered.</p> - -<p class='c004'>As the first four weeks of the epidemic did not furnish a -sufficient number of cases in all the subdistricts to serve for -a statistical inquiry in detail, I have commenced by taking -the first seven weeks of the epidemic collectively; and the -first of the tables which accompanies this paper exhibits the -results of my personal inquiry, when placed in connexion -with the number of persons and houses supplied in each -subdistrict by each water company respectively.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c005'><sup>[6]</sup></a> The -reader will observe from the last division of the table that -the proportion of deaths was, in every subdistrict, very much -greater amongst the population supplied by the Southwark -and Vauxhall Company than amongst that supplied by the -Lambeth Company, and that the relative mortality is nearly -the same throughout, except in two or three instances, where -there were but one or two deaths for the basis of calculation -amongst the customers of the Lambeth Company. The -second table shows the results of that part of the inquiry -conducted by Mr. Whiting, treated in a similar manner. In -the subdistricts here enumerated, which were supplied, except -just on the border of three of them, exclusively by the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company, the mortality will be -observed to be nearly the same, only a little higher, than -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>amongst the population supplied by the same company, -and mixed with that supplied by the Lambeth Company, -as shown in the previous table. In the third table the -figures contained in the two first are collected into a more -compact form, to show the result of the inquiry during the -first part of the epidemic, arranged in districts. The fourth -table contains the results of that part of the inquiry made by -Dr. Farr, when compared with the population supplied by -each water company respectively. It is necessarily -arranged in districts—for the results were so published in -the Weekly Returns<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c005'><sup>[7]</sup></a>—and not in subdistricts. The mortality -during the last ten weeks of the epidemic was greater -than during the first seven weeks, but the reader will observe -that a very great disproportion continues in every district -between the mortality of the population supplied by one -company and that supplied by the other. There is no district -to which the supply of both companies extends in which -the mortality is not more than three times as great amongst -the persons supplied by the Southwark Company as amongst -those supplied by the Lambeth Company, and the general -result shows a proportion of ninety-one to eighteen, or more -than five to one, as was stated before.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In the fifth table the numbers in the previous ones are -added together, and fresh calculations made, so as to show -the result of the inquiry for the whole epidemic. The instances -in which the water supply was not specified, or not -ascertained, in the returns made by the district registrars -must evidently nearly all have been cases in which the house -was supplied by one or other of the water companies, for, if -the persons received no such supply, and obtained water -from a pump well, canal, or ditch, there could be no difficulty -in knowing the fact. Moreover, as the two water -companies are guided by precisely the same regulations, the -difficulty in ascertaining the supply is exactly the same -with regard to one as the other; I, therefore, concluded that -I could not be wrong in dividing the non-ascertained cases -between the two companies in the same proportion as those -which were ascertained, and I have done so at the foot of -table <span class='fss'>V</span>, in order to obtain a complete view of the influence -of the water supply during the whole epidemic of 1854. -These general results I have employed as the basis of some -further calculations.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In table <span class='fss'>VI</span> I have copied from the Weekly Returns of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>Registrar-General the mortality from cholera in every subdistrict -to which the supply of both, or either, of the water -companies extends. I have also calculated the number of -deaths which would have taken place in each subdistrict according -to the number of persons supplied with water by -each company respectively, and in accordance with the mortality -ascertained for the whole of the population supplied; -and it will be observed that the calculated mortality bears a -very close relation to the real mortality in each subdistrict. -This relation exists with regard both to the gross mortality -and to the mortality to each 10,000 living, all through the -table, and proves the overwhelming influence which the -nature of the water supply exerted over the mortality, overbearing -every other circumstance which could be expected -to affect the progress of the epidemic. Thus, in the crowded, -dirty, and very poor subdistricts of Lambeth Church, first -part, and Waterloo, first part, lying by the river side, the -mortality was low in consequence of the water supply being -chiefly that of the Lambeth Company; whilst in the thinly -peopled, and comparatively genteel subdistricts of Clapham -and Battersea the mortality was very high, in consequence -of the impure water of the Southwark and Vauxhall Company. -Taking this inquiry altogether, and considering that -the results which were published two years ago, and could -only be estimated collectively, are now corroborated in detail -through upwards of thirty subdistricts, it probably supplies -a greater amount of statistical evidence than was ever brought -to bear on a medical subject.</p> - -<p class='c004'>At the latter part of 1854, the General Board of Health -procured from the two water companies, by order of the -Secretary of State, a list of all the houses which they supplied, -which lists are very valuable, as affording the means -of ascertaining the exact water supply of each district and -subdistrict separately. By direction of the Scientific Committee -of the Board of Health, the lists have been employed -in making a supplemental inquiry into the effect of the -water supply on cholera. For this purpose they were compared -with the lists of deaths at the General Registrar Office, -and the results have been embodied in the recent Report of -Mr. Simon, previously referred to. There are, however, -certain circumstances, which were probably unknown to the -Scientific Committee, and which render it impossible that an -inquiry, conducted in this manner, could do more than -approximate to the truth; and show why it can bear no comparison -in point of accuracy to a personal inquiry, made on -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>the spot, at the time of the epidemic. In the first place, -throughout the greater part of Lambeth, Newington, and -the Borough, the houses are either without numbers, or -numbered very irregularly, and the numbers are liable to -frequent change, as new houses are built, or older ones repainted; -there are also frequently repetitions of the same -number in the same street, and although, in some instances, -the companies have returned the names of the occupiers, that -can be of no assistance in the case of the poor, who occupy -but one or two rooms, and form the greater bulk of the -population. In the next place, the poor often furnish, unintentionally, -a wrong number to the registrar, even when the -houses are regularly numbered. They know their own -homes perfectly, but, having no occasion to refer to the -number, they partially forget it; and, in the greater number -of my personal inquiries, I had to call at two or three -houses before I found the one in which the death occurred. -For these reasons it follows that, in comparing the lists of the -water supply with the lists of deaths, many errors must have -occurred; and as the deaths were six times as numerous in -the houses supplied by the Southwark and Vauxhall Company -as in those supplied by the Lambeth Company, the -evident result would be that out of every six mistakes five -would transfer a death from the former company to the latter, -and only one would transfer a death from the latter company -to the former. Another source of error, but operating -to a less extent, is, that a number of persons who were attacked -with cholera in houses supplied by the Southwark -Company died in the workhouses of St. Saviour’s, Lambeth, -and Newington, which were supplied by the Lambeth Company. -It need excite no surprise, therefore, that the supplemental -inquiry, embodied in the recent Report, instead of -showing a mortality of 160 and 27 for the population supplied -by the two water companies, or a difference of 6 to 1, showed -a mortality of 125 and 37 per 10,000, or a difference of only -3½ to 1. It must be obvious, however, independently of the -above facts, that a difference of three and a-half to one would -not explain the great difference in the mortality of the various -districts and subdistricts. The epidemic of 1853 is included -with that of 1854 in Mr. Simon’s Report; but as there were -but few deaths in 1853, and those chiefly amongst the population -supplied by the Southwark Company, this circumstance -would not much affect his results.</p> - -<p class='c004'>It is probable that, when the facts brought to light by -this inquiry are sufficiently known, no one will deny the influence -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>of impure water in promoting the mortality of cholera; -but it must not be supposed that it is mere impurity of an ordinary -kind that causes the disease, for there are innumerable -facts to prove that ordinary impurities have no such effect, -and that it is only when the specific morbid matter of the -disease gains access to the water that cholera is propagated. -Thousands of people drank water from their own neglected -cisterns, during the late epidemic, as impure as that of the -Southwark and Vauxhall Company, without ill effect. An -inquiry made by the vestry of St. James’, Westminster,<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c005'><sup>[8]</sup></a> -proved that the contents of a cesspool had been percolating -for months through the three feet of earth which separated -it from the pump well in Broad Street; but although hundreds -of people were daily drinking the water, and cholera -was extending fearfully in many parts of London, only a -few scattered cases occurred in the streets near the pump till -the end of August, when, a case having happened amongst -the persons using the privy connected with the cesspool above -mentioned, more than five hundred persons were attacked -within two or three days.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In the cases in which the cholera poison gains access to a -limited supply of drinking water, such as a tank or pumpwell, -the outbreak it occasions is always sudden, violent, and -limited; but when a river is the medium of the propagation -of the disease, its progress is more gradual and extended, -being diffused amongst the whole population using the water.</p> - -<p class='c004'>It is hardly necessary to remark, that every circumstance -which proves the communication of cholera through the medium -of water, corroborates the views, explained at the -beginning of this paper, regarding its propagation in the -crowded houses of the poor; for it cannot be supposed that -a morbid matter, which can produce its specific effects after -being diffused and distributed through a quantity of water, -could fail to act in an undiluted state.</p> - -<p class='c004'>It was my intention to make some remarks on the drainage -and water supply of towns, but this communication has -already exceeded the limits which I prescribed for it.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table I.</span><br /> <i>Shewing the results of the Author’s personal Inquiry in Twenty-One Sub-Districts.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table I.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration Sub-Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Number of inhabited houses in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Estimated constant population per house.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='4'>“Number of houses, and estimated number of persons, supplied in 1854 with water as under.”</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='5'>Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks of cholera took place during first seven weeks of epidemic of 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Deaths from cholera in first 7 weeks of epidemic of 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Mortality per 10,000 supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>By Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007' colspan='2'>By the Lambeth Company.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Thames, canals, or ditches.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>From pumpwells.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Supply not ascertained.</th> - - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Estim. Population.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Estim. Population.</th> - - - - - - - - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southw.</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Christchurch</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,887</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,022</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>343</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,915</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,557</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>13,234</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>37·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9·9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. George, Southw.</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Kent Road</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,558</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,126</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,779</td> - <td class='brt c009'>12,630</td> - <td class='brt c009'>563</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,997</td> - <td class='brt c009'>52</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>57</td> - <td class='brt c009'>41·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>12·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Borough Road</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,069</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,862</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,176</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,937</td> - <td class='brt c009'>878</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6,672</td> - <td class='brt c009'>61</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>71</td> - <td class='brt c009'>68·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10·4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. London Road</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,365</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,836</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>383</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,872</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,533</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11,497</td> - <td class='brt c009'>21</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>29</td> - <td class='brt c009'>73·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6·9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Newington</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Trinity</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,224</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20,922</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,661</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,132</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,372</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8,370</td> - <td class='brt c009'>52</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>58</td> - <td class='brt c009'>51·3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7·1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Peter, Walworth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,925</td> - <td class='brt c009'>29,861</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,340</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,274</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,758</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10,724</td> - <td class='brt c009'>84</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>90</td> - <td class='brt c009'>58·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3·7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. St. Mary</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,309</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,033</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>489</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,983</td> - <td class='brt c009'>899</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,484</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>21</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1·8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Lambeth</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Waterloo, part 1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,729</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,088</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>438</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,548</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,474</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11,939</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0·8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Waterloo, part 2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,191</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,348</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>864</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,171</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,510</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>12,533</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>36</td> - <td class='brt c009'>34·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6·3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Lambeth church, pt. 1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,451</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,409</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>415</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,113</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,117</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,878</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5·6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. Lambeth church, pt. 2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,849</td> - <td class='brt c009'>26,784</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,124</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,868</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,289</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>16,023</td> - <td class='brt c009'>34</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>53</td> - <td class='brt c009'>42·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8·1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>5. Kennington, part 1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,977</td> - <td class='brt c009'>24,261</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,586</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,775</td> - <td class='brt c009'>444</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>2,708</td> - <td class='brt c009'>63</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>71</td> - <td class='brt c009'>39·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18·4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>6. Kennington, part 2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,288</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,848</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,206</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,874</td> - <td class='brt c009'>986</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,620</td> - <td class='brt c009'>34</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>38</td> - <td class='brt c009'>43·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5·7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>7. Brixton</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,362</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,610</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>310</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,922</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,509</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,356</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>26·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2·1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>8. Norwood</td> - <td class='brt c009'>600</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,977</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,066</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'>18·7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,522</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,611</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>144</td> - <td class='brt c009'>907</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>94</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. Putney</td> - <td class='brt c009'>918</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,280</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13</td> - <td class='brt c009'>74</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>5. Streatham</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,419</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,023</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>515</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,244</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'>3·0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Dulwich</td> - <td class='brt c009'>259</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,632</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. St. George</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,845</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,849</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>767</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,295</td> - <td class='brt c009'>971</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,437</td> - <td class='brt c009'>30</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>42</td> - <td class='brt c009'>69·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Lewisham</td> - <td class='bbt brt c008'>5. Sydenham</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>801</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>4,501</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>5·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>unkno.</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>unkno.</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>4</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c007' colspan='2'>Totals</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>47,548</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>317,883</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>16,038</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>107,290</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>20,554</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>143,901</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>507</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>98</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>16</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>20</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>17</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>658</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>47·2</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>6·8</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table II.</span><br /> <i>Shewing the results of the Inquiry made by Mr. Whiting in Eleven Sub-Districts.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table II.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration Sub-Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Number of inhabited houses in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Estimated constant population per house.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='4'>“Number of houses, and estimated number of persons, supplied in 1854 with water as under.”</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='5'>Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks of cholera took place during first seven weeks of epidemic of 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Deaths from cholera in first 7 weeks of epidemic of 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Mortality per 10,000 supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>By Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007' colspan='2'>By the Lambeth Company.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Thames, canals, or ditches.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>From pumpwells.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Supply not ascertained.</th> - - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Estim. Population.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Estim. Population.</th> - - - - - - - - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southw.</td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Saviour</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,713</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,709</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,238</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,337</td> - <td class='brt c009'>123</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>898</td> - <td class='brt c009'>115</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>125</td> - <td class='brt c009'>70·3</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Olave, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. St. Olave</td> - <td class='brt c009'>880</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,015</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>961</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,745</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>43</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>53</td> - <td class='brt c009'>49·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. John, Horselydown</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,480</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,360</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,170</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>51</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Bermondsey</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. St. James</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,863</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,899</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,511</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,173</td> - <td class='brt c009'>105</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>693</td> - <td class='brt c009'>102</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>21</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>123</td> - <td class='brt c009'>44·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Mary Magdalen</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,865</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13,934</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,301</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,258</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>83</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>87</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Leather Market</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,279</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,295</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,090</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,003</td> - <td class='brt c009'>163</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,092</td> - <td class='brt c009'>81</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>81</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Clapham</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,657</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,290</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,106</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,747</td> - <td class='brt c009'>22</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>134</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>24</td> - <td class='brt c009'>28·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Battersea</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,760</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,560</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,046</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>46</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>270</td> - <td class='brt c009'>42</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>54</td> - <td class='brt c009'>66·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,851</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,742</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,474</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,139</td> - <td class='brt c009'>103</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>639</td> - <td class='brt c009'>96</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>96</td> - <td class='brt c009'>104·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Peckham</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,457</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,444</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>971</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,438</td> - <td class='brt c009'>70</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>392</td> - <td class='brt c009'>59</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>59</td> - <td class='brt c009'>108·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='bbt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,792</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>17,805</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>1,909</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>12,218</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>68</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>35</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>103</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>55·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008' colspan='2'>    Totals</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25,597</td> - <td class='brt c009'>169,053</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,777</td> - <td class='brt c009'>128,694</td> - <td class='brt c009'>632</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>4,124</td> - <td class='brt c009'>756</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>86</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>856</td> - <td class='brt c009'>58·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008' colspan='2'>    Totals of Table <span class='fss'>I.</span></td> - <td class='brt c009'>47,548</td> - <td class='brt c009'>317,883</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,038</td> - <td class='brt c009'>107,290</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20,554</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>143,901</td> - <td class='brt c009'>507</td> - <td class='brt c009'>98</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>658</td> - <td class='brt c009'>47·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6·8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008' colspan='2'>Houses in streets where no death occurred</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,500</td> - <td class='brt c009'>28,929</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,643</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,338</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008' colspan='2'>Not identified</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>411</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,712</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>165</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008' colspan='2'>    Totals of thirty-two Sub-districts</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>73,145</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>480,936</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·0</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>39,726</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>267,625</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>24,854</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>171,528</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>1263</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>98</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>102</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>29</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>22</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>1514</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>47·2</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>5·7</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table III.</span><br /> <i>Shewing the results of the whole Inquiry during the First Seven Weeks of the Epidemic, arranged in Districts.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table III.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Number of inhabited houses in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Estimated constant population per house.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='4'>“Number of houses, and estimated number of persons, supplied in 1854 with water as under.”</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='5'>Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks of cholera took place during first seven weeks of epidemic of 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Deaths in first seven weeks of epidemic.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Mortality per 10,000 supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>By the Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007' colspan='2'>By the Lambeth Company.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Thames, canals, or ditches.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Pump-wells.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Supply not ascertained.</th> - - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Estimated population.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Estimated population.</th> - - - - - - - - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,600</td> - <td class='brt c009'>35,731</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,631</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,617</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,689</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,201</td> - <td class='brt c009'>126</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>150</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9·1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Olave, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,375</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,193</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,638</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>91</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>104</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Bermondsey</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,007</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48,128</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,402</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57,884</td> - <td class='brt c009'>268</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,785</td> - <td class='brt c009'>266</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>291</td> - <td class='brt c009'>45·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. George, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,992</td> - <td class='brt c009'>51,824</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,419</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25,039</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,183</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,712</td> - <td class='brt c009'>134</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>157</td> - <td class='brt c009'>53·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8·4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Newington</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,458</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64,816</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,224</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31,940</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,473</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>33,531</td> - <td class='brt c009'>155</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>169</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48·5</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3·2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Lambeth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20,447</td> - <td class='brt c009'>139,325</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,077</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,982</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,763</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>83,786</td> - <td class='brt c009'>176</td> - <td class='brt c009'>43</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>243</td> - <td class='brt c009'>32·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4·9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50,764</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,028</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,390</td> - <td class='brt c009'>618</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,870</td> - <td class='brt c009'>62</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>96</td> - <td class='brt c009'>33·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3·3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,412</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,667</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,005</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,472</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,835</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10,478</td> - <td class='brt c009'>185</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>197</td> - <td class='brt c009'>78·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8·5</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,792</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,805</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,336</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,951</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>68</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>35</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>103</td> - <td class='brt c009'>45·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Sub-district of Sydenham</td> - <td class='brt c009'>801</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,501</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>unknow.</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>unknow.</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Not identified</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>411</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,712</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>165</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c007'>Totals</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>73,145</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>486,936</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·7</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>39,726</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>267,625</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>24,854</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>171,528</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>1263</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>98</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>102</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>29</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>22</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>1514</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>47·2</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>5·7</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table IV.</span><br /> <i>The Inquiry of the General Register Office during the Last Ten Weeks of the Epidemic.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table III.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration District.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Number of inhabited houses in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Estimated constant population per house.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='4'>“Number of houses, and estimated number of persons, supplied in 1854 with water as under.”</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='4'>Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks of cholera took place.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Deaths from cholera in last ten weeks of epidemic.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Mortality per 10,000 supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>By Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007' colspan='2'>By the Lambeth Company.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>From pumpwells.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Supply not ascertained.</th> - - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c009'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Estimated Population.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Estimated Population.</th> - - - - - - - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,600</td> - <td class='brt c009'>35,721</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,631</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,617</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,689</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,201</td> - <td class='brt c009'>280</td> - <td class='brt c009'>59</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>341</td> - <td class='brt c009'>143</td> - <td class='brt c009'>41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Olave, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,375</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,193</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,638</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>186</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>209</td> - <td class='brt c009'>100</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Bermondsey</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,007</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48,128</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,402</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57,884</td> - <td class='brt c009'>268</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,785</td> - <td class='brt c009'>555</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>555</td> - <td class='brt c009'>96</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. George, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,992</td> - <td class='brt c009'>51,824</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,419</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25,039</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,183</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,712</td> - <td class='brt c009'>254</td> - <td class='brt c009'>79</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>53</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>386</td> - <td class='brt c009'>101</td> - <td class='brt c009'>33</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Newington</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,458</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64,816</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,224</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31,940</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,473</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>33,531</td> - <td class='brt c009'>303</td> - <td class='brt c009'>47</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>174</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>525</td> - <td class='brt c009'>95</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Lambeth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20,447</td> - <td class='brt c009'>139,325</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,077</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,982</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,763</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>83,786</td> - <td class='brt c009'>349</td> - <td class='brt c009'>95</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>231</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>684</td> - <td class='brt c009'>63</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50,764</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,028</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,390</td> - <td class='brt c009'>618</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,870</td> - <td class='brt c009'>206</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6</td> - <td class='brt c009'>73</td> - <td class='brt c009'>40</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>325</td> - <td class='brt c009'>112</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,412</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,667</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,005</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,472</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,835</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10,478</td> - <td class='brt c009'>167</td> - <td class='brt c009'>24</td> - <td class='brt c009'>113</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>352</td> - <td class='brt c009'>71</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,792</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,805</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,336</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,951</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>139</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'>30</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>180</td> - <td class='brt c009'>93</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Greenwich & sub-dis. Sydenham</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Houses not identified</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>411</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,712</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>165</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c007'>Totals</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>72,344</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>482,435</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·7</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>39,726</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>267,625</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>24,854</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>171,528</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,443</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>313</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>207</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>601</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>3,564</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>91</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>18</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table V.</span><br /> <i>Shewing the results of the Inquiry for the whole Epidemic of 1854.</i></h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table III.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Registration District.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Number of inhabited houses in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='3'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Estimated constant population per house.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='4'>“Number of houses, and estimated number of persons, supplied in 1854 with water as under.”</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='4'>Water supply of the houses in which fatal attacks of cholera took place.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='3'>Deaths from cholera in last ten weeks of epidemic.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Mortality per 10,000 supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>By Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007' colspan='2'>By the Lambeth Company.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>From pumpwells.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Supply not ascertained.</th> - - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Lambeth Co.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - - <th class='bbt brt c009'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Estimated Population.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>No. of houses.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Estimated Population.</th> - - - - - - - - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,600</td> - <td class='brt c009'>35,721</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,631</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,617</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,689</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,201</td> - <td class='brt c009'>406</td> - <td class='brt c009'>72</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>491</td> - <td class='brt c009'>207</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Olave, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>19,375</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,193</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,638</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>277</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>28</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>313</td> - <td class='brt c009'>148</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Bermondsey</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,007</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48,128</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,402</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57,884</td> - <td class='brt c009'>268</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,785</td> - <td class='brt c009'>821</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>846</td> - <td class='brt c009'>142</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. George, Southwark</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,992</td> - <td class='brt c009'>51,824</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>7·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,419</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25,039</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,183</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,712</td> - <td class='brt c009'>388</td> - <td class='brt c009'>99</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>56</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>543</td> - <td class='brt c009'>155</td> - <td class='brt c009'>41</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Newington</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,458</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64,816</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,224</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31,940</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,473</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>33,531</td> - <td class='brt c009'>458</td> - <td class='brt c009'>58</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>176</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>694</td> - <td class='brt c009'>143</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Lambeth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>20,447</td> - <td class='brt c009'>139,325</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,077</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,982</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,763</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>83,786</td> - <td class='brt c009'>525</td> - <td class='brt c009'>138</td> - <td class='brt c009'>24</td> - <td class='brt c009'>240</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>927</td> - <td class='brt c009'>96</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50,764</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,028</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18,390</td> - <td class='brt c009'>618</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,870</td> - <td class='brt c009'>268</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>106</td> - <td class='brt c009'>40</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>421</td> - <td class='brt c009'>145</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,412</td> - <td class='brt c009'>54,667</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5·8</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,005</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,472</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,835</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10,478</td> - <td class='brt c009'>352</td> - <td class='brt c009'>33</td> - <td class='brt c009'>115</td> - <td class='brt c009'>49</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>549</td> - <td class='brt c009'>150</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,792</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,805</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,336</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,951</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>207</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>46</td> - <td class='brt c009'>30</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>283</td> - <td class='brt c009'>138</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Greenwich & sub-dis. Sydenham</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Houses not identified</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>6·6</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>411</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,712</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>165</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c007'>Totals</td> - <td class='brt c009'>72,344</td> - <td class='brt c009'>482,435</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6·7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>39,726</td> - <td class='brt c009'>267,625</td> - <td class='brt c009'>24,854</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>171,528</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,706</td> - <td class='brt c009'>411</td> - <td class='brt c009'>338</td> - <td class='brt c009'>623</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,078</td> - <td class='brt c009'>138</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Non-ascertained cases distributed in proportion of others</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>561</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>62</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008'>Population (Registrar-General)</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>266,516</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>173,748</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>4,267</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>473</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>338</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>5,078</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>160</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>27</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span> - <h2 class='c006'><span class='sc'>Table VI.</span><br /> <i>The Mortality from Cholera in 1854, in Thirty-one Sub-Districts, as compared with Calculations founded on the Results shewn in</i> Table <span class='fss'>V</span>.</h2> -</div> -<div class='overflow'> - -<table class='table0' summary='Table VI.'> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Registration Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' rowspan='2'>Registration Sub-Districts.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' rowspan='2'>Population in 1851.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brtd c007' colspan='3'>Estimated population supplied with water as under.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='2'>Deaths from cholera in 1854.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c007' colspan='4'>Calculated mortality in the population, supplied with water as under.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - - - - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Lambeth Co.</th> - <th class='bbt brtd c007'>Both Companies together.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Total deaths.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Deaths per 10,000 living.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Southwark and Vauxhall Co. at 160 per 10,000.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Lambeth Co. at 27 per 10,000.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>The two Companies.</th> - <th class='bbt brt c007'>Calculated deaths per 10,000 supplied by the two Companies.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Saviour, Southw.</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Christchurch</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>16,022</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,915</td> - <td class='brt c009'>13,234</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>16,149</td> - <td class='brt c009'>113</td> - <td class='brt c009'>71</td> - <td class='brt c009'>46</td> - <td class='brt c009'>36</td> - <td class='brt c009'>82</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Saviour</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>19,709</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,337</td> - <td class='brt c009'>898</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>17,235</td> - <td class='brt c009'>378</td> - <td class='brt c009'>192</td> - <td class='brt c009'>261</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>263</td> - <td class='brt c009'>153</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. Olave</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. St. Olave</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8,015</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,745</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8,745</td> - <td class='brt c009'>161</td> - <td class='brt c009'>201</td> - <td class='brt c009'>140</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>140</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. John, Horselydown</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11,300</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,360</td> - <td class='brt c009'>152</td> - <td class='brt c009'>134</td> - <td class='brt c009'>150</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>150</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Bermondsey</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. St. James</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,899</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,173</td> - <td class='brt c009'>693</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,866</td> - <td class='brt c009'>362</td> - <td class='brt c009'>192</td> - <td class='brt c009'>370</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>372</td> - <td class='brt c009'>156</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Mary Magdalen</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>13,934</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17,258</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>17,258</td> - <td class='brt c009'>247</td> - <td class='brt c009'>177</td> - <td class='brt c009'>276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Leather Market</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,295</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,003</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,092</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,095</td> - <td class='brt c009'>237</td> - <td class='brt c009'>155</td> - <td class='brt c009'>224</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>227</td> - <td class='brt c009'>150</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>St. George, Southw.</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Kent Road</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,126</td> - <td class='brt c009'>12,630</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,997</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>16,627</td> - <td class='brt c009'>177</td> - <td class='brt c009'>98</td> - <td class='brt c009'>202</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11</td> - <td class='brt c009'>213</td> - <td class='brt c009'>134</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Borough Road</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,862</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,937</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,672</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,609</td> - <td class='brt c009'>271</td> - <td class='brt c009'>171</td> - <td class='brt c009'>143</td> - <td class='brt c009'>18</td> - <td class='brt c009'>161</td> - <td class='brt c009'>104</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. London Road</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>17,836</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,872</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,497</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,369</td> - <td class='brt c009'>95</td> - <td class='brt c009'>53</td> - <td class='brt c009'>46</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31</td> - <td class='brt c009'>79</td> - <td class='brt c009'>55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Newington</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Trinity</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>20,922</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,132</td> - <td class='brt c009'>8,370</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,502</td> - <td class='brt c009'>211</td> - <td class='brt c009'>101</td> - <td class='brt c009'>162</td> - <td class='brt c009'>22</td> - <td class='brt c009'>184</td> - <td class='brt c009'>99</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. St. Peter, Walworth</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>29,861</td> - <td class='brt c009'>14,274</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10,724</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>24,998</td> - <td class='brt c009'>391</td> - <td class='brt c009'>131</td> - <td class='brt c009'>228</td> - <td class='brt c009'>29</td> - <td class='brt c009'>257</td> - <td class='brt c009'>103</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. St. Mary</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,033</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,983</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,484</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>8,467</td> - <td class='brt c009'>92</td> - <td class='brt c009'>66</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>63</td> - <td class='brt c009'>74</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>Lambeth</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Waterloo, part 1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,088</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,548</td> - <td class='brt c009'>11,939</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,487</td> - <td class='brt c009'>59</td> - <td class='brt c009'>42</td> - <td class='brt c009'>57</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31</td> - <td class='brt c009'>86</td> - <td class='brt c009'>55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Waterloo, part 2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,348</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,171</td> - <td class='brt c009'>12,533</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>19,704</td> - <td class='brt c009'>118</td> - <td class='brt c009'>64</td> - <td class='brt c009'>115</td> - <td class='brt c009'>34</td> - <td class='brt c009'>149</td> - <td class='brt c009'>76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Lambeth church, pt. 1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,409</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,113</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,878</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,991</td> - <td class='brt c009'>49</td> - <td class='brt c009'>27</td> - <td class='brt c009'>50</td> - <td class='brt c009'>43</td> - <td class='brt c009'>93</td> - <td class='brt c009'>49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. Lambeth church, pt. 2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>26,784</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,868</td> - <td class='brt c009'>16,023</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>23,891</td> - <td class='brt c009'>195</td> - <td class='brt c009'>73</td> - <td class='brt c009'>126</td> - <td class='brt c009'>43</td> - <td class='brt c009'>167</td> - <td class='brt c009'>71</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>5. Kennington, part 1</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>24,261</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15,775</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2,708</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,483</td> - <td class='brt c009'>305</td> - <td class='brt c009'>126</td> - <td class='brt c009'>253</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7</td> - <td class='brt c009'>260</td> - <td class='brt c009'>146</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>6. Kennington, part 2</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>18,848</td> - <td class='brt c009'>7,874</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,620</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>13,494</td> - <td class='brt c009'>143</td> - <td class='brt c009'>75</td> - <td class='brt c009'>126</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>141</td> - <td class='brt c009'>105</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>7. Brixton</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>14,610</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,922</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,356</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>11,278</td> - <td class='brt c009'>48</td> - <td class='brt c009'>33</td> - <td class='brt c009'>31</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>56</td> - <td class='brt c009'>49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>8. Norwood</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,977</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1,066</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,066</td> - <td class='brt c009'>10</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3</td> - <td class='brt c009'>28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Clapham</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>16,290</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,747</td> - <td class='brt c009'>134</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6,881</td> - <td class='brt c009'>167</td> - <td class='brt c009'>103</td> - <td class='brt c009'>108</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>108</td> - <td class='brt c009'>158</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Battersea</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>10,560</td> - <td class='brt c009'>6,276</td> - <td class='brt c009'>276</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>6,552</td> - <td class='brt c009'>171</td> - <td class='brt c009'>162</td> - <td class='brt c009'>100</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>101</td> - <td class='brt c009'>152</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Wandsworth</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,611</td> - <td class='brt c009'>907</td> - <td class='brt c009'>94</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,001</td> - <td class='brt c009'>59</td> - <td class='brt c009'>61</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>149</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. Putney</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,280</td> - <td class='brt c009'>74</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>74</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>5. Streatham</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,023</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>3,244</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>3,244</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>17</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9</td> - <td class='brt c009'>27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Camberwell</td> - <td class='brt c008'>1. Dulwich</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>1,632</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>25</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>25</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>2. Camberwell</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>17,742</td> - <td class='brt c009'>9,139</td> - <td class='brt c009'>639</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,778</td> - <td class='brt c009'>242</td> - <td class='brt c009'>136</td> - <td class='brt c009'>146</td> - <td class='brt c009'>2</td> - <td class='brt c009'>148</td> - <td class='brt c009'>151</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>3. Peckham</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>19,444</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,438</td> - <td class='brt c009'>392</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>5,830</td> - <td class='brt c009'>175</td> - <td class='brt c009'>90</td> - <td class='brt c009'>87</td> - <td class='brt c009'>1</td> - <td class='brt c009'>88</td> - <td class='brt c009'>151</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'> </td> - <td class='brt c008'>4. St. George</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>15,849</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,295</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,437</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>9,732</td> - <td class='brt c009'>132</td> - <td class='brt c009'>83</td> - <td class='brt c009'>69</td> - <td class='brt c009'>15</td> - <td class='brt c009'>84</td> - <td class='brt c009'>86</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='brt c008'>Rotherhithe</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>17,805</td> - <td class='brt c009'>12,218</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>12,218</td> - <td class='brt c009'>283</td> - <td class='brt c009'>159</td> - <td class='brt c009'>196</td> - <td class='brt c009'>0</td> - <td class='brt c009'>196</td> - <td class='brt c009'>160</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c008' colspan='2'>Houses supplied in streets where no death occurred</td> - <td class='brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'>28,929</td> - <td class='brt c009'>23,338</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>52,267</td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - <td class='brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008' colspan='2'>Houses not identified</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>2,712</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>165</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>2,877</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c007' colspan='2'>Totals</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>482,435</td> - <td class='brt c009'>267,625</td> - <td class='brt c009'>171,528</td> - <td class='brtd c009'>439,153</td> - <td class='brt c009'>5,067</td> - <td class='brt c009'>105</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,282</td> - <td class='brt c009'>462</td> - <td class='brt c009'>4,744</td> - <td class='brt c009'>108</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c008' colspan='2'>Population as estimated by the Registrar-General</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>266,516</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>173,748</td> - <td class='bbt brtd c009'>440,264</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'> </td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>4,267</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>473</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>4,740</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>108</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<hr class='c010' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Weekly Returns of Deaths, November.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd edit., p. 73.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Weekly Returns for 1854, p. 433.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Weekly Returns for 1854, pp. 514–18.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Medical Times and Gazette, Oct. 7, 1854, p. 365.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. The numbers of deaths in the third division of this Table and the next, -are copied from page 85 of the work “On the Mode of Communication of -Cholera”.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Loc. cit.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c004'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Sackville Street.</p> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c011' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> - -<div class='chapter ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c012'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>P. <a href='#t1'>1</a>, changed “they aware of” to “they are aware of”. - - </li> - <li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHOLERA AND THE WATER SUPPLY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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